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APPLETONS' 


ANNUAL   CYCLOPEDIA 


AND 


REGISTER  OF  IMPORTANT  EYENTS 


OF  THB  TEAB 


1888 


aCBRACING  POLITIOAL,  MILITARY,  AND  E00LE8IA8TI0AL  AFFAIRS;    PUBLIC 
DOCUMENTS;  BIOGRAPHY,  STATISTICS,  COMMERCE,  FINANCE,  LITERA- 
TURE, SCIENCE,  AGRICULTURE,  AND  MECHANICAL  INDUSTRY. 


NEW  SERIES,  VOL.  XIII. 


JO 


4  ~ 
«  3 


WHOLE  SERIES,  VOL.  XXVIIL 


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ti  J  ^  -^  * 


NfiW  YORK : 
D.    APPLETON    AND    COMPANY, 

1,  8,  AND  S  BOND  STREET. 
1889. 


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COPTBIOBT,  1880, 

By   D.    APPLETON   AND   COMPANY 


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PREFACE. 


•»• 


The  year  1888  was  notable  in  the  United  States  for  elections  that  changed 
the  political  complexion  of  two  branches  of  the  National  Government,  and  in 
Earope  for  the  death  of  two  emperors  of  Germany.    Under  the  title  "  United 
States,  Presidential  Elections  in,"  the  reader  will  find  in  this  volume  a  condensed 
compilation,  by  counties,  of  the  figures  of  the  last  five  presidential  elections,  more 
conveniently  arranged  for  comparison  than  such  figures  ever  have  been  before. 
In  the  articles  "  Harrison,"  "  Morton,"  and  "  United  States,"  the  other  facts  of 
the  canvass  are  set  forth.    The  changes  in  Germany  may  be  found  under  that 
title  and  in  the  articles  on  the  three  emperors — "  Wilhelm  I,"  "  Friedrich  III," 
and" Wilhelm  II."   .Other  movements,  political  and  military, are  recorded  in  the 
articles  "  Abyssinia,"  "  Afghanistan,"  "  Great  Britain,"  "  France,"  "  Samoa,"  and 
"Zanzibar,"  the  article  on  Samoa  being  accompanied  by  a  new  map,  which  shows 
the  harbor  secured  for  the  United  States.     Besides  the  public  works  described  in 
the  article  "  Engineering,"  a  most  important  one  is  set  forth  under  "  Nicaragua," 
where  the  reader  will  find  the  latest  facts  about  what  now  appears  to  be  the  most 
feasible  plan  for  a  ship-canal  between  the  two  oceans,  illustrated  by  a  colored 
bird's-eye  view.    The  "  Financial  Review  "  furnishes  the  usual  fine  summary  of 
the  year's  transactions,  and  the  increase  of  our  material  prosperity  may  be  further 
noted  in  the  articles  on  the  separate  States  and  Territories,  and  in  that  entitled 
"Cities,  American,  Becent  Growth  of,"  continued  from  the   two  preceding 
volumes.    Tlie  most  noted  deaths  of  the  year,  in  the  United  States,  were  those 
of  Gen.  Sheridan  and  Chief -Justice  Waite,  on  whom  the  reader  will  find  articles, 
as  well  as  on  their  successors.  Gen.  Schofield  and  Chief-Justice  Fuller,  the  last- 
named  illustrated  by  a  portrait  on  steel.    Among  the  other  losses  of  eminent 
citizens  may  be  noted  the  Hon.  Boscoe  Conkling,  who  was  a  victim  of  the  March 
blizzard ;  the  venerable  A.  Bronson  Alcott  and  his  daughter  Louisa ;  Asa  Gray, 
the  botanist ;  Mrs.  Lozier,  the  physician ;  Seth  Green,  the  pioneer  pisciculturist ; 
and  Bichard  A.  Proctor,  the  scientist.    The  Obituaries,  both  American  and 
Foreign,  will  be  found  to  cover  a  wide  range. 

Among  the  special  and  timely  articles  are  those  on  "  Absentee,"  "  Agnostic," 
"  Atlantic  Ocean  Hydrography,"  "  Burial  Laws,"  "  Balance  of  Power,"  "  Beds, 
Folding,"  "Boats,  Collapsable,"  "Charity  Organization,"  "Camps  for  Boys," 
"Co-operation,"  "  Cremation,  Progress  of,"  "  Congress,  Contested  Elections  in," 


iv  PREFACE. 

"  Diplomats,  Dismission  of,'*  "  Epidemics,"  "  Government  Departments,^ 
"  House-Boats,"  "  Immigration,"  "  King^s  Daughters,"  "  Lands,  Public,"  "  Mininj 
Laws,"  "  Mars,  Recent  Studies  of,"  "  Petroleum,"  "  Sunday  Legislation,"  "Teacb 
ers'  Associations,"  and  the  "  United  States  Navy."  Most  of  these  articles  ar-» 
furnished  by  experts,  among  whom  are  Prof.  Herbert  B.  Adams,  Willard  Parke: 
Butler,  Prof.  Stephen  F.  Peckham,  Prof.  John  K.  Bees,  and  Lieut  Eayraond  F* 
Eodgers,  U.  S.  N. 

Instead  of  one  colored  illustration,  this  year  the  volume  has  four — the  bird's- 
eye  view  of  the  proposed  Nicaragua  Canal,  and  maps  of  the  Territories  (soon  to 
be  States)  of  Montana,  Washington,  and  the  Dakotas,  though  the  congressional 
action  in  regard  to  these  Territories  took  place  in  1889.  The  three  steel  por- 
traits include  the  new  President  and  Chief -Justice  of  the  United  States  and  the 
young  Emperor  of  Germany.  Among  the  other  illustrations  of  special  interest 
are  the  new  bridge  over  Harlem  river,  the  moving  of  Brighton  Beach  Hotel, 
the  appearance  of  New  York  streets  after  the  great  blizzard,  the  Eiffel  Tower, 
the  Lick  Observatory,  the  maps  of  Southern  Africa  and  the  Samoan  Islands,  the 
new  United  States  cruisers,  the  series  showing  evolution  of  the  railway-car,  the 
map  of  Mars  as  seen  through  the  great  telescope,  and  the  numerous  fine  portraits 
in  the  text,  including  those  of  Vice-President  Morton  and  Gen.  Schofield. 

New  York,  April  6j  1889, 


CONTRIBUTORS. 


Among  the  Contributors  to  this  Volume  of  the  "  Annual  Cyelopcsdia^^  are  the  following : 


Herbert  B.  Adams,  Fh.  D., 

Professor  in  Johns  Hopkins  University. 
C(W)PERATIOX. 

Jerome  Allen,  Ph.  D., 

Editor  of  the  School  Joomal. 
Teachers*  Associations. 

Xarcos  Benjamin, 

Fellow  of  the  London  Chemical  Society. 
Gray,  Asa, 
Pharmacy, 

Proctor,  Richard  Anthony, 
&nd  other  articles. 

J.  H.  A  Bone, 

Editor  of  the  Cleveland  (O.)  Plaindealer. 
Ohio. 

Arthur  E.  Bostwick,  Ph.  D. 
Identification,  Personal. 

Charles  B.  Boyle. 
Mars,  Recent  Studies  of. 

Samuel  IL  Brickner. 
Dissecting. 


Brightman. 
Ely, 

Port  Arthur, 
aad  other  articles  on  new  cities. 

Wlllard  Parker  Butler. 
Mining  Law  in  the  United  States. 

Krs.  Isa  Carringrton  CabelL 
Arnold,  Matthew. 

Kilo  D.  Campbell, 

Got.  Lace's  private  secretary. 
Michigan. 

Thomas  Gampbell-Ck>peland. 
United  States,  Presidential  Elections  in. 


James  P.  Carey, 

Financial  Editor  of  the  Jonmal  of  Commerce. 
Financial  Review  of  1888. 

John  D.  Champlin,  Jr., 

Editor  of  Cyclopeedla  of  Painters  and  Paintings. 
Fine  Arts  in  1888. 

Henry  Dalby, 

Editor  of  the  Montreal  Star. 
Canadian  Articles. 

Maurice  F.  Egan, 

Professor  in  Notre  Dame  University. 
Roman  Catholic  Church. 

Bev.  William  E.  Griffls,  D.  D., 

Author  of  '*  The  Mikado's  Empire." 

Japan. 
George  J.  Hagar, 

Of  Newark  (N.  J.)  Public  Library. 
Articles  in  American  Obituaries. 

Mrs.  Louise  S.  Houghton. 

Charity  Organization. 

Frank  Huntington,  Ph.  D. 

Abyssinia, 
Bulgaria, 
Germany, 
and  other  articles. 

Ernest  Ingersoll, 

Author  of  "  The  Crest  of  the  Continent  ** 
Calgary, 
Vancouver, 
and  other  articles  on  new  cities. 

Abram  S.  Isaacs,  Ph.  D., 

Editor  of  the  Jewish  Messenger. 
Jews. 

Arthur  S.  Jennings. 

Brickwork. 


VI 


CONTRIBUTORS. 


Mrs.  Helen  Eendrick  JohnBon. 

Harrison,  Benjamin, 
and  other  articles. 

Charles  Kirchhoff. 
Central  and  South  American  Articles. 

William  H.  Larrabee. 

Baptists, 
Buddhism, 
Mohammedans, 
and  other  articles. 

Albert  H.  Lewis,  D.  D., 

Author  of  "  A  History  of  Sunday  Legislation/' 
Sunday  Legislation. 

Frederick  Leuthner. 
Labrador  (and  map). 

William  F«  MacLezman, 

Of  U.  S.  Treasary  Department. 

United  States,  Finances  op  the. 

Frederick  G.  Mather. 

Anti-Poverty  Society, 
Immigration, 
and  other  articles. 

Miss  Bessie  B.  NichoUs. 

Government  Departments, 
Lands,  Public, 
and  other  articles. 

CoL  Charles  Ledyard  NortoxL 

Car-Building, 
Cordage, 
Engineering, 
and  other  articles. 

Bev.  S.  E.  Ochsenford. 

Lutherans. 


Prof.  Stephen  F.  Feckham, 

ChemlBt  to  the  Geological  Surrey  of  Minneaota. 
Petroleum. 

Prof.  John  K.  Bees, 

Director  of  the  Observatory  of  Colombia  College. 
Astronomical  Progress  and  Discovery. 

Lieut.  Baymond  P.  Bodg^ers,  TJ.  S.  N. 

United  States  Navy. 

Miss  Esther  Singleton. 
Alcott,  Amos  Bronson  and  Louisa  May. 

T.  O'Conor  Sloane,  Ph.  D. 

Assocl^tions  for  Advancement  of  Science, 
Patents. 

William  Christopher  Smith. 
Articles  on  the  States  and  Territories. 

Bev.  J.  A.  Spencer,  D.  D. 

Literature,  Continental, 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 

Parker  Syms,  M.  D. 

Surgery. 

Bobert  K.  TumbulL 
Boxing. 

Arthur  Dudley  Vinton. 

Burial,  Law  of. 
Epidemics, 
and  other  articles. 

Iiouis  von  Eltas. 
Music,  Progress  of,  in  1888. 

William  J.  Youmans,  M.  D., 

Editor  of  the  Popular  Science  Monthly. 
Chemistry, 
Metallurgy, 
Meteorology, 
Physiology. 


ILLUSTEATIONS. 


"♦•♦- 


Portraits  on  Steel. 

BENJAMIN  HABRISON,  Peesident  op  the  United  States 
MELVILLE  W.  FULLER,  Chief-Justice  op  the  United  States 
WILHELM  I],  Emperor  op  Germany 


ENGRAyBB 

BaU 

JSollyer 

Mall 


PAGE 

Frontispiece 
859 
845 


Portraits  m  the  Text. 


DRAWN  BT  JACQUES  REICH. 


PAGE 


Amos  Beonson  and  Louisa  M.  Alcott    10, 12 

Matthew  Arnold 41 

Francois  Achille  Bazaine 

roscoe  conkling       ..... 

Peux  0.  C.  Darlet  .       .       .       .       , 

Outer  Ditson 

Stdnet  Howard  Gay        .... 
Robert  Gilchrist      .       .       .       .       , 

QUDICY  A.  GiLLMORE  ..... 

Asa  Gray 

Skth  Green 

Caroline  Scott  Harrison 

Isaac  T.  Hecker 

Edhond  Lebceup 


,12 

Clemence  Sophia  Lozier  . 

.    502 

41 

Levi  Parsons  Morton 

.    577 

80 

Richard  Anthony  Proctor 

.       .    707 

237 

Edward  Payson  Roe 

.    651 

630 

George  Routledge    .       .       .       . 

.    722 

631 

Henry  Berton  Sands 

.    735 

635 

John  Savage      

.    736 

875 

John  M'Aluster  Schofield     . 

.    737 

635 

Ephraim  George  Squier  . 

.    658 

880 

Lord  Stanley  op  Preston 

.    275 

404 

David  Hunter  Strother  . 

.    654 

408 

John  Lester  Wallace     . 

.    657 

688 

John  Wentworth 

.    658 

472 

Amos  Henry  Worthen 

.    659 

Full-Paoe  Illustrations. 


Colored  Plates —  ,  page 

Map  of  Dakota  Territory  .  .  259 
Map  op  Montana  Territory  .  .  568 
Bird's-eye  View  op  Nicaragua  Canal  614 
Map  op  Washington  Territory       .    837 


Map  op  Central  and  Southern  Africa    123 
Moving  Brighton-Beach  Hotel      .       .    808 

Map  op  Labrador 465 

The  City  op  Zanzibar      .       .       .       .851 


Illustrations  in  the  Text. 


TnrriNNABULUM  pound  in  Peru 
Roman  Bath  .... 
Bass-relief  at  Bogaz-Eeui  . 
Lick  Observatory  (2  illustrations) 
Pilot-Chart  .... 
Folding-beds  (5  illustrations)  . 
Folding-Boats  (5  illustrations) . 
Brickwork  (14  illustrations)  . 
Car-Building  (11  illustrations)  . 
Cordage  (6  illustrations)  . 
SsoiNEERiNO  (13  illustrations)  . 


PAGE 

.  24 
.  25 
.      82 

48,51 

.      59 

82-84 

98-96 

106-109 

180, 131 

248-252 

297-811 


Benjamin  Harrison's  Residence  .  .411 
House-Boats  (2  illustrations)  .  .  417-418 
Identification  (4  illustrations) .  .  .  422 
The  Mary  J.  Drexel  Home  .  .  .  505 
Map  op  the  Planet  Mars  .  .  •  512 
Scene  after  the  Blizzard      .       .       •    612 

Nicaragua  Canal 615 

Map  op  the  Samoan  Islands  .  .  .  730 
United  States  Cruisers  (8  illustrations)  788-797 

New  Naval  Gun 794 

State  House  at  Cheyenne      .       .       .    848 


/ 


THE 


AlSriSrUAL   CYCLOPEDIA. 


•♦• 


A 


This  term,  with  its  natural  de- 
riTativea,  abtenteeum,  abssnteeship^  etc.,  has  be- 
come somewhat  conspicnoas  in  contemporary 
literatare,  and  is  generally  regarded  as  of  re- 
cent origin.  Bat  it  has  a  very  respectable  an- 
tiquitj,  dating  back  at  least  to  1537,  when  the 
so-ealled  Absentee  Parliament  was  held  at 
Dublin,  Ireland  (Act  of  Absentees  28  Henry 
VIII,  chapter  3).  Of  Henry  VIIT,  Camden 
aays  (1605),  tbat  he  ^'enriched  himselfe  by  the 
spojies  of  Abbays  .  .  .  and  absenties  in  Ire- 
land/' Swift,  in  the  ^'  Argument  against  Bish- 
<^"  (1761),  says,  "The  farmer  woald  be 
screwed  ap  to  the  utmost  penny  by  the  agents 
and  stewards  of  absentees/'  In  the  present 
oentnry  the  term  is  used  so  commonly  that 
citations  are  unnecessary,  and  those  that  have 
been  given  are  quoted  merely  to  show  that  the 
original  meaning  has  survived  the  changes  of 
oentories.  Absenteeism  is  not  peculiar  to  Ire- 
land. History  abounds  with  "  absentee  kings  " 
as  weH  as  landlords.  *'  The  Norwegians,''  says 
the  historian  Freeman,  in  his  "  Norman  Oon- 
qoest"  *' preferred  a  foreign  and  absentee 
king,''  and  Wallace  ("Rassia")  refers  to  the 
*"  prevailing  absenteeism  among  the  landlords." 
In  general  the  term  carries  with  it  an  inti- 
mation of  reproach.  Its  simple  meaning  is 
— one  who  habitually  or  systematically  stays 
away  from  home ;  the  attainder  of  reproach  is 
derived  from  the  assumption  that  any  one  who 
derive  his  incottie  from  investments  on  prop- 
erty ua  one  country,  and  spends  it  in  another, 
necessarily  impoverishes  the  land  from  which 
bb  income  is  derived.  The  case  of  Ireland  is 
Ibe  most  noteworthy  of  any  for  the  considera- 
tion of  American  readers,  inasmuch  as  absen- 
teeism is  more  general  there  than  among  any 
Qiher  English-speaking  people,  and  to  it  lias 
been  ascribed  a  great  part  of  the  ills  to  which 
the  Irish  peasantry  have  fallen  heir.  In  any 
trgument  in  favor  of  home  residence,  however, 
it  is  necessary  to  assume  that  the  personal 
pre^nce,  influence,  and  example  of  the  land- 
lonb  would  be  npon  the  whole  beneficial.     In 

VOL.  XXVIII. — 1    A 


point  of  fact,  Ireland  is  probably  amUi  as  well 
off  with  a  considerable  iraotion  or  her  landed 
gentry  beyond  the  seas  as  she  would  be  if  they 
remained  persistently  at  home. 

In  1672  Sir  William  Petty  estimated  that  one 
fourth  of  the  personal  property  in  Ireland  be- 
longed to  absentees,  and  Prior  in  his  list  pub- 
lished in  1729  reckoned  their  income  at  £350,- 
000.  In  1769  the  estimated  income  of  the  ab- 
sentees was  £581,700,  and  Swift  in  his  time 
declared  that  one  third  of  the  rental  of  Ireland 
was  spent  in  England.  Absenteeism,  accord- 
ing to  the  best  authorities,  continued  to  in- 
crease until  the  peace  of  1816,  when  it  began 
to  diminish.  Retorns  presented  to  Parliament 
in  1872  showed  that  25*5  per  cent,  of  Irish  soil 
was  owned  by  absentee  proprietors,  and  26  per 
cent,  by  proprietors  who,  thoagh  resident  in 
Ireland,  did  not  live  upon  their  own  premises. 
Prior  to  these  returns  a  large  number  of  es- 
tates had  been  impoverished  by  idle  and  ex- 
travagant sqaireens,  and  in  1848  and  1849  laws 
were  passed  facilitating  the  sale  of  encumbered 
estates,  which  has  continued  up  to  the  present 
time,  and  has  upon  the  whole  reduced  the 
average  of  absenteeism  by  subdividing  the  large 
estates  and  combining  the  small  ones  so  that 
the  present  tendency  is  toward  properties  of 
moderate  size. 

Many  historians,  however,  hold  that  while 
Ireland  had  her  own  Parliament  the  local  no- 
bility and  gentry  lived  largely  on  their  estates 
in  summer  but  passed  the  winter  in  Dublin, 
thus  spending  their  incomes  among  their  own 
tenantry,  or  at  least  favoring  the  local  circula- 
tion of  ready  money.  With  the  union  of  Ire- 
land with  Great  Britain  (1801)  London  naturally 
became  the  political  metropolis  common  to  both 
countries.  Moreover,  the  agrarian  disturbances 
rendered  residences  so  uncomfortable  and  dan- 
gerous that  a  large  number  of  landed  pro. 
prietors  removed  their  families  to  the  Continent 
and  rarely  visited  Ireland. 

The  absentees  have  not  lacked  defenders, 
who  hold  that  absence  has  no  injurious  effect 


2  ABYSSINIA. 

under  moderD  systems  of  financial  exchange.  Abyssinia,  with  an  area  of  700,000  square 

Thus  an  Irish  landlord  living  in  France  receives  peopled  by  Gallas,  Somalis,  and  other 

his  rental  through  bills  of  exchange, not  in  bul-  which  are  practically  independent, 
lion,  and  these  bills  represent  in  the  end  the        The  iniy*  —  The  military  forces  arc 

value  of  exports  from  the  United  Kingdom  into  manded  by  Ras  or  generals,  who  are 

France ;  otherwise,  the  remittance  could  not  be  same  time  governors  of  provinces.     The 

made.     While  the  absentee  therefore  consumes  powerful  general  is  Ras  Aloula,  ruler 

French  goods  for  the  most  part,  he  aids  in  northern  part  of  the  kingdom,  who  in vad 

creating  a  demand  for  a  corresponding  amount  Soudan  and  fought  a  battle  with  Osman  I 

of  British  goods,  so  that  his  tenants  are  bene-  and  afterward  attacked  the  Italians  wbe 

fited  as  much  as  if  he  had  remained  at  home,  attempted  to  establish  posts  in  the  hilL 

It  must  be  confessed  that  this  argument  is  not  of  Massowah.   His  army  numbers  about 

altogether  satisfactory  from  a  practical  and  infantry  and  8,000  horse,  and  is  armec 

common-sense  stand-point,  but  it  served  its  18,000  Remington  rifles  that  were  caj 

purpose  in  its  day.    The  fact  is  that  the  legiti-  from  the  Egyptians,  and  500  Wetterli 

mate  profits  made  by  the  tradespeople  and  from  the  Italians  at  Dogali.    The  army 

others  patronized  by  the  absentee  accumulate  Negus   is  of  the  same  strength  in  po 

in  and  about  his  foreign  residence,  whereas,  numbers,  but  has  only  10,000  rifles.    Ai 

if  he  had  remained  at  home  the  benefit  would  army  in   the  west  consists  of  20,000  ^ 

have  accrued  to  his  own  dependents,  and  the  troops  with  4,000  rifles,  and  finds  emplo 

wealth  of  his  native  land  would  have  been  cor-  in  guarding  against  incursions  of  the  Si 

respondiugly  augmented.     A  just  conclusion  ese.     King  Menelek,  of  Shoa,  with  his 

would  seem  to  be,  then,  that  while  absenteeism  dinate  Ras  Diurgu^,  has  a  force  of  80,0 

dues  entail  a  certain  loss  upon  the  home  prop-  fantry  with  50,000  rifles,  besides  a  large 

erty,  the  loss  is  not  fairly  represented  by  the  of  cavalry,  making  a  total  force  to  resis 

gross  income  derived  from  the  estates.     There  sion  of  over  200,000  men,  one  third  of 

are  numerous  channels  through  which  partial  are  armed   with  breach-loaders,  and  tl 

compensations  return  to  the  source  whence  with  muskets  and  spears.     The  artillei 

the  income  is  derived.  sists  of  40  pieces,  30  Krupps  having  been 

Granting  a  good  disposition  on  the  part  of  from  the  Egyptians,  besides  machine-gui 
the  land-holder,  it  is  no  doubt  desirable  to  re-        The  IMfllralty  with  the  ItaUans.  —  The 

duce  absenteeism    everywhere  to  its  lowest  sinians  are  Christians,  and  their  archl 

terms,  especially  in  a  country  where  there  is  called  the  Abuna,  is  selected  and  ordaii 

practically  no  middle  class,  as  is  measurably  the  Coptic  Patriarch  at  Alexandria.     Tl 

true  of  Ireland.     The  disposition  to  relegate  cumstanoe   and  the  former  possession 

the  duty  of  supervision  to  an  overseer  or  agent  Egyptian  Government  of  the  port  of  Maa 

is  always  objectionable,  since  too  often  such  which  gives  the  Abyssinians  their  only 

agents  are  not  on  good  terms  with  the  tenants  to  the  sea,  gave  rise  to  frequent  cont< 

and  strive  only  to  increase  their  own  percent-  between  the  Negus  and  the  Egyptian  G 

ages  while  securing  as  large  returns  as  possible  ment.     When  the  Soudan  was  evacuate 

for  their  principals.  British  Government  promised  freedom  o 

In   free  countries  enforced  residence  is  of  through  this  port  in  return  for  Abyssini 

course  out  of  the  question,  but  where  the  laws  in  extricating  the  garrisons  of  Kassala  am 

are  just    and  properly  administered  there  is  posts  in  the  Soudan.  The  Italians,  who  i 

little  danger  that  absenteeism  will  be  sufli-  established  themselves  in  Massowah   a 

ciently  general  to  affect  the  welfare  of  the  com-  the  adjacent  coast,  with   the  acquiesce 

munity.     Where  it  has  through  past  misman-  Great  Britain,   were  not  bound  by  this 

ageraent  become  a  crying  evil,  the  remedy  lies  antee.     The  Negus  suspected  an  intent 

in  the  slow  result  of  reformatory  measures  rath-  the  part  of  the  Italians  to  conquer  and  c< 

er  than  in  any  arbitrary  or  revolutionary  pro-  his  territory,   and  resented    restriction 

ceedings.  they  imposed  on  trade. 

ABYSSIMi,  a  monarchy  in  Eastern   Africa.        The  I^Ush  MIflBlon.  —  The  almost  coi 

The  ruler  is  King  John  or  Johannis,  who  is  annihilation   of  a  detachment  of  540 

usually  spoken  of  by  his  title  of  Negus.     The  troops  in  the  vicinity  of  Dogali  in  Ja 

territory  directly  subject  to  him  is  about  130,-  1887,  by  Ras  Aloula,  who  nearly  surrc 

000  square  miles  in  extent,  with  a  population  them  with  20,000  men,  led  the  Italian  G 

of  not  more  than  2,000,000  souls.     It  consists  ment  to  determine  on  a  regular  war. 

of  a  high  plateau,  of  the  average  elevation  of  hope  of  averting  this,  the  British  Gover 

7,000  feet  above  the  sea,  which  is  nearly  sur-  to  which  the  Negus  had  appealed  in  hi 

rounded   by  the  low-lying  provinces  of  the  culties  with  the  Italians,  endeavored  to 

Soudan.     The  tributary  kingdom  of  Shoa  has  cede,  sending  Mr.  Portal  and  Msgor  Be 

an  area  of  16,000  square  miles,  and  is  much  envoys  to  the  Negus  in  November,  1887. 

more  fertile  and  populous  than  Abyssinia  prop-  conditions  on  which  Mr.  Portal  was  auth 

er,  containing  1,500,000  inhabitants.  The  King  to  offer  peace  were  the  acknowledgment 

of  Shoa  has  recently  occupied  Harrar,  which  Italian  occupation  of  Saati,  the   cessio 

extends  to  the  southwest,  south,  and  east  of  part  of  the  Bogos  country,  the  conclus 


ABYSSINIA.  .  8 

a  treaty   of   amitj    and    commerce,   and    an  John  joined  Ras  Aloala  at  Asmara,  and  finding 
a{K>log7    for  the   attack  at  Dogali.     Ou  ar-  the  Italian  fortifications  completed,  coDciuded 
riving   at  Asmara,  the  headquarters   of  Has  that  it  would  be  ansafe  to  attack  them.     The 
Alonla,  Mr.  Portal  and   his  companions  were  Italians  having  made  their   base  secure  and 
made  prisoners,  and  after  many  days^  deten-  perfected  their  commissary  system,  sent  out  fly- 
Uon  were  sent  on  in  search  of  the  Negus,  who  ing  parties  for  the  purpose  of  learning  the  coun- 
was  moving  from  place  to  place.    At  last  they  try  and  of  provoking  the  enemy  to  advance.  Ras 
overtook  him  on  December  5.  and  were  well  Alonla  pushed  out  his  outposts,  and  there  were 
received,  but  accomplished  nothing  in  the  way  several  skirmishes,  the  Abyssinians  invariably 
of  peace  negotiations.    They  left  him  at  Oheli-  retreating.     Colonel  Yigono,  the  Italian  chief 
cot  on  December  5,  and  returned  with  letters  of  staflT,  made  an  excursion  to  the  Agaiiietta 
to  the  Queen  of  England.  plateau  in  quest  of  a  suitable  position  for  sum- 
Tke  ItallaaB  at  Massowah. — By  the  beginning  mer  quarters,  though  there  was  no  intention  of 
of  1888  the  Italians  had  erected  strong  fortifi-  advancing  beyond  baati  before  another  season, 
cations  to  guard  against  att.acks  either  from  the  By  March  the  wells  were  partly  dried  up  and 
land  or  from  the  sea.    The  town  of  Massowah,  the  Abyssinians  had   drained  the  country  of 
which    originally   belonged   to    Turkey,   and  supplies.    The  army  began  to  diminish,  many 
was  annexed  by  Egypt  in   1866,  is  built  on  partiesdesertingandgoingback  to  their  homes, 
a  coral  island,  about  two  thirds  of  a  mile  in  Ras  Aloula  remained  with  a  part  of  his  forces 
length,  in  the  Bay  of  Arkiko,  and  has  but  one  till  June,  and  then  left  for  his  own  province, 
road  connecting  it  with  the  mainland.     The  HMon  to  SliM. — There  were  rumors  of  a  rupt- 
Italians  have  their  arsenal  at  Abd-el-Kader,  on  ure  between   King  Menelek  and   the  Negus, 
a  promontory  to  the  north.    The  army  head-  and  the  Italians,  who  were  aware  of  the  ambi- 
quarters  were  at  Fort  MonkuUo,  four  miles  in-  tious  desire  of  the  King  of  Shoa  to  overthrow 
land.     A  railroad  which  ran  from  Arkiko  in  Johannis  and  assume  the  title  of  Negus,  sent 
the  south   along  the  coast  to  the  arsenal,  and  Dr.  Ragazzi  in  March  to  Shoa,  by  sea,  with 
thence  to  Monkullo,  was  extended  in  February  presents  and  offers  of  an  alliance.    But  noth- 
to  Dogali  and  Saati,  the  terminus  being  fifteen  mg  was  accomplished  by  this  mission, 
miles  from  Massowah.     This  line  of  communi-  Peace  Negatiatianst — Overtures.for  peace  were 
cations  was  rendered  impregnable,  and  consti-  opened   by  the  Negus  on  March  20,   with  a 
luted  a  strong  base  for  operations  in  the  inte-  message  to  a  native  chief  who  was  friendly 
rior.     The  regular  garrison,  or  special  African  to  the  Italians.     Gen.  San  Marzano  sent  word 
corps,  forms  a  part  of  the  permanent  army  of  that  if  the  Negus  wished  to  treat  for  peace,  he 
Italy,   consisting  in  1888  of  288  officers  and  must  address  himself  to  the  commander  -  in- 
4,772  men.     It  is  recruited  by  voluntary  en-  chief.      On  the  28th    an   Abyssinian  officer 
Hstment  from  all  the  regiments  of  the  army,  brought  a  letter  from  Johannis  asking  for  peace, 
i  soldier  enlists  in  this  service  for  the  term  in  which  he  alluded  to  the  ancient  friendship 
of  three  years,  and  receives  a  special  bounty,  between  himself  and  the  King  of  Italy,  and 
Thb  body  was  supplemented  by  an  expedition-  expressed  regret  for  the  course  taken  by  Ras 
try  force  that  was  sent  from  Italy  in  the  au-  Aloula.     On  March  30  two  Abyssinian  chiefs 
tamn  of  1887,  consisting  of  480  officers,  10,500  were  sent  by  King  Johannis,  who  was  then  at 
men,  and   1,800  horse.     There  were  besides  Saberguma,  about  ten  miles  south  of  Saati,  to 
1000  native  irregulars  under  the  chief  Debeb.  Gen.  San  Marzano  to  continue  the  negotiations. 
The  commander  -  in  -  chief  of  the  forces  was  The  Negus  marshaled  at  that  point  a  formi- 
lieot-Gen.  Asinari  di  San  Marzano.  The  com-  dable  army,  either  for  the  purpose  of  attack- 
mandant  at  Massowah  was  Maj.-Gen  Saletta.  ing,   or    as    a    military  demonstration.      On 
The  brigade  composed  of  the  African  corps,  instructions  received  by  telegraph  from  the 
tinder  M^.-Gen.Gen^,  and  another  brigade,  un-  Italian    Government  the  Negus  was  offered 
der  Maj.-Gen.  Cagni,    were  encamped  in  the  peace  on  condition  (1)  that  he  should   ac- 
be^aning  of  February  not  far  from  Saati.     A  knowledge  the  Italian  occupation  of  Saati ;  (2) 
brigade,  nnder  Gen.  Baldissera  was  stationed  that  he  should  not  oppose  the  occupation  of 
in  the  north  at  Singes,  where  a  strong  fort  other  points  where  the  troops  could  spend  the 
was  built   on  the  road  to  Keren,   while  the  hot  season ;  (8)  that  he  should  guarantee  the 
fourth  brigade,  under   Mig.-Gen.   Lanza,  was  safety  of  the  tribes  that  had  sought  Italian  pro- 
posted  at  Arkiko.     The  fortress  and  field  artil-  tection.     On  the  81st  the  Negus  replied  that 
lery  consisted  of  160  pieces.  he  could  not  accept  the  conditions,  and  on  April 
He  JMvaBce  af  the  Negas, — While  the  Italians  2  he  retired  from  Saberguma  with  his  forces, 
vere  making  their  position  secure  around  Mas-  which   were  estimated   at  90,000   men.      In 
aawah,   tiie  Negus   refrained  from  attacking  April  the  Italian  expeditionary  force  returned 
them,  expecting  that  the  large  re-enforcements  to  Italy. 

tram  Italy  would  attempt  to  avenge  Dogali  Defeat  of  Italian  TrMps. — Debeb,  a  native  chief 

Vy  marching  into  his  country.    There  he  was  who  for  a  time  served  with  the  Italians  as  a 

veil  prepared  for  them.     Ras  Aloula's  army  mercenary,  deserted  them  with  his  followers 

vsB  Dot  far  back  on  the  edge  of  the  plateau  at  in  March,  and  engaged  in  plundering  the  re- 

Moda  and  Asmara,  which  places  were  strongly  gion  around  Massowah.     On  July  31  the  Ital- 

teified.     In  the  latter  part  of  February  King  ian  commander-in-chief  sent  against  him  600 


4  ABYSSINIA. 

Bashi-Bazonks,  under  five  European  officers,  Oypras,  Egypt,  and  Turkey.  Id  a  second  note 
and  Adem  Aga,  a  native  ally,  who  enlisted  200  he  explained  that  the  judicial  system  at  Maaso- 
Assaortins  on  the  way.  The  latter  sent  infor-  wah  was  the  same  as  at  Tadjurah  and  Zeikh, 
mation  to  Deheb  daring  the  march,  and  the  declared  that  the  occupation  of  Massowah  fiil- 
Italian  captain,  posting  the  rest  of  his  force  filled  the  conditions  laid  down  in  the  general 
around  the  village  of  Saganeiti,  where  Deheb  act  of  the  Berlin  Conference,  and  characterized 
was  with  700  men,  half  of  them  armed  with  the  objections  of  France  in  the  following  vigor- 
muskets,  entered  the  place  with  100  Bashi-Ba-  ous  words: 

zouks,  and  drove  the  Abyssinians  oat  of  a  fort,        it  U  not  fVom  Turkey  that  complaints  and  olgeo- 

which  he  then  occupied.    The  Assaortins  went  tions  reach  us,  buL  as  is  always  the  case,  from  France, 

over  to  the  enemy  daring  the  fight  and  the  who  has  succeeded  in  attractmg  Greece  into  the  orbit 

Italian  irregulars  fled  from  the  fort  in  disorder.  1^2  <Jt."^^«i  ^"^  France  who  would  appear  to 

jLuaiiou  MiLvpuiaio  u^xx  ii  yux  i>ijv  xvi  v  t«i  uiovauvi.  ^gard  the  pacific  progresB  of  Italy  as  tending  todi- 

Those  outside  were  panic-stncken,  and  the  en-  mmiah  her  own  power,  as  if  the  An-ican  oontinent  did 

tire  force  was  routed,  with  a  loss  of  350  men.  not  afford  am^le  scope  to  the  legitimate  aotiyity  and 

The  Italian  officers,  with  the  few  who  stood  by  civilizing  ambition  of  all  the  powers, 
them,  fell  fighting,  and  the  rest  were  killed  in        The  Greek  Government  at  first  supported 

flight.    Before  the  occurrence  of  this  reverse,  the  protests  of  France,  but  was  brought  to 

Maj.-Gen.  Baldissera  had  relieved  Gen.  San  accept  the  Italian  view.    The  Italian  foreign 

Marzano  in  the  command  of  the  Italian  forces  minister  characterized  the  course  of  the  FreDch 

in  Africa.    The  chieftain  Debeb  was  a  relative  Government  with  a  severity  of  language  not 

of  the  Negus,  whose  favor  he  regained  with  usual    in    diplomatic  intercourse,   because  it 

the  Italian  rifles  with  which  his  force  of  scouts  seemed  actuated  by  a  meddlesome  desire  to 

were  armed  when  they  deserted  with  their  interfere,  since  there  were  only  two  French 

leader  to  the  Abyssinians.     His  raids  during  traders  in  Massowah,  and  the  capitulations  had 

July  in  the  Habash  country,  lying  between  the  been  invoked  by  the  French  consul  in  behalf 

mountains  and  the  Red  Sea,  grew  so  bold  that  of  Greeks,  who  were  claimed  to  be  French 

he  plundered  the  neighborhood  of  Arkiko,  four  protSgis.    After  the  exchange  of  views  be- 

miles  from  Massowcm,  before  the  punitive  ex-  tween  the  Italian  and  Greek  Cabinets,  the 

pedition  was  undertaken.    The  principal  suf-  merchants  paid  their  taxes,  but  before  that  oc- 

ferers  were  the  Assaortins,  which  tribe  was  curred  several  had  been  arrested,  and  some  of 

under  Italian  protection.     The  Italian  com-  them  banished  as  rebels.   M.  Goblet,  in  August, 

mander-in-chief  hoped  by  the  expedition  to  replied  to  the  Italian  note  in  a  circular,  insist- 

Saganeiti  to  encourage  the  revolt  of  the  petty  in^  that  France  had  always  regarded  Massowah 

chiefsof  the  province  of  TigrS,  who  had  thrown  as  Egyptian   and  Turkish  territory.     France 

off  the  authority  of  the  Negus  when  he  with-  was  the  only  power  having  a  vice-consul  there, 

drew  his  troops  to  meet  the  dervishes.    Oapt.  and  he  had  received  his  exequatur  from  the 

Oornacchia,  commanding  the  expedition,  had  Porte.    Italy  had  for  a  long  time  disclaimed 

orders  to  surprise  Saganeiti  by  a  forced  march,  the  idea  of  permanent  occupation,  and  had 

but  to  withdraw  if  he  found  that  the  enemy  failed  to  fulfill  the  requirements  of  the  Berlin 

knew  of  his  approach.     He  failed  to  observe  Convention  of  1885,  by  not  notifying  the  fact 

his  orders  as  to  speed  and  secrecy,  and  when  of  taking  possession  to  the  powers,  so  that 

he  reached   Saganeiti,  which  is  seventy-five  they  might  have  an  opportunity  to  make  ob- 

miles  distant  from  Massowah,  he  allowed  him-  jections.    The  French  minister  denied  that  the 

self  to  be  ambushed  in  the  village,  which  had  capitulations  could  be  set  aside  without  the 

the  appearance  of  being  deserted  when  his  consent  of  the  powers  interested,  and  pointed 

force  first  entered.  out  that,  in  other  cases,  as  in  those  of  Tunis, 

Dlplonatle  Difficulties. — The  military  governor  Bosnia,  and  Cyprus,  the  power  taking  posses- 

of  Massowah  on  May  30  imposed  a  tax  on  real-  sion  had  been^able  to  produce  a  treaty  conolud- 

estate  proprietors  and  traders  for  streets  and  ed  with  the  protected  or   sovereign    govem- 

lights,  and  on  June  1  a  license-tax  on  dealers  ment.    He  concluded  by  saying  that  if  Europe 

in  liquors  and  food.    French  and  Greek  mer-  assented  to  the  Italian  procedure  the  French 

chants  refused  to  pay  these  taxes.    In  the  sum-  Government  would  take  note  that  hencefor- 

mer,  the  French  Government,  which  has  re-  ward  the  capitulations  disappear  without  nego- 

garded   with  jealousy    Italy's   occupation    of  tiation  and  without  accord  of  the  powers  wher- 

Massowah,  put  forward  the  claim  that  the  ever  a  European  administration  is  established, 
capitulations  existed  there,  as  in  other  Eastern        This  discussion  gave  Turkey  an  opportunity 

countries,  and  that  Italy  was  debarred  from  to  renew  her  claim  of  suzerainty  over  the 

imposing  taxes  and  exercising  criminal  juris-  western  coast  of  the  Red  Sea.     The  Porte  dis- 

diction  as  regards  French  citizens  and  pro-  patched  a  circular  note  to  the  powers,  deolar- 

teges  without  the  consent  of  France.     Signor  ing  the  Italian  occupation  of  Massowah  to  be 

Crispi  denied  that  the  capitulations  had  existed  a  violation  of  treaties,  and  denying  that  the 

there  under  Turkish  and  Egyptian  rule,  de-  mention  of  its  possessions  on  the  Arabian  coast 

clared  that  if  they  had  they  were  extinguished  only  in  the  Suez  Canal  convention  implies  a  re- 

by  Italian  occupation,  and  asserted  that,  even  nunciation  of  its  sovereignty  over  the  Soudan, 

if  they  still  were  in  force,  foreigners  would  be  Russia,  as  well  as  France,  joined  in  the  diplo- 

subject  to  municipal  taxation,  as  in  Bulgaria,  matic  protest  of  the  Porte.    Germany,  Great 


ADVENTISTS,  SEVENTH-DAY.  5 

,  Austria- Hungarj,  and  Spain  declared  moyeroent  for  the  incorporation  of  a  recognition 
italations  inapplicable  to  Massowah.  of  the  Christian  religion  into  the  Oonstitntion 
jitks  af  Ziltau — One  of  the  grounds  for  of  the  United  States.  The  International  Sab- 
remonstrances  against  the  Italian  pol-  bath-school  Association  retnmed  an  income  of 
Lfnca  was  that  France  had  some  vague  $6,446,  and  expenditures  of  $6,088.  Provis- 
ander  old  treaties  to  portions  of  the  ions  were  made  at  its  aunnal  meeting  for  the 
>ath  of  Massowah  that  Italy  in  1888  preparation  of  series  of  lessons  for  the  years 
:o  her  possessions.  Italian  irregulars  1888-'89  on  Old  Testament  history,  '^The 
3  ZuUa,  which  was  nominally  still  sub-  United  States  in  Prophecy,"  **  The  Third  An- 
Egypt,  and  in  like  manner  established  gePs  Message,"  on  the  leading  doctrines  of  the 
ves  at  Diss6  and  Adulis.  In  the  begin-  Bible  **  for  the  use  of  those  newly  come  to  the 
Augnst  the  Italian  flag  was  unfurlea  at  faith,"  and,  for  little  children,  on  the  life  of 
ind  a  protectorate  was  formally  pro-  Ohrist,  with  special  lessons  on  **  God's  Love  to 

over  the  district.  The  Italian  G(»v-  Man  "  for  the  camp-meeting  Sabbath -schools, 
t,  in  a  note  to  tbe  signatories  of  the  The  receipts  of  the  Central  Publishing  Asso- 
aet  of  the  Berlin  Conference,  notified  elation  had  been  $412,416.  The  Pacific  Pub- 
its  action,  which  it  declared  to  be  only  lishing  Association  retnmed  property  and  as- 
al  confirmation  of  a  previously  existing  sets  to  the  value  of  $246,949. 
i  a  step  that  was  taken  in  compliance  The  accounts  of  the  EdncatioD  Society  were 
e  demands  of  the  local  sheikhs.  The  balanced  at  $86,664,  and  its  assets  were  valued 
lag  was  raised  also  at  Adulis  and  Diss6.  at  $58,017.  The  organization  of  departments 
inSTS,  SEVENTfl-DlT.  The  statistics  of  manual  training  in  the  schools  of  the  denom- 
3ventb-Day  Adventist  Church,  as  given  ination  was  approved ;  and  the  preparation  of 
Tear-Book"for  1888,  show  that  it  con-  a  pamphlet  was  directed  to  explain  the  pur- 
tbirty  conferences,  with  the  Australian,  pose  and  nature  of  that  branch  of  instruction. 
Central  American,  General  Southern,  The  Health  and  Temperance  Association  had 
iland.  Pacific  Islands,  South  African,  and  emoyed  a  large  increase  of  activity.  The  Ru- 
Lmerican  missions.  They  returned,  in  ral  Health  Retreat  Association  reported  a  fund 
ministers,  182  licentiates,  889  churches,  amounting  to  $21,872. 

341  members.  The  whole  amount  of  Cieneral  ConrercBce* — The  General  Conference 
eceived  during  the  year  was  $172,721.  of  Seventh-Day  Adventists  met  in  its  twenty- 
leral  Conference  Association  is  a  body  sixth  annual  session  at  Oakland,  Cal.,  Nov.  18, 
las  been  incorporated  under  the  laws  1887.  Elder  George  I.  Butler  presided.  The 
tate  of  Michigan  to  act  as  the  business  conference  in  Norway  was  admitted,  constitut- 
Dcial  agent  of  the  General  Conference,  ing  the  third  conference  in  the  Scandinavian 
uard  the  financial  interests  of  the  Gen-  field.  The  conference  lately  organized  in  West 
ference,  and  is  expected  to  furnish  pro-  Virginia  was  received.  The  president  made 
for  the  care  of  the  property,  deeds,  be-  an  address  in  which  he  spoke  of  the  work  of 
ind  wills  that  may  accrue  to  that  body,  the  denomination  as  advancing,  notwithstand- 
keep  its  accounts.  The  object  of  the  ing  increasing  opposition.  Remarkable  sue- 
on  is  in  its  constitution  declared  to  be  cess  had  attended  the  movements  in  Holland, 
e  moral  and  religious  knowledge  and  and  fields  were  opening,  besides  the  United 
on  by  means  of  publishing-houses  for  States,  in  South  Africa,  South  America,  and  the 
-pose,  publications  therefrom,  mission-  West  Indies.  Immediate  acts  of  prosecution 
lasionary  agencies,  and  other  appropri-  against  members  for  violation  of  the  Sunday 
available  instrumentalities  and  meth-  laws  of  some  of  the  States  had  been  restrained, 
sing  wholly  benevolent,  charitable,  and  so  that  none  were  now  embarassed  by  them, 
ropic  in  its  character,  the  payment  of  but  the  current  in  favor  of  making  those  laws 
Is  on  any  of  its  funds  is  prohibited,  and  more  stringent  was  increasing,  and  greater 
*rty  may  only  be  used  for  carrying  into  difSculties  in  that  direction  were  to  be  antici- 
e  legitimate  ends  and  aims  of  its  being,  pated.  Delegates  from  foreign  fields  reported 
rted  to  the  Greneral  Conference  the  re-  concerning  the  condition  of  their  work ;  from 
*  the  Tract  and  Missionary  Society  for  the  Scandinavian  countries  that  there  were  in 
1887  were  $10,181,  and  the  expendi-  Denmark,  9,  in  Norway,  4,  and  in  Sweden, 
1,118.  Besides  missionary  labor  in  the  10  churches,  with  an  aggregate  membership 
States  and  other  countries,  tracts  and  of  810  in  the  three  conferences.  It  had  been 
ions  had  been  sent  by  the  society  to  difScult  to  furnish  from  the  ofSce  of  publics- 
id  West  Africa,  British  and  Dutch  Gui-  tion  books  enough  to  meet  the  demands  of  can- 
Lzil,  the  West  Indies,  British  Honduras,  vassers.  The  work  in  this  branch  was  self- 
ylaces  in  Russia,  some  of  the  islands  of  sustaining.  The  mission  in  England  had  been 
ific  Ocean,  to  different  points  in  the  in  progress  for  about  nine  years,  and  now  re- 
Q  States,  and  to  city  missions  under  the  turned  four  churches  and  about  185  members. 
)f  tbe  General  Conference.  The  socie-  In  Australia  there  were  three  churches  and 
annual  meeting  recommended  the  cir-  150  observers  of  the  seventh  day.  The  plan  of 
of  a  particular  newspaper,  the  purpose  holding  mission  schools  in  Central  Europe, 
i  is  to  oppose  the  '*  National  Reform ''  Scandinavia,  and  Great  Britain  for  the  purpose 


i 


6       ADVENTISTS,  SEVENTH-DAY. 


AFGHANISTAN. 


of  edacatiDg  canvassers  and  colportears  was 
approved  by  the  conference.  The  subject  of 
securing  a  ship  for  missionary  work  among  the 
islands  of  the  sea  was  favorably  considered, 
but  postponed  on  account  of  the  lack  of  funds 
available  for  the  purpose,  and  was  referred  to 
a  committee,  which  was  authorized  to  receive 
gifts  during  the  year  and  report  to  the  next 
general  conference.  A  week  of  prayer  was 
appointed,  to  be  observed  from  December  17 
to  December  25,  and  a  programme  of  subjects 
for  each  day^s  services  was  arranged.  A  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  which  were  referred 
al]  questions  growing  out  of  prosecutions  un- 
der the  Sunday  laws  of  the  States  against  sev- 
enth-day observers ;  and  it  was  authorized  to 
prepare  a  statement  properly  defining  the  posi- 
tion which  Sabbath-keepers  should  occupy  in 
the  various  contingencies  which  may  arise  un- 
der the  enforcement  of  those  laws.  Further 
resolutions  were  adopted  on  this  subject,  de- 
clanng  that 

Whereas^  The  teachings  of  Christ  entirely  divorce 
the  church  and  the  state;  and,  WT^erecu^  The  state 
has  no  right  to  legislate  in  matters  pertaining  to  re- 
ligious institutions,  and  Sunday  is  only  a  religious 
institution  :  therefore,  Betolvady  That  we  as  a  people 
do  oppose  oy  all  consistent  means  the  enactment  of 
Sunday  laws  where  they  do  not  exist,  and  oppose  the 
repeal  of  exemption  clauses  in  Sunday  laws  where 
they  do  exist ;  that  we  recommend  that  a  pamphlet 
be  prepared  (I)  showing  the  true  relation  which 
should  exist  between  the  church  and  the  state :  (2) 
exposing  the  organized  efforts  now  being  maae  to 
unite  church  and  state  by  ohanginz  the  Constitu- 
tion of  our  country:  (8)  showing  the  real  effect  of 
unmodified  Sunday  laws  in  places  where  they  have 
been  in  force ;  and*  that  said  pamphlet  be  placed  in 
the  hands  of  all  legislative  bodies  where  efforts  are 
or  shall  be  made  to  secure  the  enactment  of  Sunday 
laws. 

Whereas^  To  quietly  and  peaceably  do  our  work 
six  days  in  the  week,  as  well  as  to  keep  the  seventh 
day  as  the  Sabbath  of  the  Lord,  is  duty  toward  God, 
and  an  inalienable  right,  and  that  with  which  the 
state  can  of  right  have  nothing  to  do ;  therefore,  jRe- 
solvedy  That  there  is  no  obligation  renting  upon  any 
observer  of  the  seventh  day  to  obey  any  law  prohibit- 
ing labor  on  the  first  day  of  tlie  week,  commonly 
called  Sunday.  That  while  asserting  this  right, 
and  while  practicing  the  principle  avowed  in  this  res- 
olution of  working  the  six  worKing-days,  the  resolu- 
tion is  not  to  be  so  construed  as  either  to  sanction  or 
approve  any  arrogance  on  the  part  of  any,  or  any  ac- 
tion purposely  intended  to  offend  or  impose  upon  the 
religious  convictions  or  practice  of  any  person  who 
observes  the  first  day  of  the  week.  Whereas^  we 
deem  it  essential  to  the  proper  work  of  the  third  an- 
gePs  message  that  the  true  relation  existing  between 
tne  church  and  the  state,  and  the  relation  that  exists 
between  what  men  owe  to  God  and  what  they  owe 
to  civil  government  should  be  understood ;  therefore, 
Jiesolved^  That  we  recommend  that  this  subject  be 
made  a  part  of  the  regular  course  of  Bible  study  in 
all  our  colleges ;  and  that  special  attention  be  given 
to  it  by  our  ministers  in  the  field. 

Resolutions  were  adopted  declaring  that 

Whereat^  Our  Saviour  has  laid  down  the  one  sole 
ground  on  which  parties  once  married  can  be  di- 
vorced ;  and,  WJiereas^  The  practices  of  society  have 
become  most  deplorable  in  this  respect,  as  seen  in  the 
prevalence  of  unscriptural  divorces  j  therefore,  Re- 
Bolved,  That  we  express  our  deprecation  of  this  great 
evil,  and  instruct  our  ministers  not  to  unite  in  mar- 


riage any  partiefl  so  divorced ;  and  that  fi 
our  own  people,  when  about  to  contract  mif 
alliances,  to  near  in  mind,  and  give  due  weig 
ii^unction  of  the  apostle,  *^  only  in  the  LoroD 

The  fifth  annual  session  of  the  £i 
CouncU  was  held  at  Moss,  Norway,  Jm 
21,  1887.  Action  was  taken  with  re 
to  colportage ;  to  the  translation  into  d 
languages  and  publication  of  books; 
conduct  of  mission  journals ;  and  to  the 
tion  of  missionaries. 

AFGHAinSTlN,  a  monarchy  in  Oentrt 
lying  between  the  Punjaub  and  Belu 
on  the  south  and  Russian-Turkestan 
north,  with  Persia  on  the  west.     The 
the  Ameer  of  Cabul,  Abdurrahman  Khi 
has  striven  with  some  success  to  com 
his  authority  over  the  semi-independen 
that  owe  him  allegiance,  but  by  the 
tion  of  taxes  provoked  a  revolt  amc 
Ghilzais,  who  are  the  most  numerous  ai 
like  tribe  of  his  immediate  subjects. 

Iitemal  Disorders — The  Ameer  was  i 
to  re-establish  his  authority  over  the 
that  rebelled  against  taxation  in  1887 
of  his  generals,  Gholam  Hyder  Orakzai 
army  consisting  of  six  regiments  of  ii 
four  squadrons  of  cavalry,  and  an  a 
force  of  thirteen  guns  against  the  rebels 
Ghuzni  district  during  the  winter,  ai 
ceeded  in  inflicting  some  punishment  o 
and  in  restoring  order  for  the  time  beii 
January  Abdurrahman  went  to  Jelalabi 
a  force  of  12,000  men  for  the  pnrpos< 
ducing  to  submission  the  Shinwarri, 
and  other  insurgent  tribes  of  northeasts 
ghanistan.  His  commander-in-chief,  ( 
Hyder  Khan  Charkhi,  had'  already  bee 
ating  in  that  country  and  entered  into  n 
tions  with  the  Shinwarris. 

Mistrusting  the  vigilance  or  fidelity 
Persian  authorities  who  had  once  lei 
Khan,  the  Afghan  pretender,  escape  fi 
retreat  at  Meshed,  and  allowed  him  to  c 
a  correspondence  with  the  rebels,  the 
Government  persuaded  the  Shah  to 
him  over  into  its  custody.  He  left  Me 
January,  and  was  taken  to  India,  and  s< 
interned  at  Rawul  Pindi. 

In  the  summer  Ishak  Khan,  the  Gove 
Afghan-Turkistan,  showed  signs  of  insi 
nation.      He    is  a  cousin  of   Abdurri 
being  the  son  of  Azim  Khan,  who  was 
of  Oabul  for  a  few  months  in  1867,  ai 
overthrown  by  Shere  Ali.     Ishak  Kb 
Abdurrahman^s  companion  in  exile,  a 
always  professed  subservience  to  his 
yet  he  has  long  been  suspected  of  aspi 
the  throne.     He  has  discharged  the  dc 
his  post  with  ability  and  diligence  fo 
years,  and  in  his  own  province  he  has  c* 
uted  to  the  success  of  Abdurrahman's 
of  uniting  the  several  parts  of  Afghi 
into  a  single  realm,  and  has  enabled  the 
to  draw  some  of  his  best  troops  from  t 
becks  of  Turkistan.     The  province  ha 


AGNOSTIC.  7 

id  bj  Ishak^s  nnassisted  efforts,  and  the  To  Huxley  in  turn  it  was  suggested  by  St.  PauPs 

has  never  ventured  to  interfere  with  reference  to  the  altar  raised  in  honor  of  ^^  the 

ninistration.  unknown  God.^^    An  agnostic  is  one  who  holds 

Ii9s«-lfchai  Bondary, — The  joint  Anglo-  that  everything  beyond   the  material  is  un- 

1  Boundary  Commission  completed  the  known  and  probably  unknowable.    In  his  view 

ge  of  the  boundary  delimitation  before  the  whole  visible  and  calculable  universe  is  ma- 

1  of  January,  1888,  and  dispatched  the  terial  in  greater  or  less  degree,  and  therefore 

rotocol   with  maps  of  the  frontier  on  to  some  extent  knowable,  but  the  unseen  world 

rj  4.     The  English  commissioners,  Maj.  and  the  Supreme  Being  are  beyond  human  per- 

ke  and  Capt.  Yate,  then  returned  to  ceptions  and  therefore  unknowable. 

d  over  the  Trans-Caspian  Railway  and  The  **  Spectator  "  of  Jan.  29,  1870,  said  of 

h  Russia.  Prof.  Huxley :  "  He  is  a  great  and  even  severe 

CcBtrml  Asian  Eallway* — The  Russo-Bok-  agnostic,  who  goes  about  exhorting  all  men  to 

[lailway,  which  was  completed  as  far  as  know  how  little  they  know."    Again,  in  1871, 

ai  in  1887,  was  extended  through  Bok-  Mr.  Button  writes:  **  They  themselves  (the  ag- 

the  terminus  at  Samarcand,  and  opened  nostics)  vehemently  dispute  the  term  (atheism) 

•istivities  in  July,  1888.     Gen.  Annen-  and  usually  prefer  to  describe  their  state  of  mind 

ho  projected  and  directed  the  construe-  as  a  sort  of  know-nothingism  or  agnosticism  or 

the  road,  has  been  appointed  chief  di-  belief  in  an  unknown  and  unknowable  God." 

for  two  years,  and  has  the  disposal  ot  In  1874  St.  George  Mivart  ("Essay  on  Re- 

00  rubles,  which  is  less  than  half  the  ligion  ")  refers  to  the  agnostics  as  ^'  Our  mod- 

at  the  Department  of  the  Imperial  Con-  ern  sophists  .  .  .  who  deny  that  we  have  any 

i  decided  to  be  requisite  to  finish  the  knowledge  save  of  phenomena."  "Nicknames," 

>ot  more  by  1.500,000  rubles  than  the  says  the   "Spectator"  of  June  11,  1876,  "are 

has  declared  to  be  sufBcient.     The  given  by  opponents,  but  agnostic  was  the  name 

>st  of  the  line  has  l)een  43,000,000  ru-  demanded  by  Prof.  Huxley  for  those  who  dis- 

rbe  whole  length  of  the  railway  from  claimed  atheism,  and  believed  with  him  in  an 

ipian  to  Samarcand  is  1,345  versts,  or  *  unknown  and  unknowable'  God,  or  in  other 

00  miles.    The  section  from  Eizil  Arvat  words  that  the  ultimate  origin  of  all   things 

i^un  seven  and  a  half  years  before  the  must  be  some  cause  unknown  and  unknowa- 

tion  of  the  work,  but  the  whole  line  ble." 

that  place  was  built  in  three  years,  and  Principal  Tulloch  in  an  essay  on  agnosticism 

tion  from  the  Oxus  to  Samarcand,  a  in  the  "Scotsman"  of  Nov.  18,  1876,  said: 

B  of  346  versts,  or  230  miles,  was  rushed  "The  same  agnostic  principle  which  prevailed 

i  in  six  months.    The  cost  of  this  sec-  in  our  schools  of  philosophy  had  extended  it- 

officially  stated  at  7,198,000   rubles,  self  to  religion  and  theology.     Beyond  what 

arney  between  St.  Petersburg  and  Sa-  man  can  know  by  his  senses,  or  feel  by  his 

d  wiU   not  take  more  than  ten  days,  higher  affections,  nothing,  as  was  alleged,  could 

e  railroad  is  in  proper  working-order.  be  truly  known." 

AdM  of  PkhlA  to  British  India.— By  vir-  Conder,  in  "The  Basis  of  Faith"  (1877), 

;he  treaty  made  by  the  Ameer  Yakub  wrote:  "But  there  is  nothing  per  se  irrational 

t  Gandamak  on  May  26,  1879,  the  dis-  in  contending  that  the  evidences  of  theism  are 

f  Pishin  and  Sibi  were  assigned  to  the  inconclusive,  that  its  doctrines  are  unintelligi- 

Government  for  temporary  occupation  ble,  or  that  it  fails  to  account  for  the  facts  of 

Lministration.      The  revenues    beyond  the  universe  or  is  irreconcilable  with  them. 

as  necessary  for  the  expenses  of  civil  To  express  this  kind  of  polemic  against  religious 

ttration  were  to   be  paid  over  to  the  faith,  the  term  agnosticism  has  been  adopted." 

After  the  abdication  of  Yakub  Khan  Dr.  James  McCosh  in  an  essay  on  "  Agnos- 

istricts  remained  in  British  occupation,  ticism    as  developed    in    Huxley's   'Hume'" 

§  the  Kunam  valley  was  evacuated  by  ("  Popular  Science  Monthly,"  August,  1879), 

tish  troops  in  1880,  and  handed  over  to  writes :  "I  nm  showing  that  the  system  is  false 

^pendent  control  of  the  Tussi.     On  the  and  thus  leads  to  prejudicial  consequences — 

don  of  the  Sibi  Pishin  Railway  in  1887  false  to  our  nature,  false  to  the  ends  of  our 

;apied   districts   were  formally  incor-  being." 

in  the   Indian  Empire,   and  placed  In  1880  (June  26),  the  "  Saturday  Review  " 

he  administration  of  the  chief  commis-  printed  the  definition  so  widely  quoted  by  the 

»f  British  Beluchistan.  orthodox  press :  "  In  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  ag- 

snc«     Although  directly  derived  from  nosticism  is  but  old  atheism  *  writ  large.'  " 

<ek  oyyooxoff  (unknown,  unknowing,  un-  Sir  George  Birdwood  ("Industrial  Arts  of 

de),  this  word  in  its  Anglicized  form  is  India,"  1880)  said:  "The  agnostic  teaching  of 

nd  in  any  of  the  standard  dictionaries  the  Sankhya  school  is  the  common  basis  of  all 

t  1869.     Richard  Holt  Button  is  respon-  systems  of  Indian  philosophy." 

r  the  statement  that  it  was  suggested  James  Anthony  Fronde,  in  his  "  Life  of  Car- 

.  Thomas  Henry  Huxley  at  a  social  as-  lyle"  (1882),  writes:  "He  once  said  to  me  that 

;e  held  shortly  before  the  formation  of  the  agnostic  doctrines  were  to  appearance  like 

sequently  famous  Metaphysical  Society,  the  finest  flour,  from  which  you  might  exfiect 


8  ALABAMA. 

the  most  excellent  bread ;  but  when  yon  came  Solomon  Palmer ;  Commissioner  of  Agricdt- 

to  feed  on  it  yon  found  it  was  powdered  glass,  are,  Raf us  F.  Eolb ;  Railroad  Oommissionen, 

and  you  bad  been  eating  the  deadliest  poison."  Henry  R.  Sborter,   Levi  W.  Lawler,  W.  C. 

These  are  but  a  few  of  the  examples  that  Tunstall ;  Ohief-Jnstice  of  the  Supreme  Goort, 
abound  in  contemporary  literature.    For  Prof.  George  W.  Stone ;  Associate  Justices,  David 
Huxley^s  own  views,  the  reader  is  referred  to  Clopton  and  H.  M.  Somerville. 
his  works,  especially  such  essays  and  chapters        FliamcoB. — ^The  balance  in  the  treasury  on 
as  are  semi-religious  or  speculative.     While  Oct.  1, 1887,  was  $276,488.82,  and  on  the  same 
FtoL  Huxley  is,  as  has  been  seen,  popularly  date  in  1888  it  was  $555,587.87.     During  the 
and  no  doubt  rightly  credited   with  having  year,  in  accordance  with  a  law  passed  by  the 
originated  the  term  agnostic,  in  its  modem  last  Legislature,  the  entire  school-fund,  hither- 
acceptation,  he  is  by  no  means  the  founder  of  to  retained  in  the  counties  and  disbursed  there, 
the  school  that  holds  to  a  belief  solely  in  ma-  was  paid  into  the  State  treasury.     Of  this  fond^ 
terial  things.    The  Grecian  sophists,  and  proba-  there  was  in  the  treasury  at  the  latter  date 
bly  more  anciently  still  the  various  Chinese  $181,801.21 ;   leaving  the  actual   balance  for 
and  Oriental  schools,  taught  and  teach  similar  general    purposes,   after    deducting  this  and 
theories.     In    more  recent   times  Descartes,  other  special  funds,  $816,916.39.    The  bonded 
Kant,  David  Hume,  John  Stuart  Mill,  and  oth-  debt  of  the  State  remains  the  same  as  in  1887. 
ers  have  foUowed  out  trains  of  thought  more  An  act  of  the  last  Legislature  providing  for  re- 
or  less  identical,  but  all  suggestive,  whether  funding  the  6'per-cent.  bonds  amounting  to 
just  or  not,  of  atheism.     With  Huxley  the  re-  $954,000  into  8|-per-cent8.  has  not  yet  been 
pudiation  of  atheism  was  strongly  emphasized,  complied  with  by  the  Governor,  as  the  former 
but  his  orthodox  opponents  have  never  been  bonds  are  not  redeemable  till  1890,  and  he  asks 
willing  to  admit  that  he  and  his  contempora-  an  extension  of  his  power  till  that  time.    The 
ries  succeeded  in  freeing  themselves  from  the  tax  valuation  of  the  State  in  1886  was  $173,808,- 
implied  charge.     As  popularly  phrased  by  the  097;  in  1887,  $214,925,869.    And  forthepres- 
*' Saturday  Review,"  it  is  held  to  be  "atheism  ent  year  about  $223,000,000. 
writ  large  " ;  and  yet,  when  candidly  examined,        Edncttlmi. — The  report  of  the  State  Superia- 
the  agnostic  creed  can  hardly  be  distinguished  tendent  of  Education  for  the  year  ending  Sept 
from  those  of  the  more  liberal  Christian  sects.  30,    1887,    presents   the  following  statistics: 
It  is  an  accepted  principle  of  law  that  a  court  Outside  of  the  cities  and  special  school  districts, 
may  properly  decide  as  to  the  scope  of  its  own  3,658  schools  for  white  pupils  and  1,925  for 
jurisdiction,  and  a  school  of  religion  or  phi-  colored  pupils  were  maintained ;  the  total  nnm- 
losophy  should  in  like  manner,  and  in  good  ber  of  pupils  enrolled  in  the  former  being 
faith  be  permitted  to  interpret  its  own  belief.  153,304,  and  in  the  latter  98,896.    The  average 
While  repudiating  the  charge  of  atheism,  the  daily  attendance   was    93,723    in    the   white 
agnostics  have  frankly  admitted  their  inability  schools,  and  63,995  in  the  colored.      During 
to  define  or  individualize  their  conception  of  a  this  time  the  total  number  of  whit«  children 
deity.     Perhaps  it  is  not  unnatural  that  those  within  school  age  was  272,780 ;    of  colored 
sects  which  accept  the  teachings  of  the  Old  and  children,    212,821.      There  were  2,418  male 
the  New  Testament,  in  this  regard,  should  con-  teachers  in  the  white  schools  and  1,237  female; 
sider  non-acceptance  as  equivalent  to  atheism.  1,264  colored  male  teachers  and  569  female. 
Some  of  the  more  important  of  the  essays  bear-  The   average  length  of  the  school  year  was 
ing  upon  this  subject  are  as  follows:  "Agnos-  only  705   days,   a  decrease  of  over   sixteen 
ticism,"  sermons  delivered  in  St.  Peter's,  Oran-  days  from  figures  of  the  previous  year,  due 
ley  Gardens,  by  the  Rev.  A.  W.  Momerie,  (Ed-  to  the  omission  of  returns  from  the  city  and 
inburgh    and    London,  1887) ;    "  Agnosticism  special  district  schools  in  this  report.      The 
and  Women,"  **  Nineteenth  Century,"  vol.  vii,  total  sum  available  to  the  State  for  school  pur- 
by  B.  Latbbury ;  **  Agnosticism  and  Women,"  poses  during  the  year  was  $515,989.95,  and 
a  reply,  **  Nineteenth   Century,"  vol.   vii,  by  the    expenditures    amounted  to  $527,319.88, 
J.  H.  Clapperton ;  **  Confessions  of  an  Agnos-  necessitating  the  use  of  a  portion  of  the  unex- 
tic,"  "  North  American  Review  " ;  "  The  As-  pended  balance  of  former  years.     The  school^ 
sumptions  of  Agnostics,"    "  Fortnightly  Re-  of  the  State  stand  in  urgent  need  of  stronger 
view,"  vol.  xiii,  by  St.  George  Mivart ;  "  An  financial  support.   For  several  years  the  school 
Agnostic's  Apology,"  '*  Fortnightly  Review,"  fund  has  been  increased  but  sliglitly,  while  the 
vol.  xix,  by  Leslie  Stephen ;  "  Variety  as  an  school  population  has  been  steadily  growing  in 
Aim  in  Nature,"  "Contemporary  Review,"  No-  numbers,  being  32,614  greater  at  the  close  of 
vein  ber,  1871,  by  the  Duke  of  Argyle.  the  school  year  in  1887  than  in  the  previous 

ILIBAMA.    State  GoTemneiit. — The  following  year.      The  per  capita  disbursement    by  the 

were  the  State  officers  during  the  year:  Gov-  State  in  1887,  being  about  seventy  cents,  is  less 

ernor,  Thomas  Seay,  Democrat ;  Secretary  of  than  in  many  of  the  Southern  States. 
State,  0.  C.  Langdon;   Treasurer,  Frederick        The  Convict   Systea.  —  The  contracts    under 

H.  Smith,  succeeded  by  John  L.  Cobbs;  Audi-  which  the  convicts  sentenced  to  the  State  Peni- 

tor,  Malcolm  0.  Burke,  succeeded  by  Cyrus  D.  tentiary  had  been  previously  employed,  expired 

Hogue ;  Attorney-General,  Thomas  N.  McClel-  by  their  terms  on  the  first  of  January,  and,  in 

Ian ;    Superintendent    of   Public    Instruction,  accordance  with  the  law,  proposals  were  issued 


ALABAMA.  9 

for  a  new  lease,  which  was  awarded  to  the  East  the  colored  race  in  AJahama.  The  opinion  holds 
Tennessee  Coal,  Iron,  and  Railroad  Ooinpany.  that  this  university  is  not  a  part  of  the  common- 
The  convicts  are  to  he  employed  in  the  Pratt  school  system  of  the  State  within  the  meaning 
coal-mines,  near  Birmingham,  where  the  com-  of  the  Constitution,  and  that  the  act  under 
[Nmj  agrees  to  huild  prisons  and  to  maintain  consideration,  in  declaring  that  the  sum  appro- 
schools  for  the  henefit  of  the  convicts.  Female  priated  shall  he  taken  from  that  portion  of  the 
convicts  are  exempted  from  this  lease,  and  also  common-school  fund  given  to  the  colored  race 
all  those  who  by  reason  of  age,  infirmity,  or  destroys  the  equality  of  the  apportionment  of 
physical  defect,  were  unable  to  perform  hard  that  fund  between  the  white  and  colored  races 
labor.  The  class  of  convicts  last  described  are  remiired  by  the  Constitution, 
gathered  at  the  walls  of  the  old  Penitentiary  at  Earlier  in  the  year  another  act  of  the  same 
Wetampka,  and  are  enfi^aged  in  such  employ-  General  Assembly,  requiring  locomotive  engi- 
ments  as  are  suited  to  their  condition.  neers  to  obtain  a  license  from  the  State,  was 
"^In  accepting  this  proposal,"  remarks  the  passed  upon  by  the  United  States  Supreme 
Governor  in  his  last  message  to  the  Legisla-  Court  and  upheld.  It  was  urged  that  the  act, 
tore,  **  whereby  the  continuance  of  the  pres-  when  enforced  against  engineers  running  into 
ent  lease  system  in  Alabama  appears  to  be  fixed  the  State  from  outside  points,  became  in  effect 
for  a  term  of  ten  years,  I  do  not  intend  to  give  a  regulation  of  interstate  commerce,  and,  there- 
the  sanction  of  my  judgment  to  the  perpetua-  fore,  unconstitutional,  but  the  court  refused  to 
tion  of  the  lease  system.     I  thought,  however,  consider  it  as  such. 

and  still  think,  considering  the  state  of  our  In  October  the  same  court  decided  that  the 

finances,  which  does  not  yet  justify  an  entire  law  prohibiting  the  employment  of  color-blind 

disregard  of  pecuniary  considerations,  and  con-  persons  by  railroads  and  requiring  all  railroad 

adering  also  the  characteristics  of  those  who  employes  to  have  their  sight  tested  by  a  board 

oonstitnte  very  largely  the  criminal  class,  that  of  experts  was  not  a  regulation  of  interstate 

the  lease  system  could  not  at  present  be  dis-  commerce. 

pensed  with."  PoMticiU — The  first  State  Convention  of  the 

iairtaifi — The  report  of  the  railroad  com-  Labor  party,  which  assembled  at  Montgomery 

mis^ioners  for  this  year  shows  that  there  are  on  March  22,  was  the  earliest  political  move- 

3w205  miles  of  railroad,  including  branches  and  ment  of  the  year.    The  delegates  voted  to 

tidings,  in  the  State.    During  the  year,  530  present  no  separate  State  ticket,  but  advised 

mil^  of  new  railroad  were  constructed,  indi-  that  Labor  candidates  for  the  Legislature  and 

eating  an  nnusually  rapid  development.  for  Congress  be  presented  in  the  several  dis- 

Tdtow  Fever. — Great  alarm  was  felt  through-  tricts.    A  platform  was  adopted,  of  which  the 

oat  the  State,  in  the  latter  part  of  September,  following  is  the  more  iinportant  portion : 

over  reports  of  the  existence  of  yellow  fever  .__  ^            .  ,    .  ,  ^                i    j  ^      j      .u 

in  AAiTAnil  lrw»j»liri«a      Thoop  r*»nnrt«  nrAVAil  nn  ^®  f*^^^''  ^^^^  legiflltttion  as  may  lead  to  reduce  the 

m  several  localities,     l  nese  reports  proved  un-  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^    ^  prohibit  the  competition  of  convict 

foonded,  except  m  regard  to  Decatur,  where,  labor  with  honest  industry ;  to  secure  the  sanitary 

ftbout  September  20,  several  well-defined  cases  inspection  of  tenements,  factories,  and  mines ;  to  com- 

appeared.     The  disease  soon  became  epidemic,  pel  corporations  to  pay  their  emplov^s  in  lawful 

and  ail  who  were  able  to  leave  the  city,  at  once  ™«°«y  <^*'  the  United  States  at  intervals  of  not  longer 

fl  ,    ,       .                   I      tinf.                    '^^      .   .  than  two  weeks:  and  to  put  a  stop  to  the  abuse  of 

fled,  leaving  scarcely  600  persons   remammg  conspiracy  laws. 

out  of  a  population  of  several  thousand.    Quar-  We  also  aim  at  the  ultimate  and  complete  owner- 

antine  regulations  were  enforced  against  the  ahip  and  control  by  the  Government  of  all  railroads, 

eitT,  and  the  regular  course  of  business  was  telegraph  and  telephone  lines  within  ite  jurisdiction. 

j^pended.     Althongh  the  epidemic  w«  at  no  I.S^e^'^^tb'ortb^S^l^on^orC^Cnrj^.S 

tune  violent,  one  or  more  new  cases  appeared  eavings-banks  added  to  the  postal  system.    We  also 

almost  daily  for  about  two  months,  when  the  desire  to  simplity  the  procedure  of  our  courts  and  di- 

frosts  of  the  latter  part  of  November  put  an  minish  the  expenses  of  legal  proceeding,  that  the 

end  to  the  soonrge.     The  total  number  of  cases  P^''  T7  ^  ^l^ ''''  equality  with  the  nch,  and  the 

>«^-*,^  ^^  »^TtfL.,««K«»  1    -r«-  100  ^f  ^\.\^\.  long  delays  which  now  result  m  scandalous  misoar- 

rqwrted  ap  to  November  1,  was  123,  of  which  ^^  of /ustice  may  be  prevented. 

80  terminated  fatally.     The  cases  reported  m  And  since  the  ballot  is  the  only  means  by  which 

Xovember  increase  these  figures  but  slightly,  in  our  republic  the  redress  of  political  and  social 

Confaibotions  were  received  from  several  North-  grievances  is  to  be  sought,  we  eswcially  and  em- 

»n  cities  in  aid  of  the  sufferers.      Sporadic  P^*?^^^/®^.®  for  the  a<ioptoon  of  what  is  known 

i.iMc»  lu   ci«  vi.    V  «   c^uu^ivio.      ^Y'^AOKAk^  as  the  "Australian  system"  of  votmg,  m  order  that 

cvee  among  refugees  from  Decatur  occurred  the  effectual  secrecy  of  the  baUot  and  the  relief  of 

in  other  parts  of  the  State,  but  there  was  no  candidates  for  public  office  from  the  heavy  expenses 

epidemic.  now  imposed  upon  them  may  prevent  bribery  and 

ItrriiiMn       ^    decision  of  the  State  Supreme  intimidation,  do  away  with  practical  discrimination 

p^„  .       A^^^A  :«  iTa.^k  x1»..i«.:«»  .-.v.^^^  in  favor  of  the  nch  and  unscrupulous,  and  lessen  the 

Court  was  rendered  in  March,  declaring  uncon-  pemicious  influences  of  money  in  poh'tics. 
^tutional  the  act  ot  the  last  General  Assembly 

making  appropriations  for  the  establishment  The  Prohibitionists  met  in  convention   at 

and  support  of  a  State  University  for  colored  Decatur  on  April  18,  and  made  the  following 

people.    The  act  provides  that  the  sums  appro-  nominations :  Governor,  J.  C.  Orr ;  Secretary 

priated  shall  be  taken  from  that  part  of  the  com-  of  State,   L.  C.  Coulson;   Attorney- General, 

Bu>o-schoo]  fund  set  apart  for  the  education  of  Peter  Finley ;  Auditor,  M.  C.  Wade ;  Treasurer, 


10 


ALABAMA. 


N.  F.  ThompMiD ;  Superintendent  of  Edaca- 
tdon,  M.  C.  Denson. 

A  platform  was  adopted  demaniliDg,  in  ad- 
dition to  prohibition,  Dational  aid  to  educatioa, 
a  residence  of  twenty-one  jeara  bj  foreisnera 
before  voting,  better  election  Uwa,  and  the 
abolition  of  the  iutemal -revenue  ajatem. 

On  Maj  9  the  Democratic  Convention  met 
at  Montgomery,  and  nominated  the  following 
candidates:  Governor,  Thomas  Sea?;  Secre- 
tary of  State,  C.  C.  Langdon;  Treaanrer,  John 
L.  Cobbs:  AadiCor,  CjruB  D.  Kogae;  At- 
torney-Genera], Thomas  N.  McOlellan ;  Snper- 
intendent  of  Education,  Solomon  Palmer. 

BrieF  resolutiona  were  adopted  as  follow  : 

Tbnt  the  flrmneBs,  BbititT.'und  BtateBmsiwliip  dis- 
plsyed  by  Presitknt  Clcvelaiid  iu  the  administration 
of  biii  high  oa^-e  eatitlo  him  to  Ihe  confldtnce  and 
support  ol'  his  fellow-oitiiens,  Th»t  we  indorse  «nd 
approve  bin  admin  istraCioa,  and  CBpecially  hia  action 
and  efforts  (o  nislce  a  relorm  and  reduotion  of  the 
tariff,  and  we  believe  that  the  int«regta  of  the  oouDtry 
demand  tiis  re-election,  and  la  that  end  out  delegaUa 
to  the  Nalloaal  Convention  arc  hereby  inatnicted  lo 

That  we  arc  unalUrably  opposed  to  the  present 
war  lariff.  We  demand  reform  of  tha  tariff  and  a 
icduction  of  the  gurplua  in  the  Treosai?  by  a  reduc- 
iton  of  tariff  taxation. 

That  we  indorse  the  adminiatraUon  of  Got.  Seav, 
which  hOB  been  so  eminently  aatisliictury  (o  the  whole 
peonlo  of  Alabama. 

That  we  favor  a  liberal  appropriation  for  public 
echooln,  ID  order  that  tbe  meane  of  acquiring  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  rudimenla  of  education  may  be  afforded 
to  eveT7  child  in  the  SUM. 

That  we  lavor  the  encouragement  of  immijiration 
to  this  8(nle,  and  to  that  end  we  recommead  suoh 
wine  and  judiciout  le^lMion  by  the  lienenl  Assem- 
bly as  will  l>cal  accomplish  that  result. 

The  Republican  State  Convention  met  at 
Montgomery,  May  IS,  aod  nominated  tbe  fol- 
lowing ticket:  Governor,  W.  T.  Ewing;  Secre- 
tary of  State,  J.  J.  Woodnll;  Aaditor,  R.  S. 
Heflin;  Attorney-General,  George  H.  Craig; 
Treafurer,  Sam  T.  Fowler:  Superintendent  of 
Education,  J.  M.  Clark.  This  ticket  was  con- 
siderably changed  beforethe  election,  Robert  P. 
Baker  liein^;  the  candidate  for  Secretary  of 
State,  Napoleon  B.  Mardis  for  Attorney-Gen- 
eral, and  LemuelJ.Standlfer  for  Superintendent 
of  Education.  The  following  resolutions  were 
passed : 

That  while  we  depreciate  all  sectional  issues  and 
wish  for  harmony  between  all  the  citizens  of  our  great 
couDti7,  wo  demand  as  the  legal  and  conhtitutional 
right  of  the  people  that  the  exetciuc  of  the  right  of 
sufft-age  shall  be  full  and  untramineied,  and  tliat  the 
ballot  shall  be  counted  and  returned  ac  cast  in  all 
sections  of  this  great  republic,  and  bi  help  secure  this 


t  the  e  ..._  .. 
amended  as  lo  hinder  fraud  at 
That  we  condemn  Presidcni 
sage  and  the  Mills  tariff  bill  as  tending  toward  free 
trade  and  to  the  destruction  of  Amerimn  industries 
and  l«  the  degradation  of  American  labor  to  the  nerv- 
ile  condition  of  European  labor,  and  we  favor  liberal 


ALOOTT,  AMOS  BRONSON. 

man's  wages,  as  hostile  to  labor,  which  is  tha 
ftiundation  of  human  prosTesf  aiid  wealth. 

That  we  hvor  nadnnafaid  for  the  education  i 
children  of  the  republic,  and  therelbre  indon 
Blair  Bill. 

That  we  favor  civil-service  reform,  and  con 
Preeident  Cleveland's  wholesale  removal  from 
for  party  reasons,  while  professing  to  be  in  fill 
civil-service  reform. 

That  we  &VOT  tbe  entire  abolition  of  the  inB 
revenue  system. 

That  we  oppose,  now  as  heretofore,  the  pi 
convict  system  of  Alabiuns  as  brulsl,  and  beat 
brings  convict  labor  into  oompelition  with  bonel 

At  the  election,  Angnst  6,  the  Democ 
ticket  received  its  nsual  large  majority. 
Legislature  elected  is  overwhelmingly  Di 
cratic,  82  out  of  33  Senators  and  91  out  ol 
members  of  the  House  being  Democratic. 
amendment  to  tbe  Stale  Constitntion,  deal 
to  reduce  the  amount  of  local  and  special  I 
lation  demanded  at  each  legislative  set 
failed  of  adoption,  receiving  fewer  than  5( 
votes  out  of  a  total  poll  of  over  180,000. 
the  November  election  a  Democratic  delegi 
to  the  national  House  of  Representative! 
chosen.  The  Democratic  presidential  t 
received  117,310  votes;  the  Republican,  57, 
the  Prohibition,  583. 

lUOTT,  IHOS  BlOIItSON,  educator,  bor 
Wolcott.  Conn.,  Nov.  29, 1 789 ;  died  in  Bo 
Mass.,  March  4,  1888.  Tbe  family  arms 
granted  to  Thomas  Alcocke  in  ItilS.  anc 
flrst  of  the  name  appearing  in  English  hii 
is  John  Alcocke,  who,  after  receiving  thi 
gree  of  doctor  of  divin'ty  at  Cimbridge 
came  Bishop  ot  Ely  and  was  preferred  1 


evelsnd's  tariff  m 


Thatn 


■a  and  labor. 


condemn  Senator  Morgan's  declaration  tliat 
lincral  wealth  of  Alabama  is  a  "doubtful 
because  it  lends  to  increase  the  hiboring- 


5:  ^^i> 


Chancellor  of  England  by  Henry  VII. 
transformed  the  old  nunnery  of  St.  Badi: 
in  Cambridge  to  a  new  college  called  J 
AicocVe  was  "  given  to  learning  and  piety 
childhood,  growing  from  grace  to  grace,  so 
in  his  age  were  none  in  England  higher  fo 
liness."  Thomas  and  George  Alcocke  i 
to  New  England  with  Winthrop's  oompan 


ALCOTT,  AMOS  BRONSON.  ALCOTT,  LOUISA  MAY.            H 

ISSOy  and  the  descendant  of  the  former,  Onpt.  ion  of  Emerson,  who  descrihed  him  to  Oarlyle 
John,  who  held  a  commission  from  his  kins-  as  **  a  majestic  soul,  with  whom  conversation 
mao  Gov.  Trumhull,  lived  on  his  father's  es-  is  possible."  He  frequently  gave  "  conversa- 
titt,  '*  Spindle  Hill,"  where  his  grandson,  Amos  tions  "  in  cities  and  villages,  on  divinity,  ethics, 
firoD^n,  the  son  of  Joseph  Cbatfield  and  Anna  dietetics,  and  other  subjects.  These  gradually 
Bronson  Alcox,  was  born.  ^^  My  father  was  became  formal,  and  were  continued  for  nearly 
skilful  in  handicraft,  and  in  these  arts  I  inher-  fifty  years.  They  have  been  thus  described : 
ited  some  portion  of  his  skill,  and  early  learned  ^*  He  sits  at  a  table  or  desk,  and  after  his  audi- 
tbd  use  of  his  tools,"  wrote  Mr.  Alcott  in  his  tors  have  assembled  begins  to  talk  on  some  sci- 
ditfy,  when  describing  his  life  in  the  primitive  entific  subject  mentioned  beforehand.  He  con- 
days  of  New  England.  In  1814  he  entered  tinues  this  for  one  hour  ezactly-^his  watch 
Silks  Hoadley's  clock-factory  in  Plymouth,  and  lying  before  him — in  a  fragmentary,  rambling 
at  the  age  of  sixteen  began  to  peddle  books  manner,  and  concludes  with  some  such  phrase 
about  the  country.  In  1818  he  sailed  to  Nor-  as  ^  The  spirit  of  conversation  is  constrained  to- 
folk,  Va.,  where  he  hoped  to  engage  in  teach-  night,'  ^  Absolute  freedom  is  essential  to  the 
ing,  but,  failing  in  this,  he  bought  silk  and  freedom  of  the  soul,'  ^  Thought  can  not  be  con- 
trinkets  and  made  a  peddling  tour  in  the  adja-  trolled.'  Then  he  stops,  and  the  next  evening 
»nt  counties,  where  he  enjoyed  the  hospital-  begins  with  another  theme,  treats  it  in  the 
itT  of  the  planters,  who,  astonished  at  the  in-  same  desultory  way,  and  ends  with  similar  nt- 
tellectual  conversation  of  this  literary  Autoly-  terances." 

cos,  received  him  as  a  guest.  He  spent  the  The  opening  of  the  Concord  School  of  Phi- 
trinter  of  1822  in  peddling  among  the  Quakers  losophy,  in  1878,  gave  him  new  intellectual 
of  North  Carolina,  but  abandoned  this  life  strength,  and  he  was  prominent  in  its  proceed- 
in  1823,  and  began  to  teach.  He  soon  estab-  ings.  The  last  years  of  his  life  were  spent  with 
lished  an  infant-school  in  Boston,  which  imme-  his  daughter  Louisa,  in  Boston.  He  was  the 
diately  attracted  attention  from  the  unique  intimate  friend  of  Channing,  Hawthorne,  Gar- 
conversational  method  of  his  teaching  ;  but  risen,  Phillips,  Emerson,  and  Thoreau.  The 
this  was  in  advance  of  the  time,  and  he  was  latter  describes  him  as  ^^  One  of  the  last  phi- 
denounced  by  the  press  and  forced  to  retire,  losophers — Connecticut  gave  him  to  the  world ; 
He  then  removed  to  Concord,  Mass.,  where  he  he  peddled  first  her  wares,  afterward,  as  he  de- 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  natural  theol-  clares,  her  brains.  These  he  peddles  still,  bear- 
of^  and  reform  in  civil  and  social  institutions,  ing  for  fruit  his  brain  only,  like  the  nut  its 
edacation,  and  diet,  and  frequently  appeared  kernel.  His  words  and  attitude  always  sup- 
on  the  lectare  platform,  where  his  or^nality  pose  a  better  state  of  things  than  other  men 
made  him  attractive.  In  1830  he  married  Miss  are  acquainted  with,  and  he  will  be  the  last 
Abby  May,  a  descendant  of  the  Quincy  and  man  to  be  disappointed  as  the  ages  revolve. 
Sevall  families,  and  removed  to  Germantown,  He  has  no  venture  in  the  present.  ...  A  true 
Pa.,  but  in  1834  he  returned  to  Boston,  and  friend  of  man,  almost  the  only  friend  of  human 
reopened  bis  school,  which  he  continued  for  progress,  with  his  hospitable  intellect  he  em- 
several  years.  His  system  was  to  direct  his  braces  children,  beggars,  insane,  and  scholars, 
popils  to  self-analysis  and  self-education,  fore-  and  entertains  the  thought  of  all,  adding  to  it 
ing  them  to  contemplate  the  spirit  as  it  un-  commonly  some  breadth  and  elegance.  Which- 
Teiled  within  themselves,  and  to  investigate  all  ever  way  we  turned,  it  seemed  that  the  heavens 
sabjects  from  an  original  standpoint.  A  jour-  and  the  earth  had  met  together  oince  he  en- 
oal  of  the  school,  kept  by  one  of  his  pupils,  hanced  the  beauty  of  the  landscape.  I  do  not 
Elizabeth  P.  Peabody,  was  published  under  the  see  how  he  can  ever  die ;  Nature  can  not  spare 
title  of  **  A  Kecord  of  Mr.  Alcott's  School "  him." 

(Boston,  1834 ;  3d  ed.,  1874).  The  school  sug-  Besides  numerous  contributions  to  periodical 
gested  to  bis  daughter  that  of  ^^Plumfield,"  literature,  including  papers  entitled  ^^  Orphic 
which  is  described  in  "Little  Men."  Sayings"  in  "The  Dial"  (Boston,  1839-'42), 
At  the  invitation  of  James  P.  Greaves,  of  he  wrote  **  Conversations  with  Children  on  the 
London,  the  friend  and  fellow-laborer  of  Pes-  Gospels"  (2  vols.,  Boston,  1836):  **  Tablets" 
talozzi  in  Switzerland,  Mr.  Alcott  went  to  Eng-  (1868) ;  *'  Concord  Days  "  (1872) ;  **  Table- 
land in  1843,  and  Mr.  Greaves  having  died  in  Talk"  (1877);  "Sonnets  and  Canzonets" 
the  mean  time,  Mr.  Alcott  was  cordially  re-  (1882);  and  "llje  New  Connecticut,"  an  auto- 
ceived  by  bis  friends,  who  gave  the  name  Al-  biographical  poem,  edited  by  Franklin  B.  San- 
cott  Hall  to  their  school  in  Ham,  near  London,  born  (Boston,  1887). 

On  his  return  he  was  accompanied  by  Charles  His  daughter,  LOUISA  MAT,  author,  born  in 

Lane  and  H.  G.  Wright,  with   whom  he  en-  Germantown,   Pa.,   Nov.   29,   1832 ;    died   in 

deavored  to  establish  the  **  Fruitlands,"  in  Har-  Boston,  Mass.,  March  6, 1888,  was  educated  by 

vard,  Mass.,  an  attempt  to  form  a  community  her  father.     Her  first  literary  attempt,   **  An 

open  a  philosophical   basis,  which  was  soon  Address  to  a  Robin,"  was  made  at  the  age  of 

abandoned.     After  living  for  a  while  in  Bos-  eight,  and  she  soon  began  to  write  stories.     In 

ton,  Mr.  Alcott  returned  to  Concord,  where  1848  she  wrote  her  first  book,  "  Flower-Fables," 

his  life  was  that  of  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  for  Ellen  Emerson,  but  this  made  no  impres- 

For  forty  years  he  was  the  friend  and  compan-  sion  on  its  publication  in  1855.     In  1851  she 


12 


ALOOTT,  LOmSA  MAY. 


pablished  io  "  Gleason's  Pictorinl "  a  romantio 
story,  for  which  aho  received  five  doUars,  Mr. 
Alcott  never  achieved  worldly  SDCcess,  and,  as 
the  family  were  in  etraitened  circnmstanoea 
about  this  time,  she  engaged  in  teaching  ia 
Boston,  where  she  took  a  "  little  trunk  filled 
witli  the  plainest  clothes  of  her  own  making 
and  twenty  dollars  that  alio  had  earned  in 


writing."  At  one  time  she  aspired  to  become 
an  ectresB,  and  had  perfected  lier  arrangements 
for  a  first  appearance,  but  was  prevented  by 
her  friends.  She  occasionally  appeared  in 
amateur  performances,  and  n'rot«  a  farce  en- 
tilled  "  Ned  BatcheWer's  Adventures,"  which 
was  produced  at  the  Howard  Athenffium.  She 
also  wrote  a  romantic  drama,  "The  Rival 
Prima  Donna,"  the  manuscript  of  which  she 
recalled  and  destroyed  on  hearing  of  dissension 
among  the  actors  regarding  the  arrangement 
of  the  cast.  In  December,  1862,  she  entered 
into  Government  service  as  a  liospital  nurse, 
and  was  stationed  id  the  Georgetown  Hospital, 
near  Washington,  D.  C,  until  jirostrated  by 
typhoid  fever,  from  the  effects  of  which  she 
never  recovered.  In  1885  she  visited  Europe 
as  a  travellng-companiuu,  and  soon  after  her 
return  to  Boston  published  "  Little  Women," 
which  pictured  her  home  life,  and  brought  her' 
fame  and  fortune.  Tliis  was  received  with 
such  favor  that  when  "  Little  Men  "  was  issued 
the  publishers  received  advance  orders  for  60,- 
000  copies.  Hiss  Alcott  addressed  herself  to 
children,  and  no  author'sname  is  more  endeared 
tu  the  young  than  hers.  Although  there  is 
liltle  in  her  writing  that  is  not  drawn  from 
personal  experience,  this  is  so  colored  by  her 
imagination,  and  so  strong  through  her  sympa- 
thy with  life,  that  her  books  represent  the 
universal  world  of  childhood  and  youth.  Bnt 
while  they  are  characterized  bj  humor,  cheer- 
fulness, good  morals,  and  natural  action,  their 
healthfulness  may  be  somewhat  questionable 
on  account  of  the  sentimentality  that  is  woven 


ANGUOAN  CHUBOHES. 

into  her  work  and  breaks  the  natural  graoc 
of  childhood  by  introducing  the  romantic  ele- 
ment, and  a  hint  of  self-importance  and  inde- 
pendence that  tends  to  create  a  restless  and 
rebellious  spirit.  She  devoted  herself  to  the 
care  of  her  father,  and  in  "death  they  were 
not  divided."  The  sale  of  "  Little  Women  "  hu 
reached  260,000 ;  that  of  all  lier  works  together, 
over  800,000.  Her  publications  are :  "  Flower- 
Fables  "  (Boston,  1865);  "The  Rose  Family" 
(18641;  "Moods"  (1S60;  revised  ed.,  1681); 
"Little  Women"  (1868);  "Hospital  Sketches" 
(1869);  "An  Old-Fashioned  Girl"  (1889); 
"Little  Men"  (18T1);  "Aunt  Jo's  Scrap- 
Bag,"  a  series  containing  "  Cupid  and  Chow- 
Chow,"  "  My  Girla,"  "Jimmy's  Cruise  in  the 
Pinafore,"  and  "An  Old- Fashioned  Thanksgiv- 
ing" (187I''82);  "Work,  a  Story  of  Ejperi- 
ence"(18T8);  "Eight  Cousins"  (1874);  "Rose 
in  Bioom"(l8T6);  "Silver  Pitchers"  (1876); 
"Under  the  Lilacs"  (187B);  "Jack  and  Jill" 
(1880);  "Proverb  Stories"  (1882);  "Spin- 
ning-Wheel  Stories"  (1884);  and  the  first  of 
a  new  series,  "Lulu's  Library"  (1885). 

iNGLIClH  CHIiKCIlES.  GeMral  8tatMta.~The 
"Tear-Book"  of  the  Church  of  England  for 
1688  shows  that  the  gross  amount  of  money 
raised  voluntarily  and  expended  in  1666  on 
the  building  and  restoration  of  churcbea,  the 
endowment  of  beuelices,  the  erection  of  par- 
sonages, and  the  provision  of  burial  grounds, 
while  it  was  considerably  less  than  in  1884. 
exceeded  £1,000,000 ;  and  of  this  sum  £63,000 
were  raised  in  the  fonrWelsb  dioceses.  The 
details  of  this  particular  branch  of  chorch  ef- 
fort as  carried  out  at  Bristol  snd  Plymouth 
are  recorded  for  the  lirst  time  in  the  present 
volume.  They  show  that  while  the  population 
of  Bristol  has  increased  by  nearly  56  per  cent. 
the  net  gain  in  church  accommodation  has 
been  TO  per  cent.,  while  the  whole  expendi- 
ture upon  church  extension  has  been  more 
than  £500,000.  A  similar  work  has  been  go- 
ing on  in  the  three  towns  of  Plymouth,  Devon- 
port,  and  Stonebouse,  at  a  gross  expenditure  of 
£131,000.  Nearly  £500,00ii  (£446,386)  were 
raised  during  twelve  years  for  founding  the 
six  new  sees  of  Truro,  St.  Albans,  Liverpool, 
Southwell,  and  Wakefield ;  £60,000  in  six  years 
to  complete  the  Bishop  of  Rochester's  "ten 
churches  scheme."  The  "  Universities  and 
Public  Schools  Missions"  for  the  supply  of  des- 
titute places  in  the  large  towns  and  parochial 
missions  for  the  laity  have  increased  steadily. 
Activity  in  work  for  the  promotion  of  temper- 
ance, for  the  rescue  of  the  victims  of  vice,  and 
for  reform,  has  gone  on  with  growing  activity. 
The  statistics  of  ordinations  show  that  during 
fourteen  years  10,020  persona  had  been  admit- 
ted to  the  order  of  deacons ;  and  of  these  ad- 
mission.", the  annual  average  for  the  former 
half  of  the  period  was  B80,  and  for  the  Latter  half, 
TTO.  The  statisticsof  confirmations  show  that 
while  the  average  number  annually  for  the  nine 
years  ending  with  1663  was  166.000,  the  aver- 
age for  the  succeeding  three  years  was  nearly 


ANGLICAN  CHURCHES.                                                  18 

804,000.     Daring  1886,  77  new  churches  were  presided.    The  secretaries  report  showed  that 
bailt,  and  185  restored,  raising  the  number  of  the  number  of  ordained  missionaries,  includ- 
Dew  churches,  between  1877  and  1886,  to  809,  ing  nine  bishops,  on  the  society^s  list  at  that 
ftod  of  restored  churches  to  2,572.     Under  the  time,  was  596,  viz.,  in  Asia,  187;  in  Africa, 
Church  Buildings  Acts  838  new  parishes  or  dis-  139 ;  in  Australia  and  the  Pacific,  17 ;  in  North 
tricts  were  constituted  beween  1868  and  1880.  America,  183;  in  the  West  Indies,  33;  and  in 
The  number  of  permanent  mission  buildings  Europe,  37.     Of  them,  114  were  natives  labor- 
other  than  parish  and  district  churches  is  given  ing  in   Asia,  and  19  in  Africa.    There  were 
AS  4,717,  with  accommodation  for  843,272  per-  also  in  the  various  missions  of  the  society  about 
sons.     Confirmations  were  held  during  1887  at  2,000  catechists  and  lay  teachers,  mostly  na- 
2,361  centers ;  .  the  whole  number  of  persons  tives,  and  more  than  400  students  in  the  soci- 
confirmed  being  213,638.    The  voluntary  con-  ety's  colleges.     Papers  were  read  and  remarks 
tributions  toward  the  maintenance  of  Church  made  in  reference  to  various  aspects  of  the 
schools  between  1884  and  1886  were  given  as  missionary  work  in  their  several  fields  of  labor 
£1,755,958  ;   the  contributions  between  1873  by  the  Bishops  of  Calcutta  (^'Provincial  and 
and  1887  to  the  '*  Hospital  Sunday''  collections  Diocesan  Organization  in  India ''),  Japan,  Ran- 
tt  £727,250,  the  whole  number  of  collections  goon,  North  China,  Cape  Town,  Zululand,  Equa- 
being  33,134.    It  was  claimed  that  during  the  torial  Africa,  Sydney,  Fredericton,  Missouri, 
twenty- five  years,  1860-'84,  Churchmen  vol-  North  Dakota,  and  Guiana,  and  the  Archdea- 
QDtarily  contributed  £528,653  for  the  educa-  con  of  Gibraltar.     A  paper  by  the  Rev.  R.  R. 
don  of  ministerial  candidates,  £35,175,000  for  Winter,  of  Delhi,  on  ''  Woman's  Work  in  Mis- 
church  building  and  restoration,  £7,496,478  for  sions,"  was  read  by  the  secretary, 
home  missions,  £10,100,000  for  foreign  mis-  At  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Missions  of  the 
nons,  £22,421,542  for  educational  work,  main-  Province  of  Canterbury,  held  July  21,  the  Arch- 
\j  elementary,  £3,818,200  for  charitable  work  bishop  of  Canterbury,  presiding,  said  that  the 
(distinctively  Church  of  England),  and  £2,103,-  board  did  not  seek  to  work  as  a  new  missionary 
3Mfor  clergy  charities,  making  a  total  of  £81,-  society,  or  wish  to  collect  money;  but  that  it 
573,237,     Contributions  to  parochial  purposes,  desired  to  bring  before  the  Church  the  neces- 
Qosectarian  societies,  and  middle-class  schools  sity  of  doing  a  great  deal  more  for  missions 
are  not  included  in  the  estimate.  than  was  being  done  at  present,  and  to  give 

Unrittry  SMielles. — The  annual  meeting  of  proper  information  to  the  vast  numbers  of  per- 
the  Church  Missionary  Society  was  held  May  sons  who  knew  nothing  of  the  missions  or  of 
1.  Sir  John  Kennaway  presided.  The  total  theimmensity  of  the  interests  centered  in  them, 
receipts  of  the  society  for  the  year  had  been  Several  of  the  American  and  colonial  bishops 
£2*21,330,  but  they  had  not  covered  the  spoke  of  the  condition  and  requirements  of 
expenditure,  and  there  remained  a  debt  of  missionary  interests  in  different  parts  of  the 
£9,000  to  be  cleared  off;  and  to  meet  the  de-  world,  and  of  the  importance  of  giving  greater 
mands  of  various  funds,  the  incomeof  the  pre-  unity  to  the  missionary  work.  A  resolution 
ceding  year  must  be  exceeded  by  £37,000.  was  adopted  assuring  the  bishops  of  the  various 
Forty-three  candidates  for  missionary  work,  dioceses  and  missionary  jurisdictions  abroad  of 
twelve  of  whom  were  women,  had  been  re-  the  desire  of  the  board  *^to  aid  them  in  the 
od?ed  during  the  year.  A  resolution  was  work  of  extending  the  Master's  kingdom." 
passed  approving  the  action  of  the  Executive  Free  and  Open  CJinrdi  issoclatlMa — It  was  re- 
Committee  in  c^Iing  for  picked  men  to  work  ported  at  the  annual  meeting  of  this  society,  in 
among  Mohammedans.  March,  that  the  council  had  decided  to  issue  an 

The  income  of  the  Church  Zenana  Mission-  address  calling  upon  the  people  to  defend  the 

ary  Society  was  returned  at  £23,268.    The  so-  Church  by  uniting  in  a  great  effort  to  get  rid 

ciety  includes  900  associations  and  more  than  of  the  pew  system.     The  Bishop  of  Rochester 

500  working  parties  laboring  in  support  of  the  had  written  that  the  church  which  ^*  blandly 

mission.    From  the  missions — in  West  Africa,  encouraged  her  wealthy  children  to  build  stately 

East  and  Central  Africa,  Egypt  and  Arabia,  churches  for  their  own  enjoyment,"  leaving  the 

Palestine,  Persia  and  Bagdad,  India,  Ceylon,  poor  to  worship  in  a  cold  school-room,  ^^for- 

Mauritios,  China,  Japan,  New  Zealand,  North-  feited  her  claim  to  be  the  church  of  the  nation." 

west  America,  and  the  North  Pacific — were  The  Chirch  Houe. — A  plan  for  the  establish- 

retnmed  280  stations,  247  foreign  and  265  na-  ment,  in  London,  by  a  company,  of  a  ^'Church 

tire  ordained  missionaries,  62  European  and  House,"  to  serve  as  an  informal  ^^headquarters" 

3,534  native  lay  and  female  workers,  44,115  for  the  adherents  of  the  Anglican  churches,  their 

communicants,  and  1,859  schools,  with  71,814  societies  and  associations,  and  as  a  place  of  de- 

papils.    The  native  contributions  had  amount-  posit  for  archives,  libraries,  and  collections,  took 

ed  to  £15,142.  form  in  July.    The  final  report  of  the  Executive 

The  anneal  public  meeting  of  the  Society  for  Committee,  which  had  been  appointed  by  the 

the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts  movers  of  the  project  to  consider  the  subject, 

was  held  in  London,  July  10.    The  meeting  was  was  presented  to  the  General  Committee  June 

distingaisbed  by  the  presence  of  many  of  the  7.     A  charter  of  incorporation  had  been  grant- 

bbbops  who  baid  come  to  attend  the  Lambeth  ed  for  the  enterprise  on  the  23d  of  February. 

Gooferenoe.     The  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  The  receipts  in  its  behalf  up  to  June  80  had 


14  ANGUCAN  CHURCHES. 

amounted  to  £45,853,  while  a  balance  of  £2,681  Bishop  of  Lincoln  to  answer  allegations  of  of- 
was  remaining  at  the  banker^s,  besides  invest-  fense  in  matters  of  ritaal,  was  decided  by  the 
ments  and  deposits  to  the  sum  of  £85,868.  Judicial  Committee  of  tlie  Privy  Council,  Aug. 
The  total  liabilities  incurred  and  to  be  incurred  3,  after  an  ex-parte  hearing.  The  Bishop  of 
in  the  purchase  of  the  site — which  is  on  the  Lincoln  was  charged  by  the  petitioners  with 
south  side  of  Dean's  Yard — amounted  to  £42,-  having  offended  in  respect  to  the  celebration  of 
481,  for  the  provision  of  which  the  resources  the  Communion  by  using  lighted  candles  on 
of  the  corporation  were  amply  sufficient.  The  the  Communion-table  when  they  were  not  re- 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  speaking  on  the  quired  for  the  purpose  of  giving  light;  by  mak- 
adoption  of  the  report,  remarked  on  the  prac-  ing  at  the  same  service  and  when  pronouncing 
tical  value  of  the  scheme,  which  would  pro-  the  benediction,  the  sign  of  the  cross;  by  stand- 
vide  a  house  not  only  useful  as  a  place  of  busi-  ing  while  reading  the  prayer  of  consecration 
ness  for  the  Church  of  England  in  England,  with  his  back  to  the  people ;  and  by  deviating 
but  also  as  a  general  meeting-point  and  ral-  in  no  fewer  than  ten  ways  from  the  ceremony 
lying -ground  for  the  Anglican  communion  prescribed  by  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer, 
throughout  the  world.  He  was  anxious  that  a  The  petitioners  prayed  the  archbishop  to  cite 
good  reference  library  should  be  formed  as  the  inculpated  bishop  to  answer  these  charges, 
soon  as  possible.  A  full  collection  of  reports  referring  as  precedents  for  the  exercise  of  this 
of  church  work  in  all  parts  of  the  world  was  power  to  the  case  of  "  Lucy  w.  the  Bishop 
needed.  Valuable  contributions  concerning  the  of  St.  Davids"  (1695),  and  of  the  Bishop  of 
transactions  of  the  American  Church  Conven-  Cloghan,  which  was  cited  in  1822  by  the  Arch- 
tions  had  already  been  received  from  the  Bish-  bishop  of  Armagh.  The  archbishop  replied 
ops  of  Iowa  and  Albany.  Formal  possession  that,  ^'  Considering  the  fact  that  in  the  course 
was  taken  of  the  site  on  the  21st  of  tJnly,  when  of  800  years  since  the  Reformation,  there  is  no 
the  first  annual  meeting  of  the  corporation  was  other  precedent "  (than  the  Bishop  of  St.  David's 
held,  and  suitable  action  was  taken  for  accept-  case),  ^^  and  considering  the  political  and  other 
ing  the  property.  The  purpose  of  the  scheme  exceptional  circumstances  under  which  this 
was  defined  to  be  for  facilitating  intercommun-  particular  case  was  decided,"  he  objected  to  act- 
ion among  the  churches  throughout  the  world,  ing  without  instruction  from  a  court  of  compe- 
The  buildings  already  on  the  ground  will  be  tent  jurisdiction.  The  decision  of  the  Judicial 
occupied  for  the  present,  and  the  erection  of  Committee  was  to  the  effect  that  their  lord- 
others  or  of  better  ones  will  be  left  to  the  fut-  ships  were  of  the  opinion  that  the  archbishop 
ure,  as  the  means  and  needs  of  the  enterprise  had  jurisdiction  in  the  case.  They  were  also 
may  be  developed.  of  the  opinion  that  the  abstaining  of  the  arch- 

ChDrch  of  England  Temperance  Society. — A  break-  bishop  from  entertaining  the  suit  was  a  matter 
fast  was  given  by  the  Council  and  Executive  of  of  appeal  to  Her  Majesty.  They  desired  to  ex- 
this  association,  July  11,  to  the  bishops  attend-  press  no  opinion  whatever  whether  the  arch- 
ing the  Lambeth  Conference,  for  purposes  of  bishop  had  or  had  not  a  discretion  whether  he 
consultations  respecting  the  progress  of  the  so-  would  issue  the  citation.  They  would  humbly 
ciety ;  the  movement  against  the  liquor  traffic  advise  Her  Majesty  to  remit  the  case  to  the 
among  the  native  races;  and  methods  by  which  archbishop,  to  be  dealt  with  according  to  law. 
the  organization  of  the  society  abroad  might  The  decision  is  considered  an  important  one,  in 
be  accelerated  and  made  more  effective.  The  that  it  establishes  the  right  of  the  archbishop 
Bishop  of  London  presided.  A  letter  was  read  to  call  bishops  to  account, 
from  the  Bishop  of  New  York  representing  that  Water  in  the  Craminnton  Service. — A  case  was 
great  benefit  had  been  derived  in  America  from  heard  before  the  Court  of  Arches  of  the  Prov- 
the  influence  of  the  society.  Resolutions  were  ince  of  Canterbury,  February  14,  in  which  the 
adopted  declaring  that  the  importation  of  spir-  Rev.  S.  J.  Hawkes,  of  Pontebury,  diocese  of 
itnous  liquors  from  England  and  other  coun-  Hereford,  was  charged  with  having  adminis- 
tries  was  having  a  disastrous  effect  upon  native  tered  to  communicants  water  instead  of  wine 
races  in  the  colonies  and  dependencies  of  the  at  the  celebration  of  the  holy  communion.  The 
British  Empire,  and  recommending, the  forma-  defendant  admitted  that  he  had  used  water  on 
tion  of  diocesan  branches  of  the  society.  The  the  occasion,  as  charged,  but  pleaded  that  be 
resolutions  were  supported  by  the  Bishops  of  had  intended  no  offense  against  the  rubrics. 
Sydney,  Cork,  Pennsylvania,  Huron,  Colombo,  He  had  not  been  aware  beforehand  that  there 
and  Zululand,  and  the  Bishop  Coadjutor  of  An-  was  to  be  a  communion  service.  Finding  no 
tigua.  The  Bishop  of  Sydney  declared  that  it  wine  in  the  flagon,  he  in  his  surprise  ordered 
was  absolutely  impossible  to  exaggerate  the  the  clerk  to  get  something.  The  clerk  had 
utterly  disastrous  effect  which  the  traffic  in  brought  water,  and  he  had  used  it  without 
spirituous  liquors  was  exercising  everywhere.  thinking  to  examine  it.     Lord  Penzance,  in  giv- 

Powers  9t  the  Archbishop. — The  case  of  Read  ing  his  decision,  while  admitting  the  defend- 

and    others  m.    the   Archbishop    of   Canter-  ant's  excuses,  thought  that   he  had  erred  in 

bury,  involving  an  appeal  of  four  members  of  judgment ;  he  should  have  made  an  explana- 

the  Church  of  England  resident  in  the  diocese  tiou  or  dismissed  the  congregation,  and  post- 

of  Lincoln  against  the  refusal  of  the  Archbish-  poned  the  service.     The  court  would  do  no 

op  of  Canterbury  of  their  request  to  cite  the  more  than  admonish  the  defendant  against  a 


ANGLICAN  CHURCHES.  15 

repetition  of  the  offense,  and  condemn  him  in  have  an  opportnnitj  of  considering  the  details 

the  costs.     The  conduct  of  the  minister  in  in-  of  certain  proposed  bills  dealing  with  the  ec- 

stitating  the  proceedings  was,  however,  jasti-  clesiastical  courts  before  they  ai'e  settled  in  the 

ficd.     Such  a  departure  from  the  order  of  pro-  parlimentary  committees, 
ceedings  in  the  celebration  of  the  holy  com-        The  lower  house,  recognizing  the   urgent 

mnnioD  was  no  light  matter.    Jhe  rabncs  of  need  of  an  increase  of  the  clergy,  declared  by 

the  Prayer- Book  were  not  merely  directory,  resolution  "that  it  will  welcome  the  accession 

but  were  in  their  smallest  incidents  nothing  of  duly  qualified  persons  possessed  of  independ- 

leas  than  positive  commands  of  law,  strictly  to  ent  means  who  will  offer  themselves  for  the 

he  foUowed  and  faithfully  obeyed.    So  serious  work  of  deacons ;  but  that  it  deprecates  any 

a  departure  as  this  case  disclosed  could  not  be  alteration  of  the  law  and  of  the  ancient  usages 

passed  over,  in  the  opinion  of  the  court,  without  of  the  Church  which  would  involve  the  relax- 

ecclesiastical  censure,  except  at  the  risk  of  im-  ation  of  the   solemn   obligations  of  holy  or- 

plying  that  the  breach  of  them  was  venial,  triv-  ders."     The  governmental  measure  for  the  re- 

ial  or  unimportant.  striction  of  the  opium-trade  with  China  by  giv- 

Ike  CwTocatltBS. — Both  houses  of  the  Convo-  ing  control  of  the  matter  for  a  period  to  the 

cation  of  Canterbury  met  for  the  dispatch  of  Chinese  authorities  was    approved,   and   the 

bosiness,  Feb.  29.    The  archbishop  exhibited  hope  was  expressed  that  measures  would  be 

to  their  lordships  of  the  upper  house  letters  taken  to  prevent  the  importation  of  opium  into 

patent,  dated  Sept.  16,  1887,  conveying  the  Burm ah,  and  that  the  Government  might  see  its 

royal  assent  to  the  newly  amended  canons  as  way  clear  to  '^  bring  about  the  final  extinction 

to  the  hours  of  marriage,  agreed  to  by  both  of  the  Bengal  monopoly."     A  further  devel- ' 

boasess  and  gave  notice  that  it  was  necessary  opment  was  suggested  of  parochial  guilds,  in 

that  the  two  houses  should  meet  together,  in  which,  the  house  declared,  might  be  discerned 

order  that  the  new  and  amended  canons  might  a  wide  possibility  of  increased  spiritual  good, 

be  made,  promulgated,  and  executed.      The  both  in  town  and  country  parishes, 
ceremonial  of  summoning  and  receiving  the        The  Convocation  assembled  again  April  24. 

lower  house,  in  full   official  form,  was  then  A  report  was  presented  in  the  upper  house 

performed  for  the  first  time,  it  was  said,  since  from  a  joint  committee  of  the  two  houses  on 

1603.    The  archbishop  read,  in  Latin  and  Eng-  the  relations  of  the  Convocations  of  the  North- 

Ush,  the  new  enactments  which  brought  the  ern  and  Southern  Provinces,  the  consideration 

law  of  the  Church  into  harmony  with  the  law  of  which  was  deferred.    A  motion  was  carried 

of  the  land,  after  which  the  document  of  assent  for  the  appointment  of  a  joint  committee  to 

was  signed   by  the  archbishop  and  bishops,  report  as  to  any  new  organization  required  to 

and  by  the  prolocutor,  deans,  archdeacons,  and  enable  the  Church  to  reach  the  classes  of  the 

proctors  of  the  lower  house.     A  resolution  of  population  now  outside  of  religious  organiza- 

the  lower  house  relating  to  the  election  of  in-  tions.    Satisfaction  was  expressed  at  the  unani- 

cumbents  by  parishioners  in  cases  where  the  mous  passage  of  the  House  of  Commons  of  the 

living  is  vested  in  the  parishioners,  was  amend-  resolution  of  Mr.  McArthur  in  regard  to  the 

ed  and  approved.     It  recommends  the  inser-  traffic  in  drink  with  native  races.     The  bish- 

tioD  of  a  clause  in  the  Church  Patronage  Bill  ops  acted  favorably  upon  an  articultts  cleri  of 

providingfor  the  selection  of  a  permanent  com-  the  lower  house  respecting  the  exclusion  of 

mittee  by  the  parishioners,  through  which  the  the  clergy  from  the  county  councils  proposed 

election  shall  be  conducted.    A  petition  was  to  be  erected  under  the  new  Local  Government 

presented  from  the  Lord^s  Day  Observance  So-  Bill,  asking  them  to  take  steps  to  obtain  such 

cietj  on  the  subject  of  the  relaxation  ot  Sun-  alteration  in  the  measure  as  would  prevent  such 

daj  observance,  which  appeared  to  have  in-  exclusion.     The  lower  house  having,  without 

creased  of  late  years,  and  to  the  great  increase  instruction  from  the  upper  house,  acted  upon 

of  Sunday  labor;  to  which  the  house  respond-  motions  suggesting  additions  to  the  Church 

ed  that  it  deemed  it  its  duty  '^  to  appeal  to  the  Catechism,  dealing  with  questions  of  doctrine 

der^y,  to  all  instructors  of  the  young,  and  to  concerning  which  the  Episcopate  claimed  the 

all  who  exercise  influence  over  their  fellow-  exclusive  right  of  origination,  a  resolution  was 

men,  not  to  suffer  this  Church  and  country  to  passed  by  the  upper  house,  declaring  itself  un- 

lose  the  priceless  benefits  of  the  rest  and  sane-  able  to  consider  the  action  in  question,  because 

titj  of  the  Lord^s  Day.    Its  reasonable  and  re-  it  could  not  regard  it  ^*  as  regular  and  desirable 

%ious  observation  is  for  the  moral,  physical,  that  synodical  validity  should  be  given  to  form- 

aod  spiritual  health  of  all  ranks  of  the  popula-  ularies  professing  to  set  forth  the  doctrines  of 

tioD,  and  to  it  our  national  well-being  has  been  the  Church  for  the  drawing  up  and  circulation 

lan?e1y  due."    Sympathy  was  expressed  with  of  which  the  consent  of  the  president  had  not 

the  clergy  in  the  difiiculties  to  which  they  were  been  applied  for  and  obtained."    A  report  was 

Babjected  in  the  collection  of  tithes,  and  the  ef-  made  in  the  House  of  Laymen  recommending 

forts  of  the  house  were  pledged  in  favor  of  an  increase  of  the  Episcopate,  and  the  adop- 

measores  for  remedying  them.    The  president  tion,  as  far  as  possible,  of  county  boundaries 

(archbishop)  was  requested  to  appoint  a  com-*  as  the  bases  of  the  boundaries  of  dioceses, 

mittee  to  consider  the  question  or  an  increase  Concerning  the  principles  which  should  regu- 

of  the  episcopate.     A  desire  was  expressed  to  late  a  system  of  pensions  for  disabled  or  aged 


16                                                 ANGLICAN  CHURCHES. 

clergy,  the  hoQse  expressed  the  opinion  that  ^^  a  to  promote  nnitj  of  faith  and  to  bind  the 
considerable  portion  of  the  fund  should  be  pro-  bodies  represented  ^*  in  straiter  bonds  of  peace 
vided  by  the  laity,  or  by  non-beneficiaries ;  that  and  brotherly  charity."  Seventy-six  bishops 
every  clergyman,  in  order  to  become  eligible  responded  to  tbis  invitation,  while  the  bisbope 
for  a  pension,  shoald  be  expected  to  contribute  and  Archbishop  of  the  Province  of  York  de- 
an adequate  amount  to  the  pension  fund  ;  that  clined  to  join  in  the  movement.  The  confer- 
the  pension  should  be  free  from  seizure  by  ence  met  on  tfie  24tb  of  September,  1867.  Its 
creditors ;  and  that  the  age  at  which,  as  a  gen-  time  was  largely  occupied  with  discussions  of 
eral  rule,  the  pensions  should  commence,  should  the  affairs  of  the  South  African  churches,  while 
be  sixty-five."  The  house  approved  the  pur-  several  questions  were  submitted  to  commi^ 
pose  of  the  Tithe  Rent-charge  Recovery  Bill  as  tees  to  be  reported  upon  by  them  to  a  meeting 
a  measure  for  facilitating  the  collection  and  of  the  bishops  then  remaining  in  England,  in 
recovery  of  the  charge  in  question.  the  following  December.    The  second  confer- 

The  Convocation  of  York  met  for  the  dis-  ence  was  called,  again  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
patch  of  business  April  17.  The  archbishop,  Canadian  Synod,  in  July,  1877,  and,  the  bisb- 
in  his  opening  address,  remarking  upon  differ-  ops  of  the  province  of  York  having  concluded 
ences  that  had  occurred  between  the  two  houses  to  take  part  in  it,  was  attended  by  100  bish- 
at  previous  sessions,  said  that  the  present  po-  ops.  It  met  on  the  29th  of  June,  and  ad- 
sition  of  the  Convocation  had  occasioned  much  joumed  on  the  27th  of  July,  1878.  The  sab- 
anxious  thought  with  him,  and  that  he  feared  jects  discussed  regarded  *^  The  best  mode  of 
that  the  two  houses  would  not  be  able  to  co-  maintaining  union  among  the  various  branchee 
operate  in  the  future.  The  prolocutor  of  the  of  the  Anglican  Communion  " ;  **  Voluntary 
lower  house  (the  Dean  of  York)  regarded  boards  of  arbitration  for  churches  to  which 
these  remarks  as  a  reflection  upon  his  oflScial  such  an  arrangement  may  be  applicable  ^' ; 
course,  and  offered  his  resignation,  which  was  ^^  The  relations  to  each  other  of  missionary 
accepted.  The  Rev.  Chancellor  Espio,  D.  D.,  bishops  and  of  missionaries  in  various  branches 
was  chosen  prolocutor.  Resolutions  were  of  the  Anglican  Communion  acting  in  the 
adopted  in  the  upper  house  urging  the  need  same  country "  ;  ^*-  The  position  of  Anglican 
of  the  Church  for  legislation  on  the  ecclesias-  chaplains  and  chaplaincies  on  the  Continent  of 
tical  courts,  and,  without  committing  itself  to  Europe  and  elsewhere" ;  ''  Modern  forms  of 
the  approval  of  particular  recommendations,  infidelity  and  the  best  means  of  dealing  with 
indicating  the  report  of  the  Royal  Commis-  them " ;  and  ^*  The  condition,  progress,  aod 
sion,  dated  July  18,  1883,  as  the  suitable  basis  needs  of  the  various  churches  of  the  Anglican 
of  such  legislation.  Communion."    The  reports  on  these  subjects, 

Hie  LiHketh  Conftrence. — The  third  Lambeth  as  adopted  by  the  Conference,  were  incorpo- 

Conference  of  Bishops  of  the  Anglican  Com-  rated  as  a  whole  in  a  combined  **  letter,"  and 

munion — often  designated  the  *^  Pan-Anglican  put  forth  to  the  world  in  the  name  of  the 

Conference  " — was  opened  June  30.   While  the  hundred  bishops  assembled ;  which  letter  was 

idea  of  holding  a  conference  of  this  kind  had  also  published  in  Latin  and  Greek  translations, 

been  frequently  mentioned  before,  the  propo-  The  following  invitation  to  the  Conference 

sition  for  the  first  assemblage  took  serious  of  1888  was  sent  out  to  209  bishops : 

form  in  the  Canadian  Provincial  Synod  of  Lamboth  Pai.ao«,  JViw.  9. 1S8T. 

1865,   which    unanimously  resolved  to  urge  Bioht  Bevebend  aitd  Dear  Brothbb  : 

upon  the  Archbishop  and  Convocation  of  Can-  I  am  now  able  to  send  you  definite  information  with 

terbury  that  some  means  should  be  adopted  regard  to  the  Conference  of  Bishopij  of  the  AngHcw 

u  k«  «;k:«v.  4-u^  *»^«»K^..«  r^t  ««-  A  n»it^»»  rL.«  Communion  to  be  held  at  Lambeth,  if  God  permit,  m 

by  which  the  members  of  our  Anglican  Com-  ^^  ,„^^^^  ^^ ^^^                                  ^ 

raumon  m  all  quarters  of  the  world  should  In  accordance  with  the  precept  of  1878.  it  has  been 

have  a  share  in  the  deliberations  for  her  wel-  arranfi^ed  that  the  Conference  shall  assemble  on  Thun- 

fare,  and  be  permitted  to  have  a  representa-  day,  July  s,  1888.    After  four  days'  session  there  will 

tion  in  one  general  council  of  her  members  ^^^^J?"^TvVh^r]^?Ii^^ 

.,        ,   *     ^                1      1  11      rrt-              1    -^  tees  appomted  by  the  Conference  may  nave  opportu- 

gathered  from  every  land.        This  appeal,  it  nity  for  deliberation.    The  Conference  will  reaSbmble 

18  said,  was  prompted  by  the  condition  of  af-  on  Monday,  July  28,  or  Tuesday,  July  24,  and  ^ill 

fairs  then  existing  in  South  Africa,  in  view  of  conclude  its  session  on  Friday,  July  27. 

the  pronunciation  of  a  sentence  of  deposition  .  Information  as  to  the  services  to  be  held  in  conneo- 

o»«;Jlc,f  UicUr^^  nr^\^^c.^      T«  «««,^i;««««  ^uv.  tion  with  the  Conference,  and  other  particulars,  wiD 

against  Bishop  Colenso.     In  compliance  with  ^  ^^^^   ^^^.^  ^  the  time  draws  neaT 

the  request,  which  was  seconded  by  the  Oon-  i  have  received  valuable  suggestions  from  my  epi»- 

vocation  of  Canterbury,  the  archbishop  issued  copal  brethren  in  all  parts  of  the  world  as  to  the  ob- 

in  February,  1 867,  an  invitation  to  all  the  bish-  jects  upon  which  it  is  thought  desirable  that  we  should 

ops  in  communion  with  the  Church  of  Eng^  Srhym^s^tl^a^'nTtt^^^^^^^ 
land,  144  m  number,  to  meet  for  purposes  of  good  enough  t^  co-operate  with  me  iTmaking  the  pre- 
Christian  sympathy  and  mutual  counsel  on  liminary  arrangements,  and  the  following  are  the  sub- 
matters  affecting  the  welfare  of  the  Church  jects  definitely  selected  for  discussion  : 
at  home  and  abroad ;  explaining,  at  the  same  ,  }-  The  Church's  Practical  Work  in  Belation  to, 
time,  that  the  meeting  would  not  be  compe-  •  i^^a  (rfTE^ri.^  ^  "*^^  (r)  Care  ot  emigrants ; 
tent  to  make  declarations  or  lay  down  defini-  2/ Definite  Teachmg  of  the  Faith  to  Various  Classes, 
tions  on  points  of  doctrine,  but  would  tend  and  the  Means  thereto. 


ANGLICAN  0HDR0HE8.  17 

koglican  Conimunion  in  Relation  to  the  Salisbury's  visit  to  the  Old  Catholics,  in  1887. 

arches  to  the  ScaiifiMvian  and  other  Re-  (Sg^   "Annual   Cyclopedia"  for  1887,  article 

irches,  t<)  the  Old  Catholics,  and  others.  r%,^  n^  -,„,x,  ,^«  \ 

imy  ol  Ueathcn  Converts.    Divorce.  ^^J?  ^t^^  u"?']       .v         u-     .    ^  u  a    .u     -. 
riutive  Standards  of  Doctrine  and  Wor-         Cn  the  third  day  the  subject  of  "  Authorita- 
tive Standards  of  Doctrine  and  Worship  "  was 

I  Relations  of  Dioceses  and  Branches  of  introduced  by  the  Bishop  of  Sydney,  and  spoken 
n  Communion.  ^^  ^  ^j^e  Bishops  of  Aberdeen,  Western  New 
atore  asain  to  in\nte  your  eam<%t  prayer  ^  r  j  .  .^  ^^  tu  o-  i.  r  a  i-  x. 
vine  Head  of  the  Ohiich  may  be  pleased  York,  and  Australia.  The  Bishop  of  Salisbury 
vifh  his  blessing  this  our  endeavor  to  pro-  suggested  that  very  large  powers  should  be 
ory  and  the  advancement  of  his  kingdom  conferred  on  future  Lambeth  Conferences.  The 

^  .,,.,,     ^,      .    ^,  .  "  Mutual  Relations  of  Dioceses  and  Branches  of 

your  faithlul  brother  "^j^hris^^^^  ^j^^  Anglican  Communion  "  was  discussed  by 

the  Bishops  of  Cape  Town,  Brechin,  and  Derry. 

jference  was  attended  by  145  prel-  A  petition  from  the  English  Church  Union, 

fienting  the  Church  as  follows :  The  urging  resistance  to  any  tampering  with  the 

»p  of  Canterbury  and  88  bishops  of  law  of  marriage,  the  concerting  of  measures 

ice  of  Canterbury ;  the  Archbishop  of  for  securing  the  celebration  of  the  Holy  Com- 

I I  bishops  of  the  province  of  York ;  munion  in  all  churches  on  Sundays  and  holy 
ishops  of  Ai'magh  and  Dublin  and  9  days,  for  the  reservation  of  the  sacrament,  and 
ops ;  the  Bishop  of  Minnesota  (repre-  for  the  better  observance  of  days  of  abstinence, 
tbe  Presiding  Bishop  of  the  United  was  laid  on  the  table. 

d  28  American  bishops ;  the  Metro-        On  the  fourth  day,  "  The  Church's  Practical 

Fredericton  and  8  Canadian  bishops ;  Work  in   Relation  to  (a)  Intemperance ;    (b) 

>po]itan  of  Calcutta    and  4  Indian  Purity ;  (e)  Care  of  Emigrants ;   and  (d)  So- 

the   Metropolitan  of  Sydney  and  8  cialism,'^  was  considered,  the  several  depart - 

I  bishops ;  4  bishops  from  New  Zea-  ments  of  the  subject  being  introduced  by  (a) 

om  South  Africa ;  4  from  the  Cana-  the  Bishop  of  London ;   (b)  the  Bishops  of 

tories,  and  tbe  remainder,  missionary  Durham  and  Calcutta ;  (e)  the  Bishops  of  Liv- 

icluding  the  Bishop  of  Gibraltar  and  erpool  and  Quebec;   and  (d)  the  Bishops  of 

>  in  Jerusalem  and  the  East,  who  ex-  Manchester  and  Mississippi, 
repiscopal  functions.    The  Bishop  of        The  Conference  then  adjourned  till  July  28, 

r  and  Bristol  acted  as  Episcopal  Sec-  to  give  place  to  the  meetings  of  the  committees 

e  Dean  of  Windsor  as  General  Secre-  appointed  to  consider  the  subjects  referred  to 

the  Archdeacon  of  Maidstone  as  As-  them. 

iretary.    The  Archbishop  of  Canter-        The  closing  service  of  the  Conference  was 

ided.  held  July  28,  in  St.  PauFs  Cathedral,  where  a 

liminary  meetings  of  the  Conference  sermon   was  preached  by  the  Archbishop  of 

.  service  in  Canterbury  Cathedral  on  York. 

ftnd  a  service  in  Westminster  Abbey,  The  results  of  the  deliberations  of  the  Con- 
aon  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canter-  ference,  which  were  published  immediately 
e  Conference  was  opened  on  the  8d  after  its  adjournment,  include  an  encyclical 
The  sermon  was  preached  by  the  letter,  addressed  to  ^^The  Faithful  in  Christ 
Minnesota,  and  bore  reference  to  the  Jesus  " ;  the  resolutions  formally  adopted  ;  and 
e  of  unity  In  the  Church,  the  bin-  reportsof  committees  accepted  but  not  adopted 
•  it,  and  the  possibility  of  a  compre-  by  the  Conference.  While  the  encyclical  letter 
nion.  The  business  meetings  were  is  official  and  the  resolutions  are  given  as  formal 
th  an  address  by  the  Archbishop  of  utterancesoftheConference,  it  was  avowed  that 
J,  in  the  course  of  which  the  various  the  reports  should  be  taken  to  represent  its 
lat  would  be  submitted  for  discussion  mind  only  in  so  far  as  they  were  reaffirmed  or 
rred  to.  The  subject  of  "  Definite  adopted  in  the  resolutions;  but  they  were 
»ftbe  Faith  to  Various  Classes,  and  the  printed  in  the  belief  that  they  would  offer 
reto,"  was  then  discussed  in  private,  "  fruitful  matter  for  consideration."  At  the 
[g  speeches  being  by  the  Bishops  of  head  of  the  questions  which  had  engaged  atten- 
[aine,  and  Carlisle.  tion,  the  letter  placed  that  of  the  duty  of  the 
bject  of  the  second  day's  discussion  Church  in  the  promotion  of  temperance  and 
Anglican  Communion  in  Relation  to  purity.  While  the  evil  effects  of  intemperance 
n  Churches,  to  the  Scandinavian  and  could  hardly  be  exaggerated  and  total  absti- 
»nned  Churches,  to  the  Old  Catholics  nence  was  highly  valued  as  a  means  to  an  end, 
9,"  and  was  introduced  by  the  Arch-  the  language  was  discountenanced  '*  which  con- 
Dublin.  The  Bishop  of  Winchester  demns  the  use  of  wine  as  wrong  in  itself  inde- 
the  point  of  intercommunion  ;  the  pendently  of  its  effects  on  ourselves  or  on 
Gibraltar  gave  an  account  of  his  in-  others,"  and  the  practice  of  substituting  some 
with  Eastern  prelates,  and  of  the  other  liquid  in  the  celebration  of  Holy  Cora- 
deling  on  the  Continent  toward  the  munion  was  disapproved.  A  general  action  of 
torch;  and  the  Bishop  of  Lichfield  all  Christian  people — nothing  short  of  which 
e  result  of  his  and  the  Bishop  of  would  avail — was  invited  to  arrest  the  evil  of 
..  xxTiii. — 2  A 


18                                                 ANGLICAN  CHURCHES. 

impuritj,  by  raising  the  tone  of  public  opinion  recogmze  the  real  religious  work  which  is  carried  od 

and  stamping  out  ignoble  and  corrupt  tradi-  by  Christian  bodies  not  of  our  communion.    We  an 

♦:r*«a      Ti.^  a««*/t«>:f  J^  ^f  Tna«..{A/.A  «r<>o\«rxm.>«^  '*<>*  olose  our  eyes  to  the  visible  blessm^  which  hs» 

tions     The  sanctity  of  marriage  was  compro-  ^^^  vouchsal<S  to  their  labore  for  Christ^s  sake.  Let 

raise*!   by  increasing  facilities  for  divorce,  re-  us  not  be  misunderstood  on  this  point.    We  are  not 

specting  which  the  Church  should  insist  upon  insensible  to  the  strong  ties,  the  rooted  oonvictions, 

adherence   to  the   precept   of   Christ.     "  The  which  attach  them  to  their  present  nosition.    Th«€ 

polygamous  alliances  of  heathen  races  are  al-  J^^^^^'  feJlhi'^'''^^"  b^i^    teV"^C^ilteSt 

lowed  on  all  hands  to  be  condemned  by  the  law  oLrvere,  ind^edfLs^^that  T^n  Engbi^d^y, 

of   Christ ;  but   they   present  many  practical  but  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  there  is  a  real  yearning 

problems  which  have  been  solved  in  various  for  unity — that  men's  hearts  are  moved  more  tfaaa 

ways  in  the  past.  .  .  .  While  we  have  refrained  heretofore  toward  Christian  fellowship.     May  the 

from  offering  advice  on  minor  points,  leaving  S^ilTdSerencT''''^  ""^^"^                    '*"^"      '^^ 

these  to  be  settled  by  the  local  authorities  of  Txr-^t             ^  x     ^l     a       j-       .       -oi.      i. 

the  Church,  we  have  laid  down  some  broad  ,^^^^V^^^P^^*.  ^  *i     Scan^i°a^>a°  Church, 

lines  on  which  alone  we  consider  that  the  mis-  *t®  seeking  of  fuller  knowledge  and  the  inter- 

sionary  may  safely  act.  Our  first  care  has  been  change  of  friendly  mtercourse    was    recom- 

to  maintain  and  protect  the  Christian  concep-  mended  as  preliminary  to  the  promotion  of 

tion  of  marriage,  believing  that  any  immediate  closer  relations.    Though  it  was  not  believed 

and  rapid  successes  which   might  otherwise  ^?«^  the  time  had  come  for  any  direct  connec- 

have  been  secured  in  the  mission  field  would  ^'}'^  ^^^h  tlie  Old  Catholic  or  other  Contment- 

be  dearly  purchased  by  any  lowering  or  con-  fl  movements  toward  reformation,  the  possi- 

fusion  of  this  idea."    The  growing  laxity  in  ^'}'^l  <^^  »°  utimate  formal  aliance  with  some 

the  observance  of  Sunday  as  a  day  of  rest,  of  ^^  them  was  hoped  for.     While  there  were  do 

worship,  and  of  religious  teaching,  was  depre-  a^ctnnal  bars  to  commanion  with  the  Eastern 

cated.     The  importance  of  the  attitude  of  the  Churches  such  as  existed  in  the  Roman  Catho- 

Church  toward  the  social  problems  of  the  day  ^*^.  Church,  and  while  all  Episcopal  intrr.sioiLj 

was  ur>red  ;  and  its  duties  in  this  category  were  ^^^^»"  t^®""  jurisdiction  and  all  schemes  of 

to  be  discharged  by  faithfully  inculcating  the  proselytizing  were  to  be  avoided,  it  was  only 

definite  truths  of  the  faith  as  the  basis  of  all  "^^t,  tlie  letter  declares, 

moral  teaching :  particularly  by  a  more  con-  That  our  real  claims  and  position  as  a  historicil 

stant  supervision  of,  and  a  more  sustained  in-  Church  should  be  set  before  a  ^ople  who  are^very 

terest  on  the  part  of  the  clergy  in  the  work  d^^rustful  ot  novelty,  especially  in  rehpon  and  who 

J          .     *         ,  F«»«  ^»   ""^^^^'ej  »"  "^^      ^^**^  appreciate  the  history  ot  Catholic  antiquitv.    Help 

done  m  Sunday-schools  ;  by  encouraging  the  should  be  ^ven  toward  the  education  of  the  clergy, 

study  of  Holy  Scripture ;  by  cautions  and  dis-  and,  in  more   destitute  communities,    extended  to 

creet  treatment  of  doubts  arising  from  the  mis-  schools  for  general  instruction, 

apprehension  of  the    due    relations   between  While  it  was  considered  desirable  that  the 

science    and    revelation  —  respecting   which,  standards,  as  repeatedly  defined  and  as  reiter- 

"  where  minds  have  been  disquieted  by  scien-  ated  in  the  letter,  should  be  set  before  the  for- 

tific  discovery  or  assertion,  great  care  should  eign  churches  in  their  parity  and  simplicity: 

be   taken  not  to   extinguish   the  elements  of  ^  certain  liberty  of  treatment  must  be  extended  to 

faith,  but  rather  to  direct  the  thinker  to  the  the  cases  of  native  and  growing  churches,  on  which 

realization  of  the  fact  that   such    discoveries  it  would  be  unreasonable  to  impose,  as  conditions  of 

elucidate   the   action  of   laws  which,    rightly  communion,  the  whole  of  the  thirt;r-nine  articles,  col- 

conceived,  tend  to  the  higher  appreciation  of  ir^^^.^:L7uZi^S^'^,^V:ZHi^:urZt 

the  glorious  work  of  the  Creator,  upheld  by  up.    On  the  other  hand,  it  would  be  impossible  for 

the  word  of  his  power '' ;  and  by  similar  caution  us  to  share  with  them  in  the  matter  of  holy  orders  as 

in   the   treatment  of  questions  respecting  in-  in    complete   intercommunion,  without   satisfactory 

spiration.      A    reference    to  questions   in    the  evidence  that  thev  hold  the  same  form  of  doctrine  as 

Jf,,,..            ^j.                   jv         I          c  ourselves.     It  outrht  not  to  be  ditncult,  much  less  im- 

nriutual  relations  of  dioceses  and  branches  of  possible,  to  formulate  articles  in  accordance  with  our 

the  communion  between  which   cases  of  fric-  own  standards  of  doctrine  and  worship,  the  accej^Dco 

tion  may  arise,  was  followed  by  a  definition  of  of  which  should  be  required  of  all  ordained  in  sudi 

the  attitude  of  the  Anglican  Communion  to-  churches. 

ward  the  religious  bodies  now  separated  from  The   resolutions  formally  adopted   by    the 

it,  which,  it  was  declared :  Conference  are  in  general  harmony  with  the 

Would  appear  to  be  this :  Wo  hold  ourselves  in  Precepts  set  forth  in  the  encyclical  letter.   Be- 

readiness  to  enter  into  brotheriy  conference  with  any  Sides  approving,  m  general  terms,  the  positions 

of  those  who  may  desire  intercommunion  with  us  in  assumed  in  the  several  reports,  they  give  more 

a  more  or  less  perfect  form.     We  lay  down  conditions  formal   and    detailed    expressions  '  concerning 

on  which  such  intercommunion  is,  in  our  opinion,  and  ^^^^   ^f   tj,^   questions   considered   in   them. 

accordinsr  to  our  conviction,  possible.     For,  however  rr^^          ,1         2*i    *.    t^  4.1                  #        r           ^  j 

we  may  W  to  embrace  those  now  alienated  from  us.  They  declare  that  "the  use   of  unfermented 

so  that  the  ideal  of  the  one  flock  under  the  one  shep-  juice  ot  the  grape,   or  any  liquid  other  than 

herd  may  be  realized,  wo  must  not  be  unfaithful  true    wine   in    the  administration    of  the  cup 

stewards  of  the  great  deposit  intrusted  to  us.    We  jn  Holy  Communion,   is  unwarranted  bv  the 

can  not  desert  our  position  either  as  to  faith  or  disci-  «^o^«iL  «*  ^.,«t^«^    ««^   :«  ««   ««„«4i.^-:-,wi 

pline.    That  concord  would,  in  our  iud^ent,  be  example  of  our  Lord,  and  is  an  unauthorized 

neither  true  nor  desirable  which  should  be  produced  departure   from    the   custom   of  the  Catholic 

by  such  a  surrender.    But  we  gladly  and  thankfully  Church  "  ;  that  the  Church  can  not  recognize 


ANGLICAN  CHURCHES.                                                  19 

;ept  in  the  case  of  fornication  or  rights  of  bishops  of  the  Catholic  Church  to 
'  sanction  the  marriage  of  a  person  interpose  in  cases  of  extreme  necessity,^'  depre- 
)Dtrary  to  this  law,  daring  the  life  cated  any  action  tliat  does  not  regard  primitive 
)r  party ;  that  the  guilty  party,  in  and  established  principles  of  jurisdiction  and 
ivorce  for  fornication  or  adultery,  the  interests  of  the  whole  Anglican  Commnn- 
kse  during  the  life  of  the  other  party  ion.  The  question  of  relations  with  the  Mo- 
las  a  fit  recipient  of  the  blessing  of  ravian  Church  was  remitted  to  a  committee 
I  on  marriage,  but  that  the  privi-  and  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Hope 
e  Church  should  not  be  refused  to  was  expressed  that  the  barriers  to  fuller  com- 
rties  thus  married  under  civil  sane-  munion  with  the  Eastern  Churches  and  juris- 
persons  living  in  polygamy  should  dictions  might,  in  course  of  time,  be  removed 
litted  to  baptism,  but  that  they  be  by  further  intercourse  and  extended  enlight- 
I  candidates  and  kept  under  Chris-  enment.  The  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  was 
tion  until  such  time  as  they  shall  be  requested  to  consider  whether  it  is  desirable  to 
on  to  accept  the  law  of  Christ;  revise  the  English  version  of  the  Nicene  Creed 
wives  of  polygamists  may  be  ad-  and  the  Quicunque  Vult  (Athanasian  Creed). 
I>aptism,  but  it  must  be  left  to  the  Lastly  it  was  resolved  : 

•ities  of  the  Church  to  decide  under  ^^      ^      ^^^^  ^^^^    constituted  churches,  espe- 

imstances    they  may  be    baptized,  cially  in  non-Christian  lands,  it  should  be  a  condition 

ig  laxity  in  the  observance  of  the  of  the  recoiynition  of  them  as  in  complete  intercom- 

and  especially  the  increasing  prac-  munion  with  us,  and  especially  of  their  receiving  from 

ine  it  a  dav  of  secular  enioymeDt,  5»  epificopal  succession,  that  we  should  first  receive 

.*^    ««^   \l  ?«   ««««i.r«.i   it*u«*  ♦i^i  from  them  satisfiictory  evidence  that  they  hold  sub- 

ited,  and  it  is  resolved      that  the  ^tantially  the  same  doctrine  as  our  own,  aid  that  their 

il  regard  should  be  had  to  the  dan-  clergy  subscribe  articles  in  accordance  with  the  ex- 

incroachment  upon  the  rest  which,  press  statements  of  our  own  standards  of  doctrine  and 

,  is  the  right  of  the  working-classes  worship;   but  that  they  should  not  necessarily  be 

>f  their  employers."     The  opinion  bpund  to  accept  in  their  entirety  the  thirty -nine  Arti- 

-                     ^    "^          J  *v  i.  clea  of  Keligion. 

ference  was  expressed  that  no  par-  ^ 

ion  of  the  Church  should  undertake  Chirch  Coigress. — The  twenty -eighth  Church 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  with-  Congress  met  at  Manchester,  October  1.  The 
consideration  of  the  possible  effect  Bishop  of  Manchester  presided,  and  the  open- 
on  on  other  branches  of  the  Church,  ing  sermon  was  preached  by  the  Archbishop 
ing  articles  were  suggested  as  sup-  of  York.  The  president,  in  opening  the  dis- 
$is  on  which  approach  may  be  made  cnssions,  spoke  of  the  value  of  the  Congress  as 
ome  reunion  " :  an  instrument  for  creating  enlightened  public 
Scriptures  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa-  opinion  ;  in  which,  by  bringing  men  of  differ- 
ontaining  all  thint^s  necessary  to  salva-  ent  opinions  together,  and  giving  them  equal 
$  being  the  rule  and  ultimate  standard  opportunities  to  present  their  views,  it  had 

xAS^«  r«£!?t^  Tn  !?fffl.??^t'2«Lnfin;  advautagcs  over  the  press.     On  the  subject, 

>iicene  Creed  as  the  sumcicnt  statement  .. «,         l   ^  -r<  ^     ^     l      u   r>       ^^       i*  tt  ^     • 

tian  faith;  the  two  sacraments  ordained  To  what  Extent  should  Kesults  of  Histon- 

[mself— baptism  and  the  Supper  of  the  cal  and  Scientific  Criticisms,  especially  of  the 

tered  with  unfailin^r  use  of  Chnst^B  words  Old  Testament,  be  recognized  in  Sermons  and 

,  and  of  the  elements  ordained  by  him ;  Teachings,"  the  Rev.'  J.  M.   Wilson  declared 

SIllTtST^^jJ  A'l'^^  that  the'  clergy  must  tell  the  truth,  and  the 

peoples  called  of  God  into  the  unity  of  whole  truth ;  the  Dean  of  Peterborough  sought 

a  definition  of  the  results  of  criticism ;  and  the 

iference  requested  the  constituted  president  considered  the  introduction  of  diffi- 

of  the  various  branches    of   the  ^^^^  questions  of  criticism  into  the  ordinary 

, .  teachings  of  the  pulpit  very  undesirable.     In 

f^^  -=  r««^  y^  ;«  .w.«««,^  ^uu  r.^^  -«  ^1»®  discussion  of  the  question,  **  How  to  sup- 
far  as  may  be,  in  concert  with  one  an-  ,  .,  rvr-i.  m  j.x.  t%  L-ioi.  tT 
£e  it  known  that  they  hold  themselves  in  V^J  the  Defects  of  the  Parochial  System  by 
enter  into  brotherly  conference  (nuch  as  Means  of  Evangelizing  Work,"  the  Rev.  W. 
as  already  been  proposed  by  the  Church  Carlisle,  founder  of  the  Church  Army,  de- 
1  ?,^^*  ^^  America)  with  the  rem^sento-  scribed  the  working  methods  of  that  orgauiza- 
r  Christian  communions  in  the  Entrlish-  «.•  „  rk*.i.««  ^.^k^^x^+o  ^:«^»oa  .a  «,uk  4^u^  ,  «:««; 
>s,  in  order  to  consider  what  stei>s  c^n  be  tion.    Other  subjects  discussed,  with  the  princi- 

toward  separate  reunion,  or  toward  such  pal  Speakers  upon  them,  were :  "  1  he  Church  in 

may  prepare  the  way  for  fuller  organic  Wales  (Mr.  J.  Dilwyn  Llewellen,  on  "  Tithes," 

er.  the  Dean  of  St.  Asaph,  on  '^The  Work  of  the 

»res^ions  of  sympathy  and  fraternal  Church");  "The  Duty  of  the  Church  to  Sea- 

rard  the  Scandinavian  Church,  the  men"  (on  which  persons  particularly  interest- 

ic  Church  of  Holland,  the  Old  Cath-  ed  in  mission  work  among  seamen  gave  the 

unity  of  Germany,  the  "Christian  results  of  their  experience  and  observations) : 

hurch"   in    Switzerland,   the   Old  "Positivism;    its  Truths  and  Fallacies"  (the 

n    Austria,  and   the   Reformers  in  Rev.  W.  Cunningham,  the  Rev.  C.  L.  Eng- 

e,  Spain,  and  Portugal,  the  Confer-  strom,  and  Mr.  A.  J.  Balfour) ;    "  The  Needs 

loat  desiring  to  interfere  with  the  of  Human  Nature,  and  their  Supply  in  Chris- 


/ 


20           ANGLICAN  0H0R0HE8.  ANTI-POVERTY  SOCIETY. 

• 

tianity"  (the  Archbishop  of  York  and  Mr.  A.  rar);  "Competition,  Co-operation,  and  Over- 
Balfoar) ;  "  Gambling  and  Betting  ^'  (the  Rev.  Population  "  (the  Bishop  of  Bedford,  Hon. 
Nigel  Madan,  Prebendary  Grier,  the  Dean  of  and  Rev.  A.  T.  Lyttleton,  Archdeacon  Farrar^ 
Rochester,  and  the  Rev.  Charles  Goldney);  and  Prof.  Symes);  and  "the  Several  Aspects 
"  The  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Church  of  £ng-  of  the  Question  of  Sunday  Observance,"  in- 
land and  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Charch  of  eluding  the  questions  of  the  closing  of  public 
the  United  States  of  America"  (Rev.  F.  H.  Cox,  houses,  the  opening  of  libraries  and  museums, 
on  "  Missions  to  English-Speaking  People,"  and  Sunday  recreation  and  traveling  (Sir  W. 
Rev.  Dr.  Coddington  on  "Missions  to  Sav-  Houldsworth,  M.  P.,  Canon  McCormick,  and 
ages,"  the  Rev.  R.  Bruce  on  "  Missions  to  Co-  the  Bishop  of  Newcastle), 
lonial  Lands,"  and  a  number  of  the  colonial  The  Irish  Syisd.— Tiie  General  Synod  of  the 
bishops)  ;  "  Atheism  "  (Mr.  R.  H.  Button) ;  Episcopal  Church  in  Ireland  met  in  Dublin  in 
"Agnosticism  "  (the  Rev.  H.  Wace,  D.  D.,  and  April.  The  report  of  the  representative  bodj 
"Pessimism  "  (the  Rev.  A.  W.  Momerie)  ;  said  that  the  total  assets  of  the  Church  at  the 
"Temperance;  the  Demoralization  of  Unciv-  close  of  1887  amounted  to  £7,313,838.  The 
ilized  Races  by  the  Drink-Traffic  "  (Dr.  J.  total  contributions  received  during  the  year 
Grant  Mills,  the  Hon.  T.  W.  Pelham,  Sir  footed  up  to  £136,963.  The  total  expenditure 
Charles  Warren);  "Disposal  of  the  Dead"  for  the  year  had  been  £438,848.  About  £12,- 
(F.  Seymour  Harlen,  the  Rev.  H.  R.  Haweis,  000  had  been  received  by  the  treasurers  c»f  the 
Mr.  A.  Sington,  and  the  Bishop  of  Notting-  "  Victoria  Jubilee  Fund "  for  the  educatioo  of 
ham) ;  "The  Sunday-school  System  in  its  Re-  the  sons  and  daughters  of  the  clergy.  About 
lation  to  the  Church  "  (Canon  Elwyn,  Canon  £3,300  had  been  received  for  the  purchase  of 
Trotter,  the  Kev.  J.  W.  Gedge,  and  Mr.  J.  the  palace  at  Armagh,  as  a  residence  for  the 
Palmer);    "Social   Purity"   (the    Bishop    of  primate. 

Newcastle,  Mr.  G.  S.  S.  Vidal,  and  G.  B.  Mor-  ANTI-POYERTT  80CIiT¥,  an  organization  thst 
gan,  D.  D.) ;  "  Hindrances  to  Church  Work  grew  out  of  the  candidacy  of  Henry  George 
and  Progress"  (the  Bishops  of  Carlisle  and  for  Mayor  of  New  York  city  in  November, 
Wakefield  and  Archbishop  Farrar) ;  "  Adapta-  1886.  The  number  of  votes  polled  for  Mr. 
tion  of  the  Prayer- Book  to  Modem  Needs"  George  on  that  occasion  was  a  surprise  to  poli- 
(Canon  Meyrick,  Archdeacon  Norris,  Dr.  Lum-  ticians,  and  the  result  was  accepted  by  the  mem- 
by,  of  Cambridge,  and  the  Bishops  of  Sydney,  hers  of  the  United  Labor  party,  whose  candi- 
Jamaica,  and  Grahamstown) ;  "  Maintenance  date  Mr.  George  was,  as  an  indication  thatthej 
of  Voluntary  Schools;  Should  the  Education  should  push  forward  their  peculiar  doctrines 
in  them  be  Free  and  Religious  ? "  (Prebendary  by  other  means  and  in  other  fields.  On  the 
Roe,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cox,  Canon  Gregory,  and  26th  of  March,  1887,  a  few  men  assembled  in 
Mr.  J.  Talbot);  "The  Bearing  of  Democracy  the  city  of  New  York  and  organized  the  Anti- 
on  Church  Life  and  Work"  (Rev.  C.  W.  Stubbs,  Poverty  Society,  with  the  following  brief  dec- 
Rev.  Llewellen  Davis,  Mr.  T.  Hughes,  Q.  C,  laration :  "  Believing  that  the  time  has  come 
and  Archdeacon  Watkins) ;  "  Lay  Representa-  for  an  active  warfare  against  the  condition!) 
tion  in  Church  Councils  and  Statutory  Paro-  that,  in  spite  of  the  advance  in  the  powers  of 
chial  Councils"  (Lord  Egerton,  of  Patton,  production,  condemn  so  many  to  degrading 
Canon  Freinantle,  and  Mr.  R.  D.  Uslin)  ;  poverty,  and  foster  vice,  crime,  and  greed,  the 
"Free  and  Open  Churches,  Reserved  Seats,  undersigned  associate  themselves  together  in 
and  their  Influence  on  Attendance"  (Preben-  an  organization  to  be  known  as  the  Anti- 
dary  Hannah,  the  Earl  of  Carnarvon,  Earl  Nel-  Poverty  Society.  The  object  of  the  soci- 
son,  and  the  Rev.  H.  D.  Burton) ;  "  The  Va-  ety  is  to  spread,  by  such  peaceable  and  law- 
nous  Phases  of  Christian  Service — Worship,  ful  means  as  may  be  found  most  desirable  and 
Almsgiving,  Work,  and  Home  Life"  (Canon  efiicient,  a  knowledge  of  the  truth  that  God 
Furse,  the  Bishop  of  Wakefield,  Canons  Hoare  has  made  ample  provision  for  the  needs  of  all 
and  Jelf,  and  the  Bishops  of  Glasgow  and  Gal-  men  during  their  residence  upon  earth,  and 
loway,  and  of  Mississippi);  *' Church  Finance  "  that  poverty  is  the  result  of  the  human  laws 
(Rev.  W.  A.  Whitworth,  Mr.  Stanley  Leigh-  that  allow  individuals  to  claim  as  private  prop- 
ton,  M.  P.,  and  Mr.  H.  C.  Richmond);  "Escha-  erty  that  which  the  Creator  has  provided  for 
tology  "  (Canon  Luckock,  Archdeacon  Farrar,  the  use  of  all."  The  presidency  was  accepted 
Rev.  C.  H.  Waller,  and  Rev.  Sir  George  W.  by  Dr.  Edward  McGlynn,  who  had  become 
Cox) ;  "  Increase  of  the  Episcopate  ; "  "  The  prominent  by  his  connection  with  the  candi- 
Desirableness  of  Reviving  the  Common  Relig-  dacy  of  Mr.  George.  A  high  authority  from 
ious  Life  of  Men"  (the  Dean  of  Lincoln);  and  within  the  society  declares  that  its  indications 
"Lay  Help."  At  "  Workingmen's  Meetings,"  are  "to  do  God's  work.  We  band  ourselves 
held  in  the  evenings  during  the  session,  the  together  to  do  the  work  of  God;  to  rouse  the 
subjects  were  presented,  in  popular  addresses,  essentially  religious  sentiment  in  men  and 
of  "The  Needs  of  Human  Nature,  and  their  women,  which  looks  to  the  helping  of  suffer- 
Supply  in  Christianity  "  (the  Archbishop  of  ing.  We  want  to  do  what  churches  and  creeds 
York  and  Mr.  A.  J.  Balfour);  "  Hindrances  to  can  not  do — abolish  poverty  altogether;  to  se- 
Church  Work  and  Progress"  (the  Bishops  of  cure  to  each  son  of  God,  as  he  comes  into  the 
Carlisle  and  Wakefield  and  Archdeacon  Far-  world,  a  full  share  of  God's  natural  bounties, 


ANTI-POVERTY  SOCIETY.  AROHiEOLOGY.     (Amebioan.)      21 

right  in  all  the  advantages  and  fruits  ARCHJEOLOGT.      (Anerietn.)      Gladal  Man  in 
zatioo  and  progress,  a  fair  chance  to  America. — The  evidences  of  the  existence  of  man 
all   his  powers.'^     Still   another  an-  in  America  in  the  Glacial  epoch  have  heen 
lefines  the  scope  of  the  organization  as  summed  up  hy  Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam,  in  the  Bos- 
'*  The  poverty  that  we  would  abolish  ton  Society  of  Natural  History,  and  Dr.  C.  O. 
3m  the  inability  to  get  work,  or  from  Abbott,  in  the  American  Association  for  the 
wages  that  are  paid  for  work.    The  Advancement  of  Science.     They  include  the 
to  get  work  arises  from  the  lament-  palffiolithio  implements  which  Dr.  Abbott  has 
that,  in  most  countries — in  most  civ-  found  from   time  to  time  since  1876  in  the 
»untries  especially,  and  in  those  coun-  gravels  of  the  Delaware  valley,  near  Trenton, 
t  have  attained  to  the  highest  civiliza-  N.  J.,  with  parts  of  two  skulls.     The  forma- 
have  the  densest  population,  which  is  tion  in  which  these  relics  occur  is  declared  gla- 
jnse   factor  in   high  civilization — the  cial  by  Prof.  Cook,  State  Geologist;  it  is  re- 
)ouiities  of  Nature  are  appropriated  as  Terred  by  Mr.  W.  J.  McGee,  of  the  (Jnited 
)roperty  by  a  few,  by  a  class,  and  the  States  Geological  Survey,  to  the  southernmost 
re  literally  deprived  of  their  divine  in-  extension  of  the  over  wash  gravels  from  the 
3;  and  so,  instead  of  having  the  equal  terminal   moraine  formed   during    the  latter 
^et  at  the  general  bounties  of  Nature,  epoch  of  cold  of  the  Quaternary ;  and  is  pro- 
fulfill  the  duty  as  well  as  exercise  the  nounced  by  the  Rev.  G.  Frederic  Wright,  who 
supporting  themselves  and  their  fami-  has  examined  the  terminal  moraine  of  the  great 
same  equal  chances  that  every  other  glacier  from    New  Jersey   westward,   across 
;he  world  may  have — they  have  to  go  Ohio,  to  be  the  direct  result  of  the  melting 
and  begging  of  the  few,  who  are  the  of  the  glaciers  as  they  retired  northward.    Dr. 
onopolists  of  the  generous  bounties  of  Metz,  of  Madison ville,  Ohio,  found  a  chipped 
*   the  boon  to  labor.    They  have  to  implement  in  the  gravel  at  that  place,  eight  feet 
a  blessing  the  chance  to  get  work ;  below  the  surface,  in  1885,  and  another  at  about 
re  there  is  an  unseemly  competition —  thirty  feet  below  the  surface,  in  a  similar  deposit 
»le  like  that  of  brute  beasts  at  the  on  the  Little  Miami  river,  opposite  Loveland,  in 
it  rests  with  the  monopolists  to  give  1887,  both  in  a  formation  unquestionably  gla- 
:  to  the  one  that  will  content  himself  cial.     Miss  Franc  E.  Babbitt  reported  to  the 
least  and  the  poorest  fare  of  all — ^to  American  Association,  in  1888,  concerning  the 
;hat  will  consent  to  live  and  reproduce  finding  of  implements  and  fragments  of  chipped 
ies  with  the  least  proportion  of  the  quartz  at  Little  Falls,  Minn.,  where  they  oo- 
of  his  labor."    It  has  been  said  that  curred  in  a  well-defined  thin  layer  in  the  modi- 
ttj  leans  somewhat  to  the  side  of  the  fied  drift  forming  the  glacial  fiood-plain  of  the 
(ts,  and  this  might  seem  to  have  some  Mississippi  river.     Specimens  of  all  these  find- 
>n  from  the  recent  remarks  of  Dr.  ings  were  compared  by  Prof.  Putnam  with  speci- 
I,  who  said :  *'  Killing  for  political  pur-  mens  from  Abbeville  and  St.  Acheul,  France, 
xy  be  considered  as  something  totally  and  with  an  English  specimen  from  the  collec 
from  the  crime  of   murder.     If   I  tion  of  Mr.  John  Evans,  and  were  found  to 
appen  to  read  in  to-morrow's  papers  bear  similiar  marks  of  human  workmanship,  so 
Czar  had  been  killed,  I  wouldn't  put  evident  and  so  uniform  in  their  character  as  to 
ye  on  my  hat.     Without  discussing  leave  the  supposition  of  their  having  been  re- 
in moral  casuistry,  it  is  lawful  to  kill  suits  of  accident  out  of  the  question.    They 
,  still  I  must  acknowledge  the  grand  were,  however,  made  from  different  materials: 
ie  character  of  the  men  who  think  it  those  from  Trenton  being,  with  four  exceptions, 
y  to  do  their  best  to  kill  him.    These  of  argUlite  ;  the  two  from  Ohio,  one  of  black 
en  feel  that  they  are  doing  the  noblest  chert  and  the  other  from  a  hard,  dark  pebble, 
»t  thing  they  could  do  for  their  coun-  not  yet  identified ;  and  those  from  Little  Falls, 
"ying  to  kill  the  Czar."    It  was  ex-  of  quartz.    Each  of  these  materials  was  the 
lat  the  society  would  be  in  such  shape  one  suitable  for  the  purpose  most  easily  ob- 
ke  its  influence  felt  in  the  November  tained  at  the  place  where  it  was  in  use.    These 
of  1887  in  the  State  of  New  York,  implements  and  the  European  specimens  to- 
e  Secretary  of  State  and  other  State  gether  show.  Prof.  Potnam  remarks  in  his  re- 
«-ere  to  be  elected.    Mr.  George  was  view,  "  that  man  in  this  early  period  of  his 
id    for   Secretary  of    State,   but   he  existence  had  learned  to  fashion  the  best  avail- 
•ATcely  any  more  votes  in  the  whole  able  material,  be  it  fiint,  argillite,  quartz,  chert, 
iQ  he  had  polled  for  Mayor  of  New  or  other  rocks,  into  implements  and  weapons 
1886.    Whatever  political  influence  suitable  to  his  requirements";  and  *^ that  his 
Dgth  remained  to  the  United  I^bor  requirements  were  about  the  same  on  both  sides 
d  the  Anti-Poverty  Society  was  ap-  of  the  Atlantic,  when  he  was  living  under  con- 
thrown  for  their  candidate  for  Mayor  ditions  of  climate  and  environment  which  must 
York   in  1888,  who  received  fewer  have  been  very  nearly  alike  on  both  conti- 
000  votes,  against  68,000  for  George  nents,  and  when  such  animals  as  the  mammoth 
r  in  1886,  and  70,000  for  George  as  and  the  mastodon,  with  others  now  extinct, 
f  of  State  in  1887.  were  his  companions."    Evidences  of  later  oc- 


22  ARCHEOLOGY.    (Amebioan.) 

cupanoy,  perhaps  by  the  descendants  of  paleeo-  upon  them,  while  the  sides  had  been  lined 
lithic  man,  have  been  fonnd  by  Mr.  Hilbom  T.  with  wood  or  bark  from  two  to  four  inches 
Oresson,  in  traces  of  pile-structures  in  the  alln-  thick.    Two  bodies  had  been  placed  side  by 
vial  deposits  at  Naaman^s  Creek,  in  Delaware,  side  in  the  grave,  both  extended  at  full  length 
At  two  of  the  structures,  or  ^^  stations,^'  only  on  their  backs  with  their  heads  directly  west, 
argillite  implements  were  fonnd,  many  as  rude  The  space  within  the  grave  on  one  side  of  the 
as  some  of  the  palsBolithic  types,  with  a  large  skeletons  had  been  covered  with  ashes  that 
number  of  long,  slender  spcar-points  of  that  had  been  removed  from  the  fire,  the  thickness 
material.    In  a  third  station,  these  forms  are  of  the  deposit  increasing  from  a  mere  streak  at 
mixed  with  implements  of  quartz,  jasper,  and  the  feet  to  six  inches  at  the  head,  and  extend- 
other  silicioQs  material,  with   traces  of  rude  ing  across  the  grave  nearly  in  contact  with 
pottery.     All  these  discoveries,  according  to  the  companion  head.   The  earth  removed  froDi 
Prof.  Patnam,  show  that  man  had  occupied  a  the  grave  was  thrown  around  on  every  side  so 
portion  of  North  America,  from  the  Mississippi  as  to  leave  the  bodies  in  a  hole  nearly  two  feet 
river  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  at  a  time  when  deep.      No  trace  appears  of  any  protecting 
the  northern  part  of  the  United  States  was  material  having  been  laid  over   the   bodies, 
covered  with  ice,  and  that  at  that  early  period  They  were  covered  with  a  black,  sandy  earth, 
he  must  have  been  contemporaneous  with  the  which  had  been  packed  so  firmly  that  it  re- 
mastodon  and  mammoth.     ^^  When  we  com-  quired  a  pick  to  loosen  it,  reached  beyond  the 
pare  the  facts  now  known  from  the  eastern  grave  on  every  side,  and  was  about  five  and  a 
side   of  the  continent,^^  Prof.   Putnam  con-  half  feet  high.     No  remains  were  found  in  the 
tinues,  ^*  with  those  of  the  western  side,  they  mound  above  the  grave  of  the  posts  which  bad 
seem  to  force  us  to  accept  a  far  longer  oc-  probably  once  stood  there.      The  author  as- 
cupation  by  man  of  the  western  coast  than  sumes  that  the  great  fire  near  the  middle  of 
of  the  eastern ;  for  not  only  on  the  western  the  house  had  been  made  from  the  timbers 
side  of  the  continent  have  his  remains  been  composing  it;  that  the  upper  timbers  had  been 
found  in  zoological  beds  unquestionably  earlier  torn  down,  and  the  posts  cut  off  at  the  surface, 
than  the  gravels  of  the  Mississippi,  Ohio,  and  Fur  the  purpose  of  covering  the  grave,  sand 
Delaware  valleys,  but  he  had  at  that  time  was  brought  from  a  ridge   a  short  distance 
reached  a  degree  of  development  equal  to  that  away.     There  was  no  stratification.     Earth 
of  the  inhabitants  of  California  at  the  time  of  had  been  piled  up  first  around  the  black  mass, 
European  contact,  so  far  as  the  character  of  forming  the  grave-mound,  and  then  differeut 
the  stone  mortars,  chipped  and  polished  stone  parties  had  deposited  their  loads  at   conven- 
implements,  and  shell-beads  found  in  the  aurif-  lent  places,  until  the  mound  assumed  its  final 
erous  gravels  can  tell  the  story."  conical   arrangement.      The  lenticular  masses 
The  CoBStrnctira  of  a  Mound. — A  careful  ex-  through  almost  the  whole  mound  showed  that 
amination  has  been  made  by  Mr.  Gerard  Fowke  the  earth  had  been  carried  in  skins  or  small 
of  one  of  the  mounds  in  Pike  County,  Ohio,  baskets.     The  completed  mound  was  thirteen 
in  order  to  ascertain  the  exact  method  of  its  feet  high  and  about  one  hundred  feet  in  diame- 
construction.     The  presence  of  holes  showing  ter.     Three  other  skeletons  were  found  within 
traces  in  the  shape  of  the  dark  mold  resulting  it,  two  on  the  original  surface  of  the  ground, 
from  the  decay  of  wood  of  its  having  contained  and  one  two  feet  and  a  half  above  it.    The 
posts,  and  arranged  in  a  regular  order,  indi-  bones  were  covered  with  a  dull-red  substance, 
cated  that  the  mound  was  built  upon  the  site  showing  a  waxy  texture  under  the  knife-blade, 
of  a  house.     A  trench  had  been  dug  outside  from  which  it  is  supposed  that  the  flesh  was 
of  the  house,  possibly  for  drainage.     Near  the  removed  before  burial.     No  relics  were  found 
middle  of  the  house,   which  measured  about  with  any  of  the  skeletons, 
forty  feet  from  side  to  side,  there  had  been  a        The  Great  Serpent  Monnd. — With  the  aid  of  a 
large  fire,  from  which  the  ashes  had  been  re-  committee  of  ladies  of  Boston,  who  secured 
moved   to  an  ash-bed,  which   was  elliptical,  subscriptions  for  the  purpose  of  nearly  $6,000, 
and  measured  thirteen  feet  from  east  to  west  Prof.   Putnam,  of   the   Peabody  Museum  of 
and    five   feet   from   north   to   south.      Near  Archaeology,  purchased  for  that  institution,  in 
the  center  of  it  was  a  hole  a  foot  deep  and  June,  1887,  sixty  acres  of  ground,  including  the 
ten    inches    across,  filled    with    clean    white  "Great  Serpent  Mound,"  in  Adams  County, 
ashes,  in  which  was  a  little  charcoal  packed  Ohio,  and  it  was  converted  into  a6  inclosed 
very  hard.     At  one  end  of  the  ash-bed,  and  park.     The  mound  was  restored,  so  far  as  was 
continuous  with  it,  though  not  apparently  a  practicable,  by  replacing  the  earth  and  other 
part  of  it,  was  a  mass  of  burned  animal  bones,  material  that  had  been  plowed  or  washed  or 
in  eaual  pieces,  ashes,  and  charcoal.      After  carried  away.     Trees  foreign  to  the  spot  are 
the  nre  had  biM*ned  down,  a  grave  had  been  to  be  removed,  and  replaced  with  those  that 
dug  at  the  middle  of  the  house,  ten  feet  long  are  indigenous,  so  as  to  make  the  park  an  ar- 
from    east  to   west,    a  little   more   than  six  horetum  of  native  trees.      As  described   by 
feet  broad,  and  fourteen  inches  deep,  having  Prof.  Putnam,  in  the  American  Association  of 
straight  sides  slanting  inward,  with  rounded  1888,  the  length  of  the  serpent  from  tip  to  tip 
comers.     Ashes  had  been  thinly  sprinkled  on  is  about  1,000  feet,  and  the  length,  including 
the  bottom  and  a  single  thickness  of  bark  laid  convolutions,  1,415  feet.  The  builders  appear  to 


ARCHEOLOGY.    (Amkbioan.)  28 

led  a  ]edge  of  rock  before  constract-  mounds  on  the  neighboring  hills,  with  covered 
abankment.  Freqnent  fires  seem  to  or  walled  ways  to  the  river- bank.  In  some 
led  daring  the  construction ;  and  in  cases  there  are  graded  ruads  through  tlie  ter- 
so  many  people  had  been  gathered  races  to  the  inclosures,  as  at  Newark,  Piketon, 
lay  was  beaten  like  a  floor.  The  spot  and  Marietta.  The  villages  are  situated  at  in- 
become  covered  by  a  foot  of  soil.  In  tervals,  showing  that  the  people  dwelt  in  dif- 
'  of  the  elliptical  mound  that  formed  ferent  centers,  and  there  are  very  few  works 
e^s  head  was  once  a  pile  of  stones  between  these  centers. 

>een  brought  up  from  the  creek;  they  Against  the  supposition  that  the  mound- 
blackened  by  long-continued  fires,  builders  of  these  villages  were  the  Cherokees, 
ras  observed  that  the  serpentine  em-  Dr.  Peet  argues  that  these  works  are  entirely 
,  was  ever  used  for  burial  purposes,  different  from  those  found  in  Tennessee,  south- 
il  mound  was  found  near  by  in  which  em  Kentucky,  and  northern  Georgia,  the  habi- 
3tons  were  discovered — one  of  them  tat  of  the  Cherokees  in  historic  times;  and  the 
he  surface  that  a  plow  had  broken  relics  found  in  the  Cherokee  country  differ 
s  stones  that  formed  the  coffin  and  from  those  in  the  Ohio  mounds.  The  works 
vay  a  part  of  the  pelvis.  Seven  feet  in  the  Cherokee  country  are  large  rectangular 
surface,  and  lying  transversely  under  inclosures  without  circles,  while  many  of  the 
skeleton,  was  another  resting  on  a  pipes  called  duck -pipes  are  found  there, 
r,  over  which  huge  stones  had  been  There  are  very  few  pipes  with  curved  stems, 
lat  the  bones  were  crushed  almost  to  and  none  of  the  variety  of  sculptured  animal 
iderneath  the  stone  floor  waa  a  stra-  figures  seen  on  the  Ohio  pipes ;  and  no  effigies 
al  feet  thick  of  black  ashes,  evidently  of  any  kind,  which  are  common  in  Ohio,  and 
[  corn,  in  which  lay  a  skeleton  over  more  common  in  Wisconsin,  are  to  be  seen  in 
I  length  and  of  massive  proportions.  Tennessee. 

r  the  Ohio  MoBBds. — The  evidence  ob-  PresenratlOD  9t  Andeit  Mranments. — The  com- 
roQgh  the  explorations  of  the  United  mittee  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
rean  of  Ethnology  are  regarded  by  Advancement  of  Science  for  the  preservation 
Thomas  as  indicating  that  the  typ-  of  archseological  remains  on  public  lands  re- 
nt works  in  Ohio — the  circles  and  ported  to  the  Buffalo  meeting  of  the  Associa- 
md  other  works  of  that  type,  to-  tion  that  it  would  be  well  if  the  following 
th  the  mounds  pertaining  to  them,  remains  of  early  America  could  be  preserved : 
ing  to  be  built  by  the  same  people —  Chaco  Caflon,  from  the  forks  of  Escavoda 
tr acted  by  the  ancestors  of  the  Chero-  Caflon,  for  a  distance  of  eight  miles  up,  also 
lother  class  of  structures— walls,  in-  one  mile  back  from  the  brink  of  the  caflon 
ind  defensive  works  in  the  northern  walls  on  each  ^ide;  Caflon  de  ChcUy,  Caflon 
e  State,  and  also  in  eastern  Michigan  del  Muerto,  Walnut  Caflon,  the.ruin  on  Fossil 
ibuted  to  some  branch  of  the  Iro-  creek  on  the  east  branch  of  the  Rio  Verde  and 
luron -Iroquois  stock  ;  the  box-shaped  about  fifteen  miles  south  of  Camp  Verde  mili- 
res,  to  the  Dela wares  and  Shawnees.  tary  reservation ;  the  ruin  in  Mancos  Caflon, 
tone  mounds  and  mounds  containing  the  round  towers  situated  on  the  fiat  valleys 
Its  or  graves  of  a  peculiar  type,  in-  of  the  lower  Mancos ;  the  cavate  lodges  in  the 
'*a  savage  life,  and  fierce  warfare  cinder-cone  about  eight  miles  east  of  Flag- 
jts  of  prey,"  are  difficult  to  account  staff,  Arizona  Territory.  Besides  these  groups 
re  probably  the  work  of  a  tribe  that  of  ruins  and  dwellings,  there  are  isolated  re- 
rne  extinct.  The  effigy-mounds,  of  mains  in  the  territories  of  New  Mexico,  Arizo- 
ily  a  few  are  known  in  Ohio,  but  na,  and  Utah,  numbering  over  forty,  which  de- 
e  compared  with  similar  works  in  mand  preservation.  The  Pueblos,  which  are 
I  and  with  the  bird-effigies  of  Geor-  not  in  treaty  reservations  or  grants,  and  the 
'  present  a  problem  difficult  to  solve."  old  Mandan  and  Arickaree  village  on  the  Fort 
ions  of  the  type  of  which  Fort  An-  Berthold  Indian  reservation,  Dakota  Territory, 
1  example  are  attributed  to  the  Chero-  to  be  preserved  when  they  shall  cease  to  be  in- 
lile  the  work  named  presents  some  habited  by  Indians. 

8  of  the  influence  of  the  white  man.  The  committee  has  caused  a  bill  to  be  intro- 

g   the  last  from  the  list,"  says  Dr.  duced  in  Congress  providing  for  a  reservation 

*  there  remains  clear  and  satisfactory  in  New  Mexico  for  the  purpose  of  archsBolog- 

that  the  ancient  works  of  the  State  ical  study. 

>  at  least  six  different  tribes."  PentYlan. — A  Peruvian  object,  of  a  unique 

V.  S.  D.  Peet  finds  in  some  peculiar  character   and   hitherto  undescribed,    in   the 

f  the  earth-works  of  the  Scioto  val-  Ethnographical  Museum  of  the  Trocadero,  in 

Qces  of  the  existence  of  a  clan-system  Paris,  has  been  brought  to  notice  by  Dr  Ver- 

j  builders.  Among  these  features  is  the  nean  in  "La  Nature."     It  is  a  hollowed  cylin- 

in  circles  and  squaresof  areas  varying  der,  of  a  substance  resembling  bronze,  bearing 

ity- seven  to  fifty  acres.     Such  works  various  ornaments  upon  its  circumference  and 

tUy  regarded  as  village-sites,  and  are  its  upper  rim,  and  measuring  sixty  millimetres 

led     by    fortifications    and     signal-  in  length  and  twenty-five  millimetres  in  interior 


24 


ABOH^OLOGY.    (Eh< 


to.) 


diameter.  It  is  marked  on  the  outside  by  two 
parallel  aeries  of  double  spirals  ruoniag  in  the 
general  direction  of  its  leogtb  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  form  four  figQres  resembling  tbe  let- 
ter S.  Twelve  rio^  solid  witb  tba  vessel 
itself,  are  evenly  disposed  in  rows  of  four. 
Tboae  of  tbe  first  row  are  exactly  above  those 
of  the  tliird,  while  those  of  the  second  row 
occupy  an  intermediate  position.  Movable 
rings,  having  spherical  swellings  in  the  lower 
part,  are  haag  upon  tbe  fixed  rings  of  the  up- 
per row  in  ssch  a  way  that  thej  strike  the 


vessel  when  it  is  shaken.  On  tbe  flat  rim  at 
the  top  of  the  vessel  are  two  groups  of  two 
baman  flKures  each,  fscing  each  other,  and 
represeuting  the  same  scene.  In  each  of  them 
a  re  pa  1  si  ve- looking  man  ataods  iu  tbe  attitude 
of  being  about  to  strike  with  his  hatchet  a 
second  persona^,  whom  he  is  hulding  down. 
The  features  and  appearance  of  the  four  fig- 
urea  and  tbe  hatcheta  bear  a  distinctly  Peru- 
vian stamp.  The  relic  is  snpposed  to  be  a  (in- 
tinnabulum,  or  little  bell,  like  those  borne  on 
the  ends  of  staffs  by  Buddhist  mendiosnts  in 
the  East,  with  which  tliey  seek  to  attract  the 
attention  of  persona  from  whom  they  ask  alms. 
Eiglaid.— The  British  Act  for  tbe  Preserva- 
tion of  Ancient  Monnmenta  baa  been  in  force 
for  five  yeara;  but,  according  to  Lieut, -Gen. 
Pitt-Rivers,  who  is  intrnsted  with  ita  adminis- 
tration, only  one  owner  has  voluntarily  offered 
any  monument  to  be  pnt  under  it.  All  had  to 
be  sooght  out  and  asked  to  accept  the  act,  and 


the  larger  number  of  the  owners  of  schedoled 
monuments  refused.  Those  who  refuaed  gen- 
erally did  so,  however,  on  the  pronnd  that 
they  wished  to  remain  responsible  for  their 
own  monnmenta;  am)  very  little  damage  to 
prehiatoric  works  is  going  on  at  present.  Pub- 
lic opinion  haa  done  more  for  tbeir  preserva- 
tion than  any  act  of  Parliament  conid  do. 

W  Kmui  Wan  Vf  LMdM.— A  part  ot  tbe  old 
Roman  wall  of  London  has  been  discovered 
under  tbe  site  that  has  been  obtained  for  the 
new  North  Post-Office.  The  upper  part  of  lb( 
wall  only  was  broken  down,  while  tbe  rest  i) 
in  almost  perfect  condition,  with  its  masonry 
sharp  and  tme.  One  hnndred  feet  of  the  stroct- 
are  nave  been  cleared  and  exposed  to  view. 
It  is  constructed  with  facing-courses  of  stone— 
Reigate  or  "rag" — with  red  tile,  and  gronled 
core.  A  fragment  of  a  similar  structure  of 
genuine  Roman  work  also  exists,  or  did  exist, 
in  the  cellars  on  Tower  Hill. 

<M  Bmuui  BatiM  at  Utk — Tracea  of  tlie  old 
Roman  baths  at  Bath  were  first  noticed  in 
1755.  Further  discoveries  of  remains  wer« 
made  in  1871.  The  properties  covering  the 
ruins  were  obtained  hy  the  corporation  of  Bath, 
and  some  of  tbe  works  were  opened  to  pnblio 
view  in  1683.  One  of  the  most  important  ot 
them  ia  81  feet  long  and  S8  feet  wide,  and  b 
situated  in  the  center  of  a  hall  110  feet  long 
and  GB  feet  0  inches  wide,  which  was  formerly 
roofed  with  a  vault  supported  by  pilasters  and 
arches,  and  is  divided  into  three  aisles,  the  mid- 
dle one  of  which  covered  the  bath.  The  pedes- 
tals and  lower  parts  of  some  of  the  pilasters  are 
still  standing,  and  the  ate|is  going  down  into  the 
bath  are  well  preserved.  Behind  the  pilasters, 
in  the  side-aisles,  which  were  decorated  with 
sculpture,  was  a  promenade  gallery.  The  floor 
of  this  hail  was  twenty  feet  below  tiie  level  . 
of  tbe  neighboring  modern  street.  Anoth- 
er spacions  apartment  bad  two  sndatories,  or 
aw  eating-room  a,  with  a  fireplace  between  them 
and  flues  to  beat  them.  The  circular  bath, 
which  ia  shown  in  the  illustration,  has  been 
disoovered  recently.  It  appears  to  have  been 
once  lined  witb  lead.  These  structores  were 
an  object  of  special  attention  to  the  British 
AsDooiation,  which  met  in  Batli,  in  September, 
1388,  and  the  members  of  that  body  devoted 
an  afternoon  to  visiting  and  inspecting  them. 
The  members  assembled  around  the  great  oval 
bstb  and  in  it,  while  the  mayor  of  the  city 
fnve  an  account  of  the  work  of  opening  up 
the  ruins,  their  character,  and  the  degree  ot 
Roman  civilization  of  which  they  gave  evi- 
dence. After  the  Romans  left  Britain,  the 
baths  seem  to  have  been  allowed  to  fall  into 
ruins,  for  a  teal's  egg  bad  been  fonnd  in  tbero, 
and  the  common  bracken  had  sprung  up.  New 
baths  have  been  built  upon  the  foundations  of 
some  of  these  structures, 

Geltle  Eutkwarlu  li  HaapililNi.— As  many  as 
forty  Celtic  earthworkn  are  described  by  Hr. 
T.  W.  Shore  NS  remaining  in  Hampshire,  Eng- 
land, in  a  state  of  preservation  more  or  leas 


ARCHEOLOGY.     fRoiiin.) 


iplete.  Tbej  are  of  varioas  kinds  and 
pea,  and  where  they  inclose  areas  and  form 
■o-called  camps  the;  are  of  very  different  di- 
isions.  Host  of  them  are  hill-fortresBeB,  but 
re  are  also  marsh  and  peniosnlar  fortresses, 
one  ezainpte  exista  of  a  small  former  insa- 
refoge.  The  present  Burroundinga  uf  these 
thworks  are  of  service  in  asaiatiBg  to  deter- 
le  tbeir  original  uses,  fur,  althoQgb  the 
idlaod  features  may  have  changed,  the  geo- 
ic«l  conditioDB  are  the  Kame  as  in  Celtic 
ea.  The  camps  oonld  hardly  have  been  per- 
oentl;  inhabited 
4,  for  few  traces  of 
ellioga  or  art  cles 
domestic  use  have 
n  fonnd  w  thm 
m,  and  from  these 

aces  they  appear  to 
'e  been  strongholds 

defense  a  case  of 
tck.  If  th  a  IS  al 
'ed,  then  these 
as  most  have  had 
iatinct  relationship 
the  nnmber  of  peo- 

reqnired  fur  the  r 
ense  sod  to  the 
lolatioo  and  the  r 
ital  or  the  number 

cattl«  Ihey  were 
UK  led  to  shelter 
tfa  these  data  we 
f  draw  approii 
lely  accurate  infer 
les  respect  ng  the 
stitm  and  denxtt?  of  the  Celtic  popalatioD 
;be  time  of  their  construction. 
tMU^ — In  the  course  of  the  eicavntions  of 

German  Institute  in  the  Forum,  adjoining 
temple  of  Julius,  foundations  solidly  end 
II  built  in  trarertine  bare  been  discovered, 
ich  Prof.  Richter  has  identified  with  the 
eh  of  Aagnatua  The  arcb  appears  to  have 
■n  one  of  three  piers,  like  the  arches  of  Seve- 

and  Constantine,  the  middle  passage  being 
rteen  feet  wide. 

ImiIm  •faalrdukaTOUatlw.— Excavationa 
re  been  made  at  the  site  of  the  ancient  Syb* 
I  for  the  sake  of  recovering  the  ruins  of 

Grecian  city  that  was  destroyed  five  centn- 
(  before  Christ.  Ruins  attributable  to  such 
it*  ha»e  not  yet  been  found,  but  a  necropo- 
bas  been  discovered  in  the  neighborhood 
icb  indicates  that  there  existed  there  pre- 
Ds  to  the  Greek  period  a  more  ancient  city, 
remains  of  which  bear  evidence  of  an  ar- 
ie  civilization  precisely  corresponding  with 
t,  specimens  of  which  have  beeu  found  at 
toIiMiia,  Civita  Caatellana,  Corneto,  and  ra- 
19  points  in  other  parts  of  the  peninsula, 
'  ID  some  details  with  the  finds  in  the 
istrine  depoaita  of  the  northern  provinces. 
oag  the  moat  striking  specimens  of  ancient 
iiaic  art,  are  the  cinerary  nrna  of  the  hat 


type,  such  as  have  been  found  on  the  Alban 
mountains  onder  two  strata  of  volcanic  depos- 
its, and  which,  with  the  well-tombs,  are  char- 
acteristic features  at  Oorneto  (or  Tarquinia). 
The  urns  are  vessels  of  the  rudest  forms  of 
pottery,  hand-made  and  half-baked  ;  and  with 
them  in  one  of  the  well  tombs  at  Corneto  were 
found  bronze  helmets  of  most  skilifui  fabric 
and  swords  of  bronze  or  iron  ;  and  iu  some  of 
the  tombs  copies  of  the  heluiets  in  clay,  made 
(or  covers  to  the  round  urns,  a  use  to  which 
the  original  helmets  seem  to  have  been  pat 


after  the  death  of  their  owner.  In  the  same 
necropolis  with  these  are  found  the  ''corridor" 
tombs  and  "  chambers,"  the  latest  and  beat 
known  form  of  the  Etruscan  tomb,  the  paint- 
ings on  some  of  which  at  Cometo  form  a  series 
coming  down  to  Roman  times.  Conflicting 
views  have  been  expressed  concerning  tbe  ori- 
gin of  these  objects.  Helbig  believes  that  they 
are  all  Etruscan,  and  represent  only  different 
phases  of  Etmscan  civilization  ;  and  while  to 
a  certain  extent  there  were  overiappinga  in  the 
method  of  disposing  of  the  desd,  there  was  in 
no  case  a  break,  such  as  would  be  caused  by 
the  intrusion  of  a  strange  race  introducing  new 
arui.  The  bronze  arms  and  implements  be  con- 
siders of  Pbcenician  and  Canhaginian  origin, 
of  date  not  earlier  than  900  b.  o.,  or  about  the 

feriod  of  the  entry  of  the  Etruscans  into  Italy. 
heir  identity  with  the  rellca  found  at  Sybaris, 
which  the  Etruscans  did  not  reach,  and  with 
articles  in  the  lake-dwellings,  which  are  sup- 
posed to  be  of  much  earlier  date,  are  cited  as 
militallng  against  tbis  view.  Fiorelti  and  some 
other  ItaJlan  archteologists  maintain  tliat  they 
are  relics  of  a  primitive  Italic  civilization  an- 
terior to  the  Etruscan,  and  cite  the  community 
of  the  articles  from  such  widely  separated  lo- 
calities in  support  of  their  view.  Gamurrini 
would  identify  them  with  a  Pel asgic  civilization. 


26  ARCHEOLOGY.     (Grkeoe.) 

ARnlMdBiUi. — A  bath  has  been  opened  at  Os-  near  the  same  place.     At  a  later  date  were 

tia,  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Lanciani,  which  foand  a  leaden  vessel,  quite  shupeless  throogh 

seems  to  have  been  struck  by  some  disaster —  oxidation,  and  a  portion  of  the  torso  of  a  stat- 

perhaps  an  earthquake — while  in  full  use,  and  to  ue  of  Hercules  in  Poros  stone,  half  life-size, 

have  been  completely  buried.  The  statues  found  Mr.  Carl  D.  Buck,  of  the  American  School  at 

there  are  broken  as  if  by  a  fall  on  them  of  the  Athens,  has  described  in  the  *^  American  Jour- 

masoory  from  above,  and  have  been  split  ver-  nal  of  ArchsBology  '^  certain  inscriptions,  found 

tically,  while  the  fragments  have  been  scattered  on  the  Acropolis  in  December,  1887,  of  the 

to  some  distance  from  their  bases.  fourth  century  before  Christ,  which  record  the 

Sitnte,  or  Le^Vaaes. — Excavations  at  various  dedication  of  vessels — apparently  by  freedmen 

places  in  Upper  Italy  have  brought  to  light  a  who  had  been  acquitted  of  the  charge  of  vio- 

nnmber  of  vessels  of  the  class  called  situlsB  (or  lating  the  conditions  of  their  emancipation, 

vases  for  the  purpose  of  the  lot),  bearing  pecul-  ExetnitkNis  at  Sicyra. — The  excavations  car- 

iar  decoration^}.     One  found  at  the  Villa  Ben-  ried  on  by  the  American  School  of  Classical 

venuti,  near  Este,  is  12^  inches  high,  and  is  Studies  on  the  site  of  ancient  Sicyonin  Decem- 

composed  of  two  plates  of  bronze  riveted  to-  her,  1887,  and  January,  1888,  were  made  most- 

.  gether.  It  widens  from  the  base  in  a  curved  ly  in  the  theatre.  The  orchestra  was  laid  bare, 
shape  to  near  the  top,  and  terminates  in  a  re-  and  work  was  done  in  other  parts  of  the  bnild- 
stricted  neck  and  overhanging  lip.  Elaborate  ing.  Two  drains  were  found.  The  sculptures 
decorations  are  worked  in  three  zones,  toward  include  a  marble  hand  grasping  what  might  be 
the  upper  part  of  the  vessel.  A  specimen  the  hilt  of  a  sword,  being  a  fragment  of  a  stat- 
from  the  tombs  at  the  Certosa  Bologna,  is  ue  of  which  no  other  part  has  been  discovered; 
decorated  in  four  zones,  the  lowest  of  which  and  a  marble  head  and  the  torso  to  which  it 
is  composed  of  animals  natural  and  winged,  and  belongs,  separated,  appertaining  to  a  statue  fep- 
the  others  are  occupied  respectively  with  resenting  a  Dionysus  ^^  of  youthful  and  girlish 
military,  religious,  and  pastoral  subjects.  An-  aspect  '*  which  was  thought  to  belong  to  the 
other  situla  at  Bologna  has  three  zones.  Bronze  Alexandrian  epoch.  This  statue  is  the  first 
specimens  of  allied  character  with  these  have  considerable  example  of  Sicyonian  sculpture 
been  found  at  Castelvetro,  Modena,  and  in  found  on  the  old  site.  The  main  portion  of 
Tyrol,  but  the  more  important  specimens  are  the  orchestra,  like  the  theatre  at  Epidaurns, 
from  Cisalpine  Gaul,  or  the  immediately  adja-  has  no  flooring  other  than  hard  earth.  Abont 
cent  territory.  The  date  of  these  works  is  un-  thirty  copper  coins  were  found,  part  of  them 
certain,  but  Italian  archsBologists  assign  them  to  Sicyonian,  and  the  remainder  Roman.  An  in- 
the  latter  half  of  the  fifth  century  before  Christ,  scription  found  in  a  village  near  the  sit«  coo- 
Greece.  The  Hellenle  Society.  —The  Hellenic  sists  of  seven  names,  one  of  which  contains  the 
Society  (London)  has  been  active  in  connection  old  Sicyonian  form  of  S  (x).     Its  date  may 

.  with  schemes  of  exploration,  among  which  were  possibly  be  as  early  as  450  b.  o. 
the  organization  of  the  excavations  undertaken  IcarU. — In  the  course  of  the  investigations  be- 
in  Cyprus,  to  be  carried  out  by  the  director  gunby  the  American  School  at  Icaria,  the  Pyth- 
and  students  of  the  British  School  at  Athens,  ian  or  Temple  of  Apollo  was  discovered,  with  a 
and  assistance  to  explorations  in  Asia  Minor,  relief  representing  Apollo  with  long  curls  seat- 
which  were  conducted  by  Prof.  Ramsay  and  ed  on  the  om^AaZo^,  holding  a  mass  of  twigs  in 
Mr.  Theodore  Bent.  Accounts  of  the  work  in  one  hand,  and  a  patera  in  the  other.  Behind 
which  it  had  a  part  were  given  in  the  "Jour-  him  stands  a  woman,  while  in  front  is  an  altar 
nal  of  Hellenic  Discoveries."  Special  mention  with  an  adorant.  Another  relief  represents 
was  made,  in  the  report  of  the  discoveries  on  Apollo  playing  on  the  lyre.  A  large  platform 
the  Acropolis  at  Athens,  of  the  excavation  by  of  marble,  a  raarble-seat,  some  ba-«e8,  and  two 
the  German  Institute  ot  a  temple  of  the  Kabei-  walls,  one  of  which  makes  a  curve  as  if  it 
roi  near  Thebes;  and  of  the  excavations  of  the  might  inclose  the  dancing-ground  of  a  theatre, 
American  School  at  Dionusos,  to  the  northeast  were  also  found. 

of  Pentelicus,  which  had  been   identified  as  IHscoverles  at  CephlssHS  and  DlmiyMs. — In  their 

the  center  of  worship  of  the  derae  of  Icaria.  excavations  at  Cephissus,  the  American  School 

Foundations  of  two  shrines,  of  Apollo  and  of  discovered  the  head  of  a  colossal  male  statue, 

Dionysus,  had  been  found,  and  some  sculptured  a  basso  rilievo  representing  a  warrior,  a  torso 

remains  of  high  importance.  of  a  statue  without  a  head,  and  many  inscrip- 

Dlseoveries  In  the  Acropolis  at  Athens. — Among  tions. 
the  objects  disclosed  by  the  excavations  on  the  Investigations  at  the  spot  known  asDionysos 
Acropolis  is  a  head,  one  of  the  most  ancient  have  brought  to  light  fragments  of  draped  stat- 
sculptures  ever  found  upon  that  site,  carved  in  ues  of  an  archaic  epoch  supposed  to  belong  to 
Poros  stone,  and  retaining  a  rich  and  brilliant  Dionysus;  the  torso  of  an  undraped  statue; 
coloring.  The  hair  and  beard  are  painted  blue  the  bearded  head  of  a  man,  also  attributed  to 
and  the  face  red  ;  and  the  pupils  of  the  eyes  Dionysus  and  referred  to  the  sixth  century,  he- 
are  delineated  with  the  chisel  as  well  as  paint-  fore  Christ;  and  a  headless  stela^  like  the  sttla 
ed  in.  The  head  appears  to  be  that  of  a  tritpn,  of  Aristion  which  is  to  be  seen  in  Athens, 
the  rest  of  the  body  of  which,  in  the  form  of  a  Many  of  these  objects  were  found  in  the  walls 
serpent  ending  in  the  tail  of  a  fish,  was  found  of  a  half-ruined  chapel  standing  on  the  spot 


ARCHAEOLOGY.    (Gbkboe.)  27 

ntly  bnilt  of  old  materials.     The  ex-  articles  are  beads  that  belonged  to  necklaces. 

have  also  laid  bare  a  portion  of  the  They  vary  in  shape,  and  are  chiefly  of  glass ; 
he  peribolos  of  the  temple,  and  the  but  some  are  of  stone  as  large  as  a  franc-piece, 
ome  votive  offerings.  and  engraved  on  one  side  with  pictures  of  ani- 
ls at  Tuagnu — At  Tanagra  has  been  mals;  and  some  are  of  onyx  or  natural  crys- 

tomb  of  a  child,  within  which  were  tal.     A  silver  vase  in  the  shape  of  a  phiale, 

itatnettes  of  the  same  subject,  repre-  0*18  metre  in  diameter,  and  having  one  handle, 

node  man  pressing  to  his  bosom  with  is  adorned  on  the  outer  side  of  its  rim  witb 

ind  a  cock.    Several  terra-cotta  vases  faces  of  men  in  gold,  and  a  golden  ornament 

id  in  the  same  place,  of  diverse  forms,  under  each.    The  character  of  the  articles  is 

16  most  part  ornamented  with  flowers  described  as  mostly  Eastern, 
z).    One  of  the  statuettes  found  at  the        A  Theatre  aad  Tenple  at  Vantlaeia* — The  excava- 

Q  represents  a  woman  standing;  an-  tions  made  during  1887  and  1888  by  the  French 

old  woman  with  a  babe  in  her  arms ;  Archffiological  School  at  Mantineia  began  with 

I  youth  standing  clad  in  a  chiton,  with  the  clearing  of  the  theatre,  which  was  built  of 

1  his  right  hand,  and  a  chlamys  hang-  the  common  stone  of  the  district,  and  presents 

his  left  arm.    Others  represent  women  some  peculiar  features.     While  parts  of  the  . 

wo  naked  children  seated,  a  naked  building  are  so  ruined  that  their  ancient  form 

atting  on  its  heels,  three  men  seated,  can   not   be  reconstructed,   the   conduits   by 

nan  standing.  which  the  rain-water  w^as  carried  off  are  in 

■pie  af  AphTMilte  at  Cerlga« — A  report  comparatively  good  preservation.     Near  this 

mains  of  the  ancient  temple  of  Apnro-  building  are  the  foundations  of  a  temple,  which 

7erigo  has  been  made  by  Dr.  Schlie-  may  be  the  temple  to  Hera  spoken  of  bj  Pau- 

the  Berlin  Society  of  Anthropologists,  sanias ;  but  no  inscription  has  been  found  by 

s  identical  with  that  of  the  Church  which  to  determine  to  whom  it  was  dedicated. 

>ly  Eosmos;  and  the  stones  of  the  an-  This  foundation  and  the  remains  of  the  temple 

;tuary  almost  suffice  for  the  erection  are  both  very  near  the  suriace  of  the  soil.    A 

ircb.    The  temple  was  a  closed  struct-  large  semicircular  building,  of  which  about  a 

of  tufa-stone,  with  two  rows  of  Doric  metre  in  height  of  the  walls  is  left,  gave  the 

four  on  each  side,  of  extremely  archaip  inscription  KvkXo;  6  irp6s  to  yvfivda-iov.    In  front 

tiey  are  still  preserved  in  the  church,  and  alongside  of  it  were  large  double  atoai 

ir  capital  and  ornaments;    but  only  which  may  have  formed   part  of  the  gym- 

lem,  as  well  as  the  base  of  a  column,  nasium.    The  wall  of  the  circuit  of  the  town, 

u.    On  a  hill-top  in  the  neighborhood  in  a  fair  state  of  preservation  to  the  height  of 

ns  of  Cyclopean  fortifications,  which  a  metre  or  more,  is  built  of  large  polygonal 

eraann  thinks,  from  the  character  of  stones,  and  is  20  stadia  in  perimeter;    more 

lerds  found,  can  not  be  older  than  the  than  a  hundred  of  its  towers  are  preserved, 

entury  before  Christ.  The  roads  mentioned  by  Pausanias  as  named 

efc-€at  Taaite  af  Mycmue* — The  excava-  after  the  respective  towns  have  been  discov- 

MycensB   continue   to  reveal    fresh  ered.     Among  the  less  massive  relics  are  the 

that  the  extent  of  the  necropolis  can  pieces  of  sculpture  by  Praxiteles  recorded  by 

e  inferred.     It  appears,  however,  that  rausanias  as  being  in  the  temple  of  Leto,  in- 

ind  surrounding  the  ancient  city,  ex-  eluding  on  one  pedestal  a  representation  of  the 

re  it  was  unsuitable,  was  used   for  muses  and  of  Marsyas  playing  on  the  flute;  a 

The  tombs  are  on  the  slope  of  the  number  of  inscriptions,  one  of  which  records 

consist   of   one   or  two  chambers,  the  name  of  the  great  general  Philopoemen; 

*e  reached  by  passages  either  hori-  some  terra-cotta  tablets,  which  are  supposed 

having  a  downward  inclination,  some-  to  have  been  theatre-tickets;  and  votive  tab- 

)re   than  20  metres  long  and  2   or  lets.     The  stooes  of  the  ancient  city  have  been 

i  broad.     The  chambers  are  35  or  40  liberally  used  in.the  construction  of  the  houses 

letres  in  area,  and  constructed  with  of  the  modem  town ;  and  some  of  the  most  in- 

e.     They  appear  to  have  been  family  teresting  objects  were  found  walled  in  within 

id  to  have  their  doors  and  passages  the  sanctuary  of  the  Byzantine  church, 
hidden,  to  protect  them  against  spoli-        Cypras.    Tenple  of  Aphrodite  at  Old  Paphos. — A 

he  skeletons  are  imperfectly  preserved,  **  Cyprus  Exploration  Fund  "  has  been  formed, 

1  to  have  been  disturbed  whenever  under  the  auspices  of  the  Society  for  the  Pro- 

$rment8  were  made;  they  were  simply  motion  of  Hellenic  studies,  to  carry  out  on  the 

at  full  length,  or  placed  in  a  sitting  island  of  Cyprus  the  same  kind  of  work  of 

The  tombs  are  ascribed  to  an  earlier  identification  and  recovery  of  remains  of  an- 

the  Homeric  age,  and  even  to  a  time  tiquity  that  has  been  successfully  accomplished 

ick  as  2000  b.  o.    They  have  yielded  in  Palestine,  Asia  Minor,  and  Egypt.     It  is 

?cts  that  had  not  been  found  in  other  under  the  care  of  a  special  committee  of  per- 

tbe  same  date — such  as  bronze  mir-  sons  interested  in  archaeological  research.  Per- 
il knives  that  served  as  scissors,  and  mission  was  obtained  from  the  authorities  to 
lich  are  now  shown  to  have  been  in  use  excavate  at  Kouklia,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
lose  early  times.    The  most  abundant  Paphos,  and  operations  were  begun  there  in 


28  ARCHEOLOGY.    (Egypt.) 

December,  1 887,  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  sol  district,  have  been  examined  by  Dr.  F.  H. 
Ernest  A.  Gardener.  Excavations  were  also  U.  GuiUemard.  They  are  similar  to  two  mono- 
made  in  January,  1888,  by  Mr.  M.  R.  James  liths  at  Kuklia,  which  are  described  by  CW 
at  the  hill  Leontari  Vouno,  Nikosia,  in  the  nola,  and  have  been  regarded  as  Phoeniciim, 
course  of  which  were  discovered  traces  of  and,  perhaps,  Phallic.  Twenty  -  seven  such 
early  houses  and  walls,  deep  cuttings  in  the  stones  have  been  found  at  Anoyra^  all  of  a 
rock,  a  massive  fort,  primitive  walls  mixed  hard  limestone.  They  are  usually  two  feet  in 
with  early  pottery  and  other  objects  pointing  depth,  and  from  2  feet  5  inches  to  4  feet  8 
to  a  remote  period,  and  archaic  tombs.  In  the  inches  in  width,  while  the  hole  is  generally 
tombs  were  found  about  two  hundred  vases,  about  9  inches  wide,  and  from  2^  to  4  feet 
with  fragments  of  pottery  and  broken  articles  high.  The  height  above  ground  ranges  from 
of  bronze,  lead,  and  copper.  6  to  10  feet.     These  stones  are  believed  bj 

The  temple  of  Aphrodite,  at  old  Paphos,  Dr.  GuiUemard,  from  their  situation  and  ac- 
was  cleared  out,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  companiments,  to  have  been  parts  of  mills  or 
walls  was  laid  bare.  The  m^ority  of  the  of  olive-presses.  Others  believe  that  though 
walls  were  found  to  belong  to  the  restoration  they  may  have  been  adapted  and  utilized  for 
of  the  temple  made  by  Tiberius;  but  the  Romans  such  purposes  as  these,  they  were  originally 
appear  to  have  made  changes  in  the  orienta-  Phoenician,  or  prehistoric,  and  Phallic, 
tion  of  the  parts  of  the  structure  that  they  AncieBt  Sites  li  Asia  Mlntr. — Mr.  J.  T.  Bent, 
touched,  so  that  difficulty  was  met  in  tracing  giving  an  account  to  the  British  Association  of 
an  accurate  plan  of  the  work.  The  plan  of  some  discoveries  that  he  had  made  in  Asia 
the  temple  falls  into  two  main  divisions— the  Minor,  said  that  during  a  cruise  along  the  south 
south  wing,  standing  detached,  and  a  quadri-  coast  of  that  country,  he  had  found  the  sites 
lateral,  containing  various  halls  and  inclosures.  of  three  ancient  towns  and  identified  them  bj 
The  south  wing  appears  to  be  the  earliest  part  inscriptions.  In  one  place  were  thirty-three 
of  the  building  of  which  any  traces  remain,  inscriptions,  many  of  them  of  great  local  in- 
It  consists  of  a  large  hall  or  court,  bounded  terest,  introducing  a  doctor,  Aristobulus  bj 
on  the  west  by  a  wall  of  massive  blocks.  Be-  name,  who  is  mentioned  by  Galen,  and  numer- 
tween  this  court  and  the  great  quadrangle  are  ous  consuls  and  pro-consuls  of  Rome,  who 
remains  of  some  irregular  chambers  and  some  ruled  there.  Local  offices  and  dignitaries, 
pier  bases,  wiiich  may  have  been  part  of  a  triple  family  names  and  customs,  are  referred  to  in 
avenue  leading  to  the  court.  The  rest  of  the  all  these  inscriptions.  At  about  five  miles  from 
site  is  occupied  by  buildings  of  later  construe-  LydsB,  inland,  the  author  discovered  the  ruins 
tion,  of  which,  beginning  at  the  south,  the  first  of  a  fortress  buried  in  a  thick  forest  overlook- 
to  attract  attention  is  a  great  hall  or  stoa,  with  ing  a  lake,  and  identified  the  place  from  in- 
a  row  of  columns  down  the  center.    The  con-  scriptions  as  Lissa. 

struction  is  Roman,  but  it  probably  retains  the  Egypt  ExploradM  Find. — The  Egypt  Ex- 
general  character  of  earlier  buildings ;  and  of  ploration  Fund,  in  acknowledgment  of  liberal 
sQch  earlier  chambers  sufficient  traces  remain  contributions  to  its  resources  (which  amount 
to  allow  of  a  fairly  accurate  restoration.  A  to  fully  one  half  of  its  fund)  from  the  United 
considerable  number  of  inscriptions,  a  marble  States,  has  authorized  the  presentation  to  the 
head  of  Eros,  said  to  be  *^  a  valuable  acquisi-  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  in  Boston,  of  a  selection 
tion  to  the  treasures  of  Greek  art,^^  fragments  of  Greek  antiquities  from  Naucratis  and  of 
of  bronze  and  terra-cotta,  a  fine  bronze-gilt  Egyptian  antiquities  from  Nebeshet,  the  city 
pin,  and  a  crystal  cylinder  belonging  to  a  seep-  of  Onias,  and  Bubastis,  and  of  a  statue  of  heroic 
ter,  were  found  in  the  temple.    Among  the  in-  size  of  Rameses  II. 

scriptions  in  the  Oypriot  syllabary  was  a  tablet  The  work  of  the  fund  for  1888  was  begun  by 
containing  a  letter  from  Antiochus  to  Ptolemy  Mr.  F.  Llewellen  Griffith  on  the  mounds  of 
Alexander,  a  tablet  bearing  a  list  of  contribu-  Ktim  abtl  Bill^,  at  TarrAneh,  on  the  western 
tors  to  a  feast  called  the  Elaichristion,  and  a  edge  of  the  delta.  The  site  is  supposed  to  rep- 
tablet  bearing  an  elegiac  inscription  recording  resent  an  ancient  city  named  Terenuthis.  The 
that  at  the  suggestion  of  King  Nikokles  the  remains  yielded  little  that  was  of  interest,  and 
town  was  fortified.  Most  of  the  inscriptions  the  work  was  discontinued, 
were  on  the  pedestals  of  statues  dedicated  in  HykMsMMOMiitsatBiliastls. — The  excavations 
the  temple  in  Ptolemaic  times,  which  confer  on  the  site  of  the  great  temple  of  Bubastis 
much  light  on  the  constitution  of  Cyprus  dur-  were  resumed  on  the  23d  of  February,  1888, 
ing  that  period.  Some  very  interesting  ob-  by  Mr.  Edouard  Naville,  with  Mr.  F.  Llewellen 
jects  were  found  in  the  tombs  of  various  peri-  Griffith,  Count  d'Uulst,  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Mao- 
ods  that  lie  below  the  temple  on  the  slope  Gregor.  The  two  pits  formed  in  1887  were 
toward  the  sea.  A  third  work  of  excavation  thrown  into  one,  and  the  ground  was  cleared 
was  carried  on  at  Anargeth,  which  was  iden-  from  east  to  west,  following  the  axis  of  the  tem- 
tified  as  the  site  of  an  ancient  village,  probably  pie  till  the  whole  width  of  the  building  was 
called  Melantha,  where  Apollo  was  worshiped  laid  bare.  Among  the  discoveries  were  a  third 
under  the  title  of  Opaon.  hall  built  by.Osorkon  I,  of  red  granite  lined 

PeifmtedMtMlltlis. — Some  curious  perforated  with  sculptured  slabs ;  the  remains  of  a  colon- 
stones — monoliths — near  Anoyra,  in  the  Lima-  nade;  a  monolithic  shrine  in  red  granite;  two 


ARCHEOLOGY.    (Eoypt.)  29 

of  an  officer  named  Amenophis,  in-  This  lion  is  one  of  a  clafls  of  sphinxes  in  black 

with  the  cartoaches  of  Amenopbis  III,  granite  that  have  been  found  at  several  sites 

torso  of  a  woman  of  the  same  epoch  ;  in  Lower  Egypt,  and  are  assigned  to  a  period 

'  Amenopbis  IV  (or  Khu-en-Aten)  in  the  previoas  to  the  eighteenth  dynasty. 

*  the  name  of  that  king's  patron  deity.  Portraits  of  the  Gfmo-Rowui  Periodi — Mr.  Pe- 
ults  of  the  investigations  brought  up  trie  placed  on  exhibition  in  London  the  oh- 
iber  of  the  names  of  the  kings  who  jects  that  he  recovered  in  the  exploration  of 

traces  of  their  work  here  to  twenty-  a  vast  cemetery,  which  he  found  near  the  pyra- 

^inning  with  Pepi  Merira,  of  the  sixth  mid  containing  the  tomb  of  Amenembat  III. 

,  including  Usertesen  III,  of  the  twelfth  The  cemetery  proved  to  be  one  of  the  Ptole- 

,  and  ending  with  Nectanebo.  maio  and  Roman  epochs,  and  furnished  many 

nces  associating  the  site  with  the  rule  new  facts  respecting  the  dress,  mode  of  burial, 

[yksos  kings  were  found  in  the  shape  of  etc.,  of  the  Hellenized  and  Romanized  £gyp- 

trave  sculptured  with  the  cartouch  of  tians  of  the  three  or  four  centuries  before  and 

jid  the  remains  of  three  statues  of  this  after  the  Christian  era.    The  mummies  of  two 

One  of  these  was  headless,  but  was  seat-  or  three  earlier  centuries  had  gilt  sculptured 

a  throne,  with  cartouches  and  stand-  head-pieces,  and  those  dating  from  about  a.  d. 

ng  the  family  name,  the  throne  name,  150  had  portraits  inserted  in  the  place  of  the 

^'banner'^nameof  the  king  in  a  perfect  head.     These  portraits,  of  which  there  were 

preservation.   This  is  the  first  instance  more  than  thirty,  were  painted,  apparently  in 

1  a  Hyksos  statue  has  been  found  with  colored  wax,  upon  very  thin  wooden  panels, 

t  inscription.    The  inscriptions  read  as  and  are  preserved  in  all  their  freshness.    Many 

;    ''  The  divine  Horus  who  embraces  of  them  are  said  to  be  wonderfully  expressive ; 

U,  the  good  god  Userenra,  the  son  of  one,  representing  the  face  of  a  man  of  mature 

an,  loving  his  Ka^  everliving.'^    This  age,  ^4s  modeled  with  singular  force  and  skill,*^ 

laian,  is  new  to  the  Egyptian  monu-  and  four  are  *' excellent  portraits"  of  ladies, 

ilthough  it  suggests  a  curious  coinci-  These  heads  were  slipped  into  the  mummy- 

ith  an  Arab  tradition  of  the  going  of  case,  and  it  appears  to  have  been  the  custom 

JO  Egypt,  which,  as  given  by  Mas'^di,  to  keep  the  mummy,  thus  adorned,  for  several 

hat  ''Hhe  Hamites  who  peopled  Egypt  years  in  the  house  of  the  family.    An  impor- 

a  for  some  time  ruled  over  by  women,  tant  fragment  of  papyrus,  containing  a  tran- 

quence  of  which  kings  from  all  quar-  script  of  a  part  of  the  second  book  of  the 

e  lusting  after  their  land.    An  Amele-  Iliad,  beautifully  written,  is  included  in  the 

ig  named   al-Walid   invaded    it  from  collection,  and  with  it  is  the  skall  of  the  owner, 

ad   established  his  rule  there.     After  a  lady,  with  shreds  of  her  hair  twisted  over  it. 

le  his  son,  Rayy&n  ibu  al-Walid,  in  The  Pynvid  aid  Statues  of  Lake  Mttrte.— The 

ime  Joseph  was  brought  to  Egypt."  researches  of  Mr.  W.  M.  Flinders  Petrie  in  the 

^etrle  has  adduced  reasons,  from  the  Fayoum  have  brought  to  light  what  are  sup- 

i  on  two  cylinders  bearing  the  titles  of  posed  to  be  the  remains  of  the  structures  de- 

g,  for  supposing  that  the  name  should  scribed  by  Herodotns  as  two  pyramids  crowned 

Rbian  rather  than  Raian,  and  that  with  colossal  statues  standing  in  the  midst  of 

:es  his  connection  with  the  Rayan  of  Lake  Moeris.     At  Beyahmu,  a  village  about 

adition  almost  impossible.     The  Rev.  four  miles  north  of  Med  in  et-el- Fayoum,  ruins 

George  Tomkins,   however,  has  sug-  destitute    of    inscriptions   and    called    Kursi 

hat  "  if  we  must  read  Khian,  the  name  Far^un,  or  Pharaoh's  chair,  had  been  already 

I  be  intended  by  the  lANNAS  of  Mane-  remarked  and  described  by  Ebers  as  resem- 

h  roogh  breathing.''  and  adds  *' that  in  bling  dilapidated  altars  rising  above  other  frag- 

i  we  may  find  for  the  first  time  traces  ments  of  solid  masonry.     Ebers  had  also  sug- 

ksos  proper  name  in  northern  Syria;  gested  a  connection  between  these  objects  and 

r-nazirpal  received  tribute  from  Khaian  the  pyramids  of  Herodotus.    Mr.  Petrie  found 

dani  *on  the  further  bank  of  the  Eu-  that  they  were,  in  fact,  two  piles  of  masonry 

*  that  is,  on  the  western  side,  south  of  standing  on  two  stone  platforms,  at  the  corner 
tion  of  the  Khabtir.  And  Shalmaneser  of  one  of  which  was  an  angular  block  of  some 
bute  of  Khaian,  the  son  of  Gabas,  in  sloping  structure,  like  the  corner  of  a  pyramid. 
1  Syria  toward  the  west.  There  are  The  piles  of  rubbish  in  which  the  ruins  were 
aces  of  such  a  name,  especially   the  half  imbedded,  were  found  to  contain  o  vast 

ruins  and    great   tanks  of    Khurbet  number  of  fragments  of  limestone,  red  granite, 

east    of    Bethel,   which    have    been  and  a  hard  and  highly  polished  yellow  quartz- 

to  mark  the  site  of  the  important  Ca-  ite  sandstone.     A  search   among  these  frag- 

city  Ai  or  Hai."  ments  soon  brought  out  scraps  of  hieroglyphic 

.  Llewellen  Griffith  has  compared  the  inscription,  a  morsel  of  bass-relief  paneling, 

)n  of  the  king  as  given  on  this  statue  and  a  royal  oval  containing  the  name  of  Ame- 

ser-n — with  the  name  inscribed  in  im-  nemhat  III — the  Moeris  of  Herodotns.     As  the 

characters  in  the  cartouch  of  a  black  search  was  continued,   numerous  chips  were 

ion  from  Bagdad,  in  the  British  Muse-  found  containing  bits  of  detail,  or  wrought  in 

ch  presents  some  resemblance  to  it.  the  likeness  of  the  undulating  surface  of  the 


30  AROHiEOLOGY.    (Egypt.) 

haman  body,  scraps  of  ornamentation  such  as  transferred  from  Thebes  to  the  new  capital  of 

are  carved  on  the  thrones  of  the  colossi  of  the  Ehu-en-Aten,  along  with  the  rest  of  the  rojal 

period  of  the  twelfth  dynasty,  and,  finally,  a  archives.     Palestine  was  held  at  the  time  bj 

Eolished  sandstone  oose  measuring  eleven  and  a  Egyptian  garrisons,  and  the  representatives  of 
alf  inches  in  width.  From  this  feature,  Mr.  the  Egyptian  Government  appear  to  have  been 
Petrie  estimates  that  the  statue,  when  perfect,  active  in  sending  home  news  about  all  that 
must  have  been  about  thirty-five  feet  high,  was  going  on.  Among  the  cities  of  Palestioe 
The  masses  of  fragments  about  the  other  altar  from  which  letters  were  dispatched  were  By- 
give  hope  that  similar  remains  of  a  second  bias,  Smyrna,  Akko  or  Acre,  Megiddo,  and 
statue  may  be  found  there.  The  pedestals  are  Ashkelon ;  and  reference  is  made  in  one  of  the 
twenty- two  feet  high.  Supposing  the  statues  letters  to  a  coalition,  at  the  head  of  which  was 
to  have  been  set  upon  a  base  three  feet  high,  the  the  king  of  Gath. 

total  elevation  of  the  figures  above  the  ground  About  three  fourths  of  the  whole  number  of 
is  estimated  to  have  been  sixty  feet.  Each  the  tablets  have  been  deposited  in  the  Royal 
pedestal  appears  to  have  been  surrounded  by  Museum  of  Berlin  and  the  British  Museom. 
an  open  court,  walled  around  to  about  the  Among  those  in  the  Berlin  collection  are  letters 
height  of  the  base  of  the  statue.  As  these  and  dispatches  from  Tushratta,  King  of  Mit- 
walls  inclined  inward,  like  the  sides  of  pyloons  anni;  Burrabnrriyash,  King  of  Karaduiyash; 
and  pyramids,  the  effect  when  viewed  from  a  and  other  kings  of  parts  of  Mesopotamia.  The 
distance  would  be  precisely  that  of  a  truncated  fact  is  established  in  them  that  Tushratta  was 
pyramid  surmounted  by  a  seated  statue.  The  the  father-in-law  of  Amenophis  III,  thus  con- 
exaggerations  by  Herodotus  of  the  heights  of  firming  the  representations  on  the  scarabei  of 
the  monuments — which  he  gave  as '^  fifty  fath-  that  long,  that  he  married  a  Mesopotamian 
oms  above  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  ex-  woman.  Among  the  eighty-five  tablets  acquired 
tending  as  far  beneath  " — as  well  as  of  the  size  by  the  British  Museum  are  several  of  consider- 
of  Lake  Moeris,  are  ascribed  to  his  having  vis-  able  importance  for  the  study  of  the  relations 
ited  the  country  during  the  inundation,  and  to  which  existed  between  the  kings  of  Mesopota- 
his  having  been  misled  by  his  guides,  who  were  mia  and  Egypt.  A  dispatch  from  Tushratta  to 
probably  no  more  trustworthy  than  the  drago-  Amenophis  III  refers  to  a  treaty  which  existed 
mans  of  the  present  day.  between  the  father  of  the  former  and  Ame- 

Mr.  Cope  Whitehouse,  on  the  other  hand,  nophis,  and  conveys  proposals  for  a  marriage 

who  has  made  a  survey  of  the  depression  called  between  his  great-nephew  and  the  daughter  of 

the  Raian  basin,  to  the  south  and  west  of  the  the  Egyptian  king.     A  dispatch  from  Burra- 

Fayonm,  believes  that  be  has  found  there  the  burriyash  to  Amenophis  IV,  besides  allusions  to 

site  of  an  ancient  lake  that  was  ample  and  deep  a  treaty,  mentions  exchanges  of  gifts.     Letters 

enough  to  answer  the  description    given  by  from  the  king  of  a  country  called  Alashiya  also 

Herodotus  as  of  Lake  MobHs.  •  It  is  described  mention  gifts  and  negotiations,  and  ask  for  the 

as  being  forty  miles  long,  twenty  miles  wide,  return  of  the  property  of  a  subject  of  Alashiya 

and   more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  who  had  died  in  Egypt  leaving  his  family  in 

deep,  and  connected  with  two  other  depres-  the  former    country.      Other   dispatches  are 

sions,  one  of  which  is  represented  by  the  Bir-  from  Tushratta  to  the  wife  of  Amenophis  UI, 

ket-al-Keroun,  and  the  other  is  the  Gharaq  the  greatly  beloved  Ti  of  the  Egyptian  mona- 

basin.     The  Birket  is  fed  by  the  canal  called  ments,  who  appears  to  have  been  the  daughter 

the  Bahr  Jusuf,  which   runs  almost   parallel  of  Tushratta,  in  which  the  proposed  alliance  of 

with  the  river  from  Osioot,  till  it  finds  a  pass  his  great-nephew  with  Amenophis's  daughter 

through   the    hills  and  enters  the    Fayoum.  is  again  mentioned.      Mr.    A.  H.   Sayce  has 

After  emerging  from  the  pass  it  divides  into  found  in  one  of  the  inscriptions  a  mention  of  a 

four  branches,  running  in  different  directions  targumanam  or  dragoman  having  been  sent 

toward  the  Birket  or  different  parts  of  the  de-  with  a  letter,  giving  the  first  example  of  the 

pression.     A  fifth  channel  may  also  be  traced,  use  of  this  word. 

Within  the  depression,  near  the  northwestern  Jlfevphls  CoImsI  of  RaaiesM  II. — Mtgor  Arthur 

edge,  is  a  hill  called  Grande  Butte,  or  Haram  Bagnold  described  before  the  Society  of  Bibli- 

by  the  Egyptians,  which  may  be  the  island  cal  Archaeology,  at  its  February  meeting,  the 

described  by  Herodotus.  raising  of  the  pair  of  colossal  statues  of  Rame- 

Doravents  tn  the  Babylonltn  Langnage. — A  large  ses  II,  at  Memphis,  which  are  mentioned  by 

number  of  clay  tablets  and  fragments  of  tablets  Herodotus  and  Diodorus  as  having  stood  in 

inscribed  with  cuneiform  characters  have  been  front  of  the  temple  of  Ptah.     One  of  them  had 

discovered  among  the  ruins  of  Tel-el- Amarna,  been  partly  brought  to  light  by  Sloane  and 

in  Upper  Egypt,  the  site  of  the  capital  built  by  Caviglia,  and  Hekekian  Bey  once  began  to  «lig 

Amenophis  IV,  or  Khu-en-Aten.     They  were  around  it;    and  a  cast  of  its  face  was  in  the 

discovered  in  the  tomb  of  a  royal  scribe,  and  British  Museum.     The  colossus  was  raised  by 

consist  largely  of  letters  and  dispatches  sent  the  aid  of  hydraulic  apparatus,  propped  up, 

by  the  kings  and  governors  of  Palestine,  Syria,  photographed,  and  then  laid  upon  its  back,  in 

Mesopotamia,  and  Babylonia,  to  Amenophis  III  the  position  which  it  had  before  occupied.    It 

and  IV ;  and  a  note  in  hieratic  on  one  of  them  is  thought  to  have  been  about  thirty-five  feet 

says  that  a  large  portion  of  them  bad  been  high,  but  was  broken  off  at  the  knees,  and  the 


AROHJEOLOGY.    (Palestine.)  31 

lid  not  be  f  ouDd.   It  is  admirably  carved,        Palcstliie.    The  PmI  of  Belhesda.  —  The  Pal- 
)  face  of  the  king  is  nearly  perfect.  estine  Exploration  Fund  has  announced  the 
8  at  Stoat* — The  rock-cut  tombs  of  Siout,  discovery  by   Herr  Conrad  Schick,  near  the 
Lycopolis,  have  been  re-examined  by  Church  of  St.  Anne,  Jerusalem,  of  what  may 
Llewellen  Griffith,  who  made  careful  in  all  probability  be  identified  with  the  Pool 
ipts  of  all  the  eztaot  inscriptions.    Mr.  of  Bethesda.      An  apparently   uninterrupted 
determined  the  date  of  the  great  tomb  chain  of  evidence  from  a.  d.  833  to  the  year 
as  Stahl-Autar,  having  found  that  it  1180  speaks  of  the  Prohatica  pueina  as  near 
cavated  in  the  reign  of  Usertesen  I,  of  the  church  of  St.  Anne.     The  place  spoken  of 
fifth  dynasty.     He  also  discovered  that  is  said  by  the  earliest  writers  to  have  formerly 
»er  ranges  of  tombs  in  the  same  clilf  be-  had  five  porches,  then  in  ruins.    Recently  the 
»  the  hitherto  unrepresented  dynasties  Algerian  monks  laid  bare  a  large  tank  or  cis- 
icleopolis  (the  ninth  and  tenth  dynasties  tern  cut  in  the  rock  to  the  depth  of  thirty 
etho).  feet,   lying  nearly  under  a  later  building,  a 
•f  the  Dead  —  AeI  Papyras.  —  A  hiero-  church  with  an  apse  at  the  east  end.    The  cis- 
papyrns  containing  a  recension  of  the  tern  is  55  feet  long  from  east  to  west,  and  12^^ 
f  the  Dead,  which  was  written  for  the  feet  in  breadth  from  north  to  south.  A  flight  of 
;ribe  Ani,  in  the  early  part  of  the  nine-  24  steps  leads  down  into  the  pool  from  the  east- 
dynasty,  has  been  acquired  for  the  Brit-  em  scarp  of  rock.  This  pool  was  not,  however, 
seam.     It  is  in  excellent  preservation,  large  enough  to  supply  the  first  requisite  for  the 
:cept  for  the  absence  of  a  character  Pool  of  Bethesda — that  it  should  be  possible  to 
id  there,  is  complete,  and  contains  some  have  five  porches;  but  Sir  Charles  Wilson  had 
es  of  rare  beauty.    The  fact  that  it  con-  pointed  out  that  this  condition  could  be  ful- 
chapter,  the  one  hundred  and  seventy-  filled  if  there  were  a  twin  pool  lying  by  the 
hich  has  not  been  found  complete  any-  side  of  this  one,  so  that  the  two  pools  could 
else,  gives  it  an  extraordinary  value.  have  one  portico  on  each  of  the  four  sides, 
ChrMtai  Scilptues* — Many  specimens  of  and  one  between  them  on  the  wall  of  separa- 
/hristiau   sculptures  from  Egypt  show  tion.    Such  a  pool  has  been  since  discovered 
»f  the  ancient  pagan  styles,  and  of  the  by  Herr  Schick.    It  is  60  feet  long,  and  of  the 
ion  of  them  to  the  purposes  of  the  same  breadth  with  the  first  pool.     The  pool  is 
m  faith.     In  a  very  primitive  presen-  therefore  concluded  to  be  undoubtedly  the  one 
[>f  the  Virgin  and  Child,  with  a  figure  pointed  out  by  the  writers  as  the  Piscina  Pro- 
in  a  dalmatica  standing  before  them,  hatica;  and  it  afibrds  ample  room  for  the  five 
le  Fayoum,  the  two  principal  figures  porches  spoken  of  in  the  Gospel,  as  well  as  for 
irely  nude,  and  are  described  as  simply  the  ^yq  porticos — which  were  probably  the 
icing  the  well-known  group  in  Egyptian  same — which  are  spoken  of  by  the  "  Bordeaux 
Isis  suckling  Horus;  even  the  chair  in  Pilgrim  *'  as  being  then  there  in  ruins. 
he  Virgin  is  seated  is  of  the  same  fash-        The  Walls  of  Jenisaleii. — The  topography  of 
the  chairs  of  the  twenty-sixth  or  ear-  ancient  Jerusalem  has  been  difficult  to  make 
lasties.     In  a  representation  of  a  saint  out,  and  the  site  of  the  sepulchre  of  the  kings 
^  in  a  niche,  the  colonnettes  are  de-  of  Judah  remains  unknown.    But  the  problem 
ifter  columns  of  purely  Egyptian  tem-  has  been  simplified  by  recent  excavations,  the 
\.  bass-relief  of  St.  George  slaying  the  bearing  of  which  was  explained  in  the  British 
has  its  counterpart  in  figures  of  Horus  Association  by  Mr.  George  St.  Clair.     We  now 
Set.     In  a  collection  of  Coptic  textiles  for  the  first  time  know  the   contours  of  the 
3,  sirens,  cnpids,  and  other  fabulous  fig-  rock  and  the  features  of  hill  and  valley  before 
m  the  pagan  mythology  appear  as  com-  the  80  feet  of  debris  began  to  accumulate.  The 
[laments.     Of  this  character  are  a  com-  Akra  of  the  Maccabees  being  defined,   it   is 
I  of  the  Triumph  of  Bacchus  in  the  Mu-  seen  how,   by  the  recorded  filling  up  of  the 
■  Lyons,  and  three  embroidered  pieces  Asmonean  valley,  the  two  parts  of  the  Lower 
lb   Kensington  containing  half-length  City  became  joined  into  one  crescent,  lying 
[>f  Ap>ollo,  Hermes,  and  Hercules,  w'ith  with  its  concave  side  toward  the  Upper  City, 
imes  inscribed  on  the  background.     In  according  to  the  description  of  Josephus.    The 
^rilievo   representing  Christ    and   his  investigations  of  Sir  Charles  Warren  show  that 
,  also  from  Akhmin,  and  assigned  to  the  temple  must  be  placed  on  the  summit  of 
iod  of  Theodosius  II  or  Marcian,  the  Moriah,  with  Solomon^s  palace  southeast  of  it, 
ire  arranged,  standing  in  line,  without  leaving  a  vacant  square  of  300  feet  where  now 
at  artistic  grouping,  dressed  in  the^  we  have  the  southwest  quarter  of  the  Haram 
Roman  sculpture,  and  separated  by  a  area.  From  the  southeast  quarter  of  the  Haram 
>mamental  motive.    Each  of  the  heads  inclosure  extends  the  wall  of  Ophel,  discovered 
anded  by  a  nimbus,  that  of  our  Lord  by  Warren,  running  76  feet  to  the  south,  then 
istingaished  by  a  cross  inside  of  the  bending  toward  the  southwest.     Further,  it  is 
These  various  objects  combine,  in  the  found  that  from  tlje  Gate  of  the  Chain,  in  the 
those  who  have  examined  them,  to  il-  west  wall  of  the  Haram  inclosure,  a  causeway, 
the  artistic  activity  of  the  period  form-  with  complicated  structures,  extends  westward 
link  between  ancient  and  modem  art.  toward  the  Jafia  Gate.     Having  this  ground- 


i 


32 


ARCHiEOLOGY.    (Hittite.) 


work,  we  may  proceed  to  place  the  walls.  The 
third  wall,  built  by  Agrippa,  does  not  concern 
us.  The  site  of  the  second  wall  has  been 
partly  fixed  by  Herr  Oonrad  Schick.  The  first 
wall  was  the  wall  of  the  Upper  City.  On  the 
northern  side  it  ran  from  the  Jaffa  Gate  to 
the  Haram  wall.  The  uncertainty  has  been 
about  its  southern  portion.  The  investigations 
of  the  author  have  led  him  to  adopt  a  line 
that  corresponds  in  detail  with  the  descrip- 
tions in  the  Book  of  Nehemiah.  Taking  Nehe- 
miah's  night  survey,  then  the  consecutive  allot- 
ments of  work  assigned  to  those  who  repaired 
the  walls,  and,  thirdly,  the  points  successively 
reached  and  passed  by  the  processionists  when 
the  walls  were  dedicated,  it  is  shown  that  every 
mention  of  a  gate  or  a  tower,  the  number  and 
order  of  the  salient  and  re-enteriog  angles, 
and  every  other  note  of  locality,  exactly  agree 
with  the  course  of  the  walls  as  suggested. 
This  course,  moreover,  involves  the  least  pos- 
sible variation  from  the  present  line  of  walls, 
and  that  more  in  the  way  of  addition  than  of 
deviation.  The  hypothesis  commending  itself 
as  true  by  corresponding  minutely  with  Nehe- 
miah's  description,  by  tallying  exactly  with 
other  Biblical  references,  and  by  meeting  all 
the  other  requirements  of  the  case,  it  has  the 
important  practical  bearing  that  it  indicates 
the  site  of  the  royal  sepulchres,  of  the  stairs 
of  the  City  of  David,  of  **  the  gate  between 
the  two  walls,"  etc.,  and  shows  that  Zion  was 
the  eastern  hill. 

mttlte.    Characteristic  FIgires  of  the  iBflcriptloiM. 
— In  a  course  of  lectures  at  the  British  Muse- 


the  peoples  of  the  ooantry  of  the  Rhatti  men- 
tioned on  the  Assyrian  monument?.  Some  of 
the  personages  among  the  representatives  of  the 
Hittites  on  £gyptian  monuments,  and  also  fig- 
ures of  persons  in  authority  found  at  Jerablus, 
or  Carcbemish,  are  represented  with  the  '*  pig- 
tail," while  other  figures  are  in  long  hair  with- 
out this  style  of  dress.  This  would  indicate— 
supposing  the  mass  of  the  population  to  have 
been  Semitic  or  of  allied  race — that  there  was 
in  some  of  the  cities  at  least,  a  ruling  stock  of 
another  race,  which  may  have  been  Tartar. 
On  the  opposite  sides  of  the  walls  of  the  great 
chasm  of  Bogaz  Keui  are  processions,  one  of 
male  the  other  of  female  figures  which  meet  at 
the  head  of  the  ravine,  where  a  gigantic  male 
figure,  standing  on  the  bent-down  heads  of 
two  persons  with  long  robes,  and  a  female  fig- 
ure standing  on  some  animal  and  wearing  a 
mural  crown  are  presenting  fioral  symbols  in 
which  is  a  form  like  that  oif  the  mandragora  or 
mandrake,  to  each  other.  The  figures  in  the 
female  procession,  each  bearing  what  resem- 
bles an  unstrung  bow,  remind  tlie  observer  of 
the  Amazons;  and  it  is  a  striking  fact  that 
Bogaz  Keui  is  not  far  from  the  place,  by  the 
river  Thermodon,  to  which  the  Greeks  assigned 
the  Amazons.  If  the  story  of  the  Amazons 
was  purely  legendary,  these  sculptures  might 
be  regarded  as  showing  that  it  was  believed  in 
in  what  might  be  regarded  as  their  own  coun- 
try. A  seal  lately  obtained  from  Yusgat,  now 
in  the  British  Museum,  is  considered  to  cast 
some  light  on  the  nature  of  the  Hittite  inscrip- 
tions.   It  is  circular  and  contains  solar,  devo- 


CENTRAL  BASS-RELIEF  AT  BOOAZ  KEUI. 


nm,  Mr.  Thomas  Tyler  expressed  it  as  the  cur- 
rently received  opinion  that  there  probably 
never  was  a  Hittite  empire  in  such  a  sense  as 
the  word  empire  now  suggests.  The  view  that 
the  nation  consisted  of  independent  states  or  cit- 
ies, which  formed  federations  under  pressure  of 
the  necessities  of  war  is  apparently  confirmed 
by  the  expression,  **  King  of  the  Hittites,"  used 
in  the  Old  Testament.  These  peoples  are  to  be 
identified  with  the  Khita  of  the  Egyptians  and 


tional,  and  symbolical  designs,  with  a  male  fig- 
^ure  bringing  tribute  or  a  present,  and  a  female 
making  obeisance  to  a  king  sitting  on  a  throne, 
behind  whom  are  other  figures  symbolical,  per- 
haps, of  the  spoilsof  war  or  the  hunt.  Thedesign 
is  analogous  to  a  portion  of  the  doorway  inscrip- 
tion from  Jerablus,  in  which  oxen,  asses,  and 
other  valuable  possessions,  the  spoils  of  war,  are 
presented  to  a  king  wearing  a  pigtail  and  a  con- 
ical cap.     A  quadrangular  seal  from  Tarsus,  en- 


AROHJEOLOGY.    (Afbioa.)  83 

• 

n  five  faces,  bears  on  one  face  two  fig-  obtains  its  fonds  tbrongb  the  subscriptions  of 

renting  a  floral  symbol  resembling  the  citizens. 

e,  while  of  seven  other  principal  fig-  TlieTeMpleatSlpiianu — In  describing  the  tem- 

>,  one  having  the  head  of  a  hawk,  wear  pie  that  Mr.  Rassam  has  discovered  at  Aboo 

IL    All  the  figures  have  the  toes  turned  Unbba,  the  site  of  the  ancient  Sippara,   or 

what  are  called  the  Uittite  boots.    Fig-  Sepharvaim,  Mr.  W.  St.  Chad  Boscawen  has 

•  occur  resembling  the  crux  ansataj  or  pointed  out  the  close  resemblance  that  it  pre- 

>r'  life,  of  the  Egyptian  monuments.  sented  to  the  Jewish   temple.      Its  internal 

tda   of  FtssUler. — Mr.  Sterrett,  of  the  arrangements  and  even  the  names  of  the  dif- 

n  School  at  Athens,  describes  the  dis-  ferent  portions  were  identical  with  those  of 

t  Fassiller,  not  far  from  the  site  of  Lys-  the  Jewish  temple.    The  Holy  Place  (hekal) 

lauria,  of  a  monument  of  the  same  class  was  separated  from  the  Holy  of  Holies  (par- 

ulptures  at  Bogaz  Eeui,  Euy&k,  and  6i-  rako)  by  a  veil.     In  the  civil  portions  of  the 

i»i.     It  is  an  immense  monolithic  atela^  temple  a  close  parallel  was  presented  to  those 

ig  on  its  back,  and  contains  the  figures  of  the  Mohammedan  mosque.    The  temple  was 

nen  and  two  lions  in  very  high  relief,  the  treasury ;  it  was  also  the  school,  and,  like 

ag  the  center  of  the  stone,  at  the  hot-  the  mosque,  was  supported  by  a  glebe  or  wahvf 

1  erect  human  figure,  clothed  in  a  gown  estates  and  a  regular  tithe.     Several  thousand 

the  whole  of  it.  to  the  ground.     The  tablets  had  been  discovered  by  Mr.  Rassam  in 

e  clasped  on  the  breast,  with  the  chin  the  treasury  of  the  temple,  covering  a  period 

:  them.     The  head-dress  seems  to  be  extending  from  the  fall  of  l^ineveh,  625  b.  o., 

:  its  month  is  open ;  its  ears  and  eyes  until  the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great.     These 

large.     On  either  side  of  this  figure  archives  throw  much  light  upon  all  branches 

lion,  full  face,  about  as  tall  as  the  man  of  Babylonian  social  customs,  and  make  possi- 

his  crested  helmet,  and  with  the  legs  ble  a  restoration  of  the  life  of  the  people  in  the 

led ;  that  is,  the  curvatures  alone  are  by-gone  past  with  the  fullest  detail.    Among 

I,  while  the  mass  of  stone  between  the  tablets  is  one  recording  the  payment  of  the 

has  not  been  dng  away.     Above  the  tithes  by  the  majar  domo  of  Belshazzar,  and  a 

tgare  is  a  second  figure  of  a  man  strid-  list  of  the  dues  paid  by  the  prince  himself  in 

ard,  his  left  foot,  which  is  in  front,  behalf  of  himself  and  his  father.    The  date  of 

og  his  whole  weight.    This  foot  rests  the  reign  of  the  older  Sargon,  as  given  on  the 

bop  of  the  crest  of  the  helmet  of  the  cylinder  of  Nabonidus  which  was  recovered  in 

;nre;  bnt  the  feet  are  not  chiseled  out,  this  temple  (about  3800  b.  o.),  may  be  regarded 

odicated.    The  legs  are  merely  straight  as  correct.     The  historical  statements  on  the 

*he  right  hand  is  raised,  and  holds  a  same  cylinder  are  in  all  other  particulars  accu- 

>ject,  with  something  projecting  from  rate.    Among  the  other  inscriptions  found  on 

ally  on  one  side,  while  a  large  object  this  site,  were  some  cylinders  recording  the 

nder  the  left  arm.    This  object  reach-  restoration  of  the  great  canal  known  as  the 

feet,  but  diminishes  in  size  and  relief,  Nahr  Malka  by  Kliammurabi,    who  reigned 

tie  foot  the  relief  is  very  slight.     On  about  2200  b.  c.     These  inscriptions,  coupled 

I  is  a  grand  tiara,  with  four  divisions  with  others   written  nearly  fifteen   centuries 

3.    The  whole  height  of  the  stela  is  7*28  later  by  Nabopolassar,  show  that  during  that 

width  at  bottom,  2*75  metres:  thick-  long  interval  the  Euphrates  had  shifted  its 

op,  0-32  metre.     A  circular  seaV  hav-  course  to  the  west.     In  Sargon's  time  (8800 

ring-hole,  was  engraved  on  one  of  the  b.  c.)  the  river  no  doubt  flowed  close  to  the 

vex  sides  with  a  human  figure  having  walls  of  Sippara,  but  in  2200  b.  c.  it  had  re- 

ead  and  wearing  the  boots  with  turned  moved  so  far  west  that  a  canal  had  to  be  cut 

and  with  a  design  on  the  other  side  to  connect  the  city  with  the  river,  and  in  550 

Id  not  be  made  out.  b.  o.  this  canal  had  to  be  still  further  prolonged 

lift.    BabykMlaB  Ex]pl«ntton  Fud  vf  Philt-  to  meet  the  still  receding  river.     These  facts 

-An  exploring  party  has  been  sent  out  afiford  evidence  of  the  antiquity  of  the  city. 

onia  under  the  auspices  of  the  Baby-  Africa*    The  Caves  of  the  Troglodytci8«  —  The 

Ixploration  Fund  of  Philadelphia,  and  caves  of    the  troglodytes,  near   Ain   Tarsil, 

>in  New  York  on  the  23d  of  June.    It  about  three  days'  ride  southwest  of  the  city  of 

of  Dr.  John  P.  Peters,  director,  with  Morocco,  have  been  visited  and  partly  explored 

lant,  Mr.  J.  D.  Prince;  Dr.  Hilprecht,  by  a  correspondent  of  the  London  *' Times." 

roiversity  of  Pennsylvania,  and   Dr.  They  had  been  previously  visited  by  Balanza 

of  Yale,  Assyriologists ;    Mr.  P.  H.  and  Sir  Joseph  Hooker,  who  mention  them 

chitect ;  and  Mr.  J.  H.  Haynes,  pho-  but  did  not  explore  them.    They  are  situated 

r.    Arrangements  were  made  for  carry-  in  a  narrow  gorge,  or  cafion,  the  cliffs  of  which 

le  work  for  one  year,  its  continuance  rise  admost  perpendicularly  from  a  deep  valley, 

i  npon   the  success  achieved  during  and  are  cut  in  the  solid  rock  at  a  considerable 

The  Babylonian  Exploration  Fund  height  from  the  ground.     In  some  places  they 

nized  in  Philadelphia,  in  November,  are  in  single  tiers,  and  in  other  places  in  two  or 

er  the  presidency  of  Dr.  Pepper,  Pro-  three  tiers,  one  above  the  other,  and  ordinarily 

;be  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  inaccessible,  except  by  ropes  and  ladders.    The 
fL.  xrmf. — 3  A 


34  ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 

entrances  to  the  caves  vary  from  8)  to  4^  feet        Fbumces. — On  March  81,  1888,  the  i 

in  height,  are  about  3  feet  broad,  and  give  ac-  indebtedness  of  the  republic  amounted  t< 

cess  to  rooms  of  comfortable  size,  furnished  427,000;  the  domestic  debt,  at  the  sam 

with  windows,  which  were  in  some  cases  con-  amounted  to  $47,000,000;  total,  $139,4S 

nected   with  other  smaller  rooms,  also  fur-  The  provinces  have  besides  a  foreign  d 

nished  with  windows.    The  appearance  of  the  $88,219,611,  and  a  domestic  debt  of  $2 

caves  is  hardly  consistent  with  the  conception  000.     Tke  income  in  1887  was  $58,1^ 

of  the  troglodytes  as  savages,  which  has  been  and  the  expenditure,  $50,019,000. 
drawn  from  Hanno^s  account  of  them.     For        The  law  making  the  authorized  note 

these  abodes  show  signs  of  great  labor,  and  in-  lation  of  banks  a  legal  tender  will  exp 

dioate  that  their  builders,  in  making  the  floors  Jan.  9,  1889,  when  it  will  forcibly  have 

and  ceilings  perfectly  smooth,  and  putting  more  renewed.     On  June  15,  1888,  the  Gover 

than  one  window  in  the  same  room  if  it  was  had  in  circulation  $6,000,000  of  fraction 

a  large  one,  had  ideas  of  care  and  comfort  per  money.     In   1887  the  gold  premii 

RnaBia.    The  Tovb  of  a  Sejrthfaui  King. — Inter-  Buenos  Ay  res  averaged  35^  per  cent.,  a^ 

esting  and  important  discoveries  have   been  pared  with  38}  in  1886,  and  37  in  1885. 

made  in  the  exploration  by  the  Russian  Im-  in  May,  1888,  the  Government  held  $7' 

perial     Archeaological    Commission     of     the  000  gold  coin,  ready  to  moderate  the  pre 

mounds  of  that  district  of  the  western  Cauca-  A  bridle  has  been  put  on  wild  stock  sp 

sus  which  is  traversed  by  the  river  Kuban,  tion  by  limiting  the  delivery  of  stocks  oi 

One  of  the  most  important  of  them — the  Great  sales  to  thirty  days.     Since  1880  the  I 

Kurgan  near  Krymskaia — consists  of  three  tine  Government,   provinces,   railroads 

chambers,  extending  through  a  length  of  67  have  contracted  loans  to  the  amount  of 

feet.     The  walls  are  of  massive,   well-hewed  810,000 ;  out  of  this  amount  only  $43,0i 

slabs  of  stone,  stuccoed  and  frescoed,  and  the  went  toward  canceling  matured  bonds, 

floor,  of  stone  slabs,  is  laid  in  cement.    The  eral  now  loans  were  negotiated  in  Europe  < 

first  of  these  chambers  contained  numerous  1888 ;  one  for  £7,000,000  for  the  conv 

archsBological  relics  of  earthenware,  silver,  en-  of  outstanding  Government  bonds  from 

graved  beads,  remains  of  an  iron  wheel  and  of  cent,  interest  to  4^  per  cent. ;  £2,000,< 

two  horses,  and  the  skeleton  of  a  young  woman  behalf  of  the  city  of  Buenos  Ayres:  £i 

of  high  rank,  with  a  triangular  golden  plate  000,  city  of  Rosario ;  £2,000,000,  provi: 

bearing  figures  in  relief,  which  formed  part  of  06rdoba;  £1,000,000,  province  of  Sant 

her  tiara,  and  other  personal  ornaments  of  gold.  £600,000,  province  of  Tucuman ;  provi 

The  sec'md  room  contained  a  few  relics.    In  the  Mendoza,  £1,000,000 ;  province  of  San 

third,  or  principal  room,  was  a  skeleton,  which  £1,000,000 ;  province  of  Entre-Rios,  £1 

is  presumed  to  be  of  a  Scythian  king,  having  000 ;  and,  province  of  Corrientes,  £1,00 

around  its  neck  a  thick  golden  unclosed  hoop,  together,  £2 1 ,200,000.     The  bunk  of  the 

bearing  figures  at  the  ends ;   near  it  a  golden  ince  of  Buenos  Ayres  also  floated  a  $20,0 

plate,  which  was  probably  part  of  head-dress,  loan  in  Germany.     During  1887  the  nj 

trnd  around  it  silver  drinking-horns  and  drink-  bank  increased  its  capital  by  $12,000,00 

ing-cups,  a  silver  quiver  overlaid   with  gold  the  following  banks  were  fourtded :  The 

and  adorned  with  figures,  copper  arrows,  and  man  and  Rio  de  la  Plata  Bank,  capital  on  a 

iron  spear-points.     Remains  of  rotten  boards  $2,000,000 ;  the  French  Bank,  $2,000,00 

and  nails  indicated  that  both  bodies  had  been  new  Italian  Bank,  $2,000,000;  the  Arg 

inclosed  in  coffins.     The  relics  are  assigned  to  People^s   Bank,  $1,000,000;  and   the  £ 

a  date  not  much  later  than  the  Christian  era,  Ayres  People's  Bank,  $3,000,000 ;  the 

and  are  believed  to  represent  an  age  of  Scythi-  de  C6rdoba  increasing  its  capital  $500,0( 
an  arts  and  customs  of  which  little  has  hitherto        On  June  15,  1888,  the  total  note  circc 

been  known.  of  banks  was  $87,925,000.     On  June  15, 

ARGENTIBfE  REPUBLIC,  an  independent   re-  it  was  $79,000,000.    The  banking  and  cui 

public  of  South  America.    (For  details  of  area,  of  the  Argentine  Republic  have  been 

population,  etc.,  see  "  Annual  Cyclopaedia"  for  extremely  unsettled  condition  for  sevoral 

1883.)  A  resolute  attempt  to  put  them  upon  a 

Govenmeot — The    President  is    Dr.   Juarez  basis  was  made  in  the  law  of  Nov,  8, 

Celman,  whose  term  of  office  will  expire  on  which  made  banking  practically  free,  an 

Oct.  12,  1892 ;  the  Vice-President  is  Dr.  Car-  vided  a  national  currency  guaranteed  I 

los  Pellegrini.     The  Cabinet  was  composed  of  tional  bonds  bearing  4i  per  cent,  inter 

the  following  ministers :  Interior,  Dr.  Eduardo  gold.     These  bonds  are  delivered  to  any 

Wilde;  Foreign  Affairs,  N.  Q.  Costa ;  Finance,  ing  institution  that  submits  to  the  re* 

Dr.  W.  Pacheco ;  Justice,  Dr.  F.  Posse ;  War  Government  inspection,  for  85  per  0€ 

and  Navy,  Gen.  E.  Racedo.     The  Argentine  their  par  value,  and  may  be  deposited  as 

Minister  at   Washington  is  Don  Vicente  G.  rity  for  an  issue  of  bills  up  to  the  face  va 

Quesada,  and  the  Consul  at  New  York,  Sefior  the  bonds. 

Adolf o  G.  Calvo.    The  American  Minister  at        Amy  and  NtTy. — The  army  of  tiie  re 

Buenos  Ayres  is  Bay  less  W.  Hanna,  and  the  exclusive  of  the  National  Guard,  accordi 

Consul,  Edward  L.  Baker.  official  returns  of  June,  1887,  was  6,256  e 


ARGEIJTINE  REPUBLIC. 


85 


^  2,945  infantry,  2,571  cavalry,  and 
ry.    The  National  Guard  was  400,- 

• 

y  coDBists  of  88  vessels,  mounting  78 
total  tonnage  of  16,612,  with  18,055 
horse-power,  and  manned  hy  1,966 
'here  are  three  iion-clads,  four  cruis- 
pin- boats,  seven  torpedo-boats,  four 
isports,  and  sixteen  smaller  steam 
;  craft. 

(. — The  lines  in  operation  in  the 
1 1887  were  as  follow  : 

Lhi^  hi 
kilometrac. 

Ines 1,874 

og  to  the  province  of  Baenos  Ayres 989 

n^  to  the  province  of  Santa  F6 298 

Off  to  the  province  of  Entre-Klos 286 

8,701 

6,648 

re  in  course  of  construction  1,651 
\,  to  which  will  be  added  7,925 
I  of  new  lines,  at  a  total  cost  of 
K),  on  which  the  Government  has 
n  to  guarantee  5  per  cent,  interest, 
xception  of  the  Formosa- Tarija  line, 
cost  only  4^  per  cent,  is  to  be  guaran- 
le  Argentine  railroad  system  for- 
1  1887  7,657,406  passenf^ers,  and 
tons  of  merchandise.  The  gross 
were  $28,805,722,  and  the  ranning 
^13,177,772  leaving  net  earnings  to 
It  of  $10,627,950.  During  1886  and 
essions  were  granted  for  the  building 
I  of  railway ;  in  1888  there  were  84 
18  for  concessions  to  construct  new 

,  200  kilometres  of  tramway,  out  of 
600  kilometres  to  be  constructed  in 
liate  vicinity  of  Buenos  Ayres,  were 
5  order. 

IM. — The  lines  in  operation  in  1887 
ad  and  operated  as  follows : 


s. 

LENGTH  nf  KILO- 
MBTBXB. 

OillMa. 

Employte. 

MO«t. 

Win. 

Cabls. 

78 
68 

18,017 
M64 

80,668 
12.185 

407 
261 

1,806 
852 

28,181  42,808 

141 

668 

1,667 

re  added  to  the  Argentine  telegraph 

1887,  8,400  kilometres  of  line,  and 
metres  were  repaired.     There  were 

of  construction   850  kilometres  of 

.    The  number  of  private  telegrams 

651,280;     Government    messages 

^he  receipts  rose  from  $271,441  to 

the  expenses  amounted  to  $515,425. 
Hrfke. — The  number  of  post-offices 
was  672.  The  number  of  letters 
n   1886   was    24,862,842,   of  which 

were  Government  dispatches,  and 
foreign  letters;  newspapers,  19,998,- 
lich  2,185,824  were  foreign. 
vrntf  Lines. — A  contract  was  made  in 
between    the    Government  of   the 


Argentine  Republic  and  Robert  P.  Houston,  of 
England,  by  which  the  latter  agrees  to  con- 
struct ten  steamers,  of  at  least  4,000  tons  bur- 
den and  a  speed  of  16  knots  an  hour,  to  ply 
between  the  north  of  Europe  and  the  ports 
of  the  Argentine  Republic,  and  four  steam- 
launches  for  emigrant  service  in  Europe. 
Also  four  steamers  to  ply  between  the  United 
States  and  the  ports  of  the  Argentine  Republic. 
The  principal  ccmditions  of  the  agreement  are 
the  following :  The  Government  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic  guarantees  a  loan  of  5  per  cent, 
per  annum  on  £1,250,000  for  the  European 
service,  and  5  per  cent,  per  annum  on  £360,000 
for  the  United  States  line.  The  cimtractor  for 
the  European  service  agrees  that  these  steam- 
ers shall  always  fly  the  flag  of  the  Argentine 
Republic,  and  that,  in  case  of  war,  the  Gov- 
ernment shall  have  the  option  to  buy  them  at 
a  sum  not  greater  than  their  original  cost. 
Exceptionally  good  accommodations  are  to  be 
provided  for  emigrants. 

In  case  the  revenues  of  the  contracting  com- 
pany exceed  five  per  cent.,  it  will  refund  to  the 
Government  from  this  excess  the  sums  it  has 
received  as  guarantees,  and  in  case  the  reve- 
nues reach  ten  per  cent.,  the  excess  is  to  be 
divided  between  the  Government  and  the 
company.  The  guarantee  terminates  at  the 
end  of  eighteen  years.  It  is  stipulated  that  in 
going  from  Europe  the  steamers  must  not  call 
at  any  port  except  Montevideo  and  places 
where  it  is  customary  to  take  coal ;  but  on  the 
return  trip  they  may  call  at  any  port.  One  of 
the  steamers  must  arrive  in  the  Argentine 
Republic  at  least  once  a  week.  Passenger  and 
freight  rates  are  to  be  fixed  by  agreement  be- 
tween the  Government  and  the  company.  The 
company  also  agrees  to  furnish  each  steamer 
with  a  refrigerator  capable  of  holding  at  least 
8,000  dressed  sheep  or  an  equivalent  amount 
of  beef.  The  service  is  to  begin  in  February, 
1889,  and  by  the  following  November  all  the 
steamers  must  be  running. 

The  United  States  service  will  be  performed 
under  similar  conditions,  except  that  no  re- 
frigerators are  to  be  placed  on  these  vessels. 

€<NUieree« — In  1836  there  entered  Argentine 
ports  4,727  sailing-vessels,  with  a  joint  tonrage 
of  764,238  tons,  and  6,288  steamers  registering 
2,751,062  tons.  In  1887  the  increase  in  the 
arrivals  was  4,000  vessels,  with  a  total  tonnage 
of  1,000,000. 

The  foreign  trade  of  the  Argentine  Republic 
for  six  years  has  been : 


TKARS. 

Impovti. 

Export!. 

1882 

$61,246,000 
80,485,000 
94,066.000 
92,221,000 
97.658,000 

116,292,000 

$60,889,000 

1898 

60,207,000 

1884 

68,029,000 

1885 

88.879,000 

1886 

69,584,000 

18S7 

88,827,000 

The  revenue  collected  from  customs  was 
$44,114,000  in  1887,  an  increase  of  thirty  per 
cent,  over  1886. 


86 


ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 


The  Argentine  foreign  trade  was  distributed 
in  1886  as  follows  (in  thousands  of  dollars): 


OOUNTRIEa. 

England 

France  

Belgiam 

Germany 

Italy 

SpaiD 

Holland 

United  States 

Brazil 

Urueuay 

Chili 

Paraguay 

Weat  Indies 

Other  coanlrles 

Total 


Import. 


97,658 


Kzport. 


88.482 

10,071 

17,002 

22,342 

7,821 

10,924 

8,044 

6,951 

4,647 

2,476 

8,717 

1,166 

780 

■  •  •  • 

7,648 

8,^80 

2,809 

1,948 

6,417 

2,767 

68 

2,819 

1,418 

419 

20 

1,184 

4,845 

8,742 

69,884 


The  Argentine  Republic  is  rapidly  advancing 
toward  the  position  of  an  important  grain- 
exporting  country,  fmrnense  tracts  of  pasture 
are  being  converted  into  farmland.  A  few 
years  ago  not  sufficient  wheat  was  raised  to 
supply  the  home  market.  The  number  of 
reapers  imported  into  the  country  last  year 
was  1,429.  The  chief  exports  of  Argentine 
products  in  1887  were:  Indian  corn,  861,000 
tons;  wheat,  238,000  tons;  linseed,  81,000 
tons;  jerked  beef,  19,800  tons;  wool,  240,- 
000,000  pounds  (against  290,000,000  in  1886) ; 
sheepskins,  67,000,000  pounds;  cattle,  110,000 
head. 

The  American  trade  with  the  Argentine 
Republic  is  shown  in  the  following  table  : 


YEARS. 


1885 
18S6 
1887 


Import  into  tht 

UaitMi  sum. 


$4.77^616 
4,354,880 
4,977,018 


DomMtk  uporti  to  tht 
Argcntiii*  Rvpoblie. 

18,984,190 
^020,S85 
5,911,027 


Beginning  with  the  year  1888,  the  export 
duty  on  wool  and  all  products  emanating  from 
stock-raising  has  been  abolisljed.  An  octroi, 
or  consumption -tax,  is  charged  on  all  goods 
leaving  the  bonded  warehouses  for  local  con- 
sumption, but  from  this  tax  several  articles  are 
exempted,  paying  from  2  to  60  per  cent,  import 
duty.  The  free  list  remained  the  same  as  in  1887. 

A  French  syndicate  has  conceived  the  plan 
of  organizing  a  service  of  towing,  by  means  of 
tug- boats,  vessels  through  the  Straits  of  Magel- 
lan, between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific,  the 
toll  to  be  twenty  cents  a  ton.  Ohili  would 
have  to  give  its  consent,  and  has  been  applied 
to. 

Edmtlon. — There  are  8,000  schools  and  edu- 
cational establishments  in  the  republic,  attend- 
ed by  230,000  pupils. 

ImigratlM.  —  Tlie  number  of  immigrants 
landed  in  1887  was  120,842,  in  574  steamers, 
as  compared  with  93,116  in  1886.  During  the 
first  six  months  of  1888  there  arrived  63,503 
immis^rants.  During  the  six  years,  from  1882 
to  1887,  both  inclusive,  615,220  immigrants 
landed. 

During  the  summer  of  1888  the  Government 


sent  to  Europe  the  General  Commissio 
Immigration,  Don  Samuel  Navarro,  to 
arrangements  for  advancing  passage-mo 
desirable  individuals  from  the  north  of  I 
wishing  to  emigrate  to  the  republic,  undt 
visions  of  the  law  of  November,  1887, 
repaid  in  three  equal  yearly  installment 
first,  one  year,  after  arrival. 

(MmdatlM. — A  colonization  society  ba 
formed  in  Brussels,  Belgium,  for  the 
ment  and  exploitation  of  40,000  becta 
land  granted  by  the  Argentine  Govemro* 
the  purpose  to  Florimond  van  Varen 
the  capital  being  fixed  at  2,500,000  franc 
the  charter  of  the  company  extending 
twenty  years.  The  site  is  on  the  Atlan 
the  peninsula  of  Valdez,  and  the  colon; 
be  called  "New  Flanders."  The  eanct 
naire  has  bound  himself  to  introduce  the 
Belgian  families  of  farmers.  Another  < 
zation  company  was  formed  at  Oorrientes 
Oolonizadora  de  Corrientes,"  with  a  cap 
$1,000,000. 

The  Government  has  made  the  foil 
land  grants  during  seven  consecutive  ; 
In  1881,  40,000  hectares;  in  1882,  20. oi 
1888,  120,000;  in  1884,  40,000;  in  1885 
000 ;  in  1886,  907,000 ;  and  in  1887,  4,36 
together,  5,678,000  hectares.  During  th 
four  months  of  1888  the  total  land 
amounted  to  2,752,818  hectares,  sold  foi 
851,495. 

Exploring  Ezpedltleiis. — The  Geographic 
stitute  of  Buenos  Ayres,  under  Governme 
has  undertaken  to  explore  southern  Pata 
Don  Augustin  del  Castillo,  captain  of  i 
ate,  who  explored  that  part  of  the  count 
fore,  was  to  command  the  expedition, 
sailed  for  the  Gallegos  islands,  and  waste 
trate,  if  possible,  beyond  Lago  Argent 
Lagos  Viedna  and  San  Martin,  return! 
the  Rio  Negro ;  also  to  determine  the  i 
boundaries  between  the  republic  and  Ch 

Another  expedition,  having  for  its 
the  exploration  of  the  eastern  slopes  < 
Cordillera  from  Mendoza  to  the  Rio  Negi 
on  Dec.  1,  1888,  undertaken  by  Dr.  Fre 
Kurtz,  Professor  of  Botany  at  the  Uni^ 
of  C6rdoba,  and  Dr.  William  Bodenbem 
the  Palffiontological  Museum  of  that  city, 
expense  is  defrayed  by  the  Geographical 
tute  of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  by  the  Na 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  C6rdoba  jointly. 

P^maiient  Rxhlbidon.— The  President. I 
sued  a  decree  creating  a  permanent  exhi 
of  Argentine  products  at  Buenos  Ayres. 

Cattie. — The  slaughterings  at  the  sal 
for  exportation  of  salted  hides  in  the  val 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata  were  as  follows: 


PLACES. 


Baonos  Ayres. 
Montevideo . . . 
( >n  the  rivers  . 
Bio  Grande  . . . 


Total 


1887. 

1886. 

61,000 
180,000 
681,000 
420.000 

182,000' 
814,0001 
744,000 
841,000, 

1,242,000 

1^1,000  1 

ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC.  ARIZONA.                        37 

The  alaughteriDg  operations  for  the  season  of  1,200  square  miles.    Mount  Adam,  the  highest 

1888  were  763,900  head  of  cattle  in  the  Argen-  ground  in  the  colony,  rises  2,815  feet  above 

tine  Republic,  and  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  452,-  the  sea.    The  Falkland  Islands  were  discov- 

350  in  Uruguaj,  and  396,000  in  Rio  Grande,  ered  by  Davis  in  1592,  and  visited  by  Hawkins 

consdtating  a  total  of  1,622,150  head.  in  1594.    In  1763  they  were  taken  possession 

Barber  iBprtTMMBlB. — The   Argentine  Oon-  of  by  Franco ;  subsequently  they  were  held  by 

gress  approved  Engineer  Manero's  plans,  and  the  Spaniards  until  1771»  when  they  were  for 

T(^ed  $10,000,000  for  the  construction  of  a  new  a  time  abandoned,  and  the  sovereignty  of  them 

port,  the  work  on  which  is  begun,  and  will  was  given  op  to  Great  Britain.    In  1888  they 

consist  first,  of  a  canal  828  feet  wide  and  21  were  taken  possession  of  by  the  British  Gov- 

feet  deep  below  low- water  level,  prolonging  ernment  for  the  protection  of  the  whale-fish- 

tbe  Balisas  river  for  the  entrance  of  large  ery.     In  1884  the  population  was  1,640.    The 

diips;  a  basin  of  the  same  depth  will  be  con-  revenue  in  1885  was  £10,488,  and  the  ezpendi- 

stnicted  for  vessels  remaining  but  a  short  time,  tare  £7,598;   the  imports  in  the  same  year 

and  four  other  docks  or  basins   also  of  the  amounted    to  £48,814,    and    the  exports  to 

Mme  depth,  whose  wharves  will  have  a  total  £97,846. 

kngtb  of  26^  feet ;  finally,  a  maritime  basin  of  IRIZONA*     Territttflal   GovenuMnt — The  fol- 

equal  depth,  and  4,692  feet  long  will  be  made,  lowing  were  the  Territorial  officers  during  the 

All  the  masonry  will  be  of  asphaltum  blocks  year :  Governor,  C.  Meyer  Zulick ;  Secretary, 

ind  brick.     Separate  storehouses  will  be  built  James  A.  Bayard  ;   Treasurer,  0.  B.  Foster ; 

for  imported  goods  and  goods  to  be  exported,  Auditor,  John  J.  Hawkins;  Attorney- General, 

which  will  03cupy  a  total  area  of  8,280  feet  by  Briggs  Goodrich,  who  died  in  June,  and  was 

164  feet,  and  have  a  capacity  of  10,963,900  cu-  succeeded  by  John  A.  Rush,  by  appointment 

bic  feet.     All  the  wharves  will  be  provided  of  the  Governor;    Superintendent  of  Public 

with  loading  and  unloading  appliances.  Instruction,  Charles  M.  Strauss;  Commissioner 

Water wrkfc — On  Jane  23,  1888,  the  Govern-  of  Immigration,  Cameron  H.  King,  succeeded 

meat  accepted    the    propositions  of   Messrs.  by  Thomas  E.  Farrish ;   Chief-Justice  of  the 

S«nuel  B.  Hale  &  Go.,  to  complete  the  water-  Supreme  Court,  James  H.  Wright ;  Associate 

works  of  the  city,  which  will  involve  an  out-  Justices,  William  W.  Porter  and  William  H. 

lay  of  $21,000,000.    The  toll  per  honse  per  Barnes. 

BKHith  is  to  be  $6.  FlnaBces.— The  debt  of  the  Territory  is  now 

?]tlcaitu«>— The  area   under    culture    with  somewhat  over  $600,000.    Of  this  sum,  $850,- 

fiaes  in  1887,  was  about  2,700  hectares  of  2i  000  had  been  funded  into  bonds  by  the  Legis- 

acres;  and  the  wine-production  amounted  to  latures  previous  to  1887,  and  the  Legislature 

about    6,000,000    gallons,  worth    $1,500,000.  of  that  year  provided  for  the  funding  of  $200,- 

^e  vine-growing  is  chiefly  in  the  province  of  000  additional  by  the  issue  of  bonds  to  that 

San  Juan,  which  produces  trrapes  enough  to  amount.    These  bonds  were  sold  at  par  in  the 

Biake  250,000  hectolitres  of  wine.    One  wine-  following  November  to  the  Bank  of  Arizona, 

making  establishment — that  of  Marenco  and  The  same  Legislatare  raised  the  interest  on  Ter- 

Ceresoto— exports  25,000  hectolitres  annually,  ritorial  warrants  from  eight  to  ten  per  cent, 

its  cellars,  factories,  etc.,  covering  a  space  of  and  increased  the  poll-tax  from  $2.00  to  $2.50. 

S0,000   square  yardis,   and  occupying,  during  The  assessed  valuation  of  the  Territory  in  1887 

vintage-time,  between  850  and  500  operatives,  was  $26,318,500.     For  1888  there  has  been  a 

There  are  several  similar  concerns  in  the  prov-  gain  of  $1,000,000  in  Maricopa  County,  and 

iace,   which    exports   80,000    hectolitres  per  $500,000  in  Yavapai  County  alone, 

innum.     The  vines  coltivated  are  Monas,  Mol-  Edicatleii* — The  school  system  is  not  yet  ef- 

kt,  and   Uva  de  Vifia ;  Bordeaux  vines  have  fective  in  drawing  a  proper  proportion  of  the 

abo  been  procured  from  Chili,  the  wine  there-  youth  of  the  Territory  into  the  public  schools. 

frotn  resembling  Burgundy  more  than  Bor-  The  average  daily  attendance  during  the  scho- 

deaax.  lastic  year  ending  in  1885  was  but  8,226,  al- 

f|aanBdBe> — In  August,  1888,  the  governments  though  there  were  10,219  children  of  school 

of  the  Argentine  Republic,  Uruguay,  and  Bra-  age  in  the  Territory.    That  is,  only  31  chil- 

al    concloded    a  convention  regulating   uni-  dren  out  of  every  100  attended  school  during 

formly  among  them  the  rules  that  henceforth  that  year,  although  the  total  expenditnres  for 

are  to  be  ob^ierved  respecting  qaaran tine  as  be-  public  schools  amounted  to  $188,164.88.    For 

tween  tbera  and  as  regards  other  nations,  to-  the  year  ending  in  1886  the  showing  is  but 

gether  with  the  sanitary  inspection  service.  little  better,  as  the  Territory  disbursed  $135,- 

The  Fiflduid  Isfaui^ — The  Argentine  Repub-  080  with  the  result  of  securing  an  average  at- 

Be  has  renewed  its  claim  to  the  Falkland  Isl-  tendance  of  35  out  of  each  100  children.    The 

ands,  now  held  by  Great  Britain.    These  isl-  reports  for  1887-'88  indicate   improvement, 

aods  are  in  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean,  between  but  there  is  still  an  evident  need  of  a  compul- 

M°  and  BS'^  south  latitude,  and  between  57°  and  sory  school  law. 

63"  west  longitnde.    They  consist  of  the  East  Land  daisis.    On  this  subject,  the  Governor 

Falkland,  area  3,000  square  miles;  the  West  says,  in  his  annual  report:  *^ Surveyor-General 

Falkland,  2,300  square  miles;  and  about  one  Hise,  in  his  recent  report  to  the  Land  Depart- 

hondred  small  islands  with  an  area  of  nearly  ment,  says  there  are  Spanish  and  Mexican  pri- 


38 


ARIZONA. 


vate  land  claims  pending  in  his  office  covering 
5,195,348  acres.  The  early  settlement  of  these 
grants  is  in  everj  way  desirable,  in  order  that 
such  claims,  if  any  there  be,  as  are  just  may  be 
confirmed,  and  such  as  are  fraudulent  may  be 
rejected,  and  the  honest  settler  who  in  good 
faith  located  upon  and  paid  the  Government 
for  his  land  may  peacefully  enjoy  the  same. 
The  proposition  before  Congress  to  transfer 
these  claims  to  a  special  court  created  for  this 
purpose,  if  passed,  or  any  transfer  of  the  settle- 
ment of  these  claims  from  the  Interior  Depart- 
ment and  Congress  to  the  judicial  arm  of  the 
Government,  can  not  fail  to  work  incalculable 
hardship  to  our  settlers,  and  consequent  dam- 
age to  the  Territory." 

Irrlgatioik— It  is  claimed  that  in  the  past  few 
years  over  $2,500,000  have  been  expended  in 
Arizona  in  the  construction  of  irrigating-canals, 
and  that  in  the  next  year  at  least  $1,500,000 
more  will  be  expended.  Great  activity  and 
enterprise  is  being  shown  throughout  the  en- 
tire southern  portion  of  the  Territory  in  locat- 
ing water-rights,  taking  out  canals,  and  re- 
claiming desert  lands.  The  most  extensive  and 
successful  irrigating  canals  are  to  be  found  in 
the  Salt  River  valley,  where  canals  over  200 
miles  in  length  and  reclaiming  about  225,000 
acres  are  now  in  operation,  and  nearly  100 
miles  more  are  in  process  of  construction.  In 
Pinal  County,  along  Gila  river,  canals  de- 
signed to  reclaim  over  200,000  acres  are  being 
constructed.  In  the  counties  of  Pima,  Cochise, 
Graham,  and  Yuma,  the  reclamation  of  land  is 
not  so  extensive,  but  beginnings  have  been 
made.  On  the  Little  Colorado  and  its  tribu- 
taries, in  the  county  of  Apache,  about  20,000 
acres  are  under  cultivation,  while  in  the  Verde 
valley,  Yavapai  County,  about  2,500  acres 
have  been  restored. 

SlodL-IUlsfaig. — The  following  is  the  number 
of  cattle  and  their  assessed  value  for  1888,  in 
the  various  counties,  as  returned  to  the  Terri- 
torial auditor . 


COUNTIES. 


Apache  . 
Cochise.. 

Olla 

Graham  .. 
Mohave  . 
Pinal .... 
Yavapai  . 
Yama  . . , 
Maricopa 

Total 


Number. 

VaIm. 

65,472 

$666,551  87 

78,294 

78*2,940  00 

19,974 

201,196  00 

45,541 

455,410  00 

20,763 

254,212  00 

81,460 

814,814  00 

141,174 

1,694,086  00 

8,840 

85,411  00 

12,698 

168,898  00 

418,715        $5,582,515  87 


To  this  total  should  be  added  Pima  County, 
with  94,735  cattle,  valued  at  $1,012,290. 

Mining. — The  product  of  gold  and  silver  for 
Arizona  in  1887  is  reported  by  Wells,  Fargo, 
&  Co.  at  $5,771,555,  a  slight  decrease  from 
the  previous  year.  In  November,  1887,  a 
vein  of  gold  of  exceptional  richness  was  dis- 
covered by  two  miners  in  Yavapai  County,  on 
Hassayampa  river,  about  twelve  miles  from 
Prescott.  Over  $10,000  were  taken  from  this 
mine  in  a  few  weeks,  and  an  organization  of 


capitalists  was  soon  made  to  develop  the 
erty,  which  is  called  the  Howard  mine. 

Rtflrands.— For  1888  the  total  numb 
miles  of  railroad  assessed  in  the  Territory 
1,053-41,  valued  at  $7,317,930.57,  a  alig] 
crease  in  the  total  assessment  over  the 
ceding  year.  No  new  lines  have  been 
structed  during  the  year.  The  Ten 
needs  a  greater  number  of  north-and- 
lines  meeting  the  two  great  trunk  lines  pt 
through  the  Territory  east  and  west, 
following  shows  the  details  of  the  assesc 
for  the  year:  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  3 
miles,  assessed  at  $7,282.03  per  mile ; 
valuation,  $2,862,186.  Arizona  Mineral 
80  miles,  at  $5,706.33  per  mile ;  total,  ( 
190.  Arizona  Narrow-Gauge,  10  mik 
$5,200  per  mile ;  total,  $52,000.  Arizon 
New  Mexico,  41  miles,  at  $4,502.22  per 
total,  $184,591.13.  Maricopa  and  Ph* 
34*45  miles,  at  $7,000  per  mile;  total,  tS64 
Prescott  and  Arizona  Central,  73*3  ipil 
$5,151.62  per  mile;  total,  $877,613.75.  S 
em  Pacific,  383  miles,  at  $7,500  per  mile; 
$2,872,500. 

PnUtlcak — The  Democratic  Territorial 
vention  met  at  Tucson  on  September  5 
renominated  as  delegate  to  Congress,  Marc 
Smith.  Candidates  for  the  Territorial  A 
bly  were  also  nominated.  The  conve 
took  an  unusual  position  in  refusing,  by  e 
of  30  to  84,  to  pass  a  resolution  appr 
the  national  and  the  Territorial  admin 
tion.  Two  weeks  later  the  Republican 
ritorial  Convention  met  at  the  same  place 
nominated  Thomas  F.  "Wilson  for  Deh 
together  with  a  ticket  for  the  Legish 
Resolutions  were  adopted  accepting  th< 
tional  platform,  condemning  the  Dema 
administration  in  the  nation  and  Terr 
and  embracing  also  the  following : 

We  condemn  the  pemiclouB  practice  of  the  p 
Administration  in  appointing  men  who  are  nc 
non-reaidents,  but  who  are  total  stranffera  1 
great  natural,  mineral,  agricultural,  and  oth 
sources  of  the  Territories,  as  well  as  the  imp 
function  and  duties  of  the  high  offices  whereo 
are  incumbent ;  and  in  this  connection  we  re 
fully  invite  attention  to  the  custom  at  the  prese 
served  (we  believe  heretofore  unheard  of  in  An 
of  creating  a  horde  of  spies,  ferrets,  and  blackn 
emissaries  called  *^  special  agents,"  who,  under 
of  law  and  the  j>ay  and  support  of  the  Goverr 
make  it  their  business  to  obstruct  and  retard  th 
est  settler  and  miner  from  developing  our  ^ 
sources  and  flllinjf  this  Territory  with  thrift 
happy  homes.  This  system  now  in  voffue  in  A 
is  equalled  in  iniquity,  if  at  all,  only  by  the  I 
plan  of  espionage  m  Ireland. 

We  demand  the  removal  of  the  Apacho  Ii 
from  the  Territory. 

It  is  the  duty  of  Congress  to  appropriate 
cient  money  to  construct  reservoirs  tor  water-s 
in  this  Territory  and  for  the  development  of  ai 
water,  the  benefits  of  which  would  enhance  all 
and  bring  to  the  treasury  tourfold  return. 

At  the  November  election  the  Demo( 
ticket  was  successful  by  about  the  usual 
jority,  and  a  majority  of  the  Democratic 
didates  for  the  Legislature  were  elected. 


ARKANSAS.  89 

8JS.  Slate  G^fcmMit — The  following  year  in  the  treatment  of  prisoners  at  Coa]  Hill 
State  officers  daring  the  year :  Gov-  Camp,  in  Johnson  Ooonty,  where  a  large  nam- 
tmon  P.  Haghes,  Democrat;  Secre-  ber  of  convicts  were  employed  in  the  coal- 
bate,  Elias  B.  Moore ;  Treasarer,  Will-  mines.  An  inspection  made  in  March  by  the 
^oodraft;  Auditor,  William  R.  Miller;  State  Penitentiary  Commissioners  revealed  the 

-  General,  Daniel  W.  Jones ;    State  fact  that  the  convicts  bad  been  worked  beyond 

nmissioner,  Paul  M.  Cobbs ;  Saperin-  the  prescribed  number  of  hours,  bad  not  been 

f  Public  Instruction,  Wood  E.  Thomp-  sufficiently  fed  or  clothed  or  lodged,  had  been 

ief- Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  worked  wheu  physically  unable,  and  had  been 

R.  Cockrill;  Associate  Justices,  Will-  in  charge  of  brutal  keepers,  whose  punish- 

imith  and  Burrill  B.  Battle.  ments  had  caused  death  to  some  and  severe 

ExcttMMit — The  State  Geologist,  in  a  torture  to  many  others.    The  convicts  at  this 

the  Gx>vernor,  in  August,  says :  camp  were  ordered  back  by  the  Governor  to 

jis  long  been  a  popular  belief  that  g^>ld  the  State  Penitentiary,  the  warden  of  which 

existed  in  paying  quantities  in  the  State  of  was  summarily  removed  for  negligence  or  crim- 

Xhiring  the  last  tew  years,  notably  since  j^al  conduct  in  permitting  such  abuses.     The 

Sprinas,  and  through  the  country  west  of  isnment  by  fleeing  the  fetate. 
is  excitement  culminated  in  1887-'88.    In         PoHUctk— The  first  political  convention    of 

[>ns  ot  the  State  it  reached  such  a  pitch  that  the  year  met  at  Little  Rock  on  April  80,  being 

ry  man  abandoned  his  usual  occupation  to  i,«i-]  nndpr  thft   flnsnirps  of  thft  ffnion   T.ahor 

Jaimaand  turn  miner.    Every  uSamiliar  ne^^  ^^^aer  tne  auspices  or  tne  union  l^aDor 

garded  as  a  valuable  ore  or  an  '*  indication  "  P^^ty.     1  his  convention  nominated  the  follow- 

ng,  and  these  delusions  have  been  kept  ing  ticket:  Governor,  C.  M.  Norwood;  Secre- 

sayere,  some  of  whom  were,  perhaps,  sin-  tary  of  State,   G.  W.  Terry ;  Auditor,  A.  W. 

3me  of  them  certainly  fraudulent.    These  Bird ;  Attorney-General,  W.  J.  Duval ;  Chief- 

er«  and  their  dupes  have  been  bo  success-  j    ^ice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  O.  D.  Scott ; 

ley  induced  capitalists  and  business  men,  ^""'"'-^  y-    »<"«      «Ki''t\.  ^r^^*^    \\  ^'   „     f^' 

i  out  of  the  State,  and  especially  the  visit-  superintendent  of  Pubhc   Instruction,   B.   r, 

lot  Springs,  to  believe  in  the  value  of  the  Baker;  State  Land  Commissioner,  R.  U.  More- 

roining  purposes  to  such  an  extent  that  head.     No  nomination  was  made  for  the  office 

^\1?''  A  ^1?^/  y®**?  «)^panio«  have  ^f  State  Treasurer.  Resolutions  were  adopted 
x>rated  under  the  laws  of  Arkansas  with  a  «  ii  '^ 

il  stock  of  more  than  $111,000,000  for  the  **  lOiiOW  : 

working  the  supposed   gold  and  silver        We  favor  such  legislation  as  will  secure  the  reforms 

ores  of  the  State.  demanded  by  the  Agricultural  Wheel,  the  National 

careful  assay  of  ores  from  all  the  so-  ^«J™«"'  Alliance,  and  the  Knights  ot  Labor. 
^^^    «.u«  «««i^«:^4-  #»:i«  4-^  4i^A   ^r^^^        We  pledge  ourselves  to  do  our  utmost  to  enforce: 
nes,  the  geologist  fails  to  find   more        ^    T^xaSon  of  all  lands  held  for  speculative  pur- 

silver  deposits  that  could  by  any  pos-  poses  at  their  full  value. 

5  successfully  worked.    Of  the  alleged        2.  A  strict  execution  of  the  election  laws  and  such 

.^  be  says:  **  It  is  very  doubtful  wheth-  legislation  as  will  secure  a  free  ballot  and  a  fair 

e  one  of  them  has  ever  legitiraately  re-  <^l^\^^  consolidation  of  the  elections.  State  and  na- 

single  ounce  of  gold.  .  .  .  The  future  tional. 

isas,  as  a  mining  State,  must  depend        4.  A  change  in  the  convict  system,  the  abolition 
coal,  iron,  manganese,  antimony,  and  of  the  contract  system,  and  the  working  of  the  con- 
zinc,   lead,   and   graphite.     In   these,  ^icts  within  the  walls  of  the  Penitentiary  at  Little 

l-stone,  marble,  chalk,  marl,  and  build-       ^  '^  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^  reduction  of  days  for  road-     *^ 

she    18  nch.     The    geology  of  the  working. 
not  favorable  for  the  production  or        6.  A  public-school  system  that  will  educate  all  the 

f  the  precious  metals  "  people,  and  we  favor  national  aid  to  education. 

■««■.— The  natural   resources  of  Ar-  fj'^l^"^  regulating  mming  and  proper  ventilation 

ave  long  failed  of  development,  from  ^.'^ws  subjecting  trusts,  railroads,  and  other  cor- 

opulation.  but  the  necessity  of  attract-  porations  to  State  control. 

igrants  to  the  State  has  not  until  re-  "  We  favor  the  establishment  of  a  labor  and  agri- 
en  recognized.    Early  this  year,  a  call  cultural  bureau." 

3d  by  the  Governor  for  a  State  Con-        This  ticket  relied  for  its  support  primarily 

to  consider  means  of  attracting  set-  upon  the  labor  organizntions,  especially  those 

his  convention  met  at  Little  Rock,  on  of    the  farmers,    of  which  the   Agricultural 

31,  and  provided  for  a  bureau  of  immi-  Wheel  is  the  most  considerable  in  the  State, 

to  be  maintained  by  subscriptions  se-  It  was  greatly  strengthened,  however,  by  the 

a  canvass  of  eacb  county.     It  also  decision  of  the  Republicans  to  support  it.     A 

nded  to  the  next  General  Assembly  convention  of  Republicans,  held  in  May,  elect- 

lishinent  of  a  State  board  of  immigra-  ed  delegates  to  the  National  Republican  Con- 

le  necessity  of  such  a  board  was  after-  vention,  but  intrusted  the  selection  of  a  State 

cussed  and  urged  by  the  various  po-  ticket  to  the  State  Executive  Committee,  which 

rties,  in   convention  and  during  tbe  announced  the  adoption  of  the  Union  Labor 

canvass.  ticket  early  in  July. 

. — The  evils  of  the  convict  lease  sys-        The  Democratic  State  Convention   met  at 

ived  a  fresh  illustration  during  the  Little  Rock  on  May  81.    For  more  than  two 


40  ABEANSAS. 

months  previous,  aspirants  for  the  gnbema-  We  indorse  the  united  effoitB  of  liberal-miDdedeili- 

torial  nomination  had  been  engaged  in  a  thor-  ^^^  ^f  the  State,  regardless  of  political  affiliatioM, 

^««k    ^«n»«oo   y^*  4.1.^  fi4-<,fA    i,Z^  ^«  «n^./^  ^*  to  organize  and  buildup  a  State  bureau  of  imraigr»- 

ODgh  canvass  of  the  State,  two  or  more  of  tion,  and  hereby  seooncf  their  invitation,  extended  to 

them  generally  appearing  upon  the  same  plat-  all  earnest,  honest,  and  inteUigent  people  everywhere, 

form  in  joint  debate.     The  principal  objection  regardless  of  political  opinion  or  religious  belief,  to 

to  Gov.  htughes,  who  was  a  candidate  for  re-  ^^^  their  homes  m  Arkansas,  where  a  cordial  wel- 

nomination,  rested  upon  the  fact  that  a  third  <^^\^^  ^5  People  wiU  be  extended  to  them  and  a 

"         .     'y  1  *^''^^     K""       «  ^-y**  »'""'''  »  «A^    X*  yn„g^y  qj  undeveloped  resources,  unexcelled  by  any 

term  m  that  office  would  be  contrary  to  prece-  equal  area  on  the  globe,  promises  a  generous  r^wtrS 

dent  and  would  establish  an  undesirable  prac-  tor  industrious  labor. 

tice.     It  was  also  claimed  that  the  abases  ex-  The  financial  embarrassment  of  the  State  having 

isting   in  the  penal   institutions  of  the   State  been  safely  and  certainly  reUeved,  we  favor  sucH 

«,zv««  ^.,«  ;«  o^A  »,^«an.A  f^  ♦!,«  n^,r^mw>^m^^  modiflcations  ot  the  convict  system  of  the  State  as  can 

were  due  in  some  measure  to  the  Governor  s  ^e  effected,  to  the  end  that  the  State  shall  assume  the 

neglect  to  examine  their  management  properly,  complete  control  and  responsibility  for  their  main- 

The  other  candidates  before  the  people  were  tenauce:  that  their  labor  may  not  be  brought  into 

John  G.   Fletcher,  J.  P.  Eagle,  W.  M.  Fish-  open  and  direct  competition  with  the  honest  and  vol- 

back,  and  E.  W.  Rector.     The  first  ballot  in  untary  laborofthejpeople,  andonsuoha  reforiMtory 

. ,    ^            . .         ,          J   xi-  X                    x.  A     u  basis  that  novices  lu  crime  may  not  be  subjected  to 

the  convention  showed  that  no  one  had  ob-  t^e  baneful  influences  of  contact  and  association  with 

tamed  a  majority  of  the  delegates,  although  hardened  criminals. 

the  temper  of  the  convention  was  evidently  We  congratulate  the  people  upon  the  growth  of 
opposed  to  a  third  term.  Gov.  Hughes  re-  personal  temperance  throughout  the  State,  and  are  in 
ceivedl22  votes:  Fletcher,  113;  Eagle,  97:  ^^r  of  the  strict  entorcement  of  the  ^ 
T^  TL V^  \  n.\  n  ^''=*'™'*»  ^i",  *-«a6*^  *"  »  Statutes  restricting  the  illicit  sale  ot  intoxicating  liq- 
J^ishback,  96;  Kector,  25.  A  session  of  four  uore.  believing  that  it  affords  a  striking  example  of 
days  and  126  ballots  were  required  before  a  the  beneficent  effects  of  the  principle  of  local  self- 
choice  was  made.     The  nominee,  J.  P.  Eagle,  government. 

received  on  the  final  ballot  248  votes,  against  On  Jaly  4  the  Prohibitionists  of  the  State 

201  votes  for  Gov.  Hughes.    Other  nominees  met  and  adopted  the  following  resolutions: 

of  the  convention  were  as  follow :  Secretary  We  congratulate  the  friends  of  prohibition  in  Ar- 

of  State,  B.  B.  Ghism  ;  Auditor,  W.  S.  Dunlop ;  kansas  on  the  good  tliey  have  accomplished  in  the 

Treasurer,  William  E.  Woodruff;  Chief-Justice  contest  with  the  liquor  traffic,  as  is  evidenced  by  the 

^f  ♦K^  a«*v-Ar»A   n^^»4-    C4.^„i:,«V.  t>    n^«i,«:ii .  fact  that  at  least  one  half  of  the  State  to-day  stands 

of  the  Supreme  Court,  Steriing  R.  OockriU ;  redeemed  from  the  presence  of  the  saloon,  ani  nearly 

Attomey-beneral,   William  K  Atkinson;  bu-  onehalf  of  our  voters  have  been  educated  up  to  the 

perintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Wood  E.  point  where  they  will,  under  our  local-option  laws, 

Thompson ;  State  Land  Commissioner,  Paul  M.    vote  against  license.        

Cobbs  That,  the  friends  of  prohibition  feel  thankful  to  the 

fwyr'   1  x^    _                     XL         *.•       1  A  J     •«  past  Legislatures  for  the  passage  of  our  local-option 

The  platform  approves  the  nation^  Admm-  f^^^  ^^nd  through  whi<£^  so  much  good  hssloeen 

istration,  the  tariff  message  of  the  President,  done  to  our  people  and  damaee  to  the  whif^ky  traffic; 

and  the  Mills  Bill,  reiterates  the  doctrine  of  and  they  would  suggest  that  if  said  laws  were  amend- 

State  rights,  and  continues  as  foUows :  ^  \^  »o™«  particulars  thev  would  be  more  efficient, 

°      '  and  we  would  request  said  amendments  be  made  by 

^   We  fiivor  liberal  appropriations  by  Congress  fertile  ^Tbat^n^S^thstonding  we  are  now  in  full  accord 

improvement  of  our  waterways,  to  the  end  that  com-  ^^  ^^^  national  Prohibition  party,  and  will  put  elect- 

StT«tTL^i^niSS*  h^L^l^nf  th^i^r^n^''  <>"  ^^  ^hc  field,  yct  wc  wUl  uot  nimiuatc  candidates 

regulated  and  cheapened,  by  bringing  thein  into  com-  ^^  the  various  fetate  offices,  but  will  do  all  we  can  to 

K!t:fi^^rH«n!^J*t!tiw5.S^^  ad^an««  *t»«  ^^  of  temperance  on  the  one  hand  and 

natural  tendency  is  toward  monopoly  and  extortion.  ^yreak  down  the  liquor  traffic  on  the  other,  by  local 

We  point  with  pnde  to  the  successful  admmistra-  ^^tir^n  ^,^A  .n/tYi  /^fi^^i.  .n/ton^  ••  ««  »«««  u^m^  iZ\ 

tion  of'state  affaire  by  the  Democratic  party  and  the  M  ""^  J^^^^^a           a»  wo  may  be  able  m  a 

results  that  prove  its  wisdom  and  patriotism — to  wit :  Axxuii.*            a           v^        •• 

The  rate  of  taxation  reduced  from  seven  to  five  mills,  ^^  ^"^  election  on  September  8,  owing  in  part 

the  marvelous  increase  of  material  wealth  of  the  State,  to  Democratic  dissensions  growing  out  of  the 

which  was  greatlv  enhanced  by  the  passage  of  laws  heated  contest  for  the  nomination,  the  Demo- 

which  subjected  tfie  propertv  of  vealtfiy  coiporations  ^ratic  majority  was  more  than   2,000  fewer 

to  the  payment  of  an  equitable  proportion  of  the  cost  ..         •      looa      t?     i              •     j    ^no^^    ^^Y''* 

of  their  own  protection,  on  a  basis  of  fairness  to  them-  than  in   1886.     Eagle   received   99,214  vot^ 

selves  and  justice  to  the  people;  the  liberal  encour-  and  Norwood  84,233;  a  Democratic  majority 

agement  and  fostering  care  extended  to  tie  cause  of  of  14,981.     These  figures  do  not  include  the 

Dublic  eduction ;  tiie  founding  and  sustivining  on  a  votes  of  nine  townships  of  Pulaski  County,  the 

basis  ot  broad  liberality  the  various  charitoble  msti-     ^^n  u^^u„    i*  «    »TV»;«vr  .^^.^   «*^i^«    * Ji    *.u^ 

tutions  of  the  State;  and  the  payment  of  so  much  of  P?^^"^,^^^^   ^Pf   ^'^^    were   stolen   from   the 

the  just  debt  of  the  State  as  has  already  been  accom-  County  Clerk's  office  after  the  election.     The 

plisned,  with  the  promise  of  its  entire  satisfaction  at  Legislature  chosen  was  overwhelmingly  Demo- 

no  dij*tant  day.                 ,  ,    ^     .  ,           «       ^  .  cratic,  the  minority  consisting  in  part  of  Re- 

We  indorse  the  action  of  the  Legislature  of  1887  m  publicans  and  in  part  of  Union  Labor  repre- 

providmg  for  a  geological  survey  of  the  State,  and  fa-  *^    ^  -•             a^-^u                   1     *•       ..u             I:- 

vor  the  establishment  by  the  next  Legislature  of  a  sentati  ves.     At  the  same  election  the  question 

bureau  of  agriculture,  manufacture,  mining,  and  im-  of  callmg  a  convention  to  frame  a  new  Consti- 

mieration.  tution  was  voted  upon.     Returns  from  all  but 

We  favor  a  system  of  liberal  enactment  for  the  en-  three  counties  gave  41,818  votes  in  favor  of  the 
couragement  of  railroads  and  manufactuiing  establish-  ^nnrfintion  nnd  QO  7ftO  iurftin«t  if  THa  fo- 
ments, but  are  opposed  to  anv  exemption  in  their  convention,  and  yu,7WU  against  ".  lUe  INo- 
fevor  from  the  burdens  of  taxation,  which  can  not  be  vemper  election  resulted  in  favor  of  the  Demo- 
extended  alike  to  all  tax-payera  and  citizens.  cratic  national  ticket. 


ARNOLD,  MATTHEW. 


41 


nVEW,  EDgligh  critic,  bom  in 
Laleham,  near  Suines.  EogUnd,  Dec.  2i,  1822 ; 
died  in  Liverpool,  EDgland,  April  IS,  1888.  He 
wu  the  eldest  soa  of  Dr.  Tbomaa  Arnold,  an- 
ther of  a  "A  History  of  Kome,"  who  became 
Duster  of  Rugby  School  in  182T,  and  there  in- 
DndDced  new  methods  of  discipliae  and  Id- 
Kractioa  that  created  an  epoch  in  the  eda- 
eational  history  of  England.  The  son,  after 
spending  some  years  in  a  private  school,  was 
•rat  to  Winchester  College  for  a  year  in  order 
to  become  familiar  with  the  traditional  system 
of  English  public  schools.  He  then  entered 
Rogby  in  1897.  and  in  1811  came  ont  near  the 
liead  of  the  school  harin^  in  1840  won  a  sohol- 
ir^Jiip  at  Halliol  College,  Oxford.  His  anda- 
dons  wit  and  brilliant  conversation  won  the 
•dmirstioD  of  liis  fellow-students.     Under  the 


despotic  but  practical  masterabip  of  Dr.  Jenk- 
ins, Balliol  had  becotne  the  hardest  working 
mliege  at  Oxford ;  hut,  says  Andrew  Lang, 
"  the  Oxford  oF  Hr.  Arnold's  undergraduate 
y<«ra  was  very  much  what  Oxford  had  always 
b«en,  a  place  for  boating,  cricbet,  and  Inung- 
isg-"  In  his  poem  entitled  "The  Gipsy  Schol- 
ar," he  has  embalmed  the  memories  of  those 
pleasut  days.  While  he  was  at  Balliol,  Oxford 
wBB  Stirred  with  theological  discussion.  John 
HMiry  Newman  was  in  ihe  fullness  of  his  popn- 
Urily,  and  Arnold's  intimate  friend,  Arthur 
Ho^  Clough  "  took  these  things  too  hardly  for 
bis  happinesa."  Mr.  Arnold  won  a  scholarship 
for  pnAciency  in  Latin  the  first  year,  and  gained 
the  Newdigftte  prize  with  an  essay  on  "  Orom- 
we]] "  ia  Ihe  second,  bnt  obtained  only  a  sec- 
chmI  dasB  at  graduation.  In  1846  he  was  elect- 
ed a  fellow  ofOriel  College.  His  friendship 
with  Arthur  Hngb  Clongh  of  the  same  college 
i*  embalmed  in  [be  elegiac  poem  of  "  Thyrsis," 
Sot  defliriof;  to  take  holy  orders  or  to  follow 
[he  life  of  a  oolite  tutor,  he  became  private 
secretary  of  Lord  Lanadowne,  a  leader  of  the 
Whigi^  in  1847.     In  1848  he  pnbliahed  ander 


his  Initial  "  A.,"  a  volume  called  "  The  Strayed 
Reveler,  and  other  Poems,"  which  shows  his 
inlierited  love  of  Greek  sentiment  and  form, 
and  his  early  devotion  to  Wordsworth.  These 
poems  include ''The  Forsaken  Merman,"  ibo 
Biqaisite  pagan  poem  "Ke«ignation,"and  "The 
Sick  King  of  Bokhara,"  an  admirable  picture 
of  Eastern  life  in  Central  Asia.  Three  years 
later,  in  18G1,  after  teaching  at  Rugby  as  assist- 
ant master  for  a  short  time,  he  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  Justice  Weiglitman,  and  was  appointed 
to  the  office  gt  lay  inspector  of  achoois,  with 
supervision  over  the  schools  of  the  British  and 
Foreign  School  Sociely,  representing  the  Non- 
conformists. Thelaborionsduliesof  a  school  in- 
spector were  the  regular  occupation  of  liis  life, 
and  only  ceased  two  or  three  years  before  he 
died.  Many  of  his  reports  are  preserved  in  the 
annual  Blue  Book  issued  by  the  Committee  of 
the  Council  on  Edaoation.  In  these  he  nrged, 
with  the  force  of  his  epigrammatic  and  Inmi- 
nous  stfle,  the  elevation  of  elementary  educa- 
tion by  such  steps  as  esistingconditionsand  the 
example  of  more  progressive  countries  showed 
to  be  practicable.  Id  186S  he  was  sent  to  the 
Gontineut  as  foreign  assistant  commissioner  to 
Btndy  the  French,  German,  and  Dnteh  systems 
of  primary  education.  EveutusUy  William  E. 
Forster,  who  married  Arnold's  elder  sister, 
framed  a  measure  that  established  a  mncb 
more  rational,  complete,  and  effective  system  of 
slemeotary  instruction.  In  1866  Mr.  Arnold 
went  on  another  official  tour  to  examine  into 
the  state  of  secondary  education  abroad.  His 
observations  were  embodied  in  "Schools  and 
Universities  on  the  Continent,"  which  ap- 
peared in  1667-  From  that  time  he  was  pos- 
sessed with  the  idea  that  the  lack  of  organized 
middle-class  education,  such  as  exists  in  Ger- 
many and  France,  and  the  consequent  ignorance 
ofart,lanBi:sgeB,aDd  literature,  and  indifference 
to  their  renninginfluences,  were  the  explanation 
of  the  dollnesB,  vacuity,  sordid  instincts,  blind 
prejudices,  and  moral  obtuseness  thnt  charao- 
terize  the  middle  classes  of  English  aociety.  He 
made  it  his  task  to  hold  np  for  reprobation  the 
faults  that  he  grouped  under  the  name  ot  "  Phi- 
listinism," and  to  prove  that  it  can  be  remedied 
by  wider  and  better  ducatioo.  Five  years  after 
the  poblication  of  his  first  volume  of  poems, 
which  were  remarkable  for  classic  finish,  and 
therefore  unattractive  to  the  general  pnblic.  be 
issued  n  second  under  the  title  of  "Empedocles 
on  Etna,  and  other  Poems,"  bnt,  soon  becom- 
ing dissatisfied  with  the  leading  poem,  he  sup- 
pressed almost  the  whole  edition.  In  1864  he 
published  under  his  name  a  volume  containing 
some  poems  that  were  new  and  some  that  had 
appeared  in  the  former  collecticns,  and  this 
was  followed  -soon  afterward  by  another  vol- 
ume. These  established  hia  reputation  among 
scholars,  and  in  I8S7  he  was  called  to  the  chair 
of  Poetry  at  Oxford.  In  1868  appeared  atrngedy 
after  Greek  models,  named  "  Merope,"  which 
of  itself  was  not  so  well  received  as  was  the 
remarkable  essay  on  the  principles  of  criticism 


42               ARNOLD,  MATTHEW.  ASSOCIATIONS,  SCIENCE. 

that  formed  the  preface.     His  last  appearance  American  habits,  manners,  literature,  morals, 
as  a  poet  is  in  "'  New  Poems  ^*  (1867) ;  but  this  and  general  want  of  interest  to  the  traveler, 
is  a  misnomer,  for,  like  most  of  his  volumes,  it  ^*  The  man  that  introduced  the  useful  adap- 
is  fall  of  reprinted  pieces.     *^  Empedocles ''  is  tation   ^  Philistine,^  ^^  says  Augustine   Birrell^ 
restored  in  its  entirety,  but  the  most  remarka-  "could  have  little  sympathy  with  Democracy.*' 
ble  additions  are  ''Thyrsis,''  ''The  Terrace  at  ASS0CUT10N8    FOR  THE  ADVANCEMiST  OF 
Berne,^^  "  Dover  Beach,^'  the  stanzas  on  Ober-  SCIENCE.  Ancilcai. — The  thirty-seventh  annual 
mann,  and  those   from    the  "  Grande  Char-  meeting  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
treuse."  In  two  small  volumes  entitled  "Lectures  Advancement  of  Science  was  held  at  Cleve- 
on  translating  Homer  "  and  "  Last  Words,''  he  land,  Ohio.    The  Central  High  School  building 
argued  the  adaptability  of  the  hexameter  to  was  devoted  to  the  sessions.     The  meeting 
the  English  language.     His  "Essays  in  Criti-  began  on  Aug.  15,  and  adjourned  Aug.  22, 
«ism,''  which  first  appeared  in  1865,  have  had  1888.    The  following  were  the  oflScers  of  the 
a  broadening  and  elevating  effect  on  the  writ-  meeting:  President,  John  W.  Powell,  of  Wash- 
ing of  reviews  and  throughout  the  range  of  ington,  D.  C. ;   Vice-Presidents :    Section  A, 
modern  English  literature.     "  Study  of  Celtic  Mathematics  and  Astronomy,  Ormond  Stone, 
Literature"  appeared  in  1867.     His  lectures  of  the  University  of  Virginia,  Va. ;  Section  B, 
gave  to  the  Oxford  professorship  of  Poetry  an  Physics,  Albert  A.  Michelson,  of  Cleveland, 
importance  that  it  never  had  attained  before.  Ohio ;  Section  C,  Chemistry,  Charles  E.  Mun- 
He  was  re-elected  at  the  end  of  five  years,  but  roe,  of  Newport,  R.  I. ;  Section  D,  Mechanical 
was  compelled  by  the  statute  to  retire  on  the  Science  and  Engineering,  Calvin  M.  Woodward. 
<sonclusion  of  his  second  term,  and  when  sub-  of  St.  Louis,  Mo. ;  Section  E,  Geology  and  6e- 
sequently  solicited  to  become  a  candidate  again,  ography,  George  H.  Cook,  of  New  Brunswick, 
he  invariably  declined,  recoiling  from  the  con-  N.  J. ;  Section  F,  Biology,  Charles  V.  Riley,  of 
test  that  would  arise  from  clerical  opposition  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Section  H,  Anthropology, 
caused  by  his  writings.     Assuming  that  his-  Charles  C.  Abbott,  of  Trenton,  N.  J. ;  Section 
torical  and  philological  criticism  had  unsettled  I,  Economic  Science  and  Statistica,  Charles  W. 
much  that  formed  the  accepted  body  of  Chris-  Smiley,   of  Washington,    D.   C.     Secretaries: 
tian  belief,  and  perceiving  that  Christianity  Section  A,  C.  L.  Doolittle,  of  Bethlehem,  Pa.; 
was  losing  its  hold  on  some  classes  of  society,  Section  B,  Alex.  Macfarlane,  of  Austin,  Tex. ; 
he  gave  his  mind  to  the  consideration  of  what  is  Section  C,  \^illiam  L.  Dudley,  of  Nashville, 
permanent,  spiritual,  and  ennobling  in  religion.  Tenn. ;  Section  D,  Arthur  Beardsley,  of  Swarth- 
with  the  view  of  presenting  a  puri6ed  and  ra-  more,  Pa. ;  Section  E,  John  C.  Branner,  of  Lit- 
tional  form  of  faith  that  would  command  the  tie  Rock,  Ark. ;  Section  F,  Bemhard  E.  Fer- 
acceptance  of  the  callous  and   the  skeptical,  now,  of  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Section  H,  Frank 
Ten  or  twelve  years  after  he  had  broached  the  Baker,  of  Washington,  D.  C;  Section  I,  Charles 
subject  in  a  magazine,  he  published  a  volume  S.  Hill,  of  Washington,  D.  C.    Permanent  Sec- 
containing  his  conclusions  under  the  title  of  retary,  Frederick  W.  Putnam,  of  Cambridge, 
"  Literature  and  Dogma."     This  was  supple-  Mass. ;  General  Secretary,  Julius  Pohlman,  of 
mented  by  a  review  of  criticisms  upon  it,  en-  Buffalo,  N.  Y. ;  Secretary  of  the  Council,  0. 
titled  "God  and  the  Bible,"  and  in  1877  by  Leo Mees,  of  Columbus,  Ohio;  Treasurer,  Will- 
"  Last  Essays  on  Church  and  Religion."     His  iam  Lilly,  of  Mauch  Chunk,  Pa. 
"Complete  Poems"  were  published  in  two  vol-  Proceedings. — The  meeting  was  called  to  or- 
umes  in  1876,  and,  with  the  addition  of  more  der  by  the  retiring  president,  Samuel  P.  Lang- 
recent  verses,  in  three  volumes  in  1885.   Among  ley,  who  resigned  the  chair  to  John  W.  Powell, 
his  books  not  already  mentioned  are  "  Culture  the  president-elect.    After  the  usual  courtesies 
and  Anarchy  "  (1869) ;  St.  Paul  and  Protest-  from  the  city  and  a  brief  address  by  the  presi- 
antism,"  with  an  essay  on  "  Puritanism  and  dent,  the  meeting  organized,  and  the  sections 
the  Church  of  England"  (1870);  "Friendship's  took  possession  of  the  rooms  assigned  them. 
Garland,"  a  witty  and  amusing  satire  (1871);  In  the  afternoon  the  several  vice-presidents  de- 
**  Higher  Schools  and  Universities  in  Germany"  livered  their  addresses  before  their  respective 
(1875);  "Isaiah,  XL,  L,  XVI,  with  the  Shorter  sections,  and  in  the  evening  the  retiring  presi- 
Prophesies  allied   to  it,  edited   with    Notes"  dent,  Samuel  P.  Langley,  gave  his  address. 
(1875);  a  selected  edition  of  Johnson's  "  Lives  SectiMS.^ — In  the  mathematical  section  about 
of  the  Poets  "  with  Macaulay's  *'  Life  of  Samuel  twenty -one  papers  were  read  touching  on  the 
Johnson  "  (1878) ;  and  "  Mixed  Essays  "  (1879).  problems  of  astronomy  and  theory  of  physical 
He  was  an  industrious  writer  for  current  litera-  instruments    as    well    as    pure    mathematics, 
ture,   and  few   first  -  rate  English   magazines  Ormond  Stone's  address  was  "  On  the  Motions 
failed  to  number  him  among  their  contributors,  of  the  Solar  System."     William  Harkness  gave 
His  visits  to  the  United  States  'were  made  in  an  account  of  the  instruments  and  processes 
1883  and  in  1886,  during  both  of  which  tours  employed  by  the  United  States  Transit  of  Ve- 
he  lectured  in  most  of  the  larger  cities.     His  nus  Commission  to  determine  the  solar  paral- 
last  collected  essays  were  "American  Lectures"  lax  from  photographs  of  the  transit  of  Venus 
(1887);    and  his  last  paper  was  "Civilization  in  Dec,  1882.     Asaph  Hall's  paper  "On  the 
in  the  United  States,"  a  widely  read  and  much  Supposed  Canals  on  the  Surface  of  the  Planet 
quoted  article,  in  which  he  severely  criticises  Mars"  was  devoted  to  the  so-called  "Canals 


ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANOEMEKT  OF  ROIENOE. 


48 


of  Mars,*^  whose  existence  the  paper  tended  to 
throw  into  discredit. 

The  physical  section  was  well  represented. 
The  address  by  Albert  A.  Michelson  was  de- 
Toted  to  a  consideration  of  the  problems  in  re- 
lation to  light-waves.  A  report  on  the  teach- 
ing of  physics  was  presented  on  behalf  of  a 
eommittee  by  Thomas  0.  Mendenhall.  It  took 
foil  cognizance  of  the  increased  knowledge  of 
teachers  and  their  consequent  adaptability  for 
more  advanced  work  in  the  elementary  schools. 
For  the  latter  experimental  work  was  recom- 
mended. For  college  courses  three  hours  a 
week  during  the  junior  year  was  suggested  as 
&  minimam.  The  report  elicited  considerable 
discussion.  W.  Le  Conte  Stevens's  paper  on 
*'The  Qualities  of  Musical  Sounds''  was  of 
zoaeh  interest  as  asserting  that  difference  of 
phase  among  the  components  of  a  sound  affect- 
ed its  quality.  Edward  L.  Nichols  and  W.  S. 
Franklin  described  some  experiments  they  had 
iDade  to  determine  the  velocity  of  the  electric 
current.  Although  their  method  would  have 
detected  a  current  of  one  thousand  million 
metres  a  second,  it  gave  only  negative  results, 
tending  to  prove  that  the  velocity  sought  was 
in  exce^  of  this  amount.  Edward  P.  Howland 
read  a  practiciil  paper  on  instantaneous  pho- 
tography, treating  of  the  necessary  conditions 
for  its  saccesB.  He  recommended  as  an  illu- 
minant  a  mixture  of  sulphur  and  magnesium. 
He  gave  an  interesting  lecture,  with  experi- 
ments, on  the  same  subject. 

The  chemical  section  was  largely  occupied 
with  a  discussion  of  methods  of  water  analy- 
st A  committee  handed  in  its  report,  stat- 
ing the  progress  made,  and  was  continued. 
"The  Presence  and  Significance  of  Ammonia 
in  Potable  Waters"  was  admirably  treated  by 
E-  S.  H.  Bailey.  Albert  W.  Smith  spoke  on 
the  subject  of  water  and  water-supply,  with 
special  reference  to  Cleveland ;  while  the  brines 
from  the  gas- wells  near  the  same  city  were 
diseuseed  by  Charles  F.  Mabery  and  Herbert 
H.  Dow.  A  paper  of  great  interest  was  pre- 
sented by  William  P.  Mason,  of  the  Rensselaer 
Polytechnic  Institute,  on  "  Fatal  Poisoning  by 
Carbon  Monoxide."  It  described  the  fatal  acci- 
dents due  to  an  escape  of  fuel-gas  at  Troy,  N. 
Y.,  on  Jan.  6, 1887.  Three  deaths  and  a  num- 
ber of  cases  of  serious  illness  resulted.  The 
autopsies  disclosed  nothing  abnormal  except  the 
rivid  redness  of  the  tissues  and  blood.  The 
latter  showed  absorption  bands  due  to  the  car- 
htfio  moDoxide,  and  a  specimen  was  exhibited 
that  stiU  showed  the  characteristic  color  and 
absorption  spectrum.  In  the  di'^cussion  that 
this  paper  elicited,  William  S.  Dudley  spoke 
of  cigarette-smoking,  and  traced  its  evil  effects 
to  the  inhalation  of  the  products  of  combus- 
tion containing  carbon  monoxide.  The  prod- 
ucts from  one  and  one  fourth  cigarette  killed 
a  mouse,  and  its  death  was  found  to  be  due  to 
this  gas  and  not  to  nicotine  or  any  other  alka- 
Vnd.  The  vice-president's  address  in  this  sec- 
tioii,  by  Charles  £.  Mnnroe,  presented  the  ad- 


vanced views  of  chemistry,  as  developed  by 
the  labors  of  Mendelejeff  and  those  who  have 
followed  in  his  steps  in  their  endeavors  to  sys- 
tematize chemistry.  The  title  of  the  address 
was  "  Some  Phases  in  the  Progress  of  Chemis- 
try." The  committee  on  indexing  chemical 
literature  presented  its  sixth  report. 

The  section-  of  mechanical  science  and  en- 
gineering was  somewhat  delayed  in  its  work 
by  the  absence  of  its  vice-president,  Calvin  M. 
Woodward,  but  Charles  H.  J.  Woodbury,  of 
Boston,  Mass.,  was  elected  to  fill  his  place. 
The  Nicaragua  and  the  Panama  canals  both 
were  subjects  of  papers,  the  former  being 
treated  of  by  Robert  E.  Peary,  the  latter  by 
Wolfred  Nelson.  '*  The  Infiuence  of  Alumin- 
ium npon  Cast-iron,^'  as  in  the  well-known 
^^  niitis  castings,"  was  the  subject  of  a  paper 
by  William  J.  Keep,  and  a  discussion  by  Will- 
iam J.  Keep,  Charles  F.  Mabery,  and  L.  D. 
Vorce.  The  first-named  read  a  paper  detailing 
its  beneficial  effects  npon  stove-castings,  and 
gave  the  foundation  for  tlie  debate  alluded  to. 
The  quality  of  the  castings,  it  was  shown,  was 
in  every  way  improved  by  the  addition  of  small 
amounts  of  the  metal  in  question.  By  repeated 
remeltings  of  a  given  sample,  followed  by  a 
coresponding  series  of  analyses,  it  was  shown 
that  the  aluminium  remained  in  the  metal,  and 
did  not,  practically  speaking,  disappear  to  any 
extent.  Much  of  its  influence  on  the  final  cast- 
ings was  due  to  the  fact  that  it  kept  the  carbon 
in  the  graphitic  form,  precluding  the  possibility 
of  white  iron. 

In  the  geological  and  geographical  section  a 
number  of  interesting  papers  on  geological 
subjects  were  read,  but  geography  was  omit- 
ted from  the  programme.  A  large  number 
of  speakers  gave  the  results  of  their  observa- 
tions and  studies.  George  H.  Cook,  the  vice- 
president,  in  his  address,  spoke  on  the  "Inter- 
national geological  congress,  and  our  part  in  it 
as  American  geologists."  He  gave  briefly  the 
history  of  the  congress  and  its  efforts  to  set- 
tle upon  fixed  systems  of  nomenclature,  and 
colors  for  indicating  different  formations  on 
geological  maps.  He  made  the  plea- that  the 
American  workers  should  be  more  actively 
represented,  and  that  names  less  local,  geo- 
graphical, and  strange,  should  be  adopted  for 
different  formations.  The  labors  of  John  S. 
Newberry,  as  usual,  were  represented  by  sev- 
eral papers,  one  on  the  oilfields  of  Colorado, 
and  others  on  pala>ontological  subjects.  Sources 
of  oil  and  gas  recently  discovered  in  Ohio, 
Kentucky,  and  Indiana,  were  described  by  Ed- 
ward Orton.  A  new  form  of  geological  map 
was  exhibited  by  J.  T.  B.  Ives.  It  consists  of 
a  series  of  colored  pasteboards,  each  of  which 
represents  a  geological  system,  the  most  recent 
rocks  forming  the  highest  layer.  Where  rocks 
of  a  given  system  do  not  exist  they  are  cut  out 
of  the  pasteboard  representing  them,  '^len  by 
placing  these  different  layers  one  upon  the 
other  a  geological  map  is  produced,  valuable 
for  purposes  of  instruction. 


44  ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE   ADVANCEMENT   OF  SCIENCR 

The  proceedings  of  the  biological  section  markable  interest.    It  was  entitled  '*  Altrniam 

were,  perhaps,  as  a  whole,  of  less  interest  than  considered  Economically.'*    The  necessity  for 

usual.     Charles  V.  Riley,  the  vice-president  of  governmental  supervision  over  the  forests  of 

the  section,  in  his  address,  spoke  on  the  causes  this  country  was  the  subject  of  a  paper  by 

of  variation  in  organic  forms,  giving  some  of  Bernhard  E.  Fernow.     He  placed  the  value  of 

the  most  advanced  points  yet  touched  on  by  the  forests  annually  destroyed  at  from  ten  to 

the  evolutionary  philosophy.     A  number  of  twenty  million  dollars.   Industrial  training  was 

papers  were  strictly  monographs  of  primari-  brought  before  the  section  by  Mrs.  Laura  0. 

ly  technical  interest.     Edward  P.  Howland  Talbot,  and  her  paper  elicited  a  good  discos- 

touched  the  more  practical  aspect  of  the  sub-  sion  on  the  subject.    Edward  Atkinson's  pa- 

ject  in  his  paper  on  aneesthesia.     He  described  per  on  ^^The  Uses  and  Abuses  of  Statistics," 

remarkable  results  in  prolonged  insensibility  showed  how   inexperienced  persons  may  be 

produced  by  a  mixture  of  nitrous  oxide  and  misled  in  attempting  to  draw  conclusions  from 

oxygen  administered  in  compression  chambers,  statistics.     He  maintained  that  a  strictly  me- 

There  seemed  to  be  hardly  any  limit,  compara-  tallic  currency  was  needed  for  the  world,  elidt- 

tively,  to  the  time  a  patient  could  be  kept  ing  a  strong  remonstrance  from  Edward  Dan- 

safely  in  the  anesthetic  condition  by  the  sys-  iels.    The  latter  subsequently  read  a  paper  on 

tern  he  described.  *^Our  Monetary  System,"  presenting  views  in 

The  section  of  anthropology  was  crowded  favor  of  a  paper  currency.  A  carefully  pre- 
with  interesting  matter.  This  section  is  a  strong  pared  and  elaborate  paper  on  this  subject  was 
feature  of  the  meetings,  and  is  said  to  have  by  Edward  H.  Ammidown,  upon  "  Suggestions 
shown  a  distinct  advance  this  year.  Daniel  G.  for  Legislation  on  the  Currency.''  Wilbur  0. 
Brinton,  in  his  paper  entitled  ^^On  the  Alleged  Atwater,  treating  of  the  ^'  Food-supply  of  the 
Mongolian  Affinities  of  the  American  Race,"  Future,"  predicted  an  increased  productioD 
strongly  argued  against  the  tenet  held  by  so  based  on  the  discoveries  of  science.  The  de- 
many  that  the  Chinese  and  the  American  abo-  cay  of  American  ship-building  was  considered 
rigines  are  of  common  stock.  He  stated  that  by  Charles  S.  Hill.  He  demanded  government- 
in  true  racial  characteristics  they  widely  dif-  al  fostering  of  shipping  and  ship-building.  The 
fer,  and  that  the  obliquity  of  the  eyes  is  rather  Nicaragua  Canal  was  also  the  subject  of  a  re- 
an  accidental  than  a  family  feature.  Horatio  port  by  Henry  C.  Taylor  and  of  a  paper  by 
Hale  read  two  papers— one  upon  **  The  Ar-  Lieut.  Robert  E.  Peary, 
yan  Race,  its  Origin  and  Character,"  devoted  AddnsB  ff  SetMng  Pnsideat. — ^The  retiring 
to  proving  the  Asiatic  origin  of  the  Aryan  president,  Prof.  Samuel  P.  Langley,  devoted 
family ;  the  other,  "  An  International  Lan-  his  address  to  ^*  The  History  of  a  Scientific 
guage."  The  second  attracted  much  attention.  Doctrine."  It  treated  of  the  subject  of  radiant 
He  strongly  upheld  the  importance  of  discuss-  energy,  and  eloquently  depicted  the  struggles 
ing  the  requisites  of  such  a  language,  and  de-  of  past  generations  of  scientific  workers  per- 
voted  much  time  to  showing  the  insufficiency  formed  in  ouest  of  the  laws  and  causes  of  light 
of  VolaptLk.  As  a  sequence  to  this  paper,  a  and  heat.  He  showed  how  persistently  the  old 
resolution  was  passed  by  the  council,  authoriz-  caloric  or  substantial  theory  of  light  had  over- 
ing  the  appointment  of  a  committee  to  attend  shadowed  physiod  science,  and  how  recently  it 
any  congress  meeting  for  the  consideration  of  had  been  disposed  of.  He  stated  that  Science 
an  international  language.  The  committee  con-  was  not  infallible,  ^^  that  her  truths  are  put  for- 
sisted  of  Meesrs.  Hale,  Henshaw,  and  McFar-  ward  by  her  as  provisional  only,  and  that  her 
land.  Other  features  of  this  section's  work  most  faithful  children  are  welcome  to  disprove 
were  Frederick  W.  Putnam's  illustrated  paper  them."  He  indicated  one  great  problem  wait- 
on  the  **  Serpent  Mound,"  and  the  work  done  ing  solution — the  relation  between  temperature 
there  during  the  last  year  in  connection  with  and  radiation. 

its  preservation  and  the  explorations  about  it ;  Several  public  lectures  were  given,  among 

Otis  T.  Mason's  lecture  on  "  Woman's  Share  which  was  one  by  the  president,  John  W.  Pow- 

in  Primitive  Industry,"  which  was  also  illus-  ell,  on  "Competition  as  a  Factor  in  Human 

trated   by  lantern   projections ;    and  Garrick  Progress."    He  drew  an  important  distinction 

Mallery's  report  on  ^^  Algonkin  Pictographs."  between  the  actual  laws  of  human  progress 

Charles  C.  Abbott's  address  was  a  summary  of  and  the  doctrine  of  the  survival  of  the  fittest, 

the  evidence  of  the  antiquity  of  man  in  eastern  Evolution,  he  declared,  was  barred  from  hn- 

North  America,  showing  that  pre-glacial  man  man  progress — in  its  march  the  fittest  did  not 

is  no  longer  a  question  but  an  established  fact,  always  survive — the  mind  was  advancing  in 

The  committee  appointed  to  memorialize  the  some  senses  at  the  expense  of  the  body.     The 

United  States  Congress  on  the  subject  of  the  struggle  for  existence  is  transferred  from  man 

preservation  of  archsBologic  remains  upon  pub-  to  the  works  of  his  own  hand.    The  benefi- 

lic  domain  handed  in  its  report,  naming  numer-  cence  of  the  process  together  with  the  speak- 

ons  remains  of  the  early  inhabitants  of  the  con-  er's  own  confidence  in  the  love  and  chanty  of 

tinent  which  should  be  kept  from  destruction,  his  fellow-men  were  well  depicted.    Thomas 

The  section  of  economic  science  and  statis-  C.  Mendenhall  lectured  on  "  Japanese  Magic 

tic»  was  favored  with  unusually  interesting  pa-  Mirrors."    These  lectures  were  complimentary 

pers.     Charles  W.  Smiley's  address  was  of  re-  to  the  citizens  of  Cincinnati. 


ASSOCIATIONS  FOB  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE.  45 

> — The  attendance  of  members  at  duced  his  successor  by  a  few  happily  choseu 
the  meeting  as  registered  was  842.    One  han-  words,  alluding  to  Sir  Charles  Lyell,  president 
dred  and  ninety-tonr  papers  were  read  in  the  at  the  former  Bath  meeting  of  1864,  stating 
several  sections.     The  usual  receptions  were  that  pure  science  was  honored  in  Prof.  Ljell, 
tendered  by   citizens.     The  members  visited  while  in  the  election  of  Sir  Frederick  J.  Bram- 
various  localities  of  interest,  and  had  an  en-  well  a  tribute  is  paid  to  applied  science, 
joyable  excursion  on  the  lake.  PicsldeBt^  Address. — Ihe  president's  address 
ApfKpff1atkw& — The  income  of  the  research  began  with  a  review  of  the  work  of  old  time 
fond  for  the  past  year  was  granted  to  Fred-  engineers,  who  developed  prime  movers,  and 
enck  W.  Putnam  for  the  furtherance  of  his  brought  the  story  down  to  the  present  day. 
archseological  explorations  in  relation  to  the  He  spoke  of  the  increased  perfection  of  the 
Serpent  Mound  in  Ohio.  modern  steam-engine,  but  reminded  his  hear- 
Hcetii^  •f  1881I* — The  next  meeting  is  to  be  ers  of  his  own  prophecy  made  at  the  York 
held  at  Toronto,  Can.,  under  the  following  meeting,  that  the  steam-engine  would  in  the 
officers:  President,  Thomas  C.  Mendenball,  of  next  century  be  a  thing  of  the  past.    He  then 
Terre  Haute,   Ind. ;    Vice-Presidents:   Mathe-  cited  gas,  naphtha,  and  caloric  engines  to  prove 
maticfl  and  Astronomy,  Robert  S.  Woodward,  that  the  direction  of  engineering  progress  had 
of  Washington,    D.   0. ;    Physics,    Henry   S.  been  correctly  indicated  by  him.     The  effect 
Oarhart,  of  Ann   Arbor,   Mich.;    Chemistry,  of  the '^  next  to  nothing  *' in  engineering  prac- 
Wiliiam    L.    Dudley,    of    Nashville,    Tenn.  ;  tice  was  then  developed.     He  cited  the  effect 
Mechanical  Science  and  Engineering,  Arthur  of  minute  impurities  upon  metals,  of  the  im- 
Beardsley,  of  Swarthmore,  Pa. ;  Geology  and  portance  of  the  introduction  of  precisely  the 
Geography,  Charles  A.  White,  of  Washington,  right  amount  of  air  into  steam-boiler  and  other 
D.  C. ;  Biology,  George  L.  Goodale,  of  Cam-  furnaces  to  secure  economy  of  fuel,  and  of  the 
bridge,  Mass. ;  Anthropology,  Garrick  Mallery,  effect  of  alloys  upon  metals  even  when  in  mi- 
of  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Economic  Science  and  nute  proportions.    The  influence  of  the  "  lit- 
Statiatica,  ChHrles  S.  Hill,  of  Wanhington,  D.  C.  tie ''  was  well  illustrated  in  gun-practice  where 
Permanent  Secretary,  Frederick  W.  Putnam,  the  difference  of  density  of  the  air  above  and 
of  Cambridge,  Mass. ;   General  Secretary,  C.  below  a  projectile  is  supposed  to  cause  its  lat- 
Leo  Mees,  of  Terre  Haute,  Ind. ;  Secretary  of  eral  deviation.     He  also  cited  the  fact  that  a 
Council,  Frank  Baker,  of  Washington,  D.  C.  projectile  fired  due  north,  a  distance  of  twelve 
Secretaries  of  sections:  Mathematics  and  As-  miles  in  one  minute,- would  deviate  from  the 
trcmomy,  George  C.   Comstock,  of  Madison,  meridian  200  feet.    The  tenor  of  the  latter  por- 
WiiL  ;  Physics,  Edward  L.  Nichols,  of  Ithaca,  tion  of  the  address  was  the  importance  of  mi- 
N.  Y. ;  Chemistry,  Edward  Hart,  of  Enston,  nute  accuracy  in  engineering  practice. 
Pa. ;    Mechanical    Science   and  Engineering,  Sectlans. — Mathematical  and  Physical  Science, 
James  E.  Denton,  of  Hoboken,  N.  J. ;  Geology  — Prof.  Fitzgerald,  elected  as  substitute  for  Prof. 
and  Geography,  John  C.  Branner,  of  Little  Schuster,  began  his  address  by  a  tribute  of  re- 
Kock,    Ark. :   Biology,   Amos  W.   Butler,   of  gret  for  tfie  loss  of  Prof.  Srhuster  as  president, 
Brookville,  Ind. ;    Anthropology.  William   M.  who  was  too  ill  to  attend  the  meeting.     His 
Beanchamp,  of  Baldwinsville,  N.  Y. ;  Economic  address  was  devoted  to  the  exposition  of  J. 
Science  and  Statistics,  John  K.  Dodge,  of  Wash-  Clerk  MaiwelVs  theory  that  electro- magnetic 
ington,   D.   C. ;   Treasurer,  William  Lilly,  of  phenomena  are  due  to  an  intervening  medium. 
Maach  Chunk,  Pa.  **The  year  1888,"  he  aflSnns,  "will  ever  be 
Britlsk* — The    British    Association   for   the  memorable  as  the  year  in  which  this  preat 
Advancement  of  Science  held  its  fifty-eighth  question  has  been  experimentally  decided  by 
annual  meeting  at  Bath,  beginning,  Sept.  8,  Hertz,  in  Germany,  and  I  hope,  by  others  in 
1SS8.     Twenty-four  years  have  elapsed  since  England."    The  intervening  medium,  he  stated, 
this  citj  was  the  scene  of  its  labors.    The  list  has  been  decided  to  exist.     Prof.  Hertz  pro- 
of presidents  is  as  follows:  President  of  the  duced  rapidly  alternating  currents  of  such  fre- 
AsBOciation,  Sir  Frederick  J.  Bramwell ;  Sec-  quency  that  their  wave-length  was  about  two 
tion  Presidents:  Mathematics  and  Physics,  Prof,  metres^ ving  100,000,000  vibrations  per  sec- 
George  F.  Fitzgerald ;  Chemistry,  Prof.  William  ond.     With   these  he  detected  phases  of  in- 
A.  Tilden;  Geology,  Prof.  William  Boyd  Daw-  terference  corresponding  with  those  of  light- 
kios;  Biology,  Prof.  William  T.Thistieton  Dyer;  waves.    Thus  we  seem^  to  be  approaching  a 
Geography,  Sir  Charles  Wilson ;  Statistics,  Lord  theory  of  the  structure  of  the  ether. 
Brann  well ;  Mechanics,  William  H.  Preece ;  An-  Chemical  Science. — Prof.  Tilden  devoted  him- 
tbropology,  Gen.  Pitt- Rivers.   The  city  of  Bath  self  to  the  subject  of  the  teaching  of  chemistry, 
possessing  no  public  hall,  a  temporary  building  He  advocated  a  better  system,  a  higher  grade 
was  erected  at  a  cost  of  £700  to  provide  a  re-  of  teachers,  and  less  hours  of  labor  for  them, 
c^ition-room  and  offices.  in  order  that  they  might  have  time  to  keep 
€cMral  JllM(tes« — ^The  first  general  meeting  abreast  of  the  age  by  reading.     He  said  that  it 
was  held  on  Wednesday,  September  6,  at  8  p.  m.  took  longer  than  it  did  formerly  to  make  a 
Sir  Henry  E.  Roscoe,  the  retiring  president,  chemist,  as  more  was  expected  of  him  ;  he  had 
resigned  bis  chair  to  the  president-elect.  Sir  to  be  almost  polyteohnical  in  his  education. 
Frederick  J.  BramwelL     Prof.  Roscoe  intro-  Oeoloffy. — Prof.  Dawkins  spoke  of  the  ad- 


46          ASSOCIATIONS,  SCIENCE.  ASTRONOMICAL  PROGRESS. 

vances  in  this  soienoe,  more  especially  as  re-  transmission  of  energy  by  electricity,  and  other 
garding  the  filling  np  of  former  gaps  in  the  se-  practical  applications  were  described.  Finally, 
qnence  of  animal  and  plant  forms  and  types,  the  distinction  was  drawn  betw^een  the  physi- 
He  insisted  that  the  Darwinian  theory  was  re-  cist^s  and  engineer's  conceptions  of  electricity, 
ceiving  additional  confirmation.  Treating  of  the  first  treating  it  as  a  form  of  matter,  the 
the  question  of  time  in  geology,  he  stated  his  latter  as  a  form  of  energy, 
belief  that  all  attempts  to  express  geologic  time  AttemUnee,  etr« — The  attendance  at  the  meet- 
in  terms  of  years  were  failares.  ing  was  nearly  2,000.    Public  lectures,  excur- 

Biology, — Prof.  Thistleton  Dyer  began  by  sions  to  points  of  interest,  and  exhibitions  by 
alluding  to  the  loss  biological  science  had  Col.  Gourand  and  Mr.  Henry  Edmunds,  of  the 
sustained  in  the  deaths  of  the  great  botanists  phonograph  and  graphophone,  were  features  of 
Asa  Gray  and  Anton  De  Bary.  He  then  the  occasion.  The  president  for  1889  was  an- 
spoke  of  the  outlook  presented  by  the  world  nounced  as  Prof.  William  Henry  Flower, 
for  the  development  of  systematic  botany.  Apprtpriatloiis. — ^The  grants  for  scientific  re- 
London,  he  said,  possessed  the  best  facilities  search,  divided  among  all  the  sections,  aggre- 
for  the  work.     England,  the  United  States,  gate  £1,645. 

and  Russia  were  the  most  active  m  the  prose-  ASTEONOMICiL  PROGSiSS  ABTD  DISCOVERT. 
cutlon  of  the  laborious  task.  He  pleaded  for  IngtrmeDtb — ^The  Roytd  Observatory  of  Green- 
more  workers  and  for  increased  accuracy  in  wich,  England,  has  had  constructed  a  new  per- 
nomenclature.  After  reviewing  the  work  done  sonal-equation  machine,  to  be  used  with  the 
in  difiereot  portions  of  the  globe,  and  describ-  transit-circle.  An  object-glaxs  7i  inches  in 
ing  the  areas  covered  by  different  investiga-  aperture,  is  fastened  in  front  of  the  object- 
tors,  he  spoke  of  tbe  Darwinian  theory.  Prof,  glass  of  the  transit- circle  telescope,  when  this 
Weisman^s  theory  of  the  continuity  of  the  telescope  is  made  horizontal  and  pointed  north, 
germ-plasm  and  the  increased  difficulty  it  might  In  the  focus  of  the  outer  lens  (51  feet  away)  is 
throw  on  the  acceptance  of  the  Darwinian  hy-  placed  the  vertical  plate  of  the  personal-equa- 
pothesis  were  spoken  of,  and  the  recent  school  tion  machine.  This  plate  can  be  made  to  show 
of  the  new  Lamarckism  was  described.  The  an  artificial  star  or  sun.  The  plate  is  moved 
speaker's  tendency  was  to  adhere  to  Darwin,  by  suitable  apparatus  at  any  desired  speed,  and 
yet  it  is  interesting  to  note  how  in  the  present  the  star's  transit  is  observed  over  the  wires 
day  of  discussions  Darwin's  own  doubts  are  so  in  the  transit  circle.  The  true  times  of  transit 
clearly  brought  forward.  This  is  very  notices-  over  the  wires  are  registered  automatically  by 
ble  in  Prof.  Thistleton  Dyer's  address.  Physi-  means  of  contacts  between  two  sets  of  plati- 
ological  botany,  putrefaction,  and  bacterial  in-  nnm  studs,  properly  constructed  and  adjnst- 
oculation  for  disease  were  finally  treated  in  ed.  The  special  point  aimed  at  in  this  instni- 
some  detail.  The  address  was  long  and  very  ment  was  to  reproduce  the  same  conditions 
able.  as  when  the  heavenly  bodies  were  observed 

Geography, — Col.  Wilson  reviewed  the  his-  with  the  transit  circle.    The  results  obtained 

tory  of  commerce  and  the  various  centers  and  are  said  to  be  very  satisfactory, 

paths  which  it  had  chosen  in  the  past.    The  in-  In  the  June,  1888,  number  of  the  "  Monthly 

fluence  of  the  Suez  Canal  was  considered,  and  Notices  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society," 

the  immense  importance  it  had  given  to  Eng-  Sir  Howard  Grubb  describes  a  new  arrange- 

land  in  the  world  of  commerce  was  explained,  ment  of  electrical  control  for  driving-clocks  of 

For  the  Panama  Canal  the  speaker  predicted  far  equatorials.     The   apparatus  was  devised  for 

less  important  changes  and  results.     African  the  stellar   photographic  instrument    of  the 

geography  and  the  retardation  of  the  develop-  Mexican  (Chnpnltepec)  Observatory.  The  novel 

ment  of  the  continent  by  its  deadly  climates  part  of  the  apparatus  is  the  governor.     In  this 

were,  in  conclusion,  touched  upon.  particular  governor  he  uses,  instead  of  the  or- 

Mechanieal  Science. — Mr.  Preece,  in  his  ad-  dinary  balls,  a  brass  ring  loaded  with  lead  and 
dress,  described  the  development  of  practical  cut  into  eight  segments :  and  in  addition  to 
electricity.  He  spoke  of  Prof.  Oliver  Lodge's  gravity,  springs  are  applied,  one  to  each  seg- 
brilliant  experiments  in  electrostatic  discharge,  ment,  tending  to  supplement  the  force  of  grav- 
and  noted  the  discussion  which  was  to  take  ity.  By  this  arrangement  the  speed  of  the 
place  upon  the  subject  of  lightning-conductors,  governor  may  b^  increased  from  90  to  135 
The  history  of  the  telegraph  and  its  most  re-  revolutions.  A  number  of  ingenious  devices 
cent  improvements  and  achievements  were  are  employed  for  controlling  the  motion,  de- 
next  in  order.  One  hundred  and  ten  thou-  tecting  the  errors,  and  correcting  them, 
sand  miles  of  cable  have  been  laid  by  English  The  new  heliometer  mounted  at  the  Cape 
ships,  and  £40,000,000  have  been  invested  in  Observatory  by  Dr.  Gill,  employs  electric  illu- 
the  same  by  English  capitalists.  Thirty-seven  mination  only  for  all  the  scales,  circles,  etc. 
ships  are  maintained  to  carry  on  repairs  and  Accumulators  were  first  used,  the  charging 
lay  new  cables.  In  1875  it  was  thought  won-  being  done  by  Grove  batteries;  but  this  was 
derful  to  transmit  80  words  a  minute  to  Ire-  found  to  be  so  troublesome,  dirty,  and  ex- 
land,  while  now  461  words  a  minute  can  be  pensive,  that  they  now  employ  a  dynamo  run 
sent.  The  economic  features  ot  electric  light-  by  a  steam-engine, 
ing  and  the  history  of  its  development,  the  Herr  £.  V.  Gothard,  in  the  "  Zeitschrifb  ffkr 


ASTRONOMICAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY. 


47 


InstrumeDteDkunde/'  describes  a  simple  appa- 
ratoa,  which  he  has  devised  for  the  purpose  of 
registering  the  readings  of  the  wedge  photom- 
eter without  disturbing  the  condition  of  the 
ere  bj  bringing  np  a  light  to  read  the  microm- 
eter-head. 

Herr  Repsold  has  recently  proposed  a  par- 
tially automatic  method  of  recording  transits. 
The  transit  is  mounted  so  as  to  be  virtually  an 
equatorial,  with  a  small  motion  only  in  hour- 
ingie  near  the  meridian.  A  star  just  before 
transit  is  brought  into  the  center  of  the  field  of 
view,  and  the  driving-clock  started,  so  that  the 
9tar  remains  steadily  in  the  same  part  of  the 
field,  and  its  position  in  the  field  may  be  ob- 
served with  the  right  -  ascension  micrometer. 
Meanwhile  the  telescope  is  following  the  star 
up  to  the  meridian,  and  on  reaching  the  me- 
ridian the  clock-work  is  automatically  discon- 
nect^ and  a  record  made  on  tlie  chronograph 
*^he^t 

UrfM  States  Mafal  Otoerrat^.— Prof.  WiUiam 
Harkness,  of  the  executive  committee  of 
the  Transit- of -Venus  Commission,  has  given 
the  preliminary  results  of  the  work  of  that 
<XHnmiftsion,  which  are  detailed  elsewhere. 
The  great  equatorial  has  been  used  in  observa- 
tions on  the  fainter  satellites  and  double  stars. 
The  transit-circle  work  has  been  continued,  as 
in  previous  years,  and  comets  and  asteroids 


known  as  the  Henry  Draper  Memorial  has  been 
much  extended.  The  second  annual  report  of 
the  director  on  this  work,  shows  that  two  tel- 
escopes are  kept  at  work  at  the  observatory, 
photographing  stellar  spectra  every  clear  night. 
Four  assistants  are  required  in  making  the  pict- 
ures, and  five  are  employed  for  measurements 
and  reductions.  The  report  gives  the  mode  of 
testing  the  sensitive  plates.  Mrs.  Draper  has 
sent  to  the  observatory  the  15-  and  28-inch 
refiectors  constructed  by  Dr.  Draper,  which 
are  used  in  the  above-mentioned  work.  In 
continuation  of  the  work  of  examining  high 
altitudes  for  the  purpose  of  testing  their  suit- 
ability for  astronomical  purposes,  Prof.  Todd,, 
of  Amherst,  tested  some  high  points  in  Japan, 
whither  he  had  gone  to  observe  the  eclipse  of 
August,  1887.     His  report  is  favorable. 

In  Parts  8,  4,  and  5  of  vol.  xviii  of  the  **  An- 
nals "  are  described  Mr.  Parkhurst's  photomet- 
ric measures  of  the  asteroids,  observations 
made  during  the  total  lunar  eclipse  of  Jan.  28, 
1888,  the  photographic  search  for  a  lunar  satel- 
lite, and  Mr.  W.  H.  Pickering^s  observations 
of  the  total  solar  eclipse  of  Aug.  29, 1886. 

Tale  Coltege  Obfierratary. — Dr.  Elkin^s  report 
for  1887-'88  has  been  published.  Heliometer 
observations  on  the  parallaxes  of  the  ten  first- 
magnitude  stars  are  completed.  His  results 
are  as  follow : 


STAR. 


A  Tmaxi  (Aldebarao) 

A  AnrMre  (Capella) 

«Ori0iiU(Bi««l)..   .   

c  Gaais  Minorto  (Procjoo). 

$  Gcaiiiiorain  <  Polhix) 

A  Leooifl  (R<»iniluA) 

cBoSiis  (Arctiinis) 

ALjriB(Tegs) 

AAqiiile(Altair) 

«  Cygni  ( Arided) 


FtedlAZ. 

Probftble  MTor. 

No.  of 

eompariMw 

■tan. 

No.  of 
obMrratioiu. 

Proper  moUoo. 

+  0116" 

±  0-029" 

6 

64 

0-202" 

+  0  107 

047 

2 

16 

0-442 

-0009 

049 

2 

16 

0022 

+  0-266 

047 

2 

16 

1  257 

+  006S 

047 

2 

16 

0-628 

•t-0  098 

048 

4 

15 

0  255 

+  0  018 

022 

10 

89 

2-287 

+  0  084 

04A 

2 

80 

0  844 

+  0199 

047 

4 

16 

0  647 

-0  042 

047 

4 

16 

0  010 

and  star  occultations  by  the  moon,  and  obser- 
vations of  stars  for  the  Yarnall  Catalogue  have 
been  kept  up.  Prof.  Eastman  began  his  zone 
work  with  the  transit  circle  about  October  Ist. 

Gapt.  R.  L.  Phythian  has  replaced  Com- 
mander Brown  as  Superintendent  of  this  ob- 
iervatory. 

A  circular  **  Relating  to  the  Construction  ot 
a  New  Naval  Observatory  "  has  been  issued  by 
the  Navy  Department.  The  plans  of  the  pro- 
posted  observatory  have  been  completed.  It 
will  be  on  Government  property,  at  Georgetown 
Heights,  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  will  comprise 
nine  buildings.  1,  the  main  building,  69  x  807 
feet,  which  will  contain  the  transit-room,  li- 
brary, etc. ;  2,  the  great  equatorial  building, 
46x7^  feet;  3,  the  clock-room,  18x20  feet; 
4  and  5,  observers'  rooms,  each  18x20  feet; 
6  and  7.  ea^^t  transit-circle  building  and  west 
transit-circle  building,  each  80x40  feet;  8, 
prime  vertical  building,  18  x  20 ;  9,  boiler- 
boose,  45  X  54. 

llarfaff<A  C^OeKeObserratory. — Through  the  con- 
tinued   liberality  of  Mrs.  Draper,  the  work 


The  value  for  a  Canis  Minoris  (Procyon) 
above  given  agrees  well  with  the  mean  of  the 
values  found  by  Auwers  and  Wagner.  Stnive 
found  for  a  AquilcB  (Altair)  a  value  of  +0*181", 
and  Hall's  value  for  a  Tauri  (Aldebaran)  was 
-h  0*102".  O.  Struve  obtained  very  different 
parallaxes  for  Aldebaran  and  Capella,  and  the 
seven  independent  determinations  of  parallax 
of  a  LyrcB  which  have  previously  been  made, 
agree  fairiy  well  in  assigning  to  it  a  parallax  of 
about  -1-0*17".  Dr.  Elkin  is  now  engaged  on  a 
triangulation  of  the  regions  near  the  pole,  to 
get  fnndamental  places  of  twenty-four  stars ; 
and  in  connection  with  Dr.  Gill  (at  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope)  he  will  this  winter  observe  the 
opposition  of  Iris  for  the  determination  of 
solar  parallax. 

Lick  Obflervatary. — The  Lick  Observatory  was 
formally  transferred  by  the  trustees  to  the  re- 
gents of  the  University  of  California  on  June 
1,  1888.  Of  the  $750,000  left  by  Mr.  Lick  for 
the  purpose  of  building  the  observatory  and 
purchasing  instruments,  all  has  been  expended 
except,  it  is  said«  about  $90,000.     This  is  the 


48 


ASTRONOMICAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISC>OVERT. 


nncleas  of  a  fund  the  interest  of  which  ie  to 
poj  for  the  care  and  use  of  the  observatory  and 
JD»>tru meats.  Tbe  Dniveraity  of  California  is 
making;  efforts  to  increase  this  maintenaDce 
fand  to  tl,O00,0CIO.  The  oliaervatory  b&s  m- 
oeaily  is^ned  tbc  first  Totame  of  its  publica- 
tion'. Tbe  contents  of  the  votame  are  Mr. 
Lick's  deeds  of  trust ;  Prol'.  Newoorab's  report 
oo  uiass  for  objectives;  report  of  Mr,  Burn- 
ham's  work  at  Mount  Hnmiltoii  in  testing  the 
climate  for  doabid-star  worlc  in  1679  and  nffoia 
in  1S8I ;  descriptions  of  tbe  buildings  and  in- 
struments; an  account  of  the  eniiiaeering  and 
building  at  Mount  Hamilton  in  18S0-'&5;  ob- 
servations of  the  transiti  of  Meroiiry  in  1881, 
and  of  Venns  in  1882;  geological  reports;  me- 
teciroloi^cal  obiervatiuDS,  18S0-'85;  reduction- 
tables  for  Lick  ObsetTBtory. 


instrnments.  (See  "Annual  Ojclopsdia "  fbr 
1685,  paff«  54.) 

Kew  iHcrlcu  ObsenaUriM.— The  Denver  Uni- 
versily  Observatory,  of  Oolorado,  is  to  be  pro- 
vided with  new  observatory  bnildings  And  a 
new  refracting  telescope  with  20-iiiuh  object- 
glass.  The  telescope  is  t«  be  mounted  5,000 
feet  above  sea-level,  or  600  feet  higher  tLaa 
tlie  great  Lick  telescope.  Mr.  H.  B.  Chamber- 
lain, of  Denver,  is  the  donor. 

The  Dearborn  <.)bservatory,  of  Chicago,  is  be- 
ing removed  to  Evsnafon  (within  a  few  miles 
of  Chicago).  It  will  be  placed  on  a  site  250 
feet  from  Lake  Michigan,  it  is  expected  that 
the  18H"cb  equatoritd  will  be  remounted  in  its 
new  home  in  January,  1669. 

Fnvlgi  OkscrraltrlN.— Tbe  report  of  the  Fnl- 
kowa  Observatory  for  18S7  says  that  the  30- 


^ 

^ 

m. 

I 

^ 

^w 

^^^^/j 

^^w 

-- 

ift*&^ 

Mr.  Eeeler  has  recently  shown  that  the  see- 
ing in  winter  is  not  especially  better  at  the  ob- 
servatory than  at  lower  elevations.  At  other 
time<<  "the  secret  of  the  steady  seeing  at  Mount 
Hamilton  lius  in  the  coast  foga.  These  roll  in 
from  the  sea  every  afternoon  in  the  summer, 
rifling  from  1,600  to  2,nnO  feet.  They  cover 
the  hot  valley,  and  keep  the  radiation  from  it 
shut  in.     There  are  no  fogs  in  day-time,  end 

The  complete  instrumental  equipment  of  the 
observatory  is  as  follows :  equatorinla  of  36. 1 2, 
and  S}  inches  aperture,  a  4-inch  comet-seeker, 
photo  heliograph,  6-inch  meridian  circle,  de- 
ollnograph,  4-inch  transit  and  zenith  telescope 
combined,  2-inch  universal  instrnment,  three 
chronographs,  live  independent  clocks,  besides 
controlled  clocks  and  chronometers,  minor  as- 
tronomical  and  a  good  set  of  meteorological 


inch  refractor  was  emplojod  by  Dr.  HenDaoD 
Strove  in  measuring  those  of  Bornliaro's  double 
stars  which  are  only  seldom  raeasnrable  with 
the  old  16-inch,  together  with. other  stars  of 
which  measures  are  scarce,  making  a  working 
catalogue  of  750  stars.  Observations  were  also 
made  of  the  faiuter  satellites  of  Snturn,  and  of 
that  of  Neptune.  Ludwig  Struve  has  calcu- 
lated the  constant  of  precession  and  the  mo- 
tion of  the  solar  system  in  space.  He  obtained 
values  not  greatly  difierent  from  those  previ- 
ously calculated. 

Tbe  Koyal  Observatory,  Greenwich,  is  to 
have  a  new  28-inch  refractor.  The  glass  disks 
have  been  oast  by  Messrs,  Chance,  and  the 
lenses  will  be  made  by  Sir  Howard  (Jmbb. 

At  the  Oxford  Observatory  Prof.  Pritcliard 
examined  for  the  Photographic  Comwittee  of 
the  Koyal  Society  two  silver-on-glasa  mirrors 


ASTRONOMICAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY.  49 

of  tbe  same  aperture,  bat  of  different  focal  the  Earl  of  Ross.    All  these  photographs  were 

lengths.     He  found  that  mirrors,  particnlarlj  enlarged  from  three  to  twenty-five  times.    Mr. 

those  of  short  focal  length,  are  comparatively  Roberts  calls  attention  to  the  important  fact 

nnsaitable  for  the  photographic  work  of  chart-  that,  owing  to  different  causes,  which  are  not 

ing  the  heavens.  easily   discernible,  bnt  may   be  atmospheric, 

At  the  Paris  Observatory  M.  Loewy's  new  chemical,  and  mechanical,  the  same  area  in  the 

method  for  determining  aberration  and  refrao-  heavens  will  show,  on  tbe  same  exposure  with 

kion  is  being  used.     The  brothers  Henry  have  similar  plates,  with  apparently  tbe  same  clear- 

eontinned  their  magnificent  work  in  celestial  ness  of  sky,  surprising  differences  in  the  num- 

pboto^n^aphy,  having  taken  seventy-f  ourplates  her  of  stars.     He  finds,  on  comparing  MM.  Hen- 

of  different  parts  of  the  sky  in  1887.     Tne  re-  ry^s  plate  of  the  stars  in  Cyguus  taken  in  1885, 

port  of  the  director,  Admiral  Mouchez,  con-  with  those  taken  by  himself  in  1886  and  in 

tains  an  engraving  of  the  Pleiades  made  up  1887,  that  tbe  number  of  stars  in  the  Henry 

from  three  of  the  Henry  protographs.  plate  is  8,124;  in  his  plate  of  1886,  5,028 ;  aud 

iitffical  Ph«fiigraphyt — Prof.  Pritchard.  of  in  his  plate  of  1887,  16,206  ;  the  exposure  in 

Oxford  Observatory,  was  encouraged  by  his  each  case  was  sixty  minutes.     The  brothers 

access  in  determining  from  photographic  plates  Henry  have  succeeded  in  taking  a  photograph 

the  parallaxes  of  the  components  of  61  Cygni,  of  the  Pleiades  after  an  exposure  of  four  hours, 

to  discuss  the  parallaxes  of  a  Cassiopeis  and  which  shows  very  much  more  nebulous  mat- 

the  pole-star.      His  equatonal  he  improved,  ter  than  their  well-known  photograph  taken 

and  on  each  of  fifty-three  nights  four  plates  last  year.    The  negative  shows  stars  down  to 

were  taken  of  /i  CassiopeisB.    The  exposures  the  seventeenth  magnitude, 

varied  from  five  to  ten  minutes.    About  three  PhotagnpUe  Chart  of  the  HenTCiifc — Dr.  Gill,  at 

per  cent,  of  the  plates  were  ii^jured  or  unsuit-  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  is  pushing  this  work 

able  for  measurement.     He  took  two  iropres-  in  its  preliminary  stages  with  great  energy. 

noDs  on  the  same  plate,  slightly  moved  in  The  photographic  instrument  is  kept  at  work 

poatioD.    Two  comparison-stars  were  used,  by  two  observers  from  evening  twilight  until 

The  resulting  parallaxes  were :  dawn.    Tbe  reduction  of  the  plates  from  south 

From  star  (AW  =  00501'' ±0-037''.  polar  distance  0°  to   12*5°  has  been   com- 

**  (B)»  =  ooim  ±00285.  pleted,  and  measurements  are  proceeding  to 

An  ioTeeti^ation  of  the  results  obtained  by  south  polar  distance — S0°,    Derby  dry  plates 

Baiiig  only  a  few  selected  plates  of  61  Cygni  were  used  with  half-hour  exposure,  instead  of 

and  fM.  Caffsiopei®  has  led  Prof.  Pritchard  to  an  hour  as  previously.    Dr.  Gill,  in  a  paper 

give  up  the  laborious  method  used  in  the  case  published  by  the  International  Committee  for 

of  61  Cygni,  and  hereafter  to  limit  the  observa-  the  Photographic  Charting  of  tbe  Heavens, 

tiooa  to  five  nights  in  each  of  the  four  periods  proposes  the  establishment  of  a  central  bureau 

of  the  year  indicated  by  the  position  of  the  consisting  of  chief,  assistants,  secretaries,  and 

parallactic  ellipse.    He  hopes  in  this  way  to  a  staff  of  measurers  and  computers  to  take  the 

determine  in  one  year  the  parallaxes  of  fifteen  photographs  and  measure  tnem  and  make  a 

liars.     He  plans  to  apply  this  method  syste-  catalogue,  the  work  to  go  on  for  twenty-five 

maticallj  to  all  stars  between  the  magnitudes  years,  at  a  cost  of  $50,000  per  annum.    This 

1-5  to  2*5  which  are  well  visible  at  Oxiford.  would  require  the  cataloguing  of  2.000,000 

From  a  discussion  of  the  approximate  paral-  stars.     Some  astronomers  object  to  this  work 

laxea  that  he  expects  to  obtain,  Prof.  Pritch-  as  being  unnecessary.     It  is  expected  that  a 

ard  hopes  to  infer  some  important  cosmical  considerablenumber  of  observatories  in  Europe 

reladona.     The  result  of  his  approximate  de-  and  America  will  begin  work  on  the  photo- 

tenuination  of  the  parallax  of  Polaris  is  ir  =  graphic  chart  in  1889. 

(HX52'.     A  mean  of  all  the  determinations  of  Solar  Parallax* — Prof.  WiUiam  Harkness,  in 

preceding  observers  i?,  according  to  Maxwell  No.  182  of  the  "Astronomical  Journal,"  gives 

Hall,  w  =  0*043'.    From  six  months^  observa-  an  abstract  of  his  paper,  read  before  the  A.  A. 

tiona.  Prof.  Pritchard  has  obtained  the  follow-  A.  8.,  "  On  the  Value  of  the  Solar  Parallax 

ing  proTisional  parallaxes :  deducible  from  American  Photographs  of  the 

a  c^wiopeic,  0  072"  ±  0  043".  I^ast  Transit  of  Venus."    In  this  paper  an  ac- 

^Oustopeie^'oigT   ±0089. '  count  was  given  of  the  instruments  and  pro- 

y  CM«iop«te,  0050   ±  0047.  ccsscs  employed  by  the  United  States  Transit 

Isaac   Roberts  has  taken  photographs  of  of  Venus  Commission  in  determining  the  solar 

ihe  ring  nebnlfle  in  the  Lyre  (57  M.  Lyrsd),  the  parallax  from  photographs  of  the  transit  of 

domb-^ll  nebulad  (27  M.  VulpeculflB),  and  the  Venus  which  occurred    in  December,   1882. 

fine,  globular  star-cluster  (18  M.  Herculis).   In  Let  v  be  the  solar  parallax,  and  dA  and  dD, 

tbe  first  the  ring  was  well  shown,  also  the  respectively,  the  corrections  to  the  right  as- 

eentral   star  and  nebulous  matter  in  the  in-  censions  and  decliuations  of  Venus  given  by 

tenor,  but  there  was  no  evidence  of  resolva-  HilPs  tables  of  that  planet.     Then,   on   the 

bifity.     The  photographs  seem  to  confirm  the  assumption  that  Hansen's  tables  of  the  sun  are 

eaqricion    that  the  central    star  is  variable,  correct,  there  resulted  from  measurements  of 

Photographs  of  the  star-cluster  showed  promi-  tbe  distances  between  the  centers  of  the  Sun 

sent  features  not  noticed  by  Sir  J.  Herschel  and  and  Venus,   made  upon   1,475  photographs, 

TOL.  xxvni. — 4  A 


50 


ASTRONOMICAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY. 


taken  respeotivelj  at  Washington,  D.  0. ;  Ce- 
dar Keys,  Fla. ;  San  Antonio,  Tex. ;  Cerro 
Roblero,  N.  M. ;  Wellington,  Soath  Africa; 
Santa  Crnz,  Patagonia ;  Santiago,  Chili ;  Auck- 
land, New  Zealand ;  Princeton,  N.  J. ;  and  the 
lick  Observatory,  Oal. : 

»  =      8-847"  ±  0012" 
aA.=  +2-898 
aD=  +  1-264 

and  the  corresponding  mean  distance  from  the 
earth  to  the  son  is  92,385,000  miles,  with  a 
probable  error  of  only  125,000  miles.  These 
nambers  are  doabtless  close  approximations  to 
the  results  that  will  be  obtained  from  the  com- 
plete discussion  of  all  the  photographs;  but 
they  can  not  be  regarded  as  final,  for  several 
reasons,  chief  among  which  is  the  fact  that  the 
redaction  of  the  position -angles  of  Venns  rel- 
atively to  the  Sun^s  center  is  still  anfinished. 
When  these  angles  are  combined  with  the 
distances,  it  is  likely  that  the  probable  error 
of  the  parallax  will  be  somewhat  reduced. 
The  photographs  taken  at  Lick  Observatory 
seem  to  indicate  that  for  altitudes  4,000  feet 
above  sea-level,  the  values  of  the  refraction 
given  by  the  tables  in  general  use  are  some- 
what too  large.  Prof.  L.  Cruls  has  published 
the  results  of  the  Brazilian  observations  of  the 
transit  of  Venus  made  at  three  stations,  St. 
Thomas  (Antilles),  Pemam'buco,  and  Punta- 
Arenas.  The  final  result  for  parallax  is  vr  = 
8*808".  This  curiously  coincides  exactly  with 
the  result  of  the  EngUsh  observations,  taking 
the  lowest  probable  result. 

EcUpfles  of  tlM  Mmi« — Two  interesting  total 
eclipses  of  the  moon  occurred  in  1888.  The  first 
on  January  28,  and  the  second  at  midnight,  July 
22.  The  moon  rose  eclipsed  on  January  28, 
but  was  beautifully  visible  on  July  22.  Ob- 
servers of  the  eclipse  of  January  28  report  a 
remarkable  contrast  between  the  visibility  of 
the  eclipsed  moon  on  that  occasion  and  in  Oc- 
tober, 1884.  The  moon  at  the  latter  date  was 
scarcely  visible,  while  at  the  former  it  shone 
with  a  light  that  was  plainly  visible.  Prof. 
Filopanti,  of  Bologna,  thinks  that  the  red  color 
during  the  total  eclipse  arose  in  part  from  a 
phosphorescent  quality  of  the  exposed  lunar 
surface.  To  astronomers  these  two  eclipses  of 
the  moon  were  especially  interesting  as  afford- 
ing opportunity  for  the  observation  of  the  oc- 
cultations  of  faint  stars  by  the  moon.  Dr. 
Dollen,  of  the  Pulkowa  Observatory,  Russia, 
prepared  lists  of  stars  to  be  occulted  by  the 
moon,  and  sent  these  to  many  observatories  in 
Europe  and  the  United  States,  with  the  request 
that  the  times  of  disappearance  and  reappear- 
ance be  noted  and  forwarded  to  him.  He  re- 
p(trts  that  he  has  obtained  in  this  way  observa- 
tions of  783  phenomena  (896  disappearances 
and  887  reappearances),  made  at  fifty-five  dif- 
ferent places.  The  places  of  observation  are 
BO  favorably  situated  that  he  considers  there  is 
ample  material  for  calculating  the  place,  the 
diameter,  and  possibly  the  eliipticity  and  the 
parallax  of  the  moon.    For  the  parallax  and 


distance  of  the  moon  he  has  bases  of  90°  in 
latitude  and  150°  in  longitude. 

Asteralds. — The  small  planet  Istria  (183)  was 
rediscovered  by  Palisa,  April  7,  1888.  Of  the 
first  250  of  the  planets,  288  have  been  observed 
at  second  opposition.  Only  two  of  the  excep- 
tions are  between  numbers  200  and  250.  Since 
the  article  in  the  ''*•  Annual  Cyclopaodia  *^  for 
1887  was  written.  No.  268  has  been  named 
Adorea;  269  has  not  been  named,  and  270 
has  been  styled  Anahita.  The  opposition  m 
longitude  of  Sappho  (80)  occurred  April  12, 
1888.  Observations  were  made  by  many  as- 
tronomers to  determine  the  correction  to  the 
elements  of  the  planet^s  orbit.  In  Aagust  and 
September,  1889,  this  planet  will  make  a  near 
approach  to  the  earth,  on  account  of  the  ec- 
centricity of  its  orbit  and  the  commensura- 
bility  of  its  period  with  that  of  the  earth.  Ob- 
servations of  this  planet  will  be  taken  in  1889 
to  determine  the  value  of  solar  parallax.  Prof. 
C.  H.  F.  Peters  gives  the  following  results  of 
some  of  his  photometrioal  work  on  the  small 
planets :  voimiM  ib  bubm 

of  cable  UiooMlnL 

Yeata,  6-5  magnitude 82-2 

Cen'a,7-T         "         218 

PalUw,8-d         "         64 

Hfgeia 4-8 

Banomia 4*8 

Juno 8-7 

Hebe 2-4 

Iria 2-4 

Payctae 21 

Lutetia 19 

The  total  volume  of  the  ten  largest  asteroids, 
therefore,  is  81*5  millions  of  cubic  kilometres; 
that  of  the  first  seventy.  Prof.  Peters  found  to 
be  127*74;  and  as  the  volume  of  the  earth  is 
1,082,841  millions  of  cubic  kilometres,  the  com- 
bined volumes  of  the  first  seventy  asteroids  is 
to  that  of  the  earth  as  1  to  7,862. 

Prof.  Daniel  Kirk  wood  has  published  re- 
cently an  exceedingly  interesting  work  of  sixty 
pages  on  "The  Asteroids  or  Minor  Planets 
between  Mars  and  Jupiter.^'  This  gives,  among 
other  items  of  interest,  the  asteroids  in  the  or- 
der of  discovery,  to  and  including  No.  271, 
the  elements  of  the  asteroids,  theories  in  re- 
gard to  the  origin  of  asteroids,  etc.  The  fol- 
lowing asteroids  have  been  discovered  since 
the  table  in  the  "Annual  CyclopsBdia ^'  for 
1887  was  prepared : 


5 

I 


i 


I 

\ 


5 


s 


No. 


Num. 


271.  Penthesilea 

272.  Antonia.... 
278.1  Atropofl.... 
274.'  PbilflgorU. 

275.  Bapientia.. 

276.  Adelheld... 

277.    

278.  Paulina... 

279.1  

280.    


DlaooTcrer. 


Dr.  Knorre,  at  Berlin. 
M.  CbarIoi8,atNioe.. 
Uerr  Paliaa,  at  Vienna 


ti 


ti  u 

M.  Gharloia. 
Herr  Paliaa. 


u 


u 


No.  of 

dIseoT- 

•ry. 


4 
2 
61 
62 
63 
64 
8 
66 
66 
67 


D«toordi»- 
oowy. 


Oct.  18. 188T 
Feb.  4,  I88S 
MarcbS 
Aprils 
April  15 
April  17 
Mays 
Ma7l6 
Oct.  26 
Oct  81 


€onetB. — Six  comets  were  discovered  in  1888 
up  to  November  1.  Comet  I  was  discovered 
early  in  the  morning  of  February  19,  by  Mr. 
Sawerthal    as   he   was   returning   from    the 


ASTRONOMICAL  PROGBEBB  AND  DISCOVERT. 


51 


agraphic  observatorj  of  the  Ro^al  Ob  It  has  been  saggested  that  there  were  three 

tor;  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Uo^     He  no-  tails.    In  May  the  appearance  of  tbe  comet 

with  the  naked  eje  a  EiospioiouB  object,  was  said  to  be  s  malar  t   that  of  Eookes  comet 

h  on  investigBt  oo  with  the  opera  glass,  (Dec    2    1871)    as  drawn  bj  Prof    Uall     A 

ed  to  be  a  cornet.     The  obserTBtioDS  of  sudden  increase  in  bngblneBS  is  reported  to 

hh  observers  show  that  the  comet  was  i  are  occurred  aboat  Ma;  28     The  spectram 

defined,  the  tail  being  distmcU;  visible  to  obtained  was  faint,  but  fairly  brood,  contua 


taked  eye,  and  estimated  in  April  to  be 
J  o°  in  length.  The  nucleus  was  seen 
ated  by  many;  others  report  a  complete 
•tion  into  two  portions.  The  duplicity 
e  naclena  was  confirmed  by  observatioas 

by  Barnard,  at  Lick  Observstory.  The 
■tion  nf  the  two  portions  was  estimated 

B.  Hill  to  be  abont  eqnal  to  8"  of  arc. 
irers  report  the  tail  very  bright  along  the 
al  «"«)  and  mach  fainter  on  either  side. 


ons,  and  crossed  by  three  faint  bands,  cor- 
responding to  the  well-known  carbon-ban(ls 
characteristic  of  cometsry  spectra  in  (general. 

Comet  II  is  the  twenty. fifth  reappearance 
of  tbe  Encke  comet,  the  period  of  which  is  3-3 
years.  It  was  detected  on  tbe  evening  of  July 
8.  by  John  Tebbutt,  at  Windsor,  New  South 
Wales.  Ita  position  had  been  predicted  by 
Drs.  liacklund  and  Berephimoff,  and  it  was 
found  almost  exactly  in  the  place  assigned. 


52 


ASTRONOMICAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY. 


In  a  4|>inoh  telescope  it  appeared  as  a  small, 
bright,  nebulous  star,  witnoat  a  nucleus.  It 
was  moving  rapidly  both  east  and  south.  This 
comet  was  originally  discovered  on  Nov.  26, 
1818,  by  the  astronomer  Pons,  at  Marseilles. 
It  was  then  viHible  for  seven  weeks.  Prof. 
Encke,  of  Berlin,  subjected  the  observations 
to  a  careful  investigation,  and  showed  that  the 
orbit  was  eUiptical,  with  a  period  of  about 
three  and  one  third  years.  He  identified  the 
comet  with  the  comets  of  1786  I,  1795,  and 
1805,  and  predicted  its  return.  His  calcula- 
tions were  almost  exactly  fulfilled.  Ordina- 
rily it  appears  to  have  no  tail.  In  1848  it 
had  two,  one  about  1°  in  length  directed  from 
the  sun,  and  the  other  a  little  shorter,  and 
turned  toward  it.  At  perihelion  tbe  comet 
passes  within  the  orbit  of  Mercury,  and  at 
aphelion  its  distance  from  the  sun  is  about 
equal  to  that  of  Jupiter.  Investigations  of  the 
motions  of  this  comet  show  that  its  period  is 
steadily  diminishing  by  about  two  and  a  half 
hours  in  every  revolution.  Encke^s  theory 
was  that  the  comet,  in  moving  through  space, 
met  with  a  resistance  from  some  rare  medi- 
um, which  was  not  able  to  impede  the  great- 
er masses  of  the  planets.  Many  astronomers 
are  inclined  to  doubt  the  existence  of  a  re- 
sisting medium ;  but  lately,  Dr.  Backlund,  the 
Swedish  astronomer,  from  an  examination  of 
tbe  observations  of  the  comet  between  1871 
and  1881,  concludes  that  there  is  a  retardation, 
although  the  amount  is  less  than  that  assigned 
by  Encke.  No  other  comet  seems  to  be  re- 
tarded, so  that  if  we  accept  the  theory  of  a  re- 
sisting medium  we  must  imagine  that  it  does 
not  extend  very  far  from  the  sun.    The  in- 


1848.  It  had  a  bright  nucleus  and  short 
but  was  not  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  L< 
rier  investigated  its  orbit,  and  predicted  it 
turn  to  permelion  on  April  3, 1851.  It  retu 
within  a  day  of  the  time  predicted.  Its 
helion  distance  is  about  100,000,000  miles, 
its  aphelion  distance  about  500,000,000  mi 
Comet  Y  was  discovered  on  Septemb< 
by  E.  E.  Barnard,  at  the  Lick  Observatory 
was  described  as  circular,  1'  in  diameter,  • 
enth  magnitude,  with  a  well-defiued  nno 
No  decided  motion  was  observed  in  tw 
minutes.  Prof.  Boss  calculated  the  provisi 
elements  given  in  the  table,  which  show 
the  theoretical  brightness  at  perihelion  w 
be  about  seventy  times  tbe  brightness  at 
covery.  The  same  observer  furnishes  the 
lowing  notes : 

September  6.  The  oomet  has  a  soft  but  oond< 
light.  The  coma  is  somewhat  less  than  SO"  in  di 
ter,  and  symmetrical.  Tbe  condensation  is  very 
fonn  toward  the  center,  without  a  distinct  nui 
Under  illumloation  tbe  central  parts — some  5"  i 
ameter — appear  as  a  star  of  11*5  nuuniitude. 

September  6.  There  is  a  very  small  nucleus  of  i 
the  tnirtoentb  ma^itude. 

September  10.   The  nebulosity  is  elliptical, 
axes  of  about  40"  and  60"  respectively.    Nuclear 
densation  well  marked,  and  is,  perlutps,  10"  soi 
tbe  center  of  tbe  nebulous  mass. 

Oomet  VI  was  discovered  by  E.  E. 
nard,  at  Lick  Observatory,  October  81. 
describes  it  as  having  no  tail,  a  strong  oe: 
condensation,  of  the  eleventh  magnitud< 
fainter ;  the  nebulosity  was  1'  in  mean  di; 
ter,  and  was  much  elongated. 

We  give  the  approximate  elements  of  1 
comets  in  the  following  table : 


Dwrignrtloa. 

issa,!.... 

II.. 
III.. 
IV.. 

V... 
VI.. 


Or.  M.T 
FHlhalkm 


1688,  Mareh,  16-96 
188S,  .Tone,    28 
1888,  July,     80*25 
1888,  Aug.,    20 
1888,  Dec,     10-41 
1888,  Sept,      9-45 


Q. 

M 

i 

Log.tf. 

245«»80' 

859* 

49' 

42M7' 

9*84450 

884»89' 

12«»68' 

9  5852 

101»  6' 

67- 

49' 

7404/ 

9-95424 

209-40' 

no  22' 

0-240 

8«28' 

857* 

46' 

16507' 

0- 18668 

187*  52' 

267* 

10' 

45*53' 

0-04984 

niaoovttj. 


Feb.  16,6awertluU.. 

July  8,  Tebbutt 

Aug.  7,  Brooks 

Aug.  9.  Nice  Ob«y . 
Sept  2,  Barnard.... 
Oct  81,  Barnard.... 


SjBOBJB. 


Comet  a,  1S88 

2; 


lUi 

En 


vestigations  of  Mr.  Sherman  seem  to  point  in 
the  same  direction  as  those  of  Dr.  Backlund. 

Oomet  III  was  discovered  by  W.  R.  Brooks, 
of  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  August  7.  On  August  10, 
Prof.  Boss  reported  the  comet  as  small  and 
condensed,  and  showing,  with  low  powers,  as 
a  star  of  the  ninth  magnitude.  It  had  a  short 
tail  with  an  estimated  length  of  10',  and  of  the 
same  breadth  as  the  head.  It  had  already 
passed  perihelion  when  discovered,  and  was 
rapidly  diminishing  in  brightness.  It  was 
thought  that  observations  might  be  made  up 
tp  the  October  moon. 

Oomet  IV  was  found  at  Nice  Observatory 
on  August  9.  The  ephemeris  shows  that  the 
comet  is  slightly  increasing  in  brightness. 
This  comet  is  one  of  the  short-period  comets. 
Its  last  appearance  was  in  1880;  its  period  is 
7*4  years.  The  present  is  its  seventh  appear- 
ance. This  comet  was  first  discovered  by  M. 
Faje,  at  the  Paris  Observatory,  on  Nov.  22, 


W.  F.  Denning  says  that  fourteen  00 
were  discovered  between  1827  and  1886,  \ 
between  1877  and  1886  forty-nine  were 
covered.  In  seven  years  E.  E.  Barnard 
W.  R.  Brooks  have  discovered  twenty  « 
ets — ten  apiece — and  to  the  end  of 
they  had  received  $2,700  in  prizes.  In 
September  number  of  "The  Observatory 
W.  Backhouse  gives  the  following  intere 
table  in  regard  to  naked-eye  comets  seen  1 
1881: 


COMET. 


1881,  KGreat) 

1881,  c  (Scbaberle'B) . . . 

1882,  a  (Wells's) 

1882      (Great). 

1888,  6  (Pons-Brooks's) 

1885,  d  (Fabry's) 

1888,/  (Barnard's) .... 
1888,  a  (Sawerthal's). . . 


FinttMii  with 


Duntioa  of 
nakad-«yt 
TklUUtj. 


1881,  Jane  29 .  89  days 

1881,  July  27..  88  *» 

1882,  Biayll..'  24  ** 
1882,  Oct  l...i  188  « 
1888,  Nov.  19.. '  70  ** 
188e,Maroh29  29  ** 
1886,  Nov.  9..  49  " 
1888,  April  7. .  87  « 


G 
la 


ASTRONOMICAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY. 


58 


WaMe  tmA  Bteary  Stm.— J.  E.  Gore  gives  in 
tiie  ^^  Monthly  Notices  of  the  Royal  Astronom- 
ical Society  "  for  December,  1887,  formulcD  for 
tbe  rectani^lar  co-ordinates  of  the  donble  star 
2 1847,  and  gives  the  proper  motion  of  tbe  star 
as  0-1053"  per  annnm  in  the  direction  of  posi- 
tion angle  114*1^    The  following  table  gives: 


The  86-inch  eqaatorial  of  Lick  Observatory 
shows,  ^*at  a  little  less  tban  one  fifth  of  the 
width  of  the  ring  from  its  oater  edge,  a  fine 
but  distinct  dark  line,  a  mere  spider's  thread, 
which  could  be  traced  along  the  ring  nearly  to 
a  point  opposite  the  limb  of  the  planet.  This 
line  marked  the  beginning  of  a  dark  shade, 


STAR. 


Ttaie  of  perlastroo T 

Pofitioa  of  nod« Si 

FoiitkMi  of  periABtroD A 

lirtinafian y 

Eeueuukltjr c 

S<ml-«xlB  iD^<u* a 

XaB  moCioD. M 

FhM  tn  yean P 

Conpatrr 


pEridanL 

A  Ophinelkl. 

TO  (p)  OpbindiL 

2  8111. 

1888-&fi 

17879 

1S07-65 

1878-52 

185«»  0'  (18T0) 

105-6*  (1900) 

120'  6'  (1880) 

240«0' 

152  5« 

17P  45' 

88»8r 

88  1« 

580  28' 

0  674 

0-4484 

0-4912" 

6-868«8 

B'H" 

1-68" 

4-60" 

0-6725" 

-1190 

+0  9«88« 

-4  098» 

8028T 

87-5 

87-84 

84  65 

J.  E.  Gore. 

S.  Qlasenapp. 

J.  E.  GoPO. 

M.GekiriA. 

Ike  8a« — The  miniranm  period  for  sun-spot 
occurrence  was  prolonged  during  the  first  four 
months  of  1887.  There  was  a  sudden  slight 
increase  in  the  number  of  spots  in  the  begin- 
ning of  May,  1887.  In  the  present  eleven-year 
period  two  minima  have  occarred :  one,  from 
Sept  22  to  Dec.  8,  1886,  and  the  other  from 
January  to  May,  1887.  Including  both  of  these 
periods  in  the  same  minimum,  by  neglecting 
the  intermptions  at  the  close  of  1886,  then  the 
whole  minimum  period  includes  222  days,  and 
the  date  of  the  minimum  may  be  given  ap- 
proximately as  Jan.  10,  1887.  This  does  not 
refer  to  the  absolute  minimum  for  this  eleven- 
jear  period.  On  Oct.  28,  1887,  some  faculs, 
attached  to  a  group  of  faint  spots,  are  reported 
to  have  become  on  a  sudden  intensely  bright, 
and  faded  again  as  quickly.  No  other  change 
of  importance  occurred  in  the  spots  themselves, 
or  in  their  neighborhood.  Within  three  min- 
utes both  faculse  and  spots  had  entirely  dis- 
appeared. The  magnetic  instruments  indicated 
DO  distorbance.  There  were  many  days  in 
1887  when  tbe  sun  was  without  spots,  but  very 
rarely  were  faculs  entirely  absent. 

SMn*  —  Many  skillful  observers,  among 
whom  may  be  mentioned  M.  Trouvelot,  Dr.  Ter- 
bj,  and  Mr.  Elger,  consider  that  tbe  rings  of  Sat- 
urn are  not  stable,  but  are  subject  to  continual 
diangea.  Dark  masses  have  been  observed  on 
ring  C,  indentations  have  been  seen  on  its 
inner  edge,  and  other  noticeable  appearances 
recorded.  Some  astronomers  have  been  in- 
clined to  consider  that  these  appearances  have 
no  real  existence,  but  that  they  are  due  to  bad 
teeing,  distorting  eye-pieces,  etc.  Prof.  Hall, 
in  using  tbe  great  Washington  glass,  was,  we 
think,  unable  to  see  some  of  the  markings 
drawn  on  the  rings  by  Trouvelot  in  his  well- 
known  pictnre  of  Saturn,  as  seen  with  a  26- 
ioch  instrument.  Mr.  Keeler,  of  Lick  Observa- 
tory, in  the  February  number  of  the  "  Sidereal 
Messenger,"  in  speaking  of  the  distortion  of 
J^tom's  shadow,  drawn  by  Trouvelot,  says  he 
had  often  noticed  the  distortion  ^^  when  observ- 
ii^  with  tbe  12-inch  equatorial,  with  a  low 
power  on  a  poor  night;  but  it  always  dis- 
ippeared  on  employing  a  sufficiently  high 
power,  or  with  improvement  in  the  definition." 


which  extended  inward,  diminishing  in  intensi- 
ty, nearly  to  the  great  black  division.  At  its 
inner  edge  the  ring  was  of  nearly  the  same 
brightness  as  outside  the  fine  division.  No  other 
markings  were  visible." 

In  the  supplements  to  the  ^^Pulkowa  Ob- 
servations," Prof.  H.  Struve  discusses  his  own 
observations  made  with  the  15-inch  refractor 
in  1884-'86  on  lapetus.  Titan,  Rhea,  and  Dione, 
with  a  view  to  correcting  the  elements  of  these 
satellites  and  also  of  determining  the  mass  and 
ellipticity  of  Saturn.  Herr  Struve's  value  of 
the  mass  of  Saturn  agrees  closely  with  BessePs, 
being  1  -f-  8,498 ;  the  sun  being  unity. 

O.  W.  Hill,  in  the  **  Astronomical  Journal," 
of  July  12,  1888,  discusses  the  motion  of  Hy- 
perion and  the  mass  of  Titan.  He  points  out 
the  errors  in  the  calculations  of  several  com- 
puters, and  gives  as  his  value  of  the  mass  of 
Titan  1  -^  4,714,  the  mass  of  the  planet  being 
unity. 

Man. — Prof.  Schiaparelli^s  observations  on 
Mars,  made  during  the  opposition  of  1881-^82, 
have  been  published.  His  new  map  agrees  in 
general  with  that  drawn  in  1879.  There  are 
some  noticeable  differences,  however,  these 
being  in  a  region  seen  by  a  number  of  observ- 
ers to  undergo  changes.  The  main  interest  of 
this  memoir  centers  in  the  full  account  of  ihe 
"  remarkable  duplication  of  many  of  the 
canals."  Thirty  duplications  are  recorded  be- 
tween December,  1881,  and  February,  1882. 
The  author  thinks  the  phenomenon  is  periodic, 
and  he  concludes  that  duplication  is  connected 
with  a  period  corresponding  to  the  tropical 
year  of  Mars,  and  depending  on  the  martial 
seasons.  The  tendency  to  duplication  is  pointed 
out  as  showing  itself  in  other  regions  of  Mars. 
Other  observers  have  noted  this  tendenry. 
Schiaparelli  thinks  it  impossible  to  deny  the 
reality  of  the  duplications,  however  difficult  of 
explanation  they  may  be.  E.  W.  Maunder,  4n 
the  September  number  of  "  The  Observatory," 
in  discussing  Schiaparelli's  observations,  re- 
marks that  ^^  it  seems  impossible  to  accept  this 
as  a  description  of  a  real  objective  change  tak- 
ing place  upon  the  actual  surface  of  the  planet, 
though  as  a  record  of  a  subjective  appear- 
ance it  must  be  unhesitatingly  received.    Prof. 


54 


ASTRONOMICAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY. 


Schiaparelli's  advantages  in  the  way  of  keen 
and  trained  eye-sight,  and  telescopic  and  atmos- 
pheric definition  are  beyond  challenge.  Hith- 
erto the  puzzle  has  received  no  satisfactory  so- 
lution, for  Mr.  Proctor^s  suggestion  that  the 
canals  are  rivers  is  quite  irreconcilable  with 
the  account  Prof.  Schiaparelli  has  given  of  the 


The  Chief  Hetoor-Showen. — W.  F.  Denning 
gives,  in  the  January,  1888,  number  of  '*  Month- 
ly Notices  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,** 
a  list  of  the  chief  meteor-showers,  derived  from 
his  observations  made  during  the  past  fifteen 
years,  the  positions  being  corrected  for  preces- 
sion, and  brought  up  to  1890. 


NAMK   OF  SHOWER. 

Danttoo.                           Date  of  nuuimiim. 

Radiant  polat. 

San'c  k^lftadi. 

1.  Quadrantids ! . . 

8.  Lyrtdfl 

December  28-Janiiarjr  4 Januarys 

April  16-22 AprU20 

April8«)-May6 May  6 

July  28-Angust  25 July  28 

July  11-AugU8t  22 Autruat  11 

October  9-29 October  18 

a  =  229-8»  <=  +525 

869-7            4-88  5 

887-6           -   8-1 

889-4           -11-6 

45-9            +  66-9 

98-1            + 16-6 

150-0            +  82-9 

26-8            +48-8 

1081            +82-6 

281 -e" 
81-8 

8.  n  Aaaarfds  

46-8 

4.  6  AaiiaridB 

125-6 

6.  Perseida *. . . 

188-5 

6.  Orionida 

805-9 

7.  liOonida 

November  9-1 7 November  13... 

881-5 

8.  Andromedea 

November  25-80 November  27. . . 

845  8 

9.  Qeminida 

December  1-14 December  10 .. . 

8595 

Notes. — 2.  Probably  moviug  in  orbit  of  Comet  I,  1861.  8.  Have  orbital  reaemblance  to  Halley^a  comet.  5.  Obviooa 
displacement  of  radiant  point  from  night  to  night  May  have  aorae  connection  with  (k>met  III.  1862.  6.  Badiant  shows  no 
displacement.  7.  Observed  from  earliest  times.  Been  bv  Humboldt,  1799.  Magnificent  return  in  1888,  and  aplendid  shower 
in  1SH6.  Very  meager  during  the  last  fltteen  years.  I'hese  meteors  form  a  complete  ellipbe.  and  the  earth  meets  a  lew  at 
every  passage  through  the  n<Kle.  But  the  meteors  are  nearly  all  massed  in  the  neighborhood  of  their  pnrenL  Comet  I,  ISMi 
It  is  suppof^  th-it  there  are  minor  groups  of  meteors  pursuing  the  same  orbit ;  if  so,  we  may  have  a  revival  of  this  diaplaf 
in  1SS8,  K>r  on  the  night  of  Nov.  12, 1S22,  shooting-stara,  mingled  with  balls  of  fire,  were  seen  in  vast  numbers  at  Potsdam, 
by  Rloden.  8.  Observed  in  1798.  Recurred  in  1888.  Very  brilliant  showera,  Nov.  27, 1872,  and  1885.  It  ia  unoertsiB 
whether  this  group  forms  au  unbroken  stream  or  not.    Betuma  of  the  showers  should  be  looked  ft>r  in  lb82  and  1898. 


appearances  he  has  observed.  But  it  is  quite 
likely  that  Proctor^s  further  suggestion  that 
thej  are  *  optical  products,'  neither  objective 
realities  nor  optical  illusions,  but  phenomena  of 
diffraction,  may  prove  more  satisfactory.  Fur- 
ther observations  are  urgently  desired  to  test 
the  point— observations  not  confined  to  two  or 
three  favorable  nights  near  opposition,  but  be- 
gun early  and  ended  late,  and  carried  on  with 
the  most  persistent  continuity.'' 

In  the  ^^  Astronomical  Journal "  for  A  ugust, 
1888,  Prof.  Asaph  Hall,  of  Washington,  D.  0., 
says  he  made  very  careful  observations  of  Mars 
during  June,  1888.  These  were  begun  in  the 
twilight,  and  were  continued  for  eighteen 
night<(,  but  he  was  unable  to  see  anything  like 
the  regular  canals  drawn  by  the  European 
observers.  The  only  remarkable  change  he 
noticed  was  the  diminution  in  the  size  of  the 
white  spot  at  the  south  pole  of  the  planet. 
These  observations  were  made  with  the  great 
26-incb  instrument. 

In  the  "  Astronomical  Journal "  for  Septem- 
ber, Prof.  Holden,  of  Lick  Observatory,  gives 
a  series  of  drawings  of  Mars,  as  seen  with  the 
great  36  inch  Lick  telescope.  He  reports  that 
they  have  seen  none  of  the  canals  double,  al- 
though many  of  the  more  important  have  been 
sketched  ns  broad  bands  covering  the  spaces  on 
Schiaparelli's  map  that  are  occupied  by  pairs 
of  canals.  The  observations  also  fail  to  discover 
any  important  changes  in  the  continent  Libya, 
which  had  been  reported  as  submerged. 

Jiplter.— A  remnant  of  the  great  red  spot 
is  still  to  be  observed  in  the  planet's  southern 
hemisphere.  This  "  rosy  cloud  "  was  first  fig- 
ured and  described  by  Prof.  0.  W.  Pritchett,  of 
Morrison  Observatory,  Glasgow,  Missouri,  on 
July  9,  1878.  The  persistency  of  the  spot  has 
led  some  observers  to  consider  that  they  were 
looking  at  the  solid  body  of  the  planet  through 
a  hole,  as  it  were,  in  Jupiter's  clouds. 


Mr.  Denning  gives  some  interesting  data  as 
to  heights  of  fire-balls  and  shooting  -  stars. 
Eighty  fire-balls,  between  1865  and  1887,  gave 
an  average  height  at  beginning  of  69*2  miles, 
and  30*2  miles  at  end  of  flight.  Comparing 
these  heights  with  the  heights  of  meteors 
(nearly  all  shooting-stars  of  the  first  magni- 
tude or  fainter),  he  gives  the  following  table: 


AUTHORITY. 

No.  of 
Mataon. 

Height  at 
b«flnolDg. 

76 -9  miles. 
7»-6     *• 
81-4     ** 
800     •* 

Haight  at  aodl^. 

E.  Hels 

271 
86 

49 
18 

5(>'l  miles.  ' 

A.  S.  Uerschel..     .. 

T.  H.  Waller 

W.  F.  Denning* 

58-8      ** 
62  4      " 
54  2      *» 

*  stars  seen  in  1887. 


A  careful  discussion  of  the  various  records 
gives  the  following  mean  relative  heights : 


At  beginning. 

At  ending. 

At  iniddl*  eown. 

Fir«-ball» 

Bhooting-stars 

69  miles. 
80      " 

80  miles. 
54     " 

49  Smites. 
67-0     " 

It  is  supposed  that  telescopic  meteors  are  at 
still  greater  elevations  than  the  brighter  forms 
of  these  bodies. 

Meteorites.  —  In  April,  1888,  Prof.  H.  A. 
Newton  read  before  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences  a  paper  "Upon  the  Relation  which 
the  Former  Orbits  of  those  Meteorites  that  are 
in  our  Collections,  and  that  were  seen  to  fall, 
had  to  the  Earth's  Orbit."  His  studies  lead 
him  to  adopt  tliree  propositions:  1.  The  mete- 
orites that  we  have  in  our  cabinets,  which 
were  seen  to  fall,  were  originally  (as  a  class, 
and  with  few  eiceptions),  moving  abont  the 
sun  in  orbits  that  had  inclinations  less  than 
90°;  that  is,  their  motions  were  direct,  not 
retrograde.  2.  Either  the  stones  that  are  mov- 
ing in  the  solar  system  acroes  the  earth's  orbit 
move  in  general  in  direct  orbits ;  or  else,  for 
some  reason,  the  stones  that  move  in  retro- 
grade orbits  do  not  in  general  come  through 


ASTRONOMICAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY.  66 

le  tir  to  the  ground.  8.  The  perihelion-dis-  raised  to  Mr.  Lockyer's  hypothesis  hy  M. 
mces  of  nearly  all  the  orhits  in  which  these  Stanislas  Mennier.  He  contends  that  the  only 
oDes  moF'e  were  not  less  than  0*5  nOr  more  conclusion  we  are  as  yet  entitled  to  draw  from 
tan  1*0  time  the  earth^s  radios.  The  anthor  the  spectroscopic  researches  on  meteorites  is, 
Bomes  as  fully  proved  the  connection  of  that  they  are  composed  of  the  same  origiDal 
wnets  with  meteors,  and  considers  therefore  matter  as  other  celestial  bodies. 
lat  the  meteorites  have  velocities  relative  to  The  Observatory  of  Milan  has  published  Part 
lesnn  not  |;^reater  than  1-414  nor  less  than  II,  No.  VII,  of  its  observations.  This  last  num- 
S44  time  the  earth's  velocity  in  its  orbit  her  contains  a  catalogue  which  is  supplementary 
•rib's  orbital  velocity  18*38  miles  a  second),  to  two  preceding  ones.  The  first  (1874)  con- 
Mr.  Lockyer,  in  his  paper  read  before  the  tained  the  observed  paths  of  7,152  meteors  seen 
oval  Society,  Nov.  17,  1887,  gives  the  result  in  1872 ;  the  second  (1882)  contained  7,602  me- 
'  his  ex{>eriments  on  meteorites.  He  ex-  teors,  and  the  present  publication  contains  9,627 
Dined  meteoritic  spectra  under  various  con-  meteors. 

tion?,  particularly  that  of  feeble  temperature.  8«lar  Pliyrif& — The  experiments  of  Prof  John 

e  found  it  poasihleto  obtain  from  meteorites  Trowbridge  and  G.  0.  Hutchins  lead  tliem  to 

»ectra  that  showed  the  most  peculiar  features  conclude  that  there  \9  unmistakable  evidence  of 

[  almost   every    variety  of  spectrum — solar,  the  existence  of  csrbon  vapor  in  the  sun,  and 

tir.  nebalar,  and  cometary.     *^  In  the  spectra  that  at  the  point  of  the  suns  atmosphere  where 

ff  nebnise,  for  instance,  seven  lines  have  been  the  carbon  is  volatilized  the  temperature  of  the 

letected,  of  which  three  were  traced  to  hydro-  sun  approximates  to  that  of  the  voltaic  arc. 

pi,  three  to  low-temperature  magnesium,  and  An  exceedingly  valuable  contribution  to  sci- 

ibe  seventh,  which  has  not  yet  been  traced  to  ence  has  been  made  by  0.  0.  Hutchins  and 

its  originating  element,  has  been  given  by  the  £.  L.  Holden  in  regard  to  the  meaning  of  the 

gbw  from    the   Dhurmsala  meteorite.      The  lines  in  the  solar  spectrum.     They  say  that 

most  characteristic  nebidar  line  was  identified  ^^The  dispersion  given  by  the  apparatus  in  the 

with  the  low -temperature  fluting  of  magne-  order  of  spectrum  in  which  we  work  is  such 

mm,  and  the  unusual  spectrum  obtained  from  that  a  single  wave-length  occupies  on  the  neg- 

the  cfimets  of  1866  and  1867  was  ascribed  to  ative  a  space  of  1*12  millimetres.    This  makes 

the  same  caase.     The  changes  observed  in  the  the  distance  between  lines  Di  and  Dt  6*7  milli- 

s{>ectnim  of   the  great  comet  of   1882  were  metres.    We  are  convinced  that  there  is  much 

rach  as  would  correspond  to  the  changes  in-  in  the  whole  matter  of  coincidences  of  metallic 

dooed  by  the  change  of  temperature  in  the  and  solar  lines  that  needs  re-examination;  that 

spectrum  of  a  meteorite ;  and  the  changes  in  something  more  than  the  mere  coincidences  of 

tbe  spectram  of  Nova  Cygni,  and  the  bright  two  or  three  lines  out  of  many  is  necessary  to 

lines  in  snch  a  star  as  R.  Geminorum  received  establish  even  the  probability  of  the  presence 

a  similar  explanation  ;   while  a  very  fuU,  in  of  a  metal  in  the  sun."    They  have  examined 

parts  almost  perfect,  reproduction  of  a  con-  some  of  the  doubtful  elements  in  the  list  given 

aderable  portion  of  the  solar  spectrum  has  by  Prof.  Young  in  his  book  on  **The  feun," 

been  obtained  by  taking  a  compo<iit6  photo-  and  find  the  evidence  as  fallows:  For  oadmi- 

jETsph  of  the  arc  spectrum  of  several  stony  me-  um,  there  were  two  perfect  coincidences ;  for 

teorites,  taken  at  random  between  iron  meteoric  lead,  cerium,  molybdenum,  nraiJum,  vanadi- 

polos.      These  and  similar  observations  have  um,  there  was  no  good  evidence  in  favor  of 

fed  Mr.   Lockyer  to  regard  all  self-luminous  their  existence  in  the  sun.     Among  the  metals 

bodies  in  tbe  celestial  spaces  as  composed  of  whose  existence  in  the  solar  atmosphere  has 

Deteoritesi,  or  masses  of  meteoritic  vapor  pro-  seemed  probable,  their  experiments  seem  to 

doced  by  heat  brought  about  by  condensation  show  that  bismuth  and  silver  were  present,  but 

of  meteor-swarms  due  to  gravity,  so  that  the  that  tin,  potassium,  and  lithium  were  doubtful, 

existeg  distinction  between  star,  comets,  and  They  also  furnish  evidence  of  the  existence  of 

Aebolfld  r^ts  on  no  physical  ba^'is.     All  alike  platinnm  in  the  sun,  claiming  that  between 

are  meteoritic  in  origin,  the  difierences  between  wavelengths  4,250  and  4,950  to  find  64  lines 

tbem  depending  upon  dififerences  in  tempera-  of  platinnm,  16  of  which  agree  with  solar  lines, 

tore,  and  in  the  closeness  of  the  component  Henry  Crew  has  made  some  observations 

meteorites  to  one  another.    Nova  (new  stars  with  the  spectroscope  on  the  period  of  the  ro- 

that  blaze  forth   suddenly)  are  explained  as  tation  of  the  sun.     He  obtained,  for  tbe  mean 

produced  by  the  clash  of  meteor-streams,  and  equatorial  velocity,  2*437  miles  a  second,  which 

so^  variable  stars  are  regarded  as  uncon-  corresponds  to  a  true  period  of  rotation  of 

deo^sed  meteor  -  streams.     Stars  with  spectra  25*88  days.     Mr.  Crew  thinks  that,  while  the 

Kke  that  of  Alpha  Orionis  (Rigel)  are   con-  sun-spot  layer  (or  photosphere,  if  they  be  the 

adered  not  as  true  suns,  but  as  mere  clouds  of  same)  is  accelerated  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 

B^amdescent  stones;  probably  the  first  stage  equator,  the  layer,  which   by  its  absorption 

of  meteoritic  condensation.   Stars  with  spectra  gives  rise  to  the  Fraunhofer  lines,  tends  to  lag 

f3t   the   first   and  second  type  represent  the  behind,  having  here  a  smaller  angular  velocity 

eondensed  swarm  in  its  hottest  stages,  while  than  in  higher  latitudes.     Comparing  the  year 

spectra  of  Secchi's  fourth  type  indicate  an  ad-  1886  with  1887,  observers  report  that  the  aver- 

Tmced  stage  of  cooling."    Objection  has  been  age  height  of  both  the  chromosphere  and  prom- 


56  ASTRONOMICAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY. 

inences  has  been  constant.  The  prominences  tion  of  24  miles  a  second.  Subsequent  yean 
had  decreased  in  number.  The  heights  of  the  gave  the  following  result:  1876-^77, 12  miles; 
largest  prominences  were  much  diminished.  1877- 78, 28  miles;  1879-*80, 16  miles;  1880-'81, 
Some  preliminary  investigations  in  regard  to  11  miles;  1881-^82,  2  miles;  thus  showing  a 
the  surface-currents  of  the  san  seem  to  indi-  decreasing  recessional  motion.  In  1882-^83 
cate:  1.  That  the  direction  at  the  poles  is  gen-  the  motion  was  5  miles  a  second,  approach- 
erally  vertical  to  the  limb;  2.  That  there  is  a  ing  the  earth  ;  1883-84,  19  miles,  approaching 
decided  current  crossing  the  equator,  some-  1884-^85,  28  miles,  approaching ;  1885-'86,  24 
times  in  a  northerly,  and  at  other  times  in  the  miles,  approaching;  1886-^87, 1  mile  approach- 
southerly  direction ;  8.  That  changes  of  direc-  ing ;  and  for  the  year  1887,  6  miles  receding, 
tion  occur  most  frequently  in  mid  latitudes.  These  results  are  to  be  accepted  with  great 
Spectroseopy. — Prof.  Grilnwald,  of  Prague,  caution,  as  astronomers  are  not  yet  fully  satis- 
has  propounded  a  theory,  according  to  which  fied  that  an  apparent  change  in  the  displace- 
the  wavelengths  of  the  lines  due  to  a  certain  ment  of  the  F.  line  indicates  a  real  motion  in 
element  in  a  given  compound  are  to  the  wave-  the  line  of  sight.  The  change  of  motion  indi- 
lengths  due  to  that  same  element,  when  the  cated  by  the  above  figures  is  very  much  larger 
first  compound  is  combined  with  some  further  than  any  that  would  appear  probable  from  the 
body,  as  the  volume  the  element  occupies  in  known  motion  of  Sirius  in  its  orbit  The  see- 
the first  case  is  to  the  volume  it  occupies  in  ond  point  of  interest  referred  to  the  orbital 
the  second.  Examining  the  low  temperature  motion  of  Algol.  The  spectroscopic  observa- 
spectrum  of  hydrogen,  he  finds  that  the  wave-  tions  seem  to  show  that  this  interesting  van- 
lengths  of  its  several  lines  are  just  double  able  is  revolving  about  a  primary,  and  that  the 
those  of  the  lines  of  the  water  spectrum,  line  system  to  which  it  belongs  is,  as  a  whole,  ap- 
for  line.  Similar,  but  less  simple  relationships  preaching  the  earth.  Further  observations  are 
are  given  for  other  spectra,  and  Prof.  Grtln-  necessary  to  establish  anything  definite.  Prof, 
wald  concludes  from  them  that  hydrogen  and  H.  0.  Vogel,  in  a  communication  to  the  Royal 
oxygen  are  compound  bodies,  and  are  dissooi-  Prussian  Academy,  says  that  photography  has 
ated  in  the  sun.  Hydrogen  is  inferred  to  have  been  successfully  employed  to  overcome  the 
a  composition  of  the  form  A4b ;  of  which  the  effect  of  atmospheric  tremors,  so  noticeable  in 
supposed  element  A  is  associated  with  the  line  spectroscopic  work  investigating  stellar  mo- 
of  the  corona  1474  K ;  and  b  with  the  *  helium '  tions.  The  time  of  exposure  employed  is  from 
line  Ds .  Louis  Bell,  Fellow  of  Johns  Hopkins  half  an  hour  to  two  hours. 
University,  has  given,  in  the  ^*  American  Jour-  The  Constait  tf  AberratlM. — ^Prof.  Hall  has  pub- 
nal  of  Science,"  a  paper  describing  his  careful  lished  the  results  of  his  reduction  of  the  ob- 
determinationofthewave-lengthsoftheDtline  servations  made  in  the  years  1862-'67  upon 
of  sodium.  The  result  is  to  increase  slightly  a  Lyrsd  by  Profs.  Hubbard,  Newcomb,  Hark- 
Thalen^s  correction  of  Angstrom^s  value,  the  ness,  and  himself,  with  the  prime  -  vertical 
wave-length  finally  adopted  being  5,896*08  transit-instrument  of  the  Naval  Observatory, 
tenth-metres.  Prof.  Rowland  has  followed  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  constants  of 
this  with  a  table  of  the  relative  wave-lengths  nutation  and  aberration.  He  obtained  as  the 
of  about  450  standard  lines,  based  upon  the  most  probable  value  of  the  constant  of  aberra- 
above  determinatioA,  and  designed  to  be  used  tion,  20'4542"  ±  0*0144".  This,  with  Michel- 
in  connection  with  his  photographic  map  of  son  and  Newcomb^s  determination  of  the  ve- 
the  normal  spectrum.  R.  Copeland  considers  locity  of  light,  gives  for  the  solar  parallax  a 
that  he  has  discovered  a  line  in  the  spectrum  value  of  8*810"  db  0*0062". 
of  the  Great  Nebula  of  Orion  corresponding  to  ftcdstiiig  Medhm* — Freiherr  v.  Haerdtl,  a  pn- 
the  place  of  Ds .  He  remarks  that  '^  the  oc-  pil  of  Oppolzer,  lately  read  a  paper  at  Kiel  Uni- 
currence  of  this  line  in  the  spectrum  of  a  neb-  versity  on  the  penodic  comet  of  Winnecke. 
ula  is  of  great  interest,  as  affording  another  He  found  no  indication  of  any  influence  on  the 
connecting  link  between  gaseous  nebulsB  and  comet^s  motion  due  to  a  resisting  medium.  On 
the  sun  and  stars  with  bright-line  spectra,  es-  the  other  hand,  O.  T.  Sherman  considers  that 
pecially  with  that  remarkable  class  of  stars  of  the  variations  in  the  motion  of  Encke^s  comet, 
which  the  first  examples  were  detected  by  other  than  those  produced  by  planetary  attrac- 
MM.  Wolf  and  Rayet  in  the  constellation  of  tion,  are  caused  "  by  a  resisting  medium  con- 
Oygnus."  The  Astronomer  Royal  of  England,  nected  with  the  sun,  and  disturbed  by  those 
at  the  January,  1888,  meeting  of  the  Koyal  forces  which  produce  and  are  produced  by  sun- 
Astronomical  Society,  called  special  attention  spots.^'  He  considers  *^  that  the  zodiacal  light 
to  two  points  of  interest  in  the  spectroscopic  is  intimately  connected  with  these  disturbing 
determinations  of  the  motions  of  stars  in  the  forces,  being  in  fact  a  locus  of  condensation  of 
line  of  sight.  One  point  referred  to  the  mo-  matter  driven  from  the  sun  similarly  to  the  tail 
tion  of  Sirius.  This  star  has  shown  a  complete  of  a  comet  from  the  nucleus,  and  after  conden- 
reversal  of  motion  since  Dr.  Huggins^s  first  re-  sation  again  precipitated  upon  the  solar  sur- 
sults.     In  1868,  Dr.  Huggins  found  the  motion  face." 

to  be  29  miles  a  second  receding  from  the  earth ;  CatalogiiM* — ^Le  Verrier,  on  becoming  Direct- 
in  1872,  18  to  22  miles  a  second.  The  Green-  or  of  the  Paris  Observatory  in  1854,  planned 
wioh  observations  in  1875-76,  showed  a  mo-  to  reobserve   Lalande^s   catalogue  of  47,890 


ASTRONOMIOAL  PROGRESS  AND  DISCOVERY. 


57 


fitsn.  He  considered  it  necessary  to  make 
three  observations  in  right  ascension,  and  three 
in  declination.  Up  to  1879  only  aboat  one 
third  of  the  observations  had  been  made.  The 
tDiiQal  namber  of  observations  was  about 
7.000.  Since  1879  the  instruments  have  been 
ioereased  by  the  Biscboffsheim  meridian  circle, 
and  the  director,  Admiral  Mouchez  has  aug- 
mented the  observing-staff.  During  the  past 
eight  years  the  namber  of  observations  for  the 
o^ogne  has  amounted  to  about  27,500.  The 
first  installment  of  this  valuable  catalogue  has 
been  published  in  two  volumes,  one  devoted  to 
the  catalogue,  and  the  other  to  the  individual 
observations.  The  stars  are  in  the  first  six 
boors  of  rig-ht  ascension,  observed  during  the 
jeftrs  1837  to  1881 .  It  contains  7,245  stars,  and 
represents  80,000  observations  in  both  elements. 
The  introductory  chapters  contain  a  corapari- 
ion  of  the  Paris  Catalogue  with  Auwer^s  re- 
redaction  of  Bradley.  M.  Bossert  furnishes  a 
valuable  investigation  of  the  proper  motions  of 
374  stars  in  the  catalogue,  and  supplies  a  long 
list  of  errors  in  Lalande. 

In  the  Dunsink  Catalogue  of  1,012  southern 
fltars,  by  Rambaut,  most  of  the  stars  are  be- 
tween 2°  and  23''  south  declination.  The  ob- 
servations were  made  between  November,  1882, 
and  September,  1885,  and  are  of  stars  which 
Beeded  reobservation. 

The  second  part  of  the  eighth  volume  of  the 
O'Gyalla  Catalogue  has  been  recently  pub- 
fished.  This  catalogue  briefly  indicates  the  char- 
acter of  the  spectrum  of  each  star  observed  in 
the  zone  selected,  which  lies  between  the  equa- 
tor and  the  15th  parallel  of  south  declination. 
The  pablication  is  intended  as  a  continuation 
of  the  spectroscopic  study  of  the  northern 
heavens  projected  some  years  ago  by  Prof.  Vo- 
gei  and  Dr.  Dnn^r.  The  faintest  stars  observed 
are  of  the  7^  magnitude.  The  third  volume  of 
the  Potsdam  '^Observations"  gave  the  first 
installment  of  the  survey,  the  number  of  stars 
}mng  4,051,  lying  in  the  zone  between  20° 
north  and  1°  south  declination.  The  O^GyaUa 
Ckta]o$nie  contains  2,022  stars.  The  spectra 
iliow  that  types  I  a  and  II  a  are  most  frequent. 
Only  three  cases  of  III  h  are  given. 

The  ninth  volume  of  the  "  Observations " 
has  also  been  issued  and  contains  those  ob- 
servations made  in  1886.  Dr.  Konkoly  de- 
teribes  instmments  and  methods.  Spectrum - 
photometry  of  thirty-four  fixed  stars  and  of  the 
planets  Mara,  Jupiter,  and  Saturn  is  the  most 
original  of  the  work.  Some  nebulae  and  com- 
Hb,  and  some  special  stars,  were  examined  pho- 
tometricaDy  or  with  the  spectroscope.  Many 
notes  in  regard  to  the  appearance  of  the  solar 
sorfiaoe  on  each  day  of  the  observation,  and  a 
Uble  of  positions  of  sun-spots  for  1886,  are  giv- 
en. A  Lrge  number  of  meteor  observations 
and  a  list  of  radiants  completes  the  volume. 

Volume  xlix.  Part  I,  of  the  **  Memoirs  of 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  ^'  contains  Dr. 
Dreyer^s  new  general  catalogue  of  7,840  nebu- 
le  and  clusters  of  stars,  being  the  catalogue 


of  the  late  Sir  John  F.  W.  Herschel,  revised, 
corrected  and  enlarged.  The  Council  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  has  printed  an 
additional  225  copies  of  this  catalogue,  on  ac- 
count of  its  value  tu  astronomers.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  give  the  records  of  all  nebulsd  of 
which  the  places  have  been  published  up  to 
December,  1887. 

A.  M.W.  Downing,  in  the  May,  1888,  "Month- 
ly Notices  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society," 
gives  the  positions  for  1,750,  and  proper  mo- 
tions for  154  stars  south  of  29°  south  declination. 
This  catalogue  is  deduced  from  a  revision  of 
Powalky's  "Reduction  of  the  Star- places  of 
Lacaille^s  *■  Astronomiee  Fundamenta.'  *' 

Dr.  Peters,  of  Hamilton  College,  Clinton, 
N.  Y.,  has  undertaken  to  collate  all  available 
existing  manuscripts  of  Ptolemy's  catalogue, 
for  which  purpose  he  has  visited  the  principal 
libraries  of  Europe  and  has  the  assistance  of 
Mr.  Knobel  of  England. 

Pulkowa  Observatory  has  published  the  cata- 
logue for  1865  of  the  principal  stars  to  the 
fourth  magnitude,  as  far  as  15^  south  declina- 
tion. This  catalogue  re-examines  the  stars  in 
the  old  catalogue  for  the  epoch  of  1845. 

J.  G.  Porter  has  published  the  result  of  two 
and  a  half  years'  work  with  the  three-inch 
transit.  The  catalogue  contains  4,050  stars 
between  18""  50'.  and  22"*  20'  south  declination. 
Most  of  the  stars  down  to  the  8  5  magnitude 
have  been  observed,  as  well  as  some  fainter 
ones.  The  proper  motions  of  75  stars  are 
given  in  the  appendix. 

S.  C.  Chandler  has  published  a  valuable  cata- 
logue of  variable  stars,  in  Nos.  179  and  180  of 
the  "  Astronomical  Journal."  The  catalogue 
has  been  printed  separately  for  distribution. 
The  author  says:  "Thirteen  years  have  passed 
since  the  appearance  of  SchSnfeld's  Second 
Catalogue  of  variable  stars.  A  work  that  shall 
represent  the  knowledge  of  to  day  as  that  did 
the  knowledge  of  its  date,  is  an  urgent  need  of 
this  branch  of  astronomy."  This  preliminary 
catalogue  is  issued  in  hopes  of  supplying  that 
need.  A  great  deal  of  care  has  been  given  to 
its  preparation.  The  catalogue  shows  that  of 
the  225  stars  comprised  in  it,  160  are  distinctly 
periodic  ;  12  belong  to  the  so-caWed  Novcb.  Of 
the  periodic  variables,  Mr.  Chandler  has  been 
able  to  assign  both  maximum  and  minimum 
epochs  for  68  stars ;  maximum  epochs  alone 
for  82 ;  minimum  epochs  alone  for  14,  9  of 
these  being  of  the  Algol  type.  The  elements 
of  124  stars  are  the  results  of  Mr.  Chandler's 
own  investigations;  for  22  be  has  adopted 
those  of  Schonfeld,  and  for  14  those  of  Arge- 
lander,  Gould,  Parkhurst,  and  others,  after  in- 
dependent examination  had  shown  that  the 
data  at  hand  would  not  give  essentially  im- 
proved values.  He  has  added  to  the  catalogue 
an  arbitrary  estimate  of  the  color  or  redness  of 
many  of  the  stars.  The  catalogue  also  contains 
a  list  of  some  of  the  doubtful  cnses  of  variables. 

PolarlSr---T.  H.  SafFord  gives  the  year  2102  a. 
D.  as  the  time  of  nearest  approach  of  Polaris  to 


58  ATLANTIC  OCEAN,  HYDROGRAPHY  OF. 

the  north  pole,  when  ^e  declination  will  be  charts,  showing  not  only  the  meteorolo^cal 
89"  82'  23. '  The  star,  he  says,  will  reach  89''  conditions  that  may  be  looked  for  with  reason- 
about  the  year  1944,  and  be  for  about  800  years  able  certainty,  and  the  more  or  less  regular 
within  a  degree  of  the  pole.  variations  of  currents,  but  all  the  obstacles, 

MedalSt — The  gold  medal  of  the  Royal  As-  floating  wrecks  and  the  like,  of  which  any 

tronomical  Societj  of  England  was  awarded  on  trustworthy  intelligence  can  be  obtained.    To 

Feb.  10,  1888,  to  Prof.  Arthur  Auwers,  for  his  these  are  added  what  may  be  termed  the  ec- 

re-reduction  of  Bradley's  observations.    At  the  centricities  of  natural  phenomena,  such  as  cy- 

April  meeting  of  the  National  Academy  of  clones,  water-spouts,  the  appearance  of  whales, 

Sciences  of  the  United  States,  the  Draper  As-  etc.    The   course  taken  by  all   exceptionally 

tronomical  Medal  was  presented  to  Prof.  Ed-  severe  storms  is  noted,  and,  as  the  charts  are  of 

ward  C.  Pickering,  Director  of  the  Harvard  a  convenient  size  (24  x  80),  they  can  be  easily 

College  Observatory.     At  the  same  meeting  kept  for  reference  in  a  drawer  or  in  a  port- 

the  Lawrence  Smith  Medal  for  original  work  folio,  and  thus  afford  a  highly  valuable  record 

on  the  sabject  of  Meteorites,  was  awarded  to  of  the  sea  and  its  mysteries,  for  the  benefit  of 

Prof  Hubert  A.  Newton,  of  Yale  College,  New  navigators. 
Haven,  Mass.  A  single  instance  may  be  cited :  The  collision 

BlUi«grip!iy. — A  large  number  of  valuable  between  the  steamers  ^^Thingvalla"  and '^Gei- 

papers  have  been  printed  in  the  serial  publi-  ser  "  is  among  the  most  startling  of  recent  dis- 

cations  devoted  to  astronomical  knowledge,  asters.    If  the  captains  of  those  vessels  had  fol- 

and  during  the  year  tbe  following  books  have  lowed,  even  approximately,  the  courses  plotted 

been  published :  *^  The  Asteroids  or  Minor  Plan-  for  transatlantic  steamers  on  the  pilot- chart  for 

ets  bet  ween  Mars  and  Jupiter, ''by  Daniel  Kirk-  August,   both   vessels  might  have  been  still 

wood ;  '^Movements  of  the  Earth,"  by  J.  Nor-  afloat,  and  the  hundred  and  more  persons  that 

man  Lockyer;  ^'Old  and   New   Astronomy,"  went  down  with  the  sinking  ship  might  yet 

several  parts,  by  Richard  A.  Proctor ;  *'*'  As-  have  been  alive. 

tronorny  for  Amateurs,"  by  Thomas  W.  Oliver;        The  monthly  issue  of  the  pilot-chart  is  on 

"  The  New  Astronomy,"  by  Samuel  P.  Lang-  "  Mercator's   projection,"  so  called,   and  in- 

ley.     '*  A  Text-book  on  Astronomy,"  by  Prof,  eludes  the  whole  area  between  the   sixtieth 

Charles  A.  Young.    The  Smithsonian  Institu-  parallel  of  north  latitude  and  the    equator, 

tion  has  published  a  *•''  Bibliograf>hy  of  Astron-  The  preparation  of  each  edition  involves  three 

omy  tor  the  year  1887,"  by  William  C.  Win-  priutings,  namely,  the  *'  base,"  "  the  blue  data," 

lock,  of  the  U.  S.  Naval  Observatory  at  Wash-  and  the  "  red  data." 
ington,  D.  C.  I.  Tbe  base  may  be  termed  the  constant  of 

Messrs.   Chandler  and   Ritchie  have    pub-  the  chart.    It  is  printed  with  black  ink,  and 

lished  the  new  ^'  Science  Observer  Code,"  to  be  includes  only  the  permanent  features  of  sea 

used    in    the  telegraphic  distribution  of  an-  and  shore.     Coast-lines,  islands,  and  the  like, 

noimcements    of  discovery  and  of  positions  are  clearly  marked,  also  the  general  set  of  cur- 

from  Oct.  1, 1888.  rents,   the  compass-card,   explanatory  tables, 

ATLANTIC  0€EA!ir,  HYDSOGEAPHT  OF.  Rapid  storm-cards,  etc.  The  parallels  of  latitude 
progress  has  been  made  of  late  years  in  the  ac-  and  longitude  divide  the  whole  into  squares 
quirementof  knowledge  concerning  the  sea  and  often  degrees  on  a  side,  and  these  again  are 
its  phenomena.  Especially  is  this  true  of  the  subdivided  into  what  are  known  as  ''  ocean- 
great  ocean  subdivision  known  as  the  *^  North  squares,"  of  five  degrees  each.  To  avoid  con- 
Atlantic."  With  its  dependent  gulfs  and  seas,  fusion  of  lines,  these  smaller  squares  are  not 
this  ocean  covers  an  area  of  somethinir  like  shown,  but  they  are  easily  plotted  by  quarter- 
18,000,000  square  miles,  about  one  eighth  of  ing  the  large  parallelograms, 
tbe  total  sea-s'irface  of  the  globe.  Coramer-  II.  The  "blue  data,"  which  are  printed  di- 
cially  its  importance  largely  exceeds  that  of  rectly  over  and  upon  the  permanent  data,  con- 
all  other  oceans.  Lying  as  it  does  between  sist  mainly  of  a  meteorological  forecast  for  the 
the  great  civilized  continents,  Europe  on  the  month  following  the  date  of  issue.  There  are 
east  and  America  on  the  west,  its  commerce  is  also  included  the  principal  sailing-routes  and 
as  a  hundred  to  one  when  compared  with  steamship-routes  recommended  for  the  month, 
that  of  larger  and  more  remote  seas.  For  this  These  routes  vary  from  month  to  month,  ac- 
reason  it.  has  been  more  thorouorhly  explored  cording  to  well-established  laws.  Thus,  in  the 
than  any  other  ocean-tract,  and  its  phenomena  summer  months,  the  probable  southern  limit 
of  tides  and  currents,  winds  and  temperatures,  of  icebergs  is  tolerably  well  known,  and  the 
depths  and  shallows,  are  better  known.  steamer-routes  are  carried  well  southward  of 

The  Hydrographic  Office  of  the  United  States  the  danger-line.  So  in  regard  to  the  ordinary 
Navy  has  always  been  in  the  front  rank  of  in-  sailing-routes,  it  is  probable  that  any  vessel 
vestioration.  Struggling  from  the  first  with  following;  the  sailing  directions  of  the  pilot- 
meager  appropriations,  it  has  nevertheless  con-  chart  will  sliorten  her  voyage  by  days  or 
tributed  its  full  share  to  the  world's  knowledge  hours,  according  to  the  length  of  the  trip, 
of  this  great  highway  of  civilization.  These  sail  ing- routes  are  plotted  from  the  logs 

Among  tbe  most  creditable  of  its  recent  un-  and  special  reports  of  vessels,  which  have  been 

dertakings  is  the  publication  of  monthly  pilot-  accumulating  in  the  Hydrographic  Ofl&ce  since 


ATLANTIC  OCEAN,  HYDROGRAPHY  OP. 


59 


its  establisbmeDt  in  1829.  The  charts  and 
eircalars  of  information  are  sent  free  to  mas- 
ten  of  vessels,  who,  in  return,  are  generally 
readj  and  glad  to  fnmish  special  reports.  In 
this  waj  it  has  been  possible  to  gather  trast- 
worthy  details  concerning  almost  every  **oceaD- 
tqaare  "  in  the  North  Atlantic.  Some  of  the 
squares  are,  of  course,  more  frequently  crossed 
by  vessels  than  others,  and  the  average  direc- 
tion and  force  of  the  wind  in  these  squares 
ean  be  stated  with  reasonable  certainty  for 
e^ery  month  in  the  year.  A  simple  and  in- 
genious system  of  symbols  has  beeu  adopted 
for  the  charts,  whereby  the  meteorological 
prohabilities  may  be  forecast  for  a  given  square 
by  any  one  who  takes  the  trouble  to  look.  Of 
course,  the  forecasts  are  not  absolutely  certain 
of  realization,  but  the  chances  are  that  they 
will  not  be  far  out  of  the  way.  The  map  on 
thb  page  is  a  portion  of  the  pilot-chart  for 


different  prevailing  winds.  The  lines  of  long 
dashes  show  the  course  of  recent  storms,  and 
the  short  ones  the  drift  of  derelict  vessels  with 
the  dates  when  reported. 

III.  The  *^  red  data  "  embrace  the  very  latest 
information  that  has  been  gleaned  from  all  pos- 
sible trustworthy  sources  up  to  the  hour  of  go- 
ing to  press.  The  printed  information  covers 
the  land-spaces  of  the  chart,  and  includes  a  list 
of  all  recent  changes  of  lights,  buoys,  beacons, 
etc.,  condensed  special  reports  of  noteworthy 
events,  accounts  of  extraordinary  storms,  dan- 
gerous obstructions,  and  barometric  compari- 
sons. The  symbolic  data,  also  printed  in  red 
ink,  show  where  drifting  wrecks  were  last 
seen,  and  mark  the  erratic  courses  that  they 
have  followed  as  they  have  been  encountered 
from  time  to  time  by  dififerent  vessels.  In  like 
manner,  water-spouts,  drifting  buoys,  floating 
logs,  and  everytldng  that  is  dangerous  to  navi- 


nuyiVOHART  POB  OOTOBKB,  1888. 


October,  1888,  lying  eastward  of  New  York. 
For  typographical  reasons  the  different  coU 
(R^of  the  data  are  not  shown,  but  some  idea 
of  the  completeness  of  the  information  is 
afforded.  Each  of  the  small  circles  with  di- 
Tergeni  arrows  represents  an  ocean-square. 
The  numeral  within  the  circle  represents  the 
percentage  of  calms ;  7,  for  instance,  indicates 
that  there  are  seven  chances  in  one  hundred 
that  calms  will  be  encountered.  The  arrows 
flj  with  the  wind,  showing  its  direction,  and 
thej  indicate  the  direction  of  the  prevHiling 
vinda.  The  small  cross-bars  show  the  overHge 
force  of  the  wind,  according  to  Beaufort's  scale 
—the  standard  commonly  used  by  seamen. 
Thus,  four  cross-bars  indicate  4  of  Beaufort's 
ieale,  namely,  a  "  whole-sail "  breeze,  as  jt  is 
called.  The  various  lengths  of  the  arrows  in- 
&cate  the  greater  or  lesser  frequency  of  the 


gation,  finds  a  place  on  the  pilot-chart,  which 
may  very  probably  serve  as  a  warning  to  save 
life  and  property. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  cases  recorded 
on  the  charts  is  that  of  the  extraordinarily 
named  American  schooner  *'  Twenty  -  one 
Friends.''  She  was  abandoned  at  sea,  and 
first  reported  as  a  derelict,  March  24,  1885, 
about  160  miles  off  ihe  mouth  of  Chesapeake 
Bay.  The  Gulf  Stream  carried  her  east-north- 
east about  2,130  miles,  where  she  was  reported 
in  August.  Thence  she  drifted  easterly  and 
southeasterly,  and  was  last  reported,  Dec.  5, 
1885,  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  having  drifted 
3.525  miles  in  eight  months  and  ten  days. 
During  her  wanderings,  which  were  largely  in 
the  most  frequented  part  of  the  ocean,  she  was 
reported  twenty-two  times,  and  the  number  of 
vessels  that  passed   near  her  without  seeing 


60                ATLANTIC  OOEAK  AUSTRALIA. 

her  can  of  course  never  be  known.  The  dotted  The  publication  of  the  pilot-charts  was  began 
red  line  that  represents  her  coarse  on  the  pilot-  in  December,  1884,  and  they  have  made  their 
chart  is  only  one  of  many  that  cross  and  re-  way  by  mere  force  of  merit  into  the  chart- 
cross  one  another  in  all  directions.  rooms  of  all  nations.    The  co-operation  of  the 

Wide  as  the  ocean  is,  not  a  year  passes  Signal  Service  and  of  the  Naval  Bnrean  was 

withoat  mysterious  disappearances.    Many  of  cordially  given,  and  merchant- captains  were 

them   are   doubtless    due    to  collisions  with  quick  to  recognize  the  value  of  the  undertaking, 

*'  derelicts,"  as  they  are  termed  by  the  Hydro-  and  became  at  once  willing  contributors  to  the 

graphic  Office,  or  with  some  of  the  many  other  stock  of  general  information, 

drifting  obstacles  recorded  by  the  ^'  red  data  ^*  None  of  the  other  maritime  nations  have  as 

of  the  pilot-charts.  yet  attempted  to  follow  the  example  of  the 

The  headquarters  of  the  Hydrographic  Office  United   States   in   the   issue   of   pilot-charts, 

are  in  Washington,  but  the  branch-office  in  That  they  will  sooner  or  later  do  so  is  to  be 

New  York,  under  the  management  of  Lieut,  expected,  but  at   present  the  United   States 

V.  N.  Cottman,  U.  S.  N.,  bears  a  most  im-  Hydrographic  Office  may  be  pardoned  for  a 

portant  part  in  the  active  work  of  the  bureau,  reasonable  degree  of  pride  in  its  unique  and 

This  office  occupies  by  courtesy  a  comer  of  original  work. 

the  Maritime  Exchange,  situated  on  the  lower  ACSnALIl,  a  continent  surrounded  by  the 

floor  of  the  great  Produce  Exchange  building.  Pacific  Ocean,  forming  a  part  of  the  British 

Perhaps  no  better  place  coald  be  found  to  Empire.     The  areas  of  the  colonies  occupying 

keep  the  bureau  in  touch  with  the  great  ship-  the  Australian  continent,  with   that  of   the 

ping  interests  of  the  world.    To  the  Maritime  neighboring  island  of  Tasmania  and  the  colony 

Exchange  almost  every  ship-owner,   captain,,  of  Fiji,  and  their  estimated  population  at  the 

and  underwriter  goes  on  business  or  to  give  close  of  1886,  are  as  follows: 
and  receive  information,  and  in  this  way  many 


valuable  facts  are  secured  at  the  latest  possible  ooLoyiKs. 

moment  before  going  to  press.     It  is  some-  New  Soath  Wales 

what  humiliating  that  such  an  important  and  Victoria 

beneficent  Government  work  should  be  carried  ^'jS.aiiSdT!*^:; 

on  in  such  narrow  quarters;  but,  on  the  other  Tasmania..!!!!!!! 

hand,  it  is  a  high  compliment  to  its  usefulness  ^ 

that  a  great    business  organization  like  the         Total 

Maritime  Exchange  should  freely  make  room 


Ana. 


810,700 

87,8S4 

903,425 

668,497 

26,875 

7,740 


Pt^nlstioa. 


1,001,996 
1,008.048 
812,758 
842,614 
187.811 
126,010 


8,004,621 


2,923.782 


for  it,  where  space  is  cramped  at  best,  and  The  estimated  population  of  Australia  and 

where  every  square  foot  has  a  money  value.  Tasmania  on  Jan.  1,  1888,  was  2,948,864.    In 

The  official  records  show  that  daring  the  the  whole  of  Australia  the  number  of  persons 

year  6,739  vessels  were  visited;  nautical  infor-  to  the  square  mile  is  less  than  one.     In  Vic- 

mation  was  furnished  to  88,845  masters  of  ves-  toria  it  is  11*79;  in  New  South  Wales,  8*87; 

sels  and  others ;  10,897  pilot-charts  were  gra-  in  Tasmania,  6*40.    The  total  excess  of  arrivals 

tuitously  distributed,  and  8,601  special  deteuled  over  departures  by  sea  for  the  whole  of  Aus- 

reports  on  the  subject  of  marine  meteorology  tralasia  (including  New  Zealand)  in  1887,  was 

were  forwarded  for  use  in  the  preparation  of  64,856,  showing  a  decrease  as  compared  with 

the  pilot-charts.  the  previous  year  of  5,iB71.    The  excess  was 

The  practical  value  of  the  branch-offices  has  greatest  in  New  South  Wales,  where  it  was 

led  to  their  establishment  in  other  seaports,  28,516,  whereas  in  South  Australia  the  depart- 

and  they  are  now  in  operation  at  Baltimore,  ures  exceeded  the  arrivals  by  2,384.     At  the 

Boston,  New  Orleans,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  present  rate  of  increase  the  population  of  the 

and  San  Francisco.     Every  year  there  are  be-  Australian  colonies  in  the  year  1900  will  be 

tween  5,000  and  6,000  lives  lost  at  sea,  and,  5,000,000. 

while   with   the   increase   of  commerce   this  The  aggregate  revenue  of  the  Australasian 

average  is  not  unlikely  to  be  maintained,  the  colonies  in  1885   was  £28,750,000,   and  the 

Hydrographic  Office  is  engaged   in  a  noble  aggregate  expenditure,  £25,250,000.    In  twelve 

work  in  reducing  the  chances  of  disaster.  years  the  revenue  had  increased  94  per  cent, 

The  popular  notion  that  sailing-vessels  are  while  the  population  had  increased  54  per  cent 

being  driven  from  the  seas  by  steam  compe-  The  total  debt  was  £70,250,000,  or  £3  8».  9d. 

titi on  is  said  by  good  authority  to  be  erroneous,  per  head  of  population.     Between  1851  and 

The  sailing-tonnage  of  the  world  is,  and  prob-  1886  the  value  of  the  gold  mined  in  all  the 

ably  always  will  be,  nearly  or  quite  double  colonies  was  £324,000,000,  of  which  Victoria 

that  of  steam.    It  is  not  generally  realized  that,  produced  £217,000,000. 

in  spite  of  the  long  period  of  depression  to  Agrlciltire> — The  census  tables  show  that  81 

which  the  American  merchant  marine  has  been  per  cent,  of  the  people  of  Australasia  from 

subjected  in  consequence  of  the  war  for  seces-  whom  statistics  could  be  collected  (about  40 

sion  and  because  of  congressional  indifference,  per  cent),  are  engaged  in  agricultural  occnpa- 

the  tonnage  of  the  United  States  is  second  only  tions,  while  31  per  cent,  follow  manufacturing 

to  that  of  Great  Britain,  and  nearly  double  that  and  mining,  10  per  cent,  are  employed  in  trade 

of  any  other  nation.  and  transportation,  17  per  cent,  in  professional 


AUSTRALIA. 


61 


oocopations,  and  11  per  cent,  as  laborers.    Of 
the  last  category  a  large  percentage  are  em- 
ployed in  field 'labor,  while  the  inhabitants  of 
the  remote  districts,  concerning  whom  there 
are  no  returns,  make  the  ratio  of  agricultural 
producers  much  larger  than  appears  in  the 
statistics.     All  the  colonies  have  pre-emption 
laws  to  attract  agricultural  colonists,  but  most 
of  them  have  been  late  in  introducing  the  sys- 
tem in  a  practical  shape,  and  slow  in  improv- 
ing their  first  ilhberal  regulations,  owing  to 
the  antagonistic  interests  and  influence  of  the 
vool- growers.    There  is  an  apparent  profit  to 
the  state  in  this  policy,  for  while  a  hirge  in- 
come is  flowing  into  the  exchequer  from  pas- 
toral leases,  the  selling  value  of  the  public 
Unds  is  constantly  rising.     Public  men  have 
recently,  however,  become  impressed  with  the 
shortsightedness  of  a  policy  that  has  retarded 
the  growth  of  the  colonies,  and  with  the  lib- 
eralization of  the  land  laws  the  democratic 
Bentiraent  grows  stronger  and  the  money-pow- 
er of  the  lease-holders  is  losing  control  over 
the  policy  of  the  Government.    The  graziers 
are  nevertheless  able,  by  fictitious  entries  and 
bj  Uie  actual  use  of  force,  to  keep  settlers  out 
of  lands  that  are  by  law  open  to  them.    The 
laws  of  New  South  Wales  provide  for  the 
selection  of  farms  of  640  acres  or  less  at  the 
price  of  20«.  an  acre,  to  be  paid  for  by  in- 
stallments of  1$.  an  acre,  interest  being  charged 
at  the  rate  of  4  per  cent. ;  also  of  grazing-farms 
of  2,560  acres,  which,  like  the  agricultural 
homesteads,  must  be  fenced.    Victoria  allows 
deferred  payments  of  Is.  an  acre  per  annum  on 
320  acres  at  the  same  uniform  price,  on  con- 
dition that  improvements  costing  20«.  an  acre 
shall  be  made  on  the  land.     South  Australia 
sells  to  homesteaders  a  maximum  area  of  1,000 
acres  at  the  same  price  and  terms  of  payment, 
requiring  10s,  worth  of  improvements.  Queens- 
land grants  homesteads  of  160  acres  for  only 
2«.  6^  an  acre,  payable  at  the  rate  of  6d,  an- 
ooally,  if  7s,  6a.  worth  of  improvements  are 
made,  and  permits  other  selections  of  from  820 
to  1.280  acres  at  no  fixed  rate  of  payment,  but 
OD  the  condition  of  improvements  of  the  value 
of  lOf.  to  the  acre.    South  Australia  and  West- 
on Australia  each  fix  the  maximum  size  of 
the  settler^s  holding  at  1,000  acres,  the  price 
being  in  the  former  20«.,  and  in  the  latter  10«., 
payable  in  twenty  annual  installments,  each 
colony  requiring  improvements  of  10*.  an  acrc^ 
while  in  Western  Australia  the  land  must  in 
addition  be  fenced.    In  Tasmania  settlers  can 
take  up  820  acres  at  20«.,  paying  2s.  a  year 
without  further  conditions.    The  privilege  of 
selecting  land  in  this  oplony  was  taken  away 
from    ffesh  immigrants,  whether   they  have 
paid  their  passages  or  have  been  aided  by  the 
Government,  by  an  act  that  went  into  force 
in  1888. 

The  number  of  acres  that  had  been  sold  up 
to  the  beginning  of  1887,  and  the  area  that 
was  not  yet  alienated  in  the  several  colonies, 
were  aa  follows : 


COLONDES. 

Total  takan  np. 

Ramalafaig  In 

OCOWIL 

Victoria. 

22,489^88 
41,280,464 
10,996,874 
11,218,944 
2,lfi5,895 

88,766,877 
166,686,686 
416,667,966 
666,918,066 
622,482,906 

New  South  Wales 

Queensland 

South  AustnUla 

Western  Australia 

Total 

88,206,060 
4,618,464 

1,796,866,860 
12,866,646 

Grand  total 

92,718,614 

1,808,728,406 

Of  the  total  area  now  cultivated  in  the  Aus- 
tralian colonies  8,697,954  acres  are  devoted  to 
wheat,  yielding  45,641,592  bushels,  of  which 
about  9,000,000  bushels  were  available  for  ex- 
port in  1886.  Since  then  the  home  require- 
ments have  gained  on  production,  leaving  a 
smaller  surplus. 

The  increase  of  live  stock  is  shown  by  the 
following  figures : 


STOCK. 

1870. 

1884. 

Horses 

797,800 

4,712,918 

61,294,241 

604,848 

1,804,286 

Cattle 

8,464370 

Bheep.  ..   

Pin 

7^626,404 
1,108,940 

In  1872  the  exports  of  wool  from  all  these 
colonies  amounted  to  181,459,780  pounds,  and 
in  1885  to  404,088,149  pounds.  In  1886,  how- 
ever, owing  to  the  damage  by  rabbitis,  the 
total  production  was  only  898,541,828  pounds, 
the  average  per  sheep  being  4'62  pounds,  and 
the  total  value,  £16,218,846.  The  average 
value  was  9ld,  a  pound,  and  the  total  repre- 
sented £4  1^.  4d.  a.  head  of  the  population. 

Hw  BabMt  PMt« — About  twenty  years  ago 
the  colonists  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand, 
having  grown  prosperous  during  the  period 
when  the  civil  war  had  stopped  the  production 
of  wool  in  the  United  States  and  caused  the 
price  to  rise,  began  to  found  societies  of  accli- 
matization for  the  introduction  and  breeding 
of  hares  and  rabbits,  in  order  to  eigoy  the 
sports  to  which  they  had  been  accustomed  in 
England.  Every  land-owner  became  anxious 
to  secure  ground -game  on  his  own  estate. 
Their  satisfaction  at  finding  the  soil  and  cli- 
mate adapted  for  the  animals  was  of  short  du- 
ration ;  for  at  the  rate  of  ten  litters  a  year,  in- 
stead of  four  and  six,  as  in  England,  with  no 
natural  enemies  to  keep  down  their  numbers, 
the  rabbits,  which  grew  to  enormous  size,  in  a 
few  years  began  to  affect  seriously  the  sheep- 
indastry  and  check  agricultural  operations. 
They  consumed  the  herbage  up  to  the  doors 
of  the  farm-houses,  destroyed  orchards  and 
vegetable  gardens,  caused  the  abandonment 
of  land  that  had  produced  thirty  bushels  of 
wheat  and  sixty  of  barley  to  the  acre,  and  ate 
the  grass  down  to  the  roots,  turning  to  desert 
immense  tracts  of  pasture,  and  driving  both 
sheep  and  farmers  from  entire  sections  of  the 
country.  Wealthy  proprietors,  after  spend- 
ing large  sums  in  the  effort  to  exterminate 
the  vermin,  ended  by  abandoning  their  es- 
tates.   Shooting,  trapping,  hunting  with  fer- 


62 


AUSTRALIA. 


rets,  and  poisoDiDg  with  arsenic,  strjobnia,  and 
phosphorus,  destroyed  them  \>j  miUions,  yet 
checked  but  slightly  their  multiplication.  Wire- 
fences  were  early  tried  to  confine  them  within 
bouuds,  but  they  burrowed  beneath  the  io- 
closures  without  difficulty.  Since  then,  how- 
ever, rabbit-proof  fences  have  been  devised, 
yet  in  some  localities  they  have  learned  to 
leap  over  fences  that  were  considered  a  per- 
fect barrier.  The  Government  of  New  South 
Wales,  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  the  popu- 
lous districts  of  the  eastern  division,  proposes 
to  build  a  wire  fence,  400  to  500  miles  long, 
from  Albury  to  the  borders  of  Queensland,  at 
an  estimated  cost  of  £770,000.  The  Parliament 
of  that  colony  offered  a  bonus  of  sixpence  for 
every  rabbit  killed,  and  the  payments  under 
the  act  have  increased  in  rapid  progression, 
the  sum  called  for  in  1886  being  £146,000,  in 
1887  about  £250,000,  and  in  1888  it  was  cal- 
culated to  amount  to  £500,000.  The  same 
Government  has  now  offered  a  reward  of  £25,- 
000  to  any  person  who  shall  invent  an  effect- ' 
ive  process  for  the  extermination  of  rabbits 
that  shall  not  be  injurious  in  its  operation  to 
horses,  sheep,  or  other  domestic  animals.  The 
inventor  must  demonstrate  the  efficacy  of  his 
method  or  process,  which  must  be  one  that  is 
yet  unknown  in  the  colony,  at  his  own  expense, 
and  will  receive  the  prize  after  a  year's  trial. 
Pasteur,  who  discovered  remedies  for  the  silk- 
worm disease  and  cattle-disease,  communicated 
to  the  agents-general  in  London  a  method 
that  he  had  already  tried  with  success  in 
France.  This  is  to  produce  an  epidemic  of 
chicken-cholera,  a  disease  that  is  very  infec- 
tious and  fatal  among  rabbits,  though  harmless 
to  other  animals,  except  poultry.  In  the  spring 
of  1888  a  party  of  French  and  English  scien- 
tists went  to  Australia,  taking  with  them  infu- 
sions containing  the  microbes  of  this  disease, 
with  the  intention  of  introducing  the  infection 
among  the  rabbits  of  various  localities  by  lay- 
ing before  them  contaminated  food,  after  which 
it  was  expected  to  spread  spontaneously. 

The  Federal  €onneU. — The  British  Parliament 
in  1885  authorized  the  formation  of  a  council 
of  the  colonies,  to  meet  at  least  once  every 
two  years  tor  discussion  and  united  action  on 
matters  of  common  Australian  interest.  The 
second  meeting  of  the  council  was  held  at  Ho- 
bart,  Tasmania,  the  regular  place  for  assem- 
bling, in  January,  1888,  terminating  a  three- 
days'  session  on  the  19th.  New  Zealand, 
South  Australia,  and  New  South  Wales  had 
not  joined  the  confederation,  and  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  other  colonies  discussed  the 
means  of  inducing  them  to  take  part  in  the 
councils. 

The  Bfew  Hebrides. — The  anxiety  of  the  Aus- 
tralians on  account  of  the  French  occupation 
of  the  New  Hebrides  islands  abated  when  the 
French  Government  set  a  date  for  the  with- 
drawal of  the  military  force.  A  convention 
for  a  joint  naval  commission  was  signed  on 
Nov.  16, 1887,  and  the  French  agreed  to  evacu- 


ate the  islands  within  four  months  from  that 
date.  On  Jan.  26,  1888,  the  English  and 
French  representatives  signed  at  Paris  a  dec- 
laration defining  the  functions  and  powers  of 
the  Anglo-French  Naval  Commission,  and  es- 
tablishing regulations  for  its  guidance.  The 
commission  consists  of  a  president  and  two 
British  and  two  French  naval  officers.  It  is 
charged  with  the  maintenance  of  order  and 
the  protection  of  the  lives  and  property  of 
British  and  French  citizens  in  the  New  Hebri- 
des. The  presidency  of  the  commission  shall 
be  held  in  alternate  months  by  the  command- 
ers-in-chief of  the  British  and  French  naval 
forces  present  in  the  group.  The  regulations 
provide  that  in  the  event  of  a  disturbance  of 
peace  and  good  order  in  any  part  of  the  New 
Hebrides  where  British  or  French  subjects  are 
found,  or  in  case  of  danger  menacing  their 
lives  or  property,  the  commission  shall  forth- 
with meet  and  take  measures  for  repressing 
disturbance  or  protecting  the  interests  endan- 
gered, but  not  resorting  to  military  force  un- 
less its  employment  is  considered  indispensa- 
ble. If  a  military  or  naval  force  lands,  it  must 
not  remain  longer  than  is  deemed  necessary 
by  the  commission.  In  a  sudden  emergency 
the  British  and  French  naval  commanders 
nearest  the  scene  of  action  may  take  measures 
for  the  protection  of  persons  or  property  of 
either  nationality,  in  concert  if  possible,  or 
separately  when  only  one  force  is  near  the  dis- 
turbed locality ;  but  they  must  at  once  report 
to  the  senior  officers,  who  shall  communicate 
the  report  to  each  other,  and  immediately 
summon  the  commission.  The  commission  has 
no  power  to  interfere  in  disputes  concerning 
title  to  land  or  to  dispossess  either  natives  or 
foreigners  of  lands  that  they  hold  in  posses- 
sion, but  it  is  charged  with  the  police  duties 
of  stopping  the  slave-trade  with  the  Kanakas 
and  of  preventing  acts  of  piracy.  The  last  of 
the  French  troops  left  the  New  Hebrides  on 
March  15. 

The  Chinese  QvesdM. — Anticipations  of  an  in- 
crease of  Ohinese  laborers  and  of  the  effect  of 
their  competition  on  the  condition  of  the  white 
laboring  class,  have  produced  an  exciting  po- 
litical and  international  question  in  the  Aus- 
tralian colonies.  Two  high  commissioners, 
accredited  by  the  Chinese  Government,  visited 
Australia  in  May,  1887,  with  the  objects  of 
learning  the  manner  in  which  their  country- 
men were  treated  and  of  advancing  commercial 
relations  between  the  two  countries.  They 
found  little  to  complain  of  in  the  treatment 
of  the  Chinese,  but  questioned  the  rightful- 
ness of  restrictions  on  immigration  that  have 
recently  been  introduced,  especially  the  head- 
tax  that  is  imposed  in  the  various  colonies. 
The  Chinese  ambassador  in  London,  on  Dec 
12,  1887,  asked  the  explanation  of  this  ex- 
ceptional legislation,  ana  objected  to  it  as  a 
violation  of  treaty  obligations.  Chinese  com- 
petition is  most  severe  on  the  tropical  northern 
shores  of  Australia,  especially  in  the  Northern 


AUSTRALIA,  68 

Territorj  of  South  Australia.  The  white  resi-  of  the  head-tax  from  1,848  in  1881  to  827  in 
dents  of  the  territory  in  the  spring  of  1888  1882,  and  then  increased  at  almost  the  same 
addressed  a  memoricJ  to  the  Governments  of  rate  at  which  nataralization  papers  were  taken 
New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  and  Queensland,  out,  until  thej  reached  1,108  in  1886.  In 
Togmg  restrictive  measures,  in  which  they  1885  additional  precautions  were  taken  in  con- 
blamed  their  own  Government  for  introducing  nection  with  the  forms  of  naturalization,  in 
the  evil  hy  importing  Chinese  laborers  for  order  to  prevent  fraudulent  personation,  and 
the  gold-  mines  at  public  expense,  and  after-  there  was  an  increase  of  488  in  the  number  of 
wjird  allowing  them  to  squat  on  Government  arrivals  in  1886  over  the  previous  year,  be- 
linds  to  bid  for  Government  contracts,  and  cause  the  papers  that  had  been  purchased 
to  vote  as  rate- payers.  From  that  district  they  from  Chinese  residents  in  the  colony  would 
bad  advanced  inland  by  way  of  Roper  and  not  be  thereafter  available.  By  the  laws  of 
McArthur  rivers  into  Queensland  and  the  Victoria  and  New  South  "Wales,  a  poll-tax 
South  Australian  ruby -fields.  The  Govern-  of  £10  is  payable  on  every  Chinese  immi- 
or  resident  at  Port  Darwin  in  the  beginning  grant,  for  which  the  master  of  the  vessel  is 
of  April  advised  the  authorities  in  Adelaide  of  responsible,  and  no  vessel  is  allowed  to  bring 
informatioD  that  had  come  to  him,  according  more  than  one  immigrant  for  each  100  tons, 
to  which  vessels  sailing  under  the  Chinese  flag  Queensland  collects  a  tax  of  £80  on  each  Chi- 
were  preparing  to  land  a  great  number  of  naman  landed,  and  limits  the  number  that  can 
Chinamen  to  work  the  ruby-mines.  The  Gov-  be  brought  in  a  vessel  to  one  for  each  fifty 
emment  has  hitherto  encouraged  the  immi-  registered  tons.  Tasmania  lias  adopted  the  re- 
grstion  of  Chinese  into  the  territory,  because  strictions  that  t)revail  in  Victoria  and  New 
they  alone  have  developed  the  agricultural  re-  South  Wales,  and  requires  vaccination,  as  does 
sooroes  of  the  land,  and  are  almost  the  only  South  Australia,  which,  except  for  the  North- 
bborers  who  wiU  long  remain  and  work  in  em  Territory,  imposes  a  poll-tax  of  £10,  but 
the  mines.  Without  them  it  would  not  have  allows  a  passen^r  for  every  ten  tons.  In  all 
been  possible  to  build  the  Port  Darwin  Rail-  cases  Chinamen  who  ai'e  naturalized  British 
road,  which  is  expected  to  make  the  territory  subjects  are  exempt  from  the  operation  of  the 
prosperous-  and  self- supporting.  There  are  at  acts.  In  New  Zealand  an  act  was  passed  in 
pr^ent  6,000  Chineise  in  the  Northern  Terri-  1882  restricting  the  immigration  of  any  person 
tory  and  only  600  Europeans.  There  is  a  born  of  Chinese  parents,  but  this  law  has  not 
regoIatioD  limiting  the  Chinese  to  a  distance  received  the  approval  of  the  home  Govern- 
of  1,000  miles  inland,  but  the  South  Austra-  ment,  and  is  inoperative.  The  number  of  Chi- 
BtD  Gk>vemment  proposes  now  to  adopt  in  re-  nese  in  all  the  Australian  colonies  does  not 
spect  to  the  Northern  Territory  the  same  re-  exceed  51,000,  and  is  smaller  than  it  was  before 
strictions  on  immigration  that  prevail  in  the  the  yield  of  gold  began  to  fall  off.  Instead  of 
rest  of  Australia.  The  Chinese  question  is  increasing,  the  Chinese  population  is  said  to 
treated  by  Australian  politicians  as  a  working-  have  diminished  of  recent  years  at  the  rate  of 
man^s  question,  although  the  workingmen  8  per  cent,  per  annum.  Living  in  compact 
there,  unlike  those  of  California,  have  not  yet  <;olonies,  they  are  conspicuous  in  the  towns, 
ftit  the  direct  competition  of  Chinamen  in  the  though  forming  a  very  small  fraction  of  the 
trades,  save  in  furniture-making,  which  the  population.  The  only  districts  outside  of  the 
Chines  have  learned  and  pursue  on  their  own  Northern  Territory  of  South  Australia  where 
account.  They  have  been  very  successful  as  they  outnumber  the  white  population  are  the 
gardeners,  and  have  taught  the  English  colo-  mining-camps  and  plantations  of  the  torrid 
oi^  many  improvements  in  the  cultivation  of  part  of  Queensland,  where  they  have  been  in- 
froits  and  vegetables.     The  large  cities  are  en-  troduced  as  laborers. 

tirelv  supplied  with  such  produce  from  their  The  question  raised  in  the  letter  of  Lew-ta- 

gardens.      Once   before,  when  the    Chinese,  len,  the  Chinese  Minister,  was  submitted  to 

who  began  to  come  in  1851,  increased  from  the  premiers  of  the  different  colonies  by  Lord 

2,000  in  1854  to  42,000  in  1859,  Victoria  im-  Salisbury.    Sir  Henry  Parkes,  replying  for  New 

posed  a  capitation  tax  on  immigrants,  which  South  Wales,  and  D.  Gillies  for  Victoria,  urged 

had  the  effect  of  reducing  the  Chinese  popula-  the  home  Government  to  make  a  treaty  similar 

tion  to  20,000  by  1863,  when  the  poll-tax  was  to  that  which  was  being  negotiated  between 

removed.     The  first  of  the  more  recent  meas-  China  and  the  United  States.     Public  meetings 

ores  was  passed  in  1881  in  consequence  of  the  were  held  in  the  two  colonies,  much  political 

aetion  of  the  authorities  of  Western  Australia,  feeling  was  aroused  on  the  subject,  street  dem- 

vho  were  about  to  import  Chinese  laborers,  onstrations  took  place,  anti-Chinese  riots  were 

The  Chinese  evaded  the  tax  by  procuring  let-  threatened,  and,  finally,  the  executives  mani- 

ters  of  naturalization,  which  their  countrymen  fested  their  energy  by  prohibiting  the  landing 

in  Victoria  began  to  take  out  in  unusual  num-  of  Chinamen  and  sending  about  four  hundred 

bers.    While  only  91  letters  had  been  ifjsued  back  to  China.   The  New  Zealand  Government, 

to  Chinese  during  the  eleven  years  preceding,  in  order  to  accomplish  the  same  object,  declared 

there  were  817  naturalizations  in  1882,  and  all  the  ports  of  China  to  be  infected  districts. 

the  number  increased  to  1,178  in  1885.    The  In  the  middle  of  May  a  severer  Chinese  restric- 

trrivals  by  sea  had  fallen  on  the  imposition  tion  bill  was  introduced  as  a  Government  meas- 


64  AUSTRALIA. 

nre  in  tbe  New  South  Wales  Parliament,  and  islands  the  people  kill  each  other  in  family  and 
passed  the  House  of  Assembly  at  once.  It  was  tribal  feuds.  The  effect  on  the  relations  of  the 
made  operative  from  the  begiuning  of  that  natives  with  whites  is  pointed  out  by  Bishop 
month,  and  contained  no  exception  in  favor  of  Selwyn,  of  Melanesia,  in  a  letter  to  the  Colo- 
immigrants  who  were  then  on  the  seas  or  in  nial  Office.  Any  outrage  committed  by  a  white 
Australian  ports.  The  act  was  virtually  pro-  man  is  sure  to  be  avenged  by  a  volley  fired  at 
hibitive,  restricting  the  number  of  passengers  the  next  boat^s  crew,  and  then  a  man-of-war  is 
to  one  for  every  800  tons  of  the  vessel  carry-  sent  to  pnuish  the  islanders,  and  a  party  land- 
ing them,  and  raising  the  poll-tax  to  £100.  ed,  often  in  tbe  face  of  a  heavy  fire,  thus  **ez- 
Ohinese  were  allowed  to  trade  only  in  certain  posing  valuable  lives  for  the  most  trivial  of 
districts,  and  only  five  in  each  district.  Natu-  causes.^*  Recently  the  boats  of  the  **•  Eliza 
ralization  of  Chinese  was  forbidden.  No  Chi-  Mary  ^'  were  fired  on  from  the  New  Hebrides, 
namen  could  mine  without  authority,  and  all  the  natives  mistaking  the  English  vessel  for 
must  take  out  licenses  annually  to  be  allowed  the  ^^Tongatabu,"  a  labor  vessel  fiying  theGer- 
to  reside  in  the  colony.  The  Legislative  Conn-  man  fiag,  which  had  recruited  laborers  for  Sa- 
cil  refused  to  suspend  the  rules  to  hurry  the  moa  under  the  pretense  that  they  were  for 
passing  of  the  bill,  and  meanwhile  the  supreme  Queensland. 

court  granted  writs  of  habeas  corpus  for  the  Without  waiting  for  a  convention,  the  gov- 
release  of  fifty  Chinamen  who  were  detained  emments  of  Queensland  and  Fiji  in  1884  pro- 
in  Sydney  Harbor,  declaring  their  detention  hibited  the  sale  of  fire-arms  to  natives.  But 
illegal.  Two  amendments  of  the  Legislative  these  regulations  are  evaded  by  the  labor 
Council,  one  keeping  open  the  Supreme  Conrt  agents  who  find  that  guns  and  powder  are  the 
to  persons  who  have  claims  for  inaenmity,  and  only  price  that  will  gain  laborers  for  the  sugar- 
the  other  striking  out  the  clause  limiting  the  plantations.  When  an  international  agreement 
Chinese  to  certain  areas  and  occupations,  was  proposed,  France  at  once  signified  her  wil- 
which  latter  was  drawn  in  imitation  of  the  ex-  lingness  to  enter  into  the  compact  if  the  other 
isting  regulations  for  foreigners  in  China,  were  powers  should  do  likewise.  Germany  returned 
accepted  by  the  Assembly ;  and,  when  the  Coun-  no  answer  to  the  proposaL  The  United  States 
cil  stood  firm,  others  were  adopted  by  the  Gov-  declined  to  accede  to  the  proposed  regulations, 
ernment,  and  finally  accepted  by  tbe  hoose,  Mr.  Bayard  in  his  reply  recognized  their  geo- 
removing  the  features  of  the  bUl  that  were  eral  propriety  and  tlie  responsibility  of  con- 
most  flagrantly  in  contravention  of  the  trea-  ducting  such  traffic  under  proper  and  careful 
ties,  but  not  mitigating  its  severity  as  a  restrict-  restrictions,  while  signifying  the  intention  of 
ive  measure.  An  intercolonial  conference  on  the  Government  of  the  United  States  for  tbe 
the  subject  of  restriction  was  held  at  Sydney,  present  **  to  restrain  its  action  to  tbe  employ- 
Its  conclusions  were  embodied  in  the  bill  that  ment,  in  the  direction  of  the  suggested  arrange- 
was  introduced  in  the  Victorian  Parliament,  ment,  of  a  sound  discretion  in  permitting  traffic 
which  opened  its  sessions  on  June  21.  between  its  own  citizens  in  the  articles  referred 

The  right  of  domicile  of  Chinamen  in  Brit-  to  and  the  natives  of  the  western  Pacific  isl- 

ish  dominions  rests  not  merely  on  international  ands." 

law  and  the  comity  of  nations,  but  on  the  first  New  S«ith  Wales. — ^The  oldest  of  tbe  Aus- 
artlcle  of  the  treaty  of  Nankin,  signed  Aug.  29,  tralian  colonies  has  been  self-governing  since 
1842,  which  provides  that  there  shall  be  peace  1856.  The  present  Governor  is  Lord  Carring- 
and  friendship  between  the  sovereigns  of  Great  ton,  who  entered  on  the  office  in  December,  1885. 
Britain  and  China  and  between  their  respect-  The  present  ministry,  which  was  constituted 
ive  subjects,  ^^  who  shall  enjoy  full  security  and  on  Jan.  19,  1887,  is  composed  of  the  following 
protection  for  their  persons  and  property  with-  members :  Premier  and  Colonial  Secretary,  Sir 
m  the  dominions  of  the  other."  This  treaty  Henry  Parkes ;  Oolonial  Treasurer,  John  FitJK- 
was  renewed  by  the  one  signed  at  Tientsin  on  gerald  Burns ;  Minister  for  Lands,  Thomas 
June  26,  1858.  The  Pekin  Convention  of  1860  Garrett;  Minister  for  Works,  John  Sutherland; 
provides  that  Chinese  in  choosing  to  take  serv-  Attorney-General,  Bernhard  Ringrose  Wise, 
ice  in  British  colonies  are  at  liberty  to  enter  who  received  his  appointment  on  May  27, 1887; 
into  engagements  and  take  passage  in  British  Minister  for  Public  Instruction,  James  Inelis; 
vessels  at  the  open  ports,  and  that  the  Chinese  Minister  for  Justice.  William  Clarke ;  Post- 
authorities  shall,  in  concert  with  the  diplomat-  master-Greneral,  C.  J.  Roberts ;  Minister  for 
ic  representative  of  Great  Britain,  frame  regu-  Mines,  Francis  Abigail ;  President  of  the  Ezeo- 
lations  for  the  protection  of  emigrants  sailing  utive  Council,  Julian  Emmanuel  Salomons,  who 
from  the  open  ports.  represents  the  Government  in  the  Legislative 

ThdBc  la  Ams  with  Hie  Padie  Islanden. — Great  Conncil,  but  holds  no  portfolio. 

Britain  has  for  three  or  four  years  been  attempt-  The  revenue  in  1886  amounted  to  £7,594,800, 

ing  to  induce  other  nations  to  enter  into  an  of  which  £2,889,138  were  derived  from  the 

agreement  prohibiting  tiie  sale  of  fire-arms  and  state  railways,  £2,068,571  from  cust<iras,  and 

powder  and  of  alcoholic  liquors  in  the  western  £1,643,955  from  the  pnblic  lands,  the  sales 

Pacific.     The  consequences  of  supplying  the  amounting  to  £1,206,438.     The  revenue  has 

natives  with  arms  of  precision  are  described  increased  from  £22  per  head  of  population  in 

in  a  bine-book  on  the  subject.    In  some  of  the  1871  to  £39  in  1886.    The  total  expenditure  in 


AUSTRALIA.  66 

^9,078,869,  being  larger  than  in  any  000.    Woolen-mills  are  not  profitable  in  either 

ear,  and  more  than  twice  that  of  colony,  and  recently  the  Victorian  Parliament 

3  expenditure  on  railroads,  inclad-  has  added  5  per  cent,  to  the  duty  on  woolens, 

ays,  was  £1,710,495 ;   on  post  and  which  was  before  15  to  20  per  cent. 

£610,651 ;  on  other  public  works,  There  were  1,890  miles  of  railway  in  opera- 

';  on  the  public  debt,  partly  for  ex-  tion  in  1886,  which  had  been  built  at  a  total 

r  loans,  £1,579,689;    on  public  in-  cost  of  £24,962,972.    The  earnings  for  the  year 

£741,121;   on  other  services,  £8,-  were  £2,160,070,  and  the  expenses,  £1,492,992. 

The  total  expenditure  in  1887  was  The  telegraphs  hod  20,797  miles  of  wire,  con- 

K  with  an  estimated  revenue  of  £8,-  structed  at  a  cost  of  £666,028. 

The  revenue  for  1888  is  expected  to  Rich  silver-mines  have  been  discovered  near 

11,725,  while  the  expenditure  is  es-  the  border  of  South  Australia  in  a  district 

.  £8,209,885.    The  public  debt  has  called  Broken  Hills.    The  ore-deposits  extend 

m  £7,880,280  in  1860,  and  £14,908,-  over  more  than  twenty  miles,  and  many  com- 

30,  to  £41,084,249  in  March,  1887.  Pjpies  have  been  formed  and  mines  opened. 

^1  debt  more  than  £25,000,000  was  The  report  of  a  week's  run  of  the  principal 

railroad  construction.  mine  in  March,  1888,  showed  1,709  tons  of  ore 

ony  was  a  penal  settlement  before  treated,  and  78,659  ounces  of  silver  extracted. 

in  1828  nearly  half  of  the  total  Ytetoria. — The  Constitution  was  granted  in 
I  of  36,598  were  transported  felons.  1854.  Unlike  New  South  Wales,  which  en- 
vhen  the  last  decennial  census  was  joys  universal  suffrage,  Victoria  limits  the 
population  was  751,468,  comprisjing  privilege  of  voting  by  a  property  qualification, 
ales  and  840,819  females.  The  in-  The  Governor  is  Sir  Henry  Brougham  Loch, 
en  years  had  been  at  the  rate  of  4*9  who  was  appointed  on  April  10,  1884.  Sir 
>er  annum.  In  the  six  years  ending  William  Foster  Stawell  was  appointed  Lieuten- 
the  net  immigration  averaged  80,000  ant-Governor  on  Nov.  6, 1886,  and  in  the  event 
a  number  of  immigrants  in  that  year  of  the  death  or  absence  from  the  colony  of  the 
88;  of  emigrants,  41,896.  The  num-  Governor  will  assume  the  administration  of  the 
bs  in  1886  was  86,284,  and  of  deaths.  Government.  The  Cabinet  is  made  up  as  fol- 
>wing  a  natural  increment  of  21,697.  lows:  Premier,  Minister  of  Mines,  and  Minis- 
-rate  in  1887  was  18*15  per  1,000.  ter  of  Railways,  Duncan  Gillies;  Chief  Secre- 
te capital,  had  an  estimated  popula-  tary  and  Commissioner  of  Water-Supply,  Al- 
1,709  at  the  end  of  1886.  The  popu-  fired  Deakin ;  Attorney-General,  H.  J.  Wrixon ; 
be  colony  on  Jan.  1,  1888,  was  esti-  Commissioner  of  Public  Works,  J.  Nimmo ; 
,042,917.  Minister  of  Justice,  Henry  Cuthbert;  Commis- 
K)rts  in  1886  amounted  to  £15,556,-  sioner  of  Trade  and  Customs,  W.  F.  Walker; 
lich  sum  £12,884,200  represent  the  Commissioner  of  Crown  Lands  and  Survey, 
domestic  produce,  including  specie.  J.  L.  Dow ;  Minister  of  Public  Instruction, 
value  of  imports  was  £20,978,548.  Charles  H.  Pearson ;  Minister  of  Defense,  Sir 
ts  of  gold  and  coin  were  £1,878,285,  James  Lorimer;  Postmaster-General,  F.  T. 
ixports,  £1,592,840.  The  export  of  Derham;  Ministers  having  portfolios  with  no 
reat  Britain  was  184,929,740  pounds,  offices  attached,  James  Bell  and  D.  M.  Davies. 
£5,259,809,  the  exports  of  this  prod-  The  public  revenue  for  the  year  that  ended 
jountries  being  valued  at  £7,201,976.  June  30,  1887,  was  £6,783,867;  the  expendi- 
nost  important  exports  were  coal,  of  ture,  £6,665,868.  The  yield  of  customs  duties 
>f  £947.002,  and  tin,  of  the  value  of  was  £2,132,361;  the  income  from  railways, 
after  which  came  sheep,  silver,  cat-  £2,468,845 ;  from  posts  and  telegraphs,  £418,- 
s,  skins,  and  copper.  The  number  of  295;  from  crown  lands,  £587,100.  The  inter- 
he  colony  on  Jan.  1,  1887,  was  39,-  est  and  expenses  of  the  debt  absorbed  £1,272,- 
rho  gold  product  in  1886  was  £355,-  591  of  the  total  expenditure;  the  working  ex- 
n limber  of  factories  in  the  colony  in  penses  of  the  railroads  were  £1,864,400,  of 
3,694,  employing  45,788  operatives,  other  public  works  £887.827,  and  of  the  postal 
policies  of  New  South  Wales,  which  and  telegraph  service  £578,451 ;  the  cost  of 
mport  duties,  and  Victoria,  which  public  instruction,  £670,856.  The  revenue  for 
a  high  protective  tariff,  are  often  the  fiscal  year  1887-'88  is  estimated  at  £7,444,- 
to  illustrate  the  advantages  of  free  000,  and  the  revenue  £6,906,000.  The  public 
igh  without  taking  into  consideration  debt  in  June,  1887,  amounted  to  £38,119,164, 
r  area  and  natural  resources  of  the  of  which  £25,404,847  were  raised  to  build 
he  manufacturing  interests  are  nearly  railroads,  £5,004,791  for  irrigation  works, 
3th  colonies.  Victoria  excels  in  boot  £1,105,557  for  school-buildings,  and  £1,603,- 
factories,  flour-mills, « and  iron  and  969  for  other  public  works.  Interest  is  at  the 
manufactures,  but  in  many  branches  average  rate  of  4^  per  cent. 
;h  Wales  has  the  advantage.  The  The  estimated  population  on  Jan.  1,  1888, 
er  of  the  factories  in  the  latter  colo-  was  1,036,118,  having  increased  from  862,346 
52  against  20,160  tor  Victoria;  the  in  1881.  The  number  of  births  in  1886  was 
le  plant,  £5,002,000  against  £4,654,-  30,824;  deaths,  14,952;  marriages,  7,787.  The 
L.  XXVIII. — 6  A 


66  AUSTRALIA. 

deatb-rate  in  1887  was  15*70  per  1,000.    The  The  mileage  of  railways  id  Decemb 

excess  of  births  over  deaths  in  that  year  was  was  1,381.     There  were  417  miles  in  ] 

only  6*4  per  cent.    Immigration  has  declined  The  length  of  telegraph  lines  was  5,45 

since  the  withdrawal  of  the  aid  given  by  the  the  length  of  wires,  10,310  mile^. 

colony  before  1874.     In  1886  there  arrived  by  QiMBSfauid. — The  Constitution  dates  fr 

sea  93,404  persons,  against  76,976  in  1885,  and  when  the  colony  was  separated  from  Ne 

departed  68,102,  against  61,994.    About  half  Wales.    The  members  of  the  upper  h( 

of  the  population  live  in  towns.     The  capital,  nominated  for  life;  those  of  the  popula 

Melbourne,  contained  390,000  inhabitants  in  are  elected  by  restricted  suffrage.    T 

1887.  ernor,  Sir  Anthony  Musgrave,  was  a] 

The  imports  in  1886  were  £18,530,575,  which  in  April,  1888.     The  composition  of  th 

was  about  the  average  value  for  five  years ;  but  try  is  as  follows :     Premier,  Chief  S< 

the  exports  fell  off  from  £15,551,758  in  1885  and  Vice-President  of  the  Executive 

to  £11,795,321  in  1886.     The  imports  of  wool  Sir  Samuel  Walker  Griffith,  who  is  also 

amounted  to  £2,831,599,  and  the  exports  to  Treasurer;   Postmaster- General,  Walt< 

£4,999,662;    imports  of  timber,  £1,170,539;  tio  Wilson;    Attorney-General,  Arth 

of  woolens,  892,868 ;   of  cottons,  £1,027,674.  ledge ;  Secretary  for  Mines  and  Public 

The  exports  of  gold  were  £1,954,326.     The  William  Oswald  Hodgkinson;  Colonis 

quantity  of  wool  shipped  to  Great  Britain  was  tary  and    Secretary  for    Public  Inst 

93,889,887  pounds.                                              .  Berkeley  Basil  Moreton ;  Secretary  foi 

The  state  railroads  in  June,  1887,  had  a  to-  Lands,  Henry  Jordan;  without  portf< 

tal  length  of  1,880  miles,  besides  316  miles  in  James  Francis  Garrick. 

cour<)e  of  construction.  The  cost  of  the  lines  was  On  May  1,  1886,  the  colony  contain 

£26,479,206.   The  receipts  in  the  year  1886-W  853  inhabitants,  of  whom  190,344  wer 

were  £2,453,087;    the  expenses,  £1,427,116.  and     132,509    females.      There   were 

There  were  4,094  miles  of  telegraph  lines,  with  Chinese  and  10,165  Polynesians  in  th 

10,111  miles  of  wire  at  the  close  of  1886.  which  does  not  include  the  aborigines,  i 

Sonth  Aiatralla. — According  to   a  law   that  ing  about  12,000.     The  increase  since  i 

went  into  force  in  1881  the  Legislative  Council  sus  of  1881  was  109,328,  equal  to  51 

consists  of  twenty-four  members,  of  whom  cent.    The  estimated  population  on  J 

eight  retire  every  three  years,  and   are  re-  1887,  was  354,596.     According  to  th< 

placed   by  new  members,  two  from  each  of  of  1886,  55,890  persons  were  engaged 

the  four  districts,  who  are  voted  for  on  one  culture,  51,489  in  industries,  7,040  in 

ticket  by  the  whole  colony.     The  House  of  sional  pursuits,  19,790  in  commerce,  a 

Assembly  numbers  fifty-one  members,  who  are  163  were  wives,  children,  and  domest 

chosen  by  universal  suffrage.  ants.      The  number  of   births  in   18 

The  Governor  is  Sir  William  F.  C.  Robinson,  12,582  ;  deaths,  5,575  ;  marriages,  2,76 
who  was  appointed  in  February,  1883.  The  population  of  Queensland  on  Jan.  1,  16 
heads  of  the  six  ministerial  departments  are  as  computed  to  be  366.940.  The  death- 
follow  :  Premier  and  Treasurer,  Thomas  Play-  1887  was  14  56  per  1,000.  The  avera 
ford.  Chief  Secretary,  James  Gordon  Ramsay ;  sity  of  population  in  1884  was  0*478  pei 
Attorney-General,  Charles  Camden  Eingsron ;  mile,  that  in  the  northern  division  of 
Commissioner  of  Crown  Lands,  Jenkins  Coles;  square  miles  being  0*24,  in  the  central 
Commissioner  of  Public  Works,  Alfred  Catt;  of  223,341  square  miles  0*17,  and  in  th* 
Minister  of  Education,  Joseph  Colin  Francis  em  division  of  189,751  square  miles  1*1< 
Johnson.  northern  division    contained  52,339 

The  revenue  in  1887  was  £1,869,942;   the  ants,   the  central,   38,821,  and  the   s< 

expenditure,  £2,165,245.    The  public  debt,  all  221,693. 

of  which  was  raised  for  public  works,  amount-  The  total  value  of  imports  in  1886  ^ 

ed,  on  Dec.  31,  1887,  to  £19,168,500.  103,227;  the  value  of  exports,  £4,935 

The  population  on  Dec.  31,  1886,  was  esti-  which   sum  £1,413,908   represent   w( 

mated   at  312,758,  comprising  162,980  males  £855,510    sugar.      Other  exported    p 

and  149,778  females.     The  number  of  births  besides  gold,  are  hides,  tin,  preserve 

registered  in  1886  was  11,177;  deaths,  4,234;  silver-ore,  and  pearl-shell.     There  wer* 

marriages,  1,976.     The  number  of  immigrants  acres  under  sugar-cane  in  1886,  and  of  1 

was  17,623  ;  of  emigrants,  25,231.     At  the  end  34,657  acres  yielded  58,545  tons  of  suga 

of  1887  the  population  was  computed  at  312,-  at  £1,125,284. 

421,  showing  a  loss  of  337.     The  population  of  At  the  end  of  1886  there  were  1,55 

the  Northern  Territory  is  not  included  in  these  of  railway  completed  and  637  miles  un< 

estimates.     The  death-rate  in  1887  was  12*62  struction.     Their  capital  cost  was  £10, "J 

per  1,000.  the  receipts  is  1886  were  £640,845, 

The  value  of  imports  in  1886  was  £4,852,-  running  expenses  £476,966. 

750 ;  of  exports,  £4,489,008.     The  exports  of  The  length   of    telegraph  lines  wa 

wool  were  valued  at  £1,955,207 ;  of  wheat  and  miles,  with  14,443  miles  of  wire, 

flonr,   £626,610  ;   of  copper  and  copper-ore.  Western  Aistralli. — The  Government 

£230,868.  ministered  by  a  Governor  assisted  by  < 


AUSTRALIA. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


67 


».^ 


lative  Council,  one  third  of  its  members  being 
appointees  of  tlie  Crown.  The  present  Gov- 
ernor is  Sir  Frederick  Napier  Broome,  who 
hss  held  the  post  since  December,  1882.  The 
reTenae  in  1886  was  £388,564,  and  the  ex- 
penditure, £394,676.  The  revenue  for  1887 
was  estimated  at  £404,190  and  the  expendi- 
ture at  £478,189. 

The  population  is  growing  rapidly  by  immi- 
gration. The  number  of  inhabitants,  exclu- 
sive of  aborigines,  was  estimated  at  39,584  at 
the  end  of  1886.  There  were  2,346  natives  in 
service  with  colonists  in  1881.  The  number 
of  births  in  1885  was  1,466 ;  of  deaths,  806. 
During  that  year  5,615  persons  arrived  in  the 
colony,  and  1,877  departed.  On  Jan.  1,  1888, 
there  was  a  population  of  142,488  in  the  colony, 
iccording  to  official  statistics.  The  rate  of 
deaths  during  the  previous  jear  had  been  17*11 
per  1,000. 

The  imports  in  1886  were  valued  at  £758,- 
013;  tlie  exports  at  £630,393.  The  chief  ex- 
ports are  wool  and  lead  ore.  There  were  202 
miles  of  railroarl  in  operation  at  the  end  of 
1S86  and  299  miles  were  building.  The  tele- 
^ph  lines  of  the  colony  had  a  total  length  of 
2,405  miles. 

TiwMJa — The  Constitution  was  first  adopted 
in  1871,  and  amended  in  1885.  The  Parlia- 
ment consists  of  a  Legislative  Council  of  18 
members,  elected  by  land-owners  and  the  edu- 
cated classes,  and  a  House  of  Assembly  of 
doable  that  number,  elected  under  a  property 
QQalification.  The  Governor  is  Sir  Robert  G. 
C.  Hatniiton,  who  was  appointed  in  January, 
1887.  The  Cabinet  is  composed  of  the  follow- 
ing ministers:  Premier  and  Chief  Secretary, 
Philip  Oakley  Fysh;  Treasurer,  Bolton  Staf- 
ford Bird;  Attorney-General,  Andrew  Inglis 
Clark ;  Minister  of  Lands  and  Works,  Edward 
Nicbobis  Coventry  Braddon. 

Ibe  area  of  Tasmania,  which  was  formerly 
koown  as  Van  Diemen's  Land,  is  26,215  square 
miles,  and  the  estimated  population  in  Decem- 
ber. 1886,  was  137,211.  The  aborigines  are 
entirely  extinct.  The  number  of  births  in 
1886  was  4,627;  deaths,  1,976;  marriages, 
^5.  There  were  16,399  immigrants  and  14,- 
i)0  emigrants.  On  Jan.  1.  1888,  the  island 
contained  142,478  inhabitants.  The  deaths 
registered  in  1887  were  at  the  rate  of  1545  per 
1,000. 

The  imports  in  1886  were  valued  at  £1,756,- 
567  and  the  exports  at  £1,331,540.  The  chief 
irticles  of  export  are  tin,  wool,  preserved  and 
fresh  fruits,  gold,  timber,  hides,  and  bark. 

The  railroad  mileage  in  1886  was  303,  while 
1S8  miles  were  in  course  of  constructitm  in 
1887.  There  were  1,772  miles  of  telegraph 
lines  and  2,353  of  wire  at  the  end  of  1886. 

IQi* — British  sovereignty  was  proclaimed  on 
Oct  10,  1874.  The  colony  is  administered  as 
a  Crown  dependency  by  a  Governor  who  is 
^High  Commissioner  for  the  Western  Pacific. 
Tbe  present  Governor  is  Sir  John  Bates  Thurs- 
Updl  Fourteen  of  the  sixteen  provinces  are  ruled 


by  native  chiefs.  The  colony  consists  of  a  group 
of  islands,  of  which  there  are  eighty  that  are  in- 
habited, the  largest  being  Viti  Levu,  with  an 
area  of  4,250  square  miles,  and  the  next  largest 
Yanua  Levu,  which  is  2,600  square  miles  in 
extent.  The  island  of  Rotnmah  was  annexed 
in  December,  1880.  The  native  Fijians  are 
Methodists  in  religion,  except  one  twelfth  who 
are  Roman  Catholics.  The  population  of  the 
colony  in  1886  was  124,742,  and  consisted  of 
2,105 Europeans,  832  half-castes;  6,146  Indian 
coolies;  8,075  Polynesian  indentured  laborers; 
110,037  Fijians,  2,321  natives  of  Rotumah,  and 
226  others.  Among  the  Fijians  there  were 
3,991  births  and  4,908  deaths  in  1886,  and 
among  Europeans,  77  births  and  45  deaths. 

The  revenue  in  1886  was  £64,574  and  the 
expenditure  £78,183.  The  imports  amounted 
to  £230,629  and  the  exports  to  £288,496.  The 
chief  commercial  products  are  sugar,  copra, 
and  bananas.  The  yield  of  sugar  in  1886  was 
11,716  tons  grown  on  10,543  acres,  while  18,- 
128  acres  are  devoted  to  cocoanuts. 

ACSTRIi-HIJNClAST,  a  dual  monarchy  in  cen- 
tral Europe,  composed  of  the  empire  of  Aus- 
tria, often  called  Austria  proper,  and  otherwise 
known  as  the  Cisleithan  Monarchy,  and  the 
Kingdom  of  Hungary,  called  sometimes  the 
Transleithan  Monarchy,  as  the  river  Leis  di- 
vides the  two  territories,  and  sometimes  the 
dominions  of  the  crown  of  St.  Stephen.  Aus- 
tria is  composed  of  numeroun  semi-autonomous 
states,  and  the  provinces  of  Croatia  and  Sla- 
vonia,  which  form  an  integral  part  of  the  Hun- 
garian Monarchy,  possess  in  common  a  separate 
diet.  The  two  monarchies  alike  owe  allegiance 
to  the  House  of  Ilapsburg,  the  head  of  which 
is  Emperor  of  Austria  and  King  of  Hungary. 
They  have  a  common  army,  with  separate  mi- 
litia systems  for  the  defense  of  their  own  bor- 
ders, a  single  navy,  and  also  a  common  diplo- 
matic service,  and  they  are  united  further  in  a 
customs  union.  The  common  ministry  which 
looks  after  affairs  of  imperial  concern  is  re- 
sponsible to  delegations  from  the  two  parlia- 
ments, which  meet  annually  in  separate  halls, 
discussing  all  questions  apart,  but  voting  as  one 
body  in  case  of  disagreement.  Each  delega- 
tion consists  of  60  members,  of  whom  20  are 
chosen  from  the  upper  and  40  from  the  lower 
house  of  the  respective  legislatures. 

The  reigning  monarch  is  Josef  1,  bom  Aug. 
18, 1880,  who  was  proclaimed  Emperor  of  Aus- 
tria on  Dec.  2,  1848,  and  crowned  King  of 
Hungary  on  June  8,  1867,  after  the  ancient 
Constitution  was  restored.  The  Crown- Prince 
is  the  Archduke  Rudolf,  born  Aug.  21,  1858. 

The  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  for  the 
whole  monarchy  has  been  directed  by  Count 
G.  K4Inoky  de  Kdrospatak  since  Nov.  21, 
1881.  Lieutenant  Field-Marshal  Count  Bylandt- 
Rheydt,  who  had  been  Minister  of  War  since 
June  21,  1876,  resigned  on  account  of  illness 
in  March,  1888,  and  was  succeeded  by  General 
Baron  Bauer,  previously  commander  of  the 
Vienna  corps.    The  Common  Minister  of  Fi- 


68 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


naDce  is  BenjamiD  de  E4l1akj,  who  was  ap- 
pointed on  June  4,  1882. 

Area  and  Popalatton. — The  population  of  the 
Austro- Hungarian  Empire  on  Dec.  81,  1886, 
was  estimate  to  be  89,640,834.  The  popula- 
tion of  Austria  proper  was  23,070,688,  and  that 
of  Hungary  16,570,146.  In  Austria  there  were 
11.188,462  males  and  11.882,226  females  in 
1885 ;  in  Hungary  at  the  time  of  the  census  of 
1880  the  males  numbered  7,702,810  and  the 
females  7,939,192. 

The  number  of  births  in  Austria  proper  in 
1886  was  876,063;  deaths,  678,458;  marriages, 
180,191 ;  excess  of  births  over  deaths,  197,606. 
The  births  in  Hungary  in  1885  numbered  787,- 
110;  deaths,  522,650;  marriages,  165,169;  ex- 
cess of  birthe  over  deaths,  214,460.  Vienna 
contained  in  1887,  with  its  suburbs,  1,270,000 
inhabitants,  while  Buda-Pesth,  the  capital  of 
Hungary,  bad  in  1886  a  population  of  422,657. 
That  of  Prague,  the  chief  city  of  Bohemia,  had 
at  the  last  census  162,328 ;  the  sea- port  Trieste, 
144,844;  Lemberg,  109,746. 

The  Oerapied  PreYlnces. — The  area  and  the 
population  in  1885  of  the  Turkish  provinces  of 
Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  the  area  of  Novi- 
Bazar,  which  the  Congress  of  Berlin  likewise 
gave  over  to  the  military  occupation  of  Austria- 
Hungary,  though  the  civil  administration  was 
reserved  for  Turkey,  and  its  population  accord- 
ing to  the  enumeration  of  1879,  are  shown  in 
the  following  table : 


184,411  florins;  minerals,  12,889,295  florins,* 
paper  and  paper  manufactures,  11,914,262  flor- 
ins ;  iron  and  iron  manufactures,  10,546,811 
florins;  tobacco,  7,625,580  florins. 

The  value  of  the  precious  metals  exported  in 
1886  was  1,797,057  florins,  while  the  imports 
were  12,282,529  florins. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  movement 
of  imports  in  1885,  and  of  exports  in  1886 
across  the  frontiers  of  contiguous  countries 
and  by  sea- ports : 


COUNTRIES. 


Qermaaj 

Trieste 

RoumanU 

Flume  and  oiher  ports. 

RuBsia 

Italy 

Bertrla 

Switzerland 

Montenegro 

Turkey 


Total 


ImporU. 


KzporU. 


887,495617 

87,881.5fiO 

40,047,683 

81,748,124 

21,890,116 

19,176,409 

14,162,174 

6,477,870 

28&,U04 

284,312 


557,948,824 


897,^(2,570 
99,768,181 
84,870,591 
4^672.4T» 
20,549,044 
42,424,557 
18^78.699 
89,436.418 
72,425 
697,814 


696,682,278 


PROVINCES. 

Am  in  iqnu* 
milM. 

Popnlatko. 

Bosnia  

16,200 
8.540 
8,522 

1S7,574 

Herzespvina 

1,148.517 

Novl-Bazar 

168,<K)0 

Total 

28,262 

1,501,091 

Of  the  inhabitants  of  Bosnia  and  Herzego- 
vina 492,710  are  Mussel  man  •»,  571,250  Orthodox 
Greeks,  265,788  Roman  Catholics,  and  5,805 
Jews.  There  has  been  an  increase  of  about 
44,000  in  the  Mohammedan  population  since 
1879.  The  Austrian  military  organization  and 
obligatory  service  has,  with  some  modifications, 
been  extended  to  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina. 

CoDnnerce. — The  total  value  of  the  exports  of 
Austria-Hungary  in  1886  was  698,632,273  flor- 
ins, against  672,083,194  florins  in  1885.  The 
value  of  the  imports  in  1885  was  557,948,824 
florins.  The  value  of  grain,  pulse,  and  flour 
exported  in  1886  was  95,445,185  florins;  tim- 
ber, 57,570,588  florins;  sugar,  49,119,976  flor- 
ins; instruments,  watches,  etc.,  48,311,398 
florins;  wool  and  woolen  manufactures,  47,- 
361,901  florins;  live  animals,  47,277,808  flor- 
ins; animal  products,  33,799,970  florins;  bev- 
erages, 29,284,292  florins;  fruit,  nuts,  hops, 
etc.,  25,657,334  florins;  leather  and  leather 
manufactures,  25,127,130  florins;  glass  and 
glass- wares,  19,446,478  florins;  fuel,  19,324,- 
155  florins;  flax,  hemp,  and  other  fibers,  19,- 
127,006  florins;  wood  and  bone  manufactures, 
18,186,692  florins;    cotton  manufactures,  15,- 


In  Austria  the  area  sown  to  wheat  in  1885 
was  1,194,059  hectares,  yielding  17,015,680 
hectolitres;  2,000,971  hectares  were  under  rye, 

Eroducing  27,984,480  hectolitres;  1,166,416 
ectares  under  barley,  producing  18,344,870 
hectolitres;  1,829,047  hectares  under  oats; 
producing  88,889,650  hectolitres;  367,657  hec- 
tares under  com,  producing  7,008,060  hecto- 
litres. Vineyards  covered  228,949  hectares. 
There  is  a  considerable  export  of  wine  and  bar- 
ley, and  in  some  years  of  wheat. 

The  agricultural  returns  of  Hungary  for  1886 
give  4,070,360  hectares  as  the  area  devoted  to 
wheat  and  rye,  and  the  yield  as  51,850,560  hec- 
tolitres. The  crop  of  barley  on  1,044,219  hec- 
tares was  13,343,882  hectolitres.  Com  was 
cultivated  on  1,914,159  hectares,  and  the  crop 
amounted  to  29,767,  527  hectolitres.  Vine- 
yards covered  368,562  hectares,  and  the  value 
of  the  wine  produced  was  40,691,000  florins. 
There  are  large  exports  of  horses,  cattle,  and 
sheep  from  both  Austria  and  Hungary. 

RaUrtads* — The  railroads  of  Austria  had  a 
total  length  of  13,618  kilometres  or  8,512  miles 
on  Jan.  1,  1887.  There  were  3,596  kilometres 
of  state  lines,  besides  84  kilometres  that  are 
worked  by  companies,  1,590  kilometres  be- 
longing to  companies  that  are  worked  by  the 
Government,  and  8,348  kilometres  owned  and 
operated  by  private  corporations.  Hungary 
had  9,352  kilometres  or  5,843  miles,  making 
the  total  mileape  for  the  empire  14,855.  The 
state  lines  in  Hungary  had  a  total  length  of 
4,243  kilometres  and  the  lines  of  companies 
were  5,109  kilometres  in  length,  including  402 
kilometres  that  were  operated  in  connection 
with  the  Government  railroads. 

The  Post -Office — The  number  of  letters  and 
postal  curds  carried  in  the  Austrian  mails  in 
1886  was  408,475,000;  patterns  and  printed 
matter,  56.337,000;  newspapers,  90,112,800. 
The  receipts  amounted  to  26,367,10^3  florins, 
and  the  expenses  to  22,619,102  florins. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.  69 

The  namber  of  letters  that  passed  through  There  were  10  unarmored  cruisers,  2  classed 

the  Hungarian  post-office  in  1886  was  117,968,-  as  frigates  and  8  as  corvettes,  6  torpedo-ves- 

OOO,    indusive    of   post-cards;   patterns   and  sels,  16  coast-guards,  2  river  monitors,  and  88 

printed    inclosures,    17,766,000;   newspapers,  torpedo-boats. 

47,031,000.     The  receipts  were  10,281,768  flor-        Cmuimi  Fluuices.— The  expenditure  for  the 

ins,  and  the  expenses  8,648,492  florins.  whole    monarchy  in    1887  was    123,866,414 

Miigrmpks. — Austria  had  24,442  miles  of  line  florins,  as  compared  with  119J24,748  florins 

and  64,050  miles  of  wire  in  1886,  and  Hungary  in  1886.    The  budget  estimates  for  1888  make 

11,215  miles  of  line  and  41,620  miles  of  wire,  the  expenditure  for  the  common  ftSairs  of  the 

There    were  2,000  miles    of   line  in  Bosnia  monarchy  134,480,897  florins,  of  which  41,- 

and  Herzegovina.    The  number  of  messages  610,897  florins  are    covered  by  the  surplus 

transmitted  by  the  Austrian  telegraphs  in  1886  revenue  from  customs  and  90,149,426  florins 

vas  6,701,899.  In  Hungary  6,009,696  messages  are  the  contributions  from  the  Austrian  and 

were  di^atched  in  1886.  Hungarian  treasuries,  the  remainder  being  the 

MaftgatJM — The  number  of  vessels  entered  receipts  of  the  various  ministries.      The  ex- 

tt  the  port  of  Trieste  in  1886  was  6,971,  of  penditure  of  the  ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  is 

1,267,946   tons;  cleared,   6,982,   of  1,264,061  estimated  at  8,869,100  florins ;  expenditure  on 

tons.    The  number  entered  at  all  Austro-Hun-  the  army,  117,162,860  florins,  of  which  18,- 

garian  ports  was  68,681,  of  7,706,202  tons;  619,776  florins  are  for  extraordinary  purposes; 

the  number  cleared  was  68,602,  of  7,697,660  expenditure  on  the  navy,  11,828,224  florins, 

tons.     Of  the  vessels  80  per  cent  and  of  the  including  2,146,147  florins  of  extraordinary 

tonnage  87  per  cent,  were  Austrian.  The  mer-  expenditure ;  expenses  of  the  Board  of  Con- 

cantile  marine  consisted  in  1886  of  61  ocean  trol,  129,168  florins. 

Reamers,  of  69,462  tons,  82  coastmg  steamers.        For  the  administration  of  the  occupied  prov- 

of  14,491  tons,  and  9,226  sailing-vessels  of  all  inces  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  in  1888  the 

kinds,  of  228,044  tons.  expenditure  was  estimated  at  9,076,218  florins. 

Tit  ArBy« — The  active  army  and  its  reserve  and  the  revenue  at  9,147,189  florins.    The  cost 

tre  under  the  control  of  the  Imperial  authori-  of  the  army  of  occupation  is  placed  at  4,424,- 

ties,  whereas  the  Landwehr  and  the  Landsturm  000  florins. 

that  has  been  recently  organized  under  the  law  Hie  Mpte  ADfaUNe.  —  The  defensive  alliance 
of  1886  are  controlled  by  the  ministry  of  na-  between  Austria  and  Germany  was  negotiated 
tiooal  defense  of  each  monarchy.  The  legal  at  Gastein  and  Vienna  after  the  Berlin  Oon- 
period  of  military  service  for  every  able-bod-  gress  by  Prince  Bismarck  in  consequence  of 
ied  man  in  the  empire,  except  those  who  are  the  unfriendly  attitude  of  Russia.  Italy  sub- 
exempt  on  account  of  family  conditions,  is  sequently  Joined  the  league,  and  after  its  re- 
three  years  with  the  colors,  though  the  actual  newal  in  February,  1887,  on  the  arrangement 
term  is  osaally  much  shorter.  The  annual  re-  of  details  at  the  interviews  between  Prince 
<3Tiit  is  about  94,000  men.  After  completing  Bismarck  and  Count  E&lnoky  and  Signer 
the  period  of  active  service  at  twenty-three,  Crispi  at  Friedrichsruh  in  September,  the  terms 
tbey  are  liable  for  service  in  the  reserves  till  of  the  original  Austro-German  treaty  of  alii- 
the  age  of  thii-ty,  and  then  pass  into  the  Land-  ance  were  for  the  first  time  published  to  the 
w^r  for  two  years,  and  after  that  are  enrolled  world.  The  new  treaty,  except  in  minor  par- 
in  the  Landsturm  for  ten  years  longer.  ticulars  in  respect  to  the  military  forces  to 

The  standing  army  in  1887  numbered  267,-  be  maintained  and  the  conditions  of  mobiliza- 
179  men.  Its  war  strength  was  806,904.  The  tion,  is  oflScially  declared  to  be  identical  with 
Austrian  Landwehr  numbered  162,632  men ;  the  other.  The  agreement  is  generally  under- 
time Hungarian  Honved,  167,869;  the  Austrian  stood  to  be  that  if  either  Austria  or  Germany, 
Landsturm,  228,876;  the  Hungarian  Land-  without  being  the  aggressor,  is  attacked  by 
itarm,  212,246;  the  gendarmerie,  6,164;  mak-  Russia,  the  combined  military  forces  of  the 
iB^  the  total  military  strength  of  the  empire  two  empires  will  move  against  that  power;  if 
1,573,191  men,  exclusive  of  officers,  who  num-  France  should  attack  either  Germany  or  Italy, 
ber  17,867  in  time  of  peace,  and  82,786  in  war.  she  would  be  opposed  by  both  those  powers 
The  number  of  horses  is  60,862  in  peace,  and  acting  in  common ;  and  if  France  and  Russia 
211,462  in  war;  the  number  of  field-guns,  816  should  combine  to  assail  one  or  more  of  the 
in  peace,  and  1,748  in  war.  allied  powers,   the  entire  military  and   naval 

One  full  corps  was  armed  with  the  new  re-  strength  of  the  league  would  be  called  into 

peating  rifle  by  the  beginning  of  1888,  and  in  immolate  action.      The  original  treaty  be- 

January  the  reservists  were  called  out  to  be  tween    the    two    emperors    contained    three 

(iriUed  in  its  nse.  clauses.    The  first  binds  each  power  to  assist 

Tke  Havy. — The  iron-clad  navy  in  1887  con-  the  other  with  its  entire  military  power  in  case 

m/Ltd  of  12  vessels.    There  were  in  process  of  either  should  be  attacked  by  Rassia,  the  seo- 

eon^truction  the  ^^Eronprinz  Erzherzog  Ru-  ond  engages  each  to  observe  an  attitude  of 

dolf,^'  a  barbette  turret  -  ship,   12  inches  of  benevolent  neutrality  if  its  ally  should  be  at- 

armor,  and  the  ^*  Stephanie,"  a  barbette  belted  tacked  by  a  power  other  than  Russia,  but  to 

ibip  of  5,100  tons,  with  9- inch  plates,  and  en-  co-operate  with  its  foil  military  strength  and 

finea  of  from  8,000  to  11,000  horse-power,  only  conclude  a  peace  in  common  if  Russia 


70  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

should  join  the  attackiog  power  either  hy  the  Emperor  Wilhelm,  after  having  deolined  a 
active  aggressions  or  hy  military  measm*es  in-  ceremonious  interview  at  Stettin  in  September. 
Yolving  menace.  The  third  clause  provides  Being  brought  face  to  face  with  the  German 
that  the  treaty  should  be  kept  secret,  and  only  Chancellor,  he  openly  charged  him  with  du- 
be  communicated  to  a  third  power  by  mutual  plicity  in  encouraging  Ferdinand ^s  course  se- 
agreeraent,  and  contains  an  agreement  that  the  cretly  while  officially  condemning  it  as  a  con- 
Emperor  Alexander  should  be  informed,  in  travention  of  the  treaty  of  Berlin.  Bismarck 
case  the  Russian  armaments  assumed  a  menac-  declared  the  communication  purporting  to  have 
ing  character,  that  an  attack  against  one  come  from  Prince  Reuss  to  be  a  forgery,  and 
would  be  considered  as  directed  against  both.  on  inquiry  it  turned  out  that  the  entire  oorre- 

The  animosity  of  the  Russian  press  against  spondence  was  fictitious.     The  conceutration 

the  Germans  was  rekindled  by  the  publication  of  Russian  troops  did  not  immediately  cease 

of  the  part  of  the  treaty  that  was  directed  after  the  exposure  of  the  forged  documents, 

against  Russia.    The  Russian  Government  had  but  there  was  soon  an  abatement  of  activity, 

been  informed  of  the  terms  of  the  alliance  first  on  the  part  of  Russia,  and  then  on  the 

some  time  before.    The  movement  of  Russian  part  of  Austria,  so  that  the  Government  did 

cavalry  and  other  troops  toward  the  German  not  deem  it  necessary  to  call  the  delegations 

and  Austrian  frontiers  had  already  begun,  and  together  to  ask  of  them  an  additional  credit 

there  was  a  general  expectation  that  war  would  The  assurance  of  the  Czar  that  the  military 

break  out  in  the  spring.     The  Austrian  dele-  movements  had   no    aggressive    purpose  did 

gations  voted  a  large  credit,  and  the  canton-  more  than   anything  else  to  quiet  the   war 

ments  of  troops  on  the  Galician  border-  were  alarm.    Prince  Bismarck,  in  a  speech  in  the 

soon  more  than  equal  to  the  Russian  force,  ex-  Reichstag,  on  the  German  army  bill,  delivered 

cept  in  cavalry.    The  fortresses  were  strength-  February  6,  spoke  of  the  fears  that  had  arisen 

ened,  and  200,000  huts  were  built  to  quarter  during  the  past  year  as  having  more  reference 

the  soldiers  along  the  frontier.  to  Russia  than  to  France,  and  reviewed  the 

The  coolness  existing  in  the  latter  part  of  situation  and  the  relations  between  Germany 

1887  between  Russia  and  Germany,  and  the  and  Russia.     He  expressed  no  fear  on  account 

menacing  concentration  of  Russian  troops  on  of  the  massing  of  Russian  troops  on  the  Ger- 

the  Polish  frontiers,  were  partly  the  result  of  man  and  Austrian  frontiers,  which  he  explained 

an  intrigue   which   was  attributed,   but    not  by  saying,  *^  I  conclude  that  the  Russian  Cabi- 

actually  traced,  to  Orleanists,  who  desired  to  net  has  arrived  at  the  conviction,   which  is 

embroil  Germany  and  France,  and  nearly  sue-  probably  well  founded,  that  in  the  next  Enro- 

ceeded  in  their  purpose.     The  Czar  came  into  pean  crisis  that  may  take  piace,  the  weight 

possession  of  a  letter  of  the  date  of  Aug.  27,  of  Russians  voice  in  the  diplomatic  Areopagus 

1887,  bearing  the  supposed  signature  of  Prince  of  Europe  will  be  the  heavier  the  further  Rus- 

Ferdinand  of  Bulgaria,  addressed  to  the  Count-  sia  has  moved  her  troops  toward  the  western 

ess  of  Flanders,  and  imploring  her  to  induce  frontier." 

her  brother,  the  King  of  Roumania,  and  the  M.  Tisza,  in  answer  to  an  interpellation,  said. 
King  of  the  Belgians  to  use  their  influence,  on  January  28,  that  Russia,  in  pursuance  of  a 
the  one  with  the  Czar  and  the  other  at  the  plan  of  military  reorganization,  had  effected  a 
Austrian  court,  on  his  behalf.  He  would  not,  large  displacement  of  troops  toward  the  Aus- 
it  is  said  in  the  letter,  have  accepted  the  Bui-  trian  frontier,  which  compelled  Austria-Hun- 
garian throne  except  for  the  secret  encourage-  gary  to  take  measures  for  her  protection, 
ment  of  Germany,  and  as  a  proof  of  this  a  Aostrla. — The  present  Austrian  Cabinet,  which 
document  was  inclosed  under  the  same  cover  was  first  constituted  on  Aug.  19,  1879,  is  com- 
which  was  in  the  hand- writing  of  Prince  Reuss,  posed  of  the  following  ministers:  Minister  of 
the  German  ambassador  at  Vienna,  but  un-  the  Interior,  Count  Edward  Taafe;  Minister 
signed.  This  conveyed  assurances  that  if  the  of  Public  Instruction  and  Ecclesiastical  Affairs, 
Prince  should  decide  to  take  possession  of  the  Dr.  Paul  Gautsch  von  Frankenthum,  appoint- 
throne  of  Bulgaria,  Germany  was  not  in  the  ed  Nov.  6,  1886 ;  Minister  of  Finance,  Dr.  J. 
position  at  the  moment  to  lend  any  official  aid  Duni^iewski ;  Minister  of  Agriculture,  Count 
or  encouragement,  but  that,  however  hostile  Julius  Falkenhavn ;  Minister  of  Commerce  and 
the  political  acts  of  the  German  Government  National  Economy,  Marquis  von  Bacquehem, 
might  appear,  the  time  would  come  when  it  appointed  July  28,  1886 ;  Minister  of  Landes- 
would  reveal  its  secret  sentiments  and  extend  vertheidigung,  or  National  Defense,  Major- 
its  open  support.  In  a  second  letter  to  the  General  Count  S.  von  Welsersheimb ;  Minis- 
Countess  of  Flanders  complaint  is  made  of  the  ter  of  Justice,  A.  Prazak ;  without  portfolio, 
changed  attitude  of  Germany,  but  in  a  third  the  F.  Ziemialkowski. 

Prince  is  made  to  say  that,  subsequent  to  the  The  Reichsrath  is  composed  of  a  House  of 
meetings  at  Friedricharuh  with  E41noky  and  Ix)rdg,  consisting  of  hereditary  peers,  princes 
Crispi,  Prince  Bismarck  had  given  him  renewed  of  the  Church,  and  life-members,  and  an  Elect- 
assurances.  The  misunderstanding  occasioned  ive  Chamber,  consisting  at  present  of  853  depn- 
by  this  correspondence  was  dispelled  when  the  ties,  representing  towns,  chambers  of  com- 
Czar  passed  through  Berlin  in  November,  1887,  merce  and  industry,  and  ru rid  districts.  The 
and  stopped  to  pay  his  respects  to  his  uncle,  consent  of  the  Reichsrath  is  necessary  for  all 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


71 


kw8  relatiDg  to  military  duty,  and  its  co-opera- 
tion in  legislation  relating  to  trade  and  com- 
merce, CDstoms,  banking,  the  post-ofSce,  tele- 
graphs and  railways;  while  estimates  of  revenue 
and  expenditnre,  tax-bills,  loans,  the  conver- 
son  of  the  debt  and  its  general  control,  must 
be  sobmitted  to  parliamentary  examination. 

lemae  and  Expendltare. — The  accounts  of  the 
Austrian  Treasury  are  not  made  public  till  aft- 
er the  lapse  of  several  years.  There  has  been 
for  the  past  four  years  a  large  excess  of  expen- 
<iitore  over  receipts  shown  in  the  annual  budg- 
ets. The  budget  of  expenditures  was  reduced 
from  542,955,540  florins  in  1884-^85,  to  616,- 
625,771  florins  in  1886-'87,  but  it  mounts  up 
again  in  the  estimates  for  the  year  ending  March 
31, 1888,  to  537,221,802  florins.  The  increase 
is  mainly  in  extraordinary  expenditure,  which 
is  64,580,756  florins,  of  which,  however,  21,- 
830,100  florins  extend  over  two  years.  The 
ordinary  expenditures  amount  to  472,641,047 
^rins,  the  principal  items  being  125,517,831 
iorins  for  the  interest  and  sinking  fund  of  the 
poblic  debt,  97,434,672  florins  for  financial 
administration,  89,215,805  florins  for  common 
dfairs,  58,412,692  florius  on  account  of  the 
Ministry  of  Commerce,  19.832,000  florins  for 
the  administration  of  the  Department  of  Jus- 
tice, 16,547,104  florins  for  pensions  and  grants, 
16,197,491  florins  on  account  of  the  Ministry 
of  the  Interior,  1 1,820,898  florins  for  education, 
11.729.712  florins  on  account  of  the  Ministry  of 
Agriculture,  and  10,198,996  for  defense. 

The  total  revenue  is  estimated  at  509,546,- 
5H  florins,  of  which  492,417,438  are  derived 
from  ordinary  sources  and  17,129,166  florins 
•re  extraordinary  revenue.  The  income  from 
<iirect  taxes  on  land,  houses,  incomes,  etc., 
amoants  to  99,068,000  florins.  The  amount 
wsed  by  indirect  taxation  is  803,721,814  flor- 
in's, customs  producing  43,124,414  florins,  ex- 
cise 87,507,400  florins,  the  salt-tax  20,447,000 
&xins,  stamps  18,200,000  florins,  the  tobacco- 
tix  75,750,000  florins,  judicial  fees,  83,250,- 
000  florins,  the  state  lottery  21,600,000  florins, 
tod  other  taxes  3,943,000  florins.  The  receipts 
from  posts  and  telegraphs  are  taken  as  27,682,- 
270  florins,  those  from  railways  as  40,056,317 
florins.  Mines  yield  an  income  of  6,552,472 
llonna,  forests  and  domains  4,179,560  florins, 
ad  state  property  2,140,760  florins. 

The  total  debt,  not  reckoning  412,000,000 
ii»ins  of  paper  money,  amounts  to  3,587,885,- 
1-S6  florins.  The  special  debt  of  Austria  amounts 
to  767,184,511  florins,  and  the  general  debt  of 
the  empire  to  2,770,700,646  florins,  the  main 
barden  of  which  falls  on  Austria,  as  Hungary 
ptTs  only  something  over  30,000,000  florins,  of 
the  interest  on  the  general  consolidated  debt, 
tbe  interest  charge  being  139,636,516  florins. 

■Bpuy. — Ooloman  Tisza  de  Boros-Jend  has 
Witn  President  of  the  Hungarian  Council  of 
IGidsters  since  Nov.  25,  1879.  The  heads  of 
tike  departments  are  as  follow :  Ministry  of 
riuQee,  Coleman  Tisza  ad  interim;  Ministry 
^tbe  Honved  or  National  Defense,  Baron  G^za 


Fej6rv4ry;  Ministry  near  the  Eing^s  Person, 
Baron  B61a  Orezy ;  Ministry  of  the  Interior, 
Baron  Bela  Orezy  ad  interim ;  Ministry  of  Edu- 
cation and  Public  Worship,  Dr.  August  Tre- 
fort;  Ministry  of  Justice,  Theophile  Fabiny, 
appointed  May  17,  1886 ;  Ministry  of  Commu- 
nications and  Public  Works,  Gabriel  de  Baross, 
appointed  Dec.  21, 1886;  Ministry  of  Agricult- 
ure, Commerce,  and  Industry,  Count  Paul  Sc^- 
ch^nyi;  Ministry  for  Croatia  and  Slavonia, 
Coloman  de  Bedekovich. 

Tbe  Hungarian  Parliament  consists  of  the 
House  of  Magnates  and  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. The  former  was  reformed  in  1886, 
and  now  comprises  61  ecclesiastical  representa- 
tives, 60  life -peers,  16  state  dignitaries  and 
judges  who  have  seats  by  virtue  of  their  offices, 
20  archdukes,  and  286  hereditary  peers.  The 
representatives  in  the  lower  house  are  not 
chosen  by  separate  classes  and  voted  for  indi- 
rectly, as  in  Austria,  but  are  elected  by  the  di- 
rect vote  of  all  male  citizens  over  twenty  years 
of  age  who  are  possessed  of  a  low  property 
qualification  or  belong  to  the  educated  class. 

RcYeBM  and  Eipeiidltare.  —  The  Hungarian 
budgets  uniformly  present  a  deficit,  and  in 
some  years  the  expenditures  very  largely  ex- 
ceed the  revenue.  The  receipts  of  the  treasury 
for  1888  are  estimated  at  826,641,987  fiorins, 
the  ordinary  receipts  being  819,899,999  fiorins, 
and  the  transitory  revenue  6,741,988  fiorins. 
About  one  fourth  of  the  revenue  is  derived 
from  direct  taxes  on  land,  buildings,  and  in- 
comes, and  one  fourth  from  excise  and  customs 
duties  and  monopolies. 

The  total  expenditure  for  1888  is  estimated 
at  845,037,108  florins,  of  which  321,072,608 
fiorins  constitute  the  ordinary  expenditures  of 
the  Government,  2,267,426  fiorins  are  transi- 
tory expenditures,  13,771,079  fiorins  are  in- 
vestments, and  7,925,996  fiorins  are  extraordi- 
nary common  expenditures.  The  ordinary  ex- 
penditures under  the  chief  heads  are  as  follow  : 
National  debt,  115,599,408  fiorins;  Ministry  of 
Finance,  56,594,439  florins;  state  raiways,  26,- 
463,880  fiorins ;  quota  of  ordinary  common  ex- 
penditures, 21,770,061  fiorins;  Ministry  of  Com- 
munications and  Public  Works,  14,249,038  fior- 
ins ;  Ministry  of  Justice,  11,972,024  fiorins; 
debts  of  guaranteed  railroads  taken  over  by  the 
state,  11,724,285  fiorins;  Ministry  of  the  Inte- 
rior, 11,440,926  fiorins;  Ministry  of  Agricult- 
ure, Industry,  and  Commerce,  10,897,828  fior- 
ins; Ministry  of  National  Defense,  8,484,647 
fiorins  ;  Ministry  of  Instruction  and  Worship, 
6,591,340  florins;  administrntion  of  Croatia, 
6,054,134  florins;  pensions,  6,314,701  fiorins. 

The  annual  deficits  since  1867  have  accumu- 
lated into  a  debt  that  is  nearly  double  tbe 
special  debt  of  Austria.  It  amounted  in  1886 
to  1,842,380,381  fiorins,  while  Hungary's  share 
of  the  common  debt  was  248,000,000  fiorins 
more,  the  total  charge  absorbing  37  per  cent, 
of  the  revenue.  The  excessive  expenditures 
have  been  caused  by  the  construction  of  rail- 
roads faster  than  the  traflSc  warranted. 


T2  BALANCE  OF  POWER. 


B 

BALANCE  OF  POWER*    In  the  modem  Enro-  their  respective  delegates,  while  France,  Swe- 

pean  acceptation  of  the  term,  the  halance  of  den,  Venice,  and  the  Pope  were  represented 

power  is  a  matual  anderstanding  among  sover-  as  mediators  hy  embassadors.  The  negotiations 

eign  states  that  no   one  state  may  interfere  extended  over  a  period  of  five  years,  for  it  was 

with  the  independence  of  any  other  state.    In  not  until  October,  1648,  that  the  treaty  was 

this  may  perhaps  be  found  the  germ  of  that  signed.     It  is  remarkable  that  such  apparently 

congress  of  nations  to  which  many  thoughtful  hopeless  differences  could  be  reconciled  at  all, 

minds  look  forward  as  the  ultimate  arbiter  but  the  Treaty  of  Westphalia  proved  to  be  for 

that  shall  render  possible  the  disarmament  of  Europe  almost  what    Magna  Cbarta  was  to 

Europe.     Neither  the  phrase  itself  nor  the  England.     It  was  in  effect  the  first  ofiScial  rec- 

idea  from  which  it  springs,  is  of  recent  ori-  ognition  of  interdependent  rights  among  rival 

gin.    The  small  states  of  ancient  Greece  com-  European  interests.    In  other  words,  it  inan- 

bined  first  against  the  threatening  domination  gurated  a  balance  of  power.    France  and  Swe- 

of  Athens  and  afterward  against  that  of  Sparta,  den  were  appointed  mediators,  with  the  right 

More  recently  Europe,  with  show  of  systematic  of  intervention  in  case  of  need  to  uphold  the 

organization,  combined  to  resist  the  aggressions  provisions  of  the  treaty,  and  the  hostile  relig- 

of  Spain,  then  against  France,  and  still  more  ious   sects  within   the   borders  of  Grermany 

recently  against  Russia.    Most  of  the  wars  were  guaranteed   independence,  while   they 

resulting  from  these  combinations  have  proba-  were  bound  over  to  keep  the  peace.     To  Car- 

bly  tended  to  the  establishment  of  international  dinal  Mazarin  was  due  the  main  feature  of  this 

law  and  to  the  advancement  of  human  liberty,  compact,  and  although  the  unity  and  autono- 

Upon  the  whole,  while  the  balance  of  power  my  of  Germany  were  injuriously  curtailed,  and 

has  perpetuated  in  Europe  some  of  the  relics  French  aggression  was  proportionately  encour- 

of  medicBval  barbarism,  it  has  tended  to  pre-  aged,  the  treaty  was  substantially  recognized 

serve  a  c>ertain  international  equilibrium,  which  and  enforced  down  to  the  time  of  the  French 

has  probably  prevented  many  wars,  and  has  Revolution. 

certainly  preserved  the  autonomy  of  many  of        Nevertheless,   peace    was    not   secured    to 

the  lesser  powers.  Europe  by  the  treaty.    The  ambitions  of  Louis 

Conspicuous  among  the  advocates  of   the  XIV  led  to  minor  wars  of  conquest,  and  finally 

balance  of  power  is  the  Ohevalier  Friedrich  to  a  disastrous  attempt  at  the  forcible  annexa- 

Yon  Gentz  (1764-1882).    As  head  secretary  tion  of  Spain,  with  a  view  to  uniting  the  two 

at  the  Oongress  of  Vienna  and  at  the  Conference  kingdoms  under  Bourbon  rule.    The  crisis  bad 

of  Ministers  at  Paris  in  1816,  he  had  abundant  been  foreseen,  and  an  attempt  was  made  to 

opportunities  to  study  the  opiniims  of  leading  preserve  the  balance  of  power  hy  an  equable 

European  diplomatists.   In  1806,  while  Europe  partition  of  the  Spanish  dominions.     Such  an 

was    well-nigh    subjugated   by  Napoleon,  he  arrangement  was  not  at  all  to  the  taste  of  the 

published  *^  Fragments  upon  the    Balance  of  aggressive  Louis  XIV,  who,  as  has  indeed  been 

Power  in  Europe.'^    He  defines  the  term  as  the  case  with  almost  all  monarchs  in  alKtime, 

'*  a  constitution  subsisting  between  neighboring  did  not  hesitate  to  break  through  such  a  flimsy 

states  more  or  less  connected  with  one  another,  barrier  as  a  mere  parchment  treaty.     His  at- 

by  virtue  of  which  no  one  among  them  can  tempt  to  place  his  grandson  upon  the  Spanish 

injure  the  independence  or  essential  rights  of  throne  revived  the  question  of  the  balance  ol 

another,  without  meeting  with  effectual  resist-  power.    It  was   evident  that  the    union    oi 

ance  on  some  side,  and  consequently  exposing  France  and  Spain  would  be  fatal  to  the  exist- 

itself  to  danger .''    His  fundamental    proposi-  ing  schemes  of  dependence  and  independence, 

tions  are:   1.  No  state  must  ever  become  so  Among  the    disastrous    consequences  antici- 

powerful   as  to  coerce  all  the  rest ;  2.  Every  pated   was  the  restoration  of  the  Stuarts  in 

state  that  infringes  the  conditions  is  liable  to  England  and  the  inevitable  ascendency  of  the 

to  be  coerced  by  the  others ;  3.  The  fear  of  Catholics  all  over  Europe.    England,  Austria, 

coercion  shoold  keep  all  within  the  bounds  of  and  Holland,  therefore,  the  three  great  Prot- 

moderation;  4.  A  state  that  attains  a  degree  estant  powers  of  the  period,  with  others  of  the 

of  power  adequate  to  defy  the  union  should  be  lesser  states,  formed  a  coalition  against  Louis, 

treated  as  a  common  enemy.  and  the  war  continued  until  1715,  when  un- 

Ferdinand  III,  Emperor  of  Germany  is  be-  dertheTreatyof  Utrecht  the  relations  of  all  the 

lieved  to  have  conceived  the  idea  of  a  European  European   states   were    carefully    readjusted, 

Congress  in  1640,  with  a  view  to  terminating  Philip  V  retaining  the  Spanish   crown,  and 

the  Thirty  Years'  War   and   reconciling   the  every  precaution    being  taken   to  prevent  a 

hostile  interests  of  church  and  state.    After  possible  union    of   France  and  Spain   under 

protracted  negotiations  the  Congress  of  Mtln-  one  sovereign,  since  such  a  union  would  at 

ster  or  Westphalia  assembled  (July,  1648),  the  once  destroy  the  equilibrium.     Although  these 

Catholics  and  Protestants  being  represented  by  elaborate  provisions  failed  effectually  to  dis- 


BALANCE  OF  POWER.  73 

iociate  the  two  branches  of  the  hoase  of  Bonr-  served  in  the  main  for  the  better  part  of  half 
bon,  and  although  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht  was  a  century.  They  survived  the  revolution  of 
obDozious  to  England,  the  peace  of  Europe  1848,  and  though  modified  in  some  quarters, 
was  secured  for  thirty  years.  and  even  abrogated  in  others,  they  may  be  said 
Until  about  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  to  have  survived  in  many  of  their  main  feat- 
century,  Russia  was  substantially  ignored  by  ures  until  the  great  German  wars  of  1866  and 
the  European  family  of  states.     France,  Spain,  1870.  ^ 

Sweden,  Austria,  and  Holland,  with  occasional        At  Vienna,  in  1815,  the  first  international 
iotervention  on  the  part  of  Great  Britain,  had  constitution  was  framed,  defining  the  bound- 
preserved  such  an  equilibrium  as  seemed  good  aries  of  European    states,   all   the   contract- 
to  them,  and  none  of  the  smaller  states  had  ing  parties  agreeing  thereto,  guaranteeing  the 
been  arbitrarily  absorbed  by  their  more  power-  independence  of  the  small  principalities  and 
fol  neighbors.     During  these  years,  Peter  and  free  cities,  as  well  as  incorporating  in  its  pro- 
Catherine    of  Bussia  had  developed  the  re-  visions  the  Constitution  of  the  German  Confed- 
fioorces  of  their  empire,  and  Frederick  II  had  eration.    Every  state  in  Europe  had  the  right 
nised  Prussia  from  a  subordinate  to  an  inde-  to  appeal  to  the  rest  in  case  of  infringement, 
pendent  place.     Conquests  of  the  great  mari-  and  it  seemed,  for  a  time,  as  though  the  foun- 
time  powers  had  extended  colonization  to  Asia  dations  had  been  laid  for  permanent  peace.   In 
and  India.     The  United  States  of  America  had  the  course  of  time  several  appeals  were  made 
secured  independence,  and  Poland  had  been  to  the  high  contracting  parties,  and  many  in- 
forciblj  partitioned  by  Russia,    Austria,  and  temational  disagreements  were  averted  by  the 
Prussia.     The  partition  of  Poland  (1772)  was  wise  measures  adopted  in  conferences  con- 
bat  the  first  of  a  series  of  events  that  oul-  vened   under  the   provisions  of    the    treaty, 
minated  in  the  French  Revolution.    It  was  the  Thus  was  inaugurated  the  nearest  approach  to 
first  deliberate  and  gross  violation  of  the  sys-  an  actual  balance  of  power,  and  during  the 
tem  of  treaties  based  upon  that  of  Westphalia,  long  period  of  general  peace  that  followed, 
and  with  the  French  Revolution  all  pretense  of  the  European  world  certainly  made  rapid  prog- 
preserving  the  balance  of  power  on  its  old  ress  in  the  direction  of  universal  amity, 
lines  was  abandoned.    Small  states  were  over-        But   with  advancing    years,   complications 
powered  and  annexed,  and  Europe  saw  her  an-  were  developed ;  there   were  wheels   within 
dent  boundaries  shifted  to  meet  the  new  con-  wheels.      Such  compacts  can  only  be  main- 
^tiona.  tained  while  all  parties  are  measurably  satis- 
To  thonghtful  observers,  like  the  Chevalier  fied  with  the  working  of  the  system,  and  the 
Gentz,  and  to   the  leading  statesmen  of   the  northern  powers  formed  what  was  known  as  a 
period,  including  those  of  Great  Britain,  the  Holy  Alliance  among  themselves,  otherwise  an 
temporary  nature  of  then  existing  conditions  alliance  oflfensive  and  defensive,  unifying  their , 
seemed  evident.    The  meteoric  career  of  Na-  interests  and  binding  themselves  to  act  to- 
poleon,  even  when  he  might  almost  have  writ-  gether  in  all  emergencies.     It  was  held,  and 
lea  himself  tbe  ruler  of  Europe,  did  not  mis-  not  without  reason,  that  under  the  Treaty  of 
lead  these  master-minds.    They  steadily  held  Vienna,  the  allied  powers  could  interfere  arbi- 
tbit  lasting    peace    could  be  regained    only  trarily  in  the  internal  afiairs  of  states,  on  the 
through  the  restoration  of  nation^  rights,  and  ground  that  the  peace  of  Europe  was  endan- 
tbat  this  coald  only  be  effected  by  combining  gered  thereby.    Conferences  were  held  at  Aix- 
agiinst  the  common  enemy.     After  many  dis-  la-Chapelle     (1818),     Carlsbad     (1819),    and 
eoaraging    failures,   a   coalition    was  at   last  Troppeau    (1820),    and    restrictive    measures 
formed,  resulting  in  the  overthrow  of  Na-  were  adopted,  which  were  obnoxious  to  some 
pokon.  of  the  treaty  powers.    At  Verona,  in  1822,  the 
The  Congress  of  Vienna  met  in  November,  Duke  of  Wellington,  as  the  representative  of 
1814,  and  remained  in  session  until  June,  1815.  Great  Britain,  declared  that  his  Government 
Here,  for  the  first  time,  the  most  powerful  and  could  no  longer  countenance  the  actions  of  an 
dl^inguished  of  living  sovereigns  and  states-  alliance  that  interfered  so  intimately  with  the 
Ben  met,  prepared  to  make  mutual  conces-  internal  affairs  of  individual  states.    England 
BOOS,  with  a  view  to  a  lasting  peace.    Even  preferred  isolation  to  any  such  tyrannical  com- 
Franee,  whose  ambition  had  plunged  Europe  bination.    Thus  was  inaugurated  the  princi- 
into  prolonged  war,  was  admitted  an  equal  to  pie  of  non-intervention,   on  the  strength  of 
tbe  eooneil,   M.  Talleyrand  representing  her  which  England,  in  1852,  declined  to  act  with 
^ereeta.     In  the  then  existing  condition  of  Prussia  in  preventing  the  Napoleonic  restora- 
Isrripean  affairs,  certain  relics  of  medisBval-  tion  in  France.    On  the  same  ground,  England 
SBisarvived,  and  certain  provisions  that  after-  joined  France  in  protesting  against  the  inva- 
vtrd  proved  insupportable  were  embodied  in  sion  of  Schleswig,  and  opposed  alone  the  an- 
tbe  tr^ay.  nexation  to  France  of  Savoy  and  Nice.    The 
The  fact   that  all   the  contracting   parties  traditions  of  Vienna  were  thus  gradually  ig- 
vere  more  or  less  dissatisfied  with  the  results  nored,  and  had  become  practically  a  dead  let- 
flf  its  liberations,  goes  far  to  show  that  self-  ter  when,  in  1863,  Napoleon  III  proposed  a 
lb  interests  were  in  general  overruled.     In  new  congress  for  the  readjustment  of  the  bal- 
^t  of  fact,  the  treaties  then  signed  were  oh-  ance  of  power.    The  proposition  was  rejected. 


74  BAPTISTS. 

largely  through  the  refusal  of  £ngland  to  par-  tisms;  in  Africa,  3  associations,  88  churcbi 

ticipate.  85  ministers,  3,247  members,   and    142  ba 

In  spite  of  the  still  subsisting  guarantees  of  tisms;  in  Australia,  6  associations,  175  churchc 

the  powers,  Denmark  was  compelled  to  sur-  181  ministers,  and  15,189  members;  total  f 

render  ber  choicest  provinces  in  the  Schleswig-  tbe  world,  1,402  associations,  37,354  chorche 

Holstein  campaign — a  federal  execution,  as  it  24,451  ministers,  8,506,719  members,  and  17^ 

was  called,   by   the  German  powers,  and  in  307  baptisms. 

1866  Austria  was  driven  from  the  confedera-  Of  the  Baptist  educational  institutions  in  tl 

tion  in  a  startlingly  energetic  incursion  by  the  United   States,   seven  theological   institutioi 

Prussians.    This  was  the  first  war  of  any  mag-  return  48  instructors  and  579  pupils;  30  ue 

nitude  undertaken  in  defiance  of  possible  inter-  versities  and  colleges,  255  instructors  and  4,0] 

ference  under  the  compact  of  Vienna,  and  tbe  pupils,  of  whom  687  were  preparing  for  tl 

humiliation  of  France  followed  as  a  natural  ministry ;  30  seminaries  for  the  education  • 

consequence  four  years  later.     Taking  ad  van-  young  women  exclusively,  276  instructors  ai 

tage  of  the  crisis  in  Western  £urope,  Russia  3,597  pupils ;  42  seminaries  and  academies  f* 

abrogated  the  pledges  made  at  the  end  of  the  young  men  and  for  pupils  of  both  sexes,  21 

Crimean  war,  and  thus  passed  away  almost  the  instructors  and   4,125   pupils,   of  whom    2j 

last  vestige  of  the  Treaty  of  Vienna.  were  preparing  for  the  ministry ;  and  19  inst 

At  the  present  time  no  open  alliances  can  be  tutions  for  the  colored  race  and  Indians,  II 

said  to  exist  among  any  of  the  European  na-  instructors  and  5,408  pupils,  342  of  whom  we 

tions.     The  balance  of  power,  as  it  was  under-  preparing  for  the  ministry.     The  total  value  < 

stood  in  1815  and  the  following  years,  has  dis-  the  grounds  and  buildings  of  these  128  insi 

appeared,  though  its  influence  is  no  doubt  still  tutions  was    $9.118,096 ;  and  the  amount  < 

indirectly  felt.    The  autonomy  of  Switzerland  their  endowments,  so  far  as  was  reported,  w^ 

and  Belgium  would  probably  be  defended  by  a  $8,763,385.     Twelve  Baptist  homes,  minister 

general  alliance,  should  it  be  seriously  threat-  homes,  and  orphanages,  with  a  total  valuatio 

ened,  but  the  main  idea  of  all  the  great  powers  of  $558,000  of  property,  had  the  care  of  6S 

at  present  is  to  make  an  efiScient  soldier  of  inmates.     Four  of  them  possessed  endownaen 

every  able-bodied  man.     To  all   appearance,  to  the  amount  of  $92,792. 

the  military  power  of  the  German  Empire  far  I.  AnerlcaM  Baptist  Societies. — The  statistics  < 

exceeds  that  of  any  other  single  state,  a  con-  the  women's  Baptist  societies  for  1887  wei 

dition  of  afiairs  wholly  at  variance  with  the  &s  follow :  Woman's  Baptist  Foreign  Missio 

principles  laid  down  at  Vienna,  but  against  Society  (Boston);  receipts,  $64,668.     The  » 

which  no  power  on  earth  is  at  present  entitled  ciety  sustained  29  missionaries  and  102  school 

to  remonstrate.  in  which  3,428  pupils  were  enrolled ;  Woman 

That  a  third  step  toward  permanent  peace  Baptist  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Wet 

and  possible  disarmament  will  ere  long  be  (Chicago) ;  receipts,  $32,114;  missionaries  8U| 

taken,  may  probably  be  counted  upon  with  ported,  24;  Women's  Baptist  Home  Missio 

some  degree  of  confidence,  and  if  the  lessons  Society  (Chicago);  receipts  $35,691;  missioi 

taught  by  Westphalia  and   Vienna  are  per-  aries  (in  the  United  States  and  Mexico),  ic 

mitted  to  have  their  due  efifect,  the  third  gen-  eluding   Bible  women  and  helpers,   71.     Tfa 

eral  congress  may  effect  still  more  lasting  and  society  sustains  a  training-school  at  Ghicag< 

beneficial  results.  from  which  11    pupils  had  been  graduated 

BAPTISTS.     The  **  American  Baptist  Year-  Woman's  American  Baptist  Home  Mission  S< 

Book  "   for  1888  gives  statistics  of  the  Baptist  ciety  (Boston) ;  receipts,  $23,573.     It  support 

churches  in  the  United  States,  of  which  the  teachers  at  schools  m  the  United  States,  It 

following  is  a  summary :  Number  of  associa-  dian  Territory,  Mexico,  and  Alaska. 

tions,  1,281 ;  of  ordained  ministers,  20,477 ;  of  The  tenth  annual  meeting  of  the  Woman 

churches,  31,891 ;    of  members,  2,917,315 ;  of  American   Baptist  Home  Missionary  Society 

Sunday-schools,  15,447,  with  116,453  oflScers  the  object  of  which  is  the  education  of  wome 

and  teachers,  and  1,126,405  pupils;  number  of  and  children  among  the  freedpeople,  Indiani 

additions  by  baptism  during  the  year,  158,373.  and  immigrants,  was  held  in  Worcester,  Mas& 

Amount  of  contributions :    for  salaries    and  in  May.     The  receipts  had  been  $30,805,  an* 

expenses,  $5,849,756;  for  missions,  $905,673;  the  expenditures  $26,935. 

for  miscellaneous  purposes,  $1,961,332.   Value  PnWcatloM  Sodety. — The  sixty-fourth  annnt 

of  church  property,  $48,568,686.    In  all  North  meeting  of  tbe  American  Baptist  Publicatioi 

America,  including  the  United  States,  Canada,  Society  was  held  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Ma; 

Mexico,   the   West  Indies,  etc.,    are  returned  18.     The  Hon.  Samuel  Crozer  presided.     Th 

1,305  associations,  32,861  churches,  21,071  min-  total  receipts  of  the  society  for  the  year  in  aJ 

isters,  3,031,845  members,    and  165,835  bap-  of  its  departments  had  been  $582,491.     A  re 

tisms;  in  South  America  (Brazil),  6  churches,  served  fund    for  the  purchase   of  machiner 

14  ministers,  175  members,  and  30  baptisms;  and  enlargement  of  business  had  been  setasid* 

in   Europe,    80    associations,   3,506   churches,  from  the  profits  of  the  book  department  dur 

2,592  ministers,  387,645  members,  and  6,013  ing  previous  years,  which  now  amounted  t4 

baptisms;  in  Asia,  8 associations,  718  churches,  $87,463.     The  cash  receipts  in  the  book  de 

558  ministers,  68,618  members,  and  3,287  bap-  partment  had  been  $449,882,  and  the  entir< 


I 


BAPTISTS.  76 

basness  done  bj  it^  including  sales  on  credit,  three  churches  had  paid  off  their  loans ;  282 
amouDted    to    $502,702.    One    hundred   and  loans  were  outstanding ;  and  the  whole  number 
twelTe  new  pnblications  had  been  added  to  the  of  churches  aided  by  gifts  and  loans  had  been 
list,  and  29,307,797  copies  of  all  publications —  981.    The  amount  of  the  loan  fund  was  $120,- 
bookss  pamphlets,  tracts,  and  periodicals,  new  565 ;  and  the  receipts  for  the  Benevolent  Fund 
aodold — bad  been  printed;  of  these,  28,115,225  had  been  $45,805.    The  schools  included  12 
vere  ^'  graded  helps ''  and  papers  for  Sunday-  incorporated    and   6   unincorporated    institu- 
xhoola.     The  receipts  in  the  missionary  de-  tions,   in  which   187  teachers  had  been  en- 
partment,  including  the  balance  on  hand  at  the  gaged  and  8,741  pupils  enrolled ;    17  colored 
beginning   of  the  year,  had    been  $105,190.  schools  returned   116  teachers,   14  of  whom 
Eighty-seven  missionaries  had  been  employed  were  colored,  with  2,995  pupils,  818  of  whom 
ID  the   United  States,  two  in  Germany   and  were  studying  for  the  ministry,  980  preparing 
Svedea,  and  five  special  missionaries — native  for  teachers,  and  86  medical  students.     Indus- 
Annenians  —  in  the  Turkish  empire.     These  trial   education  had  been  systematically   im- 
retumed  42  churches  constituted,  299  Sunday-  parted  at  8  institutions,  and  more  or  less  at- 
«bools  organized,  and  984  persons  baptized,  tention  given  to  it  at  the  others.    The  three 
The  receipts  for  Bible  work  had  been  $29,489,  schools  for  the  Indians  in  the  Indian  Territory 
vbile  $21,482  had  been  expended  for  the  pur-  returned  282  pupils.     The  Indian  University, 
chase  of  Scriptures  and  for  appropriations  of  near  Muscogee,  had  86  students  enrolled.    The 
Seriptur^  for  the   Missionary  Union  and  the  third  school,  a  new  one  for  the  society,  was 
Soatbem  Baptist  Convention.  at  Sa-sak-wa,  in  the   Seminole  nation.     Six 
Hhw  Mlstoa  Stdcly. — The  fifty-sixth  annual  schools,  with  an  aggregate  enrollment  of  250 
BMeting  of  the  American  Baptist  Home  Mis-  pupils,  were  conducted  in  Mexico, 
son  Society  was  held  in  Washington,  D.  C,  MIsBioiiary  Union* — The  seventy-fourth  annu- 
Maj  16.     The  Hon.  C.  W.  Eingsley  presided,  al  meeting  of  the  American  Baptist  Missionary 
The  total   receipts  during  tbe  year  had  been  Union  was  held  in  Washington,  D.  C,  beginning 
{351,596.     Among  the  matters  of  special  note  May  21.     The  Hon.  George  A.  Pillsbury,  of 
which  bad  marked  the  yearns  history  of  the  Minnesota,  presided.     The  receipts  of  the  year, 
society  were  mentioned    in   the  report,   tbe  from  all  sources  and  for  all  purposes,  had  been 
(ompletion  and  occupancy  of  the  mission  bead- ^  $411,885;  the  appropriations  for  current  ex- 
quarters  in  the  city  of  Mexico  and  the  enlarge-  penses  had  been  $890,586 ;  and  $20,550  had 
ment  of  the  work  in  that  republic ;  the  com-  been  added  to  annuity  funds  and  permanent 
]>ktion  of  a  subscription  of  $15,000  for  Chinese  accounts.     A  committee  which  had  been  ap- 
miaaon  headquarters  in  San  Francisco,  and  the  pointed  at  the  previous  annual  meeting  to  con- 
pQrchase  of  a  site  on  which  a  building  is  being  sider  and  report  upon  the  advisability  of  ac- 
ereeted ;  the  securing  of  a  larger  amount  than  cepting  from  the  Publication  Society  the  Bap- 
isoal  for  church-edifice   work ;  the  appoint-  tist  missionary  work  which  had  been  begun  in 
mot  of  an  additional  superintendent  of  mis-  Turkey  reported  a  unanimous  agreement  of  its 
sons  for  a  new  Western  district,  and  of  a  dis-  members  that  it  could  not  recommend  accept- 
trirt  secretary  for  the  Southern  States ;  the  be-  ance.    "  The  claims  of  other  fields,  in  still  more 
mams  of  mission  work  among  the  Poles  and  pressing  need,  and  brighter  still  in  promise, '' 
Bohemians  in  the  United  States;  and  the  adop-  it  represented,    ^^are  more,   far    more,   than 
tioD  of  a  new  school  for  Indians  in  the  Indian  enough  to  employ  the  utmost  resources  at  the 
Territory.     Missionary   operations    had    been  command  of  the  Missionary  Union."     A  com- 
^jfiducted  in  45  States  and  Territories,  and  in  munication  was  ordered  made  to  the  officers 
Oatario,  Manitoba,  British  Columbia,  Alaska,  of  the  Congo  Free  State  expressing  the  con- 
ad  three  Mexican  states.    The  whole  number  viction  of  the  members  of  the  Union  that  the 
«f  lalKirers  employed  had  been  748.    French  welfare  and  spiritual  prospects,  and  even  the 
n»ooaries  had  labored  in  6  States;  Scandi-  continued  existence,  of  the  native  population 
Barian   in    16   States   and   Territories;    and  of  that  state  require  immediate  suppression  of 
German    in   18   States  and    Territories,    On-  the  traffic  in  intoxicating  liquors  within  its 
^0,  and  Manitoba;  161  persons  had  labored  borders;  and  a  request  to  be  addressed  to  the 
saoR|r  the  foreign  population,  and  217  mis-  Government  of  the  United  States  to  use  its  in- 
vcaari^  and  teachers  among  the  colored  peo-  fluence  to  secure  the  same  result  in  the  Congo 
pk  Indians,  and   Mexicans;   1,594  churches  Free  State,  other  parts  of  Africa,  and  the  West 
ad  oat-stations,  returning  30,974  members.  Pacific  islands.     A  recommendation  was  made 
^  been  supplied;  2,886  members  had  been  that  a  fund  of  $100,000,  to  be  called  the  '*  Jud- 
TWQTed  by  baptism;  187  churches  had  been  son  Centenary  Fund,"  be  raised  by  individual 
^Tpnized;  and  784  Sunday-schools,  returning  subscriptions  of  not  less  than  $1,000  each,  to 
^*  410  attendants,  had  been  under  care.     In  be  expended  in  sustaining  the  foreign  missions. 
^  ehorch  -  edifice  department,  88  churches  From  the  missions  to  the  heathen — the  Burmese, 
W  been  aided  by  gifts  or  loans,  or  both ;  the  Karen,  Shan,  Kachin,  Chin,  Assamese,  Garo, 
^^tfxte  amount  of  gifts  being  $82,787,  and  Naga,  Telugu,  Chinese,  Japan,  and  Congo  mis- 
--^  ■  «*  loans,  $20,510.    With  the  aid  of  these  sums,  sions — were  returned  67  stations,  881  out-sta- 
l«^>«rty  valued    at  about  $200,000,000  had  tions,  262  missionaries,  826  native  preachers, 
^  secured  to  the  denomination.     Thirty-  98  Bible- women,  and  257  other  native  helpers 


76  BAPTISTS. 

— in  all  1,443  missionary  laborers,  642  cbarch-  ganized,  1,100  persons  had  been  baptized,  l*i 

es  with  61,062  members,  252  Sunday-schools  missionaries  were  employed,  9  native  preachen 

with  7,311  pupils,  764  schools  with  702  native  had  been  engaged,  6  churches  and  19  stationi 

teachers  and  17,604  pupils,  and  662  churches  had  been  supplied,  Sunday-  and   day-schoolf 

and  chapels.     The  totsJ  of  contributions  for  had  been   established,  and    $4,640  had   been 

churches,  schools,  and  general  purposes,  was  contributed  by  the  people  in  one  year.    The 

$44,588 ;  value  of  missionary  property,  $19,862.  Foreign  Mission  Board  had  been  incorporated. 

From  the  European  missions — in  Sweden,  Ger-  It  returned  an  income  of  $86,385,  and  had 

many,  Russia,  Denmark,  France,  and  Spain —  expended  $82,776.    Its  missions  were  in  Mexi- 

were  returned  161  ordained  and  307  unordained  co,  Brazil,  Italy,  West  Africa,  and  northern, 

preachers,  654  churches,  and  66,146  members,  central,  and   southern  China.     The  women^f 

The  whole  number  of    baptisms  during  the  missionary  societies  had  contributed  $18,00C 

year  was  10,602 — 6.632  in  the  European,  and  in  aid  of  the  work.    The  various  committee 

6,070  in  the  heathen  missions.    In  the  special  reports  on  missionary  work  urged  enlargement 

work  of  translation,  revision,  and  printing  of  of  foreign  mission  enterprises,  enforced  the  im- 

Scriptures,  the  revision  of  the  Shan  New  Tes-  portance  of  labors  among  the  colored  peopk 

tament  had  been  completed,  and  a  new  edition  of  the  South,  and  commended  the  work  amon^ 

partly  stereotyped,  while  the  Old  Testament  the  Germans,  Chinese,  and  other  foreigners  ii 

was  ready  for  printing.    The  Sgau  Karen  Old  the  United  States,  and  especially  that  in  Cuba 

Testament  was  under  final  revision  and  prepara-  A  collection  of  $3,600  was  taken  for  sendm| 

lion.     A  new  and  revised  edition  of  the  Bur-  additional  missionaries  to  Mexico.     The  twc 

man  Bible  was  going  through  the  press.     The  boards  were  instructed  to  appoint  a  committee 

translation  of  the  Old  Testament  into  Assamese  to  confer  with  a  committee  representing  the 

was  nearly  done,  and  the  New  Testament  was  Northern  Baptist  societies,  "  not  with  a  view 

under  revision.    Translations  of  the  New  Tes-  to  organic  union,^'  but  to  consider  what  can  be 

tament  into  the  Lhota  Naga  and  Angami  Naga  done  to  adjust  their  several  fields  and  agencies, 

dialects  had  been  be^un.     Several  missionaries  so  as  not  to  have  conflict  of  agencies.    The  in- 

were  engaged  in  translating  the  New  Testa-  vested  funds  of  the  Theological  Seminary  were 

ment  into  different  languages  of  the  Congo,  shown  to  amount  to  $316,000,  and  the  real  es- 

The  Rev.  R.  H.  Ferguson  had  been  commis-  ,tate  to  $200,000.    The  classes  included  157  stu- 

sioned  to  reduce  the  Kachin  language  to  writ-  dents. 

ing,  with  a  view  to  the  translation  of  the  Bible  Cienun  Baptists. — The  German  Baptists  of  the 
into  it.  The  missions  in  Russia  are  among  United  States  are  organized  into  five  confer- 
nominally  Lutheran  populations  of  Germanic  ences — the  Eastern,  Central,  Northwestern, 
origin — as  the  Letts  and  Esthonians  —  the  Southwestern,  and  Texas  Conferences.  These 
churches  among  whom  were  gathered  mostly  by  conferences  returned  in  1887, 13,187  members, 
agents  of  the  German  Committee  of  the  Union.  930  baptisms,  and  $127,742  of  contributions  foi 

SMtheni    Baptist   CoMfeitioi* — The  Southern  missionary  and  other  purposes. 

Baptist  Convention  met  at  Richmond,  Va.,  Cetored  Baptists* — The  Colored  Baptists  of  the 

May   11,   746  delegates  being  present.     The  United  States  are  organized  in  three  societies, 

convention  is  composed  of  delegates — laymen  The  Baptist  African  Missionary  Convention  ol 

and  ministers — from  each  Southern  State.     It  the  Western  States  and  Territories  (formerly 

is  purely  a  missionary  body,  having  no  eccle-  the  Baptist  General  Association  of  the  Western 

siastical  jurisdiction  or  control  of  the  churches.  States  and  Territories),  formed  in  1873,  is  in- 

and  does  its  work  through  the  Foreign  Mis-  terested  in  mission  work  in  Africa,  where  i< 

sion    Board,  which    has    its    ofSce  at  Rich-  has  a  mission  at  Mukimvika,  on  the  Congo, 

mond,  and  the  Home  Mission  Board,  having  The  fourteenth  annual  meeting,  held  in  1887. 

offices  at  Atlanta,  Ga.    The  former  president  was  attended  by  representatives  of  churchet 

of  the  convention,  the  Rev.  P.  H.  Mell,  D.  D.,  and  associations  from  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas. 

Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Georgia,  who  Missouri,  Nebraska,  and  Indiana.    The  society 

had  presided  over  the  meetings  for  fifteen  years  co-operates  with   the  American  Baptist  Mi^ 

in  succession,  had  died  during  the  year.    The  sionary  Union. 

Rev.  James  P.  Boyce,  D.  D.,  President  of  the  The  Baptist  Foreign  Missionary  Conventioc 

Southern   Baptist  Theological  Seminary,  was  of  the  United  States,  organized  in  1880,  at  iu 

chosen  president.    The  Home  Mission  Board  meeting  in  1887  returned  its  receipts  at  $4,069 

had  received  during  the  year  $48,023,  while  and  its  expenditures  at  $4,018.     Ten   Statei 

$41,154  had  been  raised  for  the  same  purposes  were  represented  in  the  roll  of  its  membera 

by  co-operative  bodies  (State  and  local  boards).  It  has  a  mission  among  the  Vey  tribe  on  the 

It  had   employed  287  missionaries,   occupied  borders  of  Liberia. 

1,114  churches  and  stations,  and  returned  4,857  The  American  National  Baptist  Conventioi 

persons  baptized,  431  Sunday-schools  organized,  was  formed  in  1886.    The  corresponding  sec 

with  17,240  teachers  and  pupils,  306  churches  retary.    Rev.  Richard  de  Baptiste,  who  hac 

constituted,  and  64  houses  of  worship  built  at  spent  two  years  in  gathering  the  general  sta- 

a  cost  of  $54,068.    The  board  had  sustained  a  tistics   of  the  colored   Baptists,   reported  ic 

mission   in  Cuba,  in  which,  in  a  little  more  1887  that  26  institutions  of  learning  were  pro- 

than  two  years  since  the  first  church  was  or-  vided  for  them,  with  which  were  connectec 


BAPnSTa  77 

152  teacherss  and  3,<M)9  pupib;  that  there  were  article)  ;    Free    Christiaii    Baptists    of    New 

19.375  Toiamee  in  the  fibraries  of  17  of  these  Brunswick,  10,777  ;    Free  Baptists  of  Nova 

ostitotioius  and  that  the  total  ralae  of  23  of  Scotia,  8,415 ;   making,  with  the  members  of 

the  insdtotions  was  $1,072,140.    The  religions  the  Free- Will  Baptist  Church,  171,022  of  simi- 

ftttistics  of  these  people  were  as  follow :  num-  lar  faith. 

ber  of  district  assodatioiis,  300;  of  chnrches,  The  educational   institations  of  the  Free- 

10,068:  of  OTdained  ministerss  6,605 ;  of  mem-  Will  Baptist  Church  include  Hillsdale  (Mich.), 

bers,   1,155.486;    of    Snndaj-schoola,   8,804;  Bates  (Lewiston,  Maine),  Rio  Grande  (Gallia 

vith  10,718  officers  and  teachers,  and  194,492  County,  Ohio), Storer  (Harper's  Ferrv.  W.  Va.); 

papils;  namber  of  baptisms  last  reported,  48,-  Ridgeville  (Ind.),  and  West  Virginia  (Fleming- 

il2;  Talae  of  contributions — for  salaries  and  ton,  Taylor  County)  colleges,  ana  six  preparato- 

expenses,  $330,445 ;  for  missions,  $23,253 ;  for  ry  seminaries.     The  reports  of  the  benevolent 

«docation  and  other  objects,  $47,900.    Forty  societies  are  for  1887.     The  receiots  of  the 

jcKDnals  are  edited  and  controUed  by  Colored  Education  Society  were  $3,600 ;  and  the  total 

BtpdstB.  amount  of  its  three  invested  funds  was  $9,908. 

The  meetings  of  all  of  these  societies  for  The  receipts  of  the  Home  Mission  Society  were 

1^  were    held  in  succession  at  NashviUe,  $8,108;  its  permanent  fund  amounted  to  $11,- 

Tenn.,  beginning   on  the  18th  of  September.  125.     The  sum  of  $5,667  had  been  raised  and 

They  were  foDowed  by  a  special  meeting  of  expended  for  home  missionary  work  by  five 

the  American   Baptist  Home  Mission  Society  yearly  meetings  and  the  Central  Association. 

to  consider  its  work  among  the  colored  peo-  The  society  sustained  missions  at  Cairo,  ID., 

^    At  a  united  session  of  the  African  Mis-  Lincoln,  Neb.,  Oakland,  Cal.,  Worcester,  Mass., 

ionary   Convention    of   the   Western    States  Harper^s  Ferry,  W.  Va.  (with  Storer  College), 

ffid    Territories    and    the   Foreign    Mission-  and  in   the  Western   States.     The  church  at 

uj  (Convention,  a  plan  was  reported  for  the  Hampton,   Va.,   had    become  self-supporting. 

sniSeation    of    the  foreign    missionary   work  The  receipts  of  the  Foreign  Mi^ionary  Society 

of  the  two  bodies,  and  for  co-operation  with  were  $15,244 ;   the  amount  of  its  Permanent 

the  Missionary  Union.    It  provided  for  the  fund  was  $10,103;  of  its  Bible-school  fund,  $18,- 

f^^madoo  of  a  new  society,  to  be  known  as  360 ;  and  of  the  Bible-school  hall  fund,  $6«3. 

the  American  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Conven-  Its  missions,  which  are  in  Bengal  and  Orissa, 

^  into  which  the  existing  foreign  mission-  India,  returned  24  missionaries;  578  commu- 

ttj  societies  shonld  be  merged;  and  for  co-  nicanta,  with  37  additions  by  baptism;  2,672 

ofteration  with  the  Missionary  Union  on  a  plan  Sunday-school  pupils ;  and  a  native  Christian 

«hieh  should  allow  the  independence  of  each  community  of  1,229  persons.     In  the  day  and 

Mdety   while    securing    mntual   consultation  other  schools  were  3,628  pupils,  of  whom  407 

lad  assistance.     The  plan  received  favorable  were  classed  as  ^^  Christian,*' 1,481  as  ^^  Hindu,** 

eoQsideratioa,  and  was  referred  to  the  Execu-  118  as  ^^  Mohammedan,"  and  1,622   as  ^^San- 

tive  Board  of  the  societies  and  churches  for  tal." 

fiseuadon  during  the  year.  At  the  meetings  III.  Hie  Brethrea,  ar  Taakers. — The  annual 
^^  ^  the  National  Convention  and  the  Home  meeting  of  the  Brethren,  or  Tnnkers,  was  held 
Mi»on  Society,  papers  and  addresses  were  in  North  Manchester,  Ind.,  in  May.  The  con- 
presented  respecting  the  common  objects  in  vention  declared  against  the  wearing  of  mus- 
vhich  the  two  bodies  were  interested.  A  res-  taches  and  the  trimming  of  hair  by  barbers; 
ebtion  was  adopted  by  the  former  body  pledg-  cautioned  members  in  respect  to  taking  oaths ; 
iof  co-operation  with  the  American  Baptist  and  warned  members  living  in  Western  States 
Home  Mission  Society  in  its  work  for  the  col-  against  writing  flattering  reports  concerning 
ored  people.  their  crops  and  financial  success  unless  they 
IL  Fr»-WUI  Baptist  Chnreh, — The  statistics  of  were  sustained  by  facts.  It  also  reaffirmed  its 
tliia  church,  as  tabulated  in  the  "  Free- Will  previous  declarations  agamst  the  use  of  tobac- 
Baptist  Register  and  Year -Book"  for  1888,  co;  decided  that  applicants  for  membership 
1^§  P»e  the  footings:  Number  of  yearly  meetings,  should  promise  to  refrain  from  the  habit;  and 
^;  of  quarterly  meetings,  183;  of  churches,  directed  that  ministers  who  chew  or  smoke 
1,531;  of  ordained  ministers,  1,314;  of  li-  should  not  be  allowed  to  assist  in  church  ad- 
eenaed  preachers,  167;  of  members,  82,686.  judications.  An  arrangement  was  made  for 
The  latest  general  statistics  of  other  liberal  giving  help  to  poor  congregations  in  Denmark 
Baptist  bodies,  similar  in  faith  and  practice  to  and  Sweden. 

tbe  Free- Will  Baptists,  are  those  given  in  the  IV.  Chareh  of  Gad.— The  distinctive  doctrines 

'^Liberal    Baptist  Year-Book"  for   1884,  and  of  the  Church  of  God,  as  given  in  brief  in  its 

ire  summarized  as  follows:  Original  Free- Will  "  Year-Book  "  for  1888,  are: 

Bdpti<?ta  of  North  Carolina,  8,232 ;  other  Free-  That  tbe  believers  in  any  ^iven  locality,  according 

Will  Baptist  Associations  in  the  United  States  to  the  divine  order,  are  to  constitute  one  body  ;  that 

'besides   those    affiliated    with     the    Free-Will  the  divinion  of  believers  into  sects  and  parties,  under 

BaDtlit  Chor^h'i   4.  Q.5ft  •   ^Anf^rAl  Kflnti«itq    1.S  -  human  names  and  creeds,  is  contrary  to  tlic  spirit  and 

^IM  ^..liarcn;   4,yD«,  general  mptists,  Irf,-  ,^^^^^^j.  ^^e  ^ew  Testivment  Scriptun^s,  and  consti- 

So:  i^eparate    Baptists,  6,829;    United    Bap-  tu^es  the  most  powerful   barrier  to  the  success  of 

t««.    1,400  ;    Church    of    God,    40,000    (see  Christianity. 

^      ''Cbarch   of   Godwin   another   part  of  this  Thatthebelieversof  any  given  community,  organ- 


-   i 


ki 


78 


BAPTISTS. 


ized  into  odo  body,  constitute  God's  household  or 


That  the  Scriptures,  without  note  or  comment,  con- 
stitute a  sufficient  rule  of  faith  and  practice;  that 
creeds  and  confessions  of  faith  tend  to  divisions  and 
sects  among  believers. 

That  there  are  three  ordinances  of  a  representative 
chaiacter,  equally  bindinjj  upon  all  believers,  name- 
ly :  immersion  in  water  in  the  name  of  the  Father, 
tne  Son,  and  the  Holy  Ghost ;  the  washing  of  the 
saints'  feet  (see  Christ's  example,  precept,  and  prom- 
ise) ;  and  the  eating  of  bread  and  drinking  of  wine  in 
commemoration  of  the  sufferings  and  deatn  of  J^us. 

The  "  Year-Book "  gives  the  statistics  of 
sixteen  annual  elderships,  as  follow: 


ELDEBSIUPS. 


East  Pennsylvania 

Ohio 

West  Pennsylvania 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Illinois 

Michigan 

German 

Southern  Indiana 

Texas,  Arkansas,  and  Indian  Ter- 
ritory   

Kansas 

Maryland  and  Virginia 

Nebraska 

Maine    

West  Virginia 

Missouri 


Total 


When  or- 

No.  of 

ganiiad. 

miniatcn. 

1880 

77 

1886 

66 

1844 

86 

1846 

82 

1848 

28 

1858 

40 

1850 

22 

1864 

fi 

1857 

16 

1857 

27 

1871 

27 

1872 

17 

1875 

20 

1878 

20 

18S4 

20 

1871 

12 

450 

No.  of 
mMnb6ra« 

6,778 
4,000 
2,000 
1,200 
1,000 
1,600 
400 
200 
1,900 

♦900 
700 
980 
500 
1,100 
1,000 
425 

28,688 


♦  IncladlDg  424  Indians. 

The  total  number  of  members,  including 
6,000  scattered,  is  estimated  to  be  not  less  than 
29,683.  8.  M.  Smucker,  LL.  D.,  estimates  it 
at  80,000 

The  educational  iustitutioDs  are  Findlay  Col- 
lege, Fiudlay,  Ohio,  incorporated  in  1882, 
opened  for  students  in  1886,  and  now  return- 
ing a  faculty  of  13  members  and  upward  of 
170  students;  and  Barkleyville  Academy, 
Barkleyville,  Venango  County,  Pa.,  chartered 
in  1884,  having  property  valued  at  $6,000,  and 
returning  an  average  attendance  of  about  fifty 
pupils.  The  penodicals  of  the  church  include 
a  weekly  general  religious  newspaper  and 
two  Sunday  school  journals.  The  Central  Book 
Store  was  established  in  1885,  and  balanced 
its  accounts  on  the  30th  of  April,  1887,  at  $20,- 
657.  The  General  Missionary  Society  was 
organized  in  1845,  and  has  conducted  success- 
ful missions  in  different  parts  of  the  United 
States.  The  missions  among  the  Cherokee 
Indians  in  the  Indian  Territory  return  424 
members,  9  organized  churches,  4  Sunday- 
schools,  10  preachers,  12  preaching  appoint- 
ments, and  2  meeting-houses,  with  a  third  in 
building.  The  subject  of  establishing  a  foreign 
mission  has  been  considered  by  the  General 
Eldership,  but  nothing  definite  has  yet  been 
accomplished  in  tlie  matter.  A  fund  has  been 
accumulated  by  voluntary  contributions  from 
the  Annual  Elderships,  of  more  than  $(')00. 

The  general  and  highest  legislative  and  judi- 
catory body  of  the  Church  is  the  General  El- 


dership, wliich  meets  every  three  yeai 
next  meeting  will  be  held  at  North  Ben 
in  June,  1890. 

Baptist  C*3gre8Bi — The  seventh  annnal 
Congress  was  held  in  Richmond,  Y 

4,  6,  and  6.  The  Hon.  J.  L.  M.  Gui 
sided.  The  purpose  of  the  meeting  wi 
sively  the  discussion  of  the  questions  la 
in  the  programme,  with  entire  freedot 
expression  of  opinion.  The  first  topi 
considered  was  ''Education."  respectin 
papers  were  read  on  "  How  far  si 
State  Educate  ?  "  by  Prof.  B.  Puryear, 
mon  w.  Parochial  Schools,"  by  the 

5.  Moxom  and  by  the  Rev.  Walter  Ri 
busch;  and  the  discussion  was  contii 
the  Rev.  Norman  Fox,  D.  D.,  Prof.  W. 
kinson,  and  Prof.  E.  H.  Johnson.  The 
of  '^  Temperance "  was  discussed  in  pi 
"High  License,"  by  the  Rev.  Waylan< 

D.  D.,  and  "Prohibition,"  by  the  Re^ 
Delano,  who  was  supported  by  other  s] 
Other  topics  discussed  were  "  A  Natic 
vorce  Law,"  by  the  Hon.  A.  S.  Bacon 
Rev.  Norman  Fox,  D.  D. ;  "The  Limit 
migration,"  by  tiie  Hon.  J.  G.  Sawyc 
H.  A.  Delano,  Rev.  L.  W.  Cranda 
George  E.  Horr,  Jr.,  Hon.  E.  N.  Blak< 
Ellis,  D.D.,  H.  McDonald,  D.  D.,  an 
speakers ;  "  Romanism :  its  Relation  t( 
tific  Thought,"  by  A.  J.  Rowland,  D.  L 
Political  Aspects,"  H.  McDonald,  D. 
others;  "  Mohammedan  Propagandism, 
Rev.  F.  S.  Dobbins,  Norman  Fox,  D. 
other  speakers;  "Christian  Science," 

E.  Horr,  Jr.,  W.  E.  Hatcher,  D.  D.,  i 
T.  T.  Eaton ;  and  "  The  Purity  of  the  CI 
Terms  of  Admission,"  by  E.  T.  Hiscoi 
and  "Nature  and  Discipline,"  by  F.  1 
D.  D.,  and  W.  W.  Boyd,  D.  D. 

V.  BapttelB  !■  Great  Britain  aid  Irelu 
"  Baptist  Handbook  "  for  1888  gives  i 
lowing  statistics  of  the  Baptist  cburche 
United  Kingdom  :  Number  of  churches 
of  chapels,  3,701,  containing  1,198,< 
tings ;  of  members,  304,385  ;  of  Sundai 
teachers,  46,786 ;  of  Sunday  -  school 
458,200;  of  local  preachers,  4,118;  of 
in  charge,  1,860.  It  was  estimated  t 
churches  from  which  no  returns  had  I 
ceived  would  add  10,000  to  the  list  of  m 

Baptist  Union  of  Englxind  and  WaU 
annual  spring  meeting  of  the  Baptist  U 
England  and  Wales  was  opened  April 
an  address  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Clifford  on  t 
eral  subject  of  the  condition  of  the  faitl 
ticular  interest  was  att^iched  to  the  que 
the  relations  of  the  Union  with  the  Ke 
Spurgeon,  who  had  withdrawn  from 
tion  with  it  (see  "Annual  Cyclopaed 
1887),  because  he  regarded  its  practic 
tolerant  of  persons  holding  and  teachi 
trines  of  questionable  orthodoxy.  Th< 
cil  of  the  Union,  a  kind  of  executi^ 
mittee,  consisting  of  one  hundred  m 
had,  in  December,  1887,  appointed  a  coi 


BAPTISTS.  79 

to  fisit  Mr.  Spnrgeon,   and   "  deliberate  with  them  consistent  with  it^  and  the  Union  have  had  no 

him  as  to  how  the  unity  of  our  denomination  difficulty  in  working  with  them, 

in  true   ]ove   and  good  works  may  best  be  This  action  was  not  accepted  by  Mr.  Spur- 

miintdned.'^     This  committee  reported  to  a  geon,  who  declared  himself  ^^one  outside  of 

sabseqaeDt  meeting  of  council,  Jan.  18,  1888,  the  Union,'^  and  having  no  right  to  have  any- 

that  Mr.  Spurgeon   had   declined   to  discuss  thing  further  to  do  with  its  creeds  or  its  dec- 

tbe  qu^tion  of  his  action  toward  the  Union,  larations.     ^^  All   has  been  done  that  can  be 

and  that  he   could  not  see  his  way  clear  to  done,^'  he  said,  *^and  yet  without  violence  we 

withdraw   bis   resignation ;    but   that  he  had  ran  not  unite ;  let  us  not  attempt  it  any  more ; 

famished  a  statement  embodying  the  follow-  but  each  one  go  his  own  way  in  quiet,  each 

ing  conditions:  striving  honestly  for  that  which  he  believes  to 

In  answer  to  the  question  what  I  would  advise  as  be  the  revealed  truth  of  God.     I  could  have 

likely  to  promote  permanent  union  in  truth,  love,  and  wished  that  instead  of  saving  the  Union,   or 

good  woAs  I  I  should  ani^wer:  (1)  Let  the  Union  even  purifying  it,  the  more  prominent  thought 

^^l^"£' ''^iS^H«l'drn^aU> '^^^^^  l\«d  been  to  conform  everything  to  the  word  of 

DO  biiter  summary  of  these  than  that  adopted  by  the  '"S,,     ^2*.  .      ,                         /.     ,       t>  .  .  i          , 
Eran^Ucal  AlUimce,  and  subscribed  by  members  of  The   Irish    department  of  the   British  and 
aomany  religious* communities  for  several  years.  The  Irish  Home  Mission  was  transferred  to  an  ex- 
eiaet  words  need  not  be  used  of  courae,  but  that  for-  ecutive   committee    in  Ireland.      Resolutions 
iBttla  indicates  the  run  of  truth  which  is  most  gener-  aHnntft^  dt^oUrmtr  that  thft  nnpstion  of 
lUj  followed  among  us,  and  should  be  so  followed.  !^.®*^®  adopted  decianng  tliac  tne  question  oi 
',,,                  ,,      •i^T.xi.            ij  disestablishment  m  Wales  was  ripe  tor  settle- 
He  had,  however,  declared  that  he  would  ment,  and  ought  to  be  no  longer  postponed; 
not  undertake,  on  these  conditions  being  com-  ^^^  deprecating  any  further  extension  of  state 
plied  with  by  the  Union,  to  rejoin  it,  but  would  ^j^  ^o  denominational  schools, 
iwait  results.      The  question  was  again  con-  jy^^  autumnal  meetings  of  the  Union  were 
»1ered  at  subsequent  meetings  of  the  coun-  |,^]^    ^^   Huddersfield,  beginning  October  1. 
cil  and  a  declaration  was  adopted  which  was  jy^  Clifford  presided.    The  report  on  the  funds 
mtended  to  define  the  attitude  of  the  Union  ^^  connection  with  the  Union  showed  that  the 
m  relation  to  the  questions  at  issue,  in  terms  ^^^^^  amount  invested  up  to  the  close  of  the 
that  would    be  acceptable  to  Mr.  Spurgeon.  j^^  y^^^  ^^  £116,554,  showing  an  increase 
This  declaration  was  brought  before  the  Union  ^f    ^y^^^  £3,000.      Annuities  amounting  to 
tt  the  present  meeting,  and  after  discussion  j^^U  were  paid  every  year.    The  Augmenta- 
ind  the  consideration   of   amendments,    was  ^^^^  f^^^  ^^g  £5^0  ^^^^^  ^nd  the  Education 
idopted  in  the  following  terms:  f„n^    required    increasing.      A    minute    was 
That  while   expressly  disavowing  any  power  to  adopted  renewing  the  protests  of  the  Union 
eoctrol  belief  or  restrict  inquiry  yet,  in  view  of  the  against  the  maintenance  by  the  state  of  "  the 
naeaMness  produced  m  the  churches  by  recent  discus-  *«      ^f  - 


^SSL  .h^o;!r"^;enTwiSi'^e"'^'Sher    ^ypte™  of  sectarian  elementary  schools  "  and 


-Pw 


12   < 


rsT 


^ ^ pply 

»  ?.?nTh 'rrdX^c"arveTe^  country  withont  violating  the.  righte  of  con- 

»ot3  of  a  new  life:  as  in  tlie  supper  we  avow  our  science."     Meetings  were  held  in  behalf  ot  the 

3B}<:ai  with  one  another  while  nartaking  of  the  symbol  Baptist  Foreign  Missions  and  of  the  British 

cithe  body  of  our  Lord  broKen  for  us,  and  of  the  and  Irish  Home  Missions;  and  prepared  papers 

a»d  ^led  for  the  remission  of  sins.           ^   ^      ^  were  read  and  addresses  delivered  on  various 

The  Lnion,  therefore,  is  an  association  of  churches  „„i,;««*„  ^*  ^««^«»;„«f;^«„i  i^^^w^^^t 

Bd  ministere  professing  not  only  to  believe  the  facts  subjects  of  denominational  mterest 

ad  doctrines  of  the  Gospel,  hut  to  have  undergone  Baptist   Missionary  Society. —  Ihe    annual 

tbt  sptritual  chan^  expressed  or  implied  in  them,  meeting  of  the  Baptist  Missionary  Society  was 

This  change  ia  the  fundamental  principle  of  our  church  held  April  24.     Mr    0.  Townsend,  J.  P.,  of 

^rii-       r  ^       jji.-                        1  Bristol,  presided.    The  income  of  the  society 

Txe  following  facts  and  doctrines  are  commonly     1     j  v  not  oai      u   ^:^ :«^ ^««^  ^«™ 

beSeved  by  th?  churches  of  the  Union :  The  divini  ^^^  l>een  ^61,341,  showmg  an  increase  from 

iaepiration  and  authority  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  as  the  previous  year  of  £2,988 :  yet  the  balance- 

tb  supreme  and  sufficient  rule  of  our  faith  and  prac-  sheet  exhibited  a  debt  of  £5,869,  which  had 

ti«  and  the  right  and  duty  of  individual  judgment  been  caused  by  increased  expenditure.     This 

^iT^^l^rX'i^Ur^'a^o^  rhe'^u;?^':L?rf  fo^ld,  however  probab.y  be  extinguished  by 

tbe  Lord  Jeaua  Christ,  and  his  sacriflcUl  and  mediate-  the  proceeds  of  legacies  which  would  not  have 

Hii  work;  justification  by  faith— a  faith  that  works  to  go  to  the  reserve  fund.     The  publication  of 

'^  lore  and  produces  holiness ;  the  work  of  the  Holj  Mr.  Bentley's  *' Grammar  and  Dictionary  of 

Hjm  in  the  convenoon  of  rinners  and  in  the  sancti-  ^he  Congo  Language  "  was  mentioned  as  an 

aatbto  of  all  who  believe;  the  resurrection  and  the  .      P         u**.^^      tu^  «««  «/  4U^ 

jsdanent  of  the  la.^tdav,  with  the  eternal  blessedness  e^^nt  of  much    mportance.     The  use  of  the 

'^tbe  rijrhteous  and  the  eternal  punishment  of  the  steamer  ''  Peace  "  for  the  purpose  of  Mr.  btan- 

Tkied.  ley's  expedition  to  relieve  Emin  Pasha  (con- 

A»  so  LiM»rical  fact,  the  last  half  of  this  statement  trary  to  the  policy  of  the  society  not  to  par- 

t  ^S  ^\'^n^.^.!^^lZr^X,  ««5P»t«  in  enterprises  that  jnight  have  a  jnili- 

*»»,  white  reverenUy  accepting  all  divine  teaching,  ^ary  aspect)  was  shown  in  the  report  to  have 

^  aec^ited  other  mterpretationB,  which  seem  to  been  unavoidable,  because  the  suffering  follow- 


BAZAINE,  ITtANOOIS  AOHILLE. 


ere  of  the  explorer  had  to  be  got  out  of  the 
couDtr;.  Ad  offer  of  £16,000  bad  been  made 
b;  Mr,  Arthrington,  of  Leeds,  to  the  society,  in 
coQJanctioa  with  two  other  missionary  socie- 
ties, tor  the  purpoxe  of  carrying  the  Gospel  to 
the  tribes  on  the  banliB  of  the  Amazon  and  its 
tributaries;  but  its  acceptance  would  have  in- 
volved heavy  and  permanent  additional  exaea- 
dituro,  and  it  bad,  therefore,  been  declined. 

The  income  of  the  Baptist  Zenana  Mission 
in  India  bad  been  £6,666.  A  defioit  of  £288 
was  returned. 

The  Bible  Translation  Society  had  pnb- 
liebed,  or  assisted  to  publish,  new  versions  of 
the  Bible  or  parts  of  the  Bible  translated  by 
Baptist  missionaries  in  fonrteen  languages  of 
India,  China,  Japan,  Ceylon,  and  West  Africa. 
Its  receipts  for  the  past  year  had  been  £2,817. 
The  chief  iUms  reported  in  the  eipenditnre 
were  grants  of  £1,000  to  the  BaptiKt  Mission- 
ary Society  for  translations,  £800  to  the  "  Mis- 
sion Press  "  at  Cal    tta,      d  £350  to      Ip  rt 

liaptitt  Union    fWU«—Th     stati  t  f 

the  B&pti!.t  Un  f  Wales,      p    t  d     t    te 

meeting  in  Angn  t  (h  Id  G  rd  g  )  h  wed 
that  the  nnmbe      f    h      h  dm  U 

tions  had  increased  fr  ra  663  in  1B72  t  TOT 
and  the  Sunday  p  pi  f  m  61  16T  to  100 
S30.  Five  thou  and  f  h  d  d  d  f  rty 
eight  persons  h  d  be  b  ptized  d  ng  th 
year.      Reasluti         w  passed  m    g 

Welsh  "  legii'lat  ed      (  f    b   h  d  m  Ub 

liehment  was  declared  to  be  one),  condemnmg 
the  recommendations  of  the  Koyal  Commission 
on  Education,  and  approving  the  society  for 
the  utilization  of  the  Welsh  language. 

Tl.  S«Mrai  Bapdst  iMdatlw^The  one  hun- 
dred and  nineteenth  meeting  of  tlie  General 
Baptist  Association  of  the  New  Connection 
was  held  in  Derby  in  April.  The  Rev.  W.  H. 
Tetley  presided.  The  summary  of  the  statis- 
tics of  membership  showed  that  the  total  nam- 
ber  of  additions  by  baptism  during  the  year 
bad  been  2,236,  and  the  net  gun  of  members 
U.S.  The  report  of  the  building  fund  showed 
that  its  capital  amounted  to  £6,332  and  its 
receipts  for  the  year  had  been  £1,399,  while 
loans  had  been  made  to  the  amount  of  £850. 
Since  the  fimd  was  instituted  more  than  £18,- 
000  had  been  in'snted  in  loans  to  the  churches. 
The  receipts  for  foreign  missions  were  £8,107. 
The  debt  of  the  fund  (£800)  was  reduced  by 
£700.  Action  was  taken  in  favor  of  an  Asso- 
ciation book  fund. 

UZtlNE,  FRiX^IS  ICHOLF^  French  general, 
born  in  Versailles.  Feb.  18,  181 1 ;  died  in  Mad- 
rid, Spain,  Sept  23,  1888.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  French  officer,  and  after  leaving  the  £cole 
Polytechnique  he  joined  the  Fureicn  Legion  in 
1831,  and  servedhve  yearsin  Africa,  rising  to 
the  grade  of  first  lientennnt,  and  winning  the 
cross  of  the  Lecion  of  Honor  on  the  field  of 
battle.  He  went  to  Spain  in  183T,  and  fought 
in  two  bard  campugns  against  the  Cariisis, 
returning  to  Algeria  as  captain  in  1839.    He 


saw  mncb  fighting  during  the  next  nine  ; 
and  when  the  Foreign  Lagion,  organiMi 
brigade  of  infantry,  was  sent  to  the  Ei 
18S4,  he  was  appointed  to  the  command, 
greatly  distinguished  himself  before  Sebasi 
and  after  its  capture  was  named  military 
ernor  of  the  place,  and  promoted  to  be  gc 


r 


'C 


of  division.  In  the  Italian  campaign  of 
he  commanded  a  division  in  the  attac 
Melegnano,  where  he  was  wounded,  ai 
the  battle  of  Solferino  he  took  a  conspi' 

furt.  He  was  given  a  high  command  ii 
renoh  expeilition  against  Mexico,  d 
gutshed  himself  by  brilliant  and  energetic 
lies,  and  on  the  recall  of  Marshal  Forey  in 
succeeded  as  commander-in-chief  He  rec 
the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor, 
ing  been  made  a  commander  in  1866.  ai 
September.  1864,  be  was  promoted  Mars' 
Fnince.  His  vigorous  aggressive  strategy  < 
President  Juarez  into  a  corner  of  the  coi 
The  fortress  of  O^aca  surrendered  in  F 
ary,  1865,  the  garrison  of  7,000  men  1 
down  their  arms.  Ha  also  organized  i 
barons  bnt  effective  system  or  guerilla 
fare.  Bazaine  married  a  wealthy  Me 
lady,  and  soon  afterward  misunderstan 
arose  between  him  and  the  Emperor  1 
milian,  who  suspected  Ihe  French  genei 
lukewarmness  in  his  cau^e,  when  fortnn 
gan  to  turn  in  favor  of  Juarez,  owing,  a 
2&\Dfi  alleged,  to  the  obstinate  resistance  i 
Mexicans  an^  the  policy  of  the  Unitefl  S 
Nayioleon  sent  orders  for  the  ultimate 
drawal  of  the  French  troops,  and  when  Be 
was  suspected  of  a  design  to  make  himsel 
pcror  instead  of  Maximilian,  he  dispa 
Gen.    Castelnan  to  arrange  the  evocui 


LZAINE,  FRANQOIS  AOHILLE.  BEDS,  FOLDING.  81 

,  at  a  coancil  of  Mexican  notables,  Ba-  was  not  arraigned  till  Oct.  6,  1878.    The  Duo 

eclared  the  maintenance  of  the  empire  d^Aamale  presided  over   the    tribunal.     The 

ble,  and  on  March  12,  1867,  having  re-  marshal,  who  wore  his  full  uniform  and  the 

to  Vera  Cruz,  he  embarked  with  all  decorations  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  in  reply 

i68  for  France.    On  his  arrival  he  was  to  the  charges  of  military  incapacity  in  letting 

with  a  storm  of  reproaches.     He  nev-  himself  be  blockaded  in  Metz  by  a  force  not 

B  retained  the  confidence  of  Napoleon  much  superior  and  in  capitulating,  and  of  trea- 

I    was  made  a   senator  and  intrusted  sonable  correspondence  with  the  enemy  with 

e  oomriiand  of  the  corps  stationed  at  the  object  of  making  himself  independent  of 

and  in  October,  1869,  was  given  the  the  Government  of  National  Defense,  he  said 
mmaDd  of  the  Imperial  Guard.  that  the  motto  of  *^  honor  and  country  ^*  that 
I  the  Franco-Pmssian  War  began,  Ba-  he  bore  on  his  breast  had  been  his  for  the  for- 
ad  command  of  the  Third  Corps.  He  ty  years  that  he  had  served  France,  at  Metz  as 
ave  supported  Gen.  Frossard  at  For-  well  as  elsewhere.  He  was  found  guilty  (1)  of 
it  would  not  move  without  orders.  On  having  capitulated  before  the  enemy  in  the 
,  1870,  he  took  command  of  the  Army  open  field;  (2)  of  having  agreed  to  terms  mak. 
Rhine,  with  which  he  checked  Gen.  ing  his  command  lay  down  their  arms ;  (8)  of 
tz  at  B«my  on  the  following  day,  al-  having  entered  into  negotiations  with  the  ene- 
Napoleon  and  his  staff  to  retreat  in  my  before  doing  all  that  duty  and  honor  de- 
He  retired  on  Metz,  perhaps  in  order  manded ;  (4)  of  having  surrendered  a  fortified 
n  the  enemy  nntil  MacMahon^s  army  place  that  was  intrusted  to  him  to  defend.  He 
-med  at  ChAlons.  If  he  had  ordered  was  condemned  on  December  10  to  death  and 
»erial  Guards  to  support  Canrobert  at  military  degradation,  but  in  compliance  with 
tte,  the  Germans  might  have  been  driv-  the  unanimous  recommendation  of  bis  judges, 

a  retreat,  instead  of  forcing  him  to  President  MacMahon  commuted  the  sentence 
ito  the  citadel  of  Metz.  His  army  was  to  twenty  years*  seclusion.  He  was  incarcer- 
'  compact  force  that  remained  after  the  ated  in  Fort  Sainte  Marguerite,  near  Cannes, 
er  of  Marshals  Leboeuf  and  Canrobert  on  December  26.  In  the  following  August 
I  capture  of  the  Emperor.  The  garri-  he  lowered  himself  from  a  window  by  a  rope 
ie  many  brave  sorties,  but  each  party  into  a  boat,  on  which  he  made  his  escape  to  a 
aten  back.  After  fruitless  efforts  to  ship  lying  off  the  island,  and  reached  Italy. 
)etter  terms,  the  commandant  signed  a  From  there  he  went  to  Cologne,  and  to  Eng- 
idon  on  Oct.  27,  1870,  before  a  single  land,  and  finally  he  took  up  his  residence  in 
the  enemy  had  fallen  within  the  walls  Madrid.  In  September,  1874,  he  published  in 
fortress,  in  accordance  with  which  his  the  New  York  **  Herald  *'  a  defense  of  his  con- 
ad  of  173,000  men  marched  out  without  duct  during  the  war,  to  which  Prince  Friedrich 
rms.  His  declaration  that  his  army  was  Earl  bore  honorable  testimony,  and  in  1888 
ihed  by  famine  was  contradicted  by  wit-  he  went  over  the  ground  again  in  a  volume, 
who  said  that  there  was  food,  and  that  BW^  FOLDING.  Bedsteads  so  contrived  that 
m  had  in  their  knapsacks  six  days'  ra-  they  can  be  folded  into  a  more  or  less  com- 

Accusations  of  treachery  resounded  on  pact  form  are  to  be  found  in  all  civilized  and, 

aide.     It  was  discovered  on  investiga-  perhaps,  in  some  uncivilized  lands,  and  are  of 

dai  he  had  held  communication  with  almost  as  many  different  patterns  as  are  the 

•ck  through  a  go-between  named  Regu-  tables  and  chairs  that  keep  them  company. 

1  after  learning  the  pretended  determi-  Goldsmith's  familiar  lines  in  the  *^  Deserted 

of  the  Germans  not  to  treat  on  any  Village  "  are  more  than  a  century  old  : 
with  the  Grovernment  of  National  De-  The  chest  ooDtrived  a  double  debt  to  pay, 

bad  allowed  himself  to  be  duped    into  Abed  by  night,  a  ohest  of  draws  by  day, 

ity  and  finally  into  a  surrender  by  Bis-  and  they  goto  show  that  folding  beds  were  not 

who  suggested  that  far  better  condi-  uncommon  at  that  time.   In  1888  about  forty 

f  peace  would  be  granted  if  he  kept  his  patents  were  issued  in  the  United  States  bearing 

Dtact  in  order  to  sQpport  a  serious  Gov-  upon  such  articles  of  furniture,  and  a  visit  to 

It  with  which  Germany  could  negotiate,  any  industrial  exhibition  or  large  furniture  es- 

he  wily  diplomatist  held  out  the  hope  of  tablishment  affords  abundant  evidence  that  the 

toration  of  the  empire  with  German  aid.  supply  keeps  well  up  with  the  demand.     This 

his  return  from  captivity  Bazaine  pub-  is  largely  due  no  doubt  to  the  crowding  of 

a  book  entitled  "L'Arm^e  du  Rhin,"  in  population  in  the  large  cities.     Where  a  fami- 

be  avowed  that  he  felt  no  obligation  to  ly  occupies  a  flat  or  *' apartments,'^  the  ques- 

be  Government  of  National  Defense  aft-  tion  of  space  becomes  very  important,  and 

downfall  of  the  empire,  and  considered  where  a  single  person  occupies  a  room,  perhaps 

f  justified  in  acting  independently.     It  a  small  one,  his  comfort  is  greatly  enhanced  by 

DC  till  then  that  he  was  cited  to  appear  being  able  to  double  the  floor-space  by  dispos- 

nwt,  1871,  before  the  Committee  of  Mili-  ing  of  the  bed  during  the  day-time, 
ivestigation  of  the  National  Assembly  at        To  begin  with  the  simpler  and  least  expen- 

Ikfl.     He  offered   himself  for  trial  by  sive  forms  of  folding  beds,  it  may  be  said  that 

martial  without  awaiting  the  report.    He  ingenious  mechanics  not  infrequently  provide 

▼ot..  xxTm. — 6  A 


BEDS,  FOLDING. 


tliemeelves  irith  aonvenieDt  devices  of  aisah&r- 
acter  witboat  calliDgDpon  CbefDriiitare-dealer. 


FIb.  l.—A  HoU-IUDI  FOLDDia-BED. 


One  of  tlie  simplest  possible  is  shown  in  Fig.  1. 
It  is  A  shallow  oblong  box  with  the  boUom 
preternblf  of  slats  and  the  sides  and  ends  deep 
enough  to  receive  the  mattress  and  coverings 
that  are  to  be  used.  This  depth  shoald  exceed 
the  thickness  of  the  mattress  by  tliree  or  four 
inches.  Diagonal  braces  ma;  be  placed  at  the 
corners  to  prevent  the  racking  unavoidable  in 
raising  and  lowering.  One  side  of  the  box  is 
attached  to  the  wall  by  means  of  strong  iron 
hinges  (A  A)  which  stionld  be  screwed  to  the 
studs  if  the  wall  is  of  lath  and  plaster,  or  oth- 
erwise Beoared  so  an  to  bear  the  strun.  To 
the  other  side  of  the  box,  legs  (B  B)  are  at- 
tached, also  b;  liiuges,  so  that  the;  lie  flat 
against  the  slats  when  the  bed  is  raised  to  its 
day-time  place  and  secured  by  hooks  against 
the  wall.  To  keep  coverings  and  mattress  from 
falling  against  the  wall  when  the  bed  \*  lowered, 
bands  of  some  suitable  material  are  used. 

The  same  general  principle  may  be  employed 
with  any  of  the  light  cottt  kept  by  dealers,  but 
in  this  case  the  wall-hingea  must  l>e  attached 
to  projections  bearing  them  oat  from  the  wall 
so  that  there  will  be  room  for  raattress,  cover- 
ing, etc.,  between  wall  and  slats.  It  will  natu- 
rally occDF  to  any  one  with  an  ejre  to  decora- 
tive effects,  that  a  curtain  hung  over  this  some- 
what unsightly  object  when  it  is  hooked  up, 
will  effectually  conceal  it,  and  it  may,  with  the 
exercise  of  a  little  taste,  be  made  really  orna- 
mental. 

The  occupant  of  a  narrow  ball  bedroom  in 
New  York  requiring  more  space  and  a  table, 
had  recourse  to  the  device  shown  in  Fig.  2. 
The  bedstead  wos  one  of  the  light  cots  re- 
ferred to  above.  Fixing  two  stout  screw-eyes 
(0  0)  in  the  studding  at  tbe  bead  of  the  bed, 


be  lambed  the  head-piece  looeely  to 
that  the  lasbings  should  serve  as  hin 
the  foot  of  the  bed  he  attached  a 
passed  the  free  end  tlirongli  a  pulley  | 
near  the  ceiling.  It  was  an  easy  mi 
bedding  being  properly  lashed,  to  1 
whole  affair  until  it  rested  flat  against 
as  shown  in  the  Qgnre,  For  additional 
the  long  slack  of  the  hoisting-line  wt 
around  outside  the  bed  and  made  fas 
hooks  about  seven  feet  from  the  flo 
upper  pair  of  legs  was  either  folded 
shown  or  opened  and  nsed  as  a  shelf. 
ing-board  placed  nfion  the  lower  pair 
as  shown  in  the  engraving  at  E,  c 
them  into  a  very  passable  substitute  fo 
Recently  some  inventor  has  hit  upon 
idea,  and  has  patented  it  with  some 
ments  and  elaborations. 

On  yachts  and  other  small  vessel! 
bunks  are  sometimes  provided  for  the 
stretching  stout  canvas  across  a  re< 
iron  frame  and  hinging  the  frame  to  t 
of  the  vessel.  In  this  case  the  oute 
the  frame  is  supported  by  books  att 
lines  depending  from  the  deck-beams 
not  in  nse,  the  frames  are  folded  up  fls 
the  side  of  tbe  vessel,  and  occupy  scai 
room  at  all. 

The  next  step  in  elaboration  is  the  ' 
■    i,"  HO  called 


^ 

h,l„.  r.H„i,l..t 

x 

ISubstalitiiilly, 

ilar  to  those 

\ 

describe-l,  ex< 

it  is    indepec 

■ 

the    wall,    b: 

\ 

wood-work    f 
bojT   into    wh: 
folded  when  n 

It  is,  moreover 

that  the  tptr 

lilting  and  low 

■  \ 

more  easily  pi 

than  «h(ro  th 

1 

1"       not       di 

^-^ 

^^  hen  not  in 

^ 

~ 

\ 

--'>— 

w 

/^ 

— -\59^ 

_^^,_ 

tains  sliding  on  rods  are  drawn  in  froi 
whole  atrnotare,  and  the  top  may  even  \ 


BEDS,  FOLDING. 


ftsbelf  oriDftntel.  Ingenious  wlf-actiDgatt&ch- 
meiits  adJDSt  tJie  letcs  of  the  beditaao,  80  that 
ttMf  op«D  orshut  as  the  bed  U  lowered  or  raised. 

A  sligtitl;  more  complicated  form  of  the 
muitel-bed  is  Bimilarin  structure,  s&vethat  It 
folds  endwise,  iuvolviog  a  joint  raidira]'  of  the 
nuttresa  and  side-pieceB. 

The  bedsteads  tltas  far  described  are  quite 
moderate  in  price,  and  ere  coming  into  use  very 
tztenuvelj.  The;  are  better  in  ma,nj  respects 
than  the  more  costly  kinds,  since  the  open 
itnictare  admits  free  circulation  of  air  throagb 
tud  about  tbe  mattress  and  coverings  while 
the;  are  not  in  nse.  The  more  elaborate  and 
ornaiDentsl  folding  beds,  "  cabinet- beds, "  as 
tbef  are  sometimes  called,  are  manufactured 
in  a  great  variet;  of  stjles,  and  are  very  com- 
plete and  ingenions  in  all  tbeir  appointments. 

Figi.  S  and  4  show  one  of  the  direot-acdng 
tiod,  where  the  bed  Is  wheeled  outward  be- 
fore  being  lowered  from  its  aprigbt  position. 
Tbe  raising  and  lowering  are  usaally  facili- 
tiled  bj  counter- weights,  springs,  or  pullejs 
ojticealed  in  the  casing.  For  low-ceiled  rooms 
cabinet-beds  are  made  which  fold  in  the  mid- 
dle, instead  of  being  raised  hodUj.  These, 
bowerer,  project  farther  into  the  room  when 
folded,  ttna  in  them  it  is  impracticable  to  nse 
the  "wire  mattresses"  as  generallj  famished 
lo  the  trade. 

Cabinet  or  fnmitura  bedsteads  are  often  onl; 
ogDamental  coverings  for  the  bedding,  bnt  many 
fil  them  inclnde  also  a  wardrobe,  with  drawers, 
or,  if  desired,  a  washetand,  mirror,  and  tbe  like, 
iH  Tcrj  compact  and  convenient.  These  beds 
Und  with  the  aide  to  the  wall  wbeninose.or 
•itb  the  foot  to  the  wall  if  preferred.   That  is 

u  Mj,  the  wardrobe  part  is  swung  or  pulled 
ont  toward  tbe  mid- 


tended  for  ui 

ftortation  is  essentiaf.     The  common  type  of 

oot  with  a  oaovas  support  for  the  mattress  and 


^  m  front  and  side  elevation.  When  not 
*  iM.  it  it  a  handsome  piece  of  furniture,  and 
Ui  casnal  observer  suggests  notbiug  more 
^^ffl  ordinary  wardrobe  and  bureau.  An- 
'^  cUm  of  folding-beds  inclndes  those  in- 


coverlngs  is  so  well  known  that  it  does  not 
require  illnstration.  In  effect  it  is  precisely 
like  the  one  shown  in  Fiji;.  6,  except  that  the 
legs  can  not  be  folded  parallel  to  the  side-pieces, 
and  it  lacks  the  long  braces  marked  A  A. 

Fig.  6  shows  one  of  the  best  camp-beds 
in  the  market.  The  legs  turn  on  a  bolt  in  the 
nsaa)  manner  at  B,  bat  are  so  attached  to  tbe 
»de-rails,  by  means  of  an  iron  fixture,  that  t^ey 
can  be  folded  parallel  to  the  side-rails,  and 
rolled  up  in  the  canvas  as  shown  at  C. 
When  open  for  ase,  the  bed  is  six  feet  three 
inches  long  and  twenty-nine  inches  wide; 
folded  it  forms  a  roll  aiwat  six  inches  in  diam- 
eter one  way  and  four  inches  the  other 
way.    The  weight  is  fifteen  ponuds. 

A  camp-bed  somewhat  more  elabo- 
rate in  constmction  than  that  shown  in 
the  illustration  has  semi -cylindrical  side- 
rails  of  wood.  They  aremada  of  three- 
ply  veneering  similar  to  the  cbair-seats 
commonly  in  ase,  except  that  they  sre 
not  perforated.  To  these  tlie  canvas 
stretcher  is  firmly  tacked,  and  with- 
in them  are  simple  iron  fiitures  to 
as  braces  for  the  legs.  AH  the  attach- 
ments are  laid  within  tbe  hollow  semi-cylin- 
ders when  the  bed  is  to  be  folded,  and  then 
the  oanvas  is  rolled  snd  packed  between  tbe 
two,  which,  when  strapped  together,  form  a 
handsome  varnished  oylindrioal  box  less  than 


84 


BELGIUM. 


foar  inches  in  diameter,   and  weighing  alto- 
gether eleven  pounds. 

Many  varieties  of  camp-beds  are  mannfact- 
nred  which  told  much  more  compactly  than 
those  here  described,  some  of  them  within  the 
dimensions  of  a  moderate  sized  valise.  These 
may  all  be  classed  as  were  inoditications  of  the 
cots  described.  Taking  Fig.  5,  for  instance, 
catting  the  side-rails  into  fonr  pieces,  and  for- 


Fio.  6.— Caicp-Bkd. 

nishing  each  section  with  independent  sets  of 
legs,  it  is  evident  that  the  whole  could  be 
rolled  up  in  a  more  compact  form  than  that 
shown.  The  weight,  however,  is  naturally  in- 
creased, and  the  trouble  of  taking  apart  and 
putting  together  is  considerably  greater.  Where 
space  for  transportation  is  to  be  considered, 
some  of  these  more  compact  devices  are  very 
convenient. 

BELGIUM,  a  monarchy  in  western  Europe. 
It  was  formerly  a  part  of  the  Netherlands,  but 
seceded  and  formed  itself  into  an  independent 
state  in  1830.  Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Co- 
burg-Gotha  was  elected  king  by  a  National 
Congress  in  the  following  year.  His  son, 
Leopold  II,  the  present  King  of  the  Belgians, 
succeeded  to  the  throne  on  Deo.  10, 1865,  at  the 
age  of  thirty.  The  law-making  power  is  vested 
in  two  chambers,  called  the  Senate  and  the 
Chamber  of  Representatives,  both  of  which 
are  elective.  The  members  of  the  Cabinet, 
who  assumed  office  on  Oct.  26,  1884,  are  as 
follow:  President  of  the  Council  and  Minis- 
ter of  Finance,  A.  Beernaert ;  Minister  of  Jus- 
tice, J.  Lejeune ;  Minister  of  the  Interior  and 
of  Public  Instruction,  J.  Devolder;  Minister 
of  War,  Gen.  C.  Pontus;  Minister  of  Rail- 
ways, Posts,  and  Telegraphs,  J.  H.  P.  Vanden- 
peereboom ;  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs, 
Prince  de  Chimay;  Minister  of  Agriculture, 
Industry,  and  Public  Works,  the  Chevalier  A. 
de  Moreau. 

Area  aad  Popilatlra. — The  area  of  the  king- 
dom is  29,455  square  kilometres,  or  11,873 
square  miles.  The  estimated  population  on 
Dec.  31,  1886,  was  6,909,975,  comprising  2,- 
951,800  males  and  2,958,675  females.  Be- 
tween 1880  and  1886  the  rate  of  increase  was 
1*14  per  cent,  per  annum.  According  to  the 
census  of  1880  there  were  2,287,867  Belgians 
speaking  French  only,  and  2,479,747  speaking 
Flemish  only,  while  41,046  could  speak  only 


German,  and  471,872  spoke  at  least 
these  languages. 

All  the  people  of  the  kingdom  are  p 
Catholics  except  some  15,000  who  are 
ants  and  8,000  Jews.  Education  is  bf 
but  is  gradually  becoming  diffused  unc 
making  elementary  education  more 
than  it  formerly  was.  Universal  edu 
one  of  the  demands  of  the  Liberals, 
party  in  power  opposes  it,  and  is  susti 
a  decided  majority  of  the  electors,  c 
of  the  wealthy  class  and  constituting 
tenth  of  the  adult  male  population.  T 
et  of  1888  allots  1,613,620  francs  for 
education,  8,747,490  francs  for  inte 
education,  and  10,167,774  francs  for 
education.  Of  the  total  population  ov< 
years  of  age  in  1880  the  proportion  w 
not  read  nor  write  was  42  per  cent., 
between  the  ages  of  seven  and  fiftee 
only  29*4  per  cent. 

The  number  of  births  in  1886  was 
of  deaths,  116,264;  of  marriages,  39, 
cess  of  births  over  deaths,  50,187.  T 
her  of  emigrants  in  1886  was  17,02S 
was  less  by  2,775  than  the  number  < 
grants.  The  population  of  the  princi] 
on  Jan.  1,  1887,  was  as  follows:  Bruss 
suburbs,  425,204;  Antwerp,  204,498 
146,424;  Li^e,  187,559. 

KcTeBM  aad  Expenilitire. — The  ordina 
et  for  many  years  has  almost  invariabl 
a  deficit.  In  1885,  when  an  extraordi 
penditure  of  44,974,750  francs  was 
plated  in  the  estimates,  with  an  estin 
traordinary  revenue  of  only  6,159,88^ 
the  ordinary  budget  was  revised  so  tl 
remained  a  small  surplus.  In  the  f 
year,  instead  of  the  expected  surplus  o 
000  francs,  there  was  an  actual  aeficit 
than  that  amount.  In  1887  the  revi 
below  the  expenditure  nearly  2,500,00* 
The  estimates  for  1888  make  the  total 
revenue  313,641,559  francs,  and  the 
expenditure  307,748,123  francs.  The 
from  property  taxes  is  estimated  at  2S 
francs ;  from  personal  taxes,  19,282,00( 
from  trade  licenses,  6,580,000  franc 
customs,  24,682,600  francs;  from  ex< 
775,500  francs;  from  registration  dul 
860,000  francs;  from  succession  dul 
420,000  francs;  from  stamp  duties,  6 
francs;  from  railways,  114,500,000 
from  telegraphs,  8,103,700  francs;  f 
post-office,  9,421,300  f ratios;  from  m 
dues,  4,280,000  francs ;  from  the  natio 
and  amortization  funds,  11,498,100 
from  domains  and  forests,  1,300,000 
from  other  sources,  5.290,269  francs. 

The  expenditure  for  interest  on  th 
debt  amounts  to  96,102,231  francs; 
and  dotations,  4,568,675  francs;  for  < 
of  the  Ministry  of  Justice,  15,426,361  fr 
the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  2 
francs ;  of  the  Ministry  of  the  Intel 
Public  Instruction,  21,829,764  francs 


BELGIUM. 


85 


Mmistry  of  Public  Works,  16,712,281  francs; 
of  the  Ministry  of  Railways,  Posts,  and  Tele- 
graphs, 83,850,116  francs;  of  the  Ministry  of 
War,  46,003,270  francs;  of  the  Ministry  of 
Finance,  15,290,905  francs;  of  the  gendarmerie, 
3,946, OOio  francs;  repayments  and  other  ez- 
penditiires,  1,636,500  francs. 

The  national  debt,  including  the  capitalized 
Tftloe  of  annnities  amounting  to  80,106,000 
fnncsi,  exceeds  2,500,000,000  francs.  The 
funded  debt  consists  of  219,959,683  francs  of 
21-per-eent.  bonds,  519,859,000  francs  of  8-per- 
c«ni8.,  and  1,185,509,458  of  Sf-per-cents.  The 
credit  of  the  Government,  notwithstanding  its 
Urge  and  graduaUy  increasing  debt,  is  so  good 
that  the  3^per-cent.  bonds  stand  at  2  per  cent, 
above  par  in  the  market. 

Ike  PMl-Ofllce* — The  number  of  letters  that 
passed  through  the  Belgian  post-office  in  1886 
vas  90,744,556,  not  reckoning  14,123,401 
official  letters;  the  number  of  postal  cards, 
16,568,401  ;  printed  inclosures,  55,268,000  ; 
newspapers,  94,394,000.  The  receipts  during 
1886  amounted  to  14,806,595  francs,  and  the 
expenditure  to  8,893,171  francs. 

11k  Imy. — The  army  budget  for  1888  fixes 
the  peace  effective  at  the  following  figures : 


TROOPS. 


bfntrf 

C»T*by 

Artflkrr  .... 

Gcadannerie 
lain 


TottI 


OOoa*. 

Rank  and  file 

1,187 

82,495 

856 

5.506 

447 

7,661 

90 

1,479 

58 

2,080 

452 

1,850 

8,815 

50,571 

84,883 
5,862 
8,188 
1,569 
2,188 
1,802 

58,886 


—el 


The  staff,  numbering  125  officers,  and  772 
officers  of  the  medical  corps,  are  not  indnded 
in  this  statement.  The  number  of  horses  is 
8.900;  of  guns,  200.  The  war-strength  of  the 
innj  is  120,000  men,  13,800  horses,  and  240 
gvoa.  There  is  besides  a  civic  guard,  which  in 
1887  numbered  41,222  men. 

An  extensive  plan  for  fortifying  the  line  of 
tbe  Meuse  was  adopted  in  1887,  but  the  Gov- 
cniment  has  resolved  for  the  present  to  direct 
ite  efforts  chiefly  to  extending  and  arming  tlie 
Mfieations  at  Li6ge  and  Namur.  These  two 
lorteeases  will  absorb  all  the  army  at  its  pres- 
ent strength,  except  the  troops  that  are  re- 
^wd  to  garrison  Brussels  and  the  central 
<»adel  at  Antwerp.  The  Ministry  of  War  has 
«<>Uiiied  a  credit  of  60,000,000  francs  for  the 
fwchase  of  modem  ordnance  of  large  caliber. 
Tbe  works  at  Li^ge,  when  extended  to  the  ad- 
JKent  heights,  are  considered  sufficient  to 
«mst  the  passage  of  a  German  army  up  the 
^*^Q«e  ?alley.  Namur  on  the  French  side  is 
^50  strong  a  position,  and  only  guards  one 
cf  the  routes  from  France,  while  that  by  way 
«^MoM  and  Charleroi  is  left  open.  Contracts 
«'e  been  awarded  for  the  construction  of 
t»€nty-one  metallic  forts  along  the  Meuse, 
*bicb  will  strengthen  the  defenses  against  a 
^^fnuua  invasion.  They  will  consist  of  cupo- 
*  ffld  will  be  completed  by  the  end  of  1890. 


CMiHeree  and  Inlnrtry. — The  returns  for  the 
general  commerce  of  1886  give  the  value 
of  the  imports  as  2,662,715,581  francs,  and 
of  the  exports  as  2,512,122,555  francs.  The 
imports  for  home  consumption  amounted  to 
1,385,049,000  francs,  and  the  exporta  of  Bel- 
gian produce  to  1,181,974,000  francs.  The 
imports  of  breadstuffs  were  valued  at  205,- 
069,000  francs;  the  exports  at  54,514,000 
francs ;  imports  of  textile  materials,  177,- 
211,000  francs;  exports,  98,154,000  francs; 
imports  of  yarns,  27,121,000  francs;  exports, 
136,261,000  francs  ;  imports  of  tissues,  31,- 
546,000  francs;  exports,  67,288,000  francs; 
imports  of  live  animals,  72,047,000  francs;  ex- 
ports, 34,641,000  francs;  imports  of  hides  and 
skins,  79,926,000  francs;  exports,  69,929,000 
francs ;  imports  of  chemicals,  52,669,000 
francs;  exports,  18,551,000  francs;  imports  of 
timber,  50,972,000  francs;  of  metals,  29,866,- 
000  francs;  of  oils,  21,022,000  francs;  exports 
of  iron,  wrought  and  un wrought,  54,118,000 
francs  ;  of  machinery,  50,813,000  francs ;  of 
coal,  50,127,000  francs;  of  glass,  48,940,000 
francs ;  of  sugar,  82,567,000  francs ;  of  paper, 
28,614,000  francs;  of  steel,  17,672,000  francs; 
of  arms,  13,127,000  francs.  The  export  of 
sugar  in  1886  exceeded  the  import  by  53,000 
metric  tons.  The  product  of  pig  and  wrought 
iron  in  1885  was  1,182,125  tons,  and  in  1886  it 
was  1,167,182  tons. 

The  share  of  France  in  the  import  trade  of 
1886  was  251,031,092  francs,  and  in  the  ex- 
port trade,  329,580,022  francs.  Great  Britain 
furnished  172,324,410  francs  of  the  imports, 
and  took  236,416,435  francs  of  the  exports. 
The  imports  from  the  Netherlands  were  larger, 
araounfang  to  199,841,114  francs,  while  the 
United  States  came  next  after  England  with 
160,394,949  francs  of  imports,  Germany  fol- 
lowing with  151,941,981  francs,  and  then  Rus- 
sia with  74,224,681  francs,  the  Argentine  Re- 
public with  59,981,488  franca,  Sweden  and 
Norway  with  37,941,106  francs,  Roumania 
with  81,307,880  francs,  Peru  with  29,840,208 
francs,  Brazil  with  21,346,208  francs,  and 
Uruguay  with  17,574,454  francs.  The  third 
largest  consumer  of  Belgian  products  was  Ger- 
many, the  exports  to  that  country  amounting 
to  195,790,476  francs.  The  Netherlands  took 
175,417,466  francs.  The  exports  to  other 
countries  were  small  in  comparison,  40,647,- 
175  francs  going  to  the  Unitea  States,  84,064,- 
822  francs  to  Italy,  and  29,457,862  francs  to 
Switzerland,  after  which  come  Spain,  the  Ar- 
gentine Republic,  Brazil,  Turkey,  and  Russia. 

BfavlgattMit — In  1886  the  number  of  vessels 
entered  at  Belgian  ports  was  6,216,  of  4,094,- 
026  tons,  of  which  3,367,  with  a  total  tonnage 
of  2,351,844,  were  British.  The  number 
cleared  was  6,206,  of  4,060,901  tons.  The 
commercial  marine  in  1887  numbered  67  ves- 
sels, of  86,837  tons,  of  which  55  vessels,  of 
81,285  tons,  were  steamers.  There  were  342 
fishing  vessels,  of  12,009  tons. 

Rai&Mds* — The    lines  worked  by  the  state 


86  BELGIUM. 

had  a  length  of  8,175  kilometres,  and  the  lines  missions  to  be  examined  in  both  languages,  and 
worked  by  companies  were  1,246  kilometres  the  Government  adopted  the  measure,  wLidi 
in  length  on  Jan.  1,  1887,  making  a  total  of  simply  carries  out  a  provision  of  the  Constitn- 
4,421  kilometres,  or  2,763  miles.  The  receipts  tion.  Its  practical  effect  would  be  to  exclude 
of  the  state  railroads  in  1886  were  117,918,-  Walloons  from  officers'  posts,  and  after  it  had 
879  francs,  and  the  expenses  66,241,271  francs,  been  passed  by  a  large  migority,  the  Govern- 
On  the  lines  of  the  companies  the  receipts  ment  was  induced  by  popular  clamor  to  recede 
were  85,144,278  francs,  and  the  expenses  19.-  from  the  constitutional  position  and  supports 
213,485  francs.  The  capital  expended  by  the  substitute  measure,  which  merely  recommend- 
Government  in  building  riulroads  was  929,-  ed  the  study  of  Flemish.  By  this  action  the 
697,462  francs  up  to  the  end  of  1885,  while  ministry  offended  not  only  the  Flemish  Liber- 
railroads  that  had  been  purchased  were  paid  als,  but  the  Clericals,  who  had  been  its  firm 
for  iu  annuities  representing  319,798,681  francs  supporters, 
of  additional  capital.  Ftreigi  RdattMS. — The  Belgium  scheme  of 

Tdegraplu. — ^The  number  of  dispatches,  pri-  fortification  aroused  the  jealousy  of  the  Ger- 

vate  and  official,  in  1886  was  6,798,108.    The  man  Government,  which  endeavored  in  1888, 

length  of  lines  on  Jan.   1,  1887,  was  8,800  with  partial  success,  to  force  Belgium  into  a 

miles,  with  17,900  miles  of  wire.    The  receipts  military  aUiance  and  secure  an  understanding 

for  1886  were  2,868,650  francs,  and  the  ex-  by  which  the  fortress  of  Li6ge  and  the  rail- 

penses,  8,679,250  franca.  roads  will  be  handed  over  to  the  Germans  in 

HecdoBS* — The  biennial  elections  for  one  half  the  event  of  another  French  war.    King  Leo- 

of  the  seats  in  the  Chamber,  and  the  quadren-  pold^s  sympathies  are  supposed  to  be  with  Ger- 

nial  elections  for  the  renewal  of  one  half  of  many  by  reason  of  family  ties  and  dynastic 

the  Senate  were  held  on  June  12, 1888.    The  traditions,  while  the  present  Clerical-Conserva- 

Conservatives,  who  in  the  last  Chamber  num-  tive  ministry  is  suspected  of  the  same  partial- 

bered  96  against  42  Liberals,  and  in  the  Senate  ity  or,  at  any  rate,  of  antagonism  to  the  ruling 

42  against  27,   were  successful,  owing  to  the  powers  in  France.    The  prevailing  sentiment 

defection  of  the  Radicals  who  had  previously  among    the    people,  however,   leans   toward 

supported    Liberal   candidates.    In  the   new  France.    The  Liberal  party  and  the  entire  Wal- 

Chamber  there  are  98  Conservatives  and  40  loon  population  of  the  south  are  warm  friends 

Liberalp,  and  in  the  Senate  51  Conservatives  of  the  republic,  while  the  Flemings  are  indif- 

and  18  Liberals.  ferent.     By  manifesting  a  desire  to  exert  diplo- 

The  LaigMge  QMstfon. — The  Flemings  have  matic  pressure  on  Belgium,  the  German  Gov- 

recently  raised  the  language  question  by  organ-  ernment  aroused  the  anti>German  feeling  of 

izing  a  party  to  secure  for  their  mother-tongue  the  country ;  but  since  England  has  refused  to 

the  equality  that  the  Constitution  guarantees,  renew  her  pledges  in  regard  to  defending  the 

Until    Hendrik  Conscience  demonstrated  the  neutrality  of  Belgium,  and  is  even  partly  com- 

literary  capabilities  of  Flemisli,  and  appealed  mitted  to  the  anti-French  alliance,  the   Bel- 

to  race  pride  in  his  historical  and  satirical  pas-  gian  Government  may  be  constrained  to  meet 

sages,  the  Flemings  were  content  to  see  the  the  wishes  of  Germany.    Early  in  1888  the 

French  employed  almost  exclusively  in  official  German  minister  made  complaints  respecting 

intercourse,  in  the  courts,  and  in  the  army,  attacks  on  the  German  Government  by  a  por- 

and  even  cultivated  it  themselves  in  their  com-  tion  of  the  Belgian  press.    This  was  hardly 

mercial  and  social  relations.     When  their  na-  done  with  a  view  to  the  immediate  abatement 

tional  spirit  was  finally  aroused,  the  adoption  of  the  offense,  because  the  Belgian  press  is  the 

of  French  as  the  language  of  instruction  in  the  freest  in  Europe.    The  Liberal  organs  assail 

Royal  AthensBum,  which  was  opened  at  Ant-  the  King  and  his  Cabinet  with  the  full  liberty 

werp  in  1886,  gave  occasion  for  its  manifests-  that  the  Constitution  accords,  and  if  they  use 

tion  in  a  storm  of  indignation  that  compelled  the  same  license  in  speaking  of  German  policy 

the  Government  to  alter  its  decision.    In  the  the  Ultramontane  journals  denounce  the  French 

summer  of  1887  the  King  was  almost  mobbed  authorities  in  terms  as  immoderate.     These 

for  delivering  a  French  oration  at  the  dedica-  representations  regarding  the  press  led  up  to 

tion  of  statues  to  Flemish  heroes  in  Bruges,  others  relative  to  the  French  control  of  the 

The  inequalities  of  which  the  Flemings  com-  Nord  Beige  Railroad,  which  the  German  Gov- 

plain  are  that  no  official  is  appointed  to  a  post  ernment  complained  gave  an  unfair  strategical 

in  southern  Belgium  without  being  conversant  advantage  to  France,   although   the   railroad 

with  French,  whereas  there  are  thousands  in  from  Yerviers  to  the  German  frontier  was  in 

Flanders  who  know  no  Flemish ;  that  French  German  hands  and  the  entire  network  of  the 

is  the  language  of  public  boards  and  assem-  Duchy  of  Luxembourg  was  worked  by  the  im- 

blies  and  of  the  army;  and,  notably,  that  it  is  perial  railroad  administration  of  Alsace-Loraine» 

used  in  military  and  criminal  courts  in  Flan-  Finally  came  the  overtures  with  regard  to  the 

ders,  even  when   the  accused  person   speaks  occupation  of  Belgian  fortresses  by  Prussian 

only  Flemish.    The  knowledge  of  French  has  troops  in  case  France  should   begin   a   war 

long  been  a  prerequisite  for  an  appointment  against  Germany.    The  French  sympathies  <^ 

in  the  army.    Deputy  Coremans,  of  Antwerp,  the  people,  especially  of  the  Walloons,  who  are 

introduced  a  bill  requiring  candidates  for  com-  not  only  allied  to  the  French  in  blood  and  Ian- 


BETTING.  87 

bot  are  fateful  to  them  for  their  aid  in  None  of  the  lexicographers  have  disoovered 

-Qf^e  for  Belgian  independence,  is  mani-  or  devised  a  satisfactory  derivative  origin  for 

on  everj  occasion,     The  Socialists,  for  tlie  word  **  bet."     A  bet  may  be  defined  as  a 

ce,  when  forbidden  to  bear  the  red  flag  snm  of  money  or  its  equivalent  promised  by 

ir  processions,  carry  the  French  colors  one  person  to  another  if  some  doubtfnl  qnes- 

stead,  and  joarnalists  and  politicians  of  tion  is  decided  in  a  specified  way.   The  possible 

J  views  express  distrust  and  alarm  at  variations  apon  this  simple  statement  of  the 

rns  of  Germany.     King  Leopold  is  the  case  are  nearly  infinite ;  the  bet  may  be  made 

1  object  of  Radical  and  Republican  at-  between  two  persons  only  on  even  terms,  or 

on  account  of  his  suspected  predilections,  between  auy  number  of  persons  on   uneven 

he  visited  Louvidre  in  the  summer  a  mob  terms.     It  may  rest  upon  the  result  of  a  single 

)00  workingmen  gathered  in  the  streets,  ^  event  or  upon  the  combined  result  of  any  num- 

ng  *'  Down  with  the  German !  "  *  her  of  events.    In  short,  it  offers  all  the  un- 

rttMl  oi  tbt  Ndteriuitfs  Bauidary. — By  the  healthful  excitement  of  gambling,  without  the 

of  November,  1842,  and  the  boundary  formalities  that  usually  surround    the  card- 

Dtion   of  August,  1843,  the  rectification  table. 

frontier  between  Belgium  and  Holland  Betting  has,  until  within  a  generation,  been 

;ft  for  amicable  settlement  between  the  more  common   among  the  upper  classes,  so 

ountries.     A  convention  was  made  on  called,  in  Great  Britain  than  among  the  cor- 
.  1888,  with  reference  to  the  exchange  of    responding  classes  in  Ainerioa.    This  is  largely 

villages  on  the  frontier,  and  also  relative  due  to  the  influence  of  New-England  schools 

t  boandary,  which  was  fixed  in  the  canal  and  churches  where  it  was  taught  that  all  bet- 

meozen.     The  communes  of  Baarle  and  ting  was  not  only  dishonest  and  dishonorable, 

^  in  North  Brabant,  were  transferred  to  but  sinful  as  well.    That  these  teachings  had, 

etherlands,  because  it  was  impossible  to  and  still  have,  a  powerful  restraining  influence 

«  customs  regulations  within  them,  and  is  not  to  be  questioned,  but  it  is  equally  indis- 

toaaon  had  created  difficulties  for  both  putable  that  the  habit  of  betting  on  all  man- 

oments.  ner  of  events  is  rapidly  gaining  ground  in  all 

mtlMMl  CMgifOCS.— An  international  in-  classes  of  society. 

al  exhibition  at  Brussels  was  opened  on  Probably  there  was  never  before  so  much 

7,  1888.     It  attracted  many  exhibitors  betting  on  the  result  of  an  election  as  during 

England,  France,  and  other  countries.  the  presidential  canvass  of  1888.     It  was  es- 

International  Congress  of  Commercial  timated  that  in  the  city  of  New  York  alone 

net  at  Brussels,  on  September  30,  to  elabo-  something  like  $2,000,000  changed  bauds  within 

I  project  of  international  legislation  in  the  a  few  days.    Syndicates  were  formed  by  the 

s-  of  bills  of  exchange  and  maritime  law  different  parties  for  the  placing  of  bets.     In 

aformity  with  the  principles  approved  at  many  instances  odds  were  given  and  the  money 

Miner  session  at  Antwerp  in  1885.  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  stake-holder.    One 

I  international  conference  having  for  its  somewhat  notorious  person  in  New  York  is 

t  the  co-operation  of  the  principal  states  reported  to  have  had  nearly  $70,000  in  current 

^OecUng  and  publishing  information  re-  funds  in  his  possession. 

ing  their  customs  tariffs  was  held  at  Brus-  All  this  is  contrary  to  law,  and  the  vote  of 

D  March,  and  adjourned  for  six  months  after  any  person  having  a  bet  that  might  influence 

tin?  a  draft  convention,  which  it  was  ex-  that  vote  may  be  challenged.    In  most  of  the 

id  the  governments  would  accept.    Theco*  States  there  are  statutes  more  or  less  rigor- 

ition  of  customs  oflScials  in  compiling  such  ous  against  betting  in  various  forms,  but  it 

mation  not  only  will  save  merchants  from  may  be  said  that  in  general  nobody  minds  them, 

t»le  and  losses  resulting  from   ignorance  and  pool-selling,  book-making,  and  betting  on 

Dl«nnderstanding,  but  may  lead  to  the  re-  horse-racing,   boat-racing,    ball-matches,    and 

il  of  anomalies  in  the  various  tariffs.  the  like,  goes  on  without  apparent  let  or  hinder- 

fices  have  been  established  by  the  Belgian  ance.    In  the  United  States,  laws  against  bet- 

sniment  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  per-  ting  have  been  so  long  in  existence  that  their 

intending  to  emigrate  with  information  inefficiency  has  for  the  most  part  failed  to  ex- 

ie  to  them  that  can  be  obtained  through  cite  comment. 

Bploroatic  and  consular  agents.  In  Great  Britain  there  has  been  compara- 

nrHSG*    The  modem  practices  of  betting,  tively  recent  legislation,  which  has  an  interest- 

idr  various  forms,  especially  among  people  ing  bearing  on  the  question.    "While  it  is  mani- 

speak  the  English  tongue,  are  so  popular  festly  impossible  to  enforce  a  law  prohibiting 

so  dangerously  demoralizing  that  their  private  bets  between  individuals,  however  ob- 

mable  restriction  has  become  one  of  the  jectionable  such  bets  may  be,  it  is  certainly 

lative  problems  of  the  day.    The  practice  within  the  legitimate  province  of  legislation  to 

I  old  as  the  race,  and,  like  gambling  for  make  it  dangerous  for  designing  persons  to  ply 

n  and  the  use  of  intoxicants,  is  so  com-  their  trade  in  a  public  way. 

t  to  mankind  in  general  that  its  complete  In  Great  Britain  the  evils  of  betting  have 

^reason  can  hardlj  be  looked  for  while  been  recognized  in  the  statutes  at  least  since 

ttn  nature  remains  as  it  is.  Queen  Anne's  time,  when  if  any  one  gained  a 


88  JBETTING. 

bet  of  more  than  ten  ponnds  the  loser  was  en-  in  hand  and  a  stake-holder,  it  woold  seem  that 

titled  to  recover  the  amount  if  he  had  paid  it,  the  incitement  to  great  sacrifices  of  real  prop- 

and  if  he  did  not  do  so  within  three  months,  ertj  under  stress  of  emergency  would  be  large- 

any  one  might  sue  him  for  three  times  the  ly  wanting. 

amount,  with  costs.  This  act  was  long  a  dead  It  is  a  noteworthy  feature  of  betting  trans- 
letter,  but  was  unearthed  for  some  purpose  in  actions  that  no  legal  documents  or  contracts 
1844,  and  subsequently  annulled  by  the  Gam-  are  in  use.  Millions  of  dollars  and  hundreds 
ing  Act  (8  and  9  Vict.).  Unfortunately  as  it  of  thousands  of  pounds  change  hands  every 
seems,  the  annulment  of  this  act  was  closely  year  on  the  strength  of  a  memoranda m  pen- 
coincident  with  an  enormous  increase  in  bet-  ciled  in  a  note-book  at  the  time  of  making  the 
ting  on  horse-races.  "  List  shops  ^' were  opened,  bet.  All  betting  is  conducted,  as  the  phrase 
where  any  one  could  stake  muney  in  advance  goes,  *'  upon  honor,**  and,  considering  the  mag- 
on  any  horse,  and  so  many  acts  of  dishonesty  nitude  of  the  transactions,  it  is  certainly  re- 
were  perpetrated  that  the  Betting  Houses  Act  markable  how  few  are  the  failures  to  pay. 
(16  and  17  Vict.)  was  introduced  by  Sir  Alex-  Whether  it  is  possible  wholly  or  even  par- 
ander  Cock  burn,  afterward  Lord  Chief- Justice  tially  to  restrict  betting,  is  a  question  that  can 
of  England,  and  by  him  carried  successfully  be  argued  on  both  sides,  with  little  hope  of  set- 
through  Parliament.  This  act  suppressed  all  tlement.  That  the  practice  is  demoralizing  in 
permanent  places  kept  expressly  for  betting  the  extreme  is  unquestionable, 
purposes,  the  object  being  to  remove  obtrusive  A  professional  sharper  is  said  to  have  sum- 
temptation  from  the  daily  walks'of  the  multi-  marized  the  case  as  follows,  when  asked  how 
tude,  who  were  the  easiest  prey  of  swindlers,  he  made  his  calling  pay :  *'  It  follows  by  a  law 
The  act  applied  only  to  England,  and  one  re-  of  Nature,^'  said  he.  *'  We  are  told  that  there 
suit  was  that  Scotland  soon  became  a  head-  is  a  child  born  into  this  world  every  second, 
quarters  for  the  professional  swindlers  of  the  and  therefore  there  must  be  a  daily  addition  of 
United  Kingdom.  In  due  time,  however,  the  more  than  five  millions  to  the  population  of 
provisions  of  the  act  were  extended  to  Scot-  the  globe.  Now,  the  deuce  is  in  it  if,  with 
land,  and  the  evils  arising  from  established  this  continual  rising  of  fresh  spooneys  to  tho 
and  permanent  betting-places  were  largely  di-  surface  of  society,  I  can  not  come  across  as 
minished.  This  act,  carefully  prepared  by  many  as  will  serve  my  turn.'* 
George  Anderson,  of  Glasgow,  went  into  effect  It  is  this  class  of  professional  sharpers  that 
in  July,  1874,  upon  which  the  Scottish  betting-  is  most  harmful  to  the  community,  and  any 
agents  closed  their  establishments  and  moved  reasonable  legislation  looking  to  restraining 
to  Boulogne,  where  a  thriving  business  was  their  proceedings  would  be  welcomed  by  all 
carried  on  by  mail  and  otherwise,  until  the  the  law-abiding  classes.  The  making  of  pri- 
evil  results  became  so  manifest  that  the  French  vate  bets  can  probably  be  prevented  or  re- 
Government  in  turn  interfered,  and  the  agents  strained  only  by  promoting  a  sentiment  agaiosi 
were  driven  to  new  devices.  So  successful  are  it ;  but  it  would  seem  possible  and  desirable  tc 
they,  however,  in  evading  the  law,  that  it  is  prohibit  public  betting,  and  especially  to  ren 
estimated  that  about  £5,000,000  changes  hands  der  betting  on  elections  dangerous  as  well  as 
every  year  on  the  results  of  horse-racing  alone,  disreputable. 

In  England,  legislation  appears  to  discrimi-        The  talk  of  racing  and  betting  men  abound 

nate  between  what  is  termed  '*  ready -money '*  in  slang  phrases,  many  of  which,  as  used  im 

betting  and  betting  on  credit,  the  former  being  England,  are  not  understood  by  Americans 

made  illegal,  while  the  latter  is  not  so  specified.  As  they  are  frequently  encountered  in  Englisl 

One  result  has  been  that  among  the  poorer  novels,   a  few   definitions  are  appended.    ^ 

classes  small  clubs  have  been  formed,  where  *^  dollar,"  in  betting  parlance,  means  five  shiB 

betting  is  carried  on  upon  credit,  just  as  it  is  lings;  a  *'quid  **  is  a  pound  sterling ;  ** fivers  ' 

among  the  wealthy  at  their  palatial  club-houses,  and  "  tenners  *'  are  respectively  five-  and  ten 

Bets  of  honor,  these  are  called,  and  when  a  pound  notes;  a  *^pony"  is  twenty-five  pounds 

**  gentleman"  or  a  "nobleman**  loses,  he  will  a  "century**  is  one  hundred  pounds;  and 

go  to  any  extreme  to  meet  his  obligations  on  the  "  monkey  **  is  five  hundred  pounds ;  a  "  thoa 

Monday  following ;  repeatedly  have  men  mort-  is  the  recognized  abbreviation  of  thousam' 

gaged   their  lands  and  pawned   their  wives*  "  A  stiff  *un  **  or  a  "  dead  *un  **  is  a  horse  the 

jewels  in   order  to  escape  the  disgrace  that  has  been  entered  for  a  race,  but  will  not  con 

would  follow  the  non-payment  of  such  an  ob-  pete ;  "  skinning  the  lamb  **  means  that  th 

ligation.     It  has  therefore  been  held  that  it  book-maker  has  not  bet  against  the  winnio 

would  be  better,  if  possible,  to  place  restric-  horse.     "  Hedging,**  in  its  simplest  meanini 

tions  upon  betting  on  credit,  rather  than  upon  implies  that  a  bettor  having  made  his  bet,  b< 

betting  with  ready  money,  since  the  credit  sys-  comes  fearful  of  losing,  and   bets  the  oth( 

tem  permits  the  bettor  to  incur  any  number  of  way,  so  as  to  make  the  accounts  balance  i 

liabilities  for  almost  any  period  of  time,  in  ad-  nearly  as  may  be.    A  more  elaborate  defin 

vance.     He  loses,  let  us  say,  on  the  first  event,  tion  is  given  as  follows  by  an  English  writ^ 

but  hope  bids  him  strain  every  nerve  to  meet  "  Suppose  that  a  betting  man  backs  a  partici 

his  obligations,  for  may  he  not  win  on  the  sec-  lar  horse  for  a  certain  race  before  the  entri< 

ond  ?     If  all  betting  transactions  involved  cash  are  due,  and  that  the  horse  is  entered,  £avo: 


BfiZIQUE. 


89 


ablj  weighted,  and  accepts — it  is  pretty  certain 
to  come  to  shorter  odds  than  it  was  hacked 
for.  After  its  owner  has  accepted,  it  may  he 
Aasomed  that  the  price  will  not  he  more  than 
fifty  to  one,  which  the  maker  of  the  bet  will 
Uy  to  the  same  person,  so  that  he  may  himself 
stand  to  win  fifty  poands  to  nothing  I  That  is 
hedging/*  Further,  if  the  horse  becomes  a 
fsTorite,  and  attains  the  price  of  say  ten  to  one, 
the  bettor  may  lay  off  or  hedge  twenty-five 
pounds  more,  in  which  case  he  is  said  to 
''Stand  on  velvet."  In  other  words,  he  is  sure 
to  win  in  any  event,  hence  the  turf  proverb, 
*•  No  bet  is  good  until  it  is  well  hedged  to." 

BiZlQnS  (bay-zeek),  a  game  with  cards. 
Sometimes  it  is  spelled  hazique.  The  word 
seems  to  be  naturcJly  derived  from  the  Span- 
ish heHeo^  a  little  kiss,  in  allusion  to  the  dis- 
tioctive  feature  of  the  game,  as  hereinafter  de- 
scribed, namely  the  ''  marriage  "  of  the  queen 
and  the  knave.  Murray  gives  it  as  a  corrup- 
tion of  the  French,  hengue,  a  game  at  cards. 
B^zique,  in  its  present  form,  is  a  revival,  with 
modifications,  or  perliaps  a  combination  of 
several  old  games  possessing  certain  features 
in  common.  Chief  among  these  is  *^  mar- 
riage," and  among  the  others  are  *^  brusquem- 
biDe,"  *'  rhomme  de  bron,"  "  briscan "  or 
'^brisque,"  and  "cinq  cents."  "Brisque" 
bears  the  closest  likeness  to  b^zique,  and  is,  in 
fiet,  nearly  identical  save  that  it  is  played 
rith  a  double  pack  and  with  certain  features 
rendered  necessary  by  the  introduction  of  ad- 
ditional cards.  The  following  rules  and  direc- 
tions govern  the  game  in  America,  and  are 
mb^ntiallj  identical  with  those  accepted 
elsewhere.  They  are,  in  the  main,  rules  as 
l»id  down  by  "  Cavendish  "  (Henry  Jones),  the 
^^f  recognized  English  authority  on  the  game : 

In  b^sone  two  raclm  of  oTdinary  playing  cards  are 
Bed,  but  Defore  snaffling;  all  cards  oeiovr  the  deDomi- 
Bitkm  of  seven  are  rejected,  as  in  eachre,  and  the  re- 
■•iiuih?  64  cards  (32  in  each  pack)  are  cut  as  usual. 
Tbe  game  may  be  played  by  two,  three,  or  four  persons. 

Tv».kaiied  BMqTiei  The  dealer  deals  eight  cards 
to  himself  and  hia  adversarv  as  follows :  three  to  his 
tdvenary,  three  to  himself,  then  two  to  each,  and 
•^  three  to  each. 

Th«  cards  raok  as  follow :  Ace,  ten,  kin^,  oueen, 
ktt?e,  nine,  eij^ht,  seven.  In  case  of  ties  the  leader 
Vina.    Tramps  win  other  suits. 

The  objects  of  the  play  are :  1.  To  promote  in  the 
Itttd  rarions  combinations  of  cards  wnich,  when  de- 
(i>md^  entitle  the  holder  to  certain  scores  as  given  in 
tictaUe:  2.  To  win  aces  and  tens;  8.  To  win  the 
ifHaSkd  1a.n  trick. 

After  dealing;,  the  cards  remaining  undealt  are 
<^3ed  the  "stock."  They  are  laid  on  the  toble  a 
^  to  one  side,  and  the  top  card  is  turned  up  for 
iTBapB,  and  Laid  near  the  stock,  and  the  stock  cards 
mt  s&^btly  spread  po  that  they  can  be  readily  taken 
W  the  players  as  the  game  proceeds. 

The  non-dealer  plays  anj  card  out  of  his  hand. 
The  dealer  p]«ys  a  card  to  it,  the  two  constituting  a 
"tricks**  He  need  not  follow  suit,  nor  play  a  card 
4«  Vina  the  trick.  If,  however^  he  wins  the  trick  by 
^T^  a  bijZ'ber  card  or  trumps  it  (which  he  may  do, 
>^ao<9gfa  boldin^iii  his  hand  a  card  of  the  suit 'led), 
«hai't»  lead.  Whoever  wins  the  trick  has  the  next 
W;  bat,  before  playini;,  each  player  draws  one 
^  from  tbe  stock,  the  winner  of  the  trick  drawing 


the  top  card,  the  other  player  the  card  next  it ;  by 
this  means  the  number  of  tne  cards  in  each  hand  is 
restored  to  eight,  as  at  first.  This  alternate  playing 
a  card  and  drawing  a  card  continues  till  all  the  stock, 
including  the  trump  card  (generally  exchanffed  tor 
the  seven),  which  is  taken  up  last,  is  exhausted.  The 
rules  of  play  then  are  as  hereinafter  prescribed.  The 
tricks  are  lett  face  upward  on  the  table  until  the  end 
of  the  hand  ;  they  have  no  value  except  for  the  aces 
and  tens  that  thev  contain. 

Dedaiingi — A  "declaration"  can  only  be  made  by 
a  player  immediately  alter  winning  a  trick,  and  be- 
fore drawing  a  card  from  the  stock.  The  declaration 
is  effected  by  placing  the  dediu^  cards  face  upward 
on  the  table,  where  tney  remain.  Though  left  on  the 
table,  they  still  tbrm  part  of  the  hand,  and  can  be 

Slaved  to  a  trick  just  the  same  as  if  they  had  not  been 
eclared.     Each  score  is  marked  at  toe  time  of  de- 
claring. 

Players  are  not  bound  to  declare  unless  they  like, 
although  they  may  win  a  trick  and  hold  scoring 
cards. 

A  card  can  not  be  played  to  a  trick  and  be  declared 
at  the  same  time. 

It  is  optional  to  declare  or  exchange  the  seven  of 
trumps  after  winnini;^  a  trick  with  some  other  card. 
When  declared  the  seven  need  not  be  shown  unless 
asked  for.  When  exchanged  the  seven  is  put  in  the 
place  of  the  turn-up  card,  and  the  turn-up  is  taken 
into  the  player's  hand.  The  card  taken  in  exchange 
for  the  seven  can  not  be  declared  until  the  player  ex- 
changing has  won  another  trick. 

Any  number  of  combinations  may  be  declared  to 
one  trick,  provided  the  same  card  is  not  used  twice 
over.  Thus,  a  player  having  declared  four  kings, 
and  holding  two  or  three  queens  matching  as  to  suit 
may,  ai\er  winning  another  trick,  marry  them  all  at 
the  same  time.  But,  if  a  player  holds  king  and  queen 
of  spades,  and  knave  of  diamonds,  he  must  not  put 
down  the  three  cards  to  score  marriage  and  b^que. 
He  must  first  score  one  combination,  say  b^zique ; 
then,  after  winning  another  trick,  he  may  place  tbe 
king  on  the  table  and  score  marriage. 

In  declaring  f^sh  combinations  one  or  more  cards 
of  the  f^sh  combination  must  proceed  from  the  i>art 
of  the  hand  held  up.  For  instance :  a  player  having 
sequence  in  trumps  should  first  declare  marriage  in 
trumps,  and  then,  having  won  another  trick,  he  can 
declare  the  sequence  by  adding  the  sequence  cards. 
If  he  incautiously  shows  the  sequence  first,  he  can 
not  afterward  score  marriage  of  the  king  and  queen 
on  the  table. 

The  same  card  can  be  declared  more  than  once, 
provided  the  combination  in  which  it  afterward  ap- 
pears is  of  a  different  class.  Thus :  suppose  spades 
are  trumps,  the  queen  of  spades  can  be  declared  in 
marria^  or  trumps,  in  sequence,  and  in  four  queens : 
but  a  kmg  or  queen  once  married  can  not  bo  married 
again,  nor  can  a  card  having  taken  part  in  a  set  ot 
four  tisike  part  in  another  ^et  of  four,  to  make  four 
aces,  kings,  (queens,  or  knaves ;  nor  can  one  b^zique 
card  be  substituted  for  another  to  form  a  second  sm- 
glc  b^zique. 

Table  of  Bniqiie  Ekxvesi — Each  seven  of  trumps,  de- 
clared or  exchanged,  counts  10 ;  king  and  queen^  of 
any  suit  (marriage),  when  declared,  count  20;  king 
and  queen  of  trumps  (royal  marriage),  when  de- 
clared, count  40;  queen  of  spades  and  knave  of 
diamonds  (called  b^zique),  when  declared,  count  40: 
queen  of  spades  and  knave  of  diamonds,  declared 
twice  in  one  deal  by  the  same  player  (called  double 
b^zique),  count  500. 

The  above  score  is  in  addition  to  the  forty,  if,  per- 
haps, already  scored  for  single  b^zique. 

In  order  to  entitle  to  double  b^zique,  all  four  cards 
must  be  on  the  table  at  the  same  time,  and  unplayed 
to  a  trick.  If  all  four  are  declared  together,  only 
600  can  be  scored,  and  not  540. 

Any  four  aces,  whether  duplicatea  or  not,  when 
declared,  count  100;  any  four  kings,  whether  dupli- 


90 


bSzique. 


cates  or  Dot,  when  declared,  count  80;  any  four 
queens,  whether  duplicates  or  not,  when  declared, 
count  60;  any  four  knaves,  whether  duplicates  or 
not,  when  declared,  count  40 ;  sequence  oi  best  five 
trumps,  when  declared,  counts  250.  The  best  five 
trumps  are  ace,  ten,  king,  queen,  and  knave.  If  a 
player  haii  already  decutred  a  royal  marriage  (40 
points)  he  can  subeequentlv  declare  a  trump  se- 
Quence  (260  points) :  but,  if  tne  sequence  be  declared 
nrst,  it  precludes  tne  subsequent  declaration  of  the 
royal  marriage  with  the  same  cards.  Each  ace  or 
ten  taken  or  saved  in  trick  counts  ten.  The  winner 
of  a  trick  containing  an  ace  or  ten  at  once  adds  ten  to 
his  score ;  if  the  tnck  consists  of  two  aces  or  tens,  or 
one  of  each,  he  adds  twenty. 

Sometimes  aces  and  tens  are  not  scored  till  the  end 
of  the  hand.  In  this  case,  each  time  an  ace  or  ten  is 
played  the  winner  of  the  trick  takes  up  the  cards  on 
the  table,  and  turns  them  face  downward  in  front  of 
himself;  and  when  all  the  cards  have  been  played, 
each  player  looks  through  his  cards  to  ascertain  now 
many  aces  and  tens  it  contains.  When  near  the  end 
of  the  game,  if  scoring  in  this  way,  it  occasionally 
happens  that  both  sides  can  score  out.  This  being 
BO,  some  players  deduct  the  number  of  aces  and  tens 
held  by  one  fVom  those  held  by  the  other,  and  only 
allow  the  majority  of  aces  and  tens  to  reckon.  Other 
players,  when  near  the  end,  count  the  aces  and  tens 
in  their  tricks  at  once  if  it  makes  them  out.  Thus : 
being  960,  and  having  four  aces  and  tens  in  the 
tricks,  the  player  would  at  once  call  game.    Others, 

r'n,  give  precedence  in  scoring  aces  and  tens  to  the 
.'er  who  wins  the  last  tricS.  But  the  best  and 
simplest  method  is  to  mark  each  ace  and  ten  as  the 
score  accrues,  not  only  at  the  end,  but  all  through  the 
game,  as !:«  done  in  the  case  of  omer  scores. 

The  winner  of  the  last  trick  counts  ten. 

The  Last  Eight  Tiioki.— The  last  two  cards  of  the 
stock  are  taken,  one  bv  each  player,  as  before,  the 
loser  of  the  last  trick  taking  the  turn-up  or  seven,  as 
the  case  may  be.  When  the  stock  is  exhausted  no 
further  declarations  can  be  made.  Then  all  cards  on 
the  table  that  have  been  escposed  in  declaring  are 
taken  up  by  the  player  to  whom  they  belong,  and  the 
play  of  the  last  eight  tricks  commences.  The  winner 
of  the  previous  trick  now  leads;  the  second  player 
must  follow  suit  if  he  can,  and  must  win  the  tnok  if 
he  can.  If  he  holds  a  trumpj  and  is  not  able  to  fol- 
low suit,  he  must  win  the  tnok  by  trumpinj^.  The 
winner  of  the  trick  leads  to  the  next.  The  tncks  are 
still  only  valuable  for  the  aces  and  tens  they  may 
contain. 

The  winner  of  the  last  trick  scores  ten  points. 

Mode  of  SoQiing. — A  numbered  dial  with  hand,  or  a 
b^zique-board  and  pegs,  or  counters,  may  be  used. 
The  last  plan  is  to  Imb  preferred.  Eleven  counters  are 
required  by  each  player,  one  marking  500.  four  each 
marking  100,  one  marking  50,  and  five  each  marking 
10.  The  counters  are  placed  to  the  left  of  the  player, 
and  when  used  to  score  are  transferred  to  his  right. 
This  system  of  marking  shows  at  a  glance  not  only 
how  many  each  player  nas  scored,  but,  bv  looking  to 
his  left,  how  many  he  is  playing  for.  This  is  often 
important  when  near  the  end  of  the  game. 

The  game  is  usually  played  1,000  up.  If  one 
player  scores  1 ,000  before  his  adversary  obtains  500, 
the  game  counts  double.  A  partie  is  the  best  three 
games  out  of  five,  reckoning  a  double  as  two  games. 

Hinti  to  Be^ixmari.-— The  first  difficulty  in  playing 
to  the  tricks  is  to  decide  what  cards  to  throw  away 
and  what  cards  to  retain,  so  as  to  do  the  least  harm 
to  your  chance  of  scoring. 

1.  It  is,  if  anything,  disadvantageous  to  get  the 
lead  unless  you  nave  something  to  declare.  There- 
fore, when  a  card  (not  an  ace  or  a  ten)  is  led,  do  not 
take  it.  but  throw  away  a  losing  card.    (See  5  and  12.) 

2.  Tne  cards  that  can  be  spared  without  loss  are 
sevens,  eights,  and  nines,  as  they  form  no  part  of  any 
of  the  soori ng  combinations.     ( 6ut  see  7 . ) 

8.  After  these,  the  least  injurious  cards  to  part  with 


are  knaves  (except  the  b^que  knavB  and  tl 
of  trumps). 

4.  It  IS  oetter,  when  in  difficulties,  to  lead 
an  ace,  as  a  rule,  than  a  king  or  queen,  thoi: 
are  many  exceptions.  Aces  count  a  hundn 
only  eighty,  and  queens  only  sixty;  but  k 

Sueens  can  marrv  and  aces  can  not.  And,  i 
'  you  play  for  lour  aces,  you  have  to  sacrii 
other  comoination,  and  having  shown  four  i 
are  pretty  sure  to  lose  some  of  them  in  th 
Remember  that  evcij  ace  or  ten  lost  to  you 
difference  of  twenty  m  the  score. 

5.  It  is  seldom  advisable  to  go  for  four  ae 
you  happen  to  hold  three,  and  are  in  no  d 
Kather  make  tricks  with  the  aces  when  op] 
offers. 

6.  If  driven  to  lead  an  ace  or  a  ten.  and  yoi 
sary  does  not  take  the  trick,  it  is  often  gooi 
lead  another  next  time. 

7.  Do  not  part  with  small  trumps  if  it  can  b 
The  seven,  eight,  and  nine  of  trumps  shouk 
to  trump  aces  or  tens  led.  If  possible  keep  < 
trump  in  hand  to  get  the  lead  with  when  yoi 
declare. 

8.  Do  not  part  with  trump  se<^uence  cardi 
if  you  have  a  duplicate  card  of  the  trump 
you  should  not  play  it  until  near  the  end  or  t 
as  playing  it  shows  your  opponent  that  yo 
duplicate.  This  frees  his  hand,  as  he  need  i 
keep  sequence  cards.  Armed  with  this  kn 
he  will  trump  every  ace  and  ten  you  sube 
lead. 

9.  Until  near  the  end  of  the  hand,  do  not 
b^que  cards,  even  after  declaring  b^ziquc 
doing  you  give  up  all  chance  of  double  b^i 
score  for  which  is  very  hi|?h.  Having  decl 
zique,  and  holding  or  arawing  another  b^zii 
sacrifice  every thin£r,  even  sequence  cards  if  n 
for  the  chance  of  double  b^zique. 

10.  Having  a  choice  between  playing  a 
scoring  card  from  your  hand,  or  a  smaUtru 
your  hand,  or  a  card  that  you  have  declai 
rule  play  tne  declared  card,  so  as  not  to  exf 
hand. 

11.  Avoid  showing  your  adversary,  by  "9 
declare,  that  he  can  not  make  the  trump  seq 
double  b^que.    By  keeping  him  in  the  c 
hamper  his  game,  and  as  a  likely  conseque 
save  some  of  your  tens  or  aces  from  being 
him.    For  example,  (hearts  being  trumps) 
early  in  the  hand  you  hold  four  queens, 
queens  of  hearts  and  two  queens  of  spade 
much  better  to  sacrifice,  or,  at  all  events,  to 
scoring,  sixty,  and  not  to  declare  these,  thj 
your  adversary  know  that  he  con  not  make 
or  b^zique.    (Compare  8.) 

12.  Whenever  your  adversary  leads  a  card 
ace)  of  a  suit  of  which  you  hold  the  ten, 
trick  with  the  ten.     Tnis  rule  does  not 
trumps,  a^  in  that  suit  you  require  the  ten 
part  ofyour  sequence. 

18.  When  there  are  only  two  cards  left  in  i. 
win  the  trick  if  possible.  It  is  the  last  c 
declare,  and  it  also  prevents  your  adverse 
declaring  anything  more  that  hand. 

14.  Toward  the  end  of  the  hand  run  your 
the  cards  your  adversary  has  on  the  table, 
accordingly.  For  example:  suppose  vour  < 
has  an  ace  on  the  table,  and  you  hoia  a  car 
suit,  throw  away  that  card  tliat  you  may  b< 
trump  the  ace  in  the  play  of  the  last  eight  tri* 

15.  In  playing  the  last  eight  tricks  your  on 
should  be  to  save  your  aces  or  tens  and  to  v 
of  the  adversary. 

16.  It  b  of  more  importance  to  win  aces  and  \ 
at  first  sight  appears.  It  is  very  captivating 
fice  a  number  of  small  scores  for  the  chance  o 
ing  a  large  one^  and  very  ai^eeable  when  si 
succeeds.  But  it  is  the  practice  of  experience< 
to  make  sure  of  a  number  of  amall  scorea.    '. 


BfiZIQUE.  91 

•jer  who  babituaUy  wins  the  most  aoes  and  nation  with  it.    If  all  the  players  follow  to  a  lead  out 

oome  off  winner  in  the  lonff  mn.  of  turn  there  is  no  penalty,  and  the  error  can  not  be 

deavor  to  remember  in  what  suits  the  aces  rectified. 

have   been  played ;  and,  in  leading  small  14.  The  cards  played  must  not  be  searched. 

MMe  those  smts  of  which  the  most  aces  and  15.  If  a  player  revokes  in  the  last  eight  tricks,  or 

at.     B^  this  means  you  diminish  your  oppo-  does  not  wm  the  card  led,  ii'  able,  all  aoes  and  tens  in 

mce  of  making  aces  and  tens.  the  last  eight  tricks  are  scored  by  the  adversary, 

lilarly^   after  your  adversary  has  declared  16.  An  erroneous  score,  if  proved,  may  be  correot- 

d  leaciing  cards  which  he  can  win  with  those  ed  at  any  time  during  the  nand.    An  omission  to 

score,  if  proved,  can  be  rectified  at  any  time  during 

lin,  in  discarding  small  cards,  retain  those  the  hand. 

t  least  likely  to  be  taken  by  aces  and  tens.  TriplSf    or   Thzee-Haoded   B^nSi — When    playing 

carefully  watching  your  adversary's  play  three-handed  b^zique,  three  pacKs  are  employed,  and 

Qdcne  to  a  great  extent  what  cards  he  has  in  all  play  against  each  other,  as  in  three-nanded  eu- 

i  wnat  combinations  he  is  going  for.    Thus :  chre. 

ires  a  marriage,  and  discards  the  king,  but  The  dealer  deals  to  his  left,  and  the  eldest  hand 

e  queen,  he  is  probably  going  for  queens ;  has  the  lead.     The  players  deal  in  rotation. 

WB  anotner  marriage,  and  discards  another  I'riple  b^zique  counts  1,500,  and  all  the  cards  of 

inference  is  stren^hened.    With  attention  triple  b^zique  must  be  on  the  table  at  the  same  time, 

ience  it  is  surpri'ting  how  much  may  be  in-  The  game  is  usually  2,000  up. 

to  your  adversary's  game,  and  your  own  line  In  playing  the  last  eight  tricks,  the  third  hand,  if 

thereby  materially  directed.  unable  to  follow  suit,  nor  to  win  tne  trick  by  trump- 

id  P^Tiatow  of  Boiqiiet — ^1.  The  highest  deals,  ing,  may  play  any  card  he  pleases. 

^  the  cards  rank  as  in  playing.  In  otiier  respects,  the  method  of  playing  is  the 

players    deal  alternately  throughout   the  same  as  in  the  two-handed  game. 

Fonr-Haoded  B^idqaei — When  playing  four-handed 

le  dealer  giyes  his  adversary  or  himself  too  b^nque,  four  packs  of  cards  are  employed.     The 

,  the  nuniDer  must  be  completed  from  the  players  may  all  play  against  each  other,  or  with  part- 

rhe   non-dealer,  not  having  looked  at  his  nere.    When  playing  with  partners,  the  partners  are 

y,  if  he  prefers  it,  have  a  fresh  deal.    (See  cut  for,  two  highest  against  two  lowest^  and  sit  oppo- 

8.^  site  to  each  other,  as  when  playing  whist, 

le  oeaier  gives  his  adversary  too  many  cards,  Triple  b^zique  counts  1.500,  and  all  the  cards  of 

T  having  too  many  must  not  draw  until  his  triple  b^zique  must  be  on  tne  table  at  the  same  time. 

s  reduced  to  seven.    If  the  dealer  gives  him-  but  the  b^ziques  may  be  declared  from  the  hand  of 

lany  cards,  the  non-dealer  may  draw  the  sur-  either  partner.    A  player  may  declare  when  he  or 

5,  and  add  them  to  the  stock.    But  if  the  his  partner  takes  a  trick.    In  playinf^  the  last  ei^ht 

aving  too  many  cards,  looks  at  his  hand,  he  tricKs,  the  winner  of  the  previous  trick  plays  with 

k>  Bme  9.  his  left-hand  opponent ,  these  two  play  their  cards 

.  card  la  cx{>osed  in  dealing,  the  adversary  against  each  other,  and  score  the  aces  and  tens,  and 

option  of  a  fresh  deal.  then  the  other  two  similarly  play  their  cards.    The 

player  draws  out  of  his  turn,  and  the  adver-  game  is  usually  2,000.    One  player  scores  for  him- 

owB  the  draw,  there  b  no  penalty.    If  the  self  and  partner. 

y  dLtoovers  the  error  before  drawin/yp  he  may  Bddffne  Panaohei — In  the  game  so  called,  the  four 

Qty  to  his  score,  or  deduct  twenty  from  that  aces,  four  kings,  four  queens,  four  knaves,  must  be, 

her  player.  in  order  to  count,  composed  of  spades,  diamonds, 

he  first  player,  when  drawing,  lifts  two  cards  hearts  and  clubs ;  thus  an  eighty  ot  kings,  composed 

of  one,  the  adversary  may  have  them  both  ot  two  kings  of  spades,  one  of  hearts,  and  one  of  dia- 

bce  upward,  and  then  choose  which  he  will  monds,  does  not  form  a  combination :  and,  in  like 

If  the  second  plaver  lifts  two  cards,  the  adver-  manner  with  queens  and  knaves.    This  game  ought 

s  a  right  to  see  tne  one  improperly  lifted,  and  to  be  the  obtiect  of  special  agreement. 

Kxt  draw  the  two  cards  are  turned  face  up-  B^dqiie  withoat  a  Tmrnpi — This  is  played  as  the  or- 

tnd  the  player  not  in  &ult  may  choose  which  dinary  eame.  except  that  no  card  is  turned  to  make  a 

take.  trump,  out  tne  trump  is  decided  by  the  first  marriage 

spkyer  plays  with  seven  cards  in  his  hand,  which  is  declared.    For  example:  you  or  vour  sd- 

renaiy  may  add  twenty  to  his  own  score,  or  versary  declare  a  marriage  in  clubs,  then  clubs  be- 

trenty  ftom  that  of  the  other  player.     On  oome  trumps,  and  so  on  with  the  other  suits. 

ery  of  the  error,  the  player  with  a  card  short  The  five  nighest  trumps,  orscore  of  250,  can  not  be 

lie  two  cards  at  his  next  draw  instead  of  one.  declared  until  after  the  first  marriage  has  been  de- 

'both  players  draw  a  second  time  before  plav-  clared.    The  seven  of  trumps  in  this  game  does  not 

oe  is  no  penalty.    Each  must  play  twice  with-  count    ten   points.    The  b^ziques,  four  kings,  four 

iwing.    But,  if  at  any  time  dunng  the  play  of  oueens,  eto.^  are  counted  the  same  as  in  b^zique  when 

Dd  one  player  discovers  the  other  to  have  nine  tne  trump  is  turned,  and  can  be  declared  before  the 

luaaelr  holding  but  eight,  he  may  add  200  to  trump  is  deteraiined.    It  is  the  same  with  the  other 

B  aoore,  or  deduct  200  from  that  of  the  other  cards  which  form  combinations  ;  their  value  remains 

The  pbyer  having  nine  cards  must  play  to  the  same  as  in  the  ordinary  game  of  b^zique. 

tt  trid[  without  drawing.  PdUah  Bedqne  (sometimes  called  *^  Open  B^zique," 

fa  player  at  two-handed  b^zique  shows  a  card  or   ^^  FildnisKi'')  difiers  in   man}r  particulars   from 

table  m  error,  there  is  no  penalty,  as  he  can  the  ordinary  game.   When  a  scoring  card  is  played, 

flfibly  derive  any  benefit  trom.  exposing  his  the  winner  of  the  trick  places  its  face  upward  before 

him  (the  same  rule  applies  in  the  case  of  two  scor- 


»rth  it.  placed  overlapping  one  another  lengthwise,  from  the 

fa  player  at  two-handed  b^que  leads  out  of  playertowara  his  opposite,  to  economize  space.   When 

ba«  is  no  penalty.    If  the  adversary  follows,  a  scoring  card  is  placed  omon^  the  open  cards,  all  the 

or  can  not  be  rectified.  sevens,  eights,  nines,  and  plain  suit  tens  in  the  tricks 

if  a  player  at  three  or  four  handed  b^zique  are  tumea  down.    Open  cards  can  not  be  played  a 

^  oftum,  he  must  leave  the  exposed  card  on  second  time,  and   can  only  be  used  in  declaring. 

^  and  he  can  not  declare  anything  in  oombi-  Whether  so  used  or  not  they  remain  face  upward  on 


92                         BfiZIQUE.  BIBLE  SOCIETIES. 

the  table  UDtil  the  end  of  the  hand  iDcludlDg  the  last  maj  b^ziaue,  except  that  four  packs  are  shuffled  t* 

ei^ht  tricks.     A  player  can  declare  after  winning  a  getncr  ana  used  as  one,  and  nine  cards  are  dealt  i 

trick  and  before  drawing  again  when  the  trick  won  the  p>layer8,  three  at  a  time  to  each.    When  acombiiu 

contains  one  or  more  cards  which,  added  to  his  open  tion  is  declared  and  one  of  the  cards  composing  it 

cards,  complete  an^  combination  that  scores.    Every  played  away,  another  declaration  may  be  complete 

declaration  must  mclude  a  card   played  to  the  last  (after  winnms  a  trick)  with  the  same  cards.    For  ii 

trick  won.    Aces  and  tens  must  be  scored  as  soon  as  stance,  C  declares  four  aces,  and  uses  one  to  win 

won,  and  not  at  the  end  of  the  hand.    The  seven  of  trick,  or  throws  one  away.     He  has  a  fifth  ace  in  fa 

trumps  can  be  exchanged  by  the  winner  of  the  trick  hand^  and  wins  a  trick ;  he  can  add  to  it  the  three  r 

containing  it ;  and  if  tne  turn-up  card  is  one  that  can  raainmg  declared  aces  and  score  four  aoes  again,  ac 

bo  used  in  declaring,  it  becomes  an  open  card  when  so  on.      Marriages  can  be  declared  over  and  ov> 

ex(;hanged.    The    seven    of  trumps,  when    not  ex-  again :  thus  king  and  queen  of  hearts  are  declare* 

changed,  is  scored  for  by  the  player  winning  the  trick  and  tne  player  draws  another  king  of  heuts.    £ 

containing  it.  plays  the  declared  king  and  wins  the  trick.    He  ct 

"  Compound   declarations  '^   are   allowed,  that  is,  then  marry  the  queen  a^ain.    This  is  sometimes  oa 

cards  added  to  the  open  cards  can  be  used  at  once  jected  to,  on  the  grouna  of  alleged  bigamy,  but  if  pa 

(without  waiting  to  win  another  trick),  in  as  many  mitted  only  after  the  declared  King  is  played— thats 

combinations  of  different  classes  as  they  will   form  to  say,  removed  from  the  sphere  of  active  life — I 

with  the  winner's  open  cards.    Thus,  suppose  A  has  queen  may  properly  be'  regarded  as  a  widow,  free 

three  open  kings  ana  wins  a  trick  containing  a  king ;  marry  again. 

before  drawing  a^in  he  places  the  fourth  king  with  B^zi^ue  follows  the  same  rule,  if,  for  instances 

the  other  three  and  scores  80  for  kings.    This  is  a  knave  is  plaved  away,  another  knave  makes  anothi 

simple  declaration.    But  if  the  card  led  was  the  open  bezique,  ana  so  with  double  and  triple  bdsique,  if  ■ 

queen  of  trumps  and  A  won  it  with  the  king,  and  he  former  declared  cards. which  remain  unplayed  can 

has  the  following  named  open  cards :    three  kings  matched  from  cards  in  hand  to  make  the  requia 

three  queens,  and  ace,  ten,  and  knave  of  trumps,  he  combinations.    Sequence  can  be  declared  over  as 

at  once  declares  royal  marriage  (40) ;  four  kings  (80) ;  over  again,  and  compoimd  declarations  made  amoi 

four  queens  (60) ;  and  sequence  (250),  and  he  scores  the  declared  cards  are  now  generally  allowed.    TI 

altogether  i30.  sevens  of  trumps  do  not  count,  nor  does  the  last  tria 

Or.  if  ace  of  spades  is  turned  up,  and  ace  of  hearts  unless  by  special  agreement  among  the  players   TI 

is  lea,  the  second  plaver  has  two  open  aces  and  wins  game  is  8,000  up.    The  points  for  ue  plaj[ers  to  ain= 

the  ace  of  hearts  witn  the  seven  of  trumps,  and  ex-  are  to  declare  lour  aces  or  sequence,  which  can  i\m 

changes.    He  scores  10  for  the  exchange,  10  for  the  be  declared  over  and  over  again,  if  fVesh  aces  or 

ace  of  hearts,  10  for  the  ace  of  spades,  adds  the  aoes  quenco  cards  are  taken  into  the  hand  (the  duplioe 

to  his  open  cards,  and  scores  100  for  aces — 180  in  all.  sequence  cards  being  first  played  away).    With  B 

If  a  declaration  or  part  of  a  declaration  is  omitted,  probability  of  sequence,  everything  else,  includi 

and  the  winner  of  the  trick  draws  again,  he  can  not  even  aces  or  chance  of  doulne  bezique,  should 

amend  his  score.  sacrificed. 

A  second  declaration  can  not  be  made  of  a  card  al-  „-_,_  _  oAttmwn^wxa      «     .j            rrv               ^ 

ready  declared  in  the  same  class.    For  instance,  a  *1I»L«*  SUtlETlES.     MMtnoau — Ine   seveni 

Sueen  once  married  can  not  be  married  again,  and  a  second  aDDual  meeting  of  the  AmerioaD  Bi^ 

fth  king  added  to  four  already  declared,  does  not  Society    was  held   May  10.     The   Hon.  E. 

entitle  to  pother  score  for  kings.  Fancher  presided.     The  cash   receipts  of  « 

It  must  be  kept  in  mind  that  no  declaration  can  be  g^^ietv  for  the  vear  for  ffenfirAl  nnrnosM  Ym 

effected  by  means  of  cards  in  hand.     Thus  B,  having  f"*'*®''^  J?I  \  ®  ^.       l^J.  JB^"®'^*^  purpose^  m 

three  open  queens  and  a  queen  in  hand,  can  not  add  been   |557,840,   m  addition    to  which   $4,9 

his  open  cards  to  his  hand.    He  must  win  another  had  been  received  to  be  permanently  inTest** 

trick  containing  a  queen  wh^  he  can  decUre  queens.  The  cash  disbursements  for  general  pnrpoa 

.  Declarations  continue  durmg  the  nlay  of  the  kst  ^^^  ^ieen  $506,453.   The  funds  held  in  trusty 

eight  tncks  exactly  as  dunng  the  play  of  the  other  v.  •'«'="  v^^t^"*    *  iv*»i*vio  nc^ivi  lu  uiuou^ 

cards.                                  o        r  j  which  only  the  income  is  available,  amoun^i 

The  game  is  2,000  up.     It  is  desirable  after  each  to  $347,721,  and  had  yielded  during  the  y^ 

deal  to  shuffle  thoroughlv;  othcrwi^je,  a  number  of  $18,662.    The  investments  for  general  purp(^ 

small  cards  will  run  together  in  the  stoc^  amounted  to  $204,661,  and   had  returned 

from  the  interest  of  the  game.     It  is  also  well  to  fol-  ;„«^^^  ^p  Am  oqo      iJ^^.^  ♦!»«»,   «-^^  k»n^M 

low  the  rules  for  ordinary  bezique  respecting  changes  income  of  $10,282.     More  than  two  hund* 

of  cards ;  otherwise,  the  scores  of  one  may  run  very  volumes  had   been  added  to  the  ubrary,  t- 

high  and  the  other  very  low,  thus  impainng  the  in-  thirds  of  the  number  being  copies  of  the  Scri- 

terest  of  the  ^me.    The  leadf  is  even  more  disadvan-  ures  in  various  languages,  some  of  them  rep» 

tageous  than  m  common  Wzique.    It  is  importeiit  not  genting  work  done  in  ancient  times.     Progi- 

to  lead  anythmg  that  can  be  won  by  ordinary  bezique  *'^"''*"»      ^  ^         T       «"v<t«ui,  vtuj^,     x  •  vj^. 

cards.    It  is  oflen  desirable  to  win  with  a  high  card,  ^as  reported  on  translations  of  the  Scnptit 

though  able  to  win  with  a  low  one ;  thus,  having  king  into  Spanish,  Modern  Syriac,  popular  Japans 

and  nine  of  a  suit  of  which  the  ei^ht  is  led^  if  you  and  Telugu.     Preparatory  to  printing  an  & 

win  the  trick  you  should  take  it  with  the  king.    It  tion  in   ancient  Armenian,   a  committee 

tr t^^r,rro^nV  b^^enr^cX^^^^^^  scholars  in  Constantinople  h^d  been  invit^ 

in  the  game  is  to  decide  whether  to  win  tricks  with  give  counsel  m  respect  to  doubtful   readiij 

sequence  cards,  on  the  chance  of  eventually  scoring  The  Muskokee  version  was  under  examinatS 

sequence,  or  to  reserve  trumps  for  the  last  eight  tricks,  with  reference  to  corrections  for  a  new  editi- 

K  !i?J!Jl?v"'  i^®  ^^"^  ^  well  advanced,  and  you  are  Translations  into  the  Indian  languages  of  Mes 

badly  off  for  trumps,  win  tncks  with  sequence  cards,  j     •     j    u  ^         n        ^  iT*      :i  ^  \^ 

and  especially  if  you  have  duplicate  Sequence  cards  ^^  ^ere  desired,  but  could  not  be  undertal^ 

make  them  both.    If  badly  off^in  trumps  toward  the  for  the  want  of  a  competent  translator.     Pr^ 

end  of  the  hand,  and  your  adversary  mav  win  double  ress  had  been  made  with  the  version  for  0 

bezique,  keep  in  hand  an  ace  or  ten  of  the  b^zioue  Laos  people.     The  question   of  a  version  i^ 

suits,  since  when  it  comes  to  the  last  eight  tncks,  ^.u^  <v«o«.  w«,iH  r^fcvCiw^^  «,««  n»^».  «.i..:«^».»^ 

whe^  suit  must  be  followed,  you  may  prevent  the  ^?®  ®.*»^  W^°"^^^^-,^°*  was  under  ad viseme.* 

score  of  double  bezique.  Versions  in  other  Chinese  dialects   were  t: 

Grand  or  QUneie  Biudqae.— This  is  played  like  ordi-  dergoing  revision.   The  whole  number  of  issitf 


BOATS,  COLLAPSABLE. 


93 


I 


during  the  year  at  home  and  Id  foreign  coan- 
tries  bad  been  1«504,647  copies.     In  the  mis- 
sionarr  and  benevolent  work  of  the  society, 
387  Bible  distributors  were  employed  in  foreign 
landSf  and  126  colporteurs  in  the  United  States. 
Tbe  general  re-sapply  of  the  United  States, 
which  had  been  in  progress  for  six  years,  was 
DOW  drawing  to  a  close.  So  far,  it  had  resulted 
ID  the  Tiffltation  of  5,001,844  families,  607,009 
c^  whom  were  found  without  the  Scriptures ; 
asd  the  supply  of  427,346  families  and  243,764 
iodiTidoais  in  addition.     Amendments  to  the 
diAiter  of  the  society  had  been  procured,  en- 
larging it8  powers  to  take  and  hold  real  estate 
by  bequest  or  devise,  which   had   previously 
been  timited  bj  tbe  condition  that  the  property 
be  ah'enated  within  three  years ;  and  giving  it 
authority  to  receive  gifts  and  bequests  in  trust. 

Mtt  ad  Fareigi.— The  annual  meeting  of 
tbe  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  was  held 
m  London,  May  2.  Lord  Harrow  by  presided. 
Hie  gross  income  of  the  society  for  the  year 
hid  been  £250,882,  and  the  expenditure  £224,- 
823.  As  more  than  £100,000,  however,  of  the 
total  income  was  merely  the  price  paid  for  the 
books  sold,  the  net  income  had  really  been 
only  £147,000.  The  whole  number  of  Bibles 
lod  parts  thereof  issued  had  been  4,206,032, 
or  273,354  more  than  in  the  previous  year. 
The  money  received  was  spent  on  foreign  agen- 
eies,  on  auxiliaries  abroad,  and  on  kindred 
fodeties.  The  agents  had  charge  of  the  de- 
pots, superintended  the  colporteurs,  watched 
tbe  passing  through  the  press  of  the  Bibles  in 
the  native  languages  of  foreign  countries,  and 
»ld  the  Scriptures — all  with  the  object  of  pro- 
■odng  as  far  as  possible  the  putting  of  the 
Kbie  into  every  man^s  hand.  Speakers  at  the 
laQlTersary  dwelt  npon  the  benefits  realized 
is  missionary  lands  from  furnishing  converts 
vith  tbe  Scriptures  in  their  own  tongues. 

mis,  COIXAPSABLE.  Scientifically  con- 
tracted boats  capable  of  being  folded  or  col- 
l^M  into  comparatively  small  space  are  a 
Bodem  invention.  If  we  ignore  the  rude  bar- 
Wic  contrivances  made  of  the  inflated  skin  of 
•wmalsand  which  were  merely  rafts  or  floats,  it 
ffiij  fairly  be  said  the  existing  type  of  folding 
^  caine  into  being  without  passing  through 
^  Qsnal  protracted  stages  of  development. 
JW  inventor  is  the  Rev.  E.  L.  Berthon,  an 
t^h  clergyman,  and  to  him  belongs  the 
wdit  of  having  first  conceived,  and  subse- 
!»eiitly  worked  out  the  problem. 

In  Jane,  1849,  the  "  Orion,"  a  favorite  pas- 
"s^er-ste^raer  plying  between  Liverpool  and 
^^aspow,  ran  upon  a  sunken  rock  off  Port  Pat- 
^  within  two  or  three  hundred  yards  of  the 
*we.  The  accident  was  the  result  of  inexcus- 
^  carelessness,  as  the  weather  was  clear  and 
«*  sea  calm.  The  ship  hung  for  a  few  minutes 
^^  the  rock,  and  then  slid  off  into  deep  wa- 
^-  miking  at  once  and  carrying  with  her  about 
^^ persons  of  whom  150  were  drowned.  Only 
^  of  her  boats  was  safely  launched,  and  that 
*»aptared  by  the  sailors  and  firemen.    The 


others  were  swamped  by  the  rush  of  terrified 
passengers.  Among  the  saved  was  a  clergy- 
man, a  friend  of  Mr.  Berthon,  who  wrote  and 
published  an  account  of  his  experiences.  Know- 
ing Mr.  Berthon  as  a  good  draughtsman,  he 
asked  him  to  prepare  some  illustrations  for  the 
book,  and  while  making  the  drawings  the  idea 
of  a  collapsable  boat  came  into  his  mind. 

Then  followed  the  usual  difficulties  that  be- 
set inventors.  For  a  quarter  of  a  century  he 
fought  the  battle  single-handed.  In  his  own 
words:  *^ Nothing  but  faith  and  confidence  in 
the  invention  which  a  higher  power  put  into 
my  mind,  and  a  sense  of  certainty  that  some 
day  it  would  prevail,  carried  me  through.  And 
now  I  am  thankful  to  say  that  these  boats 
are  to  be  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 
They  have  been  adopted  by  the  Admiralty  and 
by  the  India  Board,  and  though,  as  hitherto, 
ship-owners  stand  off  as  being  free  from  all  re- 
sponsibility with  regard  to  the  lives  of  their 
crews  and  passengers  so  long  as  they  act  up  to 
a  most  defective  law,  I  may  confidently  assert 
that  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  this  sys- 
tem of  supplementary  boats  will  be  general." 

The  inventor's  description  of  the  boat  is  as 
follows :  ^^  Imagine  a  long  melon  cut  into  thin 

slices"  (evidently  the  rind 
alone  is  meant),  *^  their  shape 
will  be  more  or  less  lenticu- 
lar. Now  suppose  these  to 
be  jointed  together  at  each 


Fio.  1.— Berthon  FoLDnfo-BoAT, 
Midship  Sections. 

1,  Boat  collapsed  against  bulwarks. 
2,  Same  boat  expanded  automat- 
ically, on  letting  go  the  gripes, 
showing  arrangement  of  thwarts, 
bottom  boards,  and  gunwale  struts. 
a  a,  Strong  canvas  cover,  protect- 
ing the  boat  when  collapsed  against 
the  bulwarks,  a  5,  Cnainwale  of 
wood,  to  which  cover  is  attached. 

Tbe  shaded  spaces  are  eight  air-cells 
between  the  skins,  all  separate  and 
water-tight. 


end  so  as  to  lie  flat  side  by  side,  like  the 
leaves  of  a  shut  book,  or  to  take  any  other 
positions  radiating  from  a  central  line.  Now  if 
a  certain  number  of  such  segments,  properly 
placed  at  certain  distances,  are  connected  to- 
gether by  some  flexible  material  on  their  outer 
edges,  and  made  water-tight,  the  structure  be- 


94 


BOATS,  COLLAPSABLE. 


comei  a  boat,  bat  having  aa  ;et  only  ooe  skio, 
it  wonld  11DI7  float  so  long  as  that  ekin  is  Dot 
pierced.  Bat  noir  let  na  suppose  another  skin 
to  be  applied  to  the  inner  edges  of  these  len- 
ticular segiiieots  and  made  water-tight,  not 
moreij  is  there  a  boat  within  a  boat,  bat  the 
spaces  between  the  segments,  being  all  sepa- 
rate snd  distinct,  an  iiqurj  to  one  does  not 
affect  the  rest." 

In  fact  the  strnctnre  forms  a  trne  life-boat 
amply  provided  with  water-tight  compart- 
ments, and  capable  of  enjthing  that  an  ordi- 
nary boat  can  do.escept  that  iu  canvas  skin  is 
more  osmIj  pierced  tlian  the  wood  or  iron  of 
which  boaiB  are  usually  coostracted.  So  long 
aa  the  Berthon  boat  Is  properly  handled  and 
kept  in  open  water,  she  is 
IS  safe  as  any  other  boat  of 


len  ticalar  segments  heretoforedesoribed) 
are  hinged  to  the  stem  and  stem  poets. 
collapsed  these  timbers  lall  down  on  eitlx 
of  the  keelson  in  vertical  anil  parallel ; 
and  when  opened  they  assnme  sucli  po 
as  to  form  the  skeleton  of  the  boat,  eitt 
the  two  canvas  skins  as  described. 

Experiments  were  at  first  made  with 
rubber,  but  while  it  served  admirably 
new  it  was  found  that  it  would  not 
exposure  to  changes  of  climate,  ani 
failure  led  the  British  Admiralty  to  cot 
the  boat  as  a  failure.  Years  elapsed 
they  could  be  Induced  to  reconsider 
availability  when  covered  with  canvas, 
canvas  as  now  prepared  is  satarated 
boiled  oil  and  litQarge,  and 


,— BlHTHOH  FOUIIHO-BOAT.      SHZm  PLUt. 


folded  boat.    One  very  important  feature  of 

these  boats  is  that  they  open  themselves  au- 
tomatically as  sooD  ss  the  weight  comes  on 
the  falls.  There  is  therefore  nothing  to  be 
done  bat  to  swing  the  boat  clear  of  the  chain- 
wale  and  lower  away.  Of  cuurse  the  same 
difficulties  in  taking  the  water  are  present  as 
in  the  case  of  ordinary  boats. 

The  materials  used  in  construction  are  mainly 
wood  and  canvas.  The  longitudiual  timbers 
are  preferably  strips  of  American  elm,  !iteBmed 
and  bent  In  a  mold,  and  riveted  together  with 
copper.  The  stem  And  stem  posts  are  attached 
to  the  keelson,  and  on  each  «de  are  four  Jongi- 
tudinally  cnrved  timbers  (AAA,  Fig.  1)  (the 


In  practical  service  these  boats  collaiM 
about  one  fifth  of  the  space  oconpied 
ordinary  boat.  They  may  be  laid  one  0 
of  another,  stowed  below  decks,  or,  wh 
by  far  the  best  plan,  lasheil  along  outsii 
bulwarks  as  shown  in  Fig.  9.  Itissaic 
the  frames  are  strong  enough  to  snstai 
full  complement  of  pas^iengers  at  the  t 
but  lowering  a  crowded  boat  into  the  wi 
extremely  ilangerous  and,  as  with  all  bo 
is  best  to  allow  the  craw  only  on  board. 

The  Berthon  boats  are  buiit  of  all 
from  the  light,  single-hsnded  canoe, 
folded  and  carried  under  the  ann,  to  the 
life-boat,  40  feet  long  by  18^  feet  beam. 


BOATS,  COLLAPSABLE. 


96 


of  this  Utter  size  are  in  use  In  the  British  dsvj. 
Tb«j  weigh  aboat  hftj-five  handred  pounds, 
utd  roUapse  to  2^  feet.  A  wooden  boat  of 
like  dimensions   weighs  more  than  twice  as 


Fta.  a.— DouoLAU  Toumre-Bius. 

BMh.  Such  a  boat  will  oarr;  eight  horses, 
ud  a  tteavj  field-gan  with  its  ganners,  besides 
ibe  regalar  crew  of  oarsmen.  The  boat  is 
b«cbtd,  broadside  on,  and  odb  of  her  gnn- 
filw  is  lowered  till  it  is  nearlj  on  a  level  with 
die  buttom -boards.  Then  the  horses  are  led  oS 
•Tihoni  difficulty,  as  they  are  generall]'  very 
tlid  to  step  or  jump  over  the  gunwale  for  the 
<ite  of  E^ttiDg  on  shore.  Of  coarse,  with 
orb  t  freight  bb  here  specified,  extra  floor- 
Mtdi  ire  necessary  to  guard  against  restive 

The  importance  of  such  boats  for  military 
ud  uvsl  pnrposee,  and  for  hnnting  and  ei- 
^unog  eipeditions.  is  self  evidpnt,  but  of  far 
Ma  consequence  is  their  use  for  life-saviDg 
botrd  our  great  passenger- steamers,  as  well 
00  the  huge  troop-ships  used  by  European 
f^tn.  These  veaaels  often  carry  nearly  or 
fBtt  two  thoosand  sonls,  and  their  fall  i!Om- 
fineDt  of  non-collapMble  boats  is  capable  of 
<sTiiii;  only  uboot  six  hundred,  even  under 
1^  noet  favorable  oircnm stances.  With  the 
Rtn  ptssenger-steamers  the  case  is  hardly  any 
^er.  They  all  of  them  carry  more  of  the 
t^kirj  type  of  boat  than  they  are  by  law  re- 
VOTd  to  csrry,  bat  the  ^npplj  is  far  short  of 
lI'iiFCesmtr,  and  lack  of  mom  prohibits  the 
<nui»nstion  of  more  boats.  tVobabl;  it  is 
w&irtble  that  the  nse  of  ordinary  boats  by 
''•tk  tither  of  the  merchant  service  or  of  the 
MTjjhnnld  be  altogether  abandoned.  A  fair 
^•pljiboold  always  be  at  hand,  Unt  a  supple- 
^WtTT  snpply  of  collapsable  boats  is  a  neeea- 
^.  aad  shnuld  be  required  by  law,  now  that 
'^  practical  ntility  has  been  proved.  It  is 
^^ftorrto  notice  that  the  great  transatlan- 
**eim»hip  lines  have  anticipated  legislative 
'^  in  this  reopect,  and  all  the  beat  shipa 
*^'Maipped  with  collapsable  boats.  The 
*J*(  New  York,"  the  lateat  accession  to 


the  transatlantic  passenger  fleet,  baa  thirty 
large  boats,  capable  of  carrying  every  soul  on 
board  under  ordinary  oonditiuns.  ISizteen  of 
these  are  non-collapsable,  ten  are  "  Chambera'e 
patent  unsinlcable,  semi-collapsable  boats,"  and 
foor  are  Berthon  boats. 

The  Ohambera  hoata  mentiiined  are  shallow 
boats  fitted  with  washboards,  which  increase 
the  height  of  the  aides  and  the  consequent  car- 
rying capacity  of  the  boat.  They  are  stowed 
one  on  top  of  another,  three  occupying  the 
epaoe  of  an  ordinary  boat.  When  rused  Into 
position,  the  washboards  lock  themselves  in 
place.  These  boats  are  provided  with  forty 
air-tight  compartments,  and  the  bottom  is  so 
arranged  that  it  serves  as  a  life-raft  in  case  of 
accident.  Under  the  seats  are  lockers  for  pro- 
viuons,  etc 

Another  folding  boat  known  as  the  Douglass 
model  is  largely  used  in  this  country.  It  is 
based  on  the  Berthon  principle  in  so  far  as 
concerns  its  folding  longitudinal  timbers,  but 
it  is  much  lighter,  and  is  intended  mainly  for 
the  use  of  sportsmen.  It  is  not  a  life-boat, 
having  only  one  akin,  and  no  water-tight  com- 
part in  en  ts. 

With  each  boat  stout  carved  transverse  ribs 
are  provided  which  are  easily  o^jnsted  and 
sprung  into  place  when  the  boat  is  expanded. 
kee|iiag  the  whole  structure  firmly  stretched. 
Externa]  strips  of  hard  wood  protect  the  can- 
vas from  wear  and  tear,  and  add  to  its 
strength.  {See  Fig.  3.)  The  seats  and  fioor- 
buarda  are  seen  folded  in  the  illustration,  with 
the  stout  ribs  that  keep  the  frame  expanded 
when  in  use. 

Still  another  type  of  folding  boat  collapses 
endwise  like  an  accordion,  the  bent  ribs  press- 
ing inward  against  one  another  toward  the 
midship  section.  When  expanded  these  boats 
ore  stiffened  by  a  jointed  or  hinged  timber 
fastened  along  the  bottom  for  a  keelson  or 
backbone.     In  transportation  these  boats  take 


FOLDIHS-BOIT. 


up  very  little  room,  as  it  is  possible  to  stow 
them  in  a  bag  or  a  box  no  bigger  than  a  mod- 
erate-sized trunk.  The  one  shown  in  f^K.  4 
is  known  as  the  Osgood  folding  boat^    The 


06  BOLIVIA-    ^ 

box  ID  which,  with  all  its  attachments,  it  is  order  to  increase  the  revenae  it  is  proposed  to 
packed  for  transportation,  measares  thirty-  raise  the  duties  and  the  liqaor-tax  and  the  tax 
eight  inches  by  seventeen  inches,  by  eighteen  on  patents.  The  exportation  of  national  coin 
inches  deep.  The  oars,  paddles,  etc.,  are  will  continue  to  be  prohibited  until  apprehen- 
jointed  for  ease  of  packing.  The  weight  of  a  sions  of  a  monetary  crisis  shall  be  allayed.  The 
twelve-foot  boat  is  from  twenty-five  to  fifty  by-laws  of  the  new  "  Banco  de  la  Paz "  have 
pounds,  according  to  the  completeness  of  its  been  approved.  Congress  had  voted  $10,000 
equipment.  toward  defraying  Bolivians  representation  at 

At  the  Glasgow  International  Exhibition  in  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1889,  but  the  Govera- 
1888,  was  exhibited  the  Shepard  collapsable  ment  finding  that  the  amount  would  not  suf- 
life-boat  which  has  several  distinctive  features,  fice  to  do  so  with  dignity,  a  bill  increasing  it 
(Fig.   6.)     The  transverse  timbers  work  on    has  been  submitted.    The  sum  of  $300,000  has 

been  voted  toward  additional  mint  machinery 
at  Potosi. 

Treaties. — An  understanding  has  been  arrived 
at  between  BoUvia  and  the  Argentine  Republic, 
fixing  the  boundary  between  them  in  the  Ohaco 
in  a  preliminary  manner;  a  commission  was 
to  convene  in  November  to  determine  the  fron- 
tier line  definitively.  Negotiations  with  Brazil 
about  a  treaty  of  commerce,  amity,  and  navi- 
gation were  still  pending;  it  will  embrace  an 
understanding  facilitating  the  Madeira  Mamon6 
_  Railroad  scheme.   The  treaty  of  commerce  with 

Fio.  6.-8eEPABD  Collapsable  Lifb-Boat.  ^^^u   is  to  be  revised   and   completed ;    the 

A,  Sheer  plan,  collapsed.    B,  Cross-secUon,  expanded    boundary  treaty  with  Paraguay  is  to  become  a 

and  collapsed.  subject  of  negotiations  without  further  delay. 

Bolivia  has  engaged  to  send  delegates  to  the 
a  swivel  attached  to  the  keelson.  When  the  Congress  about  to  meet  at  Montevideo  for  the 
boat  is  expanded  their  upper  ends  lock  to  the  purpose  of  laying  down  rules  for  private  inter- 
in  wales,  and  are  firmly  held  in  position.  When  national  rights.  A  treaty  of  commerce  and 
stowed  these  ribs  are  turned,  as  shown  by  the  amity  mutually  guaranteeing  literary  and  ar- 
dotted  lines  at  A,  so  that  they  overlap  one  tistic  right  has  been  concluded  with  France 
another  in  a  plane  nearly  identical  with  that  of    and  signed. 

the  keelson  and  end  posts.  The  other  dotted  Sallroads* — An  English  company  has  been 
lines  show  bottom-boards,  etc.  At  B  is  repre-  formed  in  London  for  the  purpose  of  building 
sented  the  midship  section  as  it  appears  when  a  line  of  railway  from  Arica  to  Bolivia  in  con- 
expanded  and  when  folded.  junction  with  the  present  owners  and  share- 
These  boats  have  been  adopted  by  some  of  holders  of  the  Arica  and  Tacna  Railroad,  with 
the  transatlantic  steamship  lines.  a  capital  of  £2,000,000.  The  parties  chiefly 
BOLIVIA,  an  independent  republic  of  South  interested  in  this  new  enterprise  are  Messrs. 
America.  (For  details  relating  to  area,  terri-  Clark  Brothers,  who  have  built  railways  in 
torial  divisions,  population,  etc.,  see  ^^  Annual  the  Argentine  Republic,  Richard  Campbell, 
Cyclopedia  ^*  for  1883  and  1886).  the  Australian  Bank  in  London,  and  Mr.  John 
Gofenment — The  President  of  the  republic  Meiggs.  The  new  line  is  to  reach  La  Paz  via 
is  Don  Aniceto  Arce,  whose  term  of  office  will  Tacna  and  Corocoro.  The  Huanchaca  Cora- 
expire  on  Aug.  1.  1892.  His  Cabinet  is  com-  pany  has. resolved  to  build,  with  its  own  funds 
posed  of  the  following  ministers :  Foreign  and  without  interest  guarantee,  a  railroad  and 
Affairs,  Sefior  Velarde;  Finances  and  Inte-  telegraph  line  from  Oruro  to  the  Bolivian 
rior,  Don  Telmo  Ichazo;  War,  General  Ca-    frontier. 

brera.  Bolivia  is  not  represented  by  a  minis-  Teiegrap1i8> — A  new  telegraph  line  is  io  course 
ter  at  Washington,  nor  are  the  United  States  of  construction  between  Tupiza  and  Tariza. 
at  present  represented  fit  La  Paz,  except  by  As  it  will  be  connected  with  the  Huanchaca 
Samuel  S.  Carlisle,  American  Consul- General.  Mining  Company ^s  private  line,  it  will  insure 
The  Bolivian  Consul-General  at  New  York  is  rapid  communication  with  Mallendo  and  En- 
Don  Melchor  Obarrio.  rope.  The  project  of  an  international  tele- 
irmy. — The  strength  of  the  regular  army  is  graph  bureau  has,  therefore,  been  submitted 
3,031  rank  and  file,  the  number  of  oflBcers  be-  to  Congress  by  the  Government, 
ing  367.  PiMie  Works. — In  July  Don  Cristian  Suarez 
FlBtnces. — The  foreign  debt  has  been  reduced  Arana  arrived  at  Puerto  Pacheco  after  having 
to  $826,000,  $2, 280,000  having  been  paid  dur-  accomplished  the  junction  between  the  road 
ing  the  past  four  years  in  settlement  of  Chili^s  that  leads  from  Isozog  to  Las  Salinas  and  the 
claims  arising  from  the  war  on  the  Pacific,  wagon-road  opened  in  that  direction  from 
The  home  debt  amounts  to  $2,500,000.  The  Puerto  Pacheco,  thus  establishing  direct  com- 
budget  for  1887-'88  estimates  the  income  at  munication  with  the  Paraguay  river.  The  two 
$8,665,790,  and  the  outlay  at  $4,599,225.     In    departments  more  directly  benefited  are  Chu- 


BOUVIA.  BORNEO.                        97 

d  Santa  Cruz.    The  settlements  of  pean  mannfaotnre,  and  this  so  cheaply  that  not 

ata  in  the  Ohaco  will  be  greatly  bene-  merely  in  times  like  the  present  of  depressed 

da,  as  it  will  have  a  tendency  to  at-  markets,  but  at  all  periods,  it  will  not  cost  the 

igration  toward  this  region,  one  of  Government  more  than  twenty-five  rupees  per 

fertile  of  South  America.    In  the  pound.     Should  all  the   expectations   which 

lining  regions  new  wagon-roads  have  this    important  discovery  has  awakened    be 

mthorized  by  Congress.  realized,  it  is  believed  that  it  will  lead  to  the 

Jgktt — Not  only  is  La  Paz  to  be  trav-  substitution   of   Indian-manufactured  quinine 

ram  way-lines,  but  the  electric  light  for  the  febrifuge  in  the  hospitals  and  dispensa- 

iniversally  introduced.  ries  of  India,  and,  as  a  necessary  consequence, 

I  EipcdttlfBt — In  January  Baron  de  to  the  substitution  of  yellow  bark  for  red  bark 

arrived  at  Ghililaya,  Bolivia,  after  in  the  Sikkim  plantations. 
ased  nearly  a  year  on  the  Tipuani  Iidlai  TramMcs. — In  May  another  rising  of 
ifflnent  of  the  Mapiri.  He  had  been  Indians  occurred  in  the  province  of  Sicasica, 
-hunting  expedition  among  the  dis-  some  eight  thousand  of  them  being  in  arms,  and 
ch  gave  the  ancient  Peruvians  all  threatening  to  massacre  all  the  whites.  They 
.  The  baron  speaks  highly  of  the  were  commanded  by  a  chief  of  the  name  of 
)  of  gold,  but  declares  the  climate  to  Y illca ;  but  the  cavalry  garrisoned  at  Ayoayo 
worst  description,  and  the  region  to  was  hurried  on  to  suppress  the  revolt,  which 
d  with  yermin  and  deadly  animals,  was  quelled  and  the  ringleaders  imprisoned. 
.  into  the  forests  with  over  two  hun-  Blver  NavlgallMk — The  Bolivian  Government 
Of  this  number  only  a  very  few  has  granted  to  Mr.  John  L.  Thomdike  the  ex- 
med  with  him.  The  others  sue-  elusive  privilege  for  ten  years  of  steam  naviga- 
•  feverSj  snake  bites,  and  like  evils.  tion  between  the  Desaguadero  river  and  LaJce 
-terk. — ^The  shipments  abroad  of  Bo-  Poop6,  all  material  which  he  will  require  for 
hona-bark  have  been  steadily  on  the  his  enterprise  to  be  admitted  duty  free.  Since 
1  1888,  not  only  cultivated  but  wild  the  Peruvian  Government  has  seized  the  rail- 
as  more  than  compensating  for  the  roads  of  the  MoUendo-Areauipa-Puno  lines  of 

from  the  island  of  Ceylon^  which  Peru  their  administration  nas  become  so  bad 

orted  from  October  1  to  September  that  Bolivian  merchants  who  had  been  avail- 

,  251  pounds,  as  compared  with  18,-  ing  themselves  of  these  lines  in  connection 

I  18d6~*87,  and  16,226,162  in  1885-  with  Lake  Titicaca  for  the  transportation  of 

cultivated  Bolivian  bark  has,  in  1888,  their  goods,  have  been  compelled  to  return  to 

rted  not  only  in  flat  pieces,  but  also  the  Arica-Tacna  outlet,  and  this  in  spite  of  the 

ipe  of  tubes,  and  is  still  highly  es-  fact  that  from  Tacna  the  goods  have  to  be  for- 

1  account  of  its  large  quinine  con-  warded  on  mules'  backs,  and  that  at  Arica  the 

^anwhile,  Peruvian  cincnona  plant-  goods  have  to  pay  storage  and  harbor  expenses, 

that,  at  ruling  prices  abroad,  their  which  are  not  charged  at  Mollendo.     While 

las  ceased  to  be  profitable ;  but,  as  this  is  the  case,  the  Bolivian  Government  has 

9  does  not  deter  them  from  export-  ordered  the  organization  of  custom-houses  at 

than  ever.     A  recent  report  by  a  the  Mollendo  Agency,  at  Puerto  Perez  or  La 

named   Van  Lon,  who  resides  in  Paz  and  the  remaining  ports  of  Lake  Titicaca, 

idicates  that  there  is  likely  to  be  a  in  conformity  with  an  understanding  arrived 

sAvy  increase  in  the  production  of  at  with  Peru,  and  in  conformity  with  the  law 

only  on  account  of  the  enlarged  of  July  16,  1886,  regulating  the  general  cus- 

'  trees  that  has  been  planted,  but  be-  toms'  service. 

found  that  the  new  growth  is  capa-  Mlvla  at  tlie  Barcdma  ExhlMUwi* — The  Huan- 

Klucing  bark  that  will  yield  18  per  chaca  Mining  Company  has  made  a  magnifi- 

Ikaloid.    It  is  stated  that  there  are  cent  display  of  its  rich  copper  ores  and  blende, 

es  under  cultivation  in  Java,  which,  and  the  Bolivian  firm  of  Artola  Brothers,  of 

ies  per  acre,  would  give  about  10,-  Bolivian  embroideries,  textile   fabrics,  seeds, 

■ees,  which,  at  1^  pound  a  tree  (the  feathers,  skins,  chocolate,  and  small  figures  of 

rage),  would  yield  15,000,000  pounds,  whites  and  Indians  dressed  in  the  costumes  of 

*r  six  years.     While  the  supply  from  the  country,  together  with  a  thousand  curiosi- 

d  Java  thus  promises  to  be  abundant  ties,  all  together  giving  a  high  idea  of  Bolivia's 

he  Government  of  India  has  pub-  resources   and   its   manual    and  artistic  skill 

-    the    information    of   the    public,  highly  creditable  to  the  South  American  in- 

he  Bulletin  of  the  Royal  Gardens,  land  republic, 

e  particulars  of  the  new  process  of  BORNEO,  the  largest  of  the  Malaysian  isl- 

auinine  from  the  cinchona- bark  by  ands,   having  a  length   of  850  miles  and  a 

.     By  the  aid  of  this  process,  per-  breadth  of  600  miles.    Its  area  is  about  270,- 

i\j  by  Mr.  Gamme,  it  is  found  pos-  000  square  miles.    The  Dutch  claim  imzerain 

ilize  the  calisaya  or  yellow  bark  va-  rights  over  the  greater  part  of  the  island,  com- 

to  extract  from  it  the  whole  of  its  prising  the  entire  region  south  of  the  native 

a  form  indistinguishable  chemically  state  of  Sarawak,  which  has  long  been  admin- 

dly  from  the  best  brands  of  Euro-  istered  by  Englishmen,  and  the  territory  be- 
L.  xxvin. — 7  A 


98                        BORNEO.  BOXING. 

• 

longing  to  the  Saltan  of  Sala.    In  1881  the  conntries.    New  possessions  have  since  been 

British    North    Borneo   Company   was  char-  added  to  tlie  British  Empire  in  many  parts  of 

tered  in  England,  and  took  possession  of  the  the  world,  and  the  Government  has  at  length 

northern  end  of  the  island,  by  virtue  of  a  decided  to  declare  a  protectorate  over  British 

grant  from  the  Sultan  of  Sala.     Commercial  North  Borneo,  Sarawak,  and  the  large  native 

stations  were  established,  and  a  civil  adminis-  state  of  Branei. 

tration  was  organized  by  1888,  when  the  reve-  BOXING.  Individaal  prowess  is  a  large  fac- 
nae  collected  amounted  to  $50,738,  while  the  tor  in  the  sarvival  of  the  fittest.  Man  is  no 
expenditure  amounted  to  five  times  that  som.  exception.  From  the  beginning  the  praises 
The  area  of  British  North  Borneo,  as  the  new  .of  the  man  of  speed,  of  muscle,  of  skill  in  the 
state  was  called,  is  81,106  square  miles.  Its  use  of  naturo^s  weapons  have  been  sculptured 
population  is  150,000.  The  principal  products  and  sung.  To  acquire  physical  superiority  has 
are  beeswax,  edible  birds^-nests,  camphor,  co-  been  the  study  of  ages.  The  ancients  paid 
coanuts,  coffee,  dammar,  fruits,  salt  fish,  gutta-  great  honor  to  the  runner,  the  dumb-bell  lifter, 
percha,  hides,  India-rubber,  elephants^  tusks,  or  any  other  specialist ;  but  they  outdid  them- 
cattle,  pepper,  rattans,  rice,  sago,  seeds,  pearls,  selves  when  it  came  to  the  winner  of  the  pan- 
sharks^  fins,  tortoise  and  other  shells,  tobacco,  cratium,  a  combination  of  boxing  and  wres- 
trepang,  cedar,  and  many  kinds  of  cabinet-  tling,  kicking,  biting,  gouging,  and  choking,  be- 
woods.  The  imports  increased  from  $429,000  side  which  the  contests  of  the  modem  prize- 
in  1883  to  $585,000  in  1887,  and  the  exports  ring  under  what  are  known  as  the  London 
from  $159,000  to  $535,000.  The  climate  is  rules  are  a  parlor  amusement, 
temperate,  and  agricultural  colonies  have  been  To  become  a  clever  boxer  is  now  the  study 
founded,  the  sales  of  land  up  to  the  end  of  of  many  people  who  a  few  years  ago  would 
1887  having  been  120,000  acres.  There  are  have  considered  it  degrading  to  be  seen  in  the 
plantations  of  sugar,  coffee,  pepper,  and  other  street  with  a  pugilist.  Books  on  this  subject 
tropical  products.  The  soil  has  been  found  are  being  rapidly  placed  on  the  market,  and 
to  be  remarkably  good  for  tobacco-culture,  schools  of  seif-defense  are  opening  all  over  the 
and,  in  the  first  three  months  of  1888,  appli-  country.  To  be  a  fairly  good  boxer  is  soon  to 
cations  were  made  for  158,835  acres  more,  be  a  requisite  in  more  than  one  occupation. 
Borneo  tobacco  now  competes  successfully  The  police  of  at  least  one  American  city  (Pitts- 
with  that  grown  in  Sumatra.  There  are  five  burg)  are  being  instructed  in  the  art  of  box- 
companies  engaged  in  planting  tobacco.  The  ing  at  the  expense  of  the  tax-payers,  and  it  is 
revenue  now  exceeds  the  expenditures,  not  expected  that  when  the  force  is  composed  en- 
reckoning  the  proceeds  of  land  sales,  which  tirely  of  proficient  boxers  the  use  of  the  clab 
are  treated  as  capital.  The  revenue  is  derived  and  pistol  will  almost  entirely  cease, 
from  duties  on  opium,  salt,  tobacco,  and  spir-  Boxing  as  it  is  now  known,  outside  of  those 
its,  export  duties,  fees,  and  rents.  Stations  old-time  brutalities  with  the  cestus  (a  sort  of 
were  first  founded  at  Sandakam,  Papar,  Eirai-  brass  knuckles),  is  about  three  hundred  years 
nas,  Gaya,  Kudat,  and  Silam,  on  the  coast,  old.  It  came  into  prominence  first  in  England, 
and,  as  soon  as  land  was  cleared  at  those  The  old  English  idea  of  boxing — ^to  call  it  an 
points,  immigrants  began  to  arrive,  and  the  art  as  it  was  then  seems  ludicrous — was  bat 
Dyaks  of  the  interior  brought  in  their  produce  little  better  than  that  of  the  ancient  Greeks 
to  sell.  A  police  force  was  recruited  from  and  Romans.  In  olden  times  in  England  two 
Malays  and  Dyaks,  Sulu  Islanders,  Nubians  so-called  boxers  entered  a  ring  to  settle  the 
and  Somalis  from  Africa,  and  Sikhs  from  In-  question  which  had  the  greater  brute  strength, 
dia.  Tribal  feuds  and  head-hunting  forays  courage,  wind,  and  endurance.  There  was  not 
are  now  of  rare  occurrence.  In  1884  the  ter-  the  slightest  question  of  brains  in  the  battle, 
ritory  was  enlarged  by  the  additional  grant  of  Soon  a  man  came  forward  who  was  able  by 
Dent  Land  in  the  south.  The  country  enjoys  a  show  of  agility  to  make  up  for  his  lack  of 
tlie  advantages  of  settled  government  under  a  size  in  a  fight  with  one  of  these  old-time  gi- 
system  of  laws  copied  from  the  code  of  India,  ants ;  and  then  came  a  fighter  like  Tom  Crib, 
There  are  ofiSces,  barracks,  hospitals,  jails,  who  introduced  the  famous  ^*  milling  on  the 
and  wharves  at  all  the  stations.  Explorations  retreat"  tactics,  and  it  became  possible  for  a 
recently  made  in  the  interior  have  resulted  in  man  like  Tom  Spring,  who  was  not  much  more 
the  discovery  of  alluvial  gold  in  paying  quan-  than  medium  sized  (a  middle-weight)  and,  a 
titles  on  the  Segama  river,  and  of  coal-beds  few  years  afterward,  for  Tom  Sayers,  almost 
in  the  southern  province,  but  only  the  agricult-  a  small  man,  to  beat  all  the  heavy-weights  in 
ural  wealth  of  the  country  has  thus  far  been  England  and  hold  the  championship  belt 
developed.  The  forests  produce  some  of  the  When  such  results  became  possible,  boxing 
finest  woods  that  are  known,  among  them  the  might  be  said  to  have  really  become  a  science, 
valuable  bilian-tree,  and  there  is  already  a  Since  the  time  when  only  giants  could  be 
considerable  export  of  timber  to  China.  The  victorious  pugilists  this  science  has  undergone 
British  Government  in  the  beginning  refused  more  than  one  revolution.  Once  the  two 
to  extend  political  protection  to  the  North  fighters  stood  toe  to  toe,  and  to  retreat,  to  go 
Borneo  Company,  as  there  was  at  that  time  down,  to  manoeuvre  in  any  way,  was  disgraoe- 
a  prejudice  against  the  annexation  of  new  ful.    Once  men  used  the  left  hand  as  a  shield 


BOXING.  99 

^bt  as  a  mace.    Then  the  right  hand  the  neck  on  the  jagnlar  vein.    Bat  he  soon 

ie  shield  and  the  left  the  weapon  of  found  the  full-arm  swinging  blow  as  danger- 

In  the  time  of  Heenan  and  oayers,  ons  to  his  own  hand  and  forearm  as  to  his 

isb    fighters   depended  mainly  upon  opponent's  circulation,  so  he  changed  the  full- 

;  bnt  Heenan  showed  them  the  supe-  arm  swing  to  a  half-arm  one,  and  tried  to  de- 

the  left.    For  years  it  was  said  that  liver  the  blow  on  the  jaw-bone  instead  of  on 

yokel  '^  hit  with   bis  right  fist,  or  the  neck,  as  it  was  equally  effective  and  less 

swinging  blow.  John  L.  Sullivan,  likely  to  be  fatal.  However  little  future  box- 
Liest  pugilist  of  the  age,  who  brought  ers  may  value  Sullivan's  round-arm  delivery, 
?88  of  pugilism  from  the  gutter  to  a  they  can  not  fail  to  give  him  credit  for  cen- 
L  almost  as  well-paying  as  base-ball-  tralizing  his  fire  and  for  pointing  out  a  su- 
*r  riding  running  horses,  revolution-  premely  vulnerable  spot. 
lat,  developed  the  blow  on  the  point  PrdlHiiary  PrtnfB.— Gentlemen  want  to  learn, 
w,  and  with  swinging,  ronnd-arm  not  the  tricks  of  the  ring,  but  the  simple 
his  terrible  right,  incased  though  it  points  of  scientific  pugilism.  The  first  thing 
>ozing-glove,  mowed  down  opponents  m  boxing  is  to  learn  to  double  the  fist  cor- 
ed to  their  knowledge  and  practice  rectly,  ^*  make  up  a  bunch  of  fives,''  as  it  is 
^  to  defeat  him.    Possibly  some  of  called  in  ring- parlance.    Not  one  man  in  a 

triumphs  are  explained  by  the  facts  thousand  can  do  this,  not  because  there  is 

ime  out  at  a  time  when  pugilism  was  anything  difiicult  about  it,  but  because  so  few 

&bb  and  good  big  men  were  scarce,  will  make  the  attempt  naturally.     A  novice 

le  met  his  opponents  under  Marquis  is  sure  to  protrude  the  middle,  or  second  fin- 

iberry  rules  instead  of  under  the  rules  ger,  thinking  he  is  making  a  very  formidable 

ndon  Prize-Ring,  which  would  have  weapon  of  his  hand,  when  in  reality  he  is  only 

my  of  them   far  better.     Sullivan's  increasing  his  chances  for  that  curse  of  boxing 

h  Charles  Mitchell,  under  the  London  — broken  hand-bones.     At  best,  ninety -nine 

•*ranee,  in  March,  1888,  resulted  in  a  amateurs  in  a  hundred   double  up  the  fist 

r  a   protracted  encounter.     A  man,  squarely,  that  is,  with  the  first  and  second 

inferior  in  weight  by  forty  pounds,  fingers  closed  tightly  and  the  third  and  fourth 
1  in  a  bare-knuckle  fight  for  hours,  loosely  folded.  This  makes  another  ugly-look- 
much  to  change  the  popular  idea  of  ing  but  very  ineffective  weapon,  sure  to  be 
boxing.  A  few  years  ago  it  was  all  injured  at  the  first  good  blow.  To  double  the 
1  swinging  blows,  and  decisive  bat-  fist  correctly,  open  out  all  the  fingers  and  the 
ry  short  time ;  now  it  is  more  can-  thumb  to  the  widest  stretch,  then  close  natn- 
3  careful  hitting,  and  mostly  with  the  rally.  The  backs  of  the  big  knuckles,  the  only 
,  the  right  being  saved,   as   before  ones  that  should  ever  strike  on  an  opponent, 

advent,  for  the  coup  de  grdce,     Sul-  will  be  found  to  have  formed  an  arch  when 

c  boxing  to  one  extreme,  to  win  or  the  hand  is  tightly  closed.    In  fighting  or  box- 

lort  order  by  one  decisive  hit  on  a  ing  the  hands  should  be  held  loosely,  half  open, 

ot,  the  point  of  the  jaw.     Mitchell  all  the  muscles  and  those  of  the  forearms  re- 

d  back  the  tide  by  his  long,  waiting  laxed,  till  the  moment  of  delivery,  when  the 

while  another  man,  Jack  Dempsey,  fist  should  be  most  tightly  closed.    No  one 

erful  middle-weight,  has  been  a  sort  can  practice  throwing  a  base-ball  without  learn- 

^-wheel.  ing  how  thoroughly  interdependent  the  mus- 

»efore  the  idea  had  been  broached  cles  are.     The  wisdom  of  resting  the  hands  by 

the  legs   in   a   prize-fight,   or   the  giving  them  perfect  freedom  while  not  actually 

wed  it,  there  was  some  knowledge  delivering  a  blow  has  been  illustrated  by  many 

>8t  vulnerable  spots  for  blows.    The  great  boxers.     Those  masters,  Jem  Mace  and 

e  stomach,  called  ^^the  mark,"  was  Joe  Cobum,  always  manoeuvred  in  the  ring 

ese,  and  a  severe  blow  on  this  spot  with  hands  as  open  as  if  they  were  about  to 

telling.    Other  points  of  attack  were  wrestle,  not  to  strike  with  the  fist".   Indeed,  the 

if  the  ear  or  on  the  jugular  vein ;  the  wonderful  Gypsy's  commonest  trick  in  a  ring 

the  eyes,  the  throat,  just  over  the  was  hitching  up  his  waist-band,  wiping  his 

d  on  the  short  ribs.     The  extreme  hands  on    his   fighting- breeches,   or  rubbing 

ess  of  the  point  of  the  jaw  and  the  them  together.     Dominick  McCaffrey,  in  his 

left  for  John  L.  Sullivan  to  demon-  easy  forty-minute  victory  over  Golden,  in  their 

[Tie   "big  fellow,"  as  his  admirers  skin-tight  glove  contest,  was  doing  with  his 

to  call  him,  while  sitting  in  a  sur-  hands  a  great  deal  of  the  time  the  practice 

air  having  the  arm  that  he  broke  that  a  Bchool-girl  does  with   her  fingers  in 

y  Cardiff's  head  reset,  told  the  writer  order  to  be  able  to  stretch  an  octave.    Jem 

-tide  that  he  discovered  his  famous  Carney,  in  the  light-weight  championship  bat- 

»at "   blow  partly   by  accident   and  tie  with  Jack  McAuliffe,  used  the  same  method 

fm  reading  the  works  of  a  famous  of  keeping  his  hands  fit  for  their  work.    For 

lovelist.     Sullivan  said  he  knocked  boxing-practice  with  ordinary  gloves  the  hands 

if  time  in  the  beginning  of  his  career  do  not  need  the  hardening  the  pugilists  give 

"ing  a  swinging  right-hand  blow  on  theirs  before  a  matched  battle;  but  no  blow 


100  BOXING. 

in  boxing  should  be  delivered  with  the  hand  or  this  or  any  one  position  long,  and  the  mnscles 
glove  open.  A  light  blow  shoald  be  given  in  of  the  legs  and  body  are  rested  by  steppinff 
showing  a  friend  a  move,  not  by  slapping,  tap-  about.  In  walking  abont  an  attempt  shoald 
ping,  or  ^^  flicking,^'  but  by  accurate  gauging  be  made  to  keep  the  left  foot  a  little  in  advance 
of  the  time  and  distance.  When  an  amateur  of  the  right,  and  be  ready  to  fly  into  the  attitude 
can  deliver  a  light  blow  with  a  closed  hand  in  no  time.  Proficiency  in  leg-work,  which  is 
delicately,  he  is  becoming  artistic.  They  say  most  important,  can  only  be  acquired  by  long 
that  Mace  could  knock  down  an  ox  or  simply  practice  and  natural  aptitude.  8ome  boxing- 
touch  the  powder  on  a  lady's  face  with  a  blow  teachers  tell  pupils  to  stand  with  the  left  or 
from  his  dinched  hand.  The  story  may  have  advanced  foot  turned  out.  This  is  contrary  to 
just  a  flavor  of  the  trip-hammer- and- watch-  the  whole  theory  and  practice  of  boxing,  which 
crystal  tale  about  it,  but  Mace  certainly  was  a  simply  tries  to  make  the  most  of  nature's  laws 
wonderful  artist.  Pugilists  harden  their  hands  in  every  instance.  The  very  important  thiui^ 
in  different  ways.  The  change  from  the  bare-  about  a  position  is  the  advantage  it  gives  to 
knuckle  fighting  of  olden  times  to  the  dog-skin-  get  quickly  backward  or  forward  and  to  see- 
glove  battles  of  recent  years  does  away  with  ond  the  delivery  of  blows.  Let  any  one  when 
much  disagreeable  and  tiresome  work  in  this  standing  perfectly  still  with  his  left  foot  ad- 
direction.  Good,  hard  rubbing  is  one  of  the  vanced  and  the  toes  turned  well  ottty  try  to 
best  things  in  the  world  to  harden  the  flesh  spring  backward  or  forward ;  then  try  it  with 
and  bones  of  the  hand.  Alcohol,  lemon-juice,  the  toes  turned  in.  All  pedestrians,  sprinters, 
rock-salt,  gunpowder,  saltpeter  dilute,  tannin,  six-day  runners,  and  heel-and-toe  walkers  pro- 
and  alum  are  some  of  the  washes  used.  Jem  gress  with  feet  either  held  perfectly  straight  or 
Carney,  the  English  light-weight  champion,  with  the  toes  turned  a  trifle  in.  The  child  of 
used  to  whet  his  hands  over  a  smooth  plank  nature,  the  American  Indian,  travels  in  the  same 
for  hours  a  day  during  his  training,  slapping  way,  and  so  do  most  mail-carriers  and  policemen, 
the  backs  of  his  hands  back  and  forth  over  The  variety  of  positions  in  which  to  do  good 
the  wood  as  a  man  straps  a  razor.  As,  in  and  effective  boxing  is  as  great  as  is  the  num- 
spite  of  all  precaution,  a  carelessly  delivered  ber  of  boxers.  Every  man  selects  that  attitude 
upper-cut,  a  blow  on  an  opponent's  head,  or  a  best  suited  to  his  height,  reach,  length  of  leg, 
failure  when  very  tired  to  have  the  hands  as  and  tactics.  To  stand  well  up,  so  as  to  take 
well  closed  as  they  should  be,  is  always  liable  full  advantage  of  the  height,  is  generally  con- 
to  injure  the  hand,  it  might  not  be  out  of  the  sidered  wise,  some  men  even  standing  on  the 
way  to  mention  a  simple  remedy,  of  which  toes.  This  is  seemingly  a  very  tiresome  atti- 
few  surgeons  are  apt  to  think.  It  will  do  tude,  yet  it  is  one  that  Tom  Sayers  frequently 
away  with  what  most  fighters'  hands  have,  as^med.  A  man's  position,  however,  must  be 
unsightly  bunches  from  the  broken  bones  not  governed  by  other  considerations  than  a  sole 
having  been  properly  set.  A  silver  dollar  in-  wish  to  stand  as  tall  as  possible.  Any  one  that 
sorted  under  the  bandage  over  the  broken  has  ever  tried  to  hit  a  punching-bag  knows  that 
bone  will  press  the  ends  in  together  so  tightly  force  is  gained  for  the  blows,  even  if  speed  is 
as  to  heal  them  most  completely  and  without  lost,  by  assuming  a  stooping  attitude, 
a  bunch.  A  wooden  dollar  would  answer  just  TIm  Afbu* — The  left  arm  should  be  held  oat  ^ 
as  well.  perhaps  a  little  farther  than  elbow-distaooe 
fl[«w  t*  Stasd. — A  good  position  in  boxing  is  from  the  body,  with  the  hand  held  so  that  the 
very  important.  The  approved  position  is  with  thumb  is  uppermost.  The  left  arm  in  position 
the  body  erect,  weight  between  the  legs,  the  should  form  an  obtuse  angle.  The  right  arm 
left  being  advanced  in  front  of  the  right.  The  should  be  thrown  across  the  body,  with  the  hand 
toes  of  the  left  foot  are  turned  iny  those  of  held  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  left  nipple,  or* 
the  right  foot  out.  The  rule  among  the  cley-  over  the  pit  of  the  stomach,  as  individual  prao- 
erest  of  the  professionals  is  "  On  the  flat  of  the  tice  finds  it  more  effectual  to  hold  a  high  or  a 
left ;  on  the  ball  of  the  right."  .  The  right  leg  low  guard.  Holding  a  low  guard  renders  ^^stop- . 
need  not  be  behind  the  other  in  a  line  run-  ping  "  less  speedy,  but  "  cross  countering  ^ 
ning  from  the  heel  of  the  right  foot  through  more  forcible.  The  right  arm,  if  held  for  a  high  . 
the  ball  to  the  heel  of  the  left,  as  has  some-  guard,  should  form  an  acute  angle ;  if  for  a  low 
times  been  taught.  It  would  require  a  tight-  guard,  a  right  angle.  The  elbow,  it  is  now  de- 
rope  walker's  balancing  powers  to  stand  with  termined,  should  be  held  close  to  the  body, 
one  foot  exactly  behind  the  other  in  deliver-  There  are  no  prominent  pugilists  who  now  i^ 
ing  a  blow,  though  the  right  will  greatly  sec-  tempt  guarding  with  the  elbow  to  any  extent 
ond  the  effort  if  it  is  pretty  nearly  behind  the  As  with  the  legs,  the  arms  are  not  held  rigidlj 
left.  The  right  leg  should  be  slightly  bent  at  in  their  positions.  In  fact,  some  of  the  mosi 
the  knee,  the  left  held  straight  but  not  stiff,  successful  boxers  seldom  stand  on  guard  a . 
Just  how  far  apart  the  feet  should  be  kept,  is  they  are  pictured.  The  right  hand  should, 
another  matter  of  individual  practice,  influ-  not  be  too  strictly  confined  to  the  position  de- 
enced  also  by  each  one's  height  and  build,  scribed,  but  it  can  not  be  allowed  as  much  lati* 
The  most  convenient  distance  between  the  tude  as  the  left,  which  is  the  offensive  mem* 
feet  is  generally  abont  half  the  ordinary  step.  ber.  The  right  is  at  once  the  buckler  and  tbf 
It   would  tire  anybody  but  a  statue  to  keep  reserve  force  of  the  body.    Its  duties  are  U 


BOXING.  101 

the  incoming  left  of  an  opponent,  or  to  have  the  hand  in  a  natural  position — that 
ia-counter  *'  his  deliveries.  is,  with  the  thamh  on  top,  not  on  the  outside 
iie  left  and  not  the  right  foot  and  arm  of  the  closed  fist.  Strike  forward  as  far  and 
meed  in  scientific  hozing,  is  the  first  as  straight  as  possible.  The  bag,  if  light, 
at  a  beginner,  who  always  wants  to  shoald  be  swinging  freely,  and  it  should  be 
^ht  foot  and  right  hand  foremost,  asks  strack,  *^  met,"  as  it  is  coming  toward  the  hit- 
.  The  left  arm,  side,  and  leg  are  held  ter.  A  heavy  bag  should  never  be  hit  except 
of  the  right  for  two  reasons.  First,  when  it  is  swinging  from  the  striker.  The 
rtunity  is  given  by  bringing  the  left  left-hand  blow  is  not  hit  as  the  blow  with  the 
in  advance  of  the  right  to  inflict  pun-  right  is,  but  is  a  sort  of  quick,  half-push — a 
as  well  as  to  guard  it.  The  only  use  "jab  "  or  a  **prop  "it  is  called  in  ring-par- 
>vice  makes  of  his  left  is  to  guard  with  lance.  No  blows  with  the  right  hand  should 
his  right  entirely  for  offensive  work,  be  struck  during  the  early  practice,  but  every 
is  noc  in  general  use  as  the  right  hand  effort  should  be  made  to  acquire  dexterity, 
but  for  this  getting  it  into  a  position  force,  and  speed  in  delivery  with  the  left.  It 
little  blow,  and  a  half-pushing  blow  at  is  not  the  few  hard  hits  with  this  hand  that 
m  it  tells,  no  amount  of  practice  could  tell  so  much  as  the  many  light  blows  for  which 
man  to  do  much  with  it.  It  takes  a  no  return  blow  or  counter  is  taken.  After  some 
led  man  to  throw  a  stooe  well  with  confidence  has  been  acquired  by  bag-work, 
hand,  and  he  can  not  use  his  right,  practice  with  an  opponent  should  be  begun, 
-handed  man  can  hit  in  the  same  man-  Always  try  to  land  the  blows  squarely  on  his 
L  his  left  that  he  can  with  his  right,  face  or  body.  To  ^^  stop  "an  opponent's  blows 
I  practice  he  can  hit  a  good  left-handed  and  never  to  get  hit,  is  even  more  important 
a  little  different  manner.  Think  of  than  effective  hitting.  It  tires  more  to  strike 
•ant  of  practice  it  takes  for  a  person  than  to  stop ;  therefore,  if  two  men  were  to 
driving  a  nail  with  the  right  hand  to  meet,  one  of  whom  was  a  perfect  stopper 
ible  to  drive  the  nail  with  the  hammer  though  he  could  hit  scarcely  at  all,  and  the 
is  left  hand !  But  with  a  hammer-bead  other  could  not  "  stop  "  blows,  the  good  stop- 
i  with  a  different  kind  of  blow,  he  can  per  would  win.  Very  few  of  the  present-day 
lail  with  the  left  hand  quite  well.  boxers  excel  as  stoppers.  None  can  come 
lolding  of  the  left  arm  and  leg  in  ad-  near  the  excellence  of  that  wonderful  ex-cham- 
'  the  right  is  a  wonderfully  clever  yet  pionof  the  light- weights, Billy  Edwards,  who  in 
ray  of  making  boxers  ambidextrous,  nis  day  worsted  all  who  came  before  him,  re- 
Q  does  not  render  the  left  as  handy  as  gardtess  of  difference  in  size  and  weight.  To 
t,  but  it  enables  it  to  hit  a  different  stop  well  requires  much  practice  and  good  hard 
blow,  which  is  almost  if  not  quite  as  work  with  as  many  different  kinds  of  hitters 
I  as  the  sledge-hammer  smash  of  the  as  possible.  As  the  left-hand  blow  of  an  op- 
rhe  second  reason  is,  that  the  right,  ponent  is  coming  in  for  tlie  face,  the  right, 
it  accomplished  hand,  is  made  to  do  which  has  been  lying  across  the  breast,  should 
id  reserve  if  not  skirmish  duty.  It  is  be  suddenly  raised,  the  palm  turning  outward 
more  important  to  defend  than  to  of-  as  it  meets  the  incoming  punch.  The  blow 
d  at  the  same  time  the  right  is  "  stop-  should  be  stoppeil  in  such  a  way  as  to  have  the 
1  opponent's  blows,  its  hitting  strength  forearm  or  wrist  of  the  striker  land  on  the  tight- 
kept  in  reserve  for  a  heavy  blow  on  ened  muscles  of  the  forearm  of  the  stopper.  It 
ibs  when  the  opportunity  comes.  is  hard  to  clinch  the  hand  too  tightly  or  ^^stop  " 
%  tmd  Mt  be  Hit — To  learn  hitting  too  forcibly.  A  few  good  hard  stops  will  some- 
ud  up  before  an  eight  or  ten  pound  times  so  hurt  an  adversary's  arm  as  to  render 
g-bag  in  the  attitude  described ;  draw  him  most  cautious  about  "  leading."  Do  not 
,  arm  and  shoulder  back  so  that  the  attempt  to  throw  off  the  blow ;  the  best  way 
TDs  a  slightly  acute  angle  with  the  is  merely  to  stop  it.  Always  keep  the  right 
loved  hand  opposite  the  side  or  short  elbow  as  low,  near  the  ribs,  as  possible. 
1  the  left  shoulder  twisted  back,  the  There  is  a  left-hand  lead  for  the  body  as 
oulder,  of  course,  coming  forward  in  well  as  for  the  head.  The  point  of  attack  on 
odation  and  the  right  fist  or  glove  the  body  is  the  pit  of  the  stomach  or  "  mark." 
from  its  position  over  the  mark  or  the  To  hit  the  **  mark"  effectively,  the  hand  should 
pie  up  almost  upon  the  left  shoulder,  be  turned  so  that  the  back  or  large  knuckles 
:  shoald  always  be  used  to  learn  hitting,  are  on  top  and  the  thumb  on  the  inside.  The 
ginner  feels  more  confidence  than  in  weight  should  greatly  assist  this  blow.  The  stop 
aiHT  on  an  opponent.  When  drawn  or  or  guard  for  the  body  lead  is  with  the  right,  but 
back  as  far  as  possible  without  strain-  struck  downward  instead  of  upward.  Much 
;h  the  left  hand  as  tightly  as  possible,  stopping  is  very  trying  to  the  arms.  Tom 
denly  shoot  it  forward,  or  "lead"  at  Sayers's  right  forearm  was  as  much  injured  as 
as  hard  as  possible,  helping  the  force  if  it  were  broken,  if  it  was  not  broken,  in  the 
blow  by  drawing  back  the  right  arm  battle  with  John  C.  Heenan,  stopping  the  Troy 
it  side  of  the  body  and  stepping  in  with  giant's  terrific  lef^-handers.  Few  fighters 
foot.     In  dehvering  the  blow,  be  sure  emerge  from  a  battle  without  forearms  black 


I 


102  BOXING. 

and  blue  from  wrist  to  elbow  from  stopping  principle.    John  L.  Sullivan's  earlj  work  was 

Uieir  opponents'  blows.  successfallj  done  hj  the  fall  -  arm  swingmg 

Dodging  and  Couteriiig. — As  a  rest  and  as  oross-coonter,  which  he  modified,  after  a  few 
one  of  the  easiest  ways  of  inculcating  use  of  broken  hands,  to  a  half-arm  swinging  blow, 
the  straight  counter  the  teacher  of  one  of  the  There  are  two  good  ways  of  striking  the  cross- 
best  boxing- schools  in  this  country  always  counter.  One  way,  the  first  to  be  described, 
takes  up  the  ^^ slipping'' or  dodging  of  the  left-  has  the  advantage  in  speed  and  handiness  of 
hand  lead  as  soon  as  his  pupils  can  show  fair  delivery,  but  the  second  method  is  considered 
proficiency  in  hitting  and  stopping.  Dodging  the  safer.  That  is,  there  is  less  danger  of  be- 
and  countering  the  left  lead  is  performed  by  ing  severely  countered  in  return, 
throwing  the  face  suddenly  toward  the  right  When  boxing  with  aD  opponent  for  practice, 
shoulder  as  the  left  lead  is  about  to  land  on  have  him  lead  with  the  left  for  the  face.  In- 
nose,  mouth,  or  eye,  the  head  being  at  the  same  stead  of  stopping  the  blow  with  the  right 
time  dodged  slightly  forward  and  a  little  forearm,  as  before  treated,  or  dodging  it  bj 
toward  the  right,  the  left  hand  being  simul-  throwing  the  face  toward  the  right  shoulder, 
taneously  sent  in  on  the  opponent's  face.  The  throw  the  face  just  a  trifle  toward  the  left 
beauty  of  this  blow  is  its  ease  of  delivery  and  shoulder  and,  without  turning  so  much  as  to 
the  combination  of  muscles  which  aid  its  force,  take  the  eye  from  the  bitterns  face,  rise  as 
A  boxer  can  hardly  be  so  tired  that  he  can  not  much  as  possible  on  the  ball  of  the  right  foot, 
use  this  method  of  punishing  an  opponent,  and  and  try  to  hit  him  with  the  right  on  the  jaw, 
in  many  a  prolonged  contest  has  it  secured  the  or  on  the  neck  close  under  the  ear,  by  throw- 
victory.  Variety  may  be  given  this  manoeuvre  ing  the  right  hand  and  arm  over,  "<K;raw"  the 
by  occasionally  making  the  counter  do  on  an  incoming  left,  which  should  slide  harmlessly 
opponent's  body.  over  the  cross-connterer's  right  shoulder.    A 

The  greatest  exercise  movements  in  boxing  little  practice  will  show  just  how  to  turn  the 

are  the  straight  counters.   The  straight  or  left-  hand  slightly  so  as  to  land  on  the  jaw  or 

hand  counters  are  made  on  face  and  body  just  neck  with  the  clinched  knuckles  of  the  third 

as  the  left  leads  are,  only,  instead  of  the  blows  and  fourth  fingers.    This  is  one  of  the  pretti- 

being  made  when  an  opponent  is  on  guard,  they  est,   most  scientific,   and   severest    punishing 

are  delivered  in  response  to  his  leads.     To  blows  in  the  whole  science  of  boxing.    The 

straight  counter :   The  moment  an  opponent  cross-counter  may  be  guarded  by  throwing  the 

leads,  stop  his  left  with  the  right,  and  simul-  right  hand  up  to  the  base  of  the  ear,  catching 

taneously,  or  a  fraction  of  a  second  later,  as  the  counter  in  the  palm  and  throwing  it  off. 

individual  practice  finds  best,  let  go  the  left  It  may  also  be  avoided  by  ducking.    To  duck 

forcibly  on  face  or  body.  the  cross-counter,  throw  the  head  straight  down 

As  almost  everybody  is  so  much  in  need  of  as  the  blow  is  near  its  destination,  and  bring 

left-hand  development  and  practice,  the  best  it  up  on  the  outside  of  the  blow,  which,  of 

boxing-teachers  instruct  in  the  feints  with  the  course,  has  just  missed.    Perhaps  the  best  way 

left  in  an  effort  to  make  the  left  the  offensive  is  to  dodge  it.     In  dodging  turn  the  face  to  the 

one  before  any  attempt  is  made  to  teach  the  right  as  the  left  lead  is  delivered ;  this  will 

offensive  use  of  the  right  hand.  present  the  back  of  the  head  for  the  receipt  of 

A  feint  is  a  make-believe.    It  may  consist  the  cross- counter,  and  make  an  opponent  liable 

of  a  pronounced  false  movement  with  the  fist  to  break  his  hand.     Variety  is  sometimes  given 

or  glove,  but  a  scowl,  a  clinching  of  the  teeth,  to  the  cross-counter  by  aiming  at  the  short 

a  stamp  of  the  foot  might  serve.    A  clever  ribs  instead  of  the  jaw.     This  is  called  the  low 

feinter  so  manages  it  that  he  gets  an  opponent  cross-counter.    To  strike  the  old  fashioned  or 

nervous — ** rattled" — off  his  balance  —  with  safe  cross-counter,  dodge  the  left  lead  as  if  to 

arms  in  a  position  impossible  to  be  serviceable  make  the  dodge  and  left  counter,  but  come  up 

in  guarding,  while  he  himself  is  drawn  back  in  a  quickly  close  beside  the  antagonist  and  deliver 

Eerfect  attitude  for  a  tremendous  blow  which  tne  right  like  lightning  on  jaw  or  neck.  It 
e  lets  go  at  exactly  the  right  moment.  Feints  should  always  be  remembered  that  landing  a 
may  be  made  with  the  left  for  the  face  followed  good  straight  left-hand  blow  on  an  opponent's 
by  a  blow  for  the  features,  or  on  the  body  fol-  nose  or  chin  will  prevent  his  effectively  "cross- 
lowed  by  a  body-punch,  or  a  body-feint  may  ing  "  that  blow  at  least.  Another  stop  for  the 
be  followed  by  a  face-blow  or  vice  versa,  A  cross-counter,  especially  when  an  opponent  is 
left-hand  feint  may  be  followed  with  a  blow  much  addicted  to  its  use,  is  to  land  a  few  solid 
of  the  right  hand  or  the  opposite,  or  a  half-  left-handers  on  his  right  shoulder.  This  will 
dozen  feints  may  be  made  before  any  real  at-  temporarily  paralyze  his  right  delivery, 
tempt  is  made  to  plant  a  hit.  Ultra-Sctentlfc  Work. — Good  head-work  gener- 
Tlie  Right  HiBd.— Not  till  familiarity  with  the  alship  and  ducking  and  dodging  are  very  essen- 
use  of  the  left  has  been  acquired  should  any  tial ;  ability  to  manoeuvre  the  feet  is,  if  any- 
effort  be  made  at  right-hand  delivery.  The  thing,  more  important.  Only  long  practice  will 
great  right-hand  blow  is  called  the  cross-coun-  tell  an  individual  how  much  ducking  he  can  do 
ter.  All  but  direct  right-hand  leads,  and  they  with  safety,  and  it  is  best  to  rely  on  ducking 
are  very  seldom  made  by  experts,  are  modifi-  only  as  a  resort  in  a  tight  pinch.  Properly  bal- 
cations  or  complications  of  the  cross-counter  anced  on  the  feet,  and  well  practiced  in  getting 


BRAZIL.  108 

rard  or  forward  and  breaking  ground  to  Janeiro  is  Thomas  J.  Jarvis;  the  Consul-Gen - 

ide,   is   generally  easier  and  safer  than  eral,  H.  Clay  Armstrong, 

ng  in   close  quarters,  which  frequently  Finaices. — The    Sterling     debt     of    Brazil 

ete  one  to  lose  sight  of  his  opponent.  amounted,  on  March  31,  1888,  to  £29,000,000, 

boxer  who  battles  on  the  defensive,  de-  and  the  home  debt  to  487,306,700  milreis.    The 

ng  only  on  straight  counters  or  the  old-  paper  money  in  circalation  on  April  30,  1888, 

>ned  cross-counters,  a  good  stopper  and  consisted  of  treasury  notes  to  the  amount  of 

c:r,  and  well  up  in  leg-work,  will  bother  188,861.263  milreis ;  notes  of  the  Bank  of  Bra- 

ch  heavier  man,  no  matter  how  ex)>ert  zil,  15,276,850;  notes  of  the  Bank  of  Bahia, 

the  Marquis  of  Queensberry's  rules  for  975,550  milreis;  notes  of  the  Bank  of  Maranhao 

ig- matches  are  understood  in  this  country,  166,700.     The  treasury  notes  form  part  of  the 

?  is  very  little  chance  for  an  in-fighter,  but  home  debt  referred  to.     The  budget  for  1889 

one  of  the  great  things  in  boxing.    £spe-  estimates  the  ordinary  expenditare  at  188,108,- 

r  is  in-fighting  valuable  in  an  unexpected  671  milreis ;    the  outlay  authorized  for  1888 

anter.     The  principal  point  about  in-fight-  had  been  141,280,108  milreis ;  the  income  in 

3  to  keep  both  hands  at  work.     In  an  un-  1889  is  estimated   at  140,000,000  milreifl,  as 

cted  fracas  let  the  opponent  do  all  the  compared  with  138,895,000  authorized  for  1888. 

ing  and  struggling ;  keep  the  left  going  Brazilian  finances  have  been  gradually  im- 

^ht  in  his  face  and  at  the  body-mark,  and  proving,  as  the  diminished  deficits  of  1886  and 

swing  the  right  on  neck,  jaw,  and  short  ribs.  1887  show.  During  seven  consecutive  years  the 

very  expert  blow  which  few,  even  of  the  deficits,  reduced  to  sterling  money,  have  been : 

»sionals,  have  mastered,  is  the  draw  and  1881,    £1,294,000;    1882,   £1,185,000;   1888, 

ter  for  the  cross-counter.     The  enemy's  £2,784,000;  1884,  £2,679,000;  1886,  £8,947,- 

the   right  cross-counter,  is  drawn  by  a  000;  1886,  £2,863,000;  and  1887, £2, 802, 000. 

T  feint  with  the  left.    His  cross-counter  The  deficits  in   1886  and   1887  chiefly  arose 

:>pped  with  the  left,  and  the  movement  of  from  railroads  and  other  public  works.    The 

»odj^  which  aids  in  stopping  his  right  with  deficit  for  1888,  it  is  believed,  will  not  exceed 

eft,  helps  in  sending  a  tremendous  right  £1,800,000.     The  floating  debt  is  $4,656,000. 

bis  jaw.  The  paying  of  wages  to  the  freedmen  will  re- 

lother  clever  move  is  the  inside  right,  quire  an  extensive  circulation  of  additional  silver 

of  the  most  expert  use  it,  but  it  is  a  very  coin  to  the  amount  of  about  $7,000,000,  for 

dve  blow.    The  inside  right  is  used  iu-  which  the  equivalent  in  treasury  notes  of  500 

[  of  the  cross-counter  by  stopping  a  left  to  2,000  reis  will  be  withdrawn.     This  amount 

with  the  right,  making  the  movement  of  of  silver  will  have  to  be  bought  in  the  open 

for  the  stop  aid  in  getting  the  right  into  market. 

ion  and  delivering  a  counter  with  it  on  Amy. — The  actual  strength  of  the  Brazilian 

jaw,   bat  inside  instead  of  outside  and  army  is  1,520  ofiicers  and  18,528  men ;  in  the 

»  the  arm  that  led.  event  of  war  it  may  be  raised  to  30,000.   There 

>per  catting  is  sometimes  effective,  but  is  is  also  a  gendarmerie  in  actual  service  of  6,847 

ys  so  dangerous  to  whomsoever  attempts  men,  1,008  of  whom  are  at  Kio.     After  the 

at  many  boxers  do  not  attempt  it  at  all.  new  census  shall  have  been  taken,  the  National 

apper  cut  is  a  counter.     It  should  only  be  Guard,  at  present  dissolved,  will  be  reorgan- 

after  careful  illustration  by  a  good  teacher,  ized.     The  Oomblain  carbine,  now  in  use  in  the 

blow  should  never  be  employed  except  Brazilian  army,  will  soon  be  replaced  by  an- 

1  an  opponent  comes  in  head  down.  other  weapon,  while  the  artillery  is  to  receive 

LAZIL.    (For  detmls  relating  to  area,  terri-  Bange  field- pieces. 

1  divisions,  population,  etc.,  see  "  Annual  Navyt — The  naval  forces  of  the  empire  were 

opsedia,"  for  1884.)  composed  in  1888  of  nine  iron-clads,  six  cruis- 

wenmmL — The  £mperor  is   Dom   Pedro  ers,  a  mixed  school  corvette,  a  paddle-wheel 

X)m   Dec.   2,   1825.      He  returned   from  steamer  for  artillery  practice,  four  patachos  or 

ipe  on  August  28  vrith  his  health  restored,  light  school  craft;   five  torpedo-boats  of  the 

Cabinet  is  composed  of  the  following  min-  first  class;  three  third-class  torpedo-boats;  15 

»:   President  of  the  Council  of  Ministers  gun-boats,  7  of  which  have  paddle-wheels,  4 

Minister  of  Finance,  Senator  Joao  Alfredo  are   wooden   with   screw,   and  4  steel    with 

ea   d'Oliveira;    Minister  of  the  Interior,  screw;  two  steam-transports,  and  eleven  steam- 

itj  Jos^  Femandes  da  Costa  Pereira,  Jr. ;  launches.    The  two  new  gun-boats  have  re- 

ster  of  Justice,  Deputy  Dr.  Antonio  Fer-  ceived  their  armament,  and  there  were  on  the 

k   Vianna ;    Minister  of  Foreign    Affairs,  stocks,  in  a  forward  state  of  construction,  two 

tor  Antonio  da  Silva  Prado ;  Navy,  Sena-  other  gun-boats — all  of  them  steel.     The  Bra- 

LuLb  Antonio  Viera  da  Silva;  War,  Sena-  zilian  fleet  mounts  184  rifled  Whitworth  and 

liomaz  Jos6  Coelho  de  Almeida ;  Agricult-  Armstrong  guns,  94  Nordenfeld  mitrailleiiset^ 

Deputy  Rodrigo  Augusto  da  Silva.     The  11  rapid-fire  Nordenfeld  guns,  4  Hotchkiss  re- 

illan  Minister  at  Washington  is  Dr.  Joao  volving  guns,  and  11  smooth-bore  pieces.    The 

loro  de  Louza  Correia.    The  Consul-Gen-  collective  horse- power  is  19,829,  and  the  ton- 

of  Brazil  at  New  York  is  Dr.  Salvador  nage,  40,252.     It  is  manned  by  4,272  sailors 

doDca.     The  American  Minister  at  Kio  de  and  ofiicers. 


104 


BRAZIL. 


PMtal  Serrlce. — The  report  of  the  postmaster- 
genera],  dated  Dec.  81,  1887,  shows  that  there 
were  then  in  operation  1,963  post-offices,  of 
which  558  were  in  the  province  of  Minas- 
Geraes,  and  11  in  that  of  Goyaz.  The  total 
receipts  for  the  second  half  of  1886  and  the 
whole  of  1887,  were  8,064,281  milreis,  and  the 
expenses  8,824,788,  the  deficit  not  exceeding 
260,501,  which  is  trifling  considering  the  size 
of  the  country  and  the  moderate  rate  of  post- 
age. Three  provinces  had  a  surplos.  Money 
orders  were  paid  to  the  amount  of  1,712,204 
milreis.  The  number  of  letters  handled  in  the 
foreign  mails  was  4,012,879,  distributed  as  fol- 
lows: Portugal,  1,181,600;  France,  678,452; 
England,  684,580;  Germany,  554,820;  Italy, 
378,158;  United  States,  218,837;  Rio  de  la 
Plata,  140,278;  Spain,  97,117;  Belgium,  44,- 
628;  other  countries,  140,010.  The  number 
of  foreign  letters  exceeded  those  of  1886  by 
226,917.  The  home  mails  forwarded  12,042,- 
998  letters  and  27,271,189  newspapers. 

Telegraphs. — In  July,  1888,  there  were  in 
operation  10,638  kilometres  of  Government 
telegraphs,  with  18,403  kilometres  of  wire, 
connecting  170  offices.  The  service  includes 
48  kilometres  of  cable,  the  bulk  of  which  is  in 
the  Bay  of  Rio. 

CMuierce. — The  development  in  BraziPs  for- 
eign commerce  during  the  quinquennial  period 
1882-^88  to  1886-^87  is  shown  in  the  ensu- 
ing tables,  reduced  to  eontosj  or  thousands  of 
milreis : 


The  sugar  and  cotton  exportations  from  Per- 
nambuco  have  been  as  follow : 


YKABS. 

Sogar. 

CoMoa. 

1886 

Tods. 
106,797 
146,066 
in.818 

186.844 

1887 

248,700 

1888 

869,886 

The  export  of  hides  from  Rio  Grande  do  Sol 
in  1887  was  856,111,  compared  with  758,622 
in  1886. 

The  American  trade  with  Brazil  exhibits 
these  figures : 


FISCAL  YKAR, 

From  the  United 
StatattoBraiO. 

From  BrMEflto 
tbcUnllod  BlitM. 

1886 

$7,268,086 
6.480,788 
8,071,668 
7,068,892 

$46,268,660 

1886 

41,907  jns 

624»58.176 

1887 

1888 

68,710,884 

TKAR.S. 

Import. 

Export. 

Total  trad*. 

1882-'88 

190,264 
194,482 
178,481 
197,602 
209,407 

197,038 
216,014 
226,270 
194,962 
268,620 

887,297 

188:i-'84 

410,446 

1884-'85 

404,701 

1885-'86 

892,464 

1886-^87 

472,927 

Total 

970,086 

1,097,799 

2,067,886 

On  examining  the  amounts  exported  of  each 
of  the  nine  principal  products  shipped,  it  will 
be  found  that  for  the  last  two  fiscal  years  the 
figures  were  as  follow:  OoflTee,  826,186  tons 
in  1885-^86,  and  864,409  tons  in  1886-'87; 
sugar,  respectively,  112,899  and  226,010;  cot- 
ton, 15,054  and  23,280;  India-rubber,  8,150 
and  14,083;  tobacco,  25,904  and  22,988;  hides, 
16,768  and  12,975;  cocoa,  4,188  and  8,566; 
Brazil-nuts,  5,564  and  5,692 ;  and  rum,  570,372 
litres  against  562,661.  During  the  five  years 
named,  the  export  of  diamonds  reached  alto- 
gether the  value  of  2,488,000  milreis,  and  that 
of  gold  bullion  and  dust  6,578,000  milreis. 
Coffee  shipments  from  the  ports  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro  and  Santos  were  as  follow,  during  the 
twelve  months  from  July  1  to  June  30 : 


DFSTINATION. 

188  7-*  88. 

1886-'87. 

To  Europe 

1.812,784 

1,764,681 

117,778 

8,110,472 

To  the  United  8t*tefl 

2,648,006 

To  other  countrien 

185,229 

Total   

8,195,188 

6,898,707 

The  maritime  movement  at  Rio  in  1887  was 
as  follows:  Sea-going  vessels  entered,  1,102; 
sailed,  824;  coastwise  crafts  entered,  1,208; 
sailed,  1,511.  The  nationality  of  vessels  entered 
at  Santos  in  1887  was :  Brazilian,  263 ;  British, 
129;  German,  102;  French,  58;  other  fiags, 
274 ;  total,  826. 

Satlraids. — During  the  summer  of  1888  the 
Minister  of  Public  Works  submitted  his  report 
to  Parliament.  The  past  thirty  years  have  ^- 
dowed  the  country  with  8,402  kilometres  of 
railway,  the  system  being  as  follows :  Govern- 
ment lines,  2,018  kilometres;  lines  on  whose 
capital  the  Government  has  guaranteed  inter- 
est, 2,585 ;  provincial  lines,  95 ;  lines  on  which 
provinces  have  either  guaranteed  the  interest 
or  paid  subsidies,  1,552 ;  lines  on  which  neither 
interest  has  been  guaranteed  nor  subsidies 
granted,  2,157;  total,  8,402.  There  will  con- 
sequently be  in  operation  in  two  years  some- 
thing like  18,000  kilometres  of  railway.  The 
lines  guaranteed  by  the  state  represent  a  capi- 
tal of  148,822,128  milreis,  or  £16,125,352. 

Rlfer  Niflgatlrat — Navigation  on  the  central 
artery  of  communication,  the  Sao  Francisco, 
is  unencumbered  for  a  distance  of  1,500  kilo- 
metres, and,  after  the  railways  starting  from 
Pernambuco  and  Bahia  shall  connect  with  it, 
the  products  of  the  interior  of  Minas-Geraes 
will  have  an  outlet  toward  the  sea.  The  rivers 
Ti^t6  and  Piracicaba  in  the  province  of  Sao 
Paulo  are  already  made  navigable,  completing 
communication  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the 
province,  and  soon  the  Mogiana  Company  will 
render  navigable  the  rivers  Mogy-Guassti,  Par- 
do,  and  Rio  Grande,  assisted  by  the  Western 
Minas  Railroad  Company. 

Harbor  InproTeHents, — Notable  progress  has 
been  made  in  improving  the  harbors  of  Maran- 
hao  and  Cear4,  and  proposals  have  been  made 
to  the  Government  to  put  in  better  condition 
that  of  Pernambuco.  A  wharf  of  considerable 
length  is  to  be  built  at  Santos ;  the  entry  to 
the  port  of  Rio  Grande,  continually  obstructed 
by  quicksands,  is  also  to  be  deepened. 


BRAZIL.  105 

AhMm  Steowr  Ubm.— The  speculators  for  a  landed  at  Rio  in  1887  was  81,810,  17,115  of 

rise  in  wheat  at  New  York  and  Chicago  ran  op  them  being  Italians,  10,205  Portagoese,  717 

tbxt  cereal  to  sach  a  point  in  1888  and  thereby  Germans,  and  274  Aostrians.    There  also  ar- 

okhanced  the  price  of  floor  so  much  that  Hun-  rived  at  Rio  4,134  in  transit  for  Santos  and 

girian  flour  has  sold  more  advantageously  than  405  for  Sao  Francisco,  constituting  a  total  of 

ever  at  Hio,  giving  rise  to  regular  steamship  85,849  immigrants  as  compared  with  25,741  in 

lines  from  Trieste  and  Fiume  direct  to  Rio.  1886  and  80,135  in  1885.     Adding  to  theland- 

The  maf^tade  of  this  flour  interest  in  Brazil  ings  at  Rio  the  direct  arrivals  of  immigrants  at 

vill  be  best   understood   by  referring  to  the  outports,  20,151,  the  aggregate  gain  of  popu- 

amounts    shipped    thither    from  the    United  lation  in  1887  was  56,000.     The  Provincial 

States  in  the  past  sixteen  years,  aggregating  Assembly  of  Sao  Paulo  has  passed  a  law  au- 

9,462,648  barrels,  there  being  a  21-per-cent.  thorizing  extension  of  aid  to  immigrants  from 

increase  during  the  past  eight  years,  as  com-  abroad,  to  the  number  of  100,000  per  annum, 

pared  with   the  shipments  of  the  preceding  for  five  consecutive  years,  while  the  province 

e^ht  years.  of  Minas-Geraes  has  contracted  for  80,000,  to 

fiuMlpattaB. — Prior  to  the  resignation  of  the  be  procured  during  a  twelvemonth. 
Cotegipe  Cabinet,  in  March,  abolitionists  were  faidnstries.  —  Great    enterprise   and   activity 
sdll  exposed  to  persecution  at  the  hands  of  the  were  displayed  in  many  localities  to  foster  and 
men  in  power ;   but  Jos6  de  Patrocinio  and  create  a  variety  of  industries.    A  firm  in  Sao 
Senators  Joaquin  Nabuco,  Dantas,  Prado,  and  Paulo  has  begun  to  turn  out  an  article  of  wax 
Joio  Alfredo  have  persevered   undaunted  in  matches,  competing  with  the  imported  Swed- 
tbdr  endeavors  to  bring  about  the  immediate  ish.     Sulphuric  acid  is  being   manufactured 
abolition   of  slavery.     The  bill  passed  both  from  Sicilian  brimstone,  both  in  the  province 
houses  on  May  18,  the  recommendation  of  the  of  Sao  Paulo  and  at  Rio.    Rio  and  Porto  Ale- 
new  Cabinet  and  the  law  was  signed  the  same  gre  have  each  a  glass  -  factory,   and  at  Rio 
day  by  the  Princess-Regent,  and  promulgated.  Grande  do  Sul  artificial  guano  is  made.    There 
Fall  returns  had  at  last  been  obtained  of  the  is  also  a  glue-factory.    Tanneries  are  numer- 
dave  registration  of  March  30,  1887.    The  to-  ous,  using  the  valuable  domestic  materials  that 
tal  nnmber  was  723,419,  of  the  declared  value  abound.    At  Rio  there  are  refineries  of  cotton- 
of  485,225,21 2  milreis.    It  was  estimated,  how-  seed  oil  and  castor-oil.    The  Government  has 
ever,  that  emancipations  and  deaths  had  re-  three  powder-mills,  but  gunpowder  for  hunting 
dnoed  this  number  to  600,000.     The  entire  and  mining  is  still  imported.     At   Macacos, 
bill,  as  framed  by  Senator  Prado,  consisted  of  near  Rio,  dynamite  is  manufactured.    Soap  of 
fire  brief  articles,   as  follows :   I.  Declaring  all  grades  is  made  at  Sao  Paulo,  Porto  Alegre, 
free,  from  date  of  the  law,  all  slaves  in  the  Pelotas,  and  Rio.     Composition  and  stearine 
empire ;  II.  Relieving  from  further  service  the  candles,   vying  with  the  best  European  and 
free-bom  children  of  slave  mothers ;  III.  Lo-  American  mi^es,  are  turned  out  at  Rio  and 
calizing  the  new  freed  men  within  their  county  Pelotas.    Brazilian  vegetable  wax — camauha — 
far  two  years;   IV.  Empowering  the  Execu-  is  used  for  a  similar  purpose,  and  seems  to 
^e  to  issne  the  necessary  regulations;  Y.  Re-  have  a  promising  future. 
▼oking  all  contrary  provisions.  Most  of  the  cotton  -  weaving   factoriea   in 
Jndgin^  from  experience  in  other  countries  Brazil  do  tlieir  own  dyeing.     At  Sao  Paulo 
where  slavery  has  been  suddenly  abolished,  calico-printing  is  carried  on  successfully.    At 
there  was  some  apprehension  that  it  would  be  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  there  is  a  large  woolen 
dilBcalt  to  secure  the  coffee-crop,  then  in  its  factory  connected  with  a  dyeing  establishment. 
prime,  and  get  it  properly  prepared  for  mar-  Steam  sugar-refineries  are  in  operation  at  Rio, 
k^     The  freedmen  have  worked  steadily,  and  Bahia,  Taubat^,  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.    Sev- 
there  has  been  no  disorder.     The  crop  has  eral  rectifying  distilleries  exist  at  Rio.     Arti- 
oome  in  a  little  more  slowly,  and  is,  perhaps,  ficial  wines,  liquors,  and  cognacs,  are  chiefly 
a  Ktde  less  carefully  prepared.     The  planters  made  at  Rio.    There  are  many  breweries,  and 
have  been  sullen,  but  resigned.     The  rise  in  some   Brazilian  beers  have  been  awarded   a 
coffee  in  the  past  few  years  has  benefited  the  premium  in  Europe,   having   stood  the  trip 
planters.      Sugar  has  sJso  advanced  consider-  across  the  Atlantic  admirably, 
abiy,  and  the  central  sugar-house  system  had  At  Itti,  in   the  province  of  Sao  Paulo,   a 
prepared  this  branch  of  industry  for  the  in-  paper-mill  is  to  be  equipped  and  one  at  Maran- 
eritable  event  for  years  past.    The  "  Centre  hao.     Creditable  paper-hangings  are  printed  at 
da  lodnstria  e  do  Commercio  do  ARSUcar,"  an  Rio  on  imported  rolls. 

anociation  of  sugar-planters  and  exporters,  is  There  were  in  operation,  on  Jan.  1,  1888,  36 

actively   at  work  to  introduce  the  diffusion  central  sugar-houses,  the  Government  guaran- 

peoresB  of  extracting  the  sugar  from  the  canes,  teeing  the  interest  on  85  of  them.     Nearly  all 

instead  of  the  almost  antiquated  centrifugal  of  the  machinery  was  imported  from  France. 

iTstem,  together  with  the  latest  and  most  ap-  Since  Jan.  1,  1888,  all  machinery  and  tools  in- 

faroved  American  and  European  methods  and  tended  to  be  used  for  manufacturing  have  been 

tinery,   and   a   more   rational   system  of  admitted  duty  free. 

cultivation.  ¥lttcaltue« — In  1887  the  province  of  Sao 

—  The   number   of  immigrants  Paulo  produced  5,000  hectolitres  of  wine,  sell- 


loe 


BRICKWORK. 


iug  the  red  wines  at  100  to  13S  francs  the  hec- 
tolitre, and  the  white  wines  at  1G0  to  SOO. 
The  Governrneut  haa  ordered  for  gratuitona 
distribution  in  Brazil  8,000  stalks  of  vines 
fWim  France,  and  as  manj  from  Spain  and 
Portugal,  Madeira,  and  the  Azores.  The  na^ 
tire  vine,  indigenous  to  the  pronnce  of  Matto- 
Grosso.  Viti»  tyeoidei,  will  also  be  widelj 
distributed.  At  Para  a  wine  is  made  from 
fresh  cocoa  beans  and  pulp  declared  by  trav- 
elera  to  be  delicious  and  refreshing. 

EiplerlBS  Expedltl«B&— The  second  Xingd  ex- 
pedition, under  the  command  of  Dr.  Ton  den 
Steinen,  which  in  IBBT  explored  the  interior 
of  Malto-Grosso,  returned  to  Cujaba  early  in 
1888,  the  result  being  the  discoverj  of  a  great 
Garih  nation  in  the  center  of  South  America, 
the  Bacairi  and  Sabugua,  and  the  discoverj  of 
the  Camayura  and  Anite  tribes  of  Indians, 
who  spealc  the  ancient  Tupi  language,  and 
whose  weapons  are  slings.  The  tributary  of 
tlie  Xingii,  the  Culnene,  was  thoroughly  ex- 
plored. 

Toward  the  close  of  1887,  Col.  Labre,  after 
ascending  the  Msdeira  river  as  far  as  Bolivia, 
descended  the  Rio  Madre  de  Dioa  at  a  point 
where  it  isjoined  by  the  Rio  Acre  or  Aqairy, 
thns  proving  that  communication  between  the 
Amazon  and  Bolivia  is  comparatively  easy 
without  nndergoing  all  the  trouble  caused  by 
the  Beni  rapids.  This  discovery  seems  to  open 
up  a  great  future  for  that  region. 

BUCKHOEK.  The  construction  of  baild- 
ings  in  brick  is  a  very  ancient  art.  The  fire- 
resisting  qualities  and  remarkable  durability 
of  the  material  have  contributed  to  make  it 
the  most  popolar  of  all  building  materials.  In 
recent  years  there  has  been  a  rapid  advance  in 
the  artofmakingbricks,  which  has,  in  ameasure, 
revolutionized  the  coostmction  of  brick  build- 
ings. The  shape  was,  until  recently,  to  a  great 
extent  limited  t«  the  simple  parallelepiped ;  hut 
bricks  are  now  produced  in  a  great  variety  of 
forms  and  in  different  colors.  1'hus  there  are 
bricks  formed  so  that  when  laid  side  by  side 
they  produce  a  continuous  molding,  either  hori- 
zontEJly,  as  in  the  case  of  a  string-course  or 
plintb,  or  vertically,  as  in  jambs  of  door  and 
window  openings.    Bricks  are  also  made  in 


tion  of  ornament  Is  often  made  of  terra  cotta. 
The  arobitect  has  thus  at  his  command  means  of 
producing  effects  that  were  not  previously  with- 
in his  reach.  Although  the  architeetanil  effect 
is  satisfactory,  the  construction  of  hriokwork, 


strength,  is  open  to  improvem^t. 

1  custom  is  to  employ  face-briekf 
of  a  superior  quality  to  those  on  the  interior    . 
of  the  wall,  and  this  is  an  obstacle  to  good 
construction,  as  sncb  bricks  are  almost  invari- 
ably larger  than  the  commoner  varieties,  and    < 
hence  can  not  be  properly  bonded  in  or  tied  . 
together.    Even  a  graver  error,  which,  in  tbe  .. 
n^ted  States,  is  almost  universal,  is  that  of 
nsing  what    is   known  as  "running   bond."  ^ 
Formerly   the   practice   was    to   boild    brick- 
work in  one  of  the  systems  known  respective-  > 
ly  as  English  and  Flemish  bond,  and  the  an-  L 
oient  brick  buildings  in  Enrope  are  all  of  Ihii  K 
construction.     In  recent  years  the  mnningH 


wedge-shapes  for  arches,  and  of  other  forma 
for  the  construi^tion  of  pavements,  curbs,  sills, 
cornices,  copings,  etc.  The  form  of  brick  in 
which  the  i^nrface  is  ornamented  is  coming 
more  into  use  every  day,  although  this  descrip- 


bond    has,   in    onr   country,   almost    entirely 
taken  their  place.    In  English  bond,  the  hrickj 
are  laid  with  their  long  and  short  sides  (tecb* 
nically  termed  stretchers  and  headers)  parsk^^- 
lel    to  tbe  length  of   tbe  wall  in  alternate 
courses,  while  in  Flemish  bond   they  are  IM.^ 
alternately  headers    snd    stretchers    in  eaoh  > 
course.     Both  systems  have  tbe  advantage  a(.^ 
forming  "bond,"  or,  by  the  arrangement,  l>p-ifl'.' 
ping  tlie  bricks  to  produce  a  solid  mass.     Tlisll 'i 
conslmction    of  running    bond  will    depeodfcfl 
upon  whether  tbe  wall  is  exterior  or  interior.^ 
If  the  latter,  the  bricks  will  all  be  laid  stretcWSM 
ers — that  is,  with  tbe  long  side  parallel  to  tbuM 
side  of  the  wall,  except  in  every  fifth  or  sev^/] 
entli  course,  when  they  will  be  laid  headen)i/^ 
When    tbe   wall    is   exterior,   all    the   bricb^ 
on  the  face  are  laid  stretchers,  bonding  be-.  ^ 
ing  obtained   by  laying  the  bock   bricks  i|^^ 
every  fifth  or  seventh  course  diagnnally,  end  * 
cutting  off  the  comers  of  the  face-bricks  ■!>-■ 
these  points,  in  order  to  permit  their  inlr*^ 
duction.     The  objection   to  this  fomi  of  ooit 
Btruction  is  that,  as  headers  are  introdnoet  '■= 


BRIOKWOBK. 


107 


ly  one  coarse  out  of  five,  tlie  remainder 
>  wall  is  unconnected,  except  by  the  mor- 
nd  thus  tbe  principle  npon  wfaich  correct 
Ag  is  baaed,  tbat  no  two  mortar-joints 
d  ctiiae  under  one  antitber,  is  violated. 
B  Strength  of  a  wall  depends,  to  a  great 
t,  upon  the  qnality  of  tLe  mortar  em- 


The  fODDdatioiiB  of  a  building  are  obviously 
important.  In  localities  where  Blone  abounds, 
they  are  often  conetrncted  in  what  is  known 
as  rough  or  random  mbble,  which  conslBts  of 
rough  pieces  of  stone  laid,  without  dressing, 
in  such  a  way  as  to  produce  the  best  bond 
possible  nnder  the  oiroumstances.    Examples 


d.     To  make  good  mortar,  clean,  sharp  of  this  system  of  the  conatrnction  of  tounda- 

la  required    and  a  hme  having  no  in-  tion  are  found  in  nearly  all  buildings  of  New 

derable  Jiydrauhc  qualities.     These  are  York  city,  formed  of  the  gneiss  rock  of  which 

I  m  the  proportion  of  about  one  of  lime  ManhatUn  Island  is  mainly  composed.     Brick 

or  of  8and,_with  no  more  water  than  is  \a  a  good  material  for  foundations,  and,  if  it  is 

wy  to  moisten  the  whole  of  the  parts  ^ell  burned,  the  moisture  has  no  effect  upon  it. 

Where  brick  is  employed  for  foundations,  it  ia 

\^,,^^  nsual  to  form  footings.  These  consist  of  widely 


'mmm 


Jlow  of  the  miitare's  being  thoroughly 
ed.  The  custom  in  many  parts  of  the 
ry  is  very  common  of  using  lime  that  ia 
ttle  better  than  pure  chalk.  Such  lime  is 
:  all  suitable,  and  not  a  tew  of  the  build- 
oddeDta  tbat  have  occurred  from  weak 


spread  courses,  diminished  by  o£^«ts  equal  to 
half  the  thickness  of  a  brick  till  the  width  of 
the  wall  is  reached.  In  good  eooetvuction, 
every  brick  in  ibe  footings  is  laid  a  header 
where  possible,  while  all  stretchers  neces- 
sitated by  the  width  of  the  course  are  placed 
in  the  interior  of  the  wait.  The  brick  or  stone 
footings  may  either  be  built  npou  the  soil  or 


= 

«^ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1       1       1 

r'       1    1         1 

rill 

. 

work  may  he  directly  attributed  to  the  upon  a  bed  of  concrete,  depending  upon  the 
[oality  of  the  mortar  by  reason  of  the  natnre  of  the  soil.  Where  hard  rock  or  gravel 
>Tment  of  chalk  lime.  is  found  on  the  site  of  a  building,  f    " 


108 


BRICKWORK. 


be  laid  diraotl;  npon  it,  bnt  otherwise  the  nae  Silverlcfck'a  bond  the  bricks  are  all  laid  on 
of  concrete  ia  advisable.  Concrete  for  this  edge,  stretcher  and  header  alteniatel;  in  each 
purpose  is  composed  of  iime  or  cement  mixed  conrae,  producing  an  appearance  somewhat 
with  sand  and  ballast.  In  heav^  work,  Portland  aimilar  to  that  of  Flemish  bond  in  oolid  brick- 
or  Rosendale  cement  i»  generallj  preferred.         work.    Dearne's  plan  ia  to  laj  the  bricks  all   - 

Bricks  being  absorbent,  the  moiature  from  headera  and  flat  in  one  conrae,  and  all 
the  groand  will  freqaentl;  rise  by  oaptllary  atretohers  on  edge  in  the  other.  The  oul;  ad- 
attraction.  To  preveat  this,  damp  conrses  are  vantage  of  hollow  bond  ia  the  saving  in  mi-  ' 
terial.  Beaides  these  bonds  or  ajstema  of  laj- 
ing  the  bricks,  there  are  others  in  common 
nae.     Diagonal  bond  ia  sometimes  employed   ' 


employed.  These  consist  of  a  layer  of  some 
material  impervioas  to  moisture,  which  ia  laid 
immediately  above  tbe  gronnd-line.  Asphalt, 
sheet-lead,  slate,  and  Portland  oemsDt  ere 
among  the  materiab  employed  for  the  pur- 
poae.  To  prevent  the  penetration  of  wa- 
ter into  the  interior  of  a  building,  it  ia  fre- 
quently advisable  to  construct  an  area- wall 
aroand  the  entire  aice,  at  a  diatance  from  tbe 
main  walls  of  tbe  bntlding  of  about  three 
inches.  Such  walls  are  built  wholly  below 
the  ground,  and  are  finished  on  top  with  a 
course  of  molded  bricks.  With  the  same  ob- 
ject, the  main  walls  of  isolated  buildiogs  are 
sometimes  constructed  with  a  cavity  in  the  in- 
terior, which  not  only  effectnally  prevents  the 
dampness  from  penetraUng  into  the  building, 
but  also  aasiats  in  rendering  it  warmer  in 
winter  and  cooler  iu  summer.  Sach  nails, 
known  by  the  general  term  of  "  hollow  walla," 
are  constructed  of  two  casings  about  two  inches 
apart,  such  casiogs  being  connected  by  the  iu- 
aertion  of  iron  or  brick  ties  every  two  or  three 
feet.  Tlie  ties  are  always  formed  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  prevent  the  passing  of  moisture 
across  them.  At  the  bottom  of  the  cavity  in 
tliese  walls  is  a  gutter  connected  with  the 
drain,  and  any  water  that  finds  its  way  throngh 
the  outer  casing  is  conducted  away. 

Hollow  bond,  as  distingniahed  from  hollow 
walla,  is  used  in  some  parts  of  the  country  for 
the  erection  of  small  buildings,  fence-walls, 
and  in  other  positions  where  but  little  strength 
is  required.  There  are  two  methoda  of  con- 
structing auch  walls,  known  respectively  as 
SUverlock's  and  Dearne's,  and  both  of  these 
systems  are  limited  in  their  application  to 
walls  of  the  thickness  of  a  single  brick.     In 


in  executing  thick  walls  for  heavy  bnildingi.  "'■^ 
On  the  exterior  it  is  similar  to  English  bond;  ■"'■ 
but  on  the  interior  tbe  bricks  are  laid  di-  *' 
agonally,  with  the  object  of  obtaining  a  bet-  "^ 
ter  bond.  For  the  purpose  of  tying  togeUier  ^ 
the  component  parts  of  brick  waits  of  all  4 
kinds,  boop-iron  bond  is  sometimes  employed,  -^'u 
In  England  its  use  is  common,  but  in  the  '■: 
United  States  it  ia  not  employed  to  any  great  ■'■i 
extent.  Tbe  hoop-iron  ia  laid  in  between  the  ' ' 
mortar-joint 8,  in  every  fifth  or  seveutfa  course,  ■; 
end  ia  lapped  at  all  comers  and  joints.  To  pre-  ti? 
vent  oxidization  tbe  iron  is  often  covered  with  'ii 


U|1ITI.^^ER1L 


tar,  or  is  galvanized.  Sometiiiiea  it  has  jagged  v^ 
edges  to  iiive  it  a  better  hold  on  the  mortar.  -^ 
The  construction  of  arcHea  in  brick  may  bt-,,; 
divided  into  two  distinct  classes:  1.  Thost  .|" 
known  as  ganged,  in  which  each  brick  is  enl  ^~ 
or  ganged  to  a  wedge  ahape  in  order  to  pro-  .  . 
dace  a  parallel  mortar-joint,  and  in  which  tbe  /^^ 
ends  are  curved  to  conform  to  the  curveol  ''"' 
the  arch;  2.  Those  known  as  rough  arches,  it  J" 


BUDDHISM. 


109 


which  the  bricks  are  laid  without  catting.  In 
the  Utter  case,  the  difference  in  the  lengths  of 
the  cuTYes,  that  is,  of  the  intrados  and  the  ex- 
trades  of  the  arch,  is  reached  by  the  forma- 
tion of  wedge-shaped  mortar-joints.  Ganged 
srehes  are  formed  of  speciaUjr  made  hricks,  in 
which  a  proportion  of  sand  has  heen  nsed  to 
render  them  friahle,  and  the  catting  is  effected 
hj  means  of  a  coarse-toothed  saw,  the  exact 
shape  being  obtained  by  rabbing  the  sides  on 
a  stone,  to  the  form  of  a  template.    This  is 


nrVXBTKD  ABCH. 


often  done  by  the  bricklayer  on  the  job,  bat 
mere  frequently  in  the  brickmaker^s  yard, 
frofn  detail  drawings  furnished  him  by  the 
architect.  The  names  by  which  arches  are 
known,  unlike  most  of  the  technicalities  of 
the  building-trade,  are  substantially  identical 
throD^oat  the  country.  They  are  taken  in 
aearly  every  case  from  the  curves  to  which 
they  are  formed.  Thus  we  have  semi  or 
semicircular,  segmental,  elliptical,  and  cy- 
eloidal  arches.  Among  pointed  arches  there 
is  the  equilateral,  which  comprises  two  arcs 
tfmck  firom  the  abutments.  The  inverted  arch 
is  always  segmental,  and  is  struck  upside  down, 
for  the  purpose  of  distributing  the  weight  of 
the  superincumbent  building  over  the  space  in- 
tervening between  two  piers.  Flat  arches  are 
useful  over  horizontal  window  and  door  heads, 
and  are  osually  formed  with  the  camber  or 
curve  on  the  intrados. 

The  manner  in  which  the  exterior  joints  of 
brickwork  are  finished  varies  considerably  in 
different  parts  of  the  country  and  in  different 


fI.AT  ABCH. 


kinda  of  work.    In  interior  walls  the  joint  is 

'"gtmck,'^   that  is,  finished  by  drawing   the 

trowel  along  it  to  render  it  smooth.     Where 

the  same  wall  is  plastered,  the  mortar  is  left 

rcH^h  so  as  to  form  a  key  for  the  plaster.    In 

eDerior  walls  the  mortar-joints,  as  a  rule,  are 

finished  level  with  the  bricks,  and  the  whole 

surface  is  painted  with  two  or  three  coats  of 

od-paint.     The  mortar- joints  are  thus  hidden. 

A  small  brush  guided  by  a  straight  edge  and 

dipped  in  white  paint  is  used  to  paint  in  the 

mortar- joints  at  the  proper  distance  apart. 

KBDflHL  An  analysis  of  Southern  Bud- 
Sam,  which  has  been  published  by  the  Bishop 
of  Colombo,  embodies  the  results  of  twelve 


years'  observation  of  the  system  in  Oeylon  and 
first-hand  studies  of  the  sacred  books.  The 
author  draws  a  general  distinction  between  the 
traditional  school  of  interpretation,  as  it  is 
known  to  Singalese  scholars,  and  that  to  which 
Europeans  incline.  *^  The  Singalese  tradition, 
if  it  differs,  differs  always  in  the  direction  of  a 
meaning  more  puerile,  more  wooden,  less 
Christian,"  although  the  higher  meaning  may 
in  some  cases  be  acknowledged  by  the  Buddhist 
interpreter. 

Numerical  estimates  of  Buddhist  adherents 
are  of  no  value,  because  Buddhism,  unlike  other 
religions,  does  not  claim  exclusive  possession 
of  the  ground.  It  is  a  parasitic  religion,  ready 
to  thrive  where  it  can,  without  displacing  or 
excluding  another  with  which  it  comes  in  con- 
tact. While  a  Christian  or  a  Mohammedan  or 
a  Hindoo  can  be  that  only,  a  Buddhist  can  also 
be  a  Conf  ncianist  or  a  Taoist  or  both,  and  to 
a  great  extent  a  Hindoo  or  planet-worshiper. 
In  Oeylon,  the  statues  of  Hindoo  deities  are 
found  in  the  precincts  of  the  Buddhist  viharcu; 
on  the  Buddhist  festivals,  Buddhists  visit  Hindoo 
and  Buddhist  temples  alike ;  when  Buddhists 
are  sick  the  Hindoo  or  the  devil-priest  meets  the 
Buddhist  monk  at  the  door  without  offense. 
*^  What  is  most  practically  the  refuge  of  a  Cey- 
lon Buddhist  is  not  anytldng  truly  Buddhistic, 
but  the  system  of  astrology,  charm,  devil-danc- 
ing, and  other  low  superstitions."  It  is  these, 
and  not  the  doctrines  of  the  Tripitaka  or  any 
rule  of  self-sacrifice,  that  the  Buddhist  has  to 
abandon  when  he  becomes  a  Christian. 

Buddhism  is  a  system  of  precepts  or  a  method 
of  escape  from  evil,  which  is  discovered  and 
lost  again  and  again  in  successive  ages.  The 
precepts  are  held  to  be  unchangeable,  but  be- 
come lost  sight  of  till  a  new  Buddha  appears, 
who  revives  the  knowledge  of  them  for  the 
benefit  of  his  age.  All  the  Buddhas  of  the  suc- 
cessive ages — the  term  **  ages  "  being  taken  in 
an  infinite  sense — ^*  do  and  say  exactly  the  same 
things;  they  are  bom  in  the  same  family,  leave 
home  at  the  same  hour  of  the  night,  throw  their 
bowls  into  the  same  stream,  and  so  on."  The 
Buddha  of  the  present  age  is  Gautama. 

There  is  not  the  slightest  hint  that  the  truth 
came  by  revelation  from  any  person  superior 
to  the  Buddha,  or  that  the  Buddha  is  in  any 
sense  God.  But,  if  it  be  asked  whether  Bud- 
dhists believe  the  Buddha  to  be  a  mere  man, 
or  to  be  the  Supreme  Being,  the  question  can 
not  be  answered  in  one  word.  Buddhism  does 
not  possess  the  idea  of  distinct  grades  of  being, 
permanently  separated  from  one  another.  To 
buddhism  all  life  is  one.  He  who  was  a  god 
may  now  be  a  brute,  and  afterward  may  be  a 
man.  The  difference  is  not  one  of  indelible 
character,  but  of  stage.  But  of  all  beings,  a 
Buddha  has  reached  the  highest  stage.  He  is, 
therefore,  the  supreme  being,  but  the  phrases 
in  which  this  dogma  is  expressed  do  not  imply 
anything  like  what  we  mean  by  God.  The 
Buddha  attained  a  position  higher — ^not  in  do- 
minion, but  in  enlightenment— than  those  of 


110  BUDDHISM. 

the  highest  deities  known  to  Buddhism,  Indra        The  resultant  biogn*aph7  of  Gaotama  shows 

and  Maha  Brahm4 ;  in  fact,  he  is  represented  as  nothing  sopernataral  and  nothing  that  in  those 

having  passed  through  the  stages  of  being  both,  days  was  strange.     Many  high-born  persons 

on  his  way  to  his  final  birth,  as  a  Buddha.  went  through  renunciations  similar  to  his,  and 

The  sources  of  information  respecting  Gau-  bore  among  their  adherents  the  title  of  Bud- 
tama  are,  on  the  one  hand,  the  Tripitaka,  or  dhas.  A  like  course  was  prescribed  in  the 
threefold  collection  of  sacred  books,  which  laws  of  Menu  as  a  regular  part  of  a  Brah- 
form  the  canon  of  Southern  Buddhism,  and  man^s  life.  Gautama  is  not  recorded  as  having 
may  be  spoken  of  as  the  books  of  250  b.  o.  ;  performed  any  act  of  conspicuous  or  extraordi- 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  the  biographies  of  nary  goodness  or  self-sacrifice  in  his  historical 
Buddha,  tliat  of  Asvaghosha,  which  is  attrib-  life;  but  he  attributed  to  himself  these  and  all 
uted  to  the  first  century,  a.  d,  that  which  sorts  of  noble  actions  in  former  births.  Most 
bears  the  name  of  Buddhagosha,  which  may  probably  his  career  was  as  nearly  as  possible 
belong  to  the  fifth  century,  a.  d.,  and  the  Lalita  that  of  an  ordinary,  devoted  teacher,  and  he 
Vistdra,  or  **  beautiful,  detailed  narrative,"  of  was  distinguished,  not  by  strange  acts,  but  by  a 
uncertain  date,  but  between  the  first  and  sixth  strange  degree  of  sympathy,  insight,  and  con- 
centuries.    The  last  works  are  the  chief  source  structive  ability. 

of  Arnold's  "Light  of  Asia,"  while  the  books        The  historical  treatment  of  the  life  ofGau- 

of  250  B.  o.  are  the  source  of  the  lives  given  by  tama  shows  nearly  all  the  parts  of  his  biogra- 

Rhys  Davids  in  the  Hibbert  Lectures,  and  Dr.  phy  that  are  relied  on  as  parallel  to  Ohristian 

Oldenberg  in  his  "  Buddha."  nistory  to  belong  to  the  unhistorical  Lalita  Yis- 

Evidence  exists  as  to  the  prevalence  as  far  t4ra  and  the  other  later  books.    Whether  these 
back  as  about  250  b.  o.,  of  Buddha's  teaching  northern  biographies  borrowed  from  Christian- 
and  of  some  of  the  sermons  and  traditions,  ity,  is  an  interesting  question  that  depends  on 
carved  on  the  rocks  or  on  pillars,  in  different  the  date  of  Asvaghosha — which  some  put  as 
parts  of  India,  in  the  form  of  edicts  of  Asoka  early  as  70  b.  o.,  some  as  late  as  70  a.  d.  ;  on 
under  the  name  of  Dev&nampiyo  Piyadasi.  the  veracity  of  the  early  Christian  traditions  as 
Their  date  is  established  by  the  mention  of  to  the  travels  of  the  apostles ;  and  on  the  de- 
contemporary  Greek  kings,  and  they  are  ac-  gree  of  intercourse  between  Kaniska's  Indian 
credited  in  the  Singalese  chronicle,  the  Mahar-  court  and  the  western  countries.  But  even  were 
ranso.   In  comparison  with  whatever  historical  all  admitted,  the  resemblances  to  Christianity 
matter  is  incorporated  in  the  Tripitaka,  the  are  small  and  few.    In  the  historical  narration 
sources  of  information  of  the  other  class  are  there  are,  to  the  author's  view,  only  two  points 
untrustworthy.    Whatever  is  included  in  them  that  bear  resemblance  to  anything  in  the  life  of 
and  not  in  the  Tripitaka  that  must  naturally  Christ.     One  is  the  visit  of  the  old  sage,  who, 
have  been  inserted  there  if  it  had  been  believed,  after  the  birth  of  Gautama,  predicted  that  be 
can  be  regarded  as  of  later  fabrication.     Of  would  be  a  Buddha,  and  rejoiced  to  have  seen 
this  character  are  most  of  the  points  of  the  him ;  but  this  story  is  wanting  in  some  of  the 
biographies  that  bear  any  reference  to  Chris-  important  features  of  the  similar  incident  in 
tianitv.     Singalese  chronicles  go  much  further  the  life  of  Christ ;  and,  moreover,  it  only  corre- 
back  than  250  b.  c,  and  with  the  same  circum-  sponds  with  the  common   Indian  custom  of 
stantiality.    They  give  lists  of  kings  who  pre-  getting  a  sage  to  visit  the  infant    and  pro- 
ceded  Asoka,  and  lists  of  monks  who  were  nounce  his    horoscope.     The  other  is  the  so- 
leaders  of  Buddhist  congregations  from  Gau-  called  temptation  of  Buddha  by  Mara ;  but  in 
tama's  time  till  then.    It  would  be  unreason-  this  case  the  attempt  is  very  different  from  that . 
able  to  refuse  all  credit  to  the  earlier  part  of  which  was  made  upon  Christ  by  Satan,  and  i 
these  chronicles.     It  is  hardly  possible  to  dis-  an  inevitable  incident  of  the  story, 
trust  them  so  far  as  to  doubt  that  the  sacred        Other  apparent  instances  are  fictitious.   B 
books,  substantially  as  we  have  them,  existed  a   multitude  of  little  parodies,  nearly  all 
a  hundred  years  earlier.  them  misleading,  a  total  impression  is  convey 

In  the  Pitaka  substantial  facts  are  chron-  which  is  very  far  removed  from  the 

icled  correctly,  but  adorned,  not  overlaid,  with  Likenesses  to  Christianity,  and  most  toucbs^ 

fictitious  and  often  absurd  circumstances.    The  ones,  there  are ;  but  they  are  generally  in 

falsehood  in  the  stories  does    not    seriously  expression  of  man's  weakness  and  need,  no 

interfere  with  the  truth ;  it  falls  off  directly  the  method  of  meeting  it. 
the  story  is  handled.    The  incredible  elements        The  Nirvdna  of  the  books  and  of  pre 

of  the   Pitaka    life   of  Gautama  are    mostly  Ceylonese  conviction  is  the  state  in  which  t 

of  this  nature.    They  belong  to  what  is  little  is  not  left  any  capacity  for  re-birth.    This  stu 

else  than  a  conventional  mode  of  narration ;  which  sees  final  death  within  reach,  migb 

they  are  little  more  than  the  epithets  that  we  called  the  potentiality  of  final  Nirvdna ;  a 

used  to  select,  without  thought  of  truth  or  is  inaccurately  imagined   to  be  happin 

falsehood,  from  our  Gradus^  to  adorn  the  plain  have  attained  that  potential  stage,  and  to 

substantives  of  our  originals.    The  separation  that  one    has  no    more  births  before    h* 

of  the  history  from  them  requires  no  exercise  The  attainment  of  Nirvdna,  thus  inaccura 

of  the  critical  faculty,  and  gives  no  room  for  thought  of,  is  possible  in  life ;  its  final  achi0 

arbitrary  decisions.  ment,  in  the  last  death,  is  Paranirvdna. 


BULGAEIA. 


Ill 


Id  practice,  the  Ceylon  Buddhist  among 
the  masses  is  both  better  and  worse  than  his 
ereed.  Better  because,  instead  of  a  distant 
NirrAna,  or  a  series  of  births,  he  has  before 
him  the  next  birth  only,  which  he  thinks  will 
be  in  heaTen  if  he  b  good,  in  hell  if  he  is  bad  ; 
because  he  calls  on  God  in  times  of  distress, 
sad  has  a  sort  of  faith  in  the  one  creator, 
whom  bis  priests  would  teach  him  to  deny. 
Worse  because  his  real  refuge  is  neither 
Buddha  nor  his  books,  nor  his  order,  but  dev- 
ils and  devil-priests  and  charms  and  astrology 
and  every  form  of  groveling  superstition. 

BOjCISII,  a  principality  in  eastern  £nrope 
that  was  set  apart  from  the  Turkish  Empire 
ud  given  an  independent  government  by  the 
Treaty  of  Berlin,  signed  July  18,  1878.     East- 
em  Koamelia  was  at  the  same  time  consti- 
tDted  an  autonomous  province  of  Turkey,  re- 
zuaininjg  under  the  direct  political  and  military 
aathority  of  the  Sultan.    The  goveiiior-general 
was  to  be  nominated  for  the  term  of  five  years 
by  the  Saltan,  who  must  select  a  Christian, 
and  submit  his  choice  to  the  approval  of  all 
the  treatj  powers.     The  Sultan  was  given  the 
right,  which  he  has  never  exercised,  to  erect 
fortifications   on   the  land   and  sea  frontiers 
of  Eastern  Roumelia,  and  to  maintain  Otto- 
man troops  there.    The  Roumelians  were  to 
preserve   internal  order  by  means  of  a  gen- 
darmerie, assisted  by  a  local  militia,  but,  in 
ease  of  a  disturbance  of  the  peace  within  or 
witboat,  the   governor-general  could  call  in 
Turkish    troops.      The    treaty    arrangements 
were    overturned    by   a  revolution    that  oc- 
onrred  on  Sept  17,  1885,  when  the  govemor- 
^neral  was  deposed,  and  the  union  of  East- 
tn  Bomnelia  with  Bulgaria  was  proclaimed. 
Prince  Alexander  of  Bulgaria  assumed  the  ad- 
nnnistration  of  the  province,  and  the  Eastern 
Uoimielians  and  Bulgarians  joined  in  repelling 
the  Servian  invasion,  for  which  the  union  of 
the  two  provinces  gave  occasion.    The  signa- 
u»y  powers  held  a  confer^nce  in  Constantino- 
^  and  as  the  result  of  their  deliberations  the 
Man  issued  a  firman  on  April  6,   1886,   in 
^^b  he  recognized  the  change  in  the  status 
f»  by  coufiding  the  government  to  Prince 
^    Akxander  and  by  agreeing  to  a  modification 
^-^^1  ^^^  organic  statute,  at  the  same  time  re- 
K^v\  ^^^. certain  districts  of  Kinali  and  twenty 
YuUges  m  Rhoupchous  or  the  Khodope,  which 
^  peopled  almost  entirely  by  Mussulmans. 
AwnatDisMon  was  appointed  to  revise  the  or- 
^  sUtQte  in  order  to  bring  it  into  harmony 
f^the  changed  conditions,  chiefly  by  trans- 
^^  the  administration  of  the  customs  to 
?*°°j?*rian  Government  and  amending  the 

^  ^^^^^  ^^®  proceedings  of  this  Tur- 
^■wiigirian  commission  were  not  completed, 
®^  to  the  revolution  of  Aug.  20,  1886, 
»«^  resolted  in  the  abdication  of  Prince  Al- 
fttDder.  The  annual  tribute  to  Turkey,  which 
»«  filed  by  the  organic  statute  at  246,000 
ach^  ?«fldj  Tnrkish,  the  Provincial  Assembly  arbi- 
I  wfl/ reduced  to  186,000  pounds,  including 


of  p?«^ 

Tbi5«J* 
1,  mki' 


id  u^fc? 


lal 


the  customs  equivalent,  and  after  the  revolu- 
tion of  September,  1886,  no  part  of  it  was  paid 
till  1888.  Bulgaria  has  undertaken  to  pay 
the  debt  of  Eastern  Roumelia  to  the  Porte, 
which  at  the  beginning  of  1880  amounted  to 
743,632  Turkish  pounds,  according  to  the 
modified  estimate  of  the  Provincial  Assembly, 
and  to  1,082,642  Turkish  pounds,  if  the  origi- 
nal sum  is  maintained. 

The  council  of  ministers  was  composed  in 
1888  as  follows :  Prime  Minister  and  Minister 
of  the  Interior,  Stambuloff;  Minister  of  For- 
eign Affairs  and  of  Public  Worship,  Dr.  Stran- 
sky ;  Minister  of  Finance,  Katchevich ;  Minister 
of  War,  Colonel  Mutkuroff;  Minister  of  Jus- 
tice, Stoiloff ;  Minister  of  Public  Instruction, 
Zivkoff.  This  ministry  was  constituted  from 
elements  of  both  the  Liberal  and  Conservative 
parties  on  Aug.  81,  1887,  after  Prince  Ferdi- 
nand's assumption  of  authority.  It  contained 
the  three  regents,  Stambuloff,  Mutkuroff,  and 
Zivkoff,  who  had  exercised  the  powers  of  gov- 
ernment during  the  latter  period  of  the  inter- 
regnum, Zivkoff  having  succeeded  Karaveloff 
after  the  latter's  arrest  for  complicity  in  the 
military  insurrection  of  February,  1887. 

The  present  Prince  of  Bulgaria  is  Ferdinand, 
Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg,  the  youngest  son  of  Au- 
gustus, the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg,  and  the 
Princess  Clementine,  of  Bourbon  -  Orleans, 
daughter  of  Louis  Philippe,  King  of  the 
French.  Ferdinand,  bom  Feb.  26,  1861,  was 
elected  prince  by  the  unanimous  vote  of  the 
National  Assembly  on  July  7,  1887,  in  succes- 
sion to  Prince  Alexander,  who  abdicated  on 
Sept.  7,  1886.  He  assumed  the  government 
on  Aug.  8,  1887.  The  treaty  powers  have  not 
ratified  his  election,  and  none  of  them  have 
yet  formally  recognized  his  government. 

The  National  Assembly  of  Bulgaria  under 
the  Constitution  of  1879  consists  of  a  single 
chamber,  the  members  of  which  are  elected 
by  universal  suffrage,  in  the  proportion  of  one 
to  every  ten  thousand  inhabitants,  for  three 
years.  The  prince  may  dissolve  the  Assembly, 
but  must  order  new  elections  within  four 
months. 

CeniMerce. — The  people  of  both  provinces 
pursue  agriculture  almost  exclusively,  and 
grain  is  the  chief  product  and  article  of  ex- 
port. Sheep  are  kept  in  large  numbers,  and 
there  is  a  considerable  household  manufacture 
of  w:oolen  cloth  and  braid  in  Eastern  Eou- 
melia.  There  is  an  export  trade  in  timber 
from  the  mountains.  Wine  and  raki,  tobacco, 
and  silk  cocoons  are  among  the  other  products 
of  this  province.  The  imports  of  Bulgaria  for 
1884  were  valued  at  46,851,280  leii  or  francs, 
and  the  exports  at  48,867,237  leii.  In  1886 
the  trade  of  Eastern  Roumelia  is  included  from 
the  1st  of  November  in  the  returns,  which 
give  the  imports  as  88,843,617  leii,  and  the  ex- 
ports as  42,017,984  leii.  In  1886  the  value  of 
imports  was  61,687,169  leii,  and  of  exports 
87,768,679  leii.  The  imports  from  Austria- 
Hungary  were  16,481,698  leii  in  value;  from 


•s. 


112  BULGARIA. 

Great  Britain,  16,829,805  leii;  from  Tarkey,  the  opening  months  of  the  year,  was  near  at 

12,899,846  leii.    The  exports  to  Turkey  were  hand,  and  woold  find  him  ready  to  die  for 

valued  at  16,958,508  leii;    to  France,  9,827,-  Bulgarian  liberty. 

568  leii ;  to  Great  Britain,  4,585,685  leii.    The        Area  aid  P»pilatiM.— The  area  of  the  princi- 

share  of  Eastern  Roumelia  in  the  total  imports  polity  of  Bulgaria  is  24,860  square  miles,  and     - 

was  15.860,000  leii,  and  in  the  exports  11,186,-  its  population,  according  to  a  census  that  was      . 

750  leii.  taken  in  1881,  is  2,007,919,  consisting  of  1,027,-     :^ 

Fbuuices. — The  budget  for  1887  makes  the  808  males  and  980,116  females.    Eastern  Roa- 

revenue  47,218,266  leii  or  francs,  and  tbe  ex-  melia  or  South  Bulgaria,  as  it  has  been  official- 

penditure  47,874,414  leii.     The  estimates  for  ly  called  by  the  Bulgarians  since  the  union, 

1888  fix  the  receipts  at  58,708,046  leii,  and  has  an  area  of  18,500  square  milea,  and  con-    ' 

the  disbursements,  at  69,047,770  leii.  The  chief  tained  on  Jan.  18,  1885,  when  the  last  census    ^^ 

branches  of  expenditure  are !  War,  28,228,840  was  taken,  975,050  inhabitants.    The  Chris-      ' 

leii ;  Interior,  7,518,694  leii ;  the  debt,  6,878,488  tian  Bulgarians  numbered  681,734 ;  Turks  and    \!Z 

leii;  Finance  Department, 5,768, 112 leii;  Public  Moslem  Bulgarians,  200,498;  Greeks,  53,028; 

Works,  5,114,4^4  leii.  In  December,  1887,  the  gypsies,    27,190;    Jews,    6,982;    Armenians,    , 

Sobranje  authorized  a  loan  of  50,000,000  leii,  1,865 ;  foreigners,  8,788.    The  retrocession  to     "_ 

of  which  19,000,000  leii  were  to  be  applied  to  Turkey  of  the  canton  of  Eirjali,  and  of  twenty    ^^ 

tbe  construction  of  the  Zaribrod-Sofia- Vakarel  Mussulman  villages  of  the  Rhodope  in  accord-    :^ 

railroad,  the  same  sum  to  the  purchase  of  the  anoe  with  the  Turco- Bulgarian  arrangement  of     j^ 

Varna  line,  2,000,000  leii  to  discharging  the  April  6,  1886,  that  was  concluded  on  the  rec-   /"^ 

debts  of  Prince  Alexander,  and  the  remainder  ommendation  of  the  Constantinople   confer-     f 

to  army  equipments.     The  Government  was  ence,  reduced  the  Mussulman  population  by     ^^ 

not  successful  in  placing  this  loan.    It  under-  40,000,  and  emigration  has  diminished  further 

took  to  pay  140,000  Turkish  liras  as  the  amount  the  number  of  Mohammedans.    The  capital  of     ; 

of  the  Eastern  Roumelian  tribute  to  the  Porte,  United  Bulgaria  is  Sofia,  Philippopolis,  the 

with  21,000  liras  per  annum  on  account  of  former  seat  of  the  Eastern  Roumelian  Grovem- 

arrears,  and  in  1888  made  the  first  payments,  ment  having  been  reduced  to  a  prefecture. 

The  quota  of  the  Turkish  debt  to  be  borne  by  Sofia  has  20,501  inhabitants;    Philippopolis,    '^ 

tbe  principality  of  Bulgaria  was  left  to  be  83,442;    Rustchuk,   26,168;    Varna,   24,555;  "^ 

settled  by  agreement  between  tbe  signatories  Sbumla,  28,098.  -- 

of  the  Berlin  Treaty,  but  the  powers  have  not       The  IMpk«atlc  SttiatlM. — In  October,  1887,    -*- 

yet  fixed  any  sum.  M.  Nelidoff,  tbe  Russian  ambassador  at  Con-   '^ 

The  Bulgarian  Government  in  the  latter  part  stantinople,  suggested  to  the  Porte  that  the    ' 

of  1887  reduced  the  tariff  on  goods  coming  from  Sultan  should  order  Prince  Ferdinand  to  leave     -^ 

Turkey,   and  entered  into  an  understanding  Bulgaria,  and  that  Russian  and  Turkish  com-  ^r 

with  the  Porte,  which  made  a  like  concession,  missioners  should  be  sent  to  govern  the  princi-    >- 

In  1888  the  Turkish  Government,  in  its  desire  pality  for  four  months,  choosing  a  new  Cabinet,    ^^ 

to  please  Russia,   adopted  various  harassing  dissolving  the  Chamber,  and  orderiug  the  eleo-    :*^ 

regulations,   refusing  to  recognize   Bulgarian  tion,  at  the  end  of  three  months,  of  a  new  as-  >  - 

postage-stamps  or  Bulgarian   passports,   and  sembly,   to  which  should    be  submitted  the    .'^ 

levying  a  duty  of  8  per  cent,  on  imports  from  choice  of  two  candidates  that  Russia  would 

Bulgaria.     Bulgaria  retaliated  in  May  by  plac-  nominate  for  prince.      The  incident  of  the 

ing  the  same  duty  on  Turkish  goods,  until  forged  documents  supervened  (see  Austria- 

finally  Turkey  reduced  its  duty  to  1  per  cent.  Hunoart),  and  after  the  explanations  between 

An  order  of  the  Bulgarian  Government  doub-  tbe  Czar  and  Bismarck  the  German  Go  vernmeat 

ling  the  duty  on  Russian  spirits  in  July  pro-  repeated  its  declarations  regarding  the  illegality 

voked  a  remonstrance  from  the  German  consul  of  Prince  Ferdinand's  position  and  its  acqiu< 

at  Sofia,  who  has  charge  of  Russian  interests  escence  in  the  restoration  by  peaceable  an 

until  diplomatic  intercourse  with  Russia  shall  diplomatic  means  of  Russia's  infiuenoe  in  B 

be  resumed.  garia  as  it  existed  before  the  dismissal  of  t^ 

The  Amy. — Universal  obligatory  military  serv-  Russian  Minister  of  War  and  the  Russiau  ofiSo^^ 

ice  has  been  adopted.    The  army  consists  of  of  the  Bulgarian  army.     Germany  suppo 

12  regiments  of  infantry,  8  of  cavalry,  8  of  the  Russian  demand  that  the  Sultan  should 

artillery,  with  24  field-guns  and  2  mountain-  clare  Ferdinand  a  usurper,  but  Austria  w 

guns,  and  7  companies  of  pioneers.    The  peace  not  join  in  any  declaration  on  the  subject 
efi^ective  is  29,000  men,  and  the  war  strength        Revolotlomiry  Said  at  Itoui^as. — Russian  di_ 

100,000  men.   The  South  Bulgarian  contingent  matic  activity  was  accompanied,  as  usual^ 

in  time  of  war  is  26,000  men.     The  infantry,  an  attempt  to  incite  insurrection  in  Bui 

who  are  well  drilled,  are  armed  with  Martini  Capt.  Nabokoff,  a  Russian,  who  had  been 

rifles.      The  Government,  in  1888,  purchased  demned  to  death  for  participation  in  the 

15,000,000  cartridges  in  Belgium,  prosecuted  bellion  that  had  been  effected  at  Bourg 

works  of  fortification  at  Varna,  Bourgas,  and  1886  under  cover  of  two  Russian  gunbo^^ 

other  points,  and  prepared  vigorously  for  war,  but  who  had  been  set  free  on  being  claim 

which.  Prince  Ferdinand  predicted  in  a  speech  a  Russian  subject,  was  the  leader  of  the 

that  made  a  sensation  throughout  Europe  in  attempt,  and  behind  him  was, the  chief  of 


BULGARIA*  113 

i  Rnssophiles,  Zankoff,  who  was  in  elective  assembly  tinder  the   supervision  of 

^Constantinople,  while  his  coa^jotors  the  representatives  of  the  powers;    the  as- 

fe  cashiered  officers  of  the  Bulgarian  sembly  would  send  a  deputation  to  the  Czar 

id    Andre    Eappe,    a    MoDtenegrin.  in  acknowledgment    of   Russia's  services  in 

as  snpplied  by  the  Slav  committees  ia  liberating  Bulgaria ;   the  Czar,  content  with 

and  Odessa.    They  recruited  a  band  this  act  of  satisfaction,  would  renounce  the 

ne  hundred  Montenegrin  mercenaries,  idea  of  having  a  civil  or  military  representa* 

ered  a  Greek  vessel  at  the  Turkish  port  tive  in  the  future  Government;  and  all  the 

to  to  convey  the  party  to  Kustenje,  powers  would  accept  any  prince  that  the  as- 

ig  that  they  were  emigrants.    When  sembly   wonld    clioose    comformably  to    the 

village  of  Eeupruli,  on  the  Roumelian  stipulations  of  the  Treaty  of  Berlin.    Russia, 

the  Black  Sea,  near  Bourgas,  they  after  an  interchange  of  views  with  all  the 

]  the  master  of  the  vessel  to  set  them  cabinets,  communicated  the  suggestion  to  the 

They  tried  to  incite  the  Roumeliotes  Porte,  and  was  supported  in  identical  notes 

lem,  but  without  success.    The  Prince  by  Germany  and  France,  while  England,  Ans- 

negro  had  tardily  telegraphed  a  warn-  tria,  and  Italy  sent  separate  communications 

3  plot  to  the  Porte,  yet  the  Bulgarian  of  negative  import.    After  receiving  a  second, 

»  received  notice  from  Constantino-  more  emphatic  note  from  Russia,  and  one  still 

le  to  intercept  the  revolutionists  be-  more  urgent  from  Germany,  the  Grand  Vizier 

r  reached  Bourgas.     The  Bulgarian  laid  the  matter  before  the  council  of  ministers, 

learlj  surrounded  them,   and    killed  and  in  pursuance  of  an  trade  sent  a  dispatch 

while  many  were  taken  prisoners,  in-  to  M.  Stambuloff  on  March  ^,  which  ran  as 

lappe,  only  about  twenty  making  th^ir  follows : 

to  Torkish  territory,  where  they  were  On  the  arrival  of  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Coburg  in 

by  the  Ottoman  authorities.      Capt.  Bulffaria,  I  declared  tq  His  Highness  in  a  telegram 

•  and  Capt.  Boyanoff,  a  notorious  Bui-  <>/  -^V??*,*  ^^z  ^^^7'  that  as  his  election  by  the  Na- 

3VolDtionist,    were   among   the   slain,  tionai^ulganan  Assembly  had  not  le^ive^ 

V      J               a.           ,       J  <^       w   MCMu.  gent  of  all  the  Signatory  powers  of  the  Berhn  Treaty, 

;he  documents  captured  were  letters  and  as  that  election  had  not  been  sanctioned  by  the 

ag  Zankoff,  Hitrovo,  the  Russian  min-  Sublime  Porte,  his  presence  in  Bulffaria  was  contrary 

Bucharest,  the  city  attorney  of  Odessa,  to  the  Beriin  Treaty  and  was  illegal. 

ontenegrin  priest  named  Eapitchich,  To-day  I  have  to  declare  to  theBulMrian  Govem- 

„   1 Jtj  ;„  ♦!,«  «K^««*;^«  S  jy^^^X  ment  that  in  the  view  ot  the  Imperial  Government 

a  hand  m  the  abduction  of  Pnnce  j^ig  portion  remams  the  same-that  is  to  say,  the 

tr.    Three  other  bands  were  organized  presence  of  Prince  Ferdinand  at  the  head  of  the 

negro  for  the  descent  on  Bourgas,  but  principality  is  illegal  and  contrary  to  the  Treaty  of 

Lab  Government  arrested  some  of  the  Berlin. 

men,  and  prevented  their  embarking.  The  effect  of  this  declaration  was  to  rouse 

n  war- vessel  appeared  off  Bourgas  at  into  activity  all  the  elements  in  Bulgaria  that 

ent  when  the  attempt  to  surprise  the  were  hostile  to  Prince  Ferdinand  or  to  inde- 

nijzht  was  to  be  made,  and  vanished  pendence.    Clement,  Metropolitan  of  Timova, 

failure.    These  events  took  place  in  was  dismissed  for  insulting  the  prince.    Rev- 

ining  of  January.  olutionary  bands  made  incursions  from  Mace- 

I    PrtptsaK — The    Porte,  which    had  donia  and  Servia,  but  were  promptly  met  by 

Riza  Bey,  its  commissioner  in  Bui-  soldiery.    Opposition  journals  called  on  Prince 

i  the  arrival  of  Prince  Ferdinand,  de-  Ferdinand  to  resign,  and  anti-national  cliques 

L  January  to  send  again  a  representa*  were  busy  in  the  army.    Manifestations  of  a 

Sofia,  and  appointed  Eiazim  Bey  its  revolutionary  spirit  had  been  made  easy  by 

Qoner.    M.  Nelidoff  thereupon  threat-  the  action  of  Prince  Ferdmand^s  Government  in 

0  leave  Constantinople,   and    the  ap-  abolishing  the   press   censorship  before    the 

ent  was  canceled.   Under  Russian  press-  close  of  1887,  and  in  restoring  to  their  rank 

e  Turkish  authorities  also  release<l  the  in  the  army  many  officers  who  had  partici- 

negrins  who    had    taken    part  in  the  pated  in  the  deposition  of  Prince  Alexander 

?»  affair.    In  February,  Count  Schou-  and  other  Russian  plots.    Ferdinand,  however, 

.  the  Kussian  ambassador  at  Berlin,  ex-  effectually  counteracted   these   symptoms    of 

^  tlie  Rassian  position  to  the  German  restlessness  by  making  a  tour  of  the  towns,  in 

€dlor,  and  as  a  result  of  the  pourparlers^  all  of  which  he  was  received  with  demonstra- 

igrwi  was  sent  from  the  Russian  Foreign  tions  of  loyalty  that  proved  in  the  eyes  of  Eu- 

^,  asking  the  powers  to  declare  illegal  the  rope  the  attachment  of  the  mass  of  the  Bul- 

»w  of  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Coburg  in  garian  people  to  their  de  facto  prince  as  the 

^  and  at  the  head   of  the  Bulgarian  embodiment  of  a  stable  government  and  of  na- 

^mentf  and   to  communicate  that  dec-  tional  independence. 

jw»  to  Turkey,  and  request  Turkey  to  CaMiet  CMb, — In  the  spring.  Major  Popoff, 
7  it  to  the  usurping  prince.  This  was  who  had  done  more  than  any  one  else  to  de- 
wed by  a  note  explaining  the  conse-  feat  the  Russian  revolutionary  conspiracy  in 
*«  of  sach  action,  which  would  be  that  the  time  of  the  regency,  was  arrested,  with 
Bulgarian  ministry  would  drive  Prince  four  other  oflScers,  on  the  charge  of  malversa- 
•Mnd  from  Bulgaria,  and  convoke  an  tion  of  public  money.  A  discrepancy  of  7,000 
roLxxTiiL — 8  A 


114  BULGARIA. 

francs  was  discovered  in  the  regimental  ac-        The  Eastern  RtOways. — From  the  time 

counts.  For  this  his  subordinates  were  charge-  rail  connection  between  Europe  and  th< 

able,  and  no  saspicion  of  dishonesty  could  rest  poros  was  first  contemplated,  the  proje 

on  the  patriotic  soldier  who  had  refused  Gen.  passed  through  many  vicissitudes.    The  t 

Eaulbars^s  offered  bribe  of  200,000  rubles  to  men  who  governed  Turkey  in  the  reij 

deliver  Sofia  over  to  the  revolutionists  in  No-  Abdul   Medjid    and    Abdul   Aziz   plani 

veraber,  1886.     But  he  had   offended  Stam-  junction  with  the  Austrian  resMu,  whih 

buloff,  who  was  jealous  of  his  influence  with  Ignatieff,  through  palace  influences  and 

the  prince,  and  therefore  a  court-martial  cash-  matic  chicanery,  sought  to  shape  a  s 

iered  him  and  condemned  him  to  four  years^  to  join  the  projected   railways  of  £ui 

imprisonment.     Col.   Nicolaieff,  president  of  Turkey  with  tiiose  of  Russia.    For  ten 

the  court-martial,  publicly  declared  that  the  or  more  the  political   troubles  of  the 

trial    was   unfairly    conducted,   and   on   the  prevented  any  step  being  taken.     At  1 

strength  of  this  opinion  Natchevich  and  Stoll-  m  1868,  contracts  were  awarded  to  tb« 

off,  ihe  Conservative  members  of  the  Cabinet,  gian  Van  der  £lst,  and  when  he  faile 

urged  the  prince  to  quash   the  sentence  or  Vienna  banker  Hirsch  obtained  a  new  c 

order  a  re-trial.     Stambuloff   threatened  to  sion,  contracting  to  build  a  line  from  Co; 

resign  if  this  advice  were  followed.    On  June  tinople  to  the  Austrian  frontier  near  A 

12,   Stoiloff   and  Natchevich   tendered  their  with  four  branches  running  to  the  Mget 

resignations.    When  apprised  of  their  action,  from  Adrianople,  to  Salonica  from  Pristi 

Stambuloff  sent  to  the  prince  the  resignations  the  Black  Sea,  and  into  Servia,  the  tot 

of  himself  and  his  Liberal  colleagues.    A  com-  being  2,600  kilometres.    On  the  securit 

promise  wa.<«  effected,  in  accordance  with  which  subvention  of  14^000  francs  per  kilomet 

Prince  Ferdinand,  on  June  28,  remitted  the  annum  for  ninety-nine  years,  Hirsch  ob 

penalty  of  imprisonment.     The  migority  of  subscriptions  for  1,080,000  bonds  of  400 

the  ofScers  of  the  army  were  incensed  at  the  each,  which  were  rendered  attractive  I 

result  of  the  trial,  and  some  of  them  entered  feature  of  lottery  drawings.     When  the 

into  a  plot  to  rescue  him  from   prison,  and  Austrian  Railroad  Company  declined  i 

seize  Stambuloff  and  the  other  Liberal  minis-  sume  the  contract  for  working  the  line 

ters.  Five  ofiicers  were  arrested  as  ringleaders,  stipulated  rental  of  8,000  francs  per  kilc 

Another  dispute  occurred  between  the  Con-  per  annum,  Hirsch,  with  the  aid  of  Pi 

servative  members  of  the  Cabinet  and  Stam-  financiers,  founded  a  French  company  f 

buloff  on  account  of  attacks  on  the  former  in  purpose,  called  the  Soci^t^  d^Exploitatic 

the  Liberal  press,  and  they  again  handed  in  Chemins  de  Fer  Orientaux,  which  has 

their    resignations,   but  the   prince   brought  changed  its  domicile  to  Austria.     Ignati 

about  an  accommodation.  1872,  after  Mahmoud  Pasha  had  beconi 

The  Servfaui  FrMtler  ReetUcitiMU — The  dispute  eign  minister,  succeeded  in  having  the 

in  regard  to  the  possession  of  a  tract  of  past-  plan  changed.      The    Austrian    and    &• 

nre  lands  in  the  Bregovo  district,  which  was  junctions  were  abandoned,  and  the  len| 

one  of  the  causes  of  the  Servo-Bulgarian  war,  the  line  was  reduced  to  1,280  kilometref 

was  finally  settled   in  July,  1888,  in  accord-  ning  to  Bellova,  to  connect  with  the  R 

ance  with  the  agreement  arrived  at  between .  nian  and  Russian  lines  by  means  of  the  \ 

the  two  governments,  by  a  mixed  commission  Rustchuk  line.    A  part  of  the  money  thi 

sitting  at  Negotina.    The  difference  between  subscribed  for  the   abandoned   portion: 

the  two  countries  arose  from  the  fact  of  the  paid  to  Hirsch  as  compensation  for  the  c 

frontier  line  having  become  changed  through  of  contract,  none  of  it  being  returned 

the  deviation  from  its  former  course  of  the  bondholders.     Austrian  and  English  dipl< 

Timok  river.    The  question  was  settled  by  a  was  set  in  motion  to  induce  the  Porte 

mutual  exchange  of  land.    The  Porte  raised  tend  the  Bellova  line  to  Nish  in  order  t 

an  objection  to  the  direct  negotiations  with  it  with  a  projected  line  through  Servia,  i 

Servia  in  the  first  place,  and  now  protested  1875  Turkey  and  Austria  entered  into  : 

against   the    cession   of    Bulgarian   territory  tual  engagement  to  construct  r^lroads  t< 

without  the  previous  consent  of  the  suzerain  on  the  one  part,  and  to  Belgrade  on  the 

power.     This  protest  was  simply  intended  as  before  the  end  of  1879.    Then  came  the 

a  formal  assertion  of  reserved  rights,  and  after  ruptcy  of  the  Turkish  treasury,  the  S< 

explanations  had  been  offered  by  the  Bnlga-  war,  the  Bulgarian  rebellion,  and  the  I 

rian  Government  it  was  withdrawn.    In  Sep-  Turkish  War,  all  of  which  events  had 

tember,  when  negotiations  were  opened  for  origin  in  the  conflict.    The  Treaty  of  I 

the  conclusion  of  a  commercial  treaty  between  settled  the  question    in   the  Austrian 

Bulgaria  and  Servia,  Turkey  put  forth  more  and  restored  the  main  features  of  the 

emphatically  a  claim  to  participation  in  the  inal    Hirsch    project.     Servia   and    Bo 

treaty,  requesting  that  the  Servian  Govern-  were  bound  to  build  the  sections  of  the 

ment  should  recognize  the  Turkish  minister  lying  within  their  respective  territories, 

resident  at  Belgrade  as  the  first  Turco-Bulga-  sian  diplomacy  endeavored  still  to  defe^ 

rian  plenipotentiary.     But  Servia  consented  to  arrangement  by  bringing  pressure  on  1 

treat  with  Bulgaria  alone.  Alexander  to  grant  a  concession  to  R 


BULGARIA.  115 

contractors  for  a  line  from  Sofia  to  Rastchak,  72  miles.    The  road  was  ready  to  go  into  op- 

reljing  on   Rassian  influence  over  the  new  eration  in  Jalj.    From  Vakarel  to  Bellova  the 

principality  to  postpone  indefinitely  the  con-  line  had  already  been  built  by  the  Soci6t6  des 

straetion  of  the  line  from  Vakarel  to  Zaribrod  Raccordements,  and  wds  the  property  of  the 

enjoined  by  the  Treaty  of  Berlin.  TheBalgarian  Porte,  subject  to  a  mortgage  to  the  construc- 

ministers  steadfastly  resisted  the  Russian  de-  tion  company.     By  the  terms  of  the  original 

maod,  which  was  renewed  and  urged  in  many  contract  the  Porte  was  under  obligations  to 

tbnns,  and  thus  began  the  friction  between  give  the  working  of  both  the  Macedonian  line 

Ra^ia  and    Bulgaria.    Russian  infiuences  at  and  the  Bulgarian  Junction  road  to  the  Soci6t6 

Sofia  and  Constantinople  were  strong  enough,  d^£xploitation  des  Ghemins  de  Fer  Orientaax, 

however,  to  delay  the  meeting  of  the  Confix  but  it  had  long  before  quarreled  with  Baron 

TfMt  <2  Quatre^  which  was  announced  for  the  Hirsch,  and  would  have  no  further  dealings 

early  months  of  1881,  until  1883,  and  when  with  his  company.    It  offered  the  contract  for 

the  convention  was  finally  drawn  up  the  Bui-  the  Bellova  road  to  the  Soci6t^,  which,  possess- 

garian  delegates  were  deterred  from  signing  it  ing  no  rolling-stock,  sublet  it  to  the  contract- 

lotil  the   Hossian  clique  at  Sofia  concluded  or  working  the  Servian  railroads.     The  Bul- 

that  farther  opposition  was  useless.    Then  a  garian  Government  applied  for  permission  to 

scheme  to  obtain  the  contract  for  Russian  en-  operate  the  Junction  line,  and  received  no  re- 

pnneers  was  tried,   but  Karaveloff  outwitted  ply,  as  Russian  infiuences  were  predominant 

Eojander,  the  Russian  diplomatic  agent,  and  in  Constantinople.    The  Turkish  Government 

secured   it  for  a  Bulgarian  syndicate.     The  also  refused  to  conclude  a  postal  convention  in 

eoolnees  that  arose  on  this  account  between  regard  to  Eastern  Roumelian  letters  until  Bul- 

the  RojBsian  representative  and  the  Bulgarian  garia  threatened  to  use  the  Austrian  post-office 

Prime  Minister,  who  was  ref4ised  admittance  in  Constantinople,  and  on  July  12  the  Turkish 

to  the  Rassian  agency,  excited  the  resentment  authorities  consented  to   accept  them   when 

of  the  latter,  and  brought  him  into  the  con-  bearing  Bulgarian  stamps, 

dition  of  mind  to  prepare  the  revolution  in  The  Bulgarian  railroad  was  opened  with  fes- 

^'Eftsrem  Ronmelia  in  the  following  year,  which  tivities  on  the  12th  of  August,  and  the  first 

led  to  the  complete  estrangement  of  Russia.  through  train  that  passed  over  the  internation- 

By  the  convention  concluded  at  the  CoT^fe"  al  route  entered  Constantinople  on  the  mom- 

rmee  d  Quatre^  in  1883,  Austria,  Bulgaria,  Ser-  ing  of  the  14th.    The  trip  from  Vienna  to  Con- 

ria,  and  Turkey  agreed  among  themselves  to  stantinople  takes  less  than  forty-eight  hours, 

boild  railroads  connecting  the  European  sys-  The  Bulgarian  line  had  been  open  for  internal 

tem  with   Constantinople  and  Salonica.    The  traffic  from  July  5. 

tvo  lin^  were  to  be  completed  and  opened  Brlguidiget — The  Bulgarian  Grovernment  had 

for  traffic  in  the  summer  of   1886.    Austria  a  serious  grievance  against  the  Turkish  authori- 

bdh  the  section  from  Budapesth  to  Belgrade  ties  in  the  fact  of  their  snpineness  in  regard 

md   opened  it  in  September,  1884.      Servia  to  the  operations  of  Macedonian  brigands  who 

{Ranged  into  debt  in  order  to  fulfill  her  part  made  incursions  into  Bulgaria  from  the  Balkan 

promptly,  and  had  the  roads  running  south-  mountains,  and  when  safe  on  Turkish  soil  again 

vtrd  to  the  Turkish  frontier  and  eastward  to  made  no  pretense  of  concealing  themselves  or 

i^  Bulgarian  frontier  ready  for  operation  be-  their  business,  but  openly  established  their  ar- 

t9r%  Bulgaria  and  Turkey  had  fairly  begun  senals  in  the  villages.     On  July  8,  a  band  of  fif- 

tbeir  continuations.    Bulgaria  was  the  slowest  ty  brigands  from  the  Rhodope  descended  on 

IB  performing  her  part  of  the  engagement,  and  Bellova,  and  carried  off  two  railroad  officials, 

tfoosed  the  anger  of  the  Servians,  who  were  Austrian  citizens  named  Lftndler  and  Binderby. 

tbe  readier  on  this  account  to  begin  the  cam-  They  gave  notice  that  their  prisoners  would  be 

ptign  against  Bulgaria  that  placed  it  out  of  her  released  on  the  payment  of  a  ransom  of  8,300 

power  to  complete  her  section  of  the  Constan-  Turkish  pounds  into  the  hands  of  a  Greek 

tbo}^  line  within  the  time  set.    Turkey  was  named  Illiopulos,  the  consular  agent  of  hisGov- 

eot  much    behind  Bulgaria  in  finishing  the  ernment  at  Tatar-Bazar(^ik.    The  diplomatic 

^aetioQ   lines.      The  Salonica    railroad   was  agents  of  England,  Austria,  Italy,  Servia,  and 

jiQ^a^  to  the  Servian  branch  from  Belgrade  in  Roumania  demanded  of  Stambuloff  that  he 

IW,  yet  could  not  be  opened  under  the  pro-  should  take  steps  to  secure  the  release  of  the 

naon  of  the  convention  before  the  route  to  captives,  which  he  finally  accomplished  at  the 

C<i^tantinop1e.      It   was,  however,    officially  end  of  five  weeks  by  the  payment  of  the  stipu- 

cpeoed  on  May  18.    The  passage  from  Vienna  lated  ransom.    Other  acts  of  brigandage  led  to 

toSalofiica  takes  thirty-five  hours.  fresh  representations.     Sometimes  the  robbers 

The  Bulgarian  section  has  been  built  with  do-  assumed  the  character  of  partisans  of  Russia, 

Biestie  capital  and  native  labor  at  the  low  cost,  whose  object  was  to  drive  Prince  Ferdinand 

fcr  a  mountain  railroad,  of  200,000  francs  per  from  the  throne.     Their  bands  were  composed 

•Oe.    The  total  cost,  amounting  to  17,000,000  of  Macedonians,  Montenegrins,  and  Bulgarian 

frtncs.  inclusive  of  rolling-stock,  has  been  de-  refugees.    Their  chief  lurking-place  was  in  the 

friyed  from  the  ordinary  revenues  of  the  prin-  Rhodope  mountains.    The  Bulgarian  Govern- 

«^tT,  3^600,000  francs  being  still  due  to  the  ment  redoubled  its  efforts  to  repress  the  evil, 

^i^traetors.    The  length  is  114  kilometres,  or  and  through  its  remonstrances  obtained  the  co- 


116                                                     BURIAL,  LAW  OF. 

operation  of  the  Ottoman  anthorities.    The  dis-  ancient  common  law.   For  aboat  foni 

trict  around  Sofia  was  infested  with  robbers,  years  Fugland,  under  the  name  of 

and  was  scoured  with  geDdarroes,  who  captured  formed  a  part  of  the  Roman  £mp 

some.    A  band  was  surrounded  by  troops  near  there  is  no  reason  to  beJieve  that.  ^ 

the  Macedonian  frontier,  and  fourteen  were  Roman  domination  came  to  an  end,  th< 

captured  and  straightway  hanged.  ized  Britons  abandoned  with  political  i 

Selmre  of  the  BcllOTa  Eailrwid. — ^On  July  15  the  the  civilization  and  jurisprudence  thi 

Bulgarian  Government,  alleging  the  necessity  long  enjoyed;  still  less  that  they  W4 

to  guard  the  line  in  consequence  of  the  ^attack  or  desire  in  any  way  to  withdraw 

of  brigands  on  the  station  at  Bellova,  took  sepulchres  and  graves  of  their  dead 

possession  of  the  Bellova -Vakarel  Railroad,  tection  that  those  laws  had  so  fully 

The  concessionairei  of  the  Porte  had  already  On  the  contrary,  it  is  distinctly  s 

been  refused  permission  to  operate  the  line,  on  Scandinavian  historians  that  the  parti 

the  ground  that  a  Bulgarian  law  forbade  a  for-  ized  Saxons  had  been  specially  taught 

eign  company  from  working  a  line  over  Bui-  ence  their  places  of  burial.    Nor  d( 

garian  territory  without   special  permission,  in  the  history  of  the  occasional  inroa 

which  the  Government  could  not  see  its  way  Danes  any  evidence  that  these  invi 

to  accord.    The  Porte  appealed  to  the  organic  literated  in  the  slightest  degree  the  n 

statutes  of  Eastern  Roumelia,  but  the  Bulgarian  usages  in  the  matter  of  the  dead  com 

Government  refused  to  recognize  this  as  being  from  the  Romans  or  from  Odin.    1 

longer  in  force  after  the  Tophan^  convention  laws  of  that  rude  people,^  carefully 

and  the  retrocession  of  the  Rhodope  villages,  in  the  twelfth  century  by  the  lean 

Finally,  in  order  to  clear  away  the  complica<  quarian,  Saxo  Grammaticus,  speak  wi 

tions  arising  from  illegalities  on  its  own  side,  rence  of  those  who  insult  the  ash< 

the  Porte  decided  to  turn  over  the  administra-  dead,  not  only  denouncing  death  i 

tion  of  both  the  Bulgarian  junction  and  the  ^^alieni  eorruptor  cinerU^'*'*  but  ooi 

Vranja-Uskub  line  to  Baron  Hirsch.    The  Sofia  the  body  of  the  offender  to  lie  forever 

Government  still   insisted  on  a   preferential  and  unbonored.    The  law  of  the  Fra 

right  to  work  the  Eastern  Roumelian  section  neighbors  of  the  Saxons)  not  only 

in  connection  with  the  rest  of  the  Bulgarian  from  society  him  who  dug  up  a  dead 

line,  to  the  advantage  of  both  the  international  plunder,  but  prohibited  any  one  from 

and  the  local  service,  and  offered  to  assume  all  his  wants  until  the  relatives  of  the 

responsibilities  for  the  operation,  the  interest  consented  to  his  readmission  to  soci 

on  the  bonds,  and  the  purchase  of  the  road,  distinctly  recognizing  the  peculiar  and 

A  truce  was  agreed  to,  whereby  the  Oriental  interest  of  the  relatives  in  the  remai 

Railway  Company  assumed  the  administration  was  the  right  to  protect  the  dead  i 

of  the  Constantinople  line,  and  provisionally  by  the  Norman  Oonquest.    It  is  true 

of  the  Bulgarian  junction  line.     When  Baron  swarm  of  Roman  Catholic  ecclesias 

Hirseh^s  company  attempted  to  take  over  also  poured  into  England  with  the  Conq 

the  Yranja-Uskub  line  difficulties  were  invent-  erted  themselves  actively  and  indefa 

ed,  and  the  Franco-Servian  company  was  left  monopolize  for  the  Church  the  tem 

in  possession.    The  Bulgarian  Government  ar-  thority  over  the  bodies  of  the  dead,  a 

ranged  through  an  English  syndicate  to  pur-  succeeded  in  ingrafting  upon  English 

chase  the  Yama-Rustcbuk  Railroad,  with  the  law  that  curious  and  subtle  distincti 

proceeds  of  an  issue  of  bonds,  the  total  sum  still  exists  in  Great  Britain  and  her 

amounting  to  nearly  47,000,000  francs.    The  viz.,  that  the  heir  can  invoke  the  ci^ 

road,  which  continues  temporarily  its  mail  and  to  protect  (or  give  conipensation  for 

through  passenger  service,  was  transferred  to  the  to)  the  monument,  cofnn,  or  grave- c 

Government  administration  on  August  26.    A  his  ancestor,  while  the  ecclesiastical  ai 

new  line,  200  kilometres  long,  pasRug  through  alone  have  the  right  of  property  in  th 

Rasgrad  and  Tirnova,  and  joining  the  southern  and  the  disposal  of  the  body  of  the  dea 

railway,  is  determined  upon.  This  distinction  has  never  been  fully  n 

BURIAL,  LAW  OF*    The  due  protection  of  the  by  common  law  in  the  United  States 

dead  engaged  the  earnest  attention  of  the  great  cause  the  American  and  English  ca 

law-givers  of  the  polished  nations  of  antiquity,  on  this  point,  it  is  necessary  that  th 

The  laws  of  the  Greeks  carefully  guarded  the  of  the  law  of  burial  should  acquain 

private  rights  of  individuals  in  their  places  of  with  the  history  of  burial  law  as  abo 

interment,  and  a  similar  spirit  shows  forth  in  recounted.     When  the  United  States 

the  clear  intelligence  and  high  refinement  of  the  English  common  law  as  the  la 

Roman  jurisprudence.    Upon  the  common  law  land,  they  eliminated  from  it  the  eccl 

of  England   (from  which  the  large  body  of  element,  and  thus  the  right  to  pre 

American  jurisprudence  is  deduced)  the  Roman  bodies  of  the  dead  reverted  to  those 

civilization,  laws,  usages,  arts,  and  manners  previously  possessed  it.    But  to  this 

must  have  left  a  deep  impression,  have  become  taint  of  ecclesiastical  interference  in  ci 

intermixed  and  incorporated  with  Saxon  laws  is  observed  in  some  States.    Thus,  it 

and  usages,  and  constituted  the  body  of  the  held  that  neither  the  heir  nor  the  exe< 


CALIFORNIA.  117 

(trator  coald  maiutmn  an  action  at  com-  in  their  discretion  if  they  choose,  subject  only 
kw  for  the  personal  matilation  of  a  to  sach  considerations  of  public  policy  as  would 
placed  upon  a  railroad  track  and  run  prevent  indecency,  impropriety,  or  danger  to 
r  a  train,  whether  such  mutilation  was  the  living.  The  children  of  a  deceased  person 
tal  or  intentional ;  but  in  nearly  every  possess,  next  in  order,  according  to  the  prior- 
be  common  law  has  been  abrogated  or  ity  of  their  ages,  the  right  to  bury  their  parent, 
rented  by  statutes,  making  it  both  a  together  with  the  additional  right  to  remove 
d  crioiinal  offense  to  mutilate  the  body  or  protect  the  remains.  If  there  be  no  chil- 
irb  the  dust  of  a  dead  person.  It  is  dren,  then  the  next  of  kin  possess  the  right; 
of  remark  that,  while  the  law  has  in  but,  if  the  next  of  kin  be  of  an  equal  degree 
nstances  recognized  the  right  of  indi-  of  relationship  to  the  deceased,  but  divided  in 
by  will  or  by  contract  during  life,  to  opinion,  the  courts  may  determine,  by  evidence 
of  their  bodies  after  death,  it  has  never  of  the  wishes  and  mode  of  life  of  the  deceased, 
>gnized  any  right  of  the  heir  or  the  ex-  the  method  and  proper  place  of  burial.  In 
to  dispose  of  the  cadaver  for  any  pur-  case  the  deceased  dies  away  from  home  and 
cept  that  of  burial — for  example,  nei-  friends,  the  stranger  in  whose  house  the  body 
i  heir  nor  the  executor  has  the  right  to  is  may  cause  it  to  be  buried,  and  pay  the  ex- 
dead  body  to  a  medical  college  for  dis-  pense  out  of  the  effects  of  the  deceased,  or 

have  a  primary  claim  upon  the  decedenVs 
laty  of  borial  lies  primarily  upon  the  estate.  And,  in  case  the  relatives  are  unable 
r  or  administrator,  but  the  rule  in-  or  unwilling  to  bury  the  dead  .body,  the  pub- 
only  so  much  of  the  idea  of  property  lie  authorities  must  perform  the  interment, 
remains  as  is  necessary  to  enable  him  As  has  been  previously  mentioned,  there  is 
is  daty ;  and,  when  the  burial  is  over,  no  property  in  a  corpse;  it  can  not  be  retained 
It  of  the  executor  ceases,  except  in  case  by  creditors,  nor  attached  for  non-payment  of 
Dproper  interference  with  the  cadaver,  debts ;  it  is  not  an  export  nor  an  import,  and 
re,  the  coffin,  or  the  grave-clothes.  In  can  not  be  taxed  as  such.  Yet  the  common 
3nce  of  any  testamentary  provision,  the  law  is  not  without  remedies  to  protect  graves. 
1  has  the  right  to  designate  the  place  A  suit  for  trespass  can  be  maintained  by  the 
al  of  his  deceased  wife;  but,  after  the  owner  of  the  land  or  person  having  charge  or 
as  been  once  buried,  any  further  dis-  custody  of  it  against  any  person  disturbing  a 
i  of  the  remains  belongs  to  the  next  of  grave;  the  party  who  has  caused  the  burial, 
L  similar  right  to  control  the  burial-  or  the  next  of  kin,  can  bring  an  action  for  any 
f  a  deceased  husband  rests  with  the  injury  done  to  the  monument,  the  coffin,  or 
jid  it  has  even  been  held  that  a  widow  the  grave-clothes,  and  equity  maf  be  invoked 
id  ordered  the  funeral  of  her  husband  to  protect  a  grave  from  desecration.  But, 
ible  for  the  cost  thereof,  although  she  while  these  are  the  common-law  remedies,  the 
infant  at  the  time,  the  expense  being  statutes  of  nearly  all  the  States  of  the  Union 
1  necessary.  Either  wife  or  husband  have  created  additional  protections  and  reme- 
compelled  to  perform  the  duty  of  burial  dies,  making  the  disturbance  of  the  dead  a 
>pt  the  alternative  of  renouncing  the  criminal  offense,  and  severely  punishing  the 
but  the  method  and  place  of  burial  are  desecration  of  graves. 


C 

ilOBHU.    State  C^fcmieBt— The  follow-  TaliatlMS.— For  1887  the  total  assumed  vnlua- 

rere  the  State  officers  at  the  beginning  of  tion  of  the  State  was  $908,119,480,  and  for 

etr:  Governor,  R.  W.  Waterman,  Repub-  1888,  before  revision  by  the  State  Board  of 

K  electwl  Lieutenant-Governor,  but  acting  Equalization,  $1,083,888,828,  an  increase  in  one 

overnor  since  the  death  of  Governor  Bart-  year  of  $175,213,848.     Fresno  County  leads 

in  1887 ;  Secretary  of  State,  W.  0.  Hen-  with  an  increase  of  $21,649,564,  followed  by 

Iw,  Democrat;   Treasurer,  Adam  Herold,  San  Francisco  with  $20,974,905;    San  Diego, 

wcrat;  Comptroller,  J.  P.  Dunn,  Demo-  $19,127,914;    Santa  Clara,  $15,428,412;   Los 

',  Attorney-General,  G.  A.  Johnson  Demo-  Angeles,  $12,678,218;  and  Tulare,  $9,360,958. 

;  Sarreyor  -  General,  Theodore  Reichert,  The  total  valuation  of  San  Francisco  County  is 

«^lican;  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc-  $272,711,006. 

jlraG.  Hoi  tt,  Republican;  State  Engineer,  DedsioBS. — On  April  30  the  Supreme  Court 

"ffl  H,  Hall,  Democrat ;  Railroad  Commis-  of  the  United  Stated  rendered  a  tinal  decision 

«R.  A.  Abbott,  P.  J.  White,  J.  W.  Rea;  adverse  to  the  State  in  the  celebrated  tax  suits 

5^- Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court.   Niles  brought  to  recover  State  and  county  taxes  as- 

^8;  Associate  Justices,  E.  W.  McKinstry,  sessed  upon  the  principal  railroads  within  its 

.Thornton,  J.  R.Sharpstein,  Jackson  Tern-  jurisdiction.     The  defenses  set  up  by  the  de- 

r  B.  McFarland,  A.  Van  R.  Patterson.  fendant  companies  were,  first,  alleged  discrimi- 


118  CALIFORNIA. 

nation  agaiDst  the  companies  contrary  to  th^  &ro  of  the  whole  peo^,  inseparably  bound  up 

fourteenth  amendment  of  the  Constitution  in  theintereRteof  those  living  in  sections  which  an 

disallowing^a  d«i«ctioD  for  mortgagee,  which  ^t  ^^^JX'Xto/^K'i  "qS^iu^ 

IS  allowed  to  all  other  citizens ;    second,  that  the  use  for  which  property  is  taken  be  to  sati 

the  assessors  included  property  which,  by  the  great  public  wont  or  public  exigency,  it  is  a  ^ 

State  Constitution,  the  State  Board  of  Equali-  ^^  within  the  meaning  of  the  Constitution,  anc 

zation  had  no  right  to  asseSs,  but  which  was  f,!?i®  if^^'^ij^^^^  J?,r^  ^'\^''  "^"^^u^'  ""^^^ 

assessable  and    actually   assessed    by   county  that  property  to  satisfy  the  want  or  meet  the  exigt 

boards;  third,  that  assessments  in  some  of  the  Another  decision  of  this  year  declares 

cases  included  franchises  granted  to  the  com-  act  of  1880,  providing  for  the  protectioi 

pany  by  Congress,  such  as  that  of  constructing  lands  from  overflow,  to  be  unconstitutioni 

railroads  in  the  United  States*  Territories  as  that  it  permits  the  levy  of  assessments  o 

well  as  in  the  State.    The  Circuit  Court  found  land-owners  without  giving  them  notice  oi 

these  defenses  to  be  true  in  points  of  fact,  and  lowing  them  a  bearing  thereon,  providing 

the  Supreme  Court  without  expressing  any  ^or  a  summary  mode  of  collection  withoi 

opinion  on  the  first  ground  of  defense,  based  suit  at  which  the  tax-payer  could  be  beard 

on  the  fourteenth  amendment,   sustains  the  IndislriaL — The  total  wheat  product  of 

other  grounds  and  affirms  the  judgments  of  the  State  for  1887  is  estimated  at  874,000  toni 

Circuit  Court.     The  decision  conforms  to  the  2,000  pounds  each,  distributed  among  the  a 

former  decision  of  the  Court  made  two  years  ties  as  follows : 

ago,  in  reference  to  similar  taxes  on  some  of  oounties.              tod^. 

the  same  roads,  the  only  new  point  being  the    «^**** S^JSJ 

illegality  of  taxing  franchises  granted  to  the  cioiusa. '.*.*.!!'.'. '.!*.!'.!'.  aoiooo 

company  by  Congress.    The  judgments  of  the    Contm  Co«u .*  8o!ooo 

Circuit  Court  in  au  cases  are  affirmed.  ^^ ::::::::::::::  ^;SSS 

This  decision  covers  suits  brought  by  the  Like.".'.'..'.!.'!.!!!!!!   4^000 

State  against  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Com-    J^nd^Jf* ^'JJJ 

pany.   Southern    Pacific    Railroad    Company,  Mereed..!*. "!!!!.'."!.' 60,000 

Northern  Railway  Company,  and  California    Monterey 8c,ooo 

Pacific  Railroad  Company.  ^; ' ; ; ;        ! ; ; ! ; ;  ,S;ooo 

On  May  31,  in  the  case  of  the  Turlock  Irri-  Bacramento!!!! !!!!!!  ao,ooo 

gation  Company  t?«.  Williams,  the  State  Su-    |S  diw'"'^'"'' is  000 

preme  Court  rendered  a  decision  of  great  im-  Ban  Joaquin*!!.'!!!.'!!  60,'ooo 

portance,  upholding  the  coustitutionality  of  xxrun    xv         x           j      _xi.               *.       * 

the  Wright  irrigation  law  passed  by  the  last  Wh'Je  the  eastern  and  northern  counties  of 

Legislature.     Extensive    irrigation  has  been  Sacramento  valley  show  an  increased  y 

hitherto  impossible  in  the  State  by  reason  of  ''"f  1886,  there  is  a  decrease  in  the  San  J 

the  decision  of  the  same  court,  that  riparian  "i"""  and  Santa  Clara  valleys  and  m  the  soi 

owners  had  a  right  to  the  natural  and  nndi-  ^^f""?^*-    The  total  product  is  nearly  » 

minished  flow  of  the  stream  as  against  all  other  ^O^  *<>"*  ^^  tn*"  »?  1886 

persons.    As  any  act  of  the  Le^slature  giving  » J^^!  production  of  wool  for  1887  «place. 

to  other  individuals  or  private  eorporltions  81-664,281  pounds  or  about  7,000,000  pon 

rights  in  the  stream  wonlJ  be  unconstitutional,  '^^,  *•"*?  "  *^.?  previous  year.    Revised  « 

the  Wright  law  created  public  irrigation  disi  ™«*^*  ^"'^  '"r*%'!r^"«1'Kl?/?L^®*^-  ^''■* 

tricts,  pFovided  for  their  organization,  and  then  f  9,  P?"°^»  ^  f?"",  1885,  86,501,390  pounds, 

declared  that  the  use  of  water  requir^  by  such  %i^^'  88,500  160  pounds, 

districts  for  irrigation,  together  with  rights  of  ,.  ^''V'*'*'"/'?*  ','l«!r"tf -^""SnnlSfn?' 

way  and  other  property  necessary  for  them  *'*'"' *^„\P!;?*^"*'*  J*""  ^^?^  ^*"'8  80"^''^?  ^. 

*hould  he  a  puhlU  Je.  and  that  private  rights  "L^'l"*''''*^  P"""^^  •"  '"^^ja'^, of  nearly 

and  property  should  be  condemned  and  taken  ?"."  ,''f f*  "»  T  ^T     ^"n^^  ?°*   k^' 

for  such  use.    The  court  decided  that  such  dis-  *'»«  *""»'  «<"»**  f""""  ^'■?»"°  P"""*-^'  ^'"« 

tricts  were  in  effect  public  corporations,  and  |f  7  ^l^  "K"  ^"«  "??"t*'"*^  "•  ^^7*°^^'' 

their  right  to  take  or  condemn  private  prop-  I*"*jr'>;'=^  •'f  P™"*^  *"  ^  admirably  adap 

erty  was  constitutional.    The  court  say:  A.!f    j  °  j  ?'  •.                 a       i  •    .v    q, 

'  Other  dried  fruits  were  produced  in  the  SI 

The  districts,  when  orf^nizcd  an  provided  in  the  as  follow : 

net  under  discussion,  have  all  the  elements  of  corpo-  Pom^. 

rations  formed  to  accomplish  a  public  use  and  pur-     Prunes 1,82A.0V0 

pose,  according  to  tlie  rules  of  law  laid  down  in  Ha-  Apples,  saD^lrled . .     780.000 

gar  VI.  Superv'sors  of  Yolo  County.     Such  a  general  Pe«l><M,  »»n;drled.  LJW.OOO 

scheme,  by  which  immigration  may  be  stimulated,  y^t^:^!^-     *^^^ 

the  taxable  property  increased,  the  relative  burdens  Ompos, sun-dritHl . .     6oo,fH)0 

of  taxation  upon  the  whole  people  decreased,  and  the  Aprlcot«,  Bundriedl^    200,000 

comfort  and  advantaGre  of  many  thriving  communities  Nectarines,  san- 

subserved,  would  seem  to  redound  to  the  common  ad-        ^t\^ 100,000 

Ie's^'rtont.'"lt' is^  tC'^thafi'nddSl.^/p^fv'r^";:  There  were  also  produced  1,090,000  poui 

sons  and  private  property  may  be  benefited,  but  the  ^^  honey  extracted,  250,000  pounds  of  honej 

main  plan  of  the  Legislature,  viz.,  the  general  wel-  the  oomb,  and  25,000  poundis  of  beeswax. 


COUNTDB.  1 

Ban  Luis  Obispo  ...  4 

Santa  Barbara 8 

banU  Clara 1 

Banta  Crux 1 

Sba.Hta 

Sbkiyou 

Solano 8 

Sonoma 1 

Stanislaus & 

Sutter 5 

Tehama 4 

Talare ft 

Ventura 1' 

Yolo ft 

Yuba 1 

Total 8T 


Figw.  sun-dried 9< 

Apples,  evaporated.     fiO( 
Apricobi,    evapo-  ] 

rated V  8.00( 

Apricots,  bleach'd  ) 
Peaches,    evaporat- 
ed, peeled 60C 

Peaches,    evaporat- 
ed, unpeeled 730 


CALIFORNIA. 


119 


There  was  an  estimated  yield  of  1,500.000, 
pounds  of  walnuts,  500,000  pounds  of  almonds, 
and  250,000  pounds  of  peanuts. 

The  vintage  of  1887  yielded  18,900,000  gal- 
k>as  distribnted  among  the  counties  as  follows : 
Napa,  2,700,000;  Sonoma,  1,500,000;  Santa 
Clara  and  Santa  Cruz,  2,220,000;  Alameda 
and  Colusa.  1,000,000;  Fresno,  2,000,000;  Los 
Ang:elefl  and  south,  2,000,000 ;  Sacramento  and 
north,  1,000,000;  other  counties,  1,500,000. 

The  total  acreage  of  vines  in  the  State  is  esti- 
mated at  150,000  acres,  of  which  about  100,000 
acres  are  in  bearing. 

Ckime  iBBlgntlMk — The  number  of  Chinese 
arriving  and  departing  through  the  port  of 
San  Francisco  during  the  period  from  1852  to 
Nov.  17,  1880,  the  date  at  which  the  restric- 
tion act  went  into  effect,  was  258,085  and 
123,061  respectively. 

Fraoa  Not.  17.  1380,  to  Ang.  0, 1$$2 : 

AxTiTmls 4d,666 

DrpArtores 18,414 

fyam  Aojr.  A.  1SS2,  to  Dec  81,  1885 : 

ArrfT*I» 18,703 

DepwCares 40,481 

fW  tbe  7«w  ending  Dec  81, 1886 : 

Axrivalfl «,714 

Departizres 18,267 

fm  tJK  jtmr  endinir  Dec  81, 1837  : 

Anirals 11,572 

Departoret 9,919 

The  collector  of  the  port  says:  "Our  Chi- 
nese popolation,  notwithstanding  the  statistics 
indicate  an  excess  of  departures  over  arrivals 
acee  Ang.  5,  1882,  in  fact  shows  no  diminu- 
tk>n,  being  recruited  through  the  underground 
viaducts,  across  the  borders  from  Bntish  Co- 
lumbia and  Mexico.'^ 

Nttlcal. — The  only  State  officer  to  be  regu- 
krij  elected  this  year  was  a  Chief -Justice  of 
tbe  Supreme  Court  The  Prohibitionists  nom- 
]2»ted  their  candidate,  Eobert  Thompson,  on 
AfrU  4,  at  a  convention  which  also  chose  dele- 
sates  to  tbe  National  Prohibition  Convention. 
Tbe  Democrats  on  May  17  nominated  Niles 
Searla,  also  at  a  convention  for  selecting  dele- 
ipited  to  the  National  Convention  and  presiden- 
tkl  electors.  The  Democratic  platform  adopt- 
ed at  this  time  indorses  the  administration  of 
Pr»dent  Cleveland,  favors  tariff  reform,  free 
etHoage  of  gold  and  silver,  the  election  of 
Cidced  States  Senators  by  a  direct  vote  of  the 
people,  and  the  establishment  of  a  system  of 
postal  telegraphy  by  the  Government.  The  fol- 
k>«iog  portion  relates  to  State  issues : 

EmoU^.  That  we  favor  the  enacting  of  such  meas- 
p«  »  shall  place  our  variou8  industnefl  on  an  equal- 
ST  before  the  law  in  the  use  and  distribution  of  the 
ynben  of  the  streania  of  this  State  for  irrigation,  min- 
'se.  milling,  and  other  beneficial  purposes. 

Wc  oomoncnd  the  action  of  our  Democratic  State 
"i^ialt  in  pre^injB^  the  California  tax  cases  toward 
s^imate  decisions,  and  hope  this  most  important  issue 
^3  nnt  be  permitted  to  rest  without  final  adjudication 
5>QQ  its  merits.  We  once  more  condemn  the  acts  of 
wvt  corporations  which  have  persistently  ref\ised  to 
pw  ihdr  lawful  portion  of  the  public  revenue.  This 
BHisre  to  reapoDd  to  a  just  demand  has  seriously  con- 
tacted the  public-school  fund,  and  must  render  our 
ciacatiflnal  system  less  efiTectivc,  until  collection  is  en- 
fc»»d,  «•  ti»  honest  tax-payer  is  comipelled  to  contrib- 


ute beyond  his  pro|>ortionate  share.  The  Bepublican 
party,  ever  sincere  in  its  professions,  has  finally  dis- 
avowed all  intention  to  resist  the  demands  of  its  cor- 
|>orate  masters.  It  refuses  to  stigmatize  their  encroach- 
ments or  to  question  their  misconduct,  but,  on  the 
contrary,  as  the  action  of  its  late  State  Convention 
demonstrates,  yields  readj  compliance  to  their  dicta^- 
tion.  While  fully  appreciating  the  benefits  of  organ- 
ized capital,  we  declare  that  tnc  protection  of  those 
privileges  which  our  Constitution  declares  are  the 
common  heritage,  is  paramount  to  the  increase  of 
individual  wealtli. 

Jieaolvedj  We  believe  that  the  public  should  be  pro- 
tected from  the  great  non-tax-paying  trusts  and  cor- 
porations which  now  challen^  the  authority  of  the 
Government.  The  Democratic  party  was  foimded  to 
maintain  the  interests  and  liberties  of  the  people.  It 
alone  is  competent  to  resist  those  encroachments  which 
imperil  the  safety  of  the  State.  The  Kepublican  party, 
while  professing  to  be  the  friend  of  labor,  has  demon- 
stratea  by  its  uniform  action  that  its  tendencies  are 
toward  the  creation  of  monopolies  and  trusts,  through 
whose  instrumentality  alone  it  hopes  to  perpetuate 
its  existence.  The  Demooartic  party  emanated  fVom 
the  people.  Its  aim  has  always  been  to  care  for  the 
weak  and  to  be  just  to  the  strong.  While  it  is  ever 
ready  to  promote  industries  and  to  stimulate  enter- 
prise, it  never  will  permit  wealth  to  shirk  its  rightful 
obligations  or  to  impose  upon  poverty  tbe  expenses 
of  a  Government  formed  for  the  benefit  of  all. 

No  nomination  was  made  by  tbe  Republicans 
at  their  State  Convention  in  May,  which  was 
merely  preliminary  to  the  National  Convention, 
but  a  second  convention  was  held  in  August 
for  that  purpose  and  for  the  purpose  of  nom- 
inating presidential  electors.  Before  this  date 
tbe  resignation  of  Judge  McKinstry  created  a 
second  vacancy  on  the  Supreme  Bench  to  be 
filled  by  popular  election.  The  convention 
nominated  W.  H.  Beatty,  formerly  Chief-Jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Oregon,  to  be 
Chief-Justice  and  S.  D.  Works  to  succeed 
Judge  McKinstry.  The  following  platform, 
prepared  by  an  indorsement  of  the  work  of 
the  National  Convention,  was  adopted : 

Besohed,  That  we  declare  that  the  welfare  of  Cali- 
fornia demands,  and  the  dignity  of  labor  and  the  in- 
terests of  capital  require,  the  maintenance  by  the  Na- 
tional Government  of  the  American  system  of  a  tar* 
iff  for  protection,  under  this  policy  which  has  been 
constantly  supported  by  the  Republican  party  since  its 
foundation.  .  .  -  We  arraign  the  Democratic  partj 
of  California  for  supporting  the  national  Democratic 
party,  which  stands  upon  a  platform  that  declares  for 
British  free  trade  as  promulgated  by  the  Mills  Bill, 
and  view  with  alarm  this  assault  upon  our  American 
labor.  We  insist  that  the  success  of  this  British  policy 
would  destro;^  the  growing  industries  of  our  common- 
wealth, especially  the  grape,  raisin,  nut,  wool,  lumber, 
borax,  lead,  quicksilver,  sugar,  beet,  and  cereal  indus- 
tries ;  also  our  manufacturing  interests,  and  would 
reduce  the  wages  of  our  workingmen  to  starvation 
point;  and  we  further  believe  tiiat  the  legitimate 
eflbrts  of  organized  labor  to  protect  itself  against  cheap 
and  contract  labor,  is  a  direct  step  toward  the  per- 
petuation of  the  American  protective  tariff  system 
sustained  by  the  Republican  party ;  also,  that  proper 
apprenticeship  laws  should  be  adopted. 

Jiesolredj  We  pledge  to  the  American  people,  and 
especially  the  people  of  California,  that  our  candidate.^ 
for  Congress,  if  elected,  will  sustain  the  protective 

S)licy  of  the  Republican  party,  and  will  oppose  the 
ritish  and  Solid  South  policy  of  the  Democratic 
party ;  that  our  American  industries  shall  be  protected 
for  the  benefit  of  the  American  people,  and  that  Amer- 
ican labor  shall  be  fostered  and  protected  as  against 
the  competition  of  foreign  labor ;  we  denounce  as  un- 


120  OxlLIFORNIA.  CAMPS  FOR  BOYS. 

Amerioan  and  contrary  to  the  best  interests  of  the  Be-         CHIPS  FOft  BOT&   Summer  camps  of  a  S( 

publican  party  t^e  cheap-labor  poUcv  of  the  Demo-  ^^  at  least  of  a  non-military  character,  have 

cratic  Solid  South  of  to-day,  as  we  did  the  slave-labor  k^^„   „  ^  ;«.♦;«  «*;„«.  ^^^^-...Jl  ^f  a»«»^^««   , 

policy  of  the  Democratic  sJlid  South  of  1861 ;  and  we  }?f  ^  a  distmctive  feature  of  American  i 

declare  that  the  one  was,  and  the  other  if  permitted  to  "le.      They  are  a  natural  outgrowth  of 

continue  will  be,  destructive  to  the  best  interests  of  Methodist  camp-meeting,  which,   in  its  1 

the  laboring-classes  of  this  republic.  was  but  an  organized  development  of  a 

J^olved  That  the  purity,  of  the  l^t  is  the  pillar  common  to  aU  the  pioneer  settlers  of  the 

of  the  State,  and  the  denial  of  a  free  ballot  to  the  ^.        *.    rru    •  j       u      j       i       j  •  j- 

humblest  JVmerican  citizen,  whatever  his  color  or  tment.  The  idea  has  developed  m  maiiy  di 

race,  imperils  the  liberties  of  the  people ;  we  therefore  ent  directions.    In  the  older  States,  the  ca 

denounce  as  dangerous  to  our  country  the  Democratic  tents  of  the  early  camp-meeting   have 

policv  of  the  Solid  South  in  depriving  the  colored  superseded    by  permanent    structures,    t 

Kia;?nX^ds"S;;^X'^tt^e?S;  Cottage  Cito^,  Ma.s.,  and  Ocean  Grove,  : 

franchise  can  not  long  survive.  The  educational  purpose  m  connection 

Resolved^  That  a  financial  policy  whereby  both  gold  such  gatherings  found  its  first  successful 

and  silver  shall  form  the  basis  of  circulation,  whether  ization  at  Chautauqua,  and  there  are  now 

the  monev  used  by  the  peuple  be  coin  or  in  certificates  ^^^^  ^^^^^^^  organizations  in  various  par 

redeemable  in  coin,  or  both,  as  convenience  may  re-  .,  ^  ^«„„*«„       a«,^««  ♦!»«  •«««♦  ^^^J.^^. 

quire,  is  imperatively  demanded.  the  country.     Among  the  most  commem 

Reiohed^  That  we  commend  our  Representatives  in  of  these  annual  encampment-s  are  those  mte 

Congress  for  their  efforts  in  behfdf  of  restrictive  for  the  benefit  of  boys,  and  incidentally  fo 

Chinese  legislation,  thus  redeeming  the  pled^  of  the  convenience  and  necessities  of  their   pa 
party  made  for  them,  and  renew  our  determination  to         ^  guardians.     Such  camps  are  of  cofni 

make  such  restnction  etfective,  and  in  everv  way  to  «"«  6 "»*«»«"*'•     •-'uut*  v«i*jpo  «*«  vi.  ^vri"i 

Ere  vent  the  competition  of  Chinese  with  Amencan  lively  recent  ongiu,  the  oldest  of  whic 

ibor.    We  thank  the  Republican  National  Conven-  authentic    account    is  at  hand    having 

tion  for  its  emphatic  declaration  on  the  subject,  and  opened  for  its  first  season  in  1885.     But 

we  have  implicit  fai J  that  the  Republi^n  partjr  of  y^^^^^  ^.^jg    encampments  formed  a  moi 

the  nation  will  protect  ua  in  all  our  industries  against  ,  ^^   «^«.„i„L  r««*r— !>  «p  »k«  ^^^^^^  ♦«-, 

the  Chinese.  ^^^  regular  feature  or  the  summer  ten 

many  schools,  that  at  West  Point,  establi 

On  August  10  the  State  committee  of  the  as  a  regular  part  of  tlie  course  in  1816,  b 

American  party  adopted  the  Republican  ticket  no  doubt,  the  first  of  its  kind  in  the  coui 

as  their  own.   On  the  following  day  the  Demo-  It  is  certdn  that  &s  early  as  1860  Mr.  G 

cratic  State  committee    added  the  name  of  principal  of  the  famous  "Gunnery,"  ac 

Jeremiah  F.  Sullivan  to  their  ticket  as  the  sue-  school  was  called,  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  us4 

cessor  of  Judge  McEinstry.    Some  doubt  was  take  his  pupils  into  camp  among  the  beav 

felt  in  the  early  stages  of  the  campaign  as  to  Berkshire  nills,  and  about  twenty-five  i 

the  ability  of  the  Republicans  to  carry  the  ago  William  T.  Adams  ("  Oliver  Optic "), 

State  on  account  of  the  failure  of  the  National  story  for  boys,  entitled  **  In  School  and  C 

Convention  to  nominate  James  6.  Blaine,  the  introduced  an  episode  of  camp-life.  Mr.  Ac 

choice  of  Califomian  Republicans  for  President,  informs  us  that  the  whole  passage  is  imagii 

and  the  hostile  record  of  Harrison,  the  nominee,  and  that  he  had  never  heard  of  such  an  ei 

toward  Chinese  exclusion.    These  factors  did  prise  on  the  part  of  any  school, 
not,  however,  prove  influential  with  the  voters,        The  instances  cited  differ  from  modern  ca 

and  at  the  November  election  the  Republicans  for  boys  in  that  they  are  either  undertake! 

obtained  a  strong  plurality  on  both  the  State  recreation  alone  or  form  a  part  of  the  re} 

and  National  ticket,  electing  a  Congressional  curriculum.    The  modern  camp,  on  the 

delegation  of  the  same  complexion  as  in  the  trary,  is  an  independent  affair,  existing  fc 

preceding    Congress.      The  official  vote    for  own  purposes  and  having  a  definite  obje 

President  will  be  found  in  the  article  entitled  view,  namely,  the  care  and  government, 

"  United  States."  or  without  instruction,  of  a  number  of 

8m  FnadsM.— During    1887  the  bank  ex-  With  a  great  many  parents  and  guardian 

changes  for  the  city  reached  the  amount  of  long  summer  vacation  presents  numerous 

$828,427,816.85,  an  increase  of  $186,206,425.14,  plexing  questions,  and  in  many  cases  it  i» 

or  22  per  cent.     This  shows  San  Francisco  to  cult  to  provide  adequate  amusement  and  re 

be  the  sixth  city  of  the  Union  in  the  volume  of  tion  coupled  with  reasonable  supervision 

banking  business.    In  round  numbers  the  ex-  restraint.    The  summer  camp  is  design  < 

ports  amounted  to  $38,000,000,  against  $35,-  meet  these  requirements.   It  removes  its  ' 

000,000  for  188C,  showing  an  apparent  decrease  hers  from  the  undesirable  influences  of 

of  about  $2,000,000.  and  hotels ;  it  provides  them  sufficient  aa 

The  imports  for  the  year  reached  $41,780,943,  rnent  and  employment,  and  while  aff(^ 

against  $36,048,621  for  1886,  showing  an  in-  plenty  of  fun  and  exercise  in  the  ope« 

crease  of  $5,732,322.  The  customs  receipts  were  reduces  to  a  minimum  their  opportunitic 

$6,742,078.41,  against  $5,855,619.93  for  1886,  getting  into  mischief,  and  renders  it  quiC 

an  increase  of  $886,458.48.     Despite  the  fact  possible  for  them,  in  the  exuberance  of 

that  two  transcontinental  railway  lines  have  youthful  spirits  to  become,  even  nnconsciii 

been  completed  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  on   the  a  source  of  annoyance  to  their  elders, 
north  and  one  on  the  south,  San  Francisco  re-        The  selection  of  a  site  for  a  camp  is  of  | 

mains  the  great  port  of  entry  for  teas  and  silks,  importance.    It  should  be  far  enough 


CAMPS  FOR  BOYS. 


121 


0& 


^s^ 


from   other  babitatioDS   to  secure  immanity 
from  too  frequent  visitors,  and  yet  it  should  be 
neAT  enough  to  hotel  accommodations  to  ena- 
ble anxious  mothers  to  visit  their  sons  without 
too  much  trouble  and  delay.    It  should  be  so 
far  away  from  shops  and  other  village  attrac- 
tions that  applications  for  leave  to  go  to  town 
will  not  be  made  for  trivial  reasons.    The  lo- 
eation   shoald  be,  if  possible,  on  a  sandy  or 
gravely  formation  with  sufficient  slope — pref- 
erably to  the  south  or  southwest — to  insure 
good  dr»nage.    Pure  and  abundant  drinking- 
water  is  essential,  and  a  large  body  of  water,  a 
kke  rather  than  a  river,  is  quite  as  necessary. 
The  ordinary  forest  growth  of  a  mountain  re- 
Bon  is   desirable  in  the  immediate  vicinity. 
Spruce,  hemlock,  pine,  and  cedar  do  not  gen- 
erally grow  where  there  are  natural  malarial 
eooditions,  and  judicious  thinning  out  will  let  in 
eooogb  suiilight  to  dissipate  too  dense  a  shade. 
In  the  matter  of  shelter,  there  is  a  wide  di- 
versity of  practice.     Some  of  the  camps  have 
substantially  built  log- cabins,  others  rely  upon 
tentsw  others  upon  regular  frame  buildings,  and 
atill  others  use  portable  houses,  such  as  were 
described  in   the   ^*  Annual  CyclopsBdia  ^'  for 
1886.     In  all  cases  there  should  be  some  sub- 
stantial shelter  within  reach,  available  for  gen- 
eral purposes  at  all  times  and  for  social  resort 
and  refuge  in  case  of  prolonged  storms. 

For  many  reasons,  tents  are  to  be  preferred 
for  i^uarters.     The  best  is  the  ordinary  army 
Rgnlation  wall -tent  costing,  with  a  Hy  or 
4wible  roof-covering,  about  twenty-five  dol- 
lars.   Such  a  tent  affords  ample  quarters  for 
two,  and  may  be  made  to  accommodate  four, 
Vit  this  is  not  desirable.    When  properly  set 
^  and  cared  for,  a  tent  is  proof  against  the 
Wviest  rain  and  will  stand  against  any  wind 
o(  oTdtnary  violence. 
One  ob\iou8  advantage  in  the  use  of  tents  or 
^  «aaly  portable  houses  is,  that  they  are  ex- 
posed to  the  elements  only  during  the  period 
»Wn  actaally  in  use.     When  the  summer  is 
wer,  they  are  securely  stored,  and  they  are  as 
^  as  ever  when  the  next  season  opens. 
Vbere  permanent  structures  are  used  the 
^^cy  is  naturally  toward  greater  luxury 

lu  J!  ^"^P*'^^'®  ^****  *''"®  camp  -  life,  and 
««walth  of  pupils  is  not  unlikely  to  suffer 
la  coniequence.  Colds  are  almost  unknown 
«»<«g  soldiers  in  the  field  ;  but  in  barracks  or 
P^^niMent  quarters  they  are  by  no  means  ex- 
^  Floors  should  be  provided  for  all  tents, 
"•wde  in  panels— say  two  panels  to  each  tent 
*~««y  can  be  easily  removed  and  stacked  for 
we  winter. 

^be  meas-hall,  as  it  may  be  called  for  lack  of  a 
*^  name,  need  be  nothing  more  than  a  stout 
^'^"^  bnilding,  thoroughly  weather-proof  and 
**^ie  of  witlistanding  any  wind.  Two  rooms 
jwdwirable--a  dining  -  room  and  a  sitting- 
[^''^bat  it  is  possible  to  make  one  room  an- 
»€r  for  both  porpo^es.  The  mess-hall  should 
praised  well  clear  of  the  ground,  so  that  wind 
•«  weather  can  sweep  underneath  during  the 


ol 


tit 


c.^:' 


lie  sMi^ 


DOiS^ 


^ 


winter  months.  In  the  case  of  an  established 
camp,  where  a  large  part  of  the  equipment  is 
necessarily  left  on  the  ground,  some  perma- 
nent custodian  is  indispensable,  for  even  in  the 
wilderness  valuable  property  may  prove  tempt- 
ing to  maurauders. 

The  daily  routine  of  the  camp  must  depend 
largely  upon  circumstances,  which  differ  more 
or  less  in  all  cases.  There  should,  however, 
be  regular  hours  for  rising,  for  meals,  and  for 
retiring,  as  well  as  for  the  study-hour,  if  there 
is  one.  In  a  general  way,  the  daily  calls  of  a 
military  camp  may  be  followed,  beginning  with 
reveille  and  ending  with  tattoo  and  taps.  If 
possible,  a  bugle  should  be  used,  but,  if  not,  a 
whistle  is  a  fairly  good  substitute.  Different 
calls  may  be  devised  for  the  different  offices  of 
the  day.  The  use  of  some  such  instrument  in 
preference  to  a  bell,  a  gong,  or  a  tin  horn,  is, 
of  course,  simply  sentimental,  but  discordant 
noises  seem  sadly  out  of  place  amid  sylvan 
surroundings.  Immediately  after  reveille, 
blankets  and  bedding  should,  in  pleasant 
weather,  be  hung  out  to  air,  and  all  hands  fall 
in  for  police  duty,  sweeping  out  tents,  and,  in 
general,  putting  the  camp  to  rights  for  the 
day.  At  a  suitable  interval  after  breakfast,  an 
hour  or  so  may  be  set  apart  for  study;  but 
study  from  books  is  properly  subordinated  to 
the  study  of  nature,  to  learning  the  thousand 
useful  things  incident  to  a  self-reliant  life  in 
the  open  air.  The  successful  management  of 
such  a  camp  calls  for  a  combination  of  quali- 
ties by  no  means  common.  The  superinten- 
dent should,  in  the  first  place,  be  thoroughly 
in  sympathy  with  boys,  otherwise  he  can  not 
enter  into  the  spirit  of  the  situation.  He  must 
possess  that  quality  of  moral  force  which  com- 
mands ready  obedience  and  is  capable  of  en- 
forcing authority.  He  must,  moreover,  be  a 
good  "  all-round  "  athlete,  familiar  with  boats, 
a  good  swimmer,  handy  with  tools,  and  even 
capable  of  teaching  a  boy  to  mend  his  own 
clothes  or  repair  a  damaged  tent. 

The  object  of  a  summer  camp  is  not  instruc- 
tion in  the  ordinary  lines  of  learning.  It  is 
designed  to  develop  the  individual  resources, 
to  cultivate  helpfulness,  and  enable  a  boy, 
should  he  ever  be  left  figuratively  or  actually 
upon  a  desert  island,  to  make  the  best  of  the 
situation.  As  little  restraint  as  possible  is  ex- 
ercised, but  gentlemanly  manners  are  at  all 
times  required,  and  more  attention  is  paid  to 
the  manly  qualities  of  truthfulness,  honor,  and 
mutual  helpfulness  than  to  the  learning  of 
schools.  The  following  is  an  extract  from  the 
circular  of  one  of  the  most  successful  of  exist- 
ing camps,  indicating  the  outfit  required  for 
each  pupil: 

Three  suits  of  underclothing  suitable  for  summer. 

Three  suits  of  pt^amas  simply  made. 

The  usual  toilet-articles. 

An  old  thick  overcoat,  an  old  jacket,  a  colored 
flannel  shirt,  and  a  pair  of  slippers  will  be  found  ecrv- 
iceable. 

One  Norfolk  jacket,  with  two  stout  pairs  of  knee- 
trousers. 


122 


CAPE  COLONY. 


Four  pain  of  corduroj  stookings. 

Two  nannel  shirts. 

One  pair  of  swimmiog-truDkB. 

One  worsted  belt. 

One  cap,  or  light  felt  hat. 

One  pair  of  heavy  all-wool  camp-blankets,  gray. 

Three  ^airs  of  rubber-soled  gymnasium  shoes. 

One  pur  of  stout  leather  boots. 

One  pair  of  rubber  boots. 

One  rubber  coat. 

No  fire-arms  will  be  allowed. 

Each  boy  will  be  allowed  twenty-flvo  cents  a  week 
for  personal  expenses  while  in  camp ;  it  is  requested 
that  no  other  money  be  furnished  to  any  boy  for  use 
durins:  the  summer.  Necessary  additional  expenses 
will  be  paid  by  the  camp,  and  an  account  will  be  sent 
to  parents. 

There  will  be  two  terms,  the  first  bennnin^  near 
the  end  of  June  and  ending  about  the  be^nnmg  of 
August,  and  the  second  bei^nning  early  m  August 
and  enaing  early  in  September. 

The  fees  for  the  two  terms  will  be  $150 ;  for  one 
term,  $85. 

CANADA,  DOMINION  OF.  See  DoiinnoN  of 
Canada. 

CAPE  COLONY,  a  British  colony  in  South 
Africa,  the  form  of  government  of  which  was 
established  on  March  11,  1858.  British  Caf- 
fraria  was  incorporated  in  the  colony  in  1865, 
and  responsible  government  was  established 
in  1872.  The  executive  authority  is  vested  in 
the  Governor,  assisted  by  an  Executive  Council 
appointed  by  the  Crown.  The  legislative  power 
rests  with  a  Legislative  Council  of  22  members, 
elected  for  seven  years,  presided  over  ex- officio 
by  the  Chief- Justice,  and  a  House  of  Assembly 
of  74  members,  elected  for  five  years.  On 
Sept.  1,  1887  an  act  took  effect  ^ving  the 
Transkeian  territories  representation  in  the 
Legislative  Council,  and  two  members  in  the 
House  of  Assembly.  The  Governor  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  is  Sir  Hercules  George  Robert 
Robinson,  appointed  in  1880.  He  is  also  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  forces  within  the  colo- 
ny, and  High  Commissioner  for  South  Africa. 
The  Governor  is  assisted  in  his  administration 
by  a  ministry  of  five  members. 

Aiet  aidPopiilatlOB. — The  area  of  Cape  Colony 
is  218,636  square  miles,  including  14,230  square 
miles  in  the  Transkeian  territory.  The  esti- 
mated population  of  the  colony  and  its  de- 
pendencies in  1885  was  1,252,847.  The  total 
white  population  is  estimated  at  800,000.  The 
capital  of  the  colony,  Cape  Town,  had  a  popu- 
lation of  60,000  in  1886.  Eimberley  had  a 
population  of  25,000,  and  Port  Elizabeth, 
a  population  of  18,000  in  the  same  year. 
During  1886,  4,781  marriages  were  regis- 
tered in  the  colony.  Assisted  immigration 
was  stopped  in  1886.  The  number  of  emi- 
grants sent  out  by  the  emigration  agent  in 
London  between  1873  and  1885  was  23,387, 
the  greatest  number  in  any  single  year  beinsr 
4,645  in  1882.  Basutoland,  with  an  area  of 
168,000  square  miles  and  168,000  inhabitants, 
of  whom  only  400  are  whites,  a  rich  grain- 
producing  district,  is  administered  by  a  resident 
commissioner  under  the  High  Commissioner  for 
South  Africa.  Bechuanaland,  180,000  square 
miles  in  extent,  with  a  Caffre  population  of 


478,000,  and  Pondoland,  with  200,000  inl 
ants,  are  British  protectorates.  The  P< 
have  as  yet  refused  to  receive  a  resident 
missioner. 

FhuuMCS.— The  revenue  for  the  year  1^ 
estimated  at  £8,451,000,  and  the  expenc 
at  £3,110,000.  Of  the  total  revenue  o 
colony,  one  third  is  derived  from  customi 
one  third  from  railways.  One  third  of  tl 
penditnre  is  for  the  public  debt,  and  one 
for  railways.  On  Jan.  1, 1887,  the  colon; 
a  public  debt  of  £21,171,854,  besides  £1 
439  raised  for  guaranteed  companies.  Go: 
paper  monev  has  been  issued  to  the  amot 
£2,860,000.' 

CoBHerte. — ^The  total  value  of  imporl 

1886  was  £3,790,261,  and  of  exports,  mcl 
specie  and  diamonds,  £7,806,688.  For  the 

1887  the  exports  were  £7,585,087.  The 
of  the  wool  exported  in  1886,  was  £1,580 
ostrich-feathers,  £546,280;  hides  and  i 
£397,091 ;  copper-ore,  £559,828;  Angora 
£282,184;  wine,  £28,426:  diamonds,  £8 
756.  In  1887  the  export  of  diamonds 
8,598,980  carats,  valued  at  £4,240,000. 

The  number  of  vessels  entered  and  cl 
at  the  ports  of  the  colony  in  1886  was  \ 
having  a  tonnage  of  5,549,217. 

The  number  of  miles  of  state  rnilroa 
the  colony  at  the  end  of  1886  was  1,599 
gross  earnings  were  £1,048,686,  and  exp< 
£646,715.  The  capital  expended  on  rail 
to  the  end  of  1886  has  been  £14,130,616. 
net  earnings,  which  averaged  2}  per  cen 
the  two  years  preceding,  were  4^V  V^^  ^^ 
1887. 

The  revenue  from  the  postal  service  amoi 
in  1886  to  £125,684,  and  the  expenditu 
£188,057.  The  number  of  letters  carried 
ing  the  year  was  6,529,874,  and  of  newspi 
8,151,835. 

The  total  length  of  the  telegraph  lines  i 
colony  at  the  end  of  1886  was  4,829  i 
During  the  year,  770,500  messages  were  sc 

Naval   Defenses. — The  colonial  and  im] 
Governments  are  jointly  fortifying  the  h; 
of  Table  Bay,  the  Cape  Government  prov 
the  labor.     Works  at  Simon^s  Bay  have 
built  by  the  British  Gt>vemment. 

Natal. — The  colony  of  Natal  was  sepa 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1856. 
Governor  is  assisted  by  an  Executive  Coi 
composed  of  the  chief  functionaries,  a 
Legislative  Council  made  up  to  seven  appo 
and  twenty-three  elected  members.  The  pr 
Governor  is  Sir  Arthur  Elibank  Havelock, 
was  appointed  to  the  post  in  October, 
The  revenue  in  1886  was  £600,177,  and  tl 
penditnre  £717,414.  In  1887  the  revenue 
to  £816.680,  while  the  expenditure  was  i 
325.  The  public  debt  at  the  end  of  188: 
£4,085,126. 

The  area  of  the  colony  is  21,150  square  i 
and  the  population,  as  returned  in  18£ 
442,697.  Between  1878  and  1884.  whe 
sisted  immigration   ceased,  4,526  immig 


CAPE  COLONY. 


123 


CENTRAL  &  SOUTHEKN 

AFRICA 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


100       200 


iOO      MO 


!• 


124  CAPE  COLONY. 

were  brought  into  the  colony  at  Government  entering  bj  way  of  Delagqa  Bay,  the  Oran^ 

expense.    The  white  population  at  the  end  of  Free  State  must  impose  duties  at  its  Vaal 

1887  was  35,866.     There  were  32,312  Indian  frontier  which  shall  be  equal  to  the  appointed 

coolies.     One  quarter  of  the^e  are  indentured  tariff  less  the  Portugnese  transit  daties.     Im- 

to  the  planters  for  a  term  of  five  year:*.    The  ports  destined  for  the  crown  colonies  of  Basnto- 

free  Indians  compete   with  white  mechanics  land  and  British  Bechuanaland  would  be  sub- 

and  clerks,  and  the  further  importation  of  in-  jected  to  the  same  maiiiime  duties,  and  their 

dentured  laborers,  who,  after  the  expiration  of  governments  would,  like  the  republics,  receive 

their  term  of  servitude  enter  the  tield  of  white  three  fourths  of  the  sums  collected.  A  uniform 

labor,  meets  with  strong  popular  opposition,  tariff  of  12  per  cent,  was  proposed,  of  which  3 

The  native  population  was  408,922,  but  of  this  per  cent,   would   be  retained  as  the  transit 

number  more  than  225,000  live  on  reservations,  charge.    Sir  Gordon  Sprigg,  the  Cape  minister, 

and  the  colonists  are  anxious  to  remove  them  who  presided,  suggested  that  if  the  republics 

to  Zulnland.  both  declined  to  enter  into  the  arrangement, 

The  total  trade  by  sea  in  1887  amounted  to  the  British  Government  might  agree  with  the 

£3,333,000,  against  £2,333,000  in  1886.    The  Portuguese  Government  on  a  uniform  tariff, 

chief  exports  are  wool,  sugar,  hides,  corn,  and  the  British  and  Portuguese  colonial  authorities 

recently  gold,  of  which  £120,021  were  exported  retaining  part  as  transit  charges,  and  paying 

in  eleven  months  of  1887.    A  large  part  of  the  the  difference  to  the  Dutch  republics  or  to  in- 

commerce  consists  of  transit  trade  with  the  land  merchants  in  the  form  of  a  rebate.    The 

interior.  conference  agreed  on  specific  duties  on  guns. 

Railroads  to  the  Orange  Free  State  and  the  spirits,  tea,  coffee,  and  tobacco ;  on  a  free  list 
Transvaal  borders  were  authorized  by  the  comprising  fence-wire,  machinery,  railroad 
Legislative  Council  in  March,  1888,  and  a  loan  materials,  printers^  material,  and  pig  iron:  on 
of  £1.500,000  has  been  raised  for  the  purpose,  a  10-per-cent.  rate  for  agricultural  implements, 
The  development  of  the  railroads  to  within  a  vehicles,  and  iron  manufactures;  and  on  a  gen- 
short  distance  of  the  frontier  has  assisted  the  oral  tariff  of  12  per  cent,  on  all  other  articles, 
improvement  of  the  trade  of  Natal,  which  has  Between  the  colonies  and  states  composing  the 
greatly  increased  since  the  gold  discoveries  in  union  free  trade  sliall  exist,  except  in  spirits 
the  Transvaal.  The  railroad  mileage  at  the  and  sugar, 
close  of  1887  was  217,  against  195  in  1886.  Cape  Colony  agreed  to  extend  its  railroad 

Srath  African  Cistoou  aid  Railway  Union* — A  lines  to  the  Orange  river  near  Colesberg,  there 
conference  of  the  South  African  states  and  to  join  lines  that  the  Orange  Free  State  prom- 
colonies  to  consider  the  question  of  railway  ised  to  build  northeastward  through  Blomfon- 
extension  into  the  republics  and  an  agreement  tein  to  Harrismith,  and  thence  through  the 
with  regard  to  customs  and  the  collection  of  coal  and  gold  fields  to  the  Vaal  river.  At 
duties,  which  it  would  necessitate,  was  called  Harrismith  an  extension  of  the  Natal  system 
at  the  initiative  of  the  English,  who  had  neg-  will  join  the  line. 

lected  the  matter  of  railroad  communication  In  Natal,  where  the  existing  tariff  is  7  per 
with  the  Orange  Free  State  and  the  Transvaal  cent.,  as  against  15  per  cent,  in  Cape  Colony, 
until  the  construction  of  the  Delagoa  Bay  Rail-  there  was  much  opposition  to  the  customs 
road  threatened  to  divert  the  trade  of  those  union.  President  KrtLger,  of  the  South  African 
states  and  of  the  central  parts  of  South  Africa.  Republic,  expressed  himself  as  desirous  for 
Delegates  from  Cape  Colony,  Natal,  and  the  free  trade  with  the  Free  State  and  the  colonies. 
Orange  Free  State  met  at  the  conference,  which  but  his  Government  was  precluded  from  enter- 
concluded  its  sessions  on  Feb.  18,  1888.  The  ing  the  customs  union  by  a  customs  treaty  with 
South  African  Republic,  which  had  carried  Belgium  and  an  agreement  with  the  Nether- 
through  the  Delagoa  Bay  project  in  spite  of  lands  South  African  Railway  Company  per- 
British  discouragement,  was  not  represented,  mitting  goods  to  be  imported  by  way  of  the 
The  conference  agreed  on  the  principle  of  a  Delagoa  Bay  Railroad  free  of  duty.  The  rail- 
uniform  scheme  of  tariffs  for  the  four  members  road  proposals  were  carried  in  the  Free  State 
of  the  proposed  ZoUverein.  The  duties  would  Volksraad  after  a  long  discussion,  by  the  cast- 
be  collected  at  the  seaboard  by  Cape  and  Natal  ing  vote  of  the  President,  and  in  the  last  days 
officials,  and  the  colonial  governments  would  of  May  a  large  majority  agreed  to  the  customs 
retain  one  quarter  to  cover  the  cost  of  collec-  union  with  the  English  colonies.  During  the 
tion,  harbor  works,  and  postal  and  cable  sub-  session  a  resolution  was  passed  also  in  favor  of 
aidies,  paying  three  quarters  into  the  treasury  federal  union  with  the  Transvaal.  The  Cape 
of  the  Orange  Free  State  or  the  Transvaal  Re-  Legislative  Council  in  August  rejected  the 
public  according  to  the  destination  of  the  goods,  proposition  of  a  customs  union,  after  it  had  been 
To  carry  out  tliis  arrangement,  it  would  be  approved  by  the  Assembly.  The  Transvaal 
necessary  for  the  Transvaal  to  enter  into  a  Government  agreed  to  admit  imports  from  the 
similar  agreement  with  Portugal  by  which  the  colonies  at  the  same  rates  as  on  the  Portuguese 
same  rates  of  duty  should  be  levied  on  imports  frontier,  and  to  cancel  the  concession  tc»  the 
brought  over  the  Delagoa  Bay  Railroad,  or,  in  Dutch  and  German  railroad  company,  remit- 
case  the  South  African  Republic  declined  to  ting  duties  on  freight,  on  obtaining  a  pledge 
enter  the  union  or  to  impose  a  duty  on  goods  from  the  British  Government  that  it  would  not 


OAPE  COLONY. 


125 


aeqaire  the  Delagoa  Bay  Railroad,  which  has 
been  baih  from  Lorenzo  Marqaez  as  far  as  the 
bills  bordering  the  Northern  Transvaal  territory, 
and  is  to  be  carried  across  these  and  extended 
to  Pretoria.  The  right  of  Portugal  to  the 
coantry  of  the  Mapntos  south  of  Delagoa  Bay 
baTing  been  established  by  arbitration,  the 
Qoeen  of  Amatongaland  early  in  1888  ac- 
knowledged the  sovereignty  of  the  King  of 
Portugal  over  this  part  of  her  territory.  The 
Cape  Parliament  authorized  the  extension  of 
the  railways  from  Colesberg  to  the  Orange 
river  and  firom  Kimberley  to  the  Vaal  river. 
As  sooD  as  Parliament  was  prorogued,  on  Aug. 
17,  the  Government  called  a  special  session  to 
reconsider  the  customs  union  tariff  bill,  and 
both  branches  passed  it,  in  order  to  avert  a 
Cabinet  crisis. 

TilBtiad — On  May  14,  1887,  Zulnland  was 
annexed  to  the  British  Empire  by  proclamation. 
Mr.  Osborn,  the  resident  commissioner  and 
chief  magistrate  of  the  new  possession  under 
Sir  Arthur  Havelock.  gathered  such  of  the 
Zolas  as  would  accept  his  invitation  at  Nkon* 
jeoi  on  July  7,  where  he  hoisted  the  British 
flag  and  read  the  proclamation.  Usibepu,  the 
most  powerful  of  the  chiefs  among  whom  the 
British  had  partitioned  the  country  after  the 
deposition  of  King  Cetewayo,  who  had  been 
permitted  to  retain  bis  territory  in  the  north- 
east on  the  king's  restoration,  was  beaten  by 
the  Usntus,  or  Zulus,  who  were  attached  to  the 
djnasty,  under  Cetewayo^a  son,  Dinizulu,  and 
was  driven  into  the  Zulu  Reserve.  After  the 
annexation,  as  soon  as  laws  and  regulations 
bad  been  made  for  the  territory,  the  British 
made  preparations  to  restore  their  ally  and  his 
follow  era  to  the  lands  from  which  they  had 
been  expelled,  but  deferred  their  intention 
when  Dinizulu  and  Umyamyana  made  prepara* 
tions  to  drive  out  the  renegades  again.  Dini- 
zolu  retired  into  the  New  Kepublic,  but  came 
back  after  vainly  imploring  the  Boers  to  join 
him  in  an  attack  on  the  British  and  their  Zulu 
allies,  and  became  involved  in  a  quarrel  with 
another  chief.  Both  were  summoned  before 
the  special  commissioner  to  have  their  differ* 
enees  settled.  Dinizulu  was  at  first  contuma- 
ck>ua,  but  on  Nov.  14, 1887,  they  both  appeared 
aod  were  ordered  each  to  pay  a  fine  of  cattle. 
At  the  end  of  that  month  Usibepu  and  Sokwet- 
j&ta,  another  chief  who  had  fled  into  the  Re- 
•erve,  were  restored.  In  January,  1888,  Usibe- 
pu attacked  a  kraal  belonging  to  some  of 
Dinizulu's  people,  seized  their  cattle,  and  drove 
the  Usntua  off  the  land.  Dinizulu  again  went 
to  the  New  Republic  to  ask  the  assistance  of 
the  Boers.  While  he  was  absent,  in  April, 
some  police  who  attempted  to  make  arrests  at 
the  kraal  of  Undabuko,  his  uncle,  were  forcibly 
ejected.  In  May  Dinizulu  fell  upon  the  chief 
Hamelane  and  recaptured  stolen  cattle.  The 
Zolaland  police,  with  an  escort  of  dragoons, 
proceeded  to  execute  warrants  of  arrest  against 
him  and  other  chiefs.  Dinizulu  and  Undabuko 
eoQected  their  followers  at  Ceza,  in  the  ex- 


treme northwest,  and  compelled  the  British 
force  to  retreat  after  sharp  fighting,  in  June. 
Zulus  who  were  loyal  to  their  king,  Dinizulu, 
then  rose  in  rebellion  in  all  parts  of  the  coun- 
try. Store-keepers  in  different  parts  of  Zulu- 
land  were  murdered,  and  natives  who  were 
friendly  to  the  English  were  plundered.  On 
June  23  the  Usutus  attacked  Usibepu,  who  had 
raised  an  impi  at  the  call  of  Governor  Havelock, 
and  routed  his  force  inflicting  heavy  losses. 
Usibepu  fled,  with  the  police  at  Ivuna,  who 
were  also  attacked.  The  English  raised  levies 
of  natives  in  Basntoland  and  the  Reserve,  and 
sent  them  under  European  leaders  to  quell  the 
rebellion,  while  troops  were  moved  forward 
from  Durban  to  the  frontier,  and  from  Cape 
Town  to  Durban,  and  re-enforcement«  were 
even  sent  from  England  and  Egypt.  Lieut.-Gen. 
Smyth,  commanding  the  British  forces  in  South 
Africa,  went  to  Zululand  to  direct  operations. 
A  body  of  troops,  native  levies,  and  police 
advanced  from  Nkojeni  against  the  Usntus 
under  a  brother  of  Cetewayo  named  Tshing- 
ana,  at  Hlopekulu,  near  White  Umvolosi  river, 
and  defeated  them,  after  six  hours^  fighting,  on 
July  2,  losing  two  white  ofiScers  and  a  large 
number  of  natives.  Usutu  chiefs  looted  Sok- 
wetyata's  cattle  and  attacked  the  magistrate  of 
Inkhandla  district.  In  the  beginning  of  July 
Somkeli  and  his  vassals  rose  in  the  Umvolosi 
district  against  Mr.  Pretorius,  the  sub-commis- 
sioner, and  other  chiefs  on  the  coast  near  San 
Lucia  joined  the  rebellion.  Before  marching 
upon  Ceza,  where  Diuizulu  had  been  joined 
by  his  loyal  subjects  from  all  parts  of  Zulu- 
land,  and  had  a  force  of  4,000  warriors.  Gen. 
Smith  sent  an  expedition  to  the  Umvolosi. 
Somkeli  surrendered  voluntarily,  and  ordered 
his  under  chiefs  to  desist  from  hostilities. 
Other  columns  dispersed  the  minor  insur- 
gent forces  in  the  south  and  east  of  Zululand. 
The  general  waited  for  levies  of  Zulus  and 
Basutos,  but  these  never  came  except  in  small 
numbers.  Sir  Arthur  Havelock  did  not  share 
the  current  opinion  as  to  Dinizulu^s  guilt,  and 
was  anxious  to  save  the  Zulus  from  a  war  of 
extermination,  and  hence  arose  the  usual  dif- 
ferences between  the  civil  and  the  military  au- 
thorities. The  only  considerable  native  force 
that  was  raised  was  John  Dunnes  impi,  num- 
bering over  1,500  warriors,  which  took  part  in 
the  reduction  of  Somkeli  near  San  Lucia.  The 
British  forces,  numbering  about  2,000  British 
regulars,  besides  police,  Natal  volunteers,  and 
native  levies,  began  to  move  on  Ceza  in  the 
early  part  of  August,  establishing  military  sta- 
tions at  various  points.  Dinizulu  and  Unda- 
buko, whose  followers  had  dwindled  to  1,000 
men  through  hunger  and  cold,  fled  into  the 
Transvaal.  The  Zulus  several  times  attacked 
the  British  posts  and  flying  columns,  and  raided 
the  friendly  natives  in  the  Reserve.  Usibepu, 
the  prime  mover  of  the  troubles,  was  supported, 
if  not  instigated,  by  the  Natal  colonists  and 
officials,  who  have  shown  uniform  hostility  to 
the  royal  family  of  Zululand,  and  a  determina- 


126  CAPE  COLONY. 

tion  to  uproot  the  loyal  attachment  of  the  mangwatos,  and  Lobengala,  king  of  Matabele- 
Zala  Caf^es  to  their  hereditary  kings.  The  land.  The  Transvaal  Boers,  in  order  to  fore- 
marders  and  robberies  of  the  English  protegS  stall  the  English,  who,  having  ousted  the  Dntdi 
first  drove  Dinizulu  and  his  starving  followers  from  Bechuaualand,  apportioned  the  best  farm- 
to  acts  of  retaliation.  Usibepu's  people  also  ing-lands  among  immigrants  of  Britisli  birth, 
invaded  Swaziland,  and  killed  men  and  women  made  a  ferry  across  the  Crocodile  river,  just 
on  the  pretence  that  the  Swazis  had  helped  below  the  month  of  the  Macloutsie,  with  the 
Cetewayo.  The  revolt  of  Somkele  was  due  to  object  of  taking  possession  of  the  disputed 
an  unjustifiable  attack  by  Usibepu,  who  had  tract  under  grants  that  had  been  issued  to  Boer 
been  admonished  to  keep  quiet  by  the  British  citizens  some  time  before.  A  Transvaal  Boer 
authorities.  Dinizulu  gave  himself  up  in  Sep-  named  Grobelaar,  in  July,  1888,  went  with  an 
tember  to  the  Transvaal  authorities  on  a  prom-  escort  as  special  envoy  of  the  Transvaal  Gov- 
ise  that  he  should  not  be  surrendered  to  the  emment  to  Lobengula.  When  the  Boers  were 
English,  who  willingly  acquiesced  in  an  ar-  returning  through  the  debatable  ground,  in  or- 
raiigement  that  relieved  them  of  the  responsi-  der  to  cross  by  the  ferry.  Chief  Khama  forbade 
bility  of  putting  him  on  trial  for  his  life.  Un-  them  the  right  of  passage,  and  when  Khama 
dabuko  made  his  escape  into  Amatongaland,  sent  some  men  to  stop  them,  the  Boers  took 
but  afterward  delivered  himself  up  to  the  civil  away  their  guns.  A  stronger  party  was  sent 
authorities  at  Nkojeni.  The  British  Govern-  to  retake  them,  and  this  was  tired  upon,  but 
raent  announced  the  intention  of  maintaining  Khoma's  people  returned  the  fire,  and  charged 
Zululand  ns  a  permanent  possession.  Gen.  on  the  Boers,  -who  fied  after  two  of  them  had 
Smyth,  who  arrived  at  Nkojeni  on  August  1,  been  killed  and  the  commander  and  another 
left  Zululand  in  the  beginning  of  September,  wounded.  The  scene  of  the  fight  was  on  land 
leaving  an  army  of,  occupation  consisting  of  that  has  been  in  dispute  between  Khama  and 
1,500  troops.  Lobengula,  and  lies  just  within  the  British  pro- 

The  New  RepiUie. — After  Cetewayo  was  al-  tectorate.  The  High  Commissioner  asked  for 
lowed  to  return  to  Zululand,  Usibepu  made  war  explanations  from  the  Transvaal  Government, 
on  him  and  compelled  him  to  take  refuge  in  which  had  nominated  Grobelaar  an  envoy  to 
the  Zulu  Reserve,  where  he  died.  His  people,  Lobengula.  Khama  collected  a  force  of  3,000 
the  Usutus,  under  Undabuko  and  Dinizulu,  ob-  men  armed  with  rifles,  besides  800  horsemen 
tained  the  assistance  of  Transvaal  Boers  by  with  Martini-Henry  breech-loaders,  and  was 
ceding  to  them  the  third  part  of  Zululand,  and  joined  by  a  band  of  Britis^h  border  police.  A 
defeated  Usibepu,  who  in  his  turn  fled  into  force  of  Transvaal  Boers  was  encamped  on  the 
the  Reserve.  The  Boers  formed  the  New  Re-  opposite  bank  of  Crocodile  river,  in  readiness 
public  of  Western  Zululand  on  the  lands  that  for  action,  while  the  matter  was  being  investi- 
had  been  sold  to  them,  and  acquired  others  on  gated  by  commissioners  of  the  British  and  the 
the  sea- shore.  The  British,  in  response  to  an  Transvaal  Governments.  Gen.  P.  J.  Joubert 
appeal  from  the  Usutus  themselves,  interfered,  and  H.  Pretorius  were  the  representatives  sent 
and  induced  the  Boers  to  give  up  the  latter,  from  the  Transvaal  to  co-operate  with  Sir  Sidney 
except  such  as  were  actually  occupied,  and  to  Shepard,  the  administrator  of  Bechuanaland,  in 
forego  their  claim  to  a  protectorate  over  the  an  inquiry  in  to  the  facts.  The  incident  led  to  the 
whole  of  Zululand,  by  conceding  their  right  to  important  intimation  being  made  by  Sir  Hercu- 
the  territory  of  Western  Zululand,  and  formally  les  Robinson,  under  instructions  from  the  Brit- 
recognizing  the  New  Republic.  In  October,  ish  Government,  to  the  President  of  the  South 
1887,  a  treaty  of  union  was  concluded  between  African  Republic,  that  the  Matabele,  Mashona, 
the  South  African  Republic,  formerly  called  and  Makalaka  territories,  and  the  northern  part 
the  Transvaal,  and  the  New  Republic  of  West-  of  Khama^s  territory,  as  far  as  the  Zambezi, 
em  Zululand.  The  treaty  was  ratified  by  the  are  solely  within  the  sphere  of  British  influence. 
Volksraad  of  the  South  African  Republic  when  Lobengula,  the  Matabele  king,  concluded  a 
it  met  in  May,  1888,  and  also  by  that  of  the  treaty  with  England  in  April,  by  which  he 
New  Republic  in  June,  subject  to  the  approval  bound  himself  to  refrain  from  entering  into  any 
of  the  British  Imperial  Government,  in  ac-  correspondence  or  treaty  with  any  foreign 
cordance  with  the  treaty  concluded  after  the  state  or  power  to  sell  or  cede  any  portion  of 
Transvaal  war,  which  placed  the  foreign  rela-  his  dominions,  including  the  tributary  t^rrito- 
lions  of  the  republic  under  the  suzerain  con-  ries  of  Mashona,  Maka,  and  Malaka,  without 
trol  of  Great  Britain.  Gen.  Joubert  and  another  the  previous  consent  of  the  British  High  Corn- 
commissioner  were  sent  from  Pretoria  to  take  missioner.  The  Transvaal  Republic  was  cut 
over  the  government  of  the  New  Republic,  off  by  this  treaty  from  any  extension  north- 
nnd  when  the  reorganization  was  effected  ward,  except  with  the  sanction  of  the  Britisli. 
Lucas  Meyer,  the  former  President,  was  left  at  The  Boer  Government  therefore  sent  Com- 
the  head  of  the  administration,  with  the  title  mander  Grobelaar  to  Lobengula  to  remind 
of  Border  Commissioner.  him  of  a  previous  treaty  that  he  had  made  with 

Boer  IbtmIsii  of  Rhana's  Territory. — The  terri-  the  Transvaal,  but  the  chief  of  Matabeleland 

tory  lying  between  the  Macloutsie  and  Shashi  refused  to  discuss  the  subject.     Grobelaar  died 

rivers  has  for  some  time  been  the  subject  of  of  his  wounds  two  weeks  after  the  affray  with 

dispute  between  Khama,  the  chief  of  the  Ba-  Khama^s  men.     Another  fight  took  place  be> 


■4a~ 


CAPE  COLONY.  127 

tween  MokhachwaDe,  the  headman  who  bad  northeastern  part  of  the  German  possessions, 
topped  Grobelaar,  and  two  traders  named  toward  Ovamboland,  was  brought  to  the  verge 
Frmncia  and  Chapman  who  attempted  to  cross  of  dissolution  by  attacks  of  the  Zwartboy  Hot- 
bj  the  same  ferrj.    At  the  request  of  President  tentots  and  fights  witli  Bushmen.    Discoveries 
Paiil  Kroii^r,  of  the  South  African  Republic,  of  paying  gold- quartz  in  Hereroland  are  likely 
the  British  Imperial  authorities,  in  the  summer  to  revive  the  fortunes  of  the  earliest,  but  most 
of  1887,  modified  the  original  proclamation  of  neglected,  of  the  German  colonial  possessions, 
tbe  protectorate  up  to  22d  parallel  of  latitude,  and  may  induce  the  German  Colonization  So- 
by  fixing  an  eaatem  limit  at  the  longitude  of  ciety  for  Southwest  Africa,  which  has  succeed- 
tbe    mouth  of   the  Macloutsie.      The  Boers  ed  the  Ltlderitz  corporation,  to  give  the  prom- 
elaimed  not  only  the  right  to  the  route  through  ised  police  protection.     An  Englishman  named 
tbe  disputed  territory  and  grants  of  land  within  Stevens,  when  leaving  tbe  copper  mine  back  of 
%  but  also  a  protectorate  over  Matabeleland,  Walfisch  Bay  in  1857,  took  with  him  a  fragment 
br  virtue  of  a  treaty  that  they  made  with  Mo-  of  rock  of  curious  appearance.    Many  years 
selekatxe,  the  grandfather  of  Lobengula.  afterward  he  went  to  live  with  his  sons,  who 
Qtrmam  Cil—lTirtti  ami  BrttMi  EipaaslMi. — The  were  gold-miners  in  Australia.    On  seeing  au- 
British  port  of  Walfisch  Bay  is  the  only  good  riferous  quartz  he  was  struck  by  its  resem- 
harbor  on  tbe  entire  seaboard  of  German  South-  blance  to  his  specimen,  which  was  produced, 
west  Africa,  extending  through  twelve  degrees  and  was  found  on  analysis  to  be  a  rich  piece 
of  latitude,  and  it  gives  access  to  the  two  prin-  of  gold  ore.    After  his  death  two  of  his  sons, 
cipal  rivers  running  through  Damaraland  and  with  two  companions,  went  to  Walfisch  Bay  to 
Namaqualand.     The  bay  of  Angra  PequefLa  in  prospect,  arriving  in  October,  1887.    They  ob- 
the  south  has  disappointed  the  expectations  of  taiued  permission  from  the  German  author!* 
tbe  Germans,  while  Porto  do  Ilheo  or  Sandwich  ties,  who  placed  little  faith  in  their  story  or  in 
Haven  is  small  and  threatened  with  obstruction  their  prospects  of  success,  since  several  expe- 
bf  sand.      The  Germans  are  indignant  that  ditions  of  scientific  geologists  had  failed  to 
Great  Britain  should  desire  to  retain  this  en-  make  any  promising  discovery.    These  practi- 
date,  only  twenty-five  square  miles  in  extent,  cal  miners,  nevertheless,   found  paying  rock 
wbich  is  absolutely  useless  since  the  German  within  a  few  weeks.    The  richest  vein  is  on 
annexation  of  the  country.    The  English  Gov-  an  island  in  Swakop  river  near  Walfisch  Bay. 
enunent  might  be  willing  to  exchange  it  for  The  natives  as  soon  as  they  saw  what  was  want- 
Togoland,  which  is  a  similar  source  of  annoy-  ed  brought  sacks  of  gold  quartz  to  Stevens 
aoce  in  the  midst  of  British  possessions  on  the  from  various  quarters,  showing  that  there  are 
Gold  Coast,  but  fears  the  dissatisfaction  of  the  extensive  gold  fields.    In  quality  the  ores  are 
Cape  Colonists.     In  April,  1888,  Nama  rob-  said  to  compare  favorably  with  those  of  the 
bers  made  an  attack  on  the  little  English  set-  best  Californian  or  Australian  workings.    The 
tlement,  which  was  only  saved  from  massacre  Australians  were  employed  at  first  by  the  Co- 
bjthe  timely  dispatch  of  troops  from  Cape  lonial  Society,  butsince  March,  1888,  their  opera- 
Colony.    Tbe  Cape  Government  complained  to  tions  have  been  conducted  for  the  account  of  a 
tbe  Grerman  Governor  that  the  protectorate  branch  syndicate  that  has  the  monopoly  of  the 
bad  not  been  made  effective.    After  the  with-  gold  mines.    The  German  Colonial  Society  for 
^wal  of  British  protection,  which  was  like-  Southwest  Africa  has  recently  designated  only 
vise  only  nominal,  and  was  formally  renounced  the  northern  part  of  its  possessions,  extending 
in  1880  by  the  English  Government,  Germany  from  Swakop  river  to  the  Portuguese  boundary 
proclaimed  a  protectorate  over  Damaraland,  or  at  the  Cunene,  as  German  Damnraland,  while 
as  \he  Germans  sometimes  call  it  Hereroland,  the  region  between  Swakop  and  Orange  rivers 
comprising  the  region  between  the  Orange  and  is  officially  known  as  German  Namaland.    The 
tb  Cunene  rivers,  by  virtue  of  a  treaty  made  German  protectorate  includes  some  fertile  land 
»ith  tbe  head-chief  Maherero  by  the  Lflderitz  in  the  north,  resembling  the  neighboring  Por- 
Company,    which    had   undertaken   to    work  tuguese  possessions.    The  greater  part  of  the 
tbe  abandoned  copper  mines.    The  enterprise  country,  however,  is  only  fit  for  grazing,  and 
proved  unprofitable,  as  it  had  before  in  the  is  so  poorly  watered  that  the  herds  of  its  200,- 
Biods  of  the  English,  on  account  of  the  cost  of  000  inhabitants,  scattered  over  290,000  square 
ttrrying  the  ore  to  the  coast,  and  the  company  miles  of  territory^  find  only  a  scanty  herbage. 
Itiltd  in  its  duty  to  maintain  order,  and  afford-  There  is  a  small  export  trade  in  cattle,  but  the 
«1  BO  protection  to  the  disappointed  Hereros,  commerce  is  much  smaller  than  formerly.    The 
•bose  herds  of  cattle  suffered,  as  before,  from  German  West  African  Company  is  an  entcr- 
tbe  bbck-msiling  incursions  of  the  vengeful  prise    distinct    from  the  colonization   society 
^ama  Hottentots,  once  the  masters  of   the  that  succeeded  Ldderitz,  and  has  for  its  ob- 
^bole  country,  but  now  confined  to  their  rob-  ject  the  development  of  trade  with  the  interior, 
^-nests  in  the  mountains  of   southwestern  The  English  Government,  by  the  occupation 
Hereit^and.     Anarchy  and  disorder  reached  of  Bechuanaland,  had  driven  a  wedge  between 
^h  a  degree  that  in  1887  German  officials  the  German  possessions  and  the  Transvaal,  and 
*^re  repeatedly  attacked  and  the  horses  and  by  the  annexation  of  San  Lucia  Bay  and  the 
^Ic  of  the  imperial  commissary  were  stolen,  extension  of  its  suzerainty  over  Amatongaland, 
^  new  Boer  republic  of  Upingtonia  in  the  had  slmt  out  German  iufiuence  from  the  east 


128  CAR-BUILDING. 

coast.  The  region  south  of  the  npper  and  mid-  try  ^*  in  existence.  To-dav  more  than  15,00( 
die  Zambesi  was  still  considered  a  prospective  men  earn  their  bread  by  constructing  railway- 
field  for  German  enterprise  and  a  path  by  carriages  of  various  kinds,  and  500,0u0  ean 
which  Germany  might  in  the  f  ature  reach  the  their  living  through  the  management  of  the  car- 
Boers  whom  the  hated  English  have  walled  in  rlages  at'ter  they  are  built  There  were  tbei 
from  the  outside  world.  The  Delagoa  Bay  in  service  a  few  tram-cars  of  coinparativelj 
Railroad  is,  indeed,  a  German  enterprise,  but  rude  construction,  drawn  by  horses  for  the  musi 
Bntish  influence  is  predominant  at  Lisbon,  and  part,  and  designed  for  the  transportation  ol 
Delagoa  Bay  territory  is  likely  soon  to  become  passengers  or  freight  over  short  distances 
English  by  purchase.  The  British  announce-  Now  it  is  estimated  that  there  are  in  use  uboui 
ment  that  the  entire  region  south  of  the  Zam-  78,000  cars,  of  all  descriptions,  drawn  by  nearly 
besi,  as  far  west  as  the  actual  bounds  of  Da-  30,000  locomotive-engines,  over  150,600  mile: 
maraland,  is  within  the  sphere  of  British  inter-  of  track.  These  figures  are  substantially  fron 
ests  was  intended  to  warn  the  Germans  away  Poor^s  **  Manual  of  Railroads, '*  the  acceptec 
from  the  rich  but  undeveloped  commercial  authority  on  the  subject.  There  are  about  14( 
field  of  central  South  Africa,  and  to  hem  in  car- building  establishments  in  operation  ii 
the  independent  Boers  on  the  north  side  also,  the  United  States,  and  not  only  do  these  tun 
England  bound  herself  by  a  memorandum  out  cars  for  ordinary  passenger  traffic  and  foi 
agreendi^nt  not  to  extend  her  dominion  west-  miscellaneous  freight  and  merchandise,  bu( 
ward  beyond  the  20th  meridian.  She  now  they  build  vestibule  and  palace  *^  coaches,^ 
asserts  her  ultimate  claim  to  the  whole  inte-  restaurant  or  buffet  cars,  observation  cars 
rior  east  of  this  line.  A  mere  announcement  mail,  express,  refrigerating,  and  milk  cars, 
does  not  accomplish  that  object  except  in  re-  menagerie  and  circus  cars,  and  cars  for  the 
flpect  to  the  Transvaal  Republic,  which  dare  different  kinds  of  live-stock.  Some  of  thes< 
not  now  officially  organize  annexations  north-  latter  are  so  complete  in  their  special  appoint 
ward.  But  while  the  Germans  are  dreaming  ments  that  they  are  not  inaptly  termed  ^'  pal- 
of  commercial  routes  across  the  Kalahari  des-  ace-cai*s  "  after  their  kind,  the  latest  additioi 
ert,  the  English  are  extending  the  Northern  to  the  list  being  a  '^  palace-car  for  hens,^'  de- 
Cape  Railroad  to  the  Yaal  river,  and  soon  Eng-  signed  for  the  conveyance  of  from  3,500  to4,50( 
lish  companies  will  be  working  the  gold-bear-  live  fowl,  in  comparative  luxury.  This  car  is 
ing  ledges  that  are  known  to  exist  in  Khama's  described  as  two  feet  higher  than  the  ordinary 
kingdom  and  Mashonaland,  where  many  locate  freight-car ;  it  has  two  aisles,  one  longitudina 
the  gold-mines  of  ancient  Ophir.  Two  syndi-  the  other  transverse.  It  is  partitioned  off  intc 
cates  obtained  conflicting  mining  rights  in  the  116  compartments,  each  four  feet  square 
disputed  tract  between  the  two  kingdoms,  one  Food  is  carried  beneath  the  car,  and  water  k 
of  them  from  Ehama  and  the  other  from  Lo-  a  tank  on  top ;  the  supply  being  sufficient  foi 
bengula,  but  on  the  advice  of  Sir  Theophilus  a  full  load  for  a  journey  of  2fiOO  miles.  The 
Shepstone  both  concessions  were  canceled.  ** Car-Builder^s  Dictionary^'  specifies  regulai 
The  influx  of  English  capital  and  settlers  into  car-types  as  follows : 

the  Transvaal  gold-fields  promises  in  time  to  Bm^gage-car,  boarding-car,  box-car,  buffet-car,  c» 
give  the  Anglo-baxon  race  the  same  social  and  booae  or  conductor's  car,  cattle  or  stock  car,  coal-car, 
political  ascendancy  in  the  Boer  republic  that  derrick-car,  drawing-room  car,  drop-bottom  car, 
they  have  at  the  Cape.  Gold  exists  in  South  dump-car,  express-car,  flat  or  platform  car.  gondola- 
Africa  only  in  lodes  of  rock,  and  must  be  ^^;  hand-car,  hay-oar,  hopper-lwttom  car  horacM^r, 
_  ,  J  .;,  .  ,  .  '  ,  .  hotel-car,  inspection-car,  lodsnnff-car,  mail-car,  milk- 
worked  with  steam  machinery  and  expensive  ear,  oU-ir.  ^-car,  pilace-1»r,  pas'senger-car,  pay- 
stamps.  The  emigration  is  therefore  not  of  car,  postroflice  car,  push-car,  postal-car.  refrigerator' 
the  adventurous  and  migrating  kind  that  is  at-  car,  restaurant-car,  sleeping-car,  sweeping-car.  tank- 
tracted  by  alluvial  washings,  but  consists  of  ^i  tip-car,  tool  or  wrecking  car,  three-wheeled 
skilled  laborers  who  will  be  permanent  resi-  '**°^"<^^' 

dents  unless  the  seams  give  out.  The  Trans-  This  list  is  confessedly  incomplete,  for  new 
vaal  authorities  maintain  good  order,  and  in  devices  are  continually  added  to  meet  the  de- 
return  the  mine-owners  willingly  pay  special  mauds  of  the  time. 

taxes,  and  not  only  support  the  greatly  increased  J.  E.  Watkins,  of  the  National  Museum  in 
expenses  of  Government,  but  fill  to  overflow-  "Washington,  in  his  reports  on  the  Department 
ing  the  treasury  of  the  republic,  which  a  few  of  Transportation,  gives  a  history  of  car-build- 
years  ago  was  bankrupt,  owing  to  the  aversion  ing,  which  places  its  origin  at  the  beginning  oi 
of  the  Boers  to  paying  any  taxes  at  all.  The  the  century,  when  active  brains  in  this  coun- 
British  are  desirous  of  using  the  Zambesi  as  a  try  and  in  England  perceived  the  advantages 
route  to  the  central  parts  of  South  Africa,  but  of  tramways  for  the  transit  of  wheels.  In 
are  hindered  by  the  tolls  and  import  duties  1812  John  Stevens  published  a  pamphlet  ex- 
exacted  by  the  Portuguese  Government.  plaining  the  advantages  of  railway  travel,  and 
CAR-BULDING*  Fifty  years  ago  a  few  expressed  the  belief  that  passengers  might  by 
wheelwrights  and  carriage-makers  were  ex-  this  means  be  carried  at  the  rate  of  one  bun- 
perimentally  eufraged  in  adapting  the  four-  dred  miles  an  hour.  The  highest  speed  yet 
wheeled  road-wagon  of  the  period  for  use  on  a  attained  does  not  fully  realize  this  dream,  but 
tramway.     There  was  no  *^  car-building  indus-  it  would  be  rash  to  say  that  such  a  feat  will 


OAR-BDILDING.  129 

■eTer  be  accomplisbed.    About  1819  Benjamin  weight — which  is  but  between  four  and  five  tons — 

Dearborn,  of  Boston,  petitioned  Congress  in  her  small  bulk,  and  the  simplicity  of  her  working 

renrd  to  wheeled-camaires  for  the  conveyance  «^achmery.    We  rejoice  at  the  result  ot  this  expen- 

^     .,         J  ^^^^^    ^,     .Vr  •^^/'""'^J  •****'"  ment.  as  it  conclusively  proves  that  Philadelphia,  al- 

«r  mails  and  passengers     with  such  oelenty  as  ^ayg  famous  for  the  skill  of  her  mechanics,  is  enabled 

hid  never  before  been  accomplished,  and  with  to  produce  steam-enf^ines  for  railroads,  combining  so 

complete  security  from  robbery  on  the  high-  many  superior  qualities  as  to  warrant  the  belief  that 

wit/'     His  memorial  points  to  the  sleeping-  ber  mec&anics  will  hereafter  supply  nearly  aU  the 

—  -«^    ♦K^    4^»»;.«  «Ao/»..*«.«f    «-    -«,.>««    *k^  public  works  of  this  description  in  the  country,  and 

^  .^^    the    train-restaurant   as  among    the  fcy  our  superiority  m  the  Adaptation  of  this  motive 

possibilities  of  the  future.     Bat  Congress  was  power,  as  we  have  hitherto  in  navigation,  perhaps 

indifirerent  then,  as  now,  to  matters  outside  of  supply  England  herself.    By  the  company's  adver- 

pracdcal  politics,  and  the  committee  to  whom  tisement  in  to-dav's  paper,  it  will  be  seen  that  this 

the  matter  was  referred  never  saw  fit  to  rescue  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^'^  P^  regnlarXy  on  the  road  thui 

In  the  mean  time  the  problem  had  been  sue-  ^^^^,  ^^^  ^^^^  mentioned,  incidentally  as  it 

fleasftdly  solved  on  the  Stockton  and  Dariing-  were,  m  connection  with  the  new  locomotive, 

ton  Railway  in  England,  and  in  1826  William  ^^^  ^^^  citation  proves  that  the  /^regular  pas- 

Strickland  was  sent  abroad  in  the  interest  of  fenger-cars     were  already  famihar  to  the  pub- 

the  Pennsylvania  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  ^^^'    P^^^^  ^^/^^  allusions  are  somewhat  un- 

Intemal   Improvement.     As  a  result  of  his  f^^^f"^  ^  ^  d*^®-    ^*>^«'  1®^^      ^^^^^  ^fi'"" 

reports  on  £ng]ish  railways,  private  enterprise  ^^^     wrote : 

took  coorage  in  America.     The  first  cars  here.  Now,  in  order  to  carry^  on  all  this  business  more 

« in  England,  were  constructed  for  tramway  ^'\y^  the  people  are  building  what  i*  called  a  rail- 

^.^^^      TuIZ   «r««^  ;«  ^»«»»»»;^»   ^uu  ♦ul  ro»a-     This  consists  of  iron  bars  laid    along  the 

service.     They   were  in  connection   with  the  ground,  and  made  fast,  so  that  carriages  withlmall 

gnnite-quarnes  at  Qumcy,  Mass.,  and  in  Dela-  wheels  may  run  along  upon  them  with  facility.    In 

Wire  Connty,  Pa.,  in   1826 ;    and   in    1827  a  this  way,  one  horse  will  be  able  to  draw  as  much  as 

coal-road  nine  miles  long  was  opened  from  the  ^^^  horses  on  a  common  road.    A  part  of  thb  nul- 

Mmch   Chunk  mines  to  Lehigh  river.     The  ''^Jt^}j^^l^7^l^'^^^^^^ 

„.        ^     ,      -  , ,              ,           ?           . ,            ,  upon  it,  you  can  do  so.    You  will  mount  a  car  some- 
rolling-stock  of  these  early  roads  was  the  work  thing  like  a  stage,  and  then  you  will  be  drawn  along 
of  wagon-builders,  whose  purpose  was  merely  by  two  horses,  at  the  rate  of  twelve  miles  an  hour, 
to  mount  stout  boxes  upon  wheels  suitable  for  g^ch  was  the  beginning  of  the  Baltimore 
ramung  upon  rails.    The  complicated  prob-  g^d  Ohio  Railroad,  now  known  so  familiarly 
feffls  of  oscillating  trucks  and  passing  curves  to  millions  of  people  that  it  is  called  the  **  B. 
It  high  speed  came  m  later.  ^  O."  for  short.     Its  construction  was  begun 
The  early  annals  of  car-bnildmg  are  neces-  Jq  i828,  and  the  first  section  of  fifteen  miles 
tarUy  somewhat  incomplete.    One  of  the  first  ^^g  ready  for  traffic  in  May,  1830.    Fig.  2  is 
rrfCTences  to  the  infant  industry  is  found  in  the  sketch,  probably  somewhat  fanciful,  that 
the    Philadelphia  "  American    Daily  Adver-  accompanied  Peter  Pariey's  description. 
tiKr,"  imder  date  of  Nov.  26,  1882.    It  de-  i^  S'ovember,  1882,  an  advertisement  ap- 
tr^i  ?^    .    ^^J^^^     '  locomotive  built  by  peared  in  Philadelphia  papers  in  the  interest 
M.  W.  Baldwin,  of  that  city:  of  the  Philadelphia,  Germantown,  and  Norris- 
ft  fd^es  us  pleasure  to  state  that  the  locomotive  en-  town  Railroad,  in  which,  after  the  schedule  of 
tat  built  by  our  townsman,  M.  W.  Baldwin,  for  the  trains,  was  the  following  paragraph : 
PfcJbdelphia,  Germantown,  and  Nomstown  foOlroad  Pasgengeni  wishing  to  take  a  short  excursion  will 
C«^y    has   proved   highly  suooesstW.    In   the  find  this  5  very  pleaSmt  one.    The  scenery  alon^  the 
pw«of  a  number  ofgenUemen  of  science  andm-  ^^  j,          biutiful,  and  at  Germantown  Mr.  ^^un- 
Wnm  on  such  subjwjs,  the  empne  was  yesterday  ^^^^  hotefis  fitted  up  in  a  style  that  will  render  com- 
^«don  the  road  for  the  fi«t  Ume.    All  ^erparts  ^^  on  a  warm  day,  is  refreshments  of  the  be^t  quali- 
Z^""  S"^"^"^^^'  W^  polished  and  fitted  to-  ^  ^^^  j^  abunda£<i  wUl  be  constantly  on  hand ;  and 
S"  '"'i*''-  ^i?TS^  ^^^7^'    ®**!7f  ^^"^  ^  pereons  wishing  to  take  a  walk  in  the  fields  will  find 
S^•5t!l/'°   ^"^^^^Z""*  removed  to  the  com-  ^^  ^         o'^^he  Wissahickon  veir  romantic  and 

K  *  ^^'J^u    ^^J^V  ™<>™J°«f.  ^*^«  Y^  *^""  beautiful,  iid  but  a  few  mmutes'  walk  from  the  raU- 

Wely  put  together,  ready  for  travel.   After  the  regu-  ^^y^^        ' 

V  psftsengcr-cars  had  arrived  fVom  Germantown  in 

ti»  afternoon,  the  tracks  being  dear,  preparation  was  The  firm  of  Kimball  &  Davenport,  of  0am- 

Jid«  for  her  surting.    The  placinj^  the  fire  in  the  bridgeport,  Mass.,  was  probably  the  first  in  the 

%Bi«  and  raising  the  steam  occupied  twenj  min-  United  States  to  take  up  car-bailding  on  a  large 

«».    The  engme  (with  her  tender)  moved  from  the     ,^^i^     tx.^„ «. a  ,,J^^  4.u«  v.,«:Jl««  :«  iooA 

^  in  beaufiftd  style,  working  with  great  ease  and  »«ale.   They  entered  upon  the  business  in  1884, 

^inaity.    She  proceeded  about  one  half  a  mile  be-  and  for  twenty-two  years  were  among  the  lead- 

J'l^  tbe  Union  Tavern  at  the  township  line,  and  re-  ing  establishments  in  that  branch  of  industry. 

^smsA  immediately,  a  distance  of  six  miles,  at  a  Charies  Davenport  was  the  active  member  of 

2«d  ^  about  twenty-eight  imles  to  the  hour.    Her  ^j     concern.     He  deUvered  his  first  passenger- 

«eed  having  to  be  greatly  slackened  at  all  road-cross-  ^     I^u     n  _!            j  w           "      d  ^T     a  • 

i»gi,«ad  it  being  after  dark,  but  a  portion  of  her  «ar  *<>  ^he  Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad  in 

P<W9  was  uj»ed.  the  spring  of  1835.     It  was  a  departure  from 

Us  needless  to  say  that  the  spectators  were  de-  the  English  coach-body  pattern,  though  it  re- 

Bfbtol    From  this  experiment  there  is  every  reason  tained  the  side  doors.     The  seats  aU  faced  one 

J^^^^'X?X^«^  m'"r  a^o^fTi  way,  which  necessiuted  turning  the  car  at.the 

^l  read.    The  chief  superiority  of  this  engine  over  end  of  the  route.    Mr.  Davenport  soon  devised 

r  ^m  «7  of  the  English  ones,  now  oonsists  in  the  light  reversible  seats,  but  did  not  patent  them,  and 

VOL.  xxvm. — 9  A 


CAR-BUILDING. 


^ 

i 

^"^ 

__'—  — ^-il 

iOi^al 

Ro.  &— Davd'i  Duvura  fob  Cax. 


Fia.  T.—FiKOT  PUM  or  Lohq 


Pio.  B.— FmsT  Cab  with  Rii 


Flo.  B.— FsAn 


ID  un>  II,— Paklok-Cui  aVtanwniM  Traih. 


132  OAR-BUILDING. 

thej  presently  became  pablio  property.     He  The  patent  lead-lined  anti-friction  jo 

patented  and  used  a  buffer  coupling  arrange-  the  patent  oil-boxes,  springs,  equalizin 

ment,    with   double-acting  draw-springs.     In  proved  body-bolt  beanugs  with  coll^^ 

looft  V^  I.   -li.  i.1-     .c    J.     •   u*      t.     1  in  the  way  of  bafety  and  check- chains, 

1888  he  built  the  first  eight-wheel  passenger-  ^^  iron  truck-fiining-all  these  d: 

car,   with  seats  for  sixty  persous,  and  to  his  days  not  only  to  the  superiority  of  the 

enterprise  and  ingenuity  were  largely  due  many  ffreoter  cost,  to  say  nothing  of  the  use  « 

of  the  improvements  in  oar-building  that  were  """  ^^o  ^^^y  »P/i?K8,  etc.,  and  the  oo 

^^A^  «N..;Jv«  4^  ♦K^  y»;w;i  nra«.  merous  patented  desicrDs  of  the  modei 

made  pnor  to  the  civil  war.              ^      ^     ^  The  matter  of  upholstery  and  decorat 

The  managers  of  the  Delaware  Car- Works,  out,  the  use  of  hard  woods  highly  polU 

of  Wilmington,   have   kindly   furnished  from  carving  upon  the  paneling  inside,  th 

tbeir  tiles  the  following  account  of  tbe  oldest  signs  of  seatrframes,  the  expensive  met 

passenger-car  now  in  use,  "  Morris  Run,  No.  J^®  improved  style  of  glazing  and  oi 

1,"  constructed  for  the  Tioga  Railroad  Com-  J^^Ji^^c^^^dt^elem^eSl^ia'^c:?, 

paoy^  and  delivered   complete,   according  to  old  with  the  new. 

contract,  the  lOtb  of  September,  1840.     This  It  will  readily  be  seen,  therefore,  ' 

may  be  taken  as  representing  the  best  type  of  ^9*  tbo  cheaper  labor  and  material 

passenger-car  then  constructed :  llfl^t^riittSr^^^Mo?;! 

This  car  has  been  in  continuous  service  fh)m  that  was  a  fair  specimen  of  the  best  class  o 

date  up  to  the  present  time.    It  was  placed  on  exhi-  was  possible  to  turn  out  at  that  time, 

bition  at  the  Chicago  Exposition  of  Biulway  Appli-  of  thLs  car  had  the  peculiaritv  of  being 

ances,  held  in  1888,  as  an  illustration  of  the  durability  without  any  sash  (presumably  on  aocoi 

of  passeuger-ooaches  when  constructed  of  the  best  fear  lest,  if  the  windows  were  opened,  i 

materials^  as  well  as  to  furnish  an  historically  interest-  be  sure  to  follow),  and  the  wooden] 

ing  and  instructive  comparison  between  the  earliest  the  sides  of  the  car  were  made  to  open 

and  later  types  of  railway-carriages.   This  car  was  con-  lower  half  up  inside  of  the  upper  half, 

structed  upon  an  order  for  *^  one  first-class  passenffer-  openings  were  very  narrow^  and  wer 

car,''  to  be  finished  in  every  respect  in  a  **hi^ly  ventilanon  rather  than  for  sight.     As 

modem  *'  manner,  with  all  tne  latest  improvements,  ined,  this  gave  the  car  a  very  odd  ap 

It  was  styled  in  the  contract  *■*■  An  eight- wheeled  pas-  the  outside.    Yet  it  was  by  no  mear 

sender  and  ladies'  accommodation  car."  and  was  in-  since,  in  the  first  days  of  railroading, 

tended  to  excel  anything  of  the  kind  tnen  running  in  sen^rs  had  become  accustomed  to  tne 

the  country.     Although  at  this   late   day  we  can  rapid  form  of  locomotion,  and  eouall; 

scarcely  realize  the  actual  state  of  things  as  they  then  the  dangers  of  sight-seeine  throuc^n  thi 

existed,  owing  to  the  vast  improvement  which  has  while  in  motion,  it  prov^  a  source  o1 

taken  place  since,  it  is  fair  to  assume  that  the  car  should  at  least  entitle  it  to  our  lenient 

*^  Morris  Run,  No.  1,"  when  it  left  the  shop  did  equal  The  car  had  no  raised  roof,  the  i 

and  perhaps  excel  its  kind  in  beauty  of  finish,  in  com-  being  laid  on  fiat  fh>m  end  to  end, 

fort  of  appointments,  and  in  excellence  of  arrange-  somewhat  beyond  the  body  for  protec 

ments.     Its  extreme  age  and  the  fact  of  its  still  re-  gers  while  alighting.    Just  when  this  f 


wae 
standi 

The  general  dimensions  of  the  oar  were  as  follow :  carriasj^  in  use  abroad  and  copied  ii 

Thirty-  two  feet  in  length  of  frame ;  8  feet  6  inches  in  The  latter  were  simply  the  ancient  foi 

width  of  frame ;  6  feet  4  inches  in  height  fVom  fioor  to  stage-coach  bodies,  placed  on  long  fi 

ceiling  (no  mised  floor).     For  this  ^^  eight-wheeled  sets  of  three,  with  side-openings  in  tl 

ladies^  car,"   built  with  continuous   trami^,  solid  primitive  coach-doors,  a  horizontal  plai 

bracing,  double  uprights,  stationary  sash,  Venetian  step,  and  with  a  single  pair  of  open- 8p< 

blinds,    and  dead-light  neatlv  trimmed,  the  price  under  each  coach-body.    At  the  ends 

charged  was  $2,000,  aelivered  Iree  on  board  of  a  ves-  brakes  extending  to  the  brakeman's 

sel  at  the  wharf  of  the  builders.    It  may  be  added  top  of  the  coach,  fVom  which  position  I 

that  for  some  heavy  wrougbt-iron  brace-rods,  studs,  signals  of  the  driver,  and  be  governed 

and  bolts,  thought  necessary  for  extra  strength  in  the  Tour- wheeled  passenger  cars  were  us 

bodies,  an  additional  sum  of  $40  was  afterward  al-  and  the  body  was  suspended  upon  lea 

lowed,  bringing  up  the  price  to  $2,040.    This  figure,  braces,  similar  to  the  old-fashioned  C< 

however  interesting  it  may  be  in  the  lisfht  of  modem  The  seats  were  placed  around  on  the 

comparisons,  when  the  cost  of  a  firut-claas  passeng^er-  the  passengers  were  facing  each  oth 

car  ran^s,  acpending  upon  the  details  of  the  finish  row  of  seats  was  placed  upon  the  top  c 

and  fittings^  anywhere  tVom  $4,200  to  $6,600,  must  where  the  passengers  sat  back  to  twc 

not  be  considered  as  a  wholly  trustworthy  banls  of  lecting  fares,  the  conductor  did  not  ei 

relative  costs  in  labor  and  materials  in  tnose  early  that  purpose,  but  passed  around  on  tl 

days  compared  with  the  present  costs  for  the  same  a  foot-board.    There  were  no  brakes, 

structure.     We  must  bear  in  mind  the  various  im-  engine  or  on  the  cars;  consequently  tl 

provements  that  have  since  entered  into  the  con-  be  stopped  by  revernng  the  engine, 

struction  of  a  car  as  elementf^  of  increased  expense,  eccentrics  would  oi^tch  on  the  center,  i 

such  as  the  monitor  roof  with  its  glazed  deck-sash ;  volve,  in  which  case  the  engine  could 

the  decorated  head-lining  or  ceiling ;  tbe  patent  coup-  by  some  application  of  mechanical  fore 

lers,  buffers,  etc.,  with  wider  and  heavier  platforms,  The  wood-working  tools  consisted 

built  as  a  part  of  the  car-fioor  fVaraing ;  the  elaborate  three  machines,  the  perfected  machine 

chandeliers,  bracket-fixtures,  trimmings,  basket-racks,  consisting  of  a  circular  saw  and  Daniel' 

and  hardware  generally,  as  well  as  the  compartment  could  plane  but  half  a  car-sill  at  one  m 

conveniences,  such  as  closets,  w^ash-stands,  water-  being  taken  out  and  reversed  after  ea 

coolers,  etc.,  that  go  toward  completing  a  modem  a  very  limited  assortment  of  other  p 

coach.    The  single  item  of  trucks  alone  has  been  de-  ances  of  a  like  degree  of  adaptabili 

veloped  in  the  direction  of  safety,  elegance,  and  dura-  labor-saving  machines  could  be  enuc 

bility  far  beyond  the  dreams  of  inventors  in  1836.  score,  and  the  Daniel's  planer  has  b 


OAR-BUILDING.  133 

reiful  machine,  planing  all  four  aides  at  onoe,  1827.     He  is  anable  to  learn,  however,  that  it 

ichines  for  mortising  square  holes,  for  carv-  c^me  into  favor  in  England  before  1860,  while 

:nS?s:S?-^ie^  '^1i  ^.U^rottr in^  it  was  in  general  use  o| the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 

8  have  added  to  the  car-buildere' facilities.  Railroad  as  early  as  1885.     Fig.   9   shows  the 

(ho])s  At  this  period  were  constructed  to  take  ordinary  6rst-clas9  passenger  car  in  frame  and 

t  over  forty  feet  long,  as  their  standard  length  complete,  substantially  as  used  at  present  on 

It  thirty-mne  feet,  while  nowadays  they  are  -ii  American  railroads 

nearly  double  thia  length :  so  that  with  each  «"' ^merican  raiiroaas. 

5  as  railroad-building  has  increased  and  travel  The  now  familial'  type  of  car-wlieels  was  not 
emoregeneral.  the  equipment  was  made  corre-  reached  without  a  vast  expenditure  of  time 
isgly  larger  ana  stronger  and  more  comfortable,  and  money.  At  first  they  were  made  with  de- 
Unlay  the  finest  day-coaches  rival  the  best  par-  taohed  spokes,  but  the  advantage  of  solid  iron 
ram  all  easenuals  tor  the  comtort  of  travelers,  ^i«4.^„  „!„  «™,  -m^^^^^^im^A  a«iii  4Vn-  »io.^<»  ^^^^ 
equipped  with  lavatories,  hot-water  and  steam'  P[ate8  was  soon  recoguiEed,  and  for  many  years 
«apparato8,  gas,  electric  lights,  and  luxurious  chilled  cast-iron  wheels  were  used  almost  ex- 

ar,  while  ever^  year  additional  appliances  dusively  on  American  roads.     The  improved 

oced  for  comfort  and  safety.  methods  of  making  steel  have  rendered  it  pos- 

ferring  to  the  illustrations  in  detail :  Fig.  sible  to  use  a  stronger,  lighter,  and  more  dura- 

>f s  what  is  believed  to  be  the  first  raU-  ble  material,  and  wrought-iron  wheels,  with 

ver  constructed  exclusively  for  passen-  steel  tires,  are  now  largely  employed.     For 

It  was  designed  by  George  Stephenson  sleeping-cars,  wheels  constructed  partly  of  pa- 

6  Stockton  and  Darlington  Railway  (Eng-  per  are  extensively  used.  A  disk  four  inches 
in  1825,  and  for  several  years  such  cars  thick  is  formed  by  gluing  together  numerous 
in  086  on  that  road,  especially  in  sum-  sheets  of  specially  prepared  paper-board.  These 
Tbeywere  without  roofs  and  were  de*  are  dried  under  heavy  pressure  and  fitted  around 

I  onlj  for  fair-weather  service.     Fig.  2  a  cast-iron  hub,  which  is  provided  with  a  flange, 

wn  already  referred  to.     Figures  8,  4,  The  circumference  of  the  disk  is  trimmed  in  a 

are  tjpes  of  what  may  be  termed  the  tutning-lathe  to  fit  the  steel  tire,  and  finally 

li-bodj  car.'*    Fig.   5  represents  a  car  two  thin  wrought-iron  plates  are  placed  on 

ed  fi^m  England  for  use  on  the  Albion  either  side  of  the  paper  disk,  and  the  whole  is 

td  in  Nova  Scotia,  where  it  was  in  serv-  fastened  together  with  twenty-five  or  thirty 

several  years.    It  had  seats  for  only  four  small  iron  bolts.     Wheels  constructed  on  this 

^rsL    Fig.  6  is  the  side  elevation  in  de-  plan  are  peculiarly  "  easy  riders,*'  the  weight 

a  coach- body  car,  a  working  plan  in  falling  on  the  edges  of  the  combined  sheets  of 

r  the  guidance  of  the  boilders,  and  as  paper-board,  which  insures  an  exceptionally 

DO  doubt  the  most  accurate  representa-  even  distribution  of  strains, 

existence  of  this  type.    The  original  Palace,  parlor,  and  special  or  private  cars 

I  was  made  in  1831  by  John  6.  Davis,  are  the  latest  development  of  American  in- 

mt  engineer,  and  is  certified  by  James  genuity.     In  perfection  of  construction  and 

then,  and  for  years  afterward,  a  build-  equipment  they  far  exceed  anything  of  the 

n  and  carriages  in  Albany,  N.  T.  kind  built  abroad,  and  have  to  a  considerable 

m  occurred  to  American  builders  that  extent  found  favor  on  transatlantic  lines.    The 

1  he  a  distinct  gain  to  reduce  the  num-  very  latest  improvement  is  the   ^^  vestibuled 

wheels  and  increase  the  carrying  ca-  train  "  whereby  several  parlor  or  other  of  the 

>7  uniting  several  of  these  coach-bodies,  costlier  kinds  of  cars  are  coupled    together, 

g.  7;  and  it  is  curious  to  note  that  the  forming  in  effect  one  continuous  vehicle,  dust, 

body- lines  are  still  retained  by  modem  smoke,   and  cinders  being    wholly  excluded 

builders,  while  American  builders  early  and  a  supply  of  pure,  fresh  air  admitted  at 

)d  them  for  straight  frames,  which  are  the  forward  end.    The  fiat  frame,  marked  A, 

Ij  superior    construct! onally    to    the  is  attached  to  a  hood  of  flexible  material  folded 

type.    In  Fig.  8  is  shown  what  was  so  as  to  expand  and  contract  like  the  bellows 

7  the  first  car  constructed  with  a  raised  of  an  accordion.  When  two  vestibuled  cars 
signed  to  aflbrd  more  head-room,  and  are  coupled,  as  in  Fig.  11,  the  frames  are 
:the  center  ofgravity  as  near  the  ground  locked  together,  and  the  hoods  are  kept  ex- 
ble.  The  end  compartments  contained  tended  by  powerful  springs,  so  that  the  whole 
Tangements  and  a  refreshment-room  or  train  is  homogeneous. 

lie  passengers  sat  back  to  back^  facing  The  dimensions,  cost,  etc.,  of  the  ordinary 

d  along  a  longitodinal  partition.    This  types  of  cars,  as  at  present  used  on  American 

lar  car  was  called  the  "  Victory,"  and  railroads,  are  as  follow : 
^  was  patented  by  Richard  Imlay. 


in  use  on  the  Germantown  Railroad  in  class. 

nd  was  andonbtedly  the  pioneer  of  the     

tor "  roofs.     The  increased  length  and  pi^tft,,^  „  flat  car. 

of  cars  led  to  the  invention  of  the  Frd^ht  or  boxcar. 

^  or  eight-wheeled  truck,  which  is  gen-  pj^'jj^^*' "  *  * 

egarded  as  an  American  invention,  but  Drawii^-room  car. 

Ifr.  Watkins  finds  described  in  an  Eng-    sieeping-car 

nphlet,  by  Thomas  Tredgold,  as  early  as    ^^^^-^ 


LagUi. 


FmI. 

84 

84 
80  to  84 
50tofi2 


Wtlght. 


Ponod*. 

ie.000  to  19,000 

22,000  to  27,000 
28,000  to  84,000 
4.\Ono  to  60.000 


PriMb 


$880 

650 

800  to  1,100 

4,400  to  5,000 


60  to  66lT0,000  to  80,(tOO  10,000  to  20,000 


50  to  70 


60,000  to  90,00012,000  to  20,000 
5,000  to   6,000     800  to  1,200 


134  CHARITY  ORGANIZATION. 

CBAUTT   ORCAllIZATIOll,   the   banding   to-        The  preventive  work  of  organized  cha 

gether  of  all  benevolent  agencies,  mnnicipal,  inclndes,  in  Syracuse  a  Society  for  the  Pre' 

institutional,  and  private,  for  the  better  admin-  tion  of  Cmelty  to  Children ;  in  Philadelphi 

istration  of  charity  and  for  a  study  of  the  excursion  fund  for  women  with  infants  or 

causes  and  cure  of  pauperism.     (For  a  full  children;  in  Buffalo,  Brooklyn,  and  Orai 

definition  of  charity  organization  and  a  history  N.  J.,  day  nurseries ;  in  Wilmington,  Del., 

of  the  New  York  City  Charity  Organization  regular  visitation  of  the  almshouse  and  of: 

Society,  see  "  Annual  Cyclopasdia "  for  1885.)  Boys'   Reform  -  School.     Five  cities  main 

The  fundamental  idea  of  charity  organization  labor-bureaus  or  work-exchanges,   five 

is  that  pauperism  is  a  disease  of  the  body  poll-  wood-yards,  seven  have  wayfarers'  lodga 

tic  and  must  be  dealt  with  on  scientific  princi*  friendly  inns,  nine  provide  sewing  for  wom 

pies ;  that  all  the  problems  of  modern  social,  three  have  laundries,  and  a  fourth — New 

industrial,  and   political  life  affect  the  great  ^-is  taking  steps  toward  opening  one.     In^ 

question  of  pauperism;    and  that  experience  apolis  has  free  baths,   and  makes  a  s^ 

teaches  that  its  scientific  solution  is  possible,  feature  of  Thanksgiving  dinners  and  Chria 

Charity  organization  has  elevated  to  a  profes-  work,    associating   together    individuals 

sion  the  practical  dealing  with  this  problem.  families  of  the  rich  and  poor  by  these 


-It  is  a  false  idea  that  the  aim  of  char-  Baltimore,  in  connection  with  its  friendl 

ity  organization  is  to  relieve  the  rich  from  im-  and  provident  wood-yard,  also  maintains 

posture.     Its  aim  is  rather  to  enlist  the  rich  in  workshops  where  the  old  and  feeble  ar^ 

an  attempt  to  change  the  conditions  of  distress,  vided  with  employment  suited  to  their  ^ 

The  warfare  that  in  its  preventive  work  it  tion.     In  New  York  a  committee  of  legf^- 

wages  against  imposture  is  for  the  sake,  not  of  taction  has  been  formed  to  protect  tb^ 

the  rich,  but  of  the  poor,  because  of  the  de-  against   oppression  or  imposture.     Its 

moralizing  effect  upon  character  of  successftil  existence  has  proved  largely  preventive 

imposture,  because  of  the  check  upon  liberal-  the  past  year  it  has  given  counsel  in  fouc^ 

ity,   and  because  money  given  to  fraudulent  and  active  assistance  in  three.    Attem^ 

cases  is  so  much  diverted  from  the  truly  needy,  impose  upon  respectable  workingwomen 

Saving  money  to  the  country  is  not  the  object,  also  exposed  by  New  York  and  Baltimor-^ 

but  an  incident  of  its  work.  ing  in  co-operation,  and  the  offenders 

Methods — The  methods  of  charity  organiza-  brought  to  Justice.    New  York  publisher 

tion  are  of  two  kinds— preventive  and  con-  '^Monthly  Bulletin,"  a  cautionary  list  of  fr< 

Btrnctive.    The  former  includes  the  detection  lent  societies  or  of  individuals  frauduleDt.1. 

and  suppression  of  frauds,  a  search  into  the  liciting  aid.    It  also  examines  sensation Ai 

causes  of  the  poverty  of  individuals,  and  the  peals  sent  to  newspapers,  and  exposes   t 

securing  of  adequate  and  suitable  relief  where  that  have  no  good  claim  upon  public  sympa 

relief  is  needed.    For  these  purposes  it  makes  Beggars. — In  view  of  the  danger  now  thr 

use  of  investigation,  registration,  conference,  ening  society,  of  a  caste  of  confirmed  paup 

and  co-operation,  acting  on  the  principle  that  the  charity  organization  societies  of  the  Ib 

the  organization  of  charitable  work  is  the  most  cities  are  making  strenuous  efforts  to  break 

effectual  means  of  preventing  poverty,  as  the  the  practice  of  street-begging,  and  with  mc 

organization  of  labor  is  an  efficient  means  of  arable  success.    The  New  York  society,  throe 

increasing  wealth.    On  this  principle  it  is  an  its  specid  agent,  last  year  procured  the  arr 

agency  for  the  collection  and  diffusion  of  in-  of  117  beggars,  115  of  whom  were  corns 

telligenoe,  its  bnsiness  being  not  to  distribute  ted,  and  2  discharged  with  reprimand ;  S 

alms,  but  to  show  those  individuals,  churches,  were  warned,  counseled,  assisted,  and  dire 

societies,  and  public  authorities  who  do,  how  ed.    The  results  upon  the  practice  of  stre 

to  make  the  most  of  their  bounty.     It  is  not  a  begging  are  very  marked, 

relieving  agency  ;  it  discovers  difficulties,  and  Coitral  RegtotratloB. — In  1886  the  co-operat 

society  finds  the  means  of  meeting  them.     In  of  the  various  charity  organization  societief 

constructive  work  it  includes  both  the  rich  the  country  was  made  more  perfect  by  a  ( 

and  the  poor,  aiming  to  educate  both  classes  tern  of  central  registration  at  Buffalo.    1 

in  their  relative  duties,  to  break  down  class  system  is  of  the  greatest  benefit  in  trac 

prejudices,  and  to  build  up  the  character  of  the  frauds  and  in  diffusing  intelligence.  Itinclii< 

poor.    The  first  of  these  objects  it  seeks  to  at-  besides  the  registration  of  hundreds  of  tfa 

tain  through  direct  teaching  in  churches,  in  sands  of  investigated  cases,  a  plan  for  a  t 

educational  institutions,  and  through  the  press ;  graphic  code,  a  plan  to  secure  uniform  sta 

the  second  by  establishing  friendships  between  tics,  a  plan  for  introducing  teaching  of  char 

individuals  of  both  classes  through  its  system  organization  subjects  into  high  -  schools 

of  friendly  visiting ;  and  the  third  by  the  per-  colleges,  and  the  preparation  of  a  primei 

sonal  influence  of  the  friendly  visitor,  educating  organized  charity  for  educational  purposes, 

the  poor  in  courage  and  hope,  in  providence  EdocatlM. — ^Buffalo  has  for  two  years  m 

and  skill,  and  by  bringing  reformatory  influ-  charity  organization  a  subject  of  study  in 

ences  to  bear.    In  recommending  individuals  high-school.     Johns  Hopkins  University 

for  relief,  the  question  is  never,  Is  he  worthy?  established  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  subj 

but,  Will  relief  make  him  better  ?  Harvard   and   Cornell   Universities   and 


CHARITY   ORGANIZATION.  185 

JJmaik  Theological  Seminary    of   New  York  urea  of  the  varioag  societies  shows  that  the 
IttTe  indaded  some  of  the  literatare  of  ohari-  ratio  of  oases  lifted  from  dependence  to  self- 
ties  in  their  courses  of  reading.     A  digest  of  support  is  in  direct  proportion  to  the  nnmher 
pncticil  suggestions  for  treatment  of  various  of  friendly  visitors  employed,  the  supreme  im- 
forms  of  distress  and  misfortune  has  recently  portance  of  this  branch  of  the  work  becomes 
bees  prepared  by  the  central  committee  of  the  evident.    The  total  number  reported  last  year 
5ev  York  society  and  sent  to  every  charity  from  34  societies,  representing  65  per  cent,  of 
orginizatioo  society  in  the  United  States  and  the  whole  number,  and  88  per  cent,  of  the 
Gn»t  BritaiD  for  suggestion  and  amendment,  population  in  their  fields  of  work,  was  3,660, 
in  the  hope  thos  to  supply  the  English-speak-  or  about  one  for  2,292  of  the  estimated  pau- 
ing  world  with  '^a  code  that  shall  be  at  least  pers  in  these  fields.     Of  the  actual  cases  treat- 
thebssisof  a  beoign,  intelligent,  and  helpful  ed,  this  nnmber  of  visitors  is  as  1  to  164  fami- 
fjitem  of  charitable  therapeutics.*'    A  body  lies.    To  provide  uniformly  at  the  rate  of  1  to  5 
cl  kgal  sQggestions  has  been  prepared  by  law-  families,  the  rate  actually  existing  in  Boston, 
jers  of  ability  and  published  in  a  hand-book  103,750  would  be  needed,  or  1  volunteer  work- 
forfriendlj  mtors.    The  district  conferences  er  out  of  every  16  families  of  the  52  cities  un- 
ve  also  a  valoable  means  of  practical  educa-  der  consideration.    New  York  has  180  volun- 
tioo.  teer  visitors.     Among  the  friendly  visitors  of 

The  mere  existence  of  charity  organization  Boston  are  40  college* students. 

is  an  edocation  of  the  public  in  true  philan-  LegislatiM* — Besides  the  regular  business  of 

thropy.  Charity  without  alms  was  a  surprise,  investigation,  registration,  visiting,  exposure  of 

Tbe  proof  that  it  could  exist  was  a  powerful  frauds,  direction  of  charitable  effort,  promotion 

means  of  edacating  public  opinion  and  tends  of  co-operation,   and  education,  much  '  effort 

to  recoocile  class  with  class.  has  been  given  to  both  preventive  and  con- 

The  constructive  work  of  charity  organiza-  structive  work  in  the  way  of  procuring  a  bet- 

tioo  is  chiefly  in  education  of  the  poor.    There  ter  legislation.    The  first,  and  in  many  respects 

is  nothing  in  the  system  to  encourage  in  the  the  most  important  law  procured  by  charity 

poor  a  distaste  to  earning  a  living.     It  con-  organization  was  that  secured  in  New  Haven 

^dsIIt  bailds  up  a  sense  of  the  honorable  na-  in  1880,  regulating  the  sale  and  use  of  intoxi- 

tBre  of  labor  and  of  the  dishonor  of  accepting  eating  liquors,  which  is  still  tbe  best  in  force 

nseeesary  alms.   Association  with  the  fnend-  in  the  country.     In  1888,  through  its  efibrts, 

ij^tor  raises  the  standard  of  ideas  of  com-  Massachusetts  passed  a  law  for  bringing  chil- 

^  sod  dignity,  and  gives  new  courage,  hope,  dren  of  worthless  parents  before  the  courts 

ttd  strength  of  character,   while  the  visitor  and  giving  them  into  proper  guardianship.    In 

<^  imparts  direct  instruction  in  thrift,  neat-  1886,  charity  organization  in  various  cities  me- 

^  aod  tbe  care  of  children.    Technical  edn-  raorialized  Congress  in  favor  of  postal  savings- 

<^o  is  given  by  some  societies.    Two  have  banks.    The  memorial  was  unfavorably  report- 

^en- gardens,   two  have   cooking* schools,  ed,  but  the  effort  is  laid  aside  temporarily  only. 

Si%  have  sewing-schools.    Other  educational  In  1887,  Boston,  after  three  years  of  continuous 

Ac^bods  are  a  night-school  for  boys  in  Buffalo  effort,  succeeded  in  getting  a  law  prohibiting 

^  a  girls^  club  and  reading-room  in  New  begging  and  peddling  by  children.    In  1886, 

^^wick,    N.    J.     The    various    provident  the  Committee  on  Mendicancy  of  New  York 

themes  are  an  education  in  self-denial,  frn-  procured  amendments  to  the  State  penal  code 

fih'ty,  and  forethought.  to  include  stale  beer  dives  in  the  category  of 

NrUol  SdMocs. — Indianapolis  has  a  Dime  disorderly  houses.     It  also,  in  1887,  secured 

^Hngs  and  Loan  Association,  with  166  de-  legislation  which  passed  both  Houses  unani- 

pontorg  holding  456  shares  of  $25  each.    New-  mously,   defining  more  clearly  who  are  va- 

^  and  C&itleton  (Staten  Island),  N.  Y.,  and  grants,  lengthening  the  terms  of  commitment 

hwpot%  R.  I.,  have  savings  societies,  the  lat-  with  a  view  to  a  more  reformatory  discipline, 

te"  aduurably  successful  and  peculiarly  needed  and  making  more  futile  the  pretexts  by  which 

from  tbe  anomalous  nature  of  social  conditions  professioniu  beggars  legalize  their  traffic ;  but 

tfcere.    Five  cities  have  coal  savings  societies,  Gov.  Hill  withheld  his  signature.     It  also  at- 

ad  PtiOadelphia  has  a  well-managed  loan  re-  tempted,  in  connection  with  charity  organiza- 

^    Tbe  office  is  in  the  building  of  a  manu-  tion  in  other  cities  and  with  the  State  Ohari- 

fcftorer,  and  all  appearance  of  charity  is  thus  ties  Aid  Association,  to  procure  postal  savings- 

><Biioved.     Security  is  insisted  upon,   and  a  banks,  but  without  success.    They  secured  a 

i^ecial  feature  is  that,  when  possible,  it  is  the  bill  for  municipal  lodging-houses,  but  it  has 

perwoal  guarantee  of  a  friend  in  the  borrow-  remained  a  dead  letter,  the   Board   of  £sti- 

■rsoim  circle,  who  thus  has  a  personal  inter-  mate  and  Appropriation  persistently  refusing 

nc  in  bia  sobriety  and  industry.     All  legal  the  $23,000  asked  for  by  the  city.    In  October, 

fonw  are  carefully  insisted  upon  and  regular  1888,  a  special  committee  of  charity  organiza- 

payments  enforced.    The  educational  value  of  tion  was  appointed  to  take  it  up.     In  1886  the 

Ai  system  has  been  found  very  great.     New  Charity  Organization  Society  of  New  Haven 

T(H^  has  jn^t  inaugurated  with  good  promise  a  procured  a  local   ordinance  suppressing  low 

Ti^an  of  stamps  for  penny  savings.  variety  theatres.     In  1887  a  bill  was  secured 

tMnily  flftfirs. — As  a  collation  of  the  fig-  in  Pennsylvania  providing  a  system  of  way- 


136  CHARITY  ORGANIZATION. 

farers'  lodges,  and  they  are  now  in  operation,  enta.    The  results  for  law  and  order  are 

The  same  year  Baltimore  tried  to  procure  an  evident  in  some  of  the  smaller  towns,  noti 

amendment  to  the  law  forbidding  street-beg-  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  and  Oasileton,  Staten  Is! 

ging,  was  nnsuccessfol,  and  is  continaing  the  In  the  large  towns  they  are  not  yet  visibU 
fight.    New  York  is  now  attempting  to  secure        €MMiid«i& — From  the  tabulation  of  stati 

longer  sentences  for  drunkenness  and  vagran-  collected  in  the  thirty-two  larger  towns, 

cy ;   and  efforts  are  being  made,  and  wul  be  conclusively  shown  that  from  40  to  58  per  * 

continued  at  Washington,  to  carry  out   the  of  all  applicants  for  charity  need  employi 

views  of  the  combineid  societies  with  regard  rather  than  relief;   that  from  16  to  23 

to  immigration.  cent,  need  police  discipline ;  and  that  f roi 

When  charity  organization  does  not  procure  to  87  per  cent.,  or  one  third  of  the  whole  i 

legislation  directly,  it  does  it  indirectly  by  con-  ber,  need  material  assistance.    In  other  w< 

stant  agitation  of  certain  topics,  and  by  educat-  two  thirds  of  the  real  or  simulated  destiti 

ing  the  popular  mind  as  to  the  precise  nature  of  the  country  could  be  wiped  ont  by  a  i 

of  legislation  needed.    In  general,  it  may  be  perfect  adjustment  of  supply  and  demanc 

said  that  the  legislation  most  needed  is  that  labor,  and  by  a  more  efficient  administratit 

of  such  a  character  as  to  render  criminal  legis-  the  laws.    The  fact  that  the  best  success^ 

lation  unnecessary.  charity  organization  are  in  the  small  to 

Order. — In  1881  the  Executive  Oommittee  of  shows  that  the  cure  of  pauperism  is  a  quet 

the  Boston  Oharity  Organization  Society  called  not  of  alms,  nor  of  a  redistribution  of  we 

the  attention  of  the  police  commissioners  to  but  of  neighborhood, 
ttie  lack  of  interest  in  enforcing  the  license.        The  value  of  the  statistics  collected  and  t 

screen,  and  Sunday  laws,  and  the  laws  forbid-  lated,  and  of  the  conclusions  drawn  from  tl 

ding  the  selling  of  liquor  to  minors  and  habit-  is  evident.    The  aid  that  co-operative  stud^ 

ual  drunkards,  or  to  be  drunk  on  the  premises,  experiment  by  so  large  a  body  of  experts 

After  two  years  of  agitation,  they  were  meas-  to  the  student  of  social  questions,  can  hs 

urably  successful.  be  overestimated.    The  financial  econora 

8Utistlc& — Charity    organization   was   insti-  the  work  is  excelled  only  by  its  moral  econi 

tuted  in  London  in  1869;  in  America  (in  Buf-  Edward  Atkinson^s  estimate  of  the  value  t* 

falo,   N.  Y.),   in  1878.      There  are   now  82  community  of  a  single  man  converted  . 

affiliated  societies  in  Great  Britain,  98  in  Eu-  pauperism  to  self-support,  shows  a  gal 

rope,  Asia,  Africa,  and  Australia,  and  65  in  New  York  city  alone  of  $1,819,200  in  th^ 

the  United  States,  with  correspondents  for  co-  year.    This  amount,  compared  with  the  ' 

operation  in  investigation  or  aid  in  85  towns  000  that  the  organization  cost,  gives  b 

or  villages,  where  no  society  exists.     It  is  es-  faint  idea  of  the  gain  to  society.     Amoc 

timated  that  1  in  125  of  the  whole  population  moral  benefits  are  the  uplifting  of  chare 

belongs  to  the  dependent  classes,  is  either  a  the  inspiring  of  confidence  between  class 

pauper  or  a  criminal  or  dependent  on  them,  class,  and  the  holding  of  public  officials, 

The  urban  pauperism  of  the  country  is  as  1  as  boards  of  health  and  inspectors  of  b 

to  16 ;    62*5  per  cent.,  or  five  eighths  of  the  ings,  to  their  duties, 
pauperism  within  the  bounds  of  the  thirty-four        Charity  organization  is  steadily  growii 

larger  societies,  or  one  sixth  of  the  entire  pan-  favor,  but  is  not  yet  sufficiently  undera 

perism  of  the  United  States,  has  been  investi-  and  trusted  either  by  rich  or  by  poor.    A. 

gated  and  registered.  tempt  made  in  New  York  in  the  spring  of 

C«-«penitl«ii* — Charity  organization,  in  the  va-  to  bring  it  into  disrepute  as  "  a  device  of 

rions  towns  and  cities  where  it  exists,  has  ob-  tal,  not  to  save  the  poor,  but  to  save  itsa 

tained  the  co-operation  of  66  per  cent,  of  vol-  class-movement,  a  conspiracy  against  the  i 

untary  out-door  charities,  of  69  per  cent,  of  ests  of  labor,"  brought  forward  a  large  :: 

indoor  institutional  relief,  of  80  per  cent,  of  ber  of  new  adherents,  but  doubtless  wai 

the  boards  that  distribute  relief  from  taxation,  without  its  effect  upon  the  minds  of  the  L 

of  45  per  cent,  of  the  churches,  and  of  50  per  classes. 

cent,  of  private  beneficence.      These  figures        BlUltgrapby* — Chicago  publishes  a  moi 

represent  co-operation  promised  and  available,  bulletin,  *^  The  Council,"  a  series  of  u 

rather  than  actually  and  fully  used.    Its  bene-  monographs  upon  topics  connected  with 

fits  are  to  a  large  degree  mutual.  work.     '*  The  Monthly  Register,"  of  Phil 

Kesilts* — In  Elberfeld,  Germany,  charity  or-  phia,  is  a  medium  of  communication  bet' 

ganization  has  reduced  pauperism  78  per  cent,  twenty-four  of  the  societies.    '*  Lend  a  Hi 

in  fifteen  years ;  in  London,  30  per  cent,  in  ten  a  monthly  fnagazine,  devoted  to  philanthi 

years;  in  Buffalo,  87  per  cent,  in  ten  years,  gives  much  space  to  it,  and  publishes  rooi 

In  many  cities  it  has  entirely  done  away  with  lists  of  reports,  essays,  and  books  on  kin 

public  out-door  relief.    In  Cincinnati  there  was  subjects.      London  publishes  a  *^  Charity 

a  decrease  in  one  year  of  16  per  cent,  of  pau-  ganization  Review";  New  York,  a  ''Moi 

perism ;  in  the  smaller  towns  and  cities  the  Bulletin  "  for  the  information  of  memln 

result  is  more  marked.     In  New  York,  in  five  "  Directory  of  Charities,"  a  **  Handbool 

years,  4,548  families  have  been  made  self-sup-  Visitors,"   and  various  miscellaneous  pa 

porting  who  were  previously  chronic  depend-  Baltimore  and  Boston  publish  **  Directori 


CHEMISTRY.  187 

(^iaritiea,*^flDd  Bostoo,  beadfiB  isBiiingTaloable  caHed  a  di-pole.    The  middle  point  of  the  line 

trtcts,  poUisbes  a  ^  Sekci  list  ^  of  books  and  joining  each  pair  of  poles  remaining  alwajs  in 

papers  on  diaritable  work,  to  be  fonnd  in  the  the  surface  of  the  envelope,  bat  freely  movable 

BckoQ  Pabfic  library  and  elseirhere.    All  the  in  it,  the  di-pole  woald  be  able  to  rotate  freely 

Itfger  towns  pablish    annoal  reports.      The  aronnd  this  central  point.     The  atom  being 

Afflerican  Social  Sdeoce  Association  Report,  supposed  to  possess  a  greater  attraction  for  the 

k  12,   contains   valoable    mcmographs   on  positive  than  for  the  negative  ends  of  the  di- 

duritj  oqcanization,  and  there  are  very  many  poles,  the  positive  ends  would  turn  toward  its 

Kittered  through  various  State  reports,  which  center,  while  the  valencies  of  the  same  atom 

ire  lost,  except io  limited  circles,    i  he  valuable  would  repel  each  other,  and  take  up  their  posi- 

jHUDphkt,  ^  XoCes  oo  the  Literature  of  Chari-  tions  at  the  comers  of  the  tetrahedron,  from 

ties,*^  bj  Prc^  Herbert  Adams,  issued  by  Johns  which,  however,  they  can  be  deflected. 

HopkioB  University,  is  the  best  guide  to  the  The  theory  of  valency  as  upheld  by  Helm- 

tolyof  this  subject.  holtz,  with  its  classification  of  the  elements  as 

UUU^III.     Charinl  niHapky. — Pursuing  monads,  dyads,  triads,  etc.,  according  to  the 

isfiraetfcbes  into  the  nature  and  origin  of  the  number  of  definite,  or  atomic  charges  of  elec- 

(letoenta,  Mr.  William  Crookes  applies   the  tricity  which  are  associated  with  them,  is  called 

term  meta-elements  to  designate  such   sub-  in  question  by  Prof.  Henry  Armstrong,  who 

^uoesM  have  been  revealed  in  his  own  ex-  advances  in  its  place  what  he  terms  a  theory 

penmentB  tnd  those  of  Kruss  and  Nilson  in  of  '^residual  afl^ty.^*     He  would  define  a 

tite  rve  earths,  the  chemical  differences  be-  molecular  compound  as  one  formed  by  the 

tveen  which  are  so  faint  as  to  render  it  doubt-  coalescence  of  two  or  more  molecules,  un- 

ful  whether  they  are  to  be  classed  as  separate  attended  by  redistribution  of  the  constituent 

^MDenti  or  modified  forms  of  the  same  ele-  radicles,  and  in  which  the  integrant  molecules 

inenL    Among  such  bodies  are  those   into  are  united  by  residual  aflSnities.      In  other 

vbich  jttriom,  erbium,  samarium,  etc.,  prob-  words,  the  unit  charge  must  be  capable  in  cer- 

tbiy  split  ap.     When   the  only   perceptible  tain  cases  of  promoting  the  association,  not 

ebeoiod  difference  is,  say,  an  almost  imper-  merely  of  two,  but  of  at  least  three  atoms. 

eeptible  tendency  for  the  one  body  to  precipi-  After  explaining  his  theory  in  some  of  its 

-m  Ute  before  the  other,  or  when  the  chemical  details,  with  graphic  illustrations,  the  author 

<iiereDce8  reach    the   vanishing-point  while  adds  that  if  his   contention  is  correct  that 

weU-marked  physical  differences  still  remain,  residual  affinity  plays  a  far  more  important 

t^  pKblem  is  an  embarrassing  one.     Seven  part  than  has  hitherto  been  supposed,  and  that 

"^  of  sach  cases  that  have  occurred  in  it  must  be  taken  into  account  in  all  discussions 

ue  tathor'8  experiments  are  described.    If  we  on  valency,  **  it  follows  of  necessity  that  our 

ntltiply  the  elements  in  accordance  with  these  views  regarding  the  constitution  of  the  minority 

Hides  of  differences  we  are  liable  to  come  in  of  compounds  at  present  rest  upon  a  most  unoer- 

woflict  with  the  periodic  theory,  which  "has  tain  basis.  .  .  .  The  properties  of  compounds 

derived  sach  abundant  verification  that  we  being  demonstrably  dependent  on  tlie  intra- 

ttQ  not  lightly  accept  any  interpretation  of  molecular  conditions,  it  is  difficult  for  a  chemist 

pb^omena  which  £eu1s  to  be  in  accordance  to  resist  the  feeling  that  the  peculiarities  mani- 

J^it"  To  naeet  this  difficulty  he  applies  the  fested  by  the  different  elements  are  also  very 

Wtpesia  already  suggested  in  his  British  probably  the  outcome  of  differences  in  structure. 

™^on  address  on  the  "  Genesis  of  the  .  .  .  There  appears  to  be  an  increasing  weight 

j^^Dte"  (see   "Annual    Cyclopaedia"    for  of  evidence  to  favor  the  assumption  that  the 

1^)1  that  the  atoms  are  not  necessarily  all  influence  exercised  by  compounds  in  cases  of 

wolately  alike  among  themselves ;   but  that  chemical  change  is  local  in  its  origin ;  that  it 

^  "Sliest  ponderable  quantity  of  any  ele-  is  exercised  more  by  a  particular  constituent 

B^t  'lis  an  assemblage  of  ultimate  atoms  or  constituents — in    particular  directions,   in 

•toort  infinitely  more  like  each  other  than  they  fact — than  by  the  molecule  as  a  whole." 

*^8  the  atoms  of  any  other  approximating  A  relation  has  been  discovered  by  Dr.  C. 

r^'";  and  that  the  atomic  weight  ascribed  Bender  to  exist  between  certain  physical  con- 

*•  we  suhstance  "  merely  represents  a  mean  stants  and  chemical  valency.     On  mixing  two 

^oe  aronnd  which  the  actual  weights  of  the  chemically  inactive  salt  solutions,  the  density, 

^j^di^  atoms  of  the  element  range  within  expansion,  and  electrical  resistance  of  the  mixt- 

*J«n  nmitg."  ore  generally  diverge  very  considerably  from 

.~^fy  of  the  form  and  action  of  the  atoms  the  arithmetical  mean  of  those  of  the  con- 

•«fWQ,8Qggegted  to  Professors  Victor  Meyer  stituents.    But  Dr.  Bender  finds  it  possible  to 

p Kieckeby  experiments  in  diversion  of  the  prepare  "corresponding"  solutions,  which,  on 

^  ^alencies  from  their  positions,  supposes  mixing,  shaJl  not  exhibit  such  divergence,  and 

2J^we  atom  is  a  sphere  surrounded  by  an  further,  the  strengths  of  those  "  correspond- 

*°*r-«J€ll,  and  that  it  is  itself  the  carrier  of  ing  "  solutions  expressed  in  gramme-moleculea 

^^^ific  aflSnity,  while  the  surface  of  the  per  litre  bear  extremely  simple  relations  to  each 

p^  envelope  is  the  seat  of  the  valencies,  other.    For  example,  with  respect  to  density 

^Jfo  valency  is  conditioned  by  the  existence  of  and  expansion,  a  solution  of  sodium  chloride 

w.;i  ^^^'Ppofite  electrified  poles,  forming  a  system  containing  one  gramme-molecule  per  litre  of 


f 


Er 

V«1 


i. 


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l" 


138  CHEMISTRY. 

water  at  15°  G.  oorrespondB  with  a  solution  of  and  then  examined,  it  is  found  that,  a[ 

potassium  chloride  also  containing  a  gramme-  certain  limit,  reached  in  ahout  fourteen 

molecule,  or  a  barium-chloride  solution  con-  the  amount  of  barium  carbonate  form 

taining  half  a  gramme-molecule,  barium  being  creases  with  the  length  of  time  during 

divalent ;  corresponding  with  these  are  also  a  the  blocks  have  been  exposed.     When  t 

solation  of  ammonium  chloride  containing  f  actions  are  reversed — that  is,  when  s 

gramme-molecule,  and  a  litbiam-chloride  solu-  sulphate  and  barium  carbonate  are  mixe 

tion  in  which  }  gram  me- molecule  is  dissolved  in  subjected  to  pressure,  a  part  of  the  b 

a  litre  of  water.   With  respect  to  electrical  con-  carbonate,  increasing  with  repetitions  < 

ductivitj,  the  following  also  correspond :  Solu-  pressure,  passes  over  into  the  sulphate, 

tions  of  NaCl,  LiOl,  and  i  (BaGU),  each  con-  author  regards  it  as  established  that  mat 

taining  n  gramme-molecules;  and  of  EOl  and  sumes  under  pressure  a  condition  relat 

NH4OI,  each  containing  f  n  gramme-molecules  the  volume  it  is  obliged  to  occupy ;  an< 

per  litre.  for  the  solid  state,  as  for  the  gaseoua,  tb 

Chealeal  Pbysics. — A  close  relation  has  been  a  critical  temperature,  above  or  below 

found  by  Oarnelly  andXhomson  to  exist  between  changes  by  simple  pressure  are  no  longe 

the  solubility  and  the  fusibility  of  isomeric  car-  sible. 

bon  compounds.    Pictet  had  observed  that  the  Heating  a  platinum  wire  nearly  to  mell 

lower  the  melting-point  of  a  solid,  the  longer  an  atmosphere  of  chlorine,  W.  R.  Hodgl 

are  the  oscillations  of  its  molecules,  so  that  the  observed  that  the  walls  of  the  glass  vease 

product  of  the  melting-point,  measured  from  covered   with  a  yellow   deposit  that  | 

the  absolute  zero,  by  the  oscillation,  is  con-  to  be  platinous  chloride,  while  the  less  1 

stant.     Hence,   the  author's  reason,  of  two  part  of  the  wire  was  incrusted  with  fin< 

isomers,  the  one  with  the  lower  melting-point  crystals  of  platinum,  and  a  lambent  flan 

will,  at  any  temperature  below  this  point,  have  seen  playing  about  the  wire.     With  br 

its  molecules  moving  with  oscillations  of  great-  instead  of  chlorine,  less  of  the  salt  was  fc 

er  amplitude  than  the  one  with  the  higher  but  the  flame  was  more  pronounced; 

melting-point;  and  being  in  less  stable  condi-  chloride  of  bromine,  both  phenomena  w< 

tion,  they  will  be  more  readily  separated  from  tensified ;  with  iodine  the  action  was  weal 

their  fellows.     Solution  also  being  a  sort  of  with  chlorine  and  iodine  it  was  very  vig 

loosening  process  to  the  molecules,  should  fol-  With    phosphoric    chloride,    the    phos| 

low  a  similar  rule.     Hence,  it  is  concluded,  united  with  the  platinum  and  melted  i1 

the  order  of  fusibility  is  the  order  of  solu-  with  silicon  fluoride  the  wire  was  coverei 

bility ;  and  in  any  series  of  isomeric  acids,  not  crystals  supposed  to  be  of  silicon, 

only  is  the  order  of  solubility  of  the  acids  The  cause  of  the  ejection  of  solid  pa 

themselves  the  same  as  the  order  of  fusibility,  from  platinum  and  palladium   when  gl 

but  the  same  order  of  solubility  extends  to  all  under  the  influence  of  the  electric  current 

the  salts  of  these  several  acids.     The  authors  formation  of  incrustations  upon  the  glasi 

find  that  for  any  series  of  isomeric  compounds  surrounding  the  wire,  has  been  investiga 

the  order  of  solubility  is  the  same  whatever  be  Dr.  Alfred  Berliner.    It  proves  to  be  pre 

the  nature  of  tlie  solvent;  and  that  the  ratio  by  the  escape  of  gases  occluded  vrithi 

of  the  solubilities  of  the  two  isomerides  in  any  metal,  carrying  off  particles  of  the  sub 

given  solvent  is  very  nearly  constant,  and  is  with  them. 

therefore  independent  of  the  nature  of  the  The  vapor-density  of  sulphur  has  been 

solvent.  termined  by  Dr.  Biltz.    Previous  experi 

In  his  earlier  experiments  on  the  union  of  made  at  a  limited  range  of  temperature  r 

bodies  by  pressure  (see  ^'Annual  Gyclopasdia^for  from  its  boiling-point,  indicated  a  compc 

1883),  Spring  made  use  of  simple  substances;  in  of  this  element  of  six  atoms  to  the  mo 

his  later  work  compound  bodies  are  used.   Mixt-  The  later  experiments  by  Dr.  Church,  no^ 

ures  of  dry,  pure,  precipitated  barium  sulphate  firmed  by  Dr.  Biltz,  made  at  higher  ten 

and  sodium  carbonate  were  subjected  to  the  tures  and  showing  a  regular  decrease  of  ' 

influence  of  a  pressure  of  six  thousand  atmos-  density  as  the  temperature  rises,  give  th 

pheres  under  various  conditions  of  temperature  mal  constitution  of  two  atoms  to  the  mo] 

and  duration  of  contact.    It  was  found  that  the  which  is  reached  at  860°  C.,  as  alone  st£ 

amount  of  barium  carbonate  produced  by  this  the  test  of  intervals  of  temperature, 

action  increases  with  the  number  of  times  the  Experiments  upon  the  vapor-density  of 

mixture  is  compressed.     After  a  single  com-  chloride  by  Drs.  Grtlnewald  and  Victor  '. 

firession  the  amount  was  about  one  per  cent,  for  the  purpose  of  determining  its  mol 

f  the  solid  block  produced  by  this  compression  formula,  give  as  a  result  FeCla  as  th< 

is  ground  into  fine  bits  and  again  subjected  to  symbol,  instead  of  FetCU.    The  result 

the  same  pressure,  and  the  process  repeated  a  the  formula  of  this  salt  into  harmony 

second  time,  about  five  per  cent,  of  the  barium  those  of  the  corresponding  salts  of  alum 

carbonate  results.    A  sixth  compression  yielded  AlOU,  and  Indium,  InCla.    It  follows  th 

nine  per  cent,  of  the  product.     If  the  little  former  view  as  to  the  tetrad  nature  o 

blocks  produced  by  one,  three,  and  six  com-  must  be  laid  aside, 

pressions  are  left  to  themselves  for  some  days  Thomson  and  Threlfal  have  found  it 


CHEMISTRY.  139 

passing  electric  sparks  through  nitrogen  con-  tion  products,  and  again  between  those  of  bro- 

tained  in  a  tube  at  a  pressure  of  less  than  0*8  mine  and  chlorine  is  smaller  than  that  between 

of  an  inch  of  mercury,  a  very  slow,  permanent  the  substitution  derivatives  of  chlorine  and 

itiiDinution  of  the  volume  of  the  nitrogen  oc-  fluorine.      While   this  difference  of   boiling- 

eors.     If  the  tube  is  heated  at  100**  0.  for  sev-  points  between  corresponding  bromides  and 

enl  hours,  the  original  volume  is  regained.  chlorides  amounts  to  from  20°  to  23°  C,  that  be- 

Rew  SafestiMCS. — A  curious  compound  of  ar-  tween  chlorides  and  fluorides  approaches  40°  0. 

senious  iodide  with  the  hexiodide  of  sulphur  This  fact,  coupled  with  the  small  influence 

has  been  obtained  bj  Dr.  Schneider,  of  Berlin,  which  the  substitution  of  fluorine  exerts  upon 

It  appears  in  a  dark-graj  mass  of  homogeneous  the  boiling-point,  iudioates  the  probability  that 

bard  and  brittle  crystals,  which  yield  a  reddish-  the  boiling-point  of  free  fluorine  itself  lies  very 

brown  powder  on  pulverization.   They  can  not  much  below  that  of  chlorine  (—88*5°  C),  and 

be  preserved  in  the  air,  losing  all  their  iodine  that  fluorine  much  more  nearly  approaches  the 

in  twenty-four  hours,  but  can  be  kept  in  sealed  volatility  of  hydrogen.      Indeed,   it   appears 

tobes  for  any  length  of  time.     The  compound  likely  that  fluorine  is  one  of  the  so-called  per- 

iei  of  pecoliar  interest  on  account  of  its  bearing  manent  gases,  and  might  form  a  worthy  object 

opon  the  theory  of  affinities.     The  hexiodide  for  the  attention  of  those  who  have  been  suc- 

of  sulphur  affords  the  only  known  instance  in  cessful  in  forcing  the  other  *^  permanent  ^*  gases 

which  the  supposed  six  combining  bonds  or  to  reveal  their  boiling-points.     Under  all  cir- 

iffioitiea  of  sulphur  are  satisfled  by  monnd  at-  cumstances  fluorine  attaches  itself  to  carbon 

oms;  and  the  natural  supposition  that  it  would  with  far  greater  tenacity  than  any  of  the  other 

be  eminently  ^* saturated"  is  overthrown  by  halogens. 

this  revelation  of  its  capacity  to  enter  into  new  Several  compounds  of  silicon  tetrafluoride 
compounds.  with  organic  derivatives  of  ammonia,  similar 
The  compound  EF,8HF  has  been  prepared  to  the  body  2N,  HsSiFi,  have  been  formed  by 
by  M.  Moissen  by  combining  potassium  fluoride  Messrs.  Oomey  and  Loring  Jackson,  of  Harvard, 
tod  hydrofluoric  acid  in  suitable  proportions,  One  of  two  compounds  with  aniline  formed  by 
avoiding  any  sudden  rise  of  temperature.  On  them  is  remarkable  for  being  insoluble  in  the 
cooling  the  solution  to  —28°  0.,  crystals  sepa-  usual  organic  solvents,  only  alcohol  slowly  act- 
nted.  The  crystals  are  extremely  deliquescent,  ing  upon  it  with  decomposition.  Brought  in 
ire  decomposed  by  water  into  the  free  acid  and  contact  with  water  it  is  at  once  decomposed, 
potassium  fluoride,  and  dissolve  in  water  with  with  deposition  of  silicic  acid;  the  solution,  on 
production  of  the  most  intense  cold.  If  they  evaporation,  yields  pearly  tabular  crystals  of 
are  suddenly  heated  with  crystaUine  silicon,  the  aniline  fluosilicate,  aniline  fluoride  remaining 
miris  becomes  incandescent,  and  a  violent  dis-  dissolved.  Another  aniline  compound  was 
mgagement  of  silicon  tetrafluoride  gas  occurs,  formed  as  a  white  powder,  decomposing  when 
While  experimenting  on  the  production  of  warm  or  when  treated  with  water,  and  even 
fdatinous  gun-cotton,  F.  Nettlewood  obtained,  spontaneously  on  keeping, 
bj  the  nitration  of  alginic  acid,  a  body  suffi-  A  new  base,  theophylline,  has  been  discov- 
^ntly  elastic  on  compression  but  not  explo-  ered  by  Dr.  Eossel  in  tea,  which,  while  an 
pve,  which  gave  a  brown  color  when  dissolved  isomer  of  theobromine,  differs  very  materially 
in  water  in  alkaline  solution.  The  original  from  it  in  physical  and  certain  chemical  prop- 
odor  of  the  nitro-alginic  acid  was  bright  yelr  erties.  Theophylline  forms  a  well-crystallized 
low,  and  it  was  insoluble  in  water.  Unmor-  series  of  salts  with  the  mineral  acids,  and  with 
(laoted  cotton  dyed  a  fine  Bismarck-brown  platinum,  gold,  and  mercury  chlorides,  and, 
edor,  which  was  fast  to  soap,  more  so  than  like  theobromine,  yields  with  silver  nitrate  a 
maoy  aniline  colors,  and  equaling  chrysoidine.  silver  substitution  compound,  which  is  readily 
Mordanting  with  alumina  or  tartar-emetic  did  soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

not  increase  the  fastness  or  the  depth  of  the  A  new  base  and  its  series  of  salts,  belonging 

color.    The  depth  of  shade  was  considerable,  to  the  group  known  as  ^*  platinum  bases,"  have 

tnd  could  be  worked  to  a  great  intensity.     In  been  obtained  by  Dr.  Heinrich  Alexander,  of 

ID  acid  solution  the  dye  failed  to  attach  itself  Ednigsberg.     The  base  has  the  composition 

to  the  fiber,  ammonia  being  the  best  alkali.  Pt(OH)fl,  4NHtO,  and  may  be  considered  as 

A  large  number  of  new  aromatic  fluorine  the    hydroxylamine-platinum  compound    cor- 

sQbstitution  products  have  been  prepared  by  responding  to  the  free  base  of  the  green  salt 

Dra.  Wallech  and  Hensler,  the  properties  of  of  Magnus.    The  chloride  of  the  series  had 

w^hich  point  to  some  interesting  conclusions  been  already  prepared  by  Lessen.     The  free 

regarding  the  physical  nature  of  fluorine  itself,  base  is  precipitated  from  this  salt  on  the  addi- 

It  is  found  that  in  all  cases  the  specific  gravity  tion  of  stronger  bases,  and  is  perfectly  stable 

of  a  compound  is  raised  by  the  introduction  of  in  the  air,  extremely  insoluble  in  water  and 

fluorine  instead   of  hydrogen,  while  on  the  alcohol,  and  behaves  like  a  true  metallic  hy- 

oiber  hand  the  substitution  of  fluorine  is  found  droxide.      The  sulphate,  phosphate,   oxalate, 

tohavearemarkably  small  effect  in  raising  the  and  two  interesting  isomeric  salts,  have  been 

boiling-point.     A  still  more  interesting  fact  is  obtained. 

tbat  the  difierence  between  the  boiling-points  A  new  series  of  isomorphous  double  chlo- 

of  corresponding  iodine  and  bromine  substitu-  rides  of  the  metals  of  the  iron  and  alkali  groups 


140  CHEMISTRY. 

have  been  prepared  bj  Dr.  KeomaDn.    The  the  seBquioxides  of  iron,  obromium,  and  alami- 

general  formula  of  the  Bystem  is  4R01  M«Gl6+  nnm,  and  on  the  other  hand,  between  the  ox- 

2H«0,  where  R  may  represent  any  member  of  ides  of  copper,  silver,  and  mercary,  and  those 

the  group  of  alkali  metals,  and  M  either  iron,  of  the  alkali  metals.     The  experiment  also 

chromium,  or  aluminum.    Magnesium  and  be-  confirms  the  arrangement  in  MendelejefTs  daa- 

ryliium  are  also  included  in  the  series,  2MgO]fl  sification  of  the  elements  by  which  manganese 

or  2 BeClfl  replacing  4R01.    They  all  crystallize  occupies  the  place    between  chromiam  and 

in  forms  belonging  most  probably  to  the  regu-  iron. 

lar  system,  generally  in  octahedrons  or  rhombic  Four  new  zinc  titanates  have  been  obtained 

dodecahedrons,  with  the  exhibition  of  charac-  by  Lucien  Levy  by  melting  titanic  acid  with 

teristic  and  brilliaut  colors.  mixtures  of  zinc  and  potassium  sulphates.    At 

Pure  trichloride  of  nitrogen  has  been  pre-  dull  redness  the  product  is  always  the  sesqoi- 

pared  by  Dr.  Gattermann,  of  Gdttingen.     As  basic  titanate.     At  bright  redness  it  is  one  of 

usually  made,  the  substance  is  rather  a  varying  the  three  others,  according  to  the  proportion 

mixture  of  several  chlorides  than  homogeneous,  of  fiux. 

The  author^s  process  consisted  in  washing  the  Three  new  sulpho-chlorides  of  mercury  have 
crude  product,  which  was  as  richly  chlorinated  been  isolated  by  Drs.  Poleck  and  Goercki,  of 
as  possible,  with  water  till  all  the  sal-ammoniac  Breslao.  The  peculiar  changes  of  color  which 
was  removed,  draining  it,  and  leading  it  over  a  occur  when  a  solution  of  mercuric  chloride  is 
rapid  stream  of  chlorine.  The  success  of  the  precipitated  by  sulphureted  hydrogen  gad- 
operations,  which  were  performed  without  ac-  from  white  to  yellow,  orange,  brownish  red, 
cident,  was  ascribed  to  the  fact  that  they  were  and  black,  are  produced  by  different  degrees 
performed  on  dull  wintry  days,  when  the  sun^s  of  combination  of  the  chloride  and  sulphur, 
actinism  was  very  low.  But  at  last,  in  about  forming  different  substances,  of  which  the  first 
the  thirtieth  preparation,  the  oil  exploded  with  had  been  already  shown  by  Rose  to  be  2HgS, 
its  usual  detonation.  At  the  same  moment,  Dr.  HgCli.  The  present  authors  have,  by  careful 
Gattermann  noticed  that  the  sun  had  broken  manipulation,  succeeded  in  securing  other  oom- 
throngh  the  clouds,  and  was  shining  upon  his  pounds — 8HgS,  HgOU,  4HgS,  Hg01«,  and  6Hg8, 
apparatus.  The  apparently  spontaneous  ex-  HgCl«,  while  the  final  product  is  the  (sulphide 
plosions  seem,  therefore,  to  be  due  to  the  vio-  of  mercury,  HgS,  itself.  In  each  case  the  fil- 
lent  dissociation  of  the  chloride  by  the  wave-  trate  was  found  to  be  free  from  quicksilver 
motion  of  light.  It  was  found  that  the  bum-  and  chlorine,  proving  that  the  extra  molecule 
ing  of  a  piece  of  magnesium  ribbon  near  the  of  the  chloride  had  in  each  case  combined, 
oil  was  as  effective  as  sunlight,  in  producing  These  sulpho-chlorides  are  very  stable,  per- 
the  explosion.  The  temperature  of  dissocia-  fectly  insoluble  in  water,  insoluble  in  hydro- 
tion  of  the  compound  was  determined  to  be  chloric  and  nitric  acids,  but  soluble  in  aqua  r«- 
about  95°  0.  gia* 

The  allotropic  amorphous  modification  of  A  tetrasulphide  of  benzine  has  been  pre- 
antimony,  signalized  by  M.  Gore,  and  result-  pared  pure,  by  Dr.  Otto,  of  Brunswick.  It 
ing  from  the  decomposition  of  antimony  chlo-  appears  when  phenyl-disulphide,  prepared  by 
ride,  bromide,  or  iodide  by  the  battery,  has  passing  sulphureted  hydrogen  gas  through  aq 
been  obtained  by  P.  H^rard.  The  author  alcoholic  solution  of  benzine-sulphuric  acid, 
heated  antimony  to  dull  redness  in  a  current  is  allowed  to  stand,  when  the  liquid  separates 
of  nitrogen,  and  observed  a  development  of  into  monoclinic  crystals  of  sulphur  and  a  yel- 
grayish  vapors  which  condensed  in  a  gray  low  oil.  The  yellow  oil  consists  of  a  phenyl- 
powder  on  the  sides  of  the  glass  tube  in  which  tetrasulphide  (C6Ht)flS9,  which  at  the  ordinary 
the  apparatus  terminates.  This  powder  con-  temperature  is  a  very  viscid,  heavy,  highly  re- 
sists of  minute  globules  united  like  the  amor-  fracting  oil  with  an  unpleasant  odor.  It  is  a 
phouB  arsenic  of  Bettendorff ;  it  contains  98*7  comparatively  stable  compound,  but  on  warm- 
per  cent,  of  antimony .  Its  specific  gravity  at  ing  with  colorless  ammonium  sulphide  is  re- 
0°  is  6*22,  while  that  of  crystalline  antimony  duced  to  disulphide.  According  to  Klason, 
varies,  according  to  Isidore  Pierre,  from  6*725  phenyl-tetrasulphide  is  also  the  product  of  the 
to  6*787.  Amorphous  antimony  melts  at  614**  C,  action  of  dichloride  of  sulphur,  SsCU,  upon 
while  crystalline  antimony  melts  at  440°  0.  thiophenol,  OeHs^SH,  the  mercaptan   of  the 

Three  new  chlorine  compounds  of  titanium  benzine  series,  and  Otto  shows  that  this  is 

have  been  obtained  by  Drs.  Eoenig  and  Van  really  the  case. 

der  Pfordten,  of  Munich.     They  may  be  con-  A  new  gas,  of  the  composition  PSFa,  and 

sidered  as  chlorine  derivatives  of  titanic  acid,  possessing    some  remarkable  properties,   has 

Ti(0H)4,  and  form  the  only  complete  series  of  been  discovered  by  Prof.  Thorpe  and  Mr.  J.  W. 

such  compounds  with  which  we  are  as  yet  ac-  Rodger.     It  is  called  thiophosphoryl  fiuoride. 

quainted  in  inorganic  chemistry.  Various  methods  of  preparing  it  are  given.    It 

E.  A.  Schneider  has  obtained  a  compound  of  is  spontaneously  infiammable,  and  burns  with 

manganese  sesquioxide  with  cupric  oxide,  and  a  greepish-yellow  flame  tipped  at  the  apex  with 

has  thereby  formed  a  new  illustration  of  the  blue.    It  is  readily  decomposed  by  the  electric 

properties  which  indicate  an  analogy  on  the  spark  with  deposition  of  sulphur ;  is  slowlj 

one  hand  between  the  manganese  oxide  and  dissolved  by  water ;  and  is  somewhat  soluble 


CHEMISTRY.  141 

in  ether,  but  not  in  alcohol  and  benzine.     It  A  new  tetrahydrio   alcohol,  doHtoOi,   be- 

can  be  reduced  to  a  liquid  by  means  of  Gail-  longing  to  the  series  CnHtnOi,  lias  beeii  syn- 

letet^s  apparatus.  theticiuly  prepared  in  the  laboratory  of  M. 

To  the  gaseous  hydrates  already  known,  M.  Friedel,  by  M.  Oombes.    It  is  the  first  tetrahy- 

Villard  has  added  analogous  hydrates  of  me-  dric  alcohol  which  has  been  prepared  by  direct 

thane,  ethane,  ethylene,  acetylene,  and  protox-  synthesis,  and  is  one  of  the  results  of  the  apph- 

ide  of   nitrogen.      They   are    generally    less  cation  by  M.  Combes  of  the  aluminum  chloride 

^luble  and   less  easily  liquefied  than  those  reaction  of  MM.  Freidel  and  Crafts  to  the  fatty 

previously  obtained,  and  are  decomposable  at  series. 

the  respective  temperatures  of  21*5°,  12°,  Id'S**,  A  substance  having  all  the  appearance  of  silk 

H"^  and  12**,  all  C.     It  is  shown  in  the  case  of  is  prepared  by  M.  de  Chardonnet  by  the  addi- 

methane  and  ethylene  that  a  gas  may  form  a  tion  to  an  etherized  solution  of  nitrated  cella- 

bjdnite  above  its  critical  temperature  of  lique-  lose  of  a  solution  of  perohloride  of  tin,  and  to 

diction,   and   that    these    two  gases    have  a  this  mixture  a  little  of  a  solution  of  tannic 

critical   temperature  of    decomposition    con-  acid  in  alcohol.     A  fine  stream  of  this  liquid, 

aderably  higher  than  the  others.  under  water  acidulated  with  nitric   acid,  be- 

The  gas,  allene,  the  isomer  of  allylene,  the  comes  consistent,  and  may  be  drawn  out, 
second  member  of  the  acetylene  series  of  dried,  and  wound.  It  is  gray  or  black  in  as- 
hydrocarbons,  has  been  obtained  pure  and  pect,  supple,  transparent,  cylindrical,  or  fiat- 
examined  by  MM.  Gustavson  and  Demjanoff,  tened,  of  silky  aspect  and  touch,  and  breaks 
of  Moscow.  It  is  very  different  in  some  of  its  under  a  weight  of  twenty-five  kilogrammes  the 
properties  from  ordinary  allylene,  yet  is  repre-  square  millimetre.  The  fiber  burns  without 
MQted  by  the  same  empirical  formula,  CsHi.  the  flame  being  propagated;  is  unattackable 
It  is  obtained  from  the  action  of  zinc-dust  by  acids  and  alkalies  of  mean  concentration, 
opon  an  alcoholic  solution  of  dibrora-propylene.  by  hot  or  cold  water,  alcohol,  or  ether,  but  is 
It  is  colorless,  has  a  peculiar  smell,  and  burns  dissolved  in  etherized  alcohol  and  acetic  ether, 
with  a  smoky  flame.  Unlike  allylene,  it  yields  Saccharine  is  a  coal-tar  product  which  was 
no  precipitate  with  ammoniacal  copper  or  sil-  discovered  in  1879  by  Ira  Remsen  and  C. 
ver  solutions,  but  gives  white  precipitates  with  Fahlberg,  and  is  distinguished  by  the  intensity 
iqueous  solutions  of  mercury  salts.  of  its  sweetness,  which  is  rated  at  two  hun- 

A  sodium  salt  of  zincic  acid  has  been  iso-  dred  and  fifty  times  that  of  cane-sugar.  It  is 
lited  in  the  crystalline  state  by  M.  Coroey,  prepared  by  a  long  and  complicated  process, 
ind  Loring  Jackson,  of  Harvard  University,  and  has  a  composition  which  is  represented  by 
(>n  shaking  with  alcohol  a  concentrated  solu-  the  formula  CsH»SO«.  It  is  a  white  powder, 
tion  of  zinc  or  zinc  oxide  in  soda,  the  mixt-  or  appears  crystallized  in  short,  thick  prisms, 
ore  separated  on  standing  into  two  layers,  a  has  an.  odor  of  bitter  almonds,  is  hardly  sol- 
heavier  aqueous  and  a  lighter  alcoholic  layer,  uble  in  cold  water,  more  so  in  boiling  water, 
The  heavier  layer,  being  washed  with  alcohol  and  quite  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  and  has 
solidified  with  a  mass  of  white  crystals,  while  an  acid  reaction.  When  mixed  in  solutions  or 
the  alcohol  washings,  on  standing,  deposited  used  as  a  sweetening,  it  is  hardly  distinguish- 
loog  white  crystals,  which  when  purified  and  able  to  ordinary  human  tastes  from  sugar;  but 
malyzed,  gave  their  composition  as  2  NaBZn-  it  has  been  observed  that  insects  are  not  at- 
O^+THaO,  or  2Zn(OH)(ONa)-|-7H90.  Hence  tracted  to  it,  and  some  insects  avoid  it.  It  is 
>his  new  salt  may  be  regarded  as  hydrated  a  strong  antiseptic,  and  does  not  perceptibly 
sodium  zincate.  It  is  soluble  in  water  and  interfere  with  digestive  action,  except  in  an 
alcohol  holding  soda  in  solution,  but  is  deoom-  acid  medium,  when  its  antiseptic  power  is 
poeed  both  by  pure  water  and  alcohol.  greatly  weakened,  and  digestion  is  retarded. 

Some  new  salts  of  camphoric  acid  have  been  It  is  not  eliminated  by  the  salivary  or  the 

described  by  J.  H.  Manning  and  G.  W.  Ed-  mammary  glands,  but  is  carried  away  in  the 

vards.    Manning  found  that  manganese  cam-  urine.    It  has  been  used  to  some  extent  aa  an 

I^orate,  MnCioHMOi,  was  precipitated  from  a  emollient  in  diabetes  and  intestinal  affections, 

mixture  of  potassium  camphorate  and  manga-  and  to  prevent  the  absorption  of  the  ptomaines 

aese  sulphate  heated  on  the  water-bath.     It  of  the  blood,  but  its  value  for  these  purposes 

is  whit«.     Chromium  camphorate,  Crt  (Cio-  has  not  been  settled.     No  use  has  been  found 

HuO«)s,  was  obtained  as  a  bluish-green  pre-  for  it  in  ordinary  economy,  except  to  assist  in 

eipitate  from  a  mixture  of  potassium  camphor-  adulterations. 

iteand  solution  of  chromium  sulphate.    Fer-.  On  completing  the  filtration  of  a  solution  of 

nc  camphorate,   probably  a  snbcamphorate,  pig-iron  in  hydrochloric  acid,  P.  W.  Shimer 

resolted  from   the  precipitation  of  a  strong  observed  a  minute  residue  in  the  beaker.     It 

lohition  of  ferric  chloride  with  potassium  cam-  was  a  gritty  substance,  with  a  steel-gray  color 

pborate.     It  had  a  yellowish  color  and  was  and  metallic  luster.    Under  the  microscope  it 

ioaoloble  in  water,  and  gave  on  drying  at  100°  a  appeared  to  be  made  up  of  opaque  cubical  crys- 

baff-yeDow  powder.     A  white  heavy  preoipi-  tals  and  fragments  of  the  same  color  and  luster, 

tate  of   mercnric  camphorate,  Hg,  CioHi404f  The  material  had  a  specific  gravity  of  5*10, 

vas  formed  on  adding  potassium  camphorate  and  was  insoluble  in  hydrochloric,  but  readily 

to  a  concentrated  solution  of  mercuric  chloride,  soluble  in  nitric  acid.    Upon  analysis  it  was 


143  CHEMISTRY. 

found  to  consist  of  aboat  88  per  cent,  of  a  ti-  terations  of  nickel  and  some  other  metals  has 

tanium  carbide,  in  which  titaniam  and  carbon  been  described  by  T.  B.  Warren.    Two  samples 

are  present  in  very  nearly  the  exact  propor-  of  nickel  tubes  having  been  carelessly  mixed 

tion  of  their  atomic  weights.  and  the  magnet  applied  to  them,  they  were 

The  only  compoands  formed  by  the  union  found  to  be  unequally  attracted  by  the  magnet, 
of  metallic  bases  with  ben zine-sul phonic  acid,  and  were  finally  re-sorted  by  this  test  and  re- 
prepared  and  analyzed  previous  to  the  experi-  separated  into  the  original  lots.  Differences  in 
ments  of  T.  H.  Norton  and  T.  W.  Schmidt,  the  appearances  of  the  two  lots  could  be  de- 
were  the  barium,  copper,  zinc,  and  silver  salts,  tected  only  on  a  close  examination.  Portions 
The  authors  have  increased  this  number  by  of  the  metal  were  alloyed  with  tin,  arsenic,  and 
the  addition  of  the  cadmium,  manganese,  nick-  antimony  separately,  and  this  had  a  decided 
el,  cobalt,  and  mercnrous  salts.  effect  on  their  magnetic  polarity.     Cobalt  is 

New  Processes! — A  new  method  of  preparing  similarly  affected  when  alloyed  with  paramag- 

silicon,  and  recent  researches  respecting  its  al-  netic  metals. 

lotropic  modifications  are  reported  by  H.  N.  A  process  for  the  determination  of  tannin 

Warren.     The  element  is  prepared  from  bars  by  means  of  diluted  lead  acetate,  employed  by 

of  silicon  eisen,  by  dissolving  away  the  iron  M.  Yillon,  depends  upon  the  fact  that  that 

connected   with   the  positive   wire  in  dilute  salt  precipitates  tannin  and  not  gallic  acid  and 

sulphuric  acid,  and  treating  the  solid  residue,  its  allies.    Tannin  liquors  and  lead  liqnors  are 

heated  to  redness,  with  a  stream  of  carbonic  prepared  (the  latter  containing  a  proportion  of 

anhydride,  and  subsequently  heating  in  con-  sodmm  acetate  with  the  lead  acetate) ;  meas- 

tact  with  zinc.    On  dissolving  the  zinc  away,  ured  portions  of  them  are  left  in  contact  for 

the  silicon  separated  in  a  crystalline  condition,  five  minutes  and  then  filtered ;  and  the  specific 

A  further  quantity  was  simultaneously  con-  gravities  of  the  lead  acetate,  the  tannin  liquor, 

verted  into  graphitoid  silicon  by  fusing  at  a  and  the  filtered  mixture,  are  severally  taken, 

full  white  heat  in  contact  with  aluminum  and  all  at  the  same  temperature ;  and  from  these 

parting  by  means  of  acid.     The  three  modifi-  the  proportion  of  tannin  is  calculated, 

cations  of  silicon  may  be  converted  by  suitable  A  method  for  extracting  the  alkaloids  of 

means  from  the  crystalline  to  the  graphitoid,  cinchona-bark  with  cold  oil  has  been  used  in 

and  even  to  the  amorphous,  or  vice  term.  the  Government  factory  at  Sikkim  with  most 

The  following  means  for  determining  the  satisfactory  results.  By  it  all  the  quinine  is 
quantity  of  morphine  in  opium  has  been  separated  as  against  only  about  half  by  the  pro- 
awarded  by  the  Austrian  Pharmaceutical  So-  cess  formerly  used,  and  the  quality  of  the 
oiety  the  prize  offered  for  a  simple  method  product  is  unimpaired. 

sufiSciently  accurate  to  meet  the  practical  A  basic  process  for  iron  described  by  W. 
need  :  Five  grammes  of  the  opium  powder  are  Hutchinson  as  used  in  South  Staffordshire, 
macerated  in  a  small  flask,  with  75cc  of  lime-  differs  from  the  ordinary  basic  process  in  that 
water,  for  twelve  hours,  with  frequent  shaking,  the  converting  is  conducted  in  two  stages.  1, 
This  is  then  filtered  through  a  plaited  filter,  desilicouizing  the  metal  in  an  acid-lined  con- 
To  60cc.  of  the  filtrate,  corresponding  to  4  verter ;  and,  2,  dephosphorizing  in  a  converter 
grammes  of  opium,  which  is  brought  into  a  with  a  basic  lining. 

weighed  flask  of  such  a  size  as  to  be  nearly  A  method  is  described  by  F.  A.  Gooch  for 

filled   by  the  ether  and  ammonia,   there  are  the  separation  of  sodium  and  potassium  from 

added  15cc.  of  ether  and  4cc.  of  normal  am-  lithium  by  the  action  of  amyl  alcohol  on  the 

monia.    The  flask  is  then  well  corked,  and  the  chlorides.     It  is  also  applied  to  the  separation 

contents  are  mixed  by  gentle  agitation.    The  of  the  same  metals  from  magnesium  and  cal- 

flask  is  then  set  aside  for  from  six  to  eight  cium. 

hours,  the  temperature  being  kept  at  from  10^  C.  In  experiments  made  by  W.  H.  Greene  to 

to  15**  0.     At  the  end  of  that  time  the  ethereal  ascertain  whether  mercury  can  be  purified  by 

layer  is  removed,  5cc.  of  fresh  ether  are  added,  distillation,   or  whether  foreign    metals    are 

and  the  flask  is  gently  shaken.    The  ether  is  vaporized  with   it,  twelve  distillations   were 

again  removed,  and  finally  the  crystals  of  mor-  made  of  mercury  which  had  been  mixed  with 

phine,  which  have  separated,  are  collected  on  a  bismuth,  lead,  tin,  sodium,  and  copper.     The 

small  plaited  filter.    The  crystals  which  remain  retorts  contained  no  residue  of  mercury  and 

in  the  flask  are  washed  with  5cc.  of  distilled  the  distilled  mercury  was  pure, 

water.     This  wash-water  is  brought  on  the  Hasebroek  proposes  as  a  delicate   test  for 

filter,  and  finally  the  flask  and  also  the  filter  bismuth  the  addition   of  hydrogen   peroxide 

and  its  contents  are  dried  at  100**  C.    Thecrys-  made  alkaline  with  potassium  or  sodium  hy- 

tals  on  the  filter  are  transferred  to  the  flask,  drate  to  bismuth  subnitrate,  which,  on  heat- 

and  this  is  then  dried  until  a  constant  weight  ing,   from   white  becomes   brownish    yellow 

is  obtained.     The  morphine  thus  produced  is  with  the  evolution  of  oxygen, 

pure,  and  dissolves  completely,  though  slowly.  The  investigations  of  Christopher  Rawson 

m   100  parts  of  saturated  lime-water.     The  of  the  various  methods  of  estimating  indigotin 

principles  of  treatment  are  the  same  for  opium  show  that  indigo,  when  finely  pulverized,  is 

extract  and  opium  tincture.  completely  dissolved  by  sulphuric  acid,  at  from 

A  method  for  detecting  by  the  magnet  adul-  90**  to  95**  C,  in  one  hour.    The  permanga- 


CHEMISTRY.  143 

nate  method  affords  a  qoick  and  ready  means  coloring  sabstanoes  in  other  ways  than  by 

for  the  approximate  valuation  of  indigoes,  bat  promoting  oxidation  or  reduction,  thus :  The 

the  resalts  obtained  are  sometimes  too  high,  color  of  an  organic  snbstance  is  an  effect  of 

The   method    of   precipitation   with    sodium  its  highly  complex  structare,  notwithstanding 

chloride  and  titration  with  potassiam  perman-  the  fact  that  its  composition  may  be  simple 

gMiate  gives   resolts  which,  for  all  practical  enough.    It  may  consist,  for  instance,  of  but 

purposes,  are  trustworthy.  three  or  four  elements — carbon,  hydrogen,  and 

The  accuracy  of  the  soda-lime  process  for  oxygen,  with,  perhaps,  nitrogen — but  the  num- 

determining  nitrogen  having  been  questioned,  her  of  atoms  necessary  to  produce  the  smaUest 

W.  O.  Atwater  and  0.  D.  Woods  have  given  particle  or  molecule  of  color  is  large ;  and  every 

ittention  to  the  methods  of  manipulation  and  color  depends  upon  the  way  in  which  the  atoms 

tbe  soaroes  of  error  and  ways  of  avoiding  them,  are  arranged  in  the  molecule.    The  shifting  of 

tDd  have  been  convinced  that  when  rightly  a  single  atom  will  cause  a  brilliant  color  to  be- 

managed  it  gives  excellent  results.     At  the  come  colorless.    The  effect  of  light  on  such 

nme  time  they  decline  to  say  that  they  regard  substances  is  variable;  sometimes  the  change 

the  soda- lime  method  as  entirely  reliable,  even  induced  is  oxidation ;  it  is  sometimes  a  molecu- 

for  protein  compounds,  unless  all  needed  pre-  lar  change,  or  the  rearrangement  of  the  atoms 

eantiona  are  observed.  in  the  molecule.     Light  may  also  be  capable 

To  detect  and  measure  magnetic  susceptibil-  of  resolving  a  complex  substance  into  two  or 
itj  in  substances  which  show  no  evidence  of  more  simpler  substances.  The  color  of  a  sub- 
magnetism  under  the  usual  processes,  Mr.  T.  B.  stance  depends  upon  the  rate  of  vibration  of 
Warren  places  a  weight  of  the  substance  experi-  its  molecules.  The  more  brilliant  the  light 
mented  upon  in  the  pan  of  a  chemical  balance  the  more  ample  are  the  vibrations.  It  is  easy, 
vhich  is  adjusted  to  the  magnetic  meridian ;  then,  to  understand  how  a  light  of  great  brill- 
eqailibrinm  having  been  made,  a  magnet  is  iancy  may  throw  a  colored  molecule  into  such 
placed  directly  under  the  scale- pan,  when,  if  the  a  state  of  intense  vibration  that  the  molecnle 
mbstance  is  paramagnetic  or  positive,  the  pan  will  fall  to  pieces.  The  complex  and  unstable 
vUl  be  drawn  down.  The  weights  that  have  to  compound  is  resolved  into  two  or  more  simple 
be  added  to  restore  equilibrium  give  the  meas-  and  colorless  bodies.  Unstable  colors  are  also 
oreof  the  susceptibility  of  the  substance  in  hand,  liable  to  be  changed  by  oxygen,  which  is  never 
Diamagnetic  or  negative  substances  are  also  excluded  from  framed  pictures ;  moisture, 
att3iu<ted  under  the  same  condition,  instead  of  which  is  used  in  the  mounting  of  pictures,  and 
being  repelled,  as  might  be  supposed  ;  and  the  is  in  the  air ;  and  acidity,  which  exists  to  a 
author  infers  from  this  that  magnetic  repulsion,  greater  or  less  extent  in  all  towns  where  coal 
in  a  positive  sense,  does  not  exist.  To  measure  is  burned,  and  which  is  sometimes  a  property 
oiagnetic  permeability,  a  plate  of  the  metal  or  of  the  paper  on  which  drawings  are  made.  All 
4ntam  of  the  liquid  is  inserted  between  the  preparations  of  lead  are  sensitive  to  impurities 
iDagnet  and  some  iron-filings.  When  the  plate  of  the  air,  and  should  never  be  used  in  works 
b  removed,  the  magnet  is  attracted  to  within  of  art;  and  of  mercury,  only  pure  cinnabar  or 
a  6xed  distance  of  the  filings,  and  the  weight  vermillion.  Acidity  may  be  partly  remedied  by 
required  to  produce  equilibrium  is  noted,  the  washing  the  paper  in  a  slightly  alkaline  solu- 
pbte  is  then  inserted,  and  the  diminished  tion,or  by  using  weak  borax- water  in  applying 
tttraction  is  again  noted.  The  difference  in  the  pigments.  Of  the  various  colors,  the 
taght  is  due  to  che  arrest  of  magnetic  influ-  yellows  and  crimson  are  most  afl'ected  by  sun- 
»ce  by  the  interposed  layer.  light,  and  blue  and  gray  tints  by  an  impure 

Solphuric  acid  and  naphthalamine  hydro-  atmosphere.     The  difference  in  the  effect  of 

<^ride  have  been  found  by  0.  E.  Howard  to  direct  sunlight   and    diffused   daylight  upon 

be  most  delicate  and  satisfactory  reagents  for  colors  is  very  great.    In  the  latter  the  prevail- 

^etecting  the    presence    of    nitrogenous  and  ing  rays  are  tiie  yellow  ones,while  the  violet  and 

chloride  impurities  in  drinking-water.    Water  ultra-violet  rays,  which  are  so  active  in  direct 

^  slightly  tainted  with  nitrons  acid  only  sunlight,  are  absent.     Diffused  light  sufScient 

pr«  a  very  faint  pink  on  application  of  these  for  the  exhibition  of  pictures  is  forty  times 

tests.    In  proportion  as  the  contamination  is  weaker  than  average  direct  sunlight,  or  four 

greater,  the  coloration  is  more  intense,  until  a  hundred  times  weaker  than  that  of  summer. 
^«ep  carmine  is  produced.    The  reagents  for        In  a  paper  read  at  the  British  Association 

i^kiorides,  the  presence  of  considerable  quanti-  on  '*  The  Action  of   Light  on  Water-colors," 

ti«  of  which  may  indicate  contamination  by  Dr.  Arthur  Richardson  named  cadmium  yel- 

ttimal    excreta,   are    nitric    acid    and    silver  low,    cadmium    orange,    king^s  yellow,    and 

titrate.     They  produce  in  water  containing  indigo,  a^^  colors  which  bleach  by  oxidation 

(bJorides  a  white  precipitate  of  silver  chloride,  under  the  combined  influence  of  light,  air,  and 

tbe  exhibition  of  which  rises  from  a  mere  opal-  moisture,  but  are  permanent  in  an  atmosphere 

«icgiice  when  the  quantity  of  chloride  is  slight  of  carbon  dioxide  or  in  dry  air.     A  second 

fo  t  disdnct  deposit  when  the  contamination  group  of  colors  on  which  light  exerts  a  reduc- 

is  considerable.  ing  action,  which  is  independent  of  air,  and  in 

Ckarirtry  sf  tbe  Arts.  —  W.  N.   Hartley  has  some  cases  takes  place  in  the  absence  of  moist- 

*^n  that  light  may  effect  changes  in  organic  ure,  includes  Prussian  blue,  vermillion,  lakes. 


144  CHEMISTRY. 

gamboge,  etc.     Pmssian  blue  fades  in  moist  wbich  is  then  exposed,  to  dry  it,  for  ten  o 

air ;  much  more  rapidly  in  an  atmosphere  of  twelve  hoars  at  a  temperature  of  90°  O.    Tb( 

carbonic  dioxide;  but  is  permanent  in  dry  air.  tube  is  then  exhausted  with  petroleum  ether 

Mixed  with   cadmium  yellow,  Prussian  blue  dried,  cooled,  and  weighed.    The  loss  repre 

gave  a  green  which  was  very  sensitive  to  light  sents  the  butter  fat.    For  sugar,  the  milk,  it 

if  moisture  was  present,  but  was  permanent  in  specific  gravity  having  been    determined,   L 

dry  air.     Vermillion  was  shown  to  fade  in  dry  treated  with   mercuric    nitrate    or    mercuri* 

and  moist  air,  also  in  an  inert  atmosphere  like  iodide  solution  for  precipitation  of  albumen 

carbon  dioxide.    With  cadmium  yellow  an  ox-  shaken,  filtered,  and  subjected  to  polariscopu 

ide  was  formed  which  blackened  in  moist  air  examination.    For  the  estimation  of  ash,  th< 

in  a  few  hours,  though  in  dry  air  light  was  milk,  treated  with   nitric  acid,  is  dried  anc 

without  action  on  it.    The  author  condemns  as  burned  at  a  low  red  heat  till  the  ash  is  fre< 

unsafe  those  pigments  which  fade  in  dry  air,  from  carbon. 

and  shows  that  the  greater  number  of  paints  In  the  analysis  of  butter,  a  portion  of  the  sam 

are   stable  in  sunlight,  provided  moisture  is  pie,  taken  frofn  the  inside  of  the  mass,  is  placet 

absent.  on  a  slide,  treated  with  a  drop  of  pure  sweet 

When  petroleum  is   stored  in    lead -lined  oil,  and  examined  with  a  microscope  and  wit) 

tanks,  the  lead  is  rapidly  corroded,  with  the  polarized  light  and  the  selenite  plate.     Pun 

formation  of  a  heavy,  brownish-colored  pow-  butter  will  show  neither  crystals  nor  a  parti 

der.    This  powder  has  been  found  to  consist  colored  field  with  selenite,  while  other  fata 

of  a  carbonate  and  hydrated  oxide  of  lead  and  melted  and  cooled  and  mixed  with  butter,  wil 

a  small  quantity  of  valerate  of  lead ;  the  brown-  usually  present  crystals  and  variegated  colors 

ish  color  is  due  to  organic  matter.    The  by-  The  specific  gravity  and  the  melting-point  an 

pothesis  that  the  white  lead,  of  which  the  pow-  determined  with  apparatus  prepared  for  thai 

der  practically  consists,  and  a  paraffin,  is  formed  purpose.    Volatile  and  soluble  acids  are  esti- 

by  the  action  of  an  oxidizing  agent  and  a  small  mated    by  processes    requiring   considerable 

quantity  of  valeric  acid  present  ii^  the  petroleum  manipulation.    The  amount  of  water  is  ascer- 

on  the  lead,  is  supported  by  experiments  made  tained  by  heating  at  105**  C.  for  two  hours  in 

by  William  Fox.  a  flat-bottomed  platinum  dish   full  of  sand. 

H.  Le  Ohatelier  has  found  that  hydrated  Salt  is  volumetrically  ascertained  by  adding 

cements  treated  with  a  large  excess  of  water  hot  water,  waiting  till  the  melted  fat  has  aU 

give  up  not  only  the  lime  present  as  hydrate,  collected  on  the  top,  and  running  the  water, 

but  also,  in  time  and  after  treatment  with  fresh  without  any  of  the  fat,  into  an  Erlenmayer 

quantities  of  water,  they  surrender  nearly  all  flask.   The  salt  is  also  determined  in  the  flltrate 

the  lime  in  combination.   Slow -setting  cements  by  means  of  solution  of  silver  nitrate.     The 

contain  much  calcium  hydrate;  quick-setting  methods  of  estimating  curd  depend  on  the 

cements,  very  little.  principle  of    drying  a  weighed  portion  and 

Analytical  Cheaistry. — In  the  analysis  of  milk  extracting  the  fat  with  ether  or  petroleum, 

as  recommended  by  the  Association  of  Official  The  residual  mass  is  then  weighed,  and  the 

Agricultural  Ohemists,  the  butter  is  estimated  curd  determined  by  loss  or  ignition.    In  Bab- 

by  drying  on  the  water-bath  for  thirty  minutes,  cock's  method  for  the  determination  of  casein, 

or  by  drying  with  powdered  asbestos  for  two  dried  butter  is  treated  with  light  petroleum 

hours  at   100°  0.      For  casein,  the   milk  is  till  all  fat  is  removed.    The  residue  is  then 

digested  with  HsS04,  or  the  dried  residue  is  ignited  with  soda-lime  or  treated  by  the  Ejedahl 

rubbed  up  and  transferred  to  the   soda-lime  method. 

combustion   tube,  or  is  transferred  to  a  di-  For  the  determination  of  traces  of  arsenic  in 

gestion  fiask«  and  the  casein  estimated  by  the  tissues,  yams,  and  paper-hangingn,  R.  Fresenios 

method  of  Kjeldahl.     For  the  estimation  of  and  £.  Hintz  digest  the  chopped  tissue  with 

the  fat,  a  strip  of  blotting  or  filtering  paper  is  hydrochloric  acid  for  one  hour;  add  solution  of 

saturated  with  a  measured  quantity  of  milk,  ferrous  chloride,  and  heat  till  the  excess  of  hy- 

and  dried,  after  which  the  fat  is  extracted  from  drochloric  acid  has  passed  off,  and  then  boil 

it;  or  the  milk  is  dehydrated  by  means  of  an-  till  the  distillation  is  stopped  by  frothing.    More 

hydrous  sulphate  of   copper;   the  fat  is  ex-  than  two  thirds  of  the  liquid  in  the  retort  could 

tracted  by  means  of  the  low-boiling  products  generally  be  distilled  over.     A  second  distills- 

of   petroleum ;   the  butter  is  saponified  with  tion   with  hydrochloric  acid  is  efiTected,  and 

solution   of  potassium  hydroxide  in   alcohol,  the  sulphureted  hydrogen  treatment  is  applied, 

and  the  excess  of  the  alkali  is  determined  by  After  elimination  of  organic  matter,  the  pre- 

means  of  a  solution  of  hydrochloric  acid.     In  cipitate  is  filtered,  treated  with  bromo-hydro- 

Babcock's  method  for  estimating  water  in  fat,  chloric  acid  and  ferrous  chloride,  and  distilled 

the  milk  is  placed  in  ignited  asbestos,  and  sub-  Treatment  with  sulphureted  hydrogen  givei 

jected,  at  100°  C,  to  a  slow  current  of  dry  air  arsenic  trisulphide. 

till  the  water  is  expelled.   The  tube  containing  The  state  of  combination  in  which  quicksil- 

the  solids  from  this  operation  is  placed  in  an  ver  is  dissolved  in   natural  waters  has  been 

extraction    apparatus,   and  exhausted   in   the  studied  by  G.  F.  Becker  in  the  course  of  hii 

usual  way.    In  Prof.  Macfarlane^s  method  the  investigations  of  the  quicksilver  deposits  of  the 

milk  is  absorbed  in  asbestos  fiber  in  a  tube,  Pacific  slope.    Pyriie  or  marcasite  almost  inva- 


CHEMISTRY.  145 

ruibl  J  accompanies  cinnabar ;  gold  is  associated  gen  has  been  determined  by  Dr.  Rebs,  of  Jena, 

vitb  it  ID  a  considerable  nnmber  of  cases;  cop-  to  be  H^».    It  is  a  bright-yellow,  mobile,  trans- 

per  salpbides  or  sulpbo-salts  not  infrequently ;  parent  oil,  possessing  an  odor  peculiar  to  it- 

and  sulphides  of  arsenic  and  antimony  and  zinc-  self.     When  dry  it  may  be  preserved  in  a  closed 

blende  sometimes.     The  waters  of  Steamboat  tube  without  decomposition,   but  in  contact 

Springs  are  now  depositing  gold,  probably  in  the  with  water  it  breaks  up  rapidly,  with  evolution 

mc^lic  state ;  sulphides  of  arsenic,  antimony,  of  sulphnreted   hydrogen  and  separation  of 

tnd  mercury ;  sulphides  or  sulpho-salts  of  sil-  sulphur. 

Ter,  lead,   copper,  and  zinc;   iron  oxide  and  A  new  method  of  testing  alcoholic  liquors, 

possibly  iron  sulphides;  manganese,  nickel,  and  discovered  by  Prof.  Schwartz,  consists  in  deter- 

eobaltcoTnp«iunds,  with  a  variety  of  earthy  min-  mining  the  specific  gravity  and  the  index  of 

erals.    The  sulphides  most  abundant  in  the  de-  refraction  of  the  substance  under  examination, 

posts  are  found  in  solution  in  the  water  itself,  Mr.  Thomas  Turner  has  experimented  upon 

while  the  other  metaUio  compounds  occur  in  the  value  of  the  sulphuric-acid  method  for  esti- 

deposita  from   springs  now  active  or  which  mating  silicon  in  iron  and*  steel,  and  has  com- 

bg?e  been  active  within  a  few  years.    These  pared  it    with  the  aqua-regia  method.     His 

wrings  are  thus  adding  to  the  ore-deposit  of  conclusions  are,  that  with  cast-irons  of  specially 

the  locality,  which  has  been  worked  for  quick-  good  quality  the  silicon  can  be  correctly  esti- 

alver  in  former  years.    There  is  reason  to  sup-  mated  by  evaporation  with  dilute  sulphuric  acid; 

pose  that   deposition  is  also  in  progress  at  with  phpsphoric  irons  the  residue  obtained, 

Sulphur  Springs.    Experiments  were  made  to  though  white,  is  often  impure,  and  should  be 

determine  the  conditions  of  solubility  and  of  further  treated  in  order  to  obtain  accurate 

precipitation  of  quicksilver  and  the  other  me-  results;  with  phosphoric  irons  containing  ti- 

idlic  constituents  of  the  deposits  in  the  various  tanium,  the  silica  is  contaminated  with  iron, 

earthy  salts  or  mixtures  of  them,  held  in  the  with  titanic  oxide,  and  phosphoric  acid.    The 

raters.     They  showed  that  there  is  a  series  of  residue  may  be  very  nearly  white  and  still 

compounds  of  mercury  of  the  form  HgSnNaS,  contain  20  per  cent,  of  substances  other  than 

one  or  other  of  which  is  soluble  in  aqueous  so-  silica;  on  treatment  yiMYi  aqua  regia^  the  color 

btions  of  caustic  soda,  sodio  sulph hydrate,  or  of  the  residue  is  usually  an  indication  of  its 

iodie  sulphide,  and  apparently  also  in  pure  wa-  purity. 

i  ter,  at  various  temperatures.    These  solutions  Cbcflilctl  Syithcds.  —  Dr.  E.  H.   Reiser  has 

I  Kjb»st,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  in  the  pres-  effected  a  synthesis  of  water,  in  which  a  known 

I  eiMre  of  sodic  carbonates,  borates,  and  chlorides,  weight  of  oxygen  in  the  form  of  copper  oxide 

I  There  is  strong  evidence  that  the  waters  of  has  been  made  to  combine  with  an  actually 

I  Steamboat  Springs  contain  n^ercury  in  the  same  weighed  quantity  of  hydrogen.     The  weighing 

I  iomu,  if  indeed  they  do  not  still  carry  it  in  so-  of  the  hydrogen  was  accurately  effected  by 

latioo.     Bisulphide  of  iron,   gold,   and  zinc-  causing  it  to  be  occluded  in  palladium,  where- 

blende  form  double  sulphides   with  sodium,  by  a  compound  was  formed  which  is  stable  at 

vhich   appear  to  be  analogous  with  that  of  ordinary  temperatures,  but  gives  out  its  by- 

mercury.     Copper  gives  a  double  sulphide,  but  drogen  when  heated.    A  new  determination 

combines  more  readily  with  sodic  snlphhydrate  of  the  atomic  weight  of  oxygen  by  this  process 

than  with  the  simple  sulphide.    All  of  the  sol-  gives  it  as  slightly  lower  than  15*96  and  more 

aUe  sulpho-salts  may  exist  in  the  presence  of  nearly  15'87. 

sodic  carbonates.     Mercuric  sulphide  is  readily  Drs.  Emil  Fischer  and  Tafel  have  succeeded 

precipitated  from  these  solutions,  by  cooling,  in  artificially  preparing  glucose  directly  from 

by  dilution,  and  by  other  conditions  that  may  glycerin.    The  glycerin  was  oxidized  by  means 

be  brought  about  among  the  substances  exist-  of  soda  nnd  bromine  to  aldehyde,  and  this 

ii^  in  the  solutions.  was  subjected  to  a  subsequent  condensation  by 

In  examining  olive-oil  for  mixture  of  lard  means  of  alkalies.     The  synthesis  had  been 

«l,  Mr.  T.  B.  Warren  confirms  the  presence  of  previously  effected  by  decomposition  of  acro- 

pnppj.oil  by  passing  ozone  into  the  mixture,  lein  dibromide  with  baryta  water,  but  the  new 

when  a  black  product  will  be  obtained  by  S.Cl^,  method  is  a  far  readier  one. 

and  the  viscosity  will  be  increased.    The  lard-  Bernthsen  and    Semper  have  produced  by 

.ri  oil  may  be  removed  by  boiling  the  coagulum  in  artificial  synthesis  the   substance  nucine,  or 

I  moderately  strong  alkaline  solution.    The  re-  juglon,  which  appears  in  the  form  of  needle- 

laaioiDg  mass  is  washed  and  treated  for  the  esti-  shaped  crystals  upon  the  outer  coatings    of 

i&atioD  of  the  iodine  absorptions,  when,  knowing  walnuts,  and  which  has  been  found  in  the  ex- 

tbe  iodine  absorption  of  the  mixture  and  the  pressed  juice  of  the  same. 

iet    proportion  of  it  due  to  the  recovered  lardoil,  The  synthesis  of  crystalline  dicalclum  arse- 

«^e  have  the  difference  corresponding  to  the  niate,  or  pharmaoolite,  has  been  effected  by  M. 

ofi^e  and  poppy  oils.     If  we  know  that  two  Dufet  through  the   slow  interdiffusiou  of  so- 

«l3  0Dly  are  present,  and  we  know  the  iodine  lutions  of  nitrate  of  lime  and  di  sodium  arse- 

|tl»orption  of  each,  we  have  no  difficulty  in  fix-  niate.     The  gradual  precipitation  thus  brought 

izigon  the  quantities  of  each  necessary  to  cor-  about  resulted  in  the  formation  of  a  group  of 

r»pood  with  the  determination.  crystals  exactly  resembling  those  of  pharma- 

Tbe  composition  of  the  persulphide  of  hydro-  oolite-inonoclinic  prisms  of  a  pearly  luster  and 

VOL.  xxvm. — 10  A  ^ 


•3 
r*9 


146  CHEMISTRY. 

frequently  possessing  a  pink  tint.  The  chemi-  nected  as  directly  as  possible  with  hydrogen,  J. 
cal  analysis  of  the  crystals  led  to  the  for-  W.  Malletdescribes  a  method  hy  which  this  may 
mala  HCaAs04+2H90;  and  the  substance  be  done  in  the  case  of  gold.  A  known  weight 
thus  becomes  chemically  as  well  as  physically  of  zinc  is  dissolved  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  and 
isomorphous  with  brushite,  the  corresponding  the  hydrogen  evolved  is  measnred.  A  solo- 
phosphate  of  calcium,  H0aPO4+ 2  HaO.  tion  of  bromide  or  chloride  of  gold  is  then 

Atovle  Weights. — The  following  new  method  treated  with  zinc  more  than  sofficient  to  pre- 

for  the  determination  of  the  atomic  weight  oipitate  the  whole  of  the  gold,  the  residual  zinc 

of  oxygen  was  described  by  W.  A.  Noyes  at  being  determined  by  the  hydrogen  evolved  on 

the  American  Association :  treatment  with  sulphuric  acid.    The  difference 

The  apparatus  to  be  used  consbts  of  a  U-tube,  filled  ^^  volume  of  hydrogen  obtained  gives  a  direct 

with  copper  oxides,  to  one  side  of  which  is  attached  a  means  of  calculating  the  atomic  weight  of  gold, 
tube  with  a  capacity  of  about  20  co^  and  to  the  other        Cliealstry  tf  Plants. — Helen  0.  De  S.  Abbott 

side  a  three-way  stop. cook.    The  l^tube  is  first  ex-  ig  convinced  that  a  similarity  of  one  or  more 

b^S'r^n'h'r^'t:  'k1  ^^^^'tCn've^^'S  chemical  constitnents  is  to  b«  found  in  all 
into  water,  which  then  condenses  in  the  tube  on  the  plants  which  have  reached  the  same  stage  of 
opposite  side  from  the  stop-cock.  The  rain  in  weight  evolution  —  that  there  is  a  development  in 
of  the  apparatus  ffives  the  weight  of  the  hydrogen,  chemical  constitution,  closely  connected  with 
AfterweigMng  the  Rases  remainmg  in  the  ^^^j,  morphological  evolution,  which  plants 
are  pumped  out  and  analyzed.  The  water  is  also  ex-  .,  ^,  ju  A.^.  a.  \.  'i*^!. 
pellld,  and  from  the  loss  in  wei^rht  of  the  apparatus  Pass  through— and  hence  that  chemical  char- 
the  weight  of  oxygen  is  determined.  The  advantages  aoter,  as  mdicating  the  height  of  the  plant  m 
of  the  method  are :  The  weight  of  the  hydro^n  is  the  scale  of  progression,  is  essentially  appro- 
determined  directly ;  the  weight  of  the  oxypn  is  also  priate  for  a  basis  of  classification.     Some  one 

usual  correction  of  the  weights  to  a  vacuum  becomes  1*"*  botanical  characters  m  plants  of  distinct 

unnecessary ;  impurities  in  the  hydrogen,  and  espe-  genera  and  families  on  the  same  plane  of  evo- 

dally  any  nitrogen  which  it  contains,  will  be  detected  lution  or  development.     Ohemical  constituents 

and  the  amount  determined :  finally,  no  ciror  can  re-  ^f  ^i^^^  ^re  found  in  varying  quantities  dor-  ^ 

suit  from  mcomplete  combusUon  of  the  hydrogen.  j^/gtated  periods  of  the  yiarf    Certain  com- 

In  the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Electrol-  pounds  present  at  one  stage  of  growth  are  ab-  ^ 

ysis   of  the  British  Association,  a  direct  de-  sent  at  another.    Different  parts  of  plants  roaj    ' 

termination  of  the  ratio  between  the  atomic  contain  distinct  compounds;  whether  any  of   i 

weight  of  copper  and  that  of  silver,  based  upon  the  constituents  found  in  plants  are,  as  has 

the  electrolytic  experiments  of  W.  N.  Shaw,  is  been  said,  the  result  of  destructive  metabolism, 

madeto  give  Ag:Cu -17:10;  whence  the  atomic  and  of  no  further  use  in  its  economy,  or  not,  ^ 

weight  of  copper  is  made  63*333,  or,  corrected,  it  is  a  significant  fact  that  certain  cells,  tissoea,    i 

68*360.    This  value  being  different  from  that  or  organs  peculiar  to  a  plant  secrete  or  excrete   - 

ordinarily  received,  a  direct  determination  was  compounds  peculiar  to  them  which  are  to  b«  b 

made,  at  the  request  of  Prof.  J.  P.  Cooke,  by  found  in  one  family,  or  in  species  which  are 

T.  W.  Richards.     This  experimenter  deduced  closely  allied. 

an  atomic  weight  for  copper  of  63*44,  which,        The  chemistry  of  the  onion  as  a  field-crop  c 
although  it  does  not  exactly  coincide  with  has  been  studied  by  R.  W.  E.  Mclvor,  in  Aos-  ^ 
Shawns  results,  is  nearer  to  them  than  the  old  tralia.     The  soil  in  which  the  plant  is  grown  ^ 
accepted  value  of  63*17.  is  a  chocolate  loam  of  basaltic  origin  contain-   .. 
The  atomic  weight  of  didymium,  freed  from  ing  in  a  virgin  state  sometimes  as  much  as  0*28  ^ 
all  other  allied  metals  known  at  that  time,  was  per  cent,  of  nitrogen  and  0*20  per  cent  of  pho»-  ^ 
determined  by  Cleve,  in  1874,  as  147.  After  the  phorio  acid  extractable  by  hydrochloric  acid.  . 
discovery  of  samarium  as  an  accompaniment  While  non -nitrogenous  guanos  and  superphos-  - 
to  didymium,  and  under  evidence  that  it  was  phates  have  in  a  few  instances  slightly  increased  ; 
present  in  the  sample  examined  by  him,  the  the  crop,  it  has  been  found  that  manures  con- 
author  made  a  new  determination  of  the  atom-  taining  nitrogen  in  the  form  of  sulphate  of  -■ 
io  weight  of  ^didymium,  freed  from  samarium,  ammonia  or  as  a  constituent  of  blood-guano   ' 
as  142*3.  produce  more  satisfactory  results.    The  liheral  .. 
With  the  atomic  weight  198*6,  osmium  has  use  of  superphosphate  mixed  with  sulphate  of  ^^ 
formed  a  notable  exception  to  the  periodic  ammonia  has  invariably  proved  more  beneficial  I 
law,  standing  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  plati-  on  the  poorer  land  than  superphosphate  aioDe.  , 
num  group  from  where  its  other  properties  The  largest  returns,  however,   have  resulted  _ 
would  place  it.    The  atomic  weight  of  this  from  the  joint  use  of  a  fertilizer  composed  of 
metal  has  now  been  redetermined  by  Prof,  the  sulphates  of  ammonia  and  potash  and  en- 
Seubert  by  means  of  the  analysis  of  the  pure  perphosphate.    The  farmers  are  of  opinion  that  ;^ 
double  chlorides  of  osmium  with  ammonium  onions  produced  by  the  aid  of  purely  chemical 
and  potassium,  and  is  fixed  at  191*1.  This  gives  manures  keep  in  good  condition  for  a  longer 
to  it  its  proper  place  in  the  periodic  classifica-  period  than  those  obtained  from  ground  which 
tion,  as  before  iridium.  is  naturally  '*  forcing,"  or  which  has  been  re- 
Considering  that  it  is  desirable  that  all  deter-  cently  manured  with  rich  farmyard  mannre. 
minations  of  atomic  weights  should  be  con-  It  seems  fairly  clear  to  the  author  that  the  on-  ' 


Uw. 
42-48 
89-8« 
1-88 
6-53 
8-70 
0-80 


CHEMISTRY.  147 

ommon  with  other  crops,''  depends  Jnly  and  Angnst,  1886,  to  deteimine  the  rate 

oil  for  its  supplies  of  nitrogen.    The  of  oxidation  or  destraction  of  the  sewage  of 

position  of  air-dried  onions  growing  the  city  of  Chicago,  which  is  carried  through 

ired  land  was  foand  to  he :  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  to  the  Illinois 

g94'8  river,  examinations  were  made  of  the  dilute 

ibto  mattfir  (N  =  2-8D 1010  sewage  at  the  point  (Bridgeport)  where  it  is 

pnm^eid  into  the  canal,  and  of  specimens  of  the 

I 1,0000  water  taken  on  the  same  day  at  stations  select- 

J  nitrogen  and  mean  composition  of  ^  ^^  intervals  through  a  distance  of  169  miles, 

that  an  average  crop  of,  say,  eight  jn  which  a  total  descent  of  1,467  feet  occurs. 

•emove  from  an  acre :  ^"®  conditions  of   the  tests   were  vanously 

Urn,  <^^V^^<^^^^  &t  the  several  stations,  so  that  no 

p^o, 10-88  absolute  result  was  possible;  but  the  experi- 

^ 0;80  mentasawhole  was  interpreted  as  showing  "in 

SiO *!'.*.!*.'/. !*..*. !!'.*.!     1-72  *  '^^  and  unmistakable  way  the  general  fact 

*"" of  the  gradual  purification  of  a  highly  contami- 

^****^ 119M  nated  water  by  what  maybe  broadly  termed 

al  sulphur  in  air-dried  onions  was  oxidation  " ;  and  importance  is  claimed  for  the 

iverage  0'051  per  cent.  investigations   "  as  showing  pretty  fully  the 

3ence  of  aluminum  was  supposed  to  rate  at  which  a  city's  sewage  is  destroyed  un- 

r  to  Lycopodium  among  plants ;  but  der  certain  conditions  of  temperature,  dilution, 

reh  has  found  traces  of  it  in  the  ash-  and  velocity  of  flow."   Investigations  were  also 

Y  other  plants.    It  occurs  in  all  the  made  in  the  succeeding  winter — December, 

Lycopodium  which  were  examined,  January,  and  February — to  ascertain  the  effect 

»se  which  are  of  epiphytic  habit,  but  of  cold.    The  results  were  marked  by  perplex- 

allied  genus  SeUiginella ;  and  in  the  iug  irregularities,  but  tended  to  show  a  slow 

»rae — but  not  all — ^tree-ferns,  in  large  rate  of  change  at  that  season. 

LS.  Prof.  Atwater  has  published  seme  of  the 

CIWBtalry. — The  results  of  observa-  results  of  his  analyses  of  the  flesh  of  American 

le  effect  of  free  carbonic  acid  in  po-  fishes  in  tables  which  give  severally  the  proxi- 

T  on  leaden  pipes  have  been  summa-  mate  ingredients,  as  directly  determined,  of 

Z,  Reichardt    Only  water  containing  the  fiesh,  and  of  the  water-free  substance  of 

nic  acid  has  been  found  to  attack  the  the  fiesh  ;  the  percentages  of  phosphoric  acid, 

16  view  that  lead  pipes  conducting  sulphuric  acid,  and  chlorine  in  the  flesh ;  classi- 

tr   become  incrusted  gradually,  and  fioation  of  fisli  by  percentages  of  flesh,  chiefly 

ipable  of  resisting  corrosion,  has  not  muscular  tissue,  in  the  entire  body ;  classifica- 

&d.    Except  with  hard  waters  hold-  tion  by  proportions  of  water-free  substance  in 

lime,  no  deposit  has  been  observed,  the  flesh ;  classiflcation  by  proportions  of  fat  in 

'  years  of  use.    Mountain  springs  do  the  flesh ;  composition  of  water-free  substance 

f  contain  more  than  enough  free  car-  in  flesh  of  preserved  fish  ;  composition  of  flesh 

I  to  dissolve  the  monocarbonate  of  in  preserved  flsh ;  and  composition,  including 

nt,  often  hardly  enough  to  form  hi-  botn  flesh  and  refuse.  Other  analyses  have  been 

;  but  sometimes  waters  holding  much  reported— of  cod  by  Prof .  Chittenden,  and  of 

Intion  have  more.    Experiments  thus  menhaden  by  Prof.  G.  H.  Cook ;  comparisons  of 

,hat  these  spring-waters  do  not  attack  the  groupings  made  by  the  author  according  to 

ore  than  the  most  minute  degree,  the  percentages  of  the  different  classes  of  con- 

ers  more  frequently  contain  free  car-  stituents  with  the  classification  by  families  as 

i  than  spring- waters,  but  in  far  small-  practiced  by  ichthyologists,  show  no  very  defi- 

7.    It  has  thus  far  been  found  that  nite  connection  between  the  two.    Intheanaly- 

»ntaining  bicarbonates  do  not  attack  ses  of  preserved  fishes,  the  replacement  of  the 

even  free  carbonic  acid,  in  small  water  in  the  flesh  by  salt  is  remarked  upon  as 
,  is  without  effect  in  the  presence  of  a  matter  of  physiological  interest. 
i  and  magnesia.  But  the  less  min-  As  a  simple  and  inexpensive  freezing-mixt- 
r  a  water  contains,  or  the  '*  softer  "  it  ure,  J.  A.  Baohman  has  used  the  spent  nitro- 
re  readily  is  lead  dissolved.  Distilled  sulphuric-acid  mixture  which  had  been  em- 
ic-acid-f^ee  water  dissolves  lead  slow-  ployed  in  a  Grove  battery,  with  snow.  At  tem- 
paration  of  oxy hydrate ;  distilled  wa-  peratures  of  about  zero  Centigrade,  this  acid, 
g  carbonic  acid  in  solution  dissolves  with  various  proportions  of  snow,  gave  a  fall  of 
ich  larger  quantity,  with  a  separation  from  thirty  to  thirty-two  degrees  of  tempera- 
lead  carbonate,  which  can  be  very  ture,  or  nearly  the  same  as  that  obtained  when 

Water  to  be  conducted  through  lead  simple  hydrochloric  acid  is  employed.  As  there 

uld,  under  all  circumstances,  be  ex-  was  so  little  difference  in  the  result  when  the 

r  ^e  carbonic  acid  and  the  amount  snow  was  used  within  considerably  wide  limits 

d.     Its  action  on  lead  plates  should  of  proportion,  it  was  found  most  satisfactory  to 

>ted.  mix  the  snow  with  the  acid  until  it  reached  the 

experiments  of  J.  H.  Long,  made  in  consistency  of  a  thin  mush,  dispensing  with 


148  CHEMISTRY. 

weighing.  The  temperature  obtained  when  the  they  are  not  in  nse,  one,  A,  is  entin 

BDOW  is  wet  is  ahnost  as  low  as  when  it  is  dry,  with  mercury,  while  the  other,  B, 

which  is  not  the  case  when  hydrochloric  acid  more  or  less  mercury,  according  to  the 

alone  is  used.    When  working  at  a  tempera-  desired.     The  tubes  are  so  adjusted 

ture  near  zero,  the  spent  acids  answered  as  soon,  on  making  the  exhaust,  as  the 

weU  as,  if  not  better  than,  hydrochloric  acid ;  in  B  is  less  than  wiU  support  the 

but  wlien  endeavoring  to  obtain  lower  tempera-  column  in  A,  this  column  falls,  and  i 

tures  than  —30^  0.  by  previously  cooling  the  cury  rises  in  B  till  it  cuts  off  the  out 

acid,  better  results  were  obtained  with  hydro-  nectiog  with  the  exhaust, 
chloric  acid.  A  new  form  of  apparatus  for  fracti 

Out  of  a  large  number  of  chemical  com-  tillation,  by  Dr.  J.  Tcherniac,  in  the  ' 

?ounds    experimented    upon,    Prof.    William  transformation  of  ammonium  sulpho 

homson    has  found  that  those  having  the  into  calcium  snlpho-cyanide,  is  deseril; 

most  remarkable  antiseptic  properties  are  the  H.  Norton  and  A.  H.  Otten.    The  novc 

compounds  of  fluorine,  hydroduorio  acid,  the  is  the  introduction  of  a  device  caUed 

acid  and  neutral  fluorides  of  sodium,  potassium,  seur^  to  prevent  the  frothing  accompai 

and  ammonium,  and  the  fluo-silirates  of  those  rapid  distillation  of  the  ammoniacal  Vn 
bases.    Of  these,  sodium  fluo-silicate  is  per-        Edward  Hart  has  devised  a  simple  a] 

haps  the  best  suited  for  an  antiseptic.    It  is  such   as  can  bo  made  by  an  amatei 

not  poisonous,  possesses  no  smell,  and  is  spar-  blower,  for  fractional  distillation.     T 

inerly  soluble  in  water.    It  has  only  a  very  ciple  of  it  is  the  familiar  one  of  the  ** 

slightly  saUne  taste,  and  may  therefore  be  em-  mator.^^    The  bent  tube  is  so  adjusted 

ployed  in  preserving  food  without  communi-  condensed  portion  runs  down  and  passe 

eating  any  taste  to  it.    A  saturated  solution  its  inside  at  each  bend,  while  the  vapc 

containing  0'61  per  cent,  of  the  salt  is  not  ir-  upward  through  the  ring  of  descendio 
ritatiug  to  wounds,  while  it  possesses  great        In  an  apparatus  by  Ramsey  and  Y< 

antiseptic  power  for  animal  tissues.  determining  vapor-densities  of  solids 

The  value  of  phosphorus  pentoxide  as  a  dis-  uids,  a  test-tube,  having  inserted  fron 

infectant  has  been  measured  by  Dr.  Einyoun,  a  thermometer  with  its  bulb  covered  i 

in  experiments  on  cultivations  of  the  micro-  ton,  is  put  in  communication  with  a ! 

organisms  of  anthrax,  yellow  fever  (Finlay),  pump.    The  apparatus  having  been  co 

typhoid   fever,    Asiatic  cholera,   and  cholera  exhausted,  the  liquid  to  be  examined,  is 

nostras,  the  nutrient  medium  being  agaragar.  to  trickle  down  the  thermometer  and 

The  cultivations  were  divided  into  series  ac-  the  cotton.    The  stream  of  liquid  hav 

cording  to  the  way  they  were  covered.    The  cut  off,  the  pressure  and  temperature  £ 

result  of  the  experiments  was  the  conclusion  as  soon  as  they  become  constant.     Ai 

that  this  substance  is  a  surface  disinfectant  admitted,  and  a  second  reading  of  pres 

only,  having  little,  if  any,  penetrating  power,  temperature  is  taken.     K  the  exper 

and  is  wholly  unfit  for  fumigation  and  disin-  made  with  a  solid,  the  bulb  of  the  then 

fection  where  penetration  is  desirable ;   and  is  previously  covered  with  it  by  dipp 

that  its  limited  scope  of  usefulness  is  alto-  the  melted  substance, 
gether  met  in  the  use  of  bichloride  of  mer-        An  improved  form   of   apparatus 

cury.  analysis  described  by  J.  T.  Willard  i 

P.  Bockairy,  in  testing  butter,  substitutes  tially  a  combination  of  Elliott's  and 

toluene  for  benzine.    The  test-tube  is  heated  land's  apparatus  for  the  analysis  of  ^ 

to  60°  0.,  and  shaken  up  so  as  to  mix  the  two  cident  to  water  analysis,  with  importa 

liquids.     If  the  sample  is  a  fat,  turbidity  im-  fications  and  additions.     It  was  desi^ 

mediately  occurs,  but  if  it  is  butter,  even  if  use  with  mercury,  but  admits  the  emp 

mixed  with  fat,  the  two  liquids  mingle  without  of  water. 

turbidity.    The  purity  of  the  butter  is  deter-        In  W.  Thomson's  improved  form  c 

mined  by  keeping  the  test-tube  for  half  an  Thomson's  instrument  for  determining 

hour  in  water  at  40**  0.    If  the  butter  is  pure,  orimetric  value  of  fuels  and  organic  con 

there  is  no  turbidity,  but  if   it  contains  a  the  substance  is  burned  in  a  stream  of 

foreign  fat,  turbidity  at  once  appears,   and  instead  of  with  potassium  chloride, 
ultimately  a  precipitate.  A  new  apparatus  for  condensing  n 

From  examinations  of  certain  waters — one  contact  with  liquids,  described  by  Proi 

of  them  being  a  **  mineral "  water  free  from  all  consists  of  a  series  of  perforated  plat 

possible  sources  of  contamination — Prof.  E.  H.  of  stone- ware,  arranged  in  column.     T 

S.  Bailey  has  been  led  to  consider  that  free  as  they  rise  are  brought  into  immedi 

ammonia  may  be  sometimes  a  natural  constit-  tact  with  an  extensive  plane  surface 

uent,  and  not  indicative  of  any  pollution,  of  absorbing  liquid, 
the  water.  An  electrolytic  method  for  liquefyii 

ApiNUHtis. — For  preserving  constant  the  vacu-  is  employed  by  H.  N.  Warren,  whic 

nm  employed  in  fractional  distillation,  Gode-  scribed  as  being  better  adapted  than  tl 

froy  uses  two  vertical  tubes  united  at  their  method,  when  a  compound  gas,  like 

lower  ends  by  a  fine  tube,  of  which,  when  required. 


CHEMISTRY.  149 

In  Knablanch's  improved  form  of  apparatus  A  source  of  error  in  experiments,  dae  to  the 
for  the  determination  of  snlphnr  in  coal-gas,  a  formation  of  carbonic  dioxide  by  the  action  of 
m^allic  holder  is  filled  with  gas,  and  water  is  ozone  on  the  cork  stoppers,  and  hidia-mbber 
tnmed  on.     The  gas,  together  with  ^ve  or  six  connectors  of  the  apparatus,  has  been  detected 
tim«  its  Tolame  of  air,  is  drawn  into  a  com-  by  Eieser  and  F.  H.  Storer,  of  Bussey  Institute, 
bastion  tube  and  over  heated  asbestoa     The  H.  Earsten  had  also  observed  that  such  con- 
mlphar  prodacts  are  absorbed  in  a  solution  of  nectors  are  liable  to  oxidation,  even  in  mere 
potassinni  carbonate.  air  and  at  ordinary  temperatures.     He  found 
Improvements  in  apparatus  for  rapid  gas  the  yield  of  carbonic  acid  increased  fourfold 
inalyas  by  Dr.  Arthur  H.  Elliott  consist  in  when  non-nitrogenized   substances  were  ex- 
reducing  the  length  of  the  tubes  by  enlarging  posed  to  air  ozonized  by  phosphorus  instead  of 
the  upper  portion  of  the  bulbs,  and  by  substi-  to  ordinary  atmospheric  air. 
toting  a  aolntion  of  bromine  in  potasac  bromide  MteceDaMtUt — The  address  of  Prof.  Tilden,  as 
!<»'  the  liquid  element  to  absorb  illuminants.  vice-president  for  1888  of  the  chemical  section 
For  the  generation  of  sulphureted  hydrogen  of  the  British  Association,  was  devoted  largely 
or  hydr<^en  gas,  J.  H.  J.  Dagger  uses  a  glass  to  the  subject  of  chemistry  teaching,  which,  in 
TMsel  containing  hydrochloric  acid,  which  is  spite  of  the  great  advance  of  the  science,  was 
eonnected  from  its  lower  tubulure,  by  means  of  still  hampered,  he  said,  by  the  ignorance  and  in- 
t  flexible  tube,  with  the  generator,  and  the  two  difference  of  the  public.    One  man  is  required 
Tesaeis,  snpported  by  wooden  forks,  are  ar-  to  teach  college  classes,  both  elementary  and 
ringed  at  different  heights  and  fixed  to  the  advanced,  in  pure  and  applied  chemistry,  inor- 
fkie  of  the  HaS  cupboard.    The  lower  part  of  ganic  and  organic,  theoretical  and  practical, 
the  generator  is  filled  to  about  half  an  inch  ^*  This  is  a  kind  of  thing  which  kills  specialism, 
above  the  end  of  the  acid-tube  with  pieces  of  and  without  specialists  we  can  have  not  only 
gbsB  or  glass  marbles ;  above  this  layer  is  the  no  advance,  but  no  efiScient  teaching  of  more 
iron  sulphide  or  the  zinc,  as  the  case  may  be,  than  rudiments.    That  teachers  ought  to  en- 
10  small  pieces.   The  flow  of  gas  can  be  stopped  gage  in  research  at  all  is  by  no  means  clear  to 
or  regulated  by  altering  the  levels.  the  public  and  to  those  representatives  of  the 
An  ad  jQstment  of  the  Reichard  ^s  aspirator  has  public  who  are  charged  with  the  administration 
been  applied  by  Prof.  LeR.  0.  Oooley  as  part  of  the  new  institutions.  ...  A  popular  mis- 
of  an  apparatus  for  removing  noxious  vapors  take  consists  in  regarding  a  professor  as  a  liv- 
m  the  evaporation  of  corrosive  liquids.  ing  embodiment  of  science — complete,  infallible, 
To  obviate  the  liability  to  accident  from  the  mysterious ;  whereas  in  truth  he  is,  or  ought 
bfUDping  that  follows  an  explosion  in  Liebig's  to  be,  only  a  senior  student  who  devotes  the 
trough,  Arthur  Michael  places  an  India-rubber  greater  part  of  his  time  to  extending  and  con- 
l>kg  on  the  bottom  of  the  trough,  and  holds  solidating  his  own  knowledge  for  the  benefit 
tike  eudiometer  firmly  down  upon  it.  of  those  who  come  to  learn  of  him,  not  only 
An  apparatus  has  been  devised  by  Thomas  what  lies  within  the  boundaries  of  the  known, 
C.  Van  Nftys  for  the  estimation  of  carbonic  but  how  to  penetrate  into  the  far  greater  region 
teid  by  means  of  barium  hydrate,  the  chief  of  the  unknown.    Moreover,  the  man  who  has 
purpose  of  which  is  to  afiTord  means  for  pre-  no  intellectual  independence,  and  simply  ac- 
renting  the  contact  of  external  air  containing  cepts  other  people's  views  without  challenge, 
evbooic  acid  with  the  barium  hydrate  when  is  pretty  certain  to  make  the  stock  of  knowl- 
tritnrated  with  oxalic  acid  or  when  filtered  and  edge  with  which  he  sets  out  in  life  do  service 
ra^ed.  to  the  end."    The  little  demand  among  school- 
Mr.  Fletcher,  of  Warrington,  has  introduced  masters  for  high  attainments  in  chemistry,  the 
a  tubing  made  of  two  layers  of  India-rubber  indifference  of  manufacturers  who,  when  they 
nth  soft  tin-foil  vulcanized  between,  which  is  want  chemical  assistance,  instead  of  employing 
ted  to  be  gas-tight  under  any  pressure,  and  trained  chemists  are  often  satisfied  with  the 
|ree  from  smell  after  long-continued  use,  while  services  of  boys  *'  who  have  been  to  an  evening 
s  retains  the  flexibility  and  elasticity  of  an  or-  class  for  a  year  or  two,''  and  the  difiSculty  of 
fintry  rubber  tube.  finding  a  satisfactory  career  in  connection  with 
Kickd  has  been  found  by  Prof.  Dittmar  to  chemistry,  are  assigned  as  other  reasons  for  the 
be  t  most  durable  material  for  making  basins  lack  of  attention  to  the  efficient  teaching  of 
in  which  to  conduct  operations  with  aqueous  the    science.      The  disposition  to  encourage 
cystic  alkalies.  young  chemists  to  engage  in  investigation  and 
Id  an  apparatus  described  by  G.  H.  Bailey  attack  difficult  problems,  may  be  carried  too 
^  maintaining  constant  temperatures  up  to  far.     "  Already  we  are  in  danger  of  losing  the 
500'  C^  the  substance  to  be  heated  is  placed  art  of  accurate  analysis.    One  constantly  meets 
IB  a  glass  tube,  together  with  the  bulb  of  an  with  yonng  chemists  who  are  ready  enough  to 
&r-^ermometer,  and  these  are  inclosed  in  a  discuss  the  constitution  of  benzine,  but  can  not 
vider  tube  resting  on  the  iron  casing  of  a  fur-  make  a  reliable  combustion.    And,  according 
s>ce.    The  air-thermometer  serves  to  measure  to  my  own  experience,  attempts  at  research 
^temperature,  and  is  connected  with  a  pas-  among  inexperienced  clieraists  become  abortive 
f«folator,  by  which  means  the  temperature  more  frequently  in  consequence  of  deficient 
^J  be  kept  constant  at  any  desired  degree.  analytical  skill  than  from  any  other  cause." 


-  J 


150  CHEMISTRY. 

An  anneoessarj  amonnt  of  time  is  often  spent  reduction  of  the  chloride  to  metallic 

on  qualitative  mineral  analysis,  while  an  ac-  while  others    believe    that  a  subchlc 

quaintance  with  the  properties  of  common  and  formed.     Experiments  bj  Spencer   B 

important  carbon  compounds  ought  to  be  ac-  berry  support  the  former  view.    The  e 

quired  at  an  early  stage.    Quantitative  work —  exposed  under  water  with  frequent  stij 

serious  work,  in  which  good  methods  are  used  expose  fresh  surfaces  to  the  light,  and  c 

and  every  effort  made  to  secure  accuracy —  circulation  of  air  resulted — in  each  cas* 

might  with  advantage  be  taken  up  much  sooner  two  distinct  processes  of  separation— 

than  usual.  One  of  the  best  means  of  preparing  production  of  metallic  silver, 

for  original  research  is  to  select  suitable  mem-  The  differentiation  of  yeast  is  presei 

oirs,  and  to  work  conscientiously  through  the  Mr.  0.  6.  Matthews,  of  Burton-on-Tren 

preparations  and  analyses  described.     **  When  exceedingly  interesting  field  for  experii 

chemistry  is  taught,  not  with  professional  or  which  may  be  found  some  of  the  ca 

technical  objects  in  view,  but  for  the  sake  of  yeast  deterioration.    There  are  many 

educational  effects,  as  an  ingredient  in  a  liberal  of  saecharomycss,  and  of  so  nearly  equ^ 

education,  the  primary  object  is  to  make  the  ity,  that  a  variety  of  ferments  are  oft< 

student  observe  and  think.    But  with  young  ent  in  what  the  brewer  may  regard  as 

students  it  is  very  important  to  proceed  slow-  yeast.    Variations  in  the  character  oi 

ly,  for  chemistry  is  really  a  very  difficult  sub-  mentable  liquid  tending  to  the  nourish) 

ject  at  flrst.^'  certain  ferments,  rather  than  others,  i 

Ooncerning  the  constitution  of  meteorites,  termine  the  growth  of  a  mtyority  of  c 

Prof.  Lockyer  names  fourteen  elements  which  cies,  especially  in  the  case  of  spontane 

occur  most  constautly  in  such  bodies,  and  eleven  mentations.    A  natural  selection  has  d( 

others  which  occur  less  freauently  or  in  smaUer  taken   place   in  the   case  of  brewer^s 

quantities.   Of  them,  oidy  hydrogen,  nitrogen,  which  may  be  regarded  as  an  educat 

and  carbon  occur  in  an  elementary  condition,  modified  form  from  spontaneous  or  aij 

Hydrogen  and  nitrogen  are  asserted  to   be  fermentation ;  and  all  ordinary  yeasts 

ocdaded  as  gases  by  the  stones.    Oarbon  exists  a  preponderating   quantity  of    this    t 

in  the  forms  of  graphite  and  the  diamond.   The  form.    It  is  not  until  an  abnormal  per 

proportion  of  compound  substances  known  on  of  some  other  kind  appears  that  its  pre 

the  earth  that  are  found  on  meteorites  is  smaller,  demonstrable,  though  some  time   bef( 

many  terrestrially  common  ones  being  absent,  the  yeast  may  have  exhibited  peculiai 

Thus,  free  quartz  has  not  been  found  in  any  its  action.     Hayduck  has  traced  a  con 

meteors.    Many  of  the  meteoric  chemical  com-  between  the  amount  of  nitrogen  yeast  c 

biuations,  on  the  other  hand,  are  unknown  to  and  its  fermentative  capacity,  and  has 

terrestrial  mineralogy.     A  compound  of  car-  that  an  increased  nitrogen  percentage 

bon   with  hydrogen  and  oxygen  exists  as  a  companied,  as  a  rule,  by  increased  fei 

white  or  yellowish  crystallizable  matter,  solu-  tive  power ;  but  that  after  a  certain  lit 

ble  in  ether  and  partly  so  in  alcohol,   and  latter  diminishes.    Yeast  takes  up  nitr 

exhibiting   the  characters  and  the  coraposi-  proportion  to  the  amount  of  that  com 

tion  of  one  or  more  hydrocarbonaceous  bodies  existing  in  the  wort,  and  will  take  up  i 

with  high-melting  points.     Various  alloys  of  a  higher  than  at  a  lower  temperate 

nickel  and  iron   occur,  with   which  magne-  quick  yeast  be  carried  through  cons 

slum  is  always  associated,  the  four  principal  worts  of  high  gravity,  a  marked  deteri 

of  which  have  respectively  six,  ten,  fourteen,  ensues — owing,  doubtless,  to  a  replete 

and  sixteen    equivalents  of   iron  to    one  of  of  the  ferment.    It  has  become  so  i 

nickel.  Among  other  minerals  are  Lawrencite,  protoplasmic  constituents  that  saccharii 

protochloride  of  iron ;  Maskelynite,  with  the  tions  no  longer  exert  their  normal  stira 

composition  of  labradorite;  and  silica  (as  as-  effect,  and  it  is  quite  possible  that  in  a 

manite).    Among  the  compounds  identical  in  the  cells  are  alcoholized  or  partially  a 

composition    and    crystallographic    character  ated.     Such  deteriorated  yeast  may  be  r 

with  minerals  found  on  our  globe,  are  magnetic  to  activity  by  fermentation  in  a  compar 

pyrites,  magnetite,  chromite,  and  the  following  weak  wort,  and  it  is  a  fair  reasoning  tl 

silicates :  olivine  varieties,  enstatite  and  bronz-  surplus  constituents  are  passed  into  ne 

ite,  diopside  and  angite,  anorthite  and  labra-  without  drawing  entirely  on  the  cell-f 

dorite,  and  breunerite.    The  oxides  of  carbon  constituents  of  the  wort.    The  visible 

have  been  detected  in  many  meteorites,  where  oration  of  yeast  by  the  accession  of  bac 

they  are  assumed  to  have  been  occluded.   When  a  matter  of  high  importance.    All  throi 

the  meteoric  substance  is  heated  and  examined  process  air-borne  germs  are  being  co 

with  the  spectroscope,  the  most  volatile  ele-  into  the  products,  and  when  the  oppo 

ments  appear  first,  and  so  on  in  regular  order,  arrives  they  take  effect,  and  this  oppo 

and  this  without  regard  to  the  proportions  in  occurs  when  the  vitality  of  the  yeast  hi 

which  they  are  respectively  present  lowered ;  for  a  healthy  fermentation  pr< 

The  blackening  of  silver  chloride  under  ex-  their  development.    Bacteria  then  may 

posure  to  light   has  been  accounted  for  in  sonably  regarded  as  both  cause  and  ef 

various  ways.    Some  chemists  attribute  it  to  a  yeast  degeneration. 


CHILI.  151 

ami,   an  indepeDdent   republic  of  Soath  during  the  war  with  Spain  and  the  one  with 

America.      (For  details  relating  to  area,  ^e  Pern  and  Bolivia ;  8  and  7  per  cent,  bonds 

^Annoal  Gjrclop»dia  ^'  for  1884.)    Final  re-  were  issued,  and  since  1837  the  latter  have 

turns  of  the  census  of  Nor.  26,  1885,  showed  gradually  been  reduced  through  the  operations 

the  popolation  at  the  time  to  have  been  2,527,-  of  the   sinking-fund ;    of  these  bonds,  there 

330,  exclusive  of  50,000  wild  Indians,  and  in-  were  outstanding,  on  Dec.  81,  1887,  $6,648,- 

dnding  51,882  foreigners.  900 ;  furthermore,  $16,965,756,  for  which  there 

CtfCffVMcaL — The  President  is  Don  Mannel  exists  no  sinking-fund,  and,  finally,  there  are 
Bahnaceda,  whose  term  of  office  will  expire  on  $24,887,916  paper  money,  the  internal  debt 
Sept  18,  1891.  The  Cabinet  was  composed  thus  reaching,  in  the  aggregate,  the  sum  of 
in  1^8  of  the  following  Ministers:  Foreign  $48,897,572,  on  Dec.  81,  1887,  as  c($mpared 
Affiura,  Don  Demetrio  Lastavria ;  Interior,  with  $49,917,687  on  Dec.  81,  1886;  which  at 
Doo  Pedro  Lncio  Quadra;  Treasury,  Don  £n-  the  time  included  $26,687,916  paper  money; 
riqne  S.  San  Fuente;  Industries  and  Public  of  which,  consequently,  during  the  twelve- 
Works,  Don  Vicente  Davilla  Larrain ;  War  month,  $1,800,000  had  been  withdrawn  from 
and  Navy,  Don  Evaristo  Sanchez  Fontenilla;  circulation  and  destroyed. 
todJnstice,  Sefior  F.  Puga  Borne.  The  Chilian  The  actual  income  in  1887  was  $45,888,953, 
Minister  to  the  United  States  is  Don  Domingo  as  compared  with  $17,000,000  in  1877,  and 
Gaoa.  The  Consul-G^eral  in  New  York  is  $9,000,000  in  1866,  whereas  the  actual  outlay 
Don  Federico  A.  Beelen;  the  Consul-General  in  1887  was  only  $87,118,408  for  ordinary  and 
for  California,  Nevada,  and  Oregon,  resident  extraordinary  expenditures;  so  that  a  surplus 
It  San  Francisco,  is  Don  Juan  de  la  Cruz  Cer-  resulted  of  $8,775,545.  On  Dec.  81, 1887.  the 
da.  The  United  States  Minister  to  Chili  is  Chilian  treasury  held  in  cash  the  sum  of  $21,- 
William  R.  Roberts ;  the  American  Consul  at  277,710,  without  counting  the  bar-silver  re- 
Valparaiso  is  James  W.  Romeyn.  tained  as  reserve  to  secure  the  note  circula- 

Iray. — The  strength  of  the  permanent  army  tion,  and  without  the  $2,298,754  of  capital 

was  fixed  by  law  of  Dec.  80,  1887,  at  5,885,  and  interest  which  Peru  was  then  still  owing 

consisting  of  two  regiments  of  artillery;  one  Chili.    The  budget  for  1889  estimates  the  re  ve- 

battadion  of  sappers ;  eight  of  foot,  and  three  nue  at  $46,000,000,  and  the  expenditure  at 

regiments  of  horse,   to  be  added  to  which  $58,000,000,  the  deficit  to  arise  from  railroads 

ihere  is  a  coast  artillery  force  of  500 ;  consti-  which  the  Government  intends  building,  in 

toting  in  the  aggregate  5,885  men,  commanded  conformity  with  the  authority  obtained  from 

bj  982   officers.    The  military  school  is  at-  Congress  under  date  of  Jan.  20,  1888. 

tended  by  115  cadets.    The  National  Guard,  The  Council  of  State  sanctioned  the  plan 

organized  under  provisions  of  the  law  of  Sept.  authorizing  the  President  to  spend  the  sum  of 

26, 1882,  is  composed  of  90  corps,  numbering  $1,204,000  for  the  purpose  of  canceling  the 

in  the  aggregate  48,674  file.  county  debts  of  the  republic  with  the  exception 

lavy. — In  conformity  with  the  provisions  of  of  those  of  Valparaiso  and  Santiago, 

the  law  of  Dec.  30,  1887,  there  were  in  active  On  Aug.  7,  1888,  the  contract  terminated 

service  in  1888  two  frigates  and  one  monitor,  all  which  gave  to  certain  banks  the  privilege  of 

tnnored  vessels;  three  corvettes;  three  cruis-  issuing  bank-notes;  there  were  in  all  eighteen 

ers;  two  gun-boats ;  one  transport ;  four  *''•  es-  banks  enjoying  the  advantage  named,  and  on  a 

campavias,^^  and  eleven  torpedo-boats,  out  of  cash  capital  of  $28,111,887,  their  circulation 

tbirty-one  vessels  composing  the  Chilian  fieet,  amounted  to  $16,061,262.    The  three  leading 

vith  a  joint  tonnage  of  17,495.    The  navy  was  banks  circulating  notes,  comprised  in  the  above 

commanded  by   55  officers;  there  were  289  sum,  are  the  Banco  Nacional,  with  a  capital 

sar^eons,  pilots,  and  apprentices  on  board,  and  of  $6,000,000,  and  a  circulation  of  $4,500,456 ; 

1,988  sailors  and  marines.    The  naval  school  the  Banco  de  Valparaiso,  capital  $5,125,000, 

St  Valparaiso  was  attended  by  70  cadets.  issue  $4,098,812;  and  the  Banco  de  Santiago, 

PMUk  W«rlM.— In  April  the  work  connecting  capital  $4,000,000,  issue  2,678,600.  The  Gov- 
Lake  Vichuquen  with  the  ocean  was  begun,  ernment  intends  to  decree  in  the  future  the 
This  work  will  result  in  the  formation  of  a  free  issue  of  bank-notes  under  the  proviso  of 
rtrong  military  port.  the  guarantees  stipulated  by  section  7  of  the 

HiOMcs. — The  foreign  indebtedness  of  Chili  law  of  March  14,  1887. 

consisted,  on  Jan.   1,  1888,  of  the  following  ChaiitaUe  Institntioog,  etc — The  Government 

oat^anding  bonds :  8-per-cent.  loan  of  1848,  paid  subsidies  to  hospitals,  lazarettos,  vaccina- 

$5S3,00O ;  4J-per-cent.  loan  of  1885,  $4,024,-  tion  offices,  and  to  the  fire  departments,  to  the 

000;  4i-p€r-cent.  loan  of  1886,  $80,050,000;  amount  of  $650,600,  distributed  among  225 

tnd  4^per-cent.  nitrate  certificates,   $5,830,-  establishments.     The  police  was  subsidized  by 

005;  constituting  a  total  of  $40,487,005,  money  $471,900.     For  1888  there  had  been  set  aside 

ehiefiy  expended  in  the  construction  of  Gov-  for  the  benefit  of  all  the  institutions  named 

ernment  lines  of  railway  ;  consequently,  Chili  $1,196,140. 

bag  something  to  show  for  what  she  owes  Cholera*— Between  Dec.  25, 1887,  and  Feb.  8, 

abroad.    The  home  debt  was  contracted  par-  1888,  there  were  in  Valparaiso  alone  4,500 

tially  during  the  war  of  independence,  in  part  cases  of  cholera,  1,857  proving  fatal ;  the  epi- 

a^  for  the  building  of  railroads,  and  finally  demio  disappeared  gradually  with  the  advent 


152 


CHILI. 


of  oool  weather,  bnt  dnring  the  first  fortnight 
in  March,  there  were  still  201  cases  of  which 
77  resulted  in  death. 

PMUI  8er?t€e« — The  number  of  post-offices  in 
operation  in  1887  was  481,  dispatching  dur- 
ing the  year  37,308,210  items  of  mail-matter. 
The  number  of  ordinary  letters  handled  in  the 
mails  in  1886  was  14,299,883 ;  registered  let- 
ters, 125,902;  sample  packages,  39,639;  ju- 
dicial notifications,  15,392 ;  Government  mes- 
sages, 703,255 ;  and  newspapers,  20,124,189; 
together,  85,808,210,  dispatched  in  1886.  The 
receipts  in  1887  were  $483,439,  nearly  balanc- 
ing the  expenses.  Postal  money-orders  were 
paid  out  in  1886  to  the  amount  of  $1,633,822. 
The  Government  paid  subsidies  to  ocean 
steamers  for  carrying  the  correspondence  in 
1886  to  the  extent  of  $228,880. 

Railrvads. — The  Chilian  railroad  system,  on 
Dec.  81,  1887,  consisted  in  in  the  first  place  of 
Government  lines : 

Lnfl[thla 
kflooMtrM. 

Santtefo  to  Yalpandso 187 

Branch  line.  Las  Vegas  to  Banta  Bosa 45 

Santiago  to  Maule  mna  San  Fernando  to  PalmiUa, 

branch  line 804 

Santiago  to  Ooncepcion 418 

Angol  to  Traiguen 73 

Benaoio  to  Victoria 76 

Total 1,09G 

Next  of  private  lines :  Kikm.im. 

Arloa  to  Tarna 68 

Flsagoa  to  Tres  liarias 106 

Iquiqne  to  Virginia 194 

Ffttillos  to  Salitreras  del  Sur 98 

MeJIUones  to  Cerro  Gordo 29 

Antofl^gasta  to  Ascotan 297 

Tal  tal  to  Befresoo 82 

Ghanaral  to  Las  Animas 60 

Caldera  to  Copiap6 242 

Garrizal  Bi^o  to  Cerro  Blanco 81 

Goqoimbo  to  La  Serena 16 

Ovalleto  Panulcillo 128 

Serena  to  Bivadavia 78 

Tongoy  to  Tamaya 66 

Laraquete  to  Maqaegna 40 

Total 1,658 

The  Government  lines  projected,  toward  the 
cost  of  which  Congress  voted  in  1888  the  sum 
of  £3,517,000,  or  its  equivalent,  were : 

KIIometfM. 

Victoria  to  Valdivia 403 

Coiha6  to  Mulchen 48 

Goncepcion  to  Ga&ete 160 

Toni6  to  Caaquenes 200 

Talca  to  Consdtucion 86 

PalmiUa  to  Pichilema 45 

Peleqaen  to  Peumo 86 

Santiagoto  Melipilla 69 

Santiago  to  Penon 27 

Calera  to  Cabildo 76 

^      VlloB  to  Salamanca 128 

Ovalle  to  San  Marcos 60 

Gnasoo  to  Vallenar 48 

Total 1^ 

Other  Means  of  Intenal  Transportttloo. — In  the 

cities  of  Santiago  and  Valparaiso  there  are 
comfortable  tramway  lines ;  in  the  former  a 
distance  of  60  kilometres,  in  the  latter  of  10. 
There  are  tramways,  moreover,  at  Ooncepcion, 
Gopiap6,  Chilian,  Limache,  Rengo,  Quillota, 
San  Felipe,  Santa  Rosa,  Serena,  and  Talca. 
There  are  besides  in  the  country  about  800 


wagon-roads  measuring  66,000  kilometi 
length,  and  2,000  ordinary  roads  of  a 
length  of  40,000  kilometres.  Seventy- 
water-courses  are  navigable  a  distance  ol 
4,800  kilometres. 

Telegraflis. — ^The  Government  owns  i 
all  the  telegraph  lines  in  operation,  there 
150  offices  in  1886,  increased  to  170  in 
The  length  of  line  was  10,300  kilometrcj 
of  wire  12,148,  the  entire  cost  of  whicl 
only  been  $844,325.  There  were  sent  41 
private  telegrams  in  1886,  bringing  $12 
and  112,819  Government  messages  ch 
$80,476.  Private  lines  exist  between  Sai 
and  Valparaiso,  Arica  and  Tacna,  Santa 
de  Los  Andes  and  the  Argentine  Republii 
a  cable  runs  along  the  coast.  Concession! 
been  granted  to  build  additional  private 
between  Arica  and  Tacna,  Serena  anc 
quimbo,  Santiago  and  the  Condes  minei 
Concepcion  and  Talcalguano.  Telephone 
are  in  operation  at  Santiago,  Valparaiso 
in  other  cities. 

€—■ cr<e« — ^The  foreign-trade  movem< 
Chili  has  been  as  follows: 


ITEMS. 


Import 

Increase 

EdDDort. 
Products  of  the  mines. 
Agricuttnral  products . 
Manufactnxies  — 
Sundry  merchandise  . . 

CK>Id  coin 

Be-erport 


Total.. 
Increase. 


1886. 


$47^01,850 


40,864,840 

9,710,747 

66.531 

107,891 

644,416 

446,784 

$51,240,149 


II 


•48,* 
1^ 

49.4 
9,« 


8 

8 


$59,f 


Chili  produced  in  1887  29,150  tons  o 
copper,  compared  with  35,000  in  1886 
export  during  the  first  nine  months  of 
was  23,675  tons  fine,  against  22,990  dnrii 
corresponding  period  of  the  previous  yea 

The  Chilian  exportation  of  nitrate  of 
has  been  as  follows : 


DESTINATION. 


To  Northern  Europe 

To  the  Mediterranean   

To  the  United  States  on  the 

Atlantic 

To  the  United  States  on  the 

Pacific 


Total 


1885. 


Qolatiila. 
8,554,687 
41,93U 

827,296 

77,712 


9,601,625 


1886. 


QnfaiUli. 
7,950.452 
163,092 


18, 


1,436,169     1, 
255,605 


9,805,288    15 


The  American  trade  with  Chili  exhibits 
figures : 


FISCAL  YEAR. 

luipofti  nroin 
Chill  into  Um 
Unitwl  SUtai. 

DooMatie 
from  thfl 

StiltMtO 

1883 

$485,584 
637,986 
604,625 
1,182,845 
2,8C«,28;) 
2,894,520 

$2,887.1 
8,236, 
2,192. 
1,978, 
2,062, 
2,428, 

1884 

1886 

1886 

18S7 

18S8 

General  Prodicdmi.~-The  ''Sinopsis  Ee 
tica,"  Santiago,  1887,  sums  up  the  prodi 


CHILI.  CHINA.                        15S 

activity  of  the  republic  in  the  following  words :  libraries,  Chili  spent  in  a  single  year  on  edn- 

^'Agricnltare,  in  its  main  braDches,  produces  cation  $4,957,437. 

omually,  on  the  average,  7,000,000  hectolitres  BTewspapenu — The  number  of  periodical  pub- 

of  wheat,  3,000,000  hectolitres  of  barley  and  lications  throughout  the  country  in  1888  was 

other  cereals,  and  a  proportionate  amount  of  130 ;  30  in  Santiago,  15  in  Valparaiso,  5  in 

T^tabies  and  fruit  peculiar  to  the  temperate  Iquique,  4  each  in  Concepcion,  Copiap6,  Cu- 

sooe.     In   1886    the    country  exported  over  ric6,  Sereua,  and  Talca,  8  each  in  Ancad,  An- 

1,800,000  hectolitres  of  wheat  in  the  grain  and  geles,   Cauquenes,   Chilian,   San    Cdrlos,   San 

in  tlie  form  of  flour,  and  266,300  litres  of  Felipe,  Vallenar,  and  Freirina,  and  2  each  in 

wines.     Cattle  production  amounts  to  500,000  Ligua,    Melipilla,   Osorno,   Pisagua,   Quillota, 

bead  per  annum,  and  that  of  sheep  and  goats  to  Quirihue,  Rancagua,  and  San  Fernando— one 

2,000,000  on  an  average.    The  mineral  branch  in  nearly  every  chief  town  of  a  department, 

turns  oat  some  25,000  to  40,000  tons  of  copper,  CHINA,  an  empire    in  eastern    Asia.     The 

180,000  kilogrammes  of  silver,  10,000,000  tons  TsaitUen  or  Emperor,  Hwangti,  born  in  1871, 

of  coal,  over  15,500,000  quintals  of  nitrate  of  succeeded  to  the  throne  by  proclamation,  Jan. 

Boda,  large  amounts  of  inaoganese,  and  for  the  22,  1876,  on  the  death  of  the  Emperor  T^ung- 

working  of  metals,  etc.,  there  are  in  operation  chi.     He  is  the  ninth  Emperor  of  China  of  the 

foondri^   and   machinery  of   the  first  class.  Tartar  dynasty  of  TsMng.    During  his  infancy 

Manufacturing  furnishes  an  ample  supply  of  the  affairs  of  the  Government  were  directed  by 

ordinary   commodities.      There    are    a    great  the  Empress  Dowager,  widow  of  the  Emperor 

many  flour-mills  and  other  factories.    A  large  Hienfung,  in  concert  with  Prince  Ch^un,  fa- 

ngar-refinery  is  in  operation  at  Villa  del  Mar,  ther  of  the  present  Emperor.    On  becoming 

near  Valparaiso,   while  at  Santiago  there  is  of  age,  Feb.  V,  1887,  the  young  Emperor  as- 

a  wool- weaving  establishment  producing  fine  sumed  the  government  of  his  dominions  though 

doths,  etc.,  and  smaller  ones  are  to  be  met  with  the  Empress  Regent  still  exercised  the  royal 

in  ^e  interior,  as  well  as  other  industries,  prerogative  to  a  certain  extent  till  July,  1888, 

Eielusive  privileges  are  granted  to  newly  in-  when  she  retired  from  active  state  duties.  The 

vented  industries  foreign  to  the  country,  and  a  administration  of  the  Government  is  under  the 

good  many  such  are  in  course  of  exploitation.'^  direction  of  the  Neiko  or  ministers  of  state, 

lerAaBt  HaifMt — ^There  were  afloat  under  four  in  number,  two  Tartars  and  two  Chinese, 

the  Chilian  flag  on  March  15,  1887.  37  steam-  with  two  assistants  from  the  Han-lin  or  Great 

en  with  a  joint  tonnage  of  18,769 ;  7  ships  College.    Seven  boards  assist  the  ministers  in 

with  7,866  tons;  91  barks  with  45,989  tons;  5  the  admini.<tration  of  the  empire.    In  addition, 

bri^  with  1,514  tons;  8  schooner-brigs  with  there  is  a  board  of  public  censors,  independent 

2,295  tons;  12  schooners  with  1,225  tons;  and  of  the  Government,  consisting  of  from  40  to 

19  sloops  with  1,058;   together,  179  vessels  50  members,  under  two  presidents,   one  of 

with  78,716  tons.    Two  new  steamers  and  16  Tartar  and  the  other  of  Chinese  birtli.    Any 

aailing-vessels  were  registered  during  a  twelve-  member  of  this  board  is  privileged  to  present 

month,  while  2  steamers  and  10  sailing-vessels  remonstrances  to  the  Emperor,  and  one  censor 

were  either  sold  or  wrecked.    The  maritime  mast  be  present  at  the  meetings  of  any  of  the 

movement  in  1886  was,  vessels  entered,  9,568,  Government  boards. 

with  a  joint  tonnage  of  8,081,229,  and  9,654  Area  and  Popilalloii. — ^The  total  area  of  China 

Bailed,  measuring  jointly  8,868,887  tons,  bring-  and  its  dependencies  is  4,179.559  square  miles, 

m^  47,167  passengers  and  taking  away  41,032,  with  a  population  of  404,180,000,  not  including 

BO  Uiat  6,135  remained  in  port.  Corea.    In  the  latter  part  of  1886  there  were 

Eiiatii* — ^The  Chilian  university  at  Santi-  7,695  foreigners  resident  in  the  open  ports,  of 

ago  is  called  the  *^  Instituto  Nacional."    In  1886  whom  3,438  were  British,  777  Japanese,  741 

422  stodents  attended  the  lectures  on  law  and  Americans,  629  Germans,  471  Frenchmen,  and 

political  science ;  290  on  medical  science ;  122  319  Spaniards.    More  than  half  of  the  foreign- 

00  pharmacy ;  80  on  physics  and  mathematics ;  ers  reside  in  Shanghai. 

and  104  caltivated  the  fine  arts — i.e.,  drawing.  Finances. — As  the  receipts  of  the  Government 

painting,    sculpture,    and   architecture ;    total  from  internal  sources  are  not  made  public,  the 

Dumber  of  students,  968.    Four  hundred  and  amount  of  revenue  can  only  be  estimated.   The 

five  diplomas  were  granted.    The  lyceums  in  the  ordinary  revenue  was  estimated  in    1886  at 

provinces,  of  which  there  are  twenty-two,  were  66,400,000  haikwan  taels,  or  about  $80,344,000, 

attended  by  3,892  pupils  in  the  same  year,  so  derived  from  the  following  sources:  Land-tax, 

that  altogether  4,860  youths  were  receiving  a  payable  in  money,  20,000,000  taels;  rice  tribute, 

Id^er  degree  of  education,  and  for  1888  Con-  2,800,000   taels;    salt- taxes,   9.600,000    taels; 

gress  set  aside  a  subsidy  of  $829,694  for  the  maritime    customs,   15,000,000  taels ;    native 

Mme  purpose.    The  free  schools  numbered  862,  customs,  maritime  and  inland,  and  inland  levy 

with  78,810  pnpils,  the  average  attendance  be-  on  foreign  opium,  6,000,000  taels;  transit  levy 

mg  47,780 ;  there  are  besides  normal  schools ;  on  miscellaneous  goods  and  opium,  foreign  and 

ai^  for  all  public  schools  Congress  voted  a  native,   11,000,000  taels;    licenses,    2,000,000 

anbady  of  $1,406,000  for  1888;  adding  thereto  taels.      The    receipts  from    forpign    customs 

salaries  of  professors,  teachers,  pensions,  and  amounted  in   1886  to  15,144,678  taels.    The 

money  spent   on  new  school  -  buildings  and  customs  duties  fall  more  upon  exports  than  im> 


154  CHINA. 

ports.    The  main  expenditure  is  for  the  main-  settling  the  thinly  peopled  expanse  of  Man- 

tenance  of  the  army,  which  is  estimated  to  cburia  and  Mongolia,   and  apportions   lands 

cost  60,000,000  taels  per  annum.    The  total  among  the  soldiers.     This  policy  is  followed 

external  debt  was  estimated  at  $25,000,000  in  not  only  for  the  pnrpose  of  raising  a  more 

1887.     A  preliminary  agreement  was  made  etfectnal  bulwark  against  Russian  encroach- 

with  an  American  syndicate,  contracting  for  ments,  but  also  to  relieve  the  congested  parts 

the  minting  of  money,  and  granting  conces-  of  Oliina,  and  create  a  field  for  colonization 

sions  for  banking,  negotiating  loans,  building  where  the  Chinese  emigrants  will  escape  the 

and  operating  railroads,  and  opening  and  work-  hostile  edicts  and  oppressive  regulations  that 

ing  mines.    Revelations  regarding  the  charao-  are  driving  them  back  from  foreign  shores, 

ter  of  the  intermediary,  a  Polish  adventurer,  The  Bannermen,  or  Manchu  soldiery,  number 

and  the  opposition  of  British  and  German  90,000    or    100,000   at    Pekin,    where   they 

rivals  of  the  eoncessionaireSy  led  the  Tsung-  form  an  imperial  guard  to  protect  the  dynasty 

11- Y amen   to  reject  the  arrangement.      The  against  external  or  internal  foes,  while  20,000 

Chinese  Government    subsequently  obtained  more  are  distributed  among  the  chief  cities  of 

from  an  English  manufacturer  the  machinery  China.    They  are  not  pure  Tartars,  because 

and  dies  for  coining  new  copper  cash,  which  there  are  not  more  than  1,000,000  people  of 

will  be  composed  of  less  brittle  metal  than  unmixed  Manchu  blood  among  the  28,000,000 

those  now  in  circulation,  and  also  silver  taels  now  inhabiting  Manchuria,  where  a  reserve 

or  dollars,  and  50,  20,  and  10  cent  pieces.  army  of  188,000  Bannermen  is  kept  up. 

The  Amy* — The  army  consists  in  time  of  Tbe  Na? j. — The  iron-clad  navy  in  1887  con- 
peace  of  about  250,000  men,  and  this  number  sisted  of  two  powerful  armored  ships,  built  in 
can  be  increased  to  about  850,000  in  time  of  Germany,  of  7,335  tons  displacement,  6,000 
war.  Most  of  the  troops  are  armed  with  either  horse-power,  and  a  speed  of  14^^  knots.  Each 
Mauser  or  Remington  rifles,  and  the  Govern-  is  protected  by  14-inch  armor,  and  carries  four 
ment  possesses  a  good  supply  of  Krupp  8-oenti-  12-inch  £rupp  breech-loading  guns  in  two  bar- 
metre  field-cannon.  Large  quantities  of  foreign-  bette  towers,  en  echelon^  protected  by  12-inch 
made  arms  have  been  purchased,  and  the  armor;  one  armored  cruiser,  built  in  Germany, 
arsenals  of  China,  under  foreign  supervision,  of  2,300  tons  displacement,  carrying  two  8-inch 
are  beginning  to  turn  out  both  arms  and  am-  Krupp  guns,  en  barbette^  protected  by  lO-ioch 
munition.  Besides  the  Chinese  and  Manchu  armor,  and  one  6-inch  Krupp ;  two  nnarmored 
militias,  each  province  possesses  a  regular  army  steel  cruisers,  of  2,200  tons  displacement,  carry- 
of  enlisted  troops  under  the  command  of  its  ing  two  8-inch  Armstrong  guns,  besides  40- 
viceroy.  The  army  of  Pechili,  which  served  pounders  and  machine-guns;  two  nnarmored 
as  a  model  for  the  rest,  has  been  instructed  by  steel  cruisers,  of  1,400  tons  displacement,  each 
European  ofiScers,  and  is  well  armed  and  uni-  carrying  two  25-ton  Armstrong  guns  and  four 
formed.  Fears  of  Russian  aggression  in  the  40-pounders ;  twelve  gunboats,  each  mounting 
west  and  on  the  side  of  Corea  have  led  to  the  a  single  heavy  gun ;  two  strongly  armed  cor- 
reorganization  of  the  army  of  Manchuria,  vettes,  built  at  Stettin ;  and  two  fast  armored 
There  are  30,000  troops  constantly  under  arms,  cruisers,  built  in  1887  by  Sir  William  Arm- 
including  15,000  from  the  Pechili  army,  which  strong.  The  squadrons  of  Foochow,  Shanghai, 
form  a  nucleus.  The  total  military  strength  of  and  Canton  include  between  forty  and  fifty 
the  three  districts  into  which  Manchuria  is  unarmored  cruisers,  corvettes,  sloops,  and  gun- 
divided  is  from  250,000  to  300,000  men.  There  boats.  One  cruiser  of  2,150  tons  displacement 
are  breech -load  ing  rifles  provided  for  about  and  2,400  horse-power  has  been  built  in  China, 
one  third  of  them,  while  the  others  are  armed  and  others  are  in  course  of  construction, 
in  part  with  muskets.  The  cavalry  carry  Win-  There  are  also  several  swift  torpedo-boats. 
Chester  or  Remington  repeating-rifles.  The  ftaatfce. — The  total  value  of  imports 
Russian  Ussuri  frontier  is  fortified,  and  the  amounted  in  1886  to  87,479,323  haikwan 
towns  of  Kirin  and  Ningati  are  girdled  with  taels,  or  $105,849,980,  and  the  total  exports 
forts,  some  of  which  are  strengthened  by  steel  during  the  same  year  to  77,206,568  haikwan 
plates.  There  is  a  line  of  telegraph  from  Pekin  taels,  equal  to  $93,419,947.  The  chief  im- 
to  Aigun  on  the  Amoor  river.  The  adrainis-  ports  and  exports,  and  their  values  for  1886, 
tration  of  the  Hi  territory  was  reorganized  in  are  as  follow : 

IMPORTS.  Haikwan  task. 

Coal 1,798,»5« 

Oil 2,21^097 

Seaweed,  Bhell-flsb, 

etc 2,198,088 


June,  1888.  The  soldiers  receive  good  pay  and       imports.       Haikwan  taei*. 

food  unless  they  are  defrauded  by  their  offi-  Opium..... 2i*J^S?i 

cers.    The  garrison  at  Umritsi,  which  had  not  fS^lof^^.;'.:',     '?^;?$J 

been  paid  for  six  months,  formed  a  plot  in  Wooien  goods ... .   6,63o',948 

June  to  murder  Liu  Tsin  Tan,  their  commander-  ^®^^ &.8i&,iu2 

in- chief  and  the  governor  of  the  new  dominion.       exports.       Hagran  t^ii. 

They  laid  a  mine  of  powder  under  his  residence,  gnJ;  \'.'.\\\\'.'.\',\\  28,'834,'848 

but  the  plot  was  divulged  just  before  the  time  sujrar.! .'*.'.. '.*.*.'."    1,688,403 

for  its  execution,  and  the  chief  conspirators,  Straw  braid 2,089,185 

numbering  thirty  men  and  officers,  were  cruelly  During  1886  the  principal  countries  partici- 

put  to  death.    The  Central  Government  seeks  pated  in  the  trade  with  China  as  follows,  the 

to  make  the  military  organization  a  means  of  values  being  given  in  haikwan  taels : 


EXPORTS.  Halkwaa  tadb 

Hides 996.24T 

Paper,  tinfoil,  etc.. .  678,561 
Clothing 948v68S 


CHINA. 


165 


OOCniTRIES. 


Gmt  Britain 

Hoor-Koog 

bte 

Uiited  States 

CoaiiB«nt  of  Europe  (with- 
out Boista) 

Japan    

Saiaa  (Id   Europe  and 
in) 


Importa 

to— 

22,084,753 

84.889,671 

16.980,085 

4,647.888 

2,749,088 
5,691,489 

202,918 

19,745,694 

22,552,676 

631,601 

9,685,691 

11.928,404 
1,222,086 

7,089,882 

Total  tiad*. 

41,780.447 
57,442,847 
17,51 1,6;}6 
14,888,024 

14,677,487 
6^18,525 

7,242,250 


There  were  exported  in  1886,  295,639,300 
pounds  of  tea,  of  which  126,604,950  ponnds 
vent  to  Great  Britain,  768,856  pouDds  to 
Riuaia,  40,591,750  pounds  to  the  United  States, 
20,733,000  pounds  to  Hong-Kong,  and  17,120,- 
666  poanda  to  Anstralia. 

The  reports  of  the  Imperial  Maritime  Cus- 
toiDs  for  1887  show  an  increase  of  6,000  piculs 
in  the  imports  of  opium,  the  total  being  73,877 
picols  (1  picn1=133i  ponnds).  This  does  not 
denote  an  increased  consumption  of  Indian 
i^inm,  bat  is  probably  due  to  placing  the 
jonk-trade  between  the  Continent  and  the 
ports  of  Hong-Kong  and  Macao,  from  which 
smuggling  was  formerly  encouraged,  under  the 
control  of  the  Chinese  customs  authorities  by 
ID  arrangement  with  the  British  and  Portu- 
gaese  governments.  In  1887  the  system  of 
paying  a  &ze<l  duty  to  the  customs  authorities 
io  lieu  of  likin  and  of  admitting  opium  in  bond 
first  went  into  operation.  The  sum  collected 
83  prepaid  likin  duties  by  the  customs  depart- 
ment was  for  the  year  4,645,843  taels.  In 
spite  of  the  opium  convention,  the  use  of  In- 
dian opium  is  steadily  growing  less.  Only  the 
wealthy  or  old  people,  unaccustomed  to  the 
flavor  of  the  native-grown  drug,  will  pay  the 
higher  price  of  Patna  opium.  The  difference 
of  quality  is  disappearing  with  the  introduc- 
tion' of  improved  methods  of  cultivation,  and 
already  opium  is  grown  in  Honan  that  is 
ahnost  as  good  as  that  of  Patna,  and  costs  $40 
less  per  picul.  Practically  all  the  prepared 
opinm  contains  a  considerable  admixture  of  the 
Chinese  product 

The  Chinese  have  taken  largely  to  import- 
ing cotton-yarn  instead  of  the  finished  goods. 
The  yam-trade  has  increased  from  108,360 
picols  in  1878  to  523,114  piculs  in  1887,  the 
value  being  12,547,653  taels,  or  more  than  one 
third  of  the  entire  value  of  the  cotton  goods 
imported.  The  yarn  of  Bombay  is  preferred 
to  that  of  Maochefiter.  The  imports  of  iron 
and  steel  have  fallen  off,  and  the  import  of 
kerosene-oil  shows  a  remarkable  decrease— 
from  23,038,101  gallons  in  1886  to  12,015,135 
gallons  in  1887,  which  is  probably  due  to  the 
<&eouragement  ofj  its  use  by  the  authorities 
because  of  the  many  fires  it  has  caused.  The 
export  of  silk  in  1887  was  56,000  piculs,  or 
aboat  the  same  quantity  as  in  the  preceding 
year,  with  an  increase  of  five  per  cent,  in 
prices.  The  exports  of  silk-cocoons  and  man- 
ufactured silks  were  greater  than  in  1886. 
The  exports  of  straw  braid,  which,  is  the 
staple  of  the  trade  of  Tientsin  and  Chefoo, 


have  increased  from  25,930  piculs  in  1877  to 
150,952  piculs,  valued  at  about  $4,500,000 
in  1887.  The  tea-trade  has  suffered  from 
the  competition  of  the  Indian  product,  which 
is  sold  for  a  third  less  in  the  London  mar- 
ket. The  Chinese  Government  in  1887  asked 
the  opinion  of  the  Foocbow  Chamber  of 
Commerce  as  to  the  cause  of  the  decadence 
of  the  tea-trade.  The  report  represents  that 
the  tea-growers  have  grown  negligent  in 
their  methods  of  cultivation,  no  longer  ditch- 
ing or  manuring  or  pruning  or  planting  new 
shrubs,  and  that  they  strip  the  leaves  four 
or  five  times  a  year,  instead  of  three  times,  as 
formerly.  The  leaves  are  full  of  dust  and 
stalks,  and  are  too  dry  to  admit  of  sufficient 
firing.  The  sophistication  and  adulteration 
practiced  by  the  tea-guilds  lowers  the  quality 
of  the  product  still  further.  The  dust  and 
stalks  have  caused  the  markets  of  the  Conti- 
nent of  Europe  to  slip  away,  and  now  Ans- 
tralia  and  Canada  prefer  the  more  carefuUy 
cultivated  teas  of  Ceylon.  The  decline  of  the 
tea- trade  in  1886,  which  caused  the  alarm  of 
the  Government,  became  more  marked  in  1887, 
the  quantity  diminishing  6  per  cent.,  while 
there  was  a  fall  in  value  of  12  per  cent. 

Navlgatioi.— During  1886,  28,244  vessels,  of 
21,755,460  tons,  were  entered  and  cleared  at 
Chinese  ports,  of  which  23,262  were  steamers, 
of  20,619,615  tons.  Of  the  total  number, 
16,193,  of  14,006,720  tons,  were  British;  7,862, 
of  5,374,821  tons,  Chinese;  2,702,  of  1,499,296 
tons,  German ;  413,  of  148,799  tons,  American; 
380,  of  270,002  tons,  Japanese ;  and  123,  of 
158,400  tons,  French. 

The  tonnage  of  1887  was  22,199,661,  the 
largest  ever  known.  Of  this,  14,171,810  tons, 
or  about  two  thirds,  were  British ;  5,670,123 
tons,  or  one  fourth,  Chinese;  1,480,083  tons, 
or  one  sixteenth,  German  ;  806,169  tons  were 
Japanese;  130,890  tons  were  French;  and 
60,539  tons  were  American. 

RaltaTMids  and  Tdcgrapli& — A  small  railway 
from  Tongsan,  at  the  Kai-ping  mines,  to 
Yung-chong,  in  the  province  of  Chihli,  was 
originally  built  for  the  conveyance  of  coal.  It 
has  obtained  a  considerable  passenger-traffic 
also,  declared  a  6-per-cent.  dividend  on  its 
paid-up  capital  for  1887,  and  in  1888  was  ex- 
tended to  Tientsin.  Another  railroad  extend- 
ing from  Kai-ping  to  Petang  is  in  course  of 
construction.  In  1884  there  were  3,089  miles 
of  telegraph  lines  and  5,482  miles  of  wire  in 
operation. 

NavtgalioB  of  the  Upper  Tangtse.— The  English 
inserted  in  the  treaty  relative  to  the  open  ports 
a  clause  opening  Chung-King  also  to  foreign 
trade  as  soon  as  steamers  could  be  made  to  as- 
cend so  far.  The  last  open  port  on  the  Yangtse 
Kiang  at  present  is  Ichang,  1,000  miles  from  the 
sea.  Chung- King,  the  commercial  emporium 
of  the  wealthy  province  of  Szechuen.  which  has 
a  population  of  70,000,000,  is  500  miles  higher, 
wnile  between  tliem  is  a  series  of  rapids,  where 
the  river  passes  through  a  narrow,  rocky  chasm. 


156  CHINA. 

Junks  are  dragged  by  men  up*  stream  along  the  goods  was  restricted  to  the  China  Merchants' 

bank,  and  descend  by  shooting  the  rapids.    An  Steam    Navigation    Company,    a  corporation 

Englishman  named  Archibald  Little  formed  a  composed  entirely  of   mandarins  and    other 

company  and  built  a  steamer  of  special  design.  Chinese.    The  British  merchants  of  Shanghai 

When  he  was  ready  to  make  the  experimental  raised  an  outcry  against  this  arrangement,  and 

trip,  he  applied  for  permission  through  the  blamed  their  Governmeot  for  not  interfering 

British  minister.     The  Imperial  Government  to  obtain  for  them  a  share  in  the  privilege, 

advised  with  the  chief  provincial  officials,  who  They  charged  the  German  minister,  Ilerr  von 

raised  objections,  both  real  and  fanciful,  and  Brandt,  with  bringing  about  the  monopoly  for 

pleaded  at  least  for  delay,  which  was  grant-  the  purpose  of  iiyuring  them,  and  declared  that 

ed.    Aside  from  the  danger  of  collision  with  the  warehouses  having  the  right  of  storing  goods 

junks  when  the  steamer  is  working  its  way  up  in  bond  would  gain  all  other  business,  and  that 

the  swift  current,  there  was  a  probability  that  the  rows  of  warehouses  and  miles  of  wharves 

the  boating  population  of  Chung-King  would  that  they  had  constructed  would  be  deserted, 

attack  the  steamer  and  crew  in  order  to  dis-  Herr  von  Brandt  explained  that  the  Chinese 

courage  the  competition  of  a  line  of  steamboats.  Government  wished  to  test  the  system  before 

Trade  RegalatlMS.— The  English  Government  establishing  it  permanently,  and  therefore  re- 
in the  late  opium  convention  obtained  tlie  con-  stricted  it  to  the  wharves  of  the  native  com- 
sent  of  the  Government  of  Fekin  to  a  provis-  pany,  and  would  not  listen  to  a  proposition 
ion  admitting  opium  free  to  all  parts  of  the  to  admit  all  warehouses  that  offered  sufficient 
empire  without  its  being  subjected  to  transit  guarantees. 

dues  on  the  payment  of  80  taels  a  chest  at  the  Tke  CmidillM  of  ChlMse  Aknnd* — In  August, 
port  of  entry  in  addition  to  the  customs  duty,  1886,  three  high  officials  were  sent  abroad  as 
This  drug  is  now  the  only  commodity  that  cir-  an  imperial  commission  to  inquire  into  the 
culates  throughout  China  free  from  the  lihin  treatment  and  condition  of  Chinese  emigrants 
taxes  that  are  levied  by  the  local  authorities  on  in  foreign  countries.  They  first  visited  Manila, 
goods  passing  by  road,  river,  or  canal  through  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  where  the  Chinese 
their  several  jurisdictions.  The  UHn  was  orig-  complained  bitterly  of  the  wrongs  they  received 
in  ally  a  war  tax  imposed  by  tlie  provinces  to  at  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards,  and  begged  for 
raise  means  for  the  purpose  of  suppressing  the  the  appointment  of  consular  agents  to  protect 
Taiping  rebellion.  The  stations  are  so  near  them.  Although  they  are  plundered  with  im- 
together  that  the  price  of  goods  carried  far  into  punity  by  lawless  individuals  and  subjected  to 
the  interior  is  many  times  enhanced,  and  trans-  extortionate  taxes  by  the  authorities,  yet  their 
portation  is  delayed  to  a  corresponding  extent,  community  of  50,000  souls  is  thriving.  At 
Native  traders,  who  compound  the  taxes  with  Singapore  the  Chinese  number  150,000,  and 
coiTupt  officials,  have  an  advantage  over  for-  are  the  richest  of  all  the  inhabitants,  owning 
eigners.  A  clause  in  the  opium  convention  four  fifths  of  the  land  and  much  commercial 
provides  for  the  commutation  of  the  likin  tax  capital.  The  British  Government  has  recently 
by  the  payment  to  the  imperial  revenue  officers  consented  to  the  appointment  of  a  Chinese 
of  a  tax  equal  to  half  of  tne  duty.  This  secures  consul,  but  he  has  no  jurisdiction  over  the 
a  transit  pass  that  carries  goods  through  all  laborers  passing  through  the  port  in  great  num- 
the  likin  barriers  to  the  place  of  destination,  bers.  These  are  looked  after  by  a  British  regis- 
The  British  merchants,  on  securing  this  con-  trar-general,  who  does  not  prevent  the  perpe- 
cession,  were  confident  of  being  able  to  com-  tration  of  gross  frauds  by  the  labor  companies, 
pete  successfully  with  the  French  in  the  prov-  In  Malacca  and  Penang  they  found  the  Chinese 
mcesof  Yunnan,  Quangsi,  and  Quangtung.  Ac-  prosperous  in  business.  Thei*e  are  100,000 
cording  to  the  report  of  the  British  consul  at  Chinamen  in  Perak  and  Selangore,  mostly  en- 
Fakhoi,  however,  it  has  proved  illusive  as  a  gaged  in  mining  tin,  several  of  whom  are 
means  of  stimulating  trade,  because,  when  the  millionaires.  The  80,000  Chinese  residents  in 
goods  reach  the  declared  market  they  are  sub-  Rangoon  are  many  of  them  merchants  dealing 
jected  there  to  a  tax  approximating  the  sum  of  in  rice  and  in  precious  stones.  In  Sumatra 
the  likin  taxes  they  would  otherwise  have  to  there  are  large  numbers  of  Chinese  laborers 
pay.  The  Provincial  Government  at  Canton  employed  on  the  tobacco  plantations.  Those 
argues  that  there  are  no  treaty  restrictions  who  are  saving  do  well,  but  the  majority  are 
against  taxing  Chinese  and  property  in  their  addicted  to  gambling,  and  in  this  they  are  en- 
possession.  The  principle  here  involved  was  couraged  by  the  overseers,  who  keep  those 
a  subject  of  discussion  in  connection  with  the  who  fall  in  debt  at  work  beyond  the  legal 
trade  of  the  treaty  ports,  until  it  was  settled  term,  because  they  are  ignorant  of  their  right 
by  the  Chefoo  Convention  that  the  local  au-  to  return  home  at  the  end  of  three  years.  The 
tborities  have  a  right  to  impose  likin  in  the  Dutch  authorities  promised  to  have  this  righted, 
open  ports  outside  tiie  limits  of  the  foreign  In  Batavia  the  Chinese  are  heavily  taxed,  and 
settlements.  gambling  is  common.    In  other  Dutch  colonies. 

The  Chinese  Government  has  decided  to  in-  containing  more  than  200,000  Chinese  immi- 

troduce  the  system  of  bonded  warehouses.     A  grants,  they  are  treated  "  most  outrageously  " 

beginning  was  made  in  Shanghai  on  Jan.  1,  by  the  aathorlties.    In  Australia,  the  Chinese, 

1888.     The  privilege  of  warehousing  bonded  who,  on  landing,  are  subjected  to  a  tax  of  from 


CHINA.  157 

i^lO  to  £30,  prajed  that  measures  for  their  province  of  Honan,  where  it  enters  the  great 
protection  might  be  taken.  The  commissioners  pastern  plain,^  and  cut  a  new  bed  through  the 
reported  that  there  were  several  millions  of  northern  part  of  Shantung  into  the  Gulf  of 
ChinaDaendoingbusineasasmerchantsorwork-  Pechili.     In  1887  this  process  was  reversed. 
ing  as  laborers  in  foreign  countries.    In  some  After  an  unusually  rainy  September  the  stream 
ports  emigration  is  increasing,  and  the  Chinese  broke  through  the  southern  embankment  at 
merchants  are  thriving.    Their  prosperity  has  Cheng-chow,  forty  miles  above  Kaifeng-fu,  on 
excited  the  jealousy  of  the  peoples  among  which  the  28th  of  that  month.    Where  the  first  breach 
tfaey  dwell,  and  caused  hostile  measures  to  be  occurred  5,000  men,  who  were  strengthening 
adopted  by  foreign  governments.    The  Dutch  the  levee,  were  drowned,  and  at  another  spot 
authorities  have  been  endeavoring  to  expel  nearly  4,000  laborers  were  swept  away.    The 
them  from  their  colonies,  and  collisions  between  bed  of  the  river  was  several  feet  above  the  sur- 
ihe  Cliinese  and  natives  are  of  frequent  occur-  face  of  the  land.     When  the  gap  attained  a 
Fence.     If  steps  are  not  taken  to  render  the  breadth  of  1,200  yards,  the  river  deserted  its 
residence  of  the  Chinese  abroad  more  secure  bed.    The  overflow  confined  itself  at  first  to 
and  peaceful,  the  commissioners  fear  that  they  the  channel  of  the  Lu-Chia  river,  but  soon 
will  all  flock  home.    They  view  with  dread  flooded  the  Chungnou  district,  destroying  100 
the  prospect  of  this  sudden  influx  of  population  villages  and  inundating  the  lands  of  800  more, 
in  the  overcrowded  districts  of  the  sea-coast.  Several  of  the  suburbs  of  the  great  commercial 
After  placing  their  report  in  the  hands  of  Chan  city  of  Chusien-Chen  were  swept  away,  and 
Chib-tang,  the  Viceroy  of  Canton,  they  set  out,  the  elevated  situation  of  the  main  town  alone 
in  September,  1887,  on  a  Journey  to  Borneo  to  saved  it  from  destruction.    The  flood  spread 
study  the  condition  of  their  countrymen  in  over  a  low,  thickly  populated  district,  begin- 
British  North  Borneo,  Sarawak,  and  the  Dutch  ning  70  miles  south  of  Kaifeng-fu,  submerging 
possessions.     The  viceroy,  in  forwarding  their  1,500  villages,  and  when  it  reached  the  valley 
report  to  Pekin,  accompanied  it  with  a  memo-  of  the  Huai-Ho,  the  destruction  of  life  and 
rial  in  which  he  recommended  the  appointment  property  was  still  greater.    Many  walled  cities 
of  consuls  to  look  after  the  interests  of  Chinese  were    depopulated   and    virtually    destroyed, 
subjects  in  foreign  lands.     He  suggested  that  There  were  between  one  and  two  millions  of 
consuls-general  should  be  maintained  in  Manila,  persons  drowned,  and  some  say  as  many  as 
in  some  of  the  Dutch  colonies,  in  Sydney,  and  seven  millions.      The  most  careful  estimate 
in  Singapore.    So  important  did  he  consider  makes  the  number  of  those  who  lost  their  lives 
the  matter  of  appointing  a  consul-general  to  1,600,000,  and  of  those  who  were  left  home- 
Manila  that  he  obtained  the  consent  of  the  less  and  destitute  6,000,000.    Millions  of  those 
Government  of  Madrid,  but  this  was  with-  left  without   shelter  or  means  of  life,  per- 
drawn  when  the  colonial  authorities  objected,  ished  of  famine  and  cold.    The  Emperor  and 
The  treaties  of  1857,  that  give  European  gov-  Empress  contributed  largely  from  their  private 
emments  the  right  to  maintain  consuls  in  Chi-  fortunes  to  relieve  the  distress,  and  the  Gov- 
na,  do  not  accord  reciprocal  rights  to  the  Chi-  ernment  did  everything  within  its  power,  be- 
itese  Government.    The  omission  is  simply  due  ginning  by  ordering  32,000,000  pounds  of  rice 
to  the  heedl^sness  of  the  Chinese  negotiators^  from  Central  China  destined  for  Pekin,  to  be 
who  had  no  thought  when  the  instruments  taken  at  once  to  the  inundated  district.    The 
were  drawn  up  that  China  would  ever  want  guilds  co-operated  with  the  mandarins  in  dis- 
to  send  officials  abroad.    The  number  of  Chi-  tributing  relief.    The  river,  if  left  to  itself, 
nese  emi^auts  who  sailed  from  Hong-Kong  would  probably  have  formed  a  channel  very 
daring   1887  was  82,897,  being  18,000  more  nearly  along  its  ancient  bed.    The  Government 
than  in  the  previous  year.    About  half  of  the  ordered  the  breach  to  be  closed  as  soon  as  the 
iucreaae  was  due  to  a  larger  emigration  to  the  waters  subsided,  appropriating  $2,500,000  for 
Straits    Settlements,    while  5,000  more  emi-  the  purpose.     When  the  work  was  begun  in 
frrants  than  in  1886  were  destined  for  the  the  spring  the  people  of  Honan  destroyed  ma- 
United  States,  and  3,500  more  for  the  Aus-  terial  that  was  sent  to  mend  the  dikes,  because 
tnhan  colonies.  they  wished  to  have  the  river  run  in  its  new 
InidatiM  in  Hmib* — One  of  the  periodical  bed,  and  not  return  to  their  province.    The 
floods  that  have  caused  the  Hoang-Ho,  or  Yel-  soldiers  and  workmen  who  were  sent  to  stay 
k)w  river  to  be  known  as  "  China's  Sorrow,"  the  progress  of  the  flood  or  to  repair  the  dam- 
oecurred  in  the  autumn  of  1887.    This  river,  age  were  sometimes  surprised  by  a  fresh  over- 
ri^ng  in  the  mountains  of  Thibet,  and  descend-  flow,  and  in  one  instance  nearly  5,000  soldiers 
ing  with  great  rapidity  from  the  Mongolian  were  drowned  together.    The  waters  of  the 
plateau,   washing  down  great   quantities    of  nver  spread  over  a  district  7,500  square  miles 
the  loose,  fine,  yellow  earth  called  loess,  has  in  extent  in  a  series  of  lakes.    The  cities  of 
changed  its  course  in  the  flat  coast  region  nine  Chin-chow,    Wei-shi,     Tsung-mow,    Yen-lin, 
times  within  the  historical  period.    In  1852,  Fu-kao,  Shiva,  Cheng-chow,  Taikang,  Taiping, 
baring  f  3r  Gve  hundred  years  poured  its  great  and  Ying-chow  were  submerged,  and  all  but 
Toloroe  of  water  into  the  Yellow  Sea  south  of  the  northern   part    of   Chow-kia-kow.     The 
the  promontory  of  Shantung,  it  burst  its  north-  waters  found  an  outlet  through  the  Huai-Ho 
ern  bank  near  Kaifeng-fu,  the  capital  of  the  into  the  Hongtsze  Lake,  flooding  a  wide  dis- 


158  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Annibton.) 

triot  in  the  proyince  of  Nganwhei,  and  a  part  1872  the  Woodstock  Iron  Company  was  organ- 
of  the  overflow  reached  &e  sea,  six  montba  ized,  owning  more  than  40,000  acres.  Messrs. 
after  the  first  catastrophe,  a  long  distance  sonth  Noble  and  Tjler  were  at  its  head,  and  the  town 
of  the  ancient  mouth  of  the  Hoang-Ho,  while  is  named  for  Mrs.  Tyler,  **  Annie's  Town." 
the  main  volume  entered  the  Great  Canal  near  Prior  to  1883  no  land  was  sold.  The  city  waa 
the  HoDgtsze  Lake,  and  flowed  through  it  surveyed  and  laid  out,  drainage-system  per- 
into  the  Yangtse  Kiang.  When  all  efforts  that  fected,  streets  macadamized,  buildings,  church- 
were  made  in  the  winter  to  stop  the  breach  es,  stores,  and  school-houses  erected,  and  rail- 
proved  useless,  the  Government  set  a  force  of  road  connections  secured,  entailing  not  one 
60,000  men  at  work  to  dig  a  deep  canal  for  the  dollar  of  debt  upon  the  inhabitants,  who  num- 
purpose  of  tapping  the  river  above  Cheng-  bered  at  that  date  4,000.  It  is  lighted  by 
chow,  and  leading  it  into  its  regular  channel  electricity  and  gas,  and  has  two  daily  papers, 
at  a  point  below  the  gap.  The  barriers  that  and  five  miles  of  street-railway.  It  is  800  feet 
were  interposed  to  confine  the  river  to  its  bed  above  sea-level,  and  one  of  the  highest  points 
at  Cheng-chow  were  all  swept  away  by  the  accessible  to  railroads  in  the  State.  Pure  water 
midsummer  freshet  caused  by  melting  snows,  is  supplied  by  an  artesian  well,  forced  to  a  res- 
After  the  expenditure  of  over  $10,000,000  ervoir  one  mile  distant  at  an  elevation  of  236 
with  no  satisfactory  result,  the  Emperor  de-  feet.  A  pressure  of  100  pounds  to  the  inch 
graded  the  two  high  officials  who  had  charge  renders  fire-hydrants  sufficient,  without  steam- 
of  the  work  of  restoration,  and  sent  them  to  engines.  Four  hundred  houses  were  completed 
Manchuria  to  work  on  the  military  roads,  within  the  first  six  months  of  1888.  Anniston 
Therd  were  damaging  floods  in  the  province  of  owns  30,000  acres  of  coal-land,  and  75,000 
Manchuria  in  the  autumn  of  1888.  Moukden,  acres  of  brown  and  red  hematite  iron-ore.  Its 
the  capital,  was  innundated,  and  all  the  crops  capital  is  upward  of  $10,000,000 — more  than 
in  the  neighboring  district  were  destroyed,  that  of  the  whole  State  in  1880.  It  employs 
Extending  over  the  country,  the  floods  caused  6,000  workingmen,  to  whom  $60,000  are  paid, 
wide-spread  misery,  and  at  last  reached  the  weekly,  in  wages.  Four  charcoal-furnaces  are 
port  of  Newchang,  where  the  foreign  quarter  in  operation,  with  an  annual  capacity  of  50.- 
was  submerged.  000  tons  of  car-iron.  Two  of  these  were  built 
Etrthfitke  in  Tnuuui.— A  destructive  earth-  in  1873  and  1879,  and  have  never  known  a  cold 

2uake  visited  the  province  of  Yunnan  late  in  day  except  for  repairs.  Two  coke-furnaces,  to 
December,  1887,  laying  the  capital  and  other  have  an  annual  capacity  of  100,000  tons  of  pig- 
towns  in  rains.  The  shocks  lasted  four  days,  iron  each,  are  being  completed  this  year.  The 
There  were  5,000  persons  killed  by  the  falling  largest  pipe-works  in  the  United  States,  with 
of  houses  in  the  capital  district.  At  Lainon  a  daily  output  of  200  tons  of  finished  pipe,  are 
the  destruction  was  almost  as  great.  Farther  in  course  of  construction.  The  United  States 
north,  at  Lo-chan,  10,000  persons  lost  their  Rolling  Stock  Company  has  a  plant  of  $1,000,- 
lives,  and  the  aspect  of  the  country  was  changed  000  in  Anniston,  having  purchased  the  car 
by  the  sinking  of  tracts  of  land  and  the  forma-  and  car-wheel  works  and  car-axle  forge  of  the 
tion  of  lakes  in  their  place.  town.  The  daily  capacity  is  twenty-five  cars. 
CmES,  IMERICIN,  RBCGBIT  GROWTH  OF.  Anniston  has  the  only  steel-blomary  in  the 
JUiiston,  a  city  of  Calhoun  County,  Alabama,  in  South,  and  the  largest  cotton-mill  in  the  State, 
the  northeastern  part  of  the  State,  on  the  producing  115,000  yards  a  week  of  sheetings 
main  line  of  the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia,  and  and  shirtings.  Goods  have  this  year  been  ex- 
Georgia  Railroad,  at  the  crossing  of  the  Georgia  ported  to  Shanghai,  China.  There  is  a  cotton- 
Pacific,  60  miles  from  Birmingham,  and  100  compress  with  a  daily  capacity  of  1,000  bales, 
from  Atlanta,  Ga.  It  has  a  population  of  12,-  There  are  two  foundries,  a  rolling-mill,  machine- 
000,  which  is  twice  what  it  had  one  year  ago.  shops,  boiler  and  sheet-iron  works,  planing- 
It  lies  in  the  heart  of  the  great  iron  region  mills,  and  fire-brick  works,  a  horse-shoe  man- 
of  the  South.  The  ore  is  mined  in  open  cut,  ufacturing  company,  and  factories  of  stoves, 
without  tunneling  or  underground  delving,  and  agricultural  implements,  and  ice.  There  are 
the  supply  seems  inexhaustible.  A  hill,  or  four  railroads,  two  of  which  are  operated  and 
rather  mountain-side,  of  iron  within  the  corpo-  owned  by  the  citizens,  viz. :  The  Anniston  and 
rate  limits  of  the  town  has  been  dug  from  for  Atlantic,  connecting  with  the  Georgia  Central 
npward  of  ten  years,  with  scarcely  perceptible  at  Sylacauga,  and  the  Anniston  and  Cincin- 
results.  The  hills  that  surround  the  town  are  nati,  connecting  with  the  Cincinnati  Great 
largely  of  iron-ore.  The  Coosa  and  Cahaba  Southern  at  Atalla.  The  latter  has  been  corn- 
coal-fields,  affording  the  best  of  coking-coal,  pleted  this  year,  and  cost  $1,000,000.  The 
are  within  25  and  45  miles,  and  vast  forests  yearly  tonnage  of  the  three  railroads,  in  full 
supply  timber  at  convenient  distMUce.  Lime-  operation,  is  118,765  gross  tons.  Competitive 
stone  abounds.  There  was  a  furnace  here  dur-  freight  rates  are  the  right  of  Anniston  by  lo- 
ing  the  civil  war  to  supply  iron  to  the  Confed-  cation.  New  Orleans  is  14  hours  distant ; 
erate  Government;  but  it  was  destroyed  by  Cincinnati,  17;  Washington,  26.  There  are 
the  national  troops  in  1865.  The  site,  with  three  banks,  one  National,  capital  and  surplus 
the  main  deposits  of  iron-ore,  was  purchased  $300,000 ;  one  State,  and  one  savings,  capital 
by  a  private  citizen  eighteen  years  ago,  and  in  of  each,  $100,000.    There  are  churches  of  all 


CITIES,  AMERIOAN.    (BiBicmoHAM,  Bowung  Grbsn.)  159 

denomioatioiiB,  and  a  new  school-bnilding,  An-  are  of  iron,  steel,  and  wood,  Inmber  being 
niston  being  a  separate  school-district.    Two  derived  from  virgin  forests.     In  addition  to 
paj-8cLoola,  for  boys  and  girls,  stone  stmct-  the  larger  industries — iron-works,   foundries, 
ares,  are  the  gift  to  the  town  of  Mr.  Noble.  machine  and  car  shops,  rolling  and  planing 
Mftogbaa,  a  city  of  Jefferson  Oounty,  Ala.,  mills,  etc. — are  bridge  and  bolt,  iron -roofing, 
50  miles  north  of  the  center  of  the  State,  100  tool,  tack,  famitore,  stove,  soap,  carriage  and 
miles  from  Montgomery,  349  miles  from  New  wagon,  and  clothing  factories,  brick  and  fire- 
Orle^na,  and  1,017  miles  from  New  York.     It  brick  works,  breweries,  steam- bottling  works, 
was  founded  in  1871  by  the  Ely  ton  Land  Com-  and  a  cotton-compress.    The  total  number  of 
pan  J,  owning  4,150  acres,  with  capital  of  $200,-  employes  is  22,010;  yearly  wages  and  salaries, 
000.     Its  altitude  above  sea-level  is  602  feet.  $10,010,892.    The  annual  volume  of  business 
The  population  in  1880  was  4,600;  in  1885,  is  $56,000,000.     Convict  labor  is  employed  in 
21,347;    in  1886,  30,000;    in  October,  1887,  the  mines.    The  climate  is  healthful.    There 
41,725  ;  in  October,  1888,  it  was  estimated  at  are  three  summer-resorts  and  seventeen  hotels. 
50,000.    About  40  per  cent,  are  colored.    Sur-  lUwUng    Green,    the    county-seat    of  Wood 
ronndlDg  villages,  sustained  by  the  city,  make  County,  Ohio,  in  the  great  northwestern  Ohio 
the  population  of  the  district  between  65,000  natnrid-gas  and  oil  field,  20  miles  south  of 
and  70,000.    The  taxable  valuation  of  property  Toledo,  on  the  Toledo,  Columbus,  and  South- 
in  ISSl  was  $2,953,375.37;  in  1887,  $33,019,-  em   Railway.     The  population  in  1885  was 
485 ;  increase  in  the  county  during  the  same  2,000 ;  at  present  it  is  4,000.    Gas  was  found 
period,   over  $26,000,000.    The  sales  of  the  in  1885,  and  21  wells  have  been  drilled,  aver- 
Land  Company  for  the  year  1885-^86  were  aging  in  depth  1,100  feet,  and  varying  in  flow 
$2,250,000;  for  the  first  three  weeks  in  An-  from  1,000,000  to  5,000,000  cubic  feet  a  day. 
gust,  1887,  $1,000,000.    The  debt  of  the  city  The  formation  is:  Drift,  10  feet;  limestones, 
is  $355,000.     Iron  is  the  prominent  industry.  400 ;  shales,  680 ;  Trenton,  20.    As  a  rule,  gas 
Ore  is  supplied  by  Red  mountain,  six  miles  is  found  in  the  Trenton  rock  at  a  depth  of  10 
distant,  estimated  to  contain  500,000,000,000  feet,  the  volume  being  determined  by  the  po- 
tons.     The  thickness  of  beds  on  an  average  is  rosity.    About   40   wells  are  scattered  over 
22  feet,  and  the  impurities  are  of  lime,  assist-  Wood  County,  yielding,  at  a  low   estimate, 
ing   fluxing.      Limestone  lies  in  the  valley.  160,000,000  cubic  feet  daily.    The  field  is  di- 
0^  is  also  distant  six  miles,  in  the  Warrior  vided,  Bowling  Green  occupying  the  center  of 
field,  the  largest  in  the  State.    One  million  the  larger  area.    Oil  was  discovered  in  1886. 
tons  of  coke  are  required  yearly  by  the  dis-  The  county  owns  104  wells,  producing  daily 
triet.     The  cost  of  manufacturing  pig-iron  is  10,400  barrels ;  and  9  miles  from  the  city,  at 
|9  a  ton.     There  are  21  furnaces,  the  first  of  Cygnet,  is  the  tank-farm,  of  50  tanks,  holding 
which,  within  corporate  limits,  went  into  blast  85,000  barrels  each,  from  which  oil  is  pumped 
in  1880.     The  daily  output  is  2,078  tons.    Six  to  refineries  distant  45  miles.     The  capacity 
trunk  railroads  enter  the  city,  which  has  a  of  the  pipe-line  is  8,000  barrels  daily,  and  ex- 
Union    passenger    depot,  and  others    are  in  tensions  to  Chicago  and  Toledo  are  proposed, 
coarse  of  construction.    There  are  numerous  The  depth  of  the  wells  is  from  1,175  to  2,000 
branch,  belt,  and  short  mineral  roads.    Com-  feet,  and  from  85  to  50  feet  in  the  Trenton 
p^itive  rates  lower  the  cost  of  transportation,  sandstone.    The  pool  is  estimated  to  contain 
There  are  66  miles  of  street-railway,  in  horse-  60  square  miles,  and  100,000  acres  of  land  in 
car  and  dummy  lines,  electric-lights  and  gas-  the  county  are  under  lease  for  gas  and  oil  pur- 
works,  4  daily  and  11   weekly  newspapers,  poses.    The  town  is  on  a  limestone  ridge,  and 
and  37  churches.     There  are  11  banks,  pos-  lime,  burned  by  gas  in  four  patent  kilns,  is  sold 
Ka»ng  aggregate  capital,  surplas,  and  undi-  below  competition  by  that  made  with  coal  and 
Tided    profit    of    $2,750,000,    with    deposits  wood  fuel.     Glass-sand  abounds,  and  there  are 
tmounting  to  $2,500,000.    Education  is  under  four    glass-factories,    employing    500    hands, 
the  conts'ol  of  a  board  of  commissioners.    There  The  quality  of  the  glass,  it  is  claimed,  is  im- 
ire  34  public  schools  in  8  buildings,  a  college,  proved  by  gas-burning.    There  are  2  planing- 
m  academy,  and  numerous  private  schools,  mills,  and  a  rolling-mill  is  being  constructed. 
Tbe  drainage  is  not  completed ;  but  the  War-  Incubators,  also,  are  heated   by  gas.    There 
ing  system  has  been  adopted,  and  from  seven  to  are  5  newspapers  (1  in  the  German  language), 
«^t  miles  of  sewers  are  constructed  yearly.  2  banks  (both  private),  with  aggregate  depos- 
Tbe  water-supply  is  also  insufficient;  $500,000  its  of  $300,000;  total  capital,  surplus,  and  de- 
have  been   appropriated  for  enlargement  of  posits,  over  $1,000,000.     Four  hundred  resi- 
works,   and  it   is    proposed    to   tunnel    Red  deuces  and  several  business  blocks  were  con- 
iBoontain  to  the  Cahaba  river,  eight  miles  dis-  structed  in  1887.     Water-works  are  projected, 
ttnt.    An  abundant  supply  will  result,  with  costing  from  $50,000  to  $75,000.     The  drain- 
pressare  almost  sufficient  to  dispense  with  fire-  age  is  good,  and  the  streets  are  wide.    Two 
engines.    An  appropriation  of  $300,000  for  a  railroad  lines  secure  outlets  to  the  Great  Lakes 
Oovemment  edifice  has  been  recently  made  and  trunk  lines,  and  competing  rates  reduce 
by  Congress.     The  manufactures,  which  are  freight.      Additional  facilities  will  be  added 
dipped  throughout  the  United  States  and  to  by  a  branch  road  that   has  been    surveyed 
Oanida  and  ll^xico,  and  exported  to  Europe,  through  the  town.     The  county  fair-ground 


160  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Calgabt,  Canton,  Chattanooga.) 

covers  57  acres.    The  enrronndiiig  farms  are  of  nals.    The  capital  invested  is  $10,000,000,  and 

rich,  black  soil,  needing  no  fertilizing.  the  yearly  prodncts  amoant  to  $13,000,000. 

Calgary,  an  incorporated  city  of  2,500  inhab-  Six  thousand  workingmen  are  employed,  llie 
itants,  in  the  province  of  Alberta,  Canada.  It  machinery  manafactured  is  shipped  to  Europe, 
is  near  the  confluence  of  the  Bow  and  Elbow  North  and  South  America,  Australia,  and  else- 
rivers,  within  sight  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  where.  The  Buckeye  Works — capital,  $1,500,- 
and  just  outside  of  their  eastern  foot-hills.  It  000 — employ  900  hands,  and  have  a  capacity  of 
is  nearly  north  of  Fort  Benton,  Montana,  dis-  15,000  harvesting-machines  and  2,000  thrash- 
tant  from  that  point  about  200  miles,  and  has  ers.  Four  mills  consume  daily  2,500  bushels 
an  altitude  of  3,388  feet  above  the  sea.  This  of  wheat.  The  county  is,  save  one,  the  largest 
is  the  point  where  the  Canadian  Pacific  Rail-  producer  of  wheat  in  the  State,  averaging 
way  enters  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  it  is  the  yearly  1,286,410  bushels.  Coal-fields  onderlie 
center  of  a  vast  cattle  and  sheep  grazing  re-  it.  Forty  large  mines  are  worked,  with  a 
gion,  of  which  Calgary  is  the  supplying  point  daily  output  of  6,000  tons,  some  of  which  are 
and  headquarters.  The  city  is  well  built,  the  within  a  mile  of  the  city.  Two  hundred  others 
excellent  stone  of  the  neighborhood  being  are  operated  by  farmers.  Cheap  fuel  and  free 
largely  employed  in  its  structures.  Several  sites  for  factories  induce  location.  Clay  for 
handsome  churches  and  commodious  school-  pottery,  sewer-pipes,  and  brick  abounds,  with 
houses  have  been  erected,  and  the  appearance  building  and  limestone  and  black-band  ore. 
of  the  town  is  far  in  advance  of  wliat  would  There  are  5  railroads,  with  unlimited  connec- 
be  expected  of  its  recent  origin  and  rapid  tions.  Canton  is  lighted  by  gas,  electricity, 
growth.  A  public  water-system,  good  drain-  and  gasoline.  There  are  8  daily  newspapers 
age,  electric  street-lighting,  police  and  fire  de-  (one  in  German),  6  banks  (of  which  two  are 
partments,  and  other  modern  appurtenances  of  National),  a  street  •  railroad  system,  and  a 
city  organization,  testify  to  its  alertness.  The  dummy-line  of  two  miles,  water-works  of  the 
banks  are  especially  noteworthy  for  their  Holly  system,  owned  by  the  city,  so  that  no 
strength  and  business  facilities.  This  is  one  tax  is  paid  for  water,  and  a  drainage  system  of 
of  the  headquarters  of  the  mounted  police,  aud  storm- water  sewerage.  There  are  17  churches, 
a  center  of  Indian  trading ;  there  are  also  Do-  a  central  high-school  costing  $99,600,  7  ward 
minion  and  railway  land-agencies  here.  A  and  4  relief  public^chool  buildings,  and  2 
railway  is  about  to  be  built  north  and  south  parochial  schools,  1  opera-house,  6  modem 
from  Calgary,  to  connect  it  with  the  coal  hotels,  a  public  library,  2  talernacles,  public 
region  of  Lethbridge,  the  ranching  country  halls,  a  paid  fire  dep^i^ment,  with  electrie- 
around  Edmonton,  and  other  districts  now  alarm  system,  telegraph  facilities,  and  tele- 
reached  by  stages.  The  surrounding  region  is  phone  communication  to  a  distance  of  75  miles, 
rapidly  undergoing  development,  by  means  of  It  has  a  free  mail-delivery.  The  summer- re- 
irrigation,  in  grazing  and  farming  industries,  sorts  are  numerous.  There  is  a  new  post-office 
while  new  mines  are  constantly  opening  in  the  building  and  an  Odd  Fellows  Hall.  A  United 
mountains.  All  this  is  of  advantage  to  Cal-  States  Signal  Service  station  is  located  here, 
gary,  which  has  the  same  situation  relative  to  ChtlUoMga,  Hamilton  County,  Tenn.,  at  the 
the  mountain  border  of  Canada  that  Denver  foot  of  Lookout  mountain,  on  Tennessee  river, 
has  in  relation  to  Colorado.  six  miles  from  the  southern  boundary  of  the 

Canton,  Stark  County,  Ohio,  60  miles  from  State.  Chattanooga  was  founded  in  1836,  and 
Cleveland.  The  population  in  1870  was  8,660;  first  known  as  Ross's  Landing,  from  the  nnme 
in  1880,  12,258;  io  1888,  estimated  at  30,000.  of  the  Cherokee  chief.  It  was  incorporated  in 
Manufactures  are  the  prominent  interest,  and  1852.  The  population  in  1860  was  2,545;  i 
include:  Mowers  and  reapers,  thrashing-ma-  1870,6,091;  in  1880, 12,879 ;  in  1887,  36,903 
chines,  farm  implements,  safes,  hay-racks,  hay-  and  in  1888  it  is  estimated  at  50,000.  Durin^ 
tedders,  sulky  and  hand  plows,  reaper-knives  the  civil  war  it  was  an  important  strateg;; 
and  sections,  steel  cutlery,  saddlery,  hardware,  point,  and  a  famous  battle  was  fought  near 
feed-cutters,  horse-powers,  mining  and  milling  Thirteen  thousand  National  soldiers  are  bax^J 
machinery,  street-lamps,  glass,  iron  bridges,  in  the  cemetery.  Chattanooga  is  on  the 
springs,  saws,  iron  roofing,  hay-carriers,  cast-  natural  highway  through  the  mountains, 
ings,  stoves,  steam-boilers  and  engines,  stone-  was  the  focus  of  interstate  wagon-road  ^ 
ware,  brick,  flour,  carriages,  wooden  articles,  days  gone  by.  It  is  195  miles  above  M 
printing-presses,  drilliDg-machines,  tin  and  Shoals,  and  on  the  cdmpletion  of  engin 
woo<len  pumps,  doors,  blinds  and  sash,  feed-  works  at  that  point,  will  possess  valuabL 
mills,  flouring  machinery,  bells,  lawn-rakes,  cilities  for  river  transportation.  It  is 
post -hole  diggers,  house  furniture,  carpets,  thirty-four  miles  fartlier  from  the  Gul 
glass  oil-tanks,  hay -forks,  bee-hives,  paper  water  than  Cincinnati.  The  iron  industr 
boxes,  faucets,  surgical  chairs,  toilet  and  laun-  progressed  for  twelve  years.  Four  fur 
dry  soaps,  brooms,  woolen  goods  and  yarns,  are  in  blast  within  the  city  limits,  and  it  i 
blank-books,  baking-powder,  mattresses,  ex-  financial  distributing- pomt  for  a  dozen  mo- 
tension  ladders,  hardware,  novelties,  files,  re-  the  district.  The  coal-mining  plants, 
volving  book  and  dry-goods  cases,  roasted  which  the  supplies  of  fuel  are  drawn,  nu 
coffees,  watches,  watch-cases,  and  railway  sig-  twenty-two,  with  a  total  output  in  18& 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Chktknne.)  161 

1^200,000  gross  tons.    It  is  the  first  poiDt  in  as  the  line  of  the  British  possessions.    Another 
the  Soath  where  the  maoafacture  of  Bessemer  road  soon  to  he  completed,  the  Chejenne  and 
•teel  was  attempted.    The  daily  capacity  of  the  Burlington,  a  hranoh  of  the  Burlington  and 
Roane  works  is  250  tons  of  rails  of  this  steel.  Missouri  system,  will  add  another  to  the  city^s 
Nine    lines  of   railroad    enter    Chattanooga,  facilities    for    communication.     The  assessed 
formed  hj  four  trunk,  and  one  independent  valuation  of  real  estate  in  1886  was  |2,208,- 
sjrtem.    There  is  also  a  narrow-gauge  line  to  457 ;  the  total  amount  of  real  and  personal 
the  top  of  Lookout  Mountain,  costing  $150,000;  property  was  $2,675,000.  It  is  understood  that 
an  incline  to  that  point,  costing  $76,000;  and  the  assessment- roll  represents  only  ahout  one 
another  to  Misdon  Ridge,  costing  $25,000.    A  third  of  the  actual  value  of  the  property.    In 
belt  road  of  80  miles  mns  128  passenger  and  1887  there  was  an  increase  of  ahout  half  a  mill- 
500  freight  cars  daily.      Truck-farming  is  a  ion  dollars,  the  amounts  aggregating  $3,258,- 
profitable  industry.    During  the  year  80,000,-  000.  A  large  portion  of  the  personal  property 
000  feet  of  lumber,  1,000,000  hnshels  of  grain,  in  the  city  and  county  consists  of  live-stock,  the 
200,000  tons  of  iron-ore,  and  from  5,000  to  10,-  principal  source  of  wealth ;  in  1886  this  inter- 
000  bales  ol\cotton,  with  farm  produce,  are  est  in  the  county  was  assessed  at  a  value  of 
floated  to  the  city  from  upper  points.    There  $4,481,194.     Cheyenne  is,  moreover,  the  sup- 
sre  three  daily  and  six  weekly  newspapers,  ply-point  for  a  great  stock-raising  territory, 
electric  and  gas  light  companies,  water-works,  many  of  the  largest  owners  of  ranches  having 
five  banks  (three  of  which  are  National),  with  their  homes  in  the  city.     The  manufactures, 
total  capital,  surplus,  etc.,  of  $1,360,000,  a  though  a  secondary  interest,   are  increasing, 
public  school  attendance  of  6,000,  in  addition  to  There  are  two  saddle  and  harness  establish- 
aameroas  private  schools,  and  two  universities,  ments,  a  carriage  and  wagon  factory,  a  plan- 
Ibe  sewerage  system  has  cost  $150,000.    There  ing-mill  and  wood- work  factory,  two  book- 
are  twenty   miles  of  street-rmlway,  and   an  binderies,  two  breweries,  and  two  cigar-facto- 
eleetric  line  is  building.    The  city  contains  an  ries.  The  total  value  of  manufactures  for  1886 
opera  house  and  twelve  hotels.    Thetax-valua-  was  about  $500,000.    The  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
tioQ  in  1880  was  $3,294,992;  in  1885,  $6,480,-  way  employs    several    hundred    men    in  its 
d60:  in  1888,  $12,328,000.    The  sales  of  real  machine  and  car-repairing  shops.    The  Chey- 
estate  daring  the  year  1886  were  $3,028,125 ;  enne  and  Burlington  is  also  to  have  a  shop 
in  1887,  $18,264,505.    Tlie  city  debt  is  $206,-  there  very  soon.    The  tax-levy  for  1887  was 
000.  The  manufacturing  establishments  in  1885  eight  and  three  fourth  mills,  divided  as  fol- 
nnmbered  99.     At  present  there  are  152,  132  lows:  general  revenue,  five  and  a  half  mills; 
of  which  employ  steam-power.     The  capital  streets  and  alleys,  one  and  one  quarter  mill ; 
invested     is    $8,711,700;    hands    employed,  bonds  of  1875,  one  half  mill;  bonds  of  1882, 
^432;    yearly    wages,   $3,332,900;   products,  one  mill;  bonds  of  1884,  one  half  mill.    The 
110,655,000.     There  are  eight  foundries  and  water-works,  owned  by  the  city,  were  con- 
maehine- shops,  as  many  factories  of  agricult-  stmcted  at  a  cost  of  about  $150,000.    The 
oral  implements,  two  cotton-compresses,  two  source  of  supply  is  127  feet  higher  than  the 
iteam-boiler  shops,   three  rolling-mills,   ten  city,   and  the    gravitation    affords    sufficient 
flailing  and  eight  saw  mills,  two  stove  works,  force  for  all  domestic  and  manufacturing  pnr- 
Vwo  large  tanneries,  extensive  pipe  works,  six  poses.    The  water  comes  from  Crow  Creek, 
brsas  and  seven    brick  works,   factories  of  the  source  of  supply  to  Lakes  Absaracca  and 
i^nnga,  carriages  and  wagons,  scales,  boxes,  Mahpealntah,  the  city  owning  160  acres  of 
ticks,  soap,  candy,  cane  mills,  wire  nails,  ci-  land,  controlling  one  mile  of  water  on  Crow 
I  ?*^  furniture,  fertilizers,  galvanized  and  «r-  Creek,  480  acres  partly  covered  by  Lake  Mah- 
:^\\  ^^tairal  iron,  artificial  stone,  powder,  dyna-  pealutah,   and  160  partly  covered   by  Lake 
i^ '1  ^*^*ad  many  small  industries.    Chattanooga  Absaracca.    The  system  includes  sixty  fire- 
\j^l  "^^^ttty-five  churches,  independent  of  those  hydrants  and  steam-pumping  machinery,  on 
^i\  \  ^  ^^^^^  population.    Many  of  these  are  the  line  of  the  main  pipe,  for  extinguishment 
^*  %J^  ^^'^^  buildings.    The  post-office  and  cus-  of  fires.    It  is  estimated  that  with  an  increase 
*{^V^|  r?^^^**^^  a  fine  edifice.    Chattanooga  is  a  of  storage-basins  the  present  system,  would 
*tS^ '^    ^^^^^^  Signal  Service  station.  supply  a  population  of  50,000.    The  city  has 
|^_P34i.i|  ^•'■■^ a  city,  capital  of  Wyoming  Territory  the  best  modern  system  of  sewerage,  an  alarm- 
j^^Mw-^l  ^^^'^^•seat  of  Laramie  County.    Chey-  system  fire  department ;  telephone  communica- 
Din§«'^|  j^.  ^^^  fif^  settled  in  1867;  its  population,  tion,  gas  and  electric  lighting,  and  a  street-rail- 
..^'^^y  the  census  returns  of  1880,  was  way.    By  act  of  the  Legislature  of  1886,  an 
1*^;  but  in  1887  it  was  estimated  at  10,000.  appropriation  of  $150,000  was  made  for  a  Ter- 
"J**  at  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Monntains,  ritorial  Capitol  to  be  completed  in  two  years. 
^^'orty  miles  from  the  western  line  of  Ne-  There  are  five  banks  with  capital  aggregating 
^^  and  about  twelve  miles  north  of  Colo-  more  than  $1,000,000,  and  average  deposits  of 
^  ana  is  on  the  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  over  $8,000,000.   Three  daily  and  three  weekly 
^Jjaj,  516  miles  west  of  Omaha,  and  at  the  newspapers  are  issued.      The   Union  Pacific 
j/p^  ^^  ^®  Denver.  Pacific,  Colorado  Cen-  Railway  has  bnilt  here  one  of  its  finest  depots, 
l^jtodCljeyenneand  Northern  railways.    It  at  an  expense  of  over  $100,000,  and  that  of 
^  proposed  to  extend  the  last  road  as  far  north  the  Cheyenne  and  Burlington  was  erected  at  a 

TOLXXTin.— 11  A 


.•<■' 


162  CITIES,  AMERIOAK    (Oounoil  Blufpb,  Dboatub.) 

cost  of   about  $90,000.      Other  noteworthy  focns,  Ooancil  Bloffs  has  long  been  eminent, 
buildings  are  8  churches,  4  public  schools  with  This  is  the  eastern  terminus  of  the   Union 
property  valued  at  $75,000 ;  a  convent  school  Pacific   system,   and  a  western   terminas  of 
that  cost  $50,000;  a  county  hospital,  $35,000;  the  Northwestern,  Burlington,  Milwaakee  and 
an  opera-hoQse,   $40,000;  and  a  club-bouse,  St.  Paul,  Rock  Island,  Wabash,  and   Illinois 
$30,000.    The  Young  Men's  Ohristian  Associa-  Central  systems,  from  Chicago,  while  other 
tion  has  a  membership  of  about  300,  and  an  railways  lead  north  to  Sioux  City   and  St. 
income  of  more  than  $8,000.     It  has  a  fine  Paul,  and  south  to  the  cities  along  Missouri 
hall,  a  gymnasium,  and  a  free  reading-room,  river.    All  this  centers  in  one  great  station. 
The  county  library,  containing  nearly  2,000  These  railway  facilities  make  the  city  a  flour- 
volumes,  is  open  to  the  public.    Three-quar-  ishing  business  point,  the  wholesale  and  job- 
ters  of  a  mile  northwest  of  the  city  are  the  biug  trade  amounting  in  1887  to  $33,000,000, 
grounds  of  the  Territorial  Fair  Association,  of  which  one  third  was  in  agricultural  im- 
containing  80  acres  of  land,   and  furnished  plements  alone — ^an  item   in   which    Council 
with  suitable  buildings  and  a  flue  race-track,  ^lufls  is  exceeded  only  by  Kansas  City.   Manu-     - 
Fort  Bussell  three  miles  west,  has  recently  facturing  is  not    so  forward,   the    combined     ^ 
been  enlarged  at  a  cost  of  $150,000,  and  is  a  products  amounting  to  $4, 000, 000' a  year.   Sev-     '^ 
permanent  military  post,  the  largest  in  the  de-  eral  railroads  have  extensive  repair-shops  here,     ^- 
partment  of  the  Platte.    Twenty  miles  north-  and  one  corn-cannery  employs  400  men.  Wag-     -- 
west  of  the  city  is  the  Silver  Crown  Mining  ons  and  carriages  form  ano^er  leading  object     - 
District,  the  development  of  which  was  begun  of  manufacture.    The  public  schools  are  well    ^ 
in  1886.    Several  mines  are  now  in  operation  managed  and  numerous,  and  the  Roman  Cath-     -~ 
that  will  yield  over  fifty  dollars  to  the  ton.    A  olic  Church  supports  two  academies;  but  there   ;  * 
smelter  having  a  capacity  of  thirty  tons  a  day  are  no  special  institutions  of  higher  learning.    ^ 
has  been  erected  there,  and  a  concentrator.  The  healthfulness  of  the  town  is  high,  and   -:= 
and  about  one  hundred  men  are  engaged  in  many  persons  doing  business  in  Omaha  prefer  <_ 
the  mines.    Several  of  the  mines  are  more  to  make  their  residence  here.    A  few  miles    i 
than  one  hundred  feet  deep,  and  it  is  the  opin-  below  the  city  a  lake-like  lagoon  from  the  Mis-     ^ 
ion  of  mineralogists  who  have  looked  into  the  sonri  forms  a  summer  pleasure-place,  where   :^ 
matter  that  richer  gold  and  silver  ore  will  be  hotels  have  been  built,  and  boating  and  fishing    ^^^ 
reached  at  a  greater  depth.  attract  excursionists.  't-^ 

CrancU  Btai^  the  largest  and  oldest  town  in        Decatv,  Morgan  County,  Ala.,  25  miles  from 

western  Iowa,  with  a  population  of  86,000.  the  northern  boundary,  on  Tennessee  river,  at    :^ 

Council  Bluffs  (a  name  given  by  the  Indians),  intersection  of  the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and 

began  as  an  Indian  trading-post,  and  then  be-  Georgia  and  the  LouisviUe  and  Nashville  rail-  >^ 

came  a  settlement  of  the  Mormons  after  they  roads.    It  is  on  the  water- shed  between  the  .\: 

removed  from  Nauvoo,  111.,  in  1846.   When  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Ohio  river,  has  an  altitude  r^ 

California  gold  discoveries  sent  emigration  west-  of  600  feet,  and  enjoys  all  advantages  of  the    , 

ward  this  place  became  one  of  the  main  start-  valley  of  the  Tennessee.    It  is  in  the  cereal    __ 

ing-points  for  overland  travel.    It  is  at  the  foot  belt,  producing  grains,  blue  grass,  clover,  etcj^  ^.__ 

of  and  upon  the  bluffs  forming  the  eastern  a  cotton  region,  and  tobacco-growing  country^ 

margin  of  the  bottom-lands  bordering  the  Mis-  and  the  mineral  resources  are  also  unlimited^ 

souri,   and  is  connected  with  Omaha,  Neb.,  including  coal  and  iron  in  close  proximity,    ^^ 

immediately  opposite,  by  a  railway -bridge,  and  while  timber  of  best  quality  abounds.    Lime-  , 

a  wagon- bridge  across  which  street-cars  will  stone,  asphalt,  building-stone,  granite  and  mar-  ^^ 

presently  be  run  by  electric  motors.    The  busi-  ble,  manganese,  glass-sand,  and  brick-day  are  V! 

ness  and  a  large  part  of  the  best  residence  part  available.    The  town  was  devastated  during    . 

of  the  town  is  upon  the  level  expanse  at  the  the  civil  war.    On  Jan.  11,  1887 — the  date  of  ^^ 

foot  of  the  bluffs ;  but  many  fine  streets  run  organization  of  the  Land   Improvement  and 

into  the  beautiful  ravines  that  indent  the  high-  Fm'nace  Company  with  5,600  acres  of  town,   '^ 

lands ;  and  upon  their  wooded  crest  is  an  ex-  50,000  acres  of  mineral  lands,  and  $400,000  . 

tensive  public  park,  the  cemeteries,  and  the  capital — ^it  contained  fewer  than  1,500  inhab- 

reservoir  of   the  water-system,   supplied    by  itants.    In  one  year,  $900,000  had  been  ex-   _ 

pumping  (through  settling- basins)  from  Mis-  pended  in  improvements,  including  industries;  _^ 

souri  river.    The  city  hall  and   court- bouse,  and  the  population  in  July,  1888,  was  7,500.  - 

the  Federal  building,  and  the  high-school,  are  It  has  a  street-railway,   an  electric-light  and  ' 

stately  edifices.  Just  outside  of  town  is  a  State  telephone  company,  1  daily  and  3  weekly  news-  ^^** 

institution  for  the  instruction  and  care  of  deaf-  papers,  a  water-works  system  costing  $200,000,  "^ 

mutes  which  has  375  pupils.     The  city  is  well  and  2  banks  (one  National),  with  capital  of  '^'  - 

paved,  sewered,  and  policed.   It  is  lighted  with  $100,000  each.    It  was  surveyed  by  a  land-^^^^^^ 

gas,  but  the  incandescent  system  of  electric  scape  engineer,  and  the  sewerage  is  of  the  "^ 

Bghting  is  extensively  used.     There  are  some  Waring  system.    Freight  rates  are  competitive.  ^-— 

exceedingly  handsome  churches  and  society  Other  railroad  lines,  in  addition  to  the  two  ::=^ 

halls,  and  a  public  library  of  7,500  volumes  is  trunk  systems,  are  projected  and  construct-  -  ^ 

well  patronized.    There  are  three  daily  news-  ing.    Navigation  of  the  river  is  dependent  on  ^ 

papers  and  several  weeklies.    As  a  railway  completion  of  the  works  at  Mussel  Shoals.^ 


OrriES,  AMERICAN.    (Dubhaic,  Eau  Olaibb,  Ely.)  163 

The  schools  are  private.    Indastries  completed  and  Eaa  Claire  rivers.  It  is  821  miles  northwest 

or  began  include  a  70-ton  charcoal  iron-far-  of  Chicago,  and  84  miles  east  of  St.  Paal.    The 

nace,  costing  $100,000;  a  charcoal  company^s  population  in  1880  was  10,118,  according  to  the 

plant  of  $120,000;  a  bridge  and  construction.  United  States  census;  in  1885  it  was  21,668, 

companj,  $100,000 ;  oalc  extract  works,  $60,-  according  to  the  State  census ;  and  it  is  now 

000;  a  borseshoe-nail  factory,  $100,000;  boiler  estimated  at  25,000.     The  Chicago,  St.  Paul, 

and  engine  works,  $100,000 ;  a  $1,000,000  plant  Minneapolis  and  Omaha  Kailroad,  the  Chicago, 

of  the  United  States  Rolling  Stock  Company;  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  and  the  TVis- 

car-constniction  and  repair-shops,  $300,000 ;  consin  Central  Line,  with  branches  extending 

a  car-wheel  foundry,  $60,000 ;  an  ice  factory,  in  various  directions,  including  those  of  the 

$10,000;  a  ootton-com press,  $75,000;  a  furni-  pine,  hard  wood,  and  mineral  regions  of  the 

tore^  sash,  door,  and  blind  factory,  6  brick-  north.    The  chief  water-power  is  supplied  by 

yards,  large  lumber-yards  and  mills,  and  an  the  dam  across  Chippewa  river,  giving  eighteen 

artificial  stone  company.     The  daily  output  feet  head,  while  the  dam  on  £au  Claire  river 

of  3  band  saws  is  60,000  feet  of  lumber,  and  supplies  the  linen  and  other  mills.    These  riv- 

of   1    circular  saw,   15,000,   wliile   2,500,000  ers,  spanned  by  ten  bridges,  are  thickly  lined 

shinies  are  handled  yearly  by  the  latter  com-  with  manufacturing  establishments,  including 

pany.     A  steamboat  is  owned  and  operated  in  a  dozen  large  saw -mills,  a  sash-and-door  fac- 

tbe  business.    An  opera-house  and  business  tory,  a  linen-mill,  a  furniture  factory,  a  refrig- 

blocks  are  building.     Two  thousand  residences  erator  factory,  two  foundries,  and  a  factory  of 

asd  cottages  have  been  erected.    The  ^^  Tav-  electrical  machinery  and  appliances.    The  fol- 

em^  cost  $140,000.  lowing  statement  exhibits  the  principal  statis- 

DvhaH,  Wake  County,  North  Carolina,  25  tics  for  1888 :    Assessed  value  of  property, 

miles  from  Raleigh,  on  the  North  Carolina  Rail-  $5,404,487.89 ;  bonded  debt,  $195,000 ;  school 

road;  population,  nearly  8,000.    It  owes  its  census,  4,401;    men   employed  in  saw-mills, 

ux>speHt7  to  a  single  world-famed  industry,  etc.,  1,572;  amount  of  lumber  sawed,  182,000,- 

Prior  to  the  civil  war,  tobacco  was  manufact-  000  feet ;    lath   sawed,  62,000,000 ;    shingles 

nred  in  one  small  factory,  which  fell  into  the  sawed,    82,000,000 ;    paper    made,    2,621,000 

hinds  of  the  National  army,  pending  negotia-  pounds;  value  of  lumber,  lath,  and  shingles, 

tions  for  surrender  by  Gen.  Johnston,  in  1865.  ^2,541,000;  value  of  sash,  doors,  and  bUnds 

Orders  received  for  the  product  of  this  estab-  made,   $838,000 ;    value   of  paper    and   pulp 

fisbment,  after  the  disbandment  of  the  armies,  made,  $140,000.      Eau  Claire  is  one  of  the 

gave  an  impetus  of  growth  to  the  town,  which  largest  lumber    manufacturing  cities   in   the 

DOW  has  business  connections  all  over  the  world.  United  States.    It  manufactures  annually  800,- 

The  larg^t  granulated  smoking-tobacco  factory  000,000  feet  of  lumber^     It  has  25  miles  of 

in  the  world,  with  a  edacity  of  10,000,000  water-mains  with   820  hydrants,  2  electric- 

poonds  jearly,  is  here.    It  has  a  larger  pay-  light  companies  with  circuits  41  miles  long, 

roil  than  any  other  manufacturing  establish-  an  electric  fire-alarm  system,  4}  miles  of  street- 

B^nt  in  the  State.    Cigarettes  are  the  specialty  railway,   8  public   parks,   a  sewage   system, 

,«ff  mother  company,   and  254,183,333  were  paved  streets,  an  opera-house  built  at  a  cost  of 

dupped   during  1886.    The  increase  for  the  $60,000,   with  a  seating   capacity  of    1,200, 

TDOQth  of  July  over  the  same  month  for  the  beautiful  residences  and  churcnes,  2  daily  news- 

▼esr  previous  was  20,895,140.     There  are  more  papers,  a  female  academy,  a  free  public  li- 

ihaa  a  dozen  factories  of  tobacco  and  snuff,  brary,  a  fine  race-track,  and  an  agricultural 

The  tobacco-boxes  are  made  here.    A  cotton-  exposition  building.     It  has  telephonic  con- 

miD,  of  8,568  spindles  and  200  looms,  produces  nections  with  all  the  neighboring  towns.    A 

1000  yards  of  cloth  a  day,  the  bulk  of  which  noted  characteristic  of  this  climate  is  its  pure, 

ii  made  into  tobacco-bags.     There  is  also  a  dry  atmosphere,  which  is  favorable  to  those 

bol^bin  and   shuttle  mill,  with  a  capacity  of  afflicted  with  pulmonary  troubles.    The  Chip- 

^,000  pieces  a  week,  for  cotton,  woolen,  silk,  pewa  is  one  of  the  largest  rivers  in  the  State, 

J3te,  flax,  and  woolen  mills.    A  tobacco-cure  and  its  great  valley,  with  its  numerous  streams, 

eompany  makes  three  forms  of  medicaments,  proffers  an  accessible  supply  of  timber,  con- 

aad  a  fertilizer  company  uses  tobacco-dust  as  sisting  of  maple,  oak,  birch,  elm,  hemlock,  and 

i  hms.    The  sales  of  tobacco  in  a  year  from  bass-wood.     For  the  encouragement  of  new 

tangle   warehouse   amounted   to   8,830,000  manufacturing  enterprises,  a  bonus  of  $100  is 

pounds.     The  amount  paid  for  stamps  on  to-  offered  for  each  operative  who  shall  be  regu- 

iaeeo,  from  the  figures  of  the  Internal-Revenue  larly  and  steadily  employed  in  any  legitimate 

OfSee,  in  six  years  and  nine  months,  was  $37,-  manufacturing  enterprise.    This  policy,  during 

S^212.83.    The  streets  are  paved  with  stone,  this  the  first  year  of  the  experiment,  has  se- 

tWe  are  electric  lights  and  water- works,  eleven  cured  the  establishment  of  four  large  enter- 

cborches,  two  newspapers,  and  a  graded-school  prises  in  Eau  Claire. 

^oilding  erected  at  a  cost  of  $6,500,  which  By,  a  town  in  northern  Minnesota,  organized 

iceoQmiodates  500  pupils.    There  are  also  two  in  1886  by  the  Ely  Mining  Company,  popula- 

fanale  seminaries.  tion  about  1,000.    It  contains  the  Chandler 

ta  Cbipe,  a  city,  county-seat  of  Eau  Claire  iron  mine,  which  is  in  process  of  development 

Coonty,  Wis.,  at  the  confluence  of  Chippewa  to  a  width  of  130  feet,  length  1,000  feet,  with 


164  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Fobt  Watnb,  Glbnwood  Spbikos.) 

from  ooe  to  eight  feet  of  stripping.    Over  300  Its  growth,  previous  to  getting  railroad  con- 
men  are  employed,  and  1,000  tons  of  ore  are  nection  with  Denver,  was  very  slow,  but  since 
shipped  daily  on  60  cars  each  of  20  tons  ca-  theantnmnofl887  the  population  has  increased 
pacity.    The  ore,  a  hard  hematite,  assays  68  to  8,000.     This  is  due  to  the  advantageous 
per  cent,  metallic  iron,  and  is  low  in  phospho-  situation  of  the  town  as  the  supplying  point  of 
rus.    It  has  a  saw-mill  producing  80,000  feet  the  Grand  River  valley ;  and  to  the  presence     r^ 
of  lumber  daily,  principally  used  in  the  con-  there  of  remarkable  thermal  springs,  in  the      l 
struction  of  the  Chandler  and  other  mines,  utilization  of  which  a  large  capital  is  being  in-      ~ 
The  first  ore  train  entered  this  town  Ang.  15,  vested.    The  advantage  of  situation  consists  in 
1888,  and  through  trains  between  this  point  its  being  at  the  convergence  of  three  main 
and  Duluth,  Minn.,  were  put  on  the  Duluth  valleys  along  which  will  naturally  flow  the      ^ 
and  Iron  Range  Railroad  Aug.  21,  1888.  products  of  mines  and  ranches,  and  currents  of    ^''^ 

Fort  Wayne,  the  county- seat  of  Allen  County,  travel.    Two  railways,  the  Colorado  Midland      ^ 

Ind.,  on  St.  Mary^s  river,  in  the  northeastern  and  the  Grand  River  branch  of  the  Denver  and    '' 

part  of  the  State.    It  originated  in  a  fort  built  Rio  Grande,  now  terminate  at  Glen  wood,  but 

in  1794   by  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne.    The  in-  both  are  to  bd  extended  westerly     The  Bur-      ' 

habitants  in  1828  numbered  500;   in  1840,  lington  and  other  routes  have  been  surveyed    ^ 

1,200;  in  1860,  10,319;  in  1880,  25,760;  in  through  this  pomt,  which  thus  bids  fair  to  be-     ^ 

1888,   estimated    at   40,000.    The    first    city  come  a  railway  center,  and  consequently  a    '^ 

charter  was  granted  in  1839.    On  July  4, 1848,  point  of  commercial  supremacy.    This  part  of    -"- 

the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  was  opened.   Nine  the  State  abounds  in  coal,  both  anthracitic  and    -  = 

railway  lines  pass  through  the  city.    Improved  bituminous.  The  former  is  of  excellent  quality.    '* 

farms  and  forests  of  hard- wood  timber  sur-  and  from  the  latter  superior  coke  is  made.    -^^ 

round  the  city.     Within  thirty-five  miles  are  About  15,000  acres  of  coal-lands  were  taken  ^^ 

28  stave  and  bolt  factories ;  the  annual  out-  up  in  this  district  previous  to  1887,  for  which    ^ 

put  of  each  is  from  500,000   to  18,000,000  the  Government  was  pdd  nearly  $204,000.     r? 

staves    and   headings.     There    are  4   banks.  Many  mines  and  coking  ovens  have  already   N^J 

5  daily  newspapers,   10  miles  of  street-rail-  been  opened  by  corporations,  and  preparations    :e 

way,  a  public  and  a  Catholic  library.  Young  are  making  for  others.    Much  of  this  product  -.^ 

Men's   Christian    Association    reading-rooms,  is  directly  tributary  to  Glenwood.    Immense   1= 

and  churches  of  all  denominations.    There  are  bodies  of  hematite  and  magnetic  iron  ore  occur  cr- 

fine  Catholic    church,    school,    and    hospital  in  the  mountains,  at  places  easily  accessible;    '~: 

buildings.    Their  library  cost  $65,000,  exclu-  while  lime,  fire-clay,  and  other  furnace  ingre-  '---r^ 

si ve  of  books,  and  contains  5,000  volumes.  The  dients  abound.      Hence  it  is  expected  that  ^. 

First  Presbyterian,  recently  erected,  cost  $90,-  smelting-f urnaces  and  iron-mills  will  be  erected  ;  ^ 

000.      There  are  12  public-school  buildings,  at  Glenwood  within  a  short  time,  to  which  ^ 

The  system  was  established  in  1858,  and  re-  could  be  most  cheaply  brought  (as  it  is  all  -- 

organized  in  1878.    The  attendance  is  8,500  down  grade)  the  silver  and  lead  ores  mined  in  .^ 

pupils.     There    are    several    institutions  for  the  high  ranges  eastward  and  southward,  while  >^i^ 

higher    education,     notably    Methodist    and  branch  railroads  about  to  be  constructed  will  ■— 

Lutheran.    There  are  forty  miles  of  water-  add  to  the  list  of  mines  tributary  to  this  new  -— 

main,  supplying  water  for  domestic  purposes  town.    There  is  little  room  for  agricultare  in 

and  fire  protection.    Forty-two  thousand  dol-  the  immediate  vicinity,  but  farther  down  Grand    — 

lars  were  expended  in  improvements  of  sewer-  river  lies  an  extensive  ranching  and  cattle-   

age  during  1887,  and  $77,000  on  streets  and  grazing  district,  which  will  sell  and  buy  from 

side- walks.     There  are  two  opera-houses,  a  this  market  the  moment  that  railway  connec- 

Masonic  Temple,  and  an  academy  of  music.  The  tion  is  established.    The  thermal  springs  here..^,^ 

new  Government  building,  a  handsome  struct-  are  of  remarkable  size  and  power.     They  gu  ' 

ure,   cost  $200,000.    The  city  is  lighted  by  out  in  many  places  along  Grand  river,  j 

electricity.    The  manufacturing  industries  in-  below  the  picturesque  callon  at  the  mouth 

elude  the  shops  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railway  which  the  town  is  built.    The  principal  one 

Company,  the  White  wheel- works,  employing  in  the  edge  of  the  city,  and  has  a  basin  six 

180  hands,  with  monthly  wages  of  $4,000 ;  a  feet  in  diameter.     The  overfiow  of  this  is  co^ 

walnut-lumber  firm  employing  200  men  and  ducted  into  an  oval  pool,  fioored  and  walled 

manufacturing  6,000,000  feet  of  walnut  alone  with  concrete  and  masonry,   which  is  a^ 

yearly;    a  company  manufacturing  gas- work  hundred  and  sixty  feet  in  length.     Beside 

machinery  and  apparatus,  a  brass-foundry,  two  great   pool    elaborate    bath-houses,    par\ 

large  breweries,    wagon    and   pulley   works,  amusement-rooms,   etc.,  have  been  buil^-» 

handle-factories,  grain-elevator,  woodworking  which  all  modem  appliances  are  employed, 

and  mill  machinery,  iron- works,  lumber  yards  in  connection  with  which  a  large  hote^ 

and  mills,  and  coffee,  fipice,  baking-powder,  sanitarium  are  in  process  of  erection, 

and  fiouring  mills.  buildings  are  steam-heated,  lighted  by  ^1^^^^^^ 

Gleawttd  Sprligs,  an  incorporated  town  in  ity,   and  surrounded  by  ornamental  gro^  ^^^ 

Garfield  County,   Col.,  at  the  western  base  The  temperature  of  the  waters  at  their  ^ 

of  the  main  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  126°  Fahr. ;  and  some  springs  arise  inside 

where  the  Roaring  Fork  enters  Grand  river,  caves  which  are  filled  with  steam, 


0ITIE8,  AMERIOAN.    (Hastings,  Hutohinbon,  Jaoksonvillb.)  165 

natoral  vapor-baths.    The  water  is  clear,  and  gambling  resorts.    The  first  newspaper  was 

not  unpleasant  in  taste  or  smell  when  hot  and  published  in  1872,  and  5,000  copies  were  printed 

fresb.     Thej  contain  an  nnnsnal  quantity^  of  and  sent  East  as  advertisements.    At  the  same 

scdid  ingredients,  snch  as  salts  of  soda,  mag-  date  a  population  of  600  incurred  a  debt  of 

nesia,  iron,  and  lime,  with  sulphur  and  carbonic  $100,000    for    public    improvements.      Four 

add,  and  are  believed  to  possess  remedial  qual-  bridges  (one  1,680  feet  long)  and  a  court-house 

ities  of  a  high  order.    The  altitude  of  the  were  built.    The  growth  was  slow  and  substan- 

lo^lity  is  5,200  feet,  and  the  air  and  water  of  tial,  and  proportioned  to  the  settlement  of  the 

that  poritj  to  be  expected  among  the  mount-  county,  a  rich  agricultural  region.    There  are 

aina.     The  town  is  well  built,  and  contains  two  other  lines  of  railroad,  and  two  more  are 

school-honses,  churches,  and  business  blocks  approaching.    Hutchinson  has  twelve  salt  com- 

that  would  do  credit  to  a  far  older  and  more  panics.    A  recent  drill  for  natural  gas  resulted 

populous  place.    There  are  three  newspapers,  m  the  discovery,  at  a  depth  of  425  feet,  of  a 

two  of  which  are  dailies ;  two  banks,  with  a  salt-deposit  from  800  to  820  feet  thick,  and  10 

capital  of  $100,000  each ;  and  two  large  hotels,  miles  square.     Salt  is  brought  to  the  surface 

Water  is  supplied  by  a  gravity  system  from  a  by  saturation   of  water  in   weUs,   which   is 

mountain  brook ;  and  the  streets  and  most  of  pumped  to  large  tanks  and  evaporated.    The 

the  larger  business-houses  and  dwellings  are  tanks  present  a  curious  appearance,  owing  to 

lighted  by  electricity.  crystallization  of  salt  through  the  leaks.    The 

"*""f — ^b^  county -seat  of  Adams  County,  firound  beneath  often  resembles  snow-drifts. 

in  the  southern  central  part  of  Nebraska,  on  The  aggregate  capacity  of  the  works  in  opera- 

tbe  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy  Railroad,  tion  is  5,700  barrels  of  salt  a  day.    The  freight 

180  mil^  west  of  Omaha.    This  city  has  grown  on  lumber  for  the  year  was  $150,000 ;  on  coal, 

up  during  the  past  ten  years  with  phenomenal  $150,000;    and   on   building-stone,    $100,000. 

strength  and  vigor.     It  has  a  population  of  The  business-houses  are  of  brick  and  stone — 

1S,000,  and,  besides  the  main  line  of  the  Bur-  181  of  these  and  1,380  dwelling-houses  were 

Hn^on  system,  has  branches  of  the  Union  Pa-  constructed  during  the  year  past.   Hutchinson 

dfic  (St.  Joseph  and  Grand  Island  Railroad),  is  fast  becoming  a  meat-packing  center  and 

the  Missouri  Pacific,  and  the  Northwestern  manufacturing  point.    The  capacity  of  a  meat- 

(Fr^ont,  Elkhorn,  and  Missouri  Valley  Rail-  packing  establishment  in  operation  is  2,000 

road).     Other  railroads  are  surveyed  to  reach  hogs  a  day.    A  contract  was  signed  at  Chicago, 

this  point.     The  surrounding  country  is  fertile  in  September,  1888,  for  the  erection  of  a  large 

find  well  settled.    Corn  is  the  principal  crop,  lard-refinery  and  cotton- seed-oil  factory  and  a 

bat  the  rearing  of  live-stock  is  an  equally  im-  pork-packing  house.    The  buildings  and  plants 

{wrtant  industry.     The  city  is  solidly  built,  in  will  cost  $500,000.    A  stock-yard  and  salt  com- 

its  business  part,  while  its  more  scattered  resi-  pany  has  paid  $98,000  for  grounds,  and  it  is 

dence  portion  possesses  many  handsome  houses,  contemplated  that  $500,000  will  be  invested. 

The  principal  streets  are  paved  and  sewered.  The  city  is  lighted  by  gas  and  electricity,  has 

sod  the  whole  city  is  lighted  by  gas  and  elec-  water- works,  street-car  lines,  a  daily  news- 

triettT.      Twenty  miles  of    horse-car    tracks  paper,   telephone   facilities,  and   comfortable 

We  been  laid.    There  are  two  daily  newspa-  hotels.    The  schools  are  excellent;  the  churches 

per?,  a  board  of  trade,  several  banks,  a  power-  numerous  and   well  supported.     There  is  a 

fol  loan-and-in vestment  association,  and  con-  handsome  Masonic  Temple. 

aderable  wholesale  business.    In  addition  to  JacksoBTine,  Duval  County,  Florida,  a  com- 

tbe  public  schools,  which  occupy  large  brick  mercial  city  and  winter  resort,  on  St.  John's 

WoldingB,  there  is  here  the  nucleus  of  a  uni-  river,  15  miles  from  the  ocean,  in  the  north- 

vfmtj  in  Hastings  College,  an  institution  un-  eastern  part  of  the  State.    The  population  is 

do  the  control  of  the  Presbyterians,  which  is  25,000.     During  the  winter  season  from  60,000 

"•til  endowed    and    offers  a  full    course  of  to  70,000  visitors  register  at  twenty  hotels, 

(Q^lfi^te   instruction.      This    school    admits  in  addition  to  others  in  boarding-houses.    It 

€n^  ^«xe9  to  equal  privileges,  and  has  about  is  lighted  by  gas  and  electricity,  has  street- 

^^oliundred  students.    All#the  leading  relig-  railways,  daily  newspapers,  telegraph,  ocean 

^  denominations   have  churches,  and  tlie  and  domestic,  and  telephone  facilities;  2  Na- 

icnng  Men's  Christian  Association,  the  Ma-  tional,   8   private,    and   2   savings   banks;    8 

*®^  uid  other    societies,    maintain    their  miles   of  cast-iron   water-main,   with   water- 

^€=^J  ^ffgiaizations.    There  is  a  large  and  handsome  supply  from   artesian  wells,  and  9  miles  of 

^^jty»e.  terra- cotta  sewers.    The  sanitation  is  elaborate, 

"**hBiB,a  city,  the  county-seat  of  Reno  but  during  the  year  there  were  4,711  cases  of 

^^y,  Kansas,  on   Arkansas  river,  at  the  yellow  fever,  and  412  deaths.    The  tide  rises 

^  first  reached  by  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  three  feet  in  the  river.     The  city  has  an  ocean 

^  Santa  F6  Railroad.    The  population,  by  port,  the  harbor  being  improved  by  jetties  at 

J«Qw  census  retarns,  has  increased  more  than  the  mouth  of  the  river,  in  operation  since  1879. 

J^*W  in  three  years.    It  was  founded  in  1872  There  is  a  foreign  and  coastwise  commerce. 

TOnton  C.Hutchinson,  and  all  deeds  to  town  The  river  traffic  has  decreased  of  late  years, 

^  contained  forfeiture  clauses  prohibiting  by  reason  of  increase  of  railroads,  of  seven  of 

^  ale  of  intoxicating  liquors  and  keeping  of  which  Jacksonville  is  the  terminus.    The  total 


166  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Lincoln.) 

2,208  miles  in  the  State  are  tributary  to  the  beef-packing  house  is  soon  to  be  built.    Fao- 
city.    It  is  a  center  of  fruit-packing  and  ship-  tories  of  several  kinds  are  rising.    The  brick- 
ping.     A  company  has  been   organized   for  and-tile    works    employ   150    men    the  year 
orange-auction   and    forwarding.    The    lead-  round,  and  can  make  60,000  common  bricks 
ing  jobbing  bosiness  is  the  wholesale  grain  and  and  12,000  pressed  bricks  daily,  besides  all  sorts     > 
feed  trade.    There  are  90  wholesale  establish-  of  tiles.    The  Lincoln  canning-factory  is  capable 
ments  and  500  retail,  which  employ  nearly  of  packing  a  million  cans  of  vegetables  and 
5,000  hands.    The  amount  of  business  capital  2,000  barrels  of  vinegar  in  a  year.    In  all,  70 
in  both  branches  is  $20,000,000.    A  cutton-  factories  are  now  counted  in  the  city,  whose 
house,  with  gin  and  press,  is  being  erected,  combined  product  amounts  to  $8,000,000  an-     ^  ] 
and  the  city  will  eventually  become  a  cotton-  nually.    As  the  capital  of  the  State  the  city     ^ 
center.    There  is  a  direct  line  of  steamships  to  has  many  public  institutions,  some  of  which     .< 
New  York.    A  new  charter  has  recently  been  are  imposingly  housed.    The  new  Capitol  is    >. 
granteo,  by  which  the  corporate  limits  are  ex-  a  stately  edifice,  after  the  style  of  the  Capitol      . 
tended.    The  public  schools  number  eleven,  at  Washington,  built  of  white  limestone  from     V 
white  and  colored,  with  an  attendance  of  2,254  the  bluffs  of  Platte  river,  and  capped  by  a      . 
pupils.    The  value  of  school  property  is  $70,-  dome  rising  200  feet  above  the  trees  of  the 
500.    There  are  also  private,  art,  and  music  park  in  which  it  stands.    The  interior  is  hand-      ; 
schools,  and  a  Toung  Men's  Christian  Associa-  somely  finished,  and  the  whole  building  cost 
tion.    The  streets  are  paved,  and  there  are  $500,000.    Three  miles  southward  is  the  State 
shelled  roads.    It  has  lumber-mills,  cigar-facto-  Insane  Asylam,  and  the  Penitentiary  stands  in    ,  J 
ries,  a  brush-factory,  boiler  and  machine  shops,  another   suburb.     The   post-office  and  other    .:; 
founderie<>,  marine  railways,  jewelry  and  curio,  Federal  offices  occupy  a  large  and  ugly  struct-     "~ 
carriage  and  wagon,  and  ice  factories,  a  coffee  ure  on  the  public  square,  and  a  county  court-  j^ 
and  spice  mill,  binderies,  and  other  manufact-  house  is  soon  to  be  built  at  a  cost  of  $200,000.    ^ ' 
uring  indastries.  Lincoln  derives  a  large  part  of  its  distinction      * 

LhiMlik — The  capital  of  Nebraska,  in  Kent  from  its  institutions  of  learning.    Here  is  the   ;; 

County,  65  miles  southwest  of  Omaha ;  popu-  State  University,  occupying  a  group  of  large    ^ 

lation,   85,000.     There  is  no  river  here,  or  buildings  in  shaded  grounds,  which  form  a     - 

natural  site  for  a  town ;   but  the  place  was  park  in  the  midst  of  the  town.    These  grounds    -_ 

chosen  to  be  the  capital  when  it  was  a  mere  were  reserved   by  the  State,   and  the  main     - 

cross-road  because  of  its  central  position  in  building  was  erected  in  1870,  at  a  cost  of  $140,-    - 

what  then  constituted  the  population  of  Ne-  000,  out  of  funds  accruing  from  the  sale  of  city    — 

braska.    The  State  became  owner  of  the  town-  lots.    Since  then  other  buildings  have  been     - 

site,  and  sold  nearly  $400,000  worth  of  lots  added,  laboratories  furnished,  etc.,  until  now     ~ 

within  a  few  years,  so  rapidly  did  people  as-  this  university  is  one  of  the  best  equipped  in  " 

semble  and  property  appreciate.     Lincoln  is  the  West.    It  is  under  a  board  of  regents,  and  ^^ 

now  the  railroad- center  of  the  State.    The  will  ultimately  embrace  an  academic  course,    -^ 

Burlington  routers  trains  enter  and  leave  over  an  industrial  college,  and  colleges  of  medi-    r: 

six  dififerent  lines ;  the  Union  Pacific  has  lines  cine,  law,  and  the  fine  arts,  to  which  will  be  '»= 

both  north  and   south ;    the    Elkhom  route  added  special  advanced  courses ;  only  the  first    '^ 

comes  in  by  two  lines,  and  the  Missouri  Pa-  two  are  organized,  as  yet,  under  sixteen  pro-  ■'^^ 

cifio  by  one.     At  least  1,000  men  are  em-  fessors  and  several  instructors.    A  preparatory     _ 

ployed  here  by  the  railways  alone.    Partly  school  is  attached,  and  the  tendency  of  the 

as  cause,  partly  as  effect  of  these  railroad  fa-  curriculum  is  toward  modern  and  practical  v 

cilities,  an  enormous  wholesale  and  jobbing  requirements,    rather    than    toward    classical  ^^ 

trade    has    arisen.      The    sales    of  groceries  training.      This  appears  in    the   prominence 

amount  to  $4,000,000  annually.    Agricultural  given  to  the  Industrial  College,  which  offers    _: 

implements, ,  cigars  and  tobacco,  dry  goods,  two  courses,  leading  to  the  degrees  of  bachelor  tr: 

drugs,   and    liquors  follow,   augmenting    the  of  agriculture  and  bachelor  of  civil  engineer-   -:. 

wholesale    business   to  $12,000,000  annually,  ing.     An  experimental  farm  is  carried  on  by  v^ 

making  it  a  serious  competitor  in  trade  with  the  State  in  connection  with  this  college.     In  ,-^ 

Omaha,  St.  Joseph,  and  Kansas  City.    As  a  1887-'88  this  university  had  400  students.    It  /^^ 

grain-market  Lincoln  is  important.    Her  mer-  is  free  to  residents  of  Nebraska,  and  receives,  ^v-r 

chants  own  seventy -five  elevators  in  all  parts  without  further  examination,  the  graduates  of  .  ^ 

of  the  State,  and  handle  three  fourths  of  the  about  twenty  accredited  high-schools  in  the 

cereal-crop  of  Nebraska — i.  e.,  from  fifteen  to  State.      Besides  this,  the  Methodist  Church 

twenty   million    bushels  of    corn  and    small  opened    in    September,   1888,   the    Wesleyan 

grains.     Ten  Eastern  grain-dealers  muntdn  iTniversity.      It  occupies  a    building  costing 

buyers  here.     Live-stock  forms  another  ele-  $70,000,  three  miles  from  the  center  of  the  ,   - 

ment  of  prosperity.     Three  quarters  of  the  city,  and  owns  240  acres  of  gift-land.    This 

total  shipment  of  beef  and  swine  from  the  school  is  designed   to   be  a  university,   and 

State  passes  through  Lincoln,  and  is  quartered  among   its  foremost  departments  will    be  a    ^ 

in  her  immense  stock-yards.    Two  pork-pack-  polytechnic  school.     A  third  university,  just 

ing  houses  represent,  combined,   a  plant  of  founded,  is  under  the  care  of  the  Campbell ite/^ 

$200,000,  and  can  pack  5,000  hogs  a  day;  a  Church;  and  the  Boman  Catholics  support  a 


GITTES,  AMERIOAN.    (Mobils,  Montoomsbt.) 


lOT 


eonrent  school  haying  150  pupils.    BnsiDess 
oolkges   and    a  complete    system  of   pablic 
achools  are  to  be  added  to  this  remarkable  list 
of  edacational  facilities.    The  State  Library  has 
SO^OOO  Tolames,  and  is  especially  rich  in  law- 
books.    The  society  of  Lincoln  is  of  an  intelli- 
genoe  and   coltare   anasual  in  towns  so  far 
west,  and  the  wealth  is  considerable.    The  city 
is  therefore  well  kept  and  handsome.    All  of 
the   principal    streets   are  well    shaded    and 
paTed,  and  street-cars  ron  in  every  direction. 
Gas  and  elictricity  light  the  streets  and  houses. 
Many  examples  of  modem  architecture,  com- 
m^idal   and  domestic,  adorn  the  town,  and 
some  of  the  chnrches  are  costly  and  handsome. 
Bililf,  the  only  seaport  of  Alabama,  on  Mo- 
Inie  river,  at  the  head  of  Mobile  Bay,  24  miles 
from  the  Gnlf  of  Mexico.    The  population  in 
1880  was  29,132;  in  1888  it  was  estimated  at 
40,000.      The  Government   has   appropriated 
$250,000    for    improvement    of  the    harbor, 
where   deep   water   is   needed.     At   present 
reesels  of  15^  feet  are  floated.    During  the 
year  138  vessels  entered  the  port,  with  a  ton- 
us^ of  128,250  tons.     It  is  the  outlet  of  2,000 
miles  of  navigable  rivers,  passiug  through  rich 
^Srioiltiira],  iron,  and  coal  regions,  and  it  is 
important  as  a  coal  port.    The  trade  in  coal 
for  the  year  was  39,433  tons,  of  which  648 
were  imported.     Next  to  New  Orleans  it  was 
the  largest  cotton  -  receiving   market  of  the 
South  prior  to  the  civil  war,  the  average  an- 
ooal  exports  for  five  years  being  632,808  bales. 
The  receipts  (which  have  been  sreatly  dimin- 
ished bj  increase  of  railroads  and  construction 
of  interior  compressors)  for  the  year  1886-'87 
were  216,142  bales.    Timber  has  largely  re- 
pUoed  the  cotton  interest;  the  shipments,  for- 
^a  and   coastwise,  reach  yearly  30,000,000 
feec    From  160,000  to  200,000  pieces  of  white- 
otk  for  wine- barrel  staves  are  shipped  yearly, 
Miging  from  $120  to  $150  a  thoasand ;  and 
the  Seaboard  Oil-Refining  Company,  of  New 
York,  has  its  staves  for  oil-barrels  manufact- 
ired  here.      Cypress   shingles  are  a  leading 
iadra^;     130,000,000    were    the    combined 
prodoct  of  eight  mills  in  1887.    The  dust,  com- 
posed of  long,  stringy  particles,  is  used  in  con- 
scrocdng  roads  through  the  marshes  by  which 
the  dtj  is   surrounded,   forming  an  elastic, 
9c«ndles8  road-bed.     The  wool  trade  is  in- 
oeasing,  and  the  sales  of  rosin  and  turpentine 
^ioring  the  year  reached  132,092  and  28,725 
Wrels    reflectively.      Truck-farming  in   the 
sabarbs  began  in  1879,  and  is  a  profitable  in- 
^dsdnent.     The  value  of  the  crop  of  the  pnst 
year  wa?  $294,971.    There  are  five  railroads, 
one  recently  completed  to  Birmingham,  and  a 
iteamboat  trade  with  Montgomery.     There  is 
a  fine  of  steamers  to  Liverpool,  England,  and 
«e  to    New   York.     Water -works    costing 
I50O.OOO  have  been  recently  constructed,  and 
^40.000  were  expended  on  new  wharves  dur- 
isf  1^7.     There  are  6   bank^,  9  insurance 
companies,  34  churches,  1  daily  and  several 
weekly  newspapers,  4  orphan  asylums,  a  United 


States  marine  hospital,  a  Jesuit  college,  acade- 
mies, and  numerous  private  schools.  The 
High-School,  for  colored  children,  is  a  large 
building.  There  are  electric  and  gas  works. 
Mobile  has  the  only  American  Anti-Friction- 
Metal  Company,  with  a  daily  output  of  5,000 
pounds,  tan-yards,  paper  and  wooden  box, 
barrel,  harness,  saddlery,  wagon,  and  other 
factories,  and  cotton-mills  in  operation  and 
constructing.  African  Village,  a  few  miles 
distant,  contains  all  survivors  of  the  last  slave- 
ship  that  entered  Mobile  Bay  (in  1859),  the 
minority  of  whom  were  freed  by  the  emanci- 
pation proclamation  before  being  sold.  Many 
of  the  older  ones  speak  their  native  tongue. 

HwtstHery,  a  city,  the  capital  of  Alabama, 
in  the  county  of  the  same  name,  on  bluffs  of 
the  Alabama  river,  400  miles  above  Mobile 
Bay  and  40  miles  below  the  junction  of  the 
Coosa  and  Tallapoosa  rivers.  The  population 
in  1880  was  16,713;  in  1886,  nearly  30,000. 
Navigation  is  open  all  the  year.  The  city 
lies  in  the  prairie  belt,  between  the  north- 
ern and  southern  pine  regions,  and  its  resources 
are  in  agriculture,  mineral  development,  and 
yellow  pine  and  hard  woods.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1837,  and  made  the  capital  ten  years 
later.  Since  1880  it  has  eiyoyed  a  "  boom," 
and  shares  in  the  prosperity  of  Birmingham 
and  other  mineral  districts.  During  this 
period,  over  2,500  dwellings  were  built  and 
occupied  within  its  limits.  About  twenty-five 
per  cent,  of  the  inhabitants  are  engaged  in 
manufactures.  From  120,000  to  140,000  bales 
of  cotton  are  handled  yearly.  There  are  7 
large  storage  warehouses,  with  capacity  of  73,- 
500  bales,  2  compresses,  and  4  ginneries. 
There  are  3  railroads,  with  lines  in  six  di- 
rections. The  bulk  of  river  trade  is  con- 
trolled by  a  city  steamboat  company,  giving 
bills  of  lading  to  New  York  and  Liverpool,  via 
Mobile.  The  total  tonnage  yearly  of  all  freight 
is  600,000  tons.  A  narrow-gauge  railroad  of 
fifty  miles,  southeast  to  the  timber  district,  has 
been  constructed.  The  total  capital  invested 
in  business  for  1887,  was  $15,595,000,  and  the 
annual  volume  of  business  was  $80,185,000. 
The  grocery  trade  reaches  $7,000,000,  and  the 
dry-goods  trade  $3,000,000  yearly.  The  city 
is  lighted  by  gas  and  electricity,  and  has  an 
electric  railway  of  fifteen  miles.  Power  is 
applied  overhead.  Water- works  supply  5,000,- 
000  gallons  of  artesian  water,  and  the  drain- 
age is  perfect.  There  are  5  banks  (2  Na- 
tional), 3  daily  newspapers,  2  theatres,  7 
hotels,  1  infirmary,  and  9  churches  for  whites. 
There  are  5  public-school  buildings  (8  white 
and  2  colored),  a  business  college,  and  private 
schools.  A  State  University  has  been  recent- 
ly founded.  Two  land  companies  have  parks 
at  Riverside  and  Highland  Hill,  the  former  a 
manufacturing  suburb,  the  latter  a  place  of 
public  resort.  Land  is  given  to  manufactures, 
which  include  an  iron  furnace,  foundries,  and 
machine  and  car  shops,  and  boiler- works,  cot- 
ton, cotton-seed-oil,  fiouring  and  wood-work- 


168  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Montpeuer,  Munoib,  Nbw  Obleaks.) 

ing  mills,  briok-yards,  carriage  and  wagon,  jute-bagging  factory,  with  capacity  of  20,000 
ice,  candy,  soap,  fertilizer,  cigar,  paper-box,  yards  a  day,  employing  200  hands;  machine- 
vinegar,  cracker,  and  sausage  factories,  a  plant  shops ;  a  saw-mill ;  bridge  and  wood-carving 
for  distilling  alcohol  from  smoke,  and  an  oil-  companies;  a  straw-palp,  a  paper,  8  glass,  and 
refinery.  The  Capitol  building  was  erected  in  a  rubber  works;  skewer,  duster,  handle,  wheel- 
1851,  on  a  site  reserved  by  the  founder  in  furnishing  and  heading  factories;  floar-mills; 
1817  for  the  anticipated  purpose.  The  United  elevators;  and  minor  industries.  About  2,000 
States  Post-Office  (which  cost  $130,000)  and  hands  are  employed.  The  court-house,  recent- 
city  buildings  are  handsome.  ly  completed,  is  a  handsome  structure,  costing 

MMtpeOer,  Indiana,  38  miles  south  of  Fort  $250,000.    There  is  an  opera-house  and  a  free 

Wayne,  on  the  main  line  of  the  Fort  Wayne,  mail-delivery. 

Cincmnati,  and  Louisville  Railway;  population  New  Oricans,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Lou- 
estimated  at  1,000.  The  town  is  on  an  ele-  isiana,  on  Mississippi  river,  105  miles  from  ita 
vated  plateau,  by  the  Salamonie  river.  Three  mouth.  During  the  winter  there  is  an  influx 
gas- well?  are  in  operation,  flowing  millions  of  of  from  20,000  to  40,000  visitors.  The  popu- 
cubic  feet  a  day.  The  town  is  thoroughly  lation  in  1870  was  191,418,  of  whom  142,293 
piped,  and  by  means  of  pipe-lines  could  easily  were  whites ;  in  1880, 216,090  (whites,  158,867); 
furnish  gas  to  many  other  towns  and  cities  of  in  1887,  246,950  (whites,  202,800).  The  debt 
northern  Indiana.  Petroleum  exists  also  in  a  of  the  city,  Sept.  1,  1888,  was  $17,491,546.58. 
field  20  miles  in  length.  A  well  within  the  cor-  This  amount  does  not  include  the  Gaines  judg- 
porate  limits  flows  100  barrels  in  twenty-four  ment,  on  appeal,  for  $1,925,667.82.  New 
hours,  with  double  capacity  by  pnmping.  Build-  Orleans  is  the  largest  cotton-receiving  market 
ing-stone  and  limestone  abound.  There  is  a  in  America,  and  the  largest  in  the  world,  with 
large  quarry,  with  latest  improvements  in  steam  the  exception  of  Liverpool.  But  the  percentage 
machinery,  electric  blasting,  etc.,  where  25  cars  of  the  total  crop  received  has  fallen  behind, 
can  be  loaded  daily.  The  timber-supply  is  owing  to  the  large  overland  movement  from 
very  large.  Glass-sand  of  superior  quality  is  the  interior.  Its  cotton  exchange  was  estab- 
found  in  close  proximity.  The  drainage  is  ex-  lished  in  1870.  The  receipts  for  the  year 
cellent,  and  the  water-supply  abundant.  There  1887-^88  were  1,912,228  bales,  averaging  $46.25 
are  4  churches,  a  Citizens^  Bank,  with  assets  of  a  bale,  out  of  a  total  crop  of  6,928,245  bales. 
$297,000,  two  hotels,  and  good  schools.  A  The  largest  receipts  were  in  1861,  viz.,  2,255,448 
large  bending-works  has  been  erected.  Free  bales.  The  largest  since  the  war  were  in 
gas  and  free  land  are  offered  as  inducements  1882-^88,  viz.,  1,999,598  bales.  The  exports  for 
to  manufacturers.  Rail  connection  with  the  the  year  1887-88  were  1,550,994  bales,  valued 
great  trunk  lines  is  made.  at  $71,844,280.    In  1880  there  were  nineteen 

Mucie,  a  city  of  Indiana,  the  county-seat  of  establishments  for  cotton-compressing.  Prior 
Delaware  County,  on  an  elevated  plateau  above  to  1880  there  were  but  two  through  railroads. 
White  river,  east  of  the  center  of  the  State.  At  present  there  are  six  trunk  lines,  constructed 
The  population  in  1880  w&s  5,268 ;  in  1888  it  in  consequence  of  the  completion  of  the  jetties 
was  estimated  at  14,000.  It  is  surrounded  by  in  Mississippi  river  in  1879,  assuring  deep 
a  thriving  farming  community.  Natural  gas  water  and  an  ocean  terminus  at  New  Orleans, 
was  discovered  in  1886,  and  twenty  wells  are  The  freight  of  these  for  the  year  ending  Aug. 
in  operation,  averaging  915  feet  in  depth,  with  a  31, 1888,  was  2,568,624,551  pounds  forwarded, 
total  capacity  of  90,000,000  cubic  feet  in  twenty-  and  2,992,582,835  pounds  received.  The  ton- 
four  hours.  The  gas  is  of  excellent  quality,  dry,  nage  of  two  canals  for  the  year,  of  5,978  ves- 
and  free  from  sulphur.  The  Trenton  rock,  sels,  was  105,441  tons.  There  are  numerous 
which  here  reaches  its  highest  point,  with  a  canals  for  drainage.  The  height  of  ante-bellum 
downward  trend  to  east  and  west,  is  struck  at  prosperity  was  reached  by  New  Orleans  in 
75  feet  above  sea-level,  and  is  drilled  to  a  1860.  Only  produce  of  the  lower  Mississippi 
depth  of  30  feet.  Muncie  has  three  competing  valley  was  exported.  At  present  the  tonnage 
trunk  lines  of  railroad,  affording  access  to  of  the  port  is  greater  than  ever,  and  the  amount 
markets  in  all  directions.  The  electric  lights,  of  commerce  is  much  larger.  The  character  of 
in  addition  to  gas,  are  of  two  systems.  There  the  imports  and  exports  is  completely  changed, 
are  12  churches,  8  daily  newspapers,  a  li-  The  greatest  advance  of  late  years,  and  the 
brary,  4  banks  (one  of  which  is  National),  4  most  promising  field  of  the  future,  lies  in  coal 
brick  school  -  buildings,  valued  at  $100,000,  and  iron  from  Southern  districts  in  course  of 
with  a  regular  attendance  of  1,800  pupils,  development;  in  lumber  from  Southern  forests; 
The  water- works  have  a  pumping  capacity  of  in  the  wool  and  hide  trade  of  Texas  and  Mexico ; 
2,500,000  gallons  a  day.  Water  for  manufact-  in  various  Mexican  produce ;  and  in  wool, 
nring  is  supplied  by  the  river  and  Buck  creek,  fruits,  and  other  products  of  California  and 
and  is  offered  free,  as  are  gas  and  land,  to  in-  the  Pacific  coast.  The  foreign  imports  include 
duce  location.  There  are  five  miles  of  sewers,  tea,  silk,  Japan  ware,  kari  gum,  Alaskan  fnrn, 
telegraph  and  telephone  facilities,  and  a  paid  whale-oil,  spermaceti,  walrus  ivory,  cochineal, 
fire  department,  with  electric  alarm.  Muncie  balsam,  orchilla,  rubber,  jalap,  sponges,  mohair, 
has  a  board  of  trade.  Establishments  located  etc.  The  ocean  traffic  with  New  York  haa 
or  contracted  for  are:  A  bending- works;  a  been  extended,  and  vast  additions  are  made  to 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.  (New  Oblkans,  Oqdek.)                            169 

the  nsaal  cargoes  of  cotton,  sugar,  molasses,  crease  in  mannfactare  of  cotton  goods.    Other 
and  rice  to  that  port.  Raw  material  is  returned  industries  include  artificial  limbs  and  flowers, 
manufactured,  and  large  imports  are  received  bags,    bagging,    boxes,    bricks,    brooms   and 
through    New    York.      The    average    yearly  brushes,  canned  goods,  carriages  and  wagons, 
receipts  of  wool  are  30,000,000  pounds,  the  cars,  cisterns  (a  local  indastry),  confectionery, 
immense  wool  trade  of  Texas  passing  through  coffins,  corks,  corsets,  cotton-seed  oil,  china, 
the  port ;  and  of  hides,  upward  of  12,000,000  cordials  and  sirups,  distillation  of  pine,  drugs, 
pounds.  The  trade  in  tropical  fruits  of  Central  dyes,  flags,  food,    furniture,   hardware,   hair- 
and  South  America,  originated  a  few  years  ago,  work,   glycerine,   hammocks,    hosiery,    moss, 
has  increased  with  steady  growth,  and  is  now  mattresses,  mineral  waters,  perfumeries,  pot- 
the  largest  single  it«m  of  foreign  importation ;  tery,  saddles  and  harness,  safes,  soap,  sails, 
50,000  hunches  of  bananas  were  imported  in  shot,  trunks,  tinware,  and  vinegar.    The  clear- 
1880.     For  the  past  year  2,500,000  bunches  ings  of  14  banks  (8  National,  with  capital  of 
were  imported,  i^ainst  1,421,145  bunches  in  $2,925,000,  and  one  a  United  States  depositary) 
1887:  and  6,000,000  cocoa-nuts,  against  2,449,-  for  the  year  ending  August  81  were  $448,016,- 
915  of  the  year  previous.  The  grain  trade  with  066,  an  increase  of  $41,447,618  over  those  of 
the  interior  is  fluctuating.    The  total  value  of  1887.    The  balances  are  $52,970,805.    The  in- 
domestic  produce  received  by  river,  lake,  and  suranoe  companies  nomber  16,  and  there  is  a 
rail  for  the  year  ending  Aug.  81,  1888,  was  State  lottery  with  a  capital  of   $1,000,000. 
tl68,474<,393.      By   United    States    Custom-  There  are  6  street* railroads  and  7  daily  news- 
House  statement,  the  imports  of  foreign  goods  papers,  1  in  the  French  and  1  in  the  German 
for  1888  were  $11,558,562;  exports,  $80,698,-  language.     In   1884  the  churches,   including 
062;  customs  receipts,  $2,791,984.  The  foreign  colored,  numbered  171.    Public  schools  were 
exports  for  the  year  were  $504,808 ;  transship-  established  in  1840.     The  attendance  is  large, 
ments  to  Mexico,  $2,085,957 ;  imported  com-  Among  other  educational  institutions  are  Tu- 
modities  entered    without   appraisement   for  lane  University,  the  Jesuit  College,  and  the  Ur- 
transportation  to  interior  points,  $2,756,858.  suline  Convent.    There  are  17  public  parks. 
The  number  of  vessels  clearing  the  port  for  Hospitals,  asylums,  and  infirmaries  are  nuroer- 
the  year  ending  July  31  was  1,031,  with  a  ous.    Architecture,   for  which   the  city  was 
tonnage  of  1,150,430  tons,  and  1,060  vessels  never  noted,  has  recently  progressed.     Drink- 
eatered,  of  1,151,715  tons.    The  number  of  ing-water  is  obtained  from  cisterns,  and  there 
Tessels   belonging  to  the  port  at  same  date  are  water-works  from  the  river.     An  artesian 
were  437  ;  gross  tonnage,  50,350.    The  manu-  well,  owned  by  an  ice-factory,  yields  150,000 
UsAares  have  largely  increased,  outstripping  gallons  from  a  depth  of  600  feet.    The  Cus- 
the  commerce.     The  capital  invested  in  1870  tom-House,  next  to  the  Capitol  and  Treasury 
was  $5,429,140 ;  in  1880,  $8,565,303 ;  in  1888,  at  Washington,  is  the  largest  public  building  in 
^1,667,670.     In  1880  there  were  915  estab-  the   United  States.     Two  opera-houses  (one 
Itshmenta,  against  2,185  at  present;  and  4,411  French)  and  numerous  theatres  and  clubs  pro-> 
buds  were  employed,  against  23,865  to-day,  vide  amusement  during  the  season  from  Jnnu- 
of  whom  6,270  are  women.    The  yearly  wages  ary  to  May.    A  cotton  exposition  was  held  in 
are  $8,242,599,  slightly  less  than  the  entire  1884-^85,  toward  which  Congress  appropriated 
capital  in  1880.    The  products  are  valued  at  $1,365,000,  with  $300,000  for  exhibit.    (See 
141,508,546.     Raw  material  of  all  kinds  is  in  "Annual  t/yclopeedia ^'  for  1884,  page  573.) 
dose  proximity,  and  transportation  to  factory  Ogdea,  Weber  County,  Utah,  at  the  foot-hills 
um)  market  is  cheap.    Exemption  from  taxa-  of  the  Wasatch  mountains,  near  Great  Salt 
ticm  and  license  was  secured  for  ten  years  by  Lake,  at  the  junction  of  Weber  and  Ogden 
tbe  Constitution  of  1879,  extended  in  April  rivers.    It  has  a  population  of  nearly  9,000. 
hst  for  a  similar  period.    The  principal  ad-  It  is  the  center  of  Ave  leading  trunk  lines  of 
Tince  has  been  in  tbe  manufacture  of  boots  railroad,  receiving  (on  a  basis  of  the  first  four 
t&d  shoes,  of  which  there  are  226  establish-  months  of  the  year),   19,278,000   pounds  of 
iseots;  inmen^sclothing,  manufacture  of  jeans  freight,  and  forwarding  8,268,000  pounds.  The 
bring  been  recently  introduced  ;  in  foundries  revenue  to  the  railroads  is  $368,386.68.    Other 
ad  machine-shops,  which  supply  most  of  the  roads  are  building,  contracted  for  by  Ogden 
Bttcbinery  for  Southern  cotton,  rice,  and  sug-  citizens.    It  is  known  as  ^^  Junction  City." 
V  mills ;    in  lumber,  malt  liquors,   artificial  The  streets  are  wide,  and  there  is  natural  sew- 
iee,  and  fertilizers ;  in  rice-cleaning  and  pol-  erage,  with  running  water  on  both  sides  of  the 
^ung  and  sugar-refining.    Hawaiian  sugar  is  sidewalks.     Water  is  supplied  by  mountain 
iopo^rted  for  this  purpose  in  addition  to  Cuban,  springs  and  streams.     The  town  is  lighted  by 
Thm  are  two  large  refineries  and  a  sugar  ex-  electricity,  and  there  are  street-cars,  telephones, 
ebange.    The  tobacco  production  has  doubled,  etc.    The  productions  of  the  region   include 
F»  55  establishments  in  1830  there  are  at  iron,  which  abounds  in  brown  and  purple  hem- 
premxt  188,  and  33,120,667  cigars  and  33,888,-  atite  ores,    cost  of   delivery,    $1.50  to  $2  a 
^  cigarettes  were  manufactured  during  the  ton ;    wool ;    salt,   evaporated   naturally  from 
yesr,  while  1,683,638  pounds  of  manufactured  the  lake;  lime,  in  mountain  deposits ;  building- 
tobacco,  141,916  of   perique,  and  37,824  of  stone;  and  coal.     Coke  is  furnished  by  gas- 
B3fi  complete  the  output.    There  is  also  in-  works.   Ogden  possesses  valuable  water-power. 


170                  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Port  Abthub,  Pbovidbnor,  Quinot.) 

The  fall  in  Ogden  caflon  is  660  feet  in  five  160,000,  product,   $21,770,000;   of  wool,  84, 

miles.    The  motors  of  an  electrio-light  com-  capital      $8,560,000,     product     $18,980,000. 

pany,  a  powder-mill,  and  several  floaring-mills  Other  manufactures  are  gymnastic  apparatus 

are  run  by  tliis  power.    There  are,  in  addition,  and  jewelry  which  is  one  of  the  most  exten- 

a  woolen-mill,  and  cigar,  knitting,  and  canning  sive  industries.    There  is  a  large  British  ho- 

factories.    Fine  fruit  is  grown  in  the  surround-  siery  mill  and  colony.    Notwithstanding  its 

ing  country.   The  educational  and  religious  ad-  location.  Providence  has  no  foreign  commerce, 

vantages  are  good.     The  Central  School  is  a  There  is  a  line  of  steamships  to  New  York 

handsome  building,  and  there  is  a  fine  hotel.  and  Boston,  and  the  city  is  the  terminus  of  a 

Port  irthir,  a  city  in  the  province  of  Ontario,  Baltimore  line  of  coast  steamers  connecting  at 
Canada,  population  6,000,  situated  on  the  west  Baltimore  and  Norfolk  with  railroad  and 
side  of  Thunder  Bay,  at  the  head  of  Canadian  other  steamboat  lines.  There  are  local  lines 
navigation  on  Lake  Superior,  and  60  miles  to  shore  resorts,  which  are  numerous.  The 
west  of  the  Nipigon  river.  In  1800  it  was  a  streets  are  narrow  but  remarkably  clean.  To 
terminal  point  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Fur  Com-  Sept.  80,  1884,  the  water-works  had  cost 
pany,  and  in  1872  it  was  named  Prince  Ar-  $6,491,167.60,  and  the  sewerage,  $1,685,214. 
thur's  Landing  in  honor  of  Prince  Arthur,  then  At  the  same  date  there  were  86  churches ;  1 
a  resident  of  Canada.  It  has  public  and  pri-  high,  11  grammar,  88  intermediate,  and  48 
vate  schools  of  the  highest  grade,  a  court-  primary  schools,  costing  yearly  $252,826 ;  and 
house,  a  town-hall,  board  of  trade,  registry,  14  lines  of  horse-car  railways.  Among  the 
port,  and  inland -revenue  offices.  It  hi^  two  public  buildings  may  be  mentioned  the  Stato- 
banks,  brick  blocks  valued  at  $800,000,  and  House  (built  in  1759),  the  Friends*  Meeting- 
first-class  hotels.  There  is  a  flue  harbor  in  House  (in  1727),  the  Board  of  Trade  (erected  as 
which  the  Government  has  constructed  2,000  a  market  in  1778),  the  First  Baptist  Church 
feet  of  a  breakwater  at  a  cost  of  $150,000,  the  (in  1775),  and  University  Hall  (in  1770).  The 
entire  projected  length  being  about  a  mile,  city  hall  cost  $1,500,000.  The  Narragansett 
Within  the  harbor  lines  are  2,500  yards  of  Hotel,  completed  in  1878,  is  eight  stories  high; 
docks.  It  is  located  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  its  cost  was  $1,000,000.  It  is  of  pressed  brick, 
Railway  line,  and  is  a  terminus  for  both  the  and  can  accommodate  400  guests.  The  Ma^ 
eastern  and  Lake  Superior  division  and  the  sonic  Hall,  Butler  Exchange,  Arcade,  library, 
western  or  prurie  division.  Its  grain-eleva-  and  court-house,  are  some  handsome  speci- 
tors  have  a  capacity  of  2,000,000  bushels.  In  mens  of  modern  architecture.  The  St^te 
the  vicinity  are  extensive  quarries  of  marble  Prison  is  at  Providence,  and  there  are  numer- 
and  limestone  suitable  for  building  purposes,  ous  hospitals  and  asylums.  Roger  Williams 
and  inexhaustible  quantities  of  brown  and  red  Park  contains  100  acres.  The  Washington 
sandstone,  slate,  and  granite.  Silver  and  gold  Insurance  Company,  organized  in  1799,  has 
mines,  discovered  in  1888,  are  located  forty  extended  its  business  largely  of  late  years. 
miles  southwest  of  the  town.  An  unlimited  The  new  Catholic  cathedral  and  opera-house 
extent  of  mining  land  may  be  purchased  from  are  fine  edifices. 

the  Crown  at  $2  per  acre.    It  is  the  center  Qitaicy. — A  city  of  Adams  County,  lU.    The 

of  exploring  and  prospecting  parties.      The  population  in  1880  was  27,268,  but  there  was 

mining  districts  are  known  as  the  Beaver  and  an  increase  of  80  per  cent,  by  1887,  and  it  is 

the  Silver  Mountain,  the  former  employing  48  believed  that  the  census  of  1890  will  show 

men.    The  tunnel  of  the  Silver  Mountain  mine  40,000.    This  is  due  to  an  awakening  of  enter- 

is  1,400  feet  in  length,  and  the  shaft  is  400  feet  prise  on  the  part  of  the  citizens.    Previous  to 

deep.    The  value  of  real  estate  in  1887  was  1885  trade  was  stagnant,  manufactures  were 

$1,250,000.    It  has  steamboat  connection  with  depressed,  property  was  low  in  value,  taxes 

Fort  Williams  four  times  a  day.    Twenty-five  were  high,  the  city  was  deep  in  litigation  and 

miles  distant  are  the  Kakabeka  Falls  on  the  debt,  and  everybody  was  discouraged.     *^  Then 

Kamioiotiquia  river,  a  celebrated  resort  for  some  of  the  patriotic  citizens  who  had  hitherto 

tourists.     A  daily  paper,  the  "  Port  Arthur  held  aloof  from  local  affairs  began  the  work  of 

Daily  Sentinel,^'  is  published,  and  a  daily  steam-  restoration    and    redemption.      The  lawsuits 

boat  line  runs  to  Duluth,  connecting  with  the  were    compromised,    the    debt    was    funded, 

trains  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway.  streets  were  improved,  water,  gas,  and  electric 

Provldeiice,  one  of  the  capitals  of  Rhode  Isl-  lights  were  provided,  and  municipal  enterprise 

and,  at  head  of  Narragansett  Bay,  84  miles  awakened  the  people.  .  .  .  The  citizens  began 

from  the  ocean,  was  founded  by  Roger  Will-  to  realize  the  enormous  natural  advantages  of. 

iams  in  1686.     Seventy  years  later  the  popu-  their  situation,  and  to  seek  the  trade  of  the 

lation  was  1,500.      In   1882,  when  incorpo-  million  or  more  people  who  live  within   75 

rated,   it   had  18,000  inhabitants ;    in   1870,  miles  of  her  court-house.    Capital  appeared 

68,904;  in   1880,    104,857;  in  1887,   122,050.  from  its  hiding-places,  labor  flocked  in  to  take 

The  manufacture  of  cotton  was  introduced  in  advantage  of  high  wages,  manufacturing  estab- 

1793,  and  of  woolen  goods  a  few  years  later,  lishments  sprung  up  like  magic,  real  e^^tate 

The  number  of  establishments  in  the  State  in  rose  in  value,  extensive   building   operations 

1885,  of  which  Providence  was  the  natural  began,  and  everybody  prospered."    The  num- 

headquarters,  was :  Of  cotton,  90,  capital  $21,-  ber  and  beauty  of  the  public  buildings  that 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Rai.kiqh,  Saitta  F6.) 


171 


DOW  grace  this  town  are  remarkable — a  fact 
partlj  due  to  the  stores  of  excellent  brick-clay 
and  architectoral  stone  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood.  These  include  a  new  Federal 
bvOding,  a  new  city  hall,  and  a  new  county 
coort-hoase,  all  of  noble  and  costly  propor- 
tions. The  State  of  Illinois  has  just  completed 
here  the  erection  and  installment  of  a  soldiers' 
home,  which  occupies  spacious  ornamental 
froonda  on  the  edge  of  the  city,  and  shelters 
Dearly  aix  hundred  veterans  of  the  civil  war. 
This  home  is  arranged  upon  the  cottage-plan, 
squads  of  forty-five  or  fifty  dwelling  in  de- 
tached houses,  but  all  assembling  for  meals, 
for  amusement,  for  public  entertainments,  Sun- 
day worship,  etc.,  in  the  large  central  building. 
The  buildings  all  differ  in  materials  and  de- 
sign, so  that  the  architectural  effect  is  varied 
and  pleasing.  There  are  a  hospital,  dairy,  rail- 
way station,  etc.  This  was  the  first  of  the 
Su^  institutions  of  this  kind;  but  Iowa, 
Michigan,  and  some  other  States  have  followed 
the  example.  The  latest  new  public  building 
is  the  handsome  public  library.  This  faces 
the  city  park,  has  a  frontage  of  100  feet  and 
capacity  for  100,000  volumes.  It  was  built 
bj  popular  subscription,  and  is  well  supported. 
Beades  the  book-shelves,  the  building  con- 
tains reading-rooms,  study-rooms,  etc.  Quincy 
takes  great  interest  in  intellectual  and  literary 
Batters,  and  supports  many  reading-circles 
tad  Hterary  and  self -improvement  societies. 

tilrigh)  the  capital  of  North  Carolina,  in 
Wake  County,  near  the  center  of  the  State. 
The  population  in  1870  was  7,900;  in  1880, 
Meo ;  in  1887,  14,000.     It  is  lighted  by  elec- 
tricity, has  a  street-railway,  and  has  contract- 
ed for  water- works  and  an  improved  sewerage 
jTstem.     The  mechanical  industries  are  car- 
shops,   with   capacity  of  ten  cars  a  day,  two 
i^oUiing- factories,  a  cotton-seed-oil  mill,  a  manu- 
fwtaring  company  to  make  shuttle-blocks  for 
eouon-mills  and  grind  phosphates,  an  ice-fac- 
tonr,  an  iron-foundry,  and  a  shoe-factory,  with 
oittor  establishments.    A  good  business  is  done 
ia  cotton ;  from  50,000  to  75,000  bales  are 
Itiudled  yearly.    Here  is  a  white  marble  post- 
offce,  which  cost  $355,000,  and  a  new  brick 
Khool-house,  which  accommodates  700  pupils. 
Th€  Capitol  building,  a  massive,  domed  struct- 
tre  cf  gray  granite,  is  at  the  junction  of  four 
tftnoes.    TTie  State  Penitentiary,  costing  up- 
ward of  $1,000,000,  for  which  $75,000  was  ap- 
propriated yearly  for  ten  years  by  the  Legislat- 
^  is  a  model  institution.     It  contains  within 
^oe  walls  the  low  log  structure  first  used  for 
poal  purposes  by  the  State.    One  of  the  State 
nsaoe  asylums,  of  which  there  are  three  (two 
^fkred  and  one  white),  is  on  the  outskirts; 
lad  institutions  for  the  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind 
*n  located  in  or  near  the  city.    A  fine  geologi- 
«1  iDDseum  is  in  the  Agricultural  Department. 
Tb  attendance  on  the  public  schools  reaches 
1000  pupils.     In  addition,  there  are  a  Baptist 
od  an  Episcopal  school  for  girls,  a  boys^  acad- 
^,  and  other  private  schools.    Wake  Forest, 


a  Baptist  College,  and  the  University  of  North 
Carolina,  at  Chapel  Hill,  are  distant  a  few  miles. 
There  are  a  university,  a  normal,  and  a  medi- 
cal school  for  colored  students.  The  first  and 
last  of  these  are  supported  by  philanthropic 
donations,  and  conducted  by  the  Baptist  Home 
Missionary  Society.  Together  they  occupy  six 
buildings,  on  a  campus  of  twelve  acres,  and 
have  450  students.  The  departments  are  in- 
dustrial, normal,  academic,  theological,  and  le- 
gal. Shade-trees  of  elm,  oak,  and  magnolia  and 
flowering  gardens  for  nine  months  in  the  year, 
are  a  feature  of  the  city. 

Santa  F^  the  capital  of  New  Mexico  Terri- 
tory, 20  miles  from  Rio  Grande  river,  in  a 
basin  surrounded  by  mountains,  7,300  feet 
above  the  sea.  The  population  in  1860  was 
4,846 ;  in  1888  it  was  estimated  at  7,000.  Sev- 
enty per  cent,  are  Mexicans.  The  climate  is 
delightful.  The  temperature  is  remarkably 
even.  A  sanitarium,  with  capacity  of  640,000 
cubic  feet,  for  Eastern  invalids,  has  been  es- 
tablished, the  only  one  within  the  Territory. 
There  is  also  a  hospital  for  Territorial  patients, 
with  air-space  capacity  of  288,000  cubic  feet. 
The  city  is  very  old.  In  1541  it  was  in  exist- 
ence as  a  "pueblo"  of  the  Indians,  and  con- 
tained 16,000  souls.  It  became  the  capital  of 
the  Territory  after  occupation  by  the  Span- 
iards, the  present  executive  mansion  having 
been  erected  at  this  time  and  known  as  the 
"  Adobe  Palace."  It  is  one  story  high,  with 
walls  five  feet  thick.  It  is  the  only  town  in 
New  Meidco  with  competitive  railroad  lines. 
Two  roads  are  completed,  and  seven  others 
projected  to  pass  through,  or  with  the  city  as 
objective  point  Ten  million  pounds  of  wool 
are  shipped  yearly.  A  peculiar  herb,  "au- 
role,"  adapted  for  washing  wool,  which  im- 
parts a  fine,  soft  gloss,  abounds.  Agricultural 
land  surrounds  the  town,  of  which  a  large  part 
is  owned  by  the  Government,  and  is  subject  to 
entry.  There  is  a  land-office.  The  rain-fall 
in  1881  was  21  inches,  and  it  has  since  in- 
creased steadily.  The  county  has  produced 
more  from  mines  than  perhaps  the  whole  Ter- 
ritory outside.  The  gold  in  placers  of  the  Ortiz 
grant  alone,  of  60,000  acres,  is  estimated  at 
from  $100,000,000  to  $150,000,000.  The  mine 
was  once  worked  by  10,000  Spaniards.  On 
expulsion  of  the  latter  in  1680,  all  mines  were 
filled  up  by  the  natives,  and  churches  and  min- 
ing archives  destroyed.  Their  return  was  per- 
mitted in  1705,  under  promise  to  discontinue 
mining  forever.  Copper,  silver,  lead,  and  zinc 
are  also  found.  There  are  20,000  acres  of  cok- 
ing, bituminous  coal,  and  8,000  acres  of  anthra- 
cite. Nearly  every  religious  sect  is  repre- 
sented in  Santa  Fk  The  cathedral,  when 
completed,  will  cost  $400,000.  The  first  Prot- 
estant church  was  built  in  1855.  The  oldest 
church  in  the  United  States — that  of  San  Mi- 
guel— founded  in  1550,  was  rebuilt  in  1710.  It 
is  of  adobe.  The  total  value  of  public  build- 
ings is  $1,250,000.  There  are  three  public 
schools,  the  University  of  Mexico  (with  an  In- 


172  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Saratoga  Spbinos,  Towkb.) 

dian  departmeDt),  a  Catholic  college  and  or-  cold-storage  warehouse  capable  of  keeping  two 
phans^  school,  a  Presbyterian  academy,  the  car-loads  at  the  freezing-point,  a  brick-yard 
Kamona  School  for  Indian  girls,  costing  $65,-  which  turns  oat  20,000  bricks  a  day,  a  lumber 
000,  and  a  Catholic  school  for  Indian  boys.  A  company,  the  output  of  whose  mills  in  1888 
daily  newspaper  is  published,  and  there  are  was  10,000,000  logs,  large  shipments  being 
two  national  banks,  capital  of  each,  $150,000.  made  to  Duluth,  Two  Harbors,  and  Ely,  and 
The  Capitol,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $200,000,  ninety  cars  being  used  for  the  business  in  one 
and  Territorial  Penitentiary,  $150,000,  are  fine  mouth.  There  are  two  saw -mills  with  a  ca- 
buildings.  Adobe,  or  sun-dried  earth,  un-  pacity  of  about  80,000  feet  of  lumber  daily, 
burned,  with  or  without  straw,  is  the  leading  and  a  prominent  social  organization  called  the 
material  for  residences.  Santa  F6  has  a  plan-  Skandinavian  Society.  Fine  brick-day  is  found 
ing-mill,  a  cracker- factory,  and  a  brewery,  in  the  vicinity,  and  east  of  the  town  is  Burnt- 
Pottery  is  manufactured  by  the  Indians.  side  Lake,  a  popular  camping-ground.    The 

Santiga  Sprlags,  a  watering-place  of  New  Minnesota  Iron  Company,  Charlemagne  Tower, 

York,  36  miles  north  of  Albany,  in  Saratoga  of  Philadelphia,  president,  employs  1,400  men^ 

County,  near  the  center  of  the  State.    The  and   holds  8,000  acres  of  land,  covering  the 

resident    population   is  estimated  at  12,000.  larger  portion  of  the  iron  deposits  in  that  dis- 

There  are  upward  of  40  mineral  springs,  with  trict,  extending  to  the  shores  of  Lake  Vermil- 

various  medicinal  properties.    Tne  principal  ion,  and  including  the  present  site  of  Towei 

are  the  Vichy,  discovered  in  1872,  by  drilling  city  and  beyond  its  limits  eastward  for  a  dis- 

180  feet.     Water  is  forced  to  the  surface  by  tance  of  75  miles.    The  ore  is  found  in  twc 

natural  pressure  of  carbonic-acid  gas.    It  is  lenses  averaging  60  feet  wide  at  an  altitude  oi 

alkaline,  rather  than  salt.    There  are  a  mag-  1,000  feet  above  Lake  Superior,  and  1,600  feel 

netic  spring  and  baths  near  old  High  Rock,  above  the  ocean  -  level.    The  first  ore   wai 

The  Geyser,  spouting  25  feet,  was  discovered  taken  out  in  1884,  immediately  subsequent  tc 

in  1870.    Others  are  the  Congress  and  Colum-  the  completion  of  the  railroad  from  Tower  tc 

bia,  in  Congress  Spring  Park ;  the  Hathom,  Two  Harbors  in  the  spring  of  that  year.    The 

Empire,  High  Rock,  Excelsior,  Star,  Champion,  first  shipments  of  ore,  amounting  to  64,00( 

Hamilton,    Washington,  White  Sulphur,   etc.  tons,  were  made  by  railroad  July  3,  1884.     Ii 

The  tract  was  owned  by  Iroquois  Indians  of  1886  the  output  reached  804,000   tons,  anc 

the  Mohawk  tribe,  and  was  a  favorite  hunt-  would  make  over  150,000  tons  of  rails,  th( 

ing-grouud.     The  value  of  the  springs  was  Minnesota    Iron   Company  contributing    on< 

known  to  the  Mohawks,  Oneidas,  Onondagas,  tenth  of  the  entire  iron  product  of  the  Lake 

Senecas,  and  Cayugas,  who  resorted  to  them.  Superior  region.    The  ore  is  principally  cele 

The  Saratoga  patent  was  sold  to  citizens  of  brated  for  the  small  proportion  of  phosphorm 

Albany  in  1684.     High  Rock  Spring  was  first  contained  in  it,  on  account  of  which  it  is  soughi 

visited  by  white  men  in  1767,  when  a  wounded  by  manufacturers  of  Bessemer  steel,  who  pro 

English  baronet  was  restored  to  health.    A  nounce  it  the  purest  magnetic  ore  kiiown.    Il 

settlement  was  made  here  in  1773.    The  pres-  assays  as  high  as  68  per  cent,  of  metallic  iroi 

ent  town  was  founded  in  1819,  and  made  a  and   *055  of  pbosphoros.    The  veins  of  on 

post-office  in  1826.    There  are  six  mammoth  average  from  16  to  160  feet  in  width,  and  the 

hotels  and  numerous  others,  afifording  accom-  ore  belt  is  from  6  to  10  miles  wide.    This  min- 

modations  for  from  15,000  to  20,000  visitors,  ing  region  is  regarded  as  virtually  one  greal 

The  season  is  from  July  10  to  September  1.  deposit  of  iron  ore  extending    through  the 

The  architecture  is  varied,  and  the  gardens  and  range  of  hiUs  overlooking  Lake  Vermilion, 

grounds  extensive  and  beautiful.    The  attrac-  In  1887  the  output  was  over  450,000  tona 

tions  beside  the  springs  are  parks,  drives,  the  There  are  nine  pits  each  furnished  with  th< 

lake,  the   race-course,   and  club-house.    The  latest  and  most  approved  appliances  for  exca- 

Association  for  Racing  was  organized  in  1864,  vating,  hoisting,  and  transferring  to  the  ore  cars, 

and  a  charter  was  obtained   in  1865.     The  The  pits  bear  the  names  of  the  promoters  o1 

town  has  one  national  bank,  with  a  capital  of  the  enterprise.    The  Stuntz  pit  is  from  20  tc 

$125,000  and  equal  surplus.     The  town-hall  60  feet  by  400  feet.    At  a  depth  of  60  feet  the 

was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $180,000.    The  New  ore  was  brought  through  a  tunnel  to  be  hoist 

York  Central  and  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna,  ed  to  the  railroad  cars.    The  Stone  pit,  one 

and  Western  are  the  principal  railroads.  eighth  of  a  mile  west  of  the  Stuntz,  is  worked 

Ttwcr,  a  town  in  northern  Minnesota,  in-  in  three  slopes,  the  width  of  the  deposit  vary- 
corporated  in  1884,  is  situated  in  a  region  of  ing  from  25  to  125  feet,  the  deepest  point  be- 
valuable  timber-land  on  the  south  shore  of  low  the  surface  being  100  feet.  The  mine  can 
Lake  Vermilion ;  population  5,000.  It  is  one  are  hoisted  directly  from  this  pit  by  powerful 
and  one  half  mile  from  Tower  mines,  for  drums.  The  Ely  pit,  directly  west  of  the 
which  its  provision-stores  furnish  supplies,  no  Stone  and  adjoining  it,  when  opened  for  a  dis- 
general  store  being  located  in  the  mining  dis-  tance  of  200  feet,  showed  a  vein  of  good  ore 
trict,  which  has  a  population  of  over  1,000  at  the  second  level  129  feet  wide.  It  is  now 
men,  the  majority  of  them  householders.  It  400  feet  long,  50  feet  deep,  and  from  20  to  12C 
has  five  churches,  two  graded  schools,  the  First  feet  in  width.  In  the  vicinity  are  two  air- 
National  Bank  of  Tower,  capital  $50,000,   a  compressors  for  working  powder-drills,   two 


OmES,  AMERICAN.  (Towkb,  Two  Habbobs.)                             173 

engines  and  drams  for  hoisting  purposes,  and  roy  three  feet  thick,  supporting  stone  ballast 
dectric'light  machinery  consisting  of  2  dyna-  over  which  from  2,000  to  8,000  gross  tons  of 
mos  of  20  lights  each,  lighting  pits,  trestles,  ore  are  transported  daily  during  the  shipping 
ind  docks.     Two  gangs  of  miners  are  worked,  season.    In  the  stock  piles  nine  cubic  feet  of 
one  by  night  and  one  by  day,  throughout  the  ore  will  weigh  one  gross  ton.     The  grades  are 
jear.     The  number  of  men  employed  in  the  very  steep,  and  over  $100,000  is  to  be  ezpend- 
pits  is  about  1,100;  the  wages  each  month  ed  in  lowering  them.    This  will  admit  of  an 
amooDt  to  about  $55,000.    Tower  pit  No.  1  at  increase  in  the  length  of  the  ore-trains.    Near- 
A  depth  of  100  feet  when  opened  for  a  distance  ly  half  a  million  tons  of  ore  have  been  shipped 
ci250  feet  on  the  length  of  vein  showed  good  over  the  road  the  present  season.    From  Two 
ore  at  one  point  over  155  feet  in  width.    The  Harbors  to  Duluth,  Minn.,  the  line  passes  along 
ore  of  Tower  pit  No.  2  showed  clean  for  400  the  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  opening  up  a  re- 
feet,  with  an  average  width  of  100  feet  in  ore.  gion  of  several  thousand  square  miles  abound- 
Tbe  shaft  in  this  deposit  is  60  feet  deep,  the  ing  in  wealth.    It  is  estimated  that  there  are 
ore  being  taken  through  a  tonnel  from  the  1,600,000,000  feet  of  pine  lumber  in  the  vicin- 
bottom  of  the  shaft  to  the  railroad  cars  by  an  ity  which  can  be  easily  reached.     A  popular 
odkss  rope  attached  to  9  cars  with  a  capacity  division  of  the  railroad  is  the  Lester  Park 
of  2  tons  each.    The  Breitung  pit,  where  a  Short  Line.    Lake  Vermilion,  on  which  the 
diamond-drill  is  in  operation,  lies  south  of  the  town  lies,  is  85  miles  in  length,  and  contains 
Tower,  and  is  from  10  to  40  feet  wide  by  100  871  islands.     Its  shores  are  irregular,  and  bor- 
feet  long  and  50  feet  deep.    The  North  Lee  dered  with  a  forest  of  pines  alternating  with 
bas  been  opened  200  feet  in  length   by  50  hills  covered  with  verdure  and  wild  flowers 
feet  in  depth,  and  from  80  to  40  feet  in  widti),  which  overlook  the  Tower  mines  and  the  ad- 
s  abaft  having  been  sunk  50  feet  below  the  joining;:  town.    From  Jasper^s  Peak  there  is  a 
bottom  from  which  drifts  are  being  run.    The  fine  view  of  the  Indian  reservation  on  an  isl- 
Soutb  Lee  shows  a  vein  20  feet  wide  exposed  and  in  the  most  picturesque  portion  of  the 
for  abont  100  feet  in  length.    The  pits  of  this  lake,  which  the  inhabitants  still  navigate  in 
eompanj  are  all  comprised  in  the  length  of  birch-bark  canoes,  sometimes  formed  of  one 
QD6  mile.     The  ore  bed  is  blasted  with  dyna-  piece  of  bark  weighing  25  pounds.    It  abounds 
mite  cartridges  containing  about  50  per  cent,  with  fish,  and  in  the  woods  on  its  banks  are 
of  nitro-gl  jcerine,  the  blasts  being  discharged  large  and  small  game.    A  little  steamer  takes 
every  six  hours.    The  product  of  these  mines,  pleasure  parties  across  its  waters,  which  at  sun- 
4,000  tons  of  ore  daily,  is  shipped  to  steel- works  set  are  of  the  color  of  vermilion, 
ia  Pittsburg  and  Chicago,  and  supplies  furnaces  A  range  of  hills,  bordering  the  southern 
iji  Duluth,  Buffalo,  Troy,  Toledo,  Ashtabula,  shore  of  the  lake,  embraces  some  of  the  richest 
Cleveland,  Erie,  Scranton,   and  other  cities,  and  most  extensive  deposits  of  iron  ore  in  the 
Tbe  Minnesota  Iron  Company  have  expended  world,  discovered  in  1680  by  George  C.  Stone, 
IB  the  building  and  equipment  of  the  railroad  of  Duluth,  Minn.,  and  scientifically  explored 
ttd  ore  docks,  and  in  the  development  of  the  by  Prof.  Chester,  of  Hamilton  College,  the  work 
mines  not  less  than  $4,000,000.    New  receiv-  of  collecting  the  specimens  employing    two 
B^r  ore  docks  have  been  built  by  the  company  summers,  and  that  of  examination  one  winter. 
i&  Cleveland  the  present  year  (1888),  bringing  Tw«  Hartos,  a  town  in  northern  Minnesota, 
tbe  ore  into  direct  competition  with  foreign  on  the  shores  of  Agate  Bay,  27  miles  north  of 
or».    An  immense  body  of  iron  ore  of  a  high  Duluth,  population  about  400.     It  is  a  popular 
grade  has  been  discovered  this  year  in  section  pleasure-resort,  has  first-class  hotels,  a  brick 
19.  by  the  Minnesota  Exploration  Company,  machine-shop,  car-shop,  foundry,  round-house 
Four  miles  from  Tower  is  the  Union  mine,  the  for  locomotives,  and  an  ore  pier  extending  600 
property  of  which  extends  along  the  range  for  feet  into  the  bay,  provided  with  180  pockets, 
tb«  distance  of  about  a  mile.    The  post-office  each  with  a  capacity  of  110  tons,  making  the 
of  Tower  mines  is  called  Soudan.    Tower  is  dock-storage  14,800  tons.     The  docks  of  the 
eoonected  with  Two  Harbors  by  a  railroad  68  Duluth  and  Iron  Range  Railroad  received,  in 
^ksiu  length,  constructed  in  1884,  and  ex-  1688,  80,000  tons  of  coal.    The  first  cargo  of 
teoded  to  Duluth  in    1887,   connecting   the  iron  ore  from  the  Tower  mines  was  shipped 
ai&es  with  the  capital  of  the  State  by  rail  via  from  the  ore  docks  on  Aug.  19, 1884,  the  ship- 
^  dry.    The  Duloth  and  Iron  Range  Rail-  ments  amounting  that  year  to  62,124  tons.    In 
rosdb  equipped  with  upward  of  850  double  1885  the  shipments  reached  225.484  tons;  in 
Qght-wheel  ore  cars   with   a  capacity  of  24  1886,  800,000  tons ;  in  1 887,  400,000  tons.    In 
cross  tons  each — the  Minnesota  Iron  Company  1888,  for  the  season  to  August  20,  the  ship- 
>^e  (retting  out  the  present  year  180  cars  of  ments  of  iron  ore  were  185,000  tons  as  against 
««  daily— and  17  large  consolidated  locomo-  191,000  tons  for  1887  to  that  date,  and  185,000 
^€8,  which  haul  from  450  to  500  tons  to  a  tons  for  1886  to  the  same  day.    Four  acres  of 
^fao.    The  railroad  passes  through  spruce  and  dock  property  are  owned  by  the  Elys  to  be 
^HBarack  swamps  to  Two  Harbors  and  through  used  for  shipping  granite.    An  appropriation  of 
^1«  of  otherwise  unbroken  wilderness.    The  $10,000  has  been  made  by  the  Government  for 
SBbstroctiire  across  the  swamps  where  it  was  a  light-house.    Tlie  town  has  a  building  asso- 
^  t  railroad  never  could  be  built  is  a  cordu-  elation  and  has  had  a  rapid  growth.     A  steam- 


174  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Vakcwuvbb,  Viotobia,  WnnnpEo.) 

boat  mns  daily  to  Dalnth,  and  a  large  fleet  of  eleotricitj,   has  public   water-workg 

vessels  is  etuplojed  during  the  season  along  formed  police,  and  a  paid  fire  dep 

the  lake-shore  in  trade  or  in  pleasure  excur-  hospitals,  and  public  schools, 

sions  to  that  city,  to  Isle  Royale,  celebrated  ¥lcttria,  a  seaport  at  the  southern  e 

for  its  brook-trout  fishing,  and  to  the  Apostle  of  Vancouver  Island.     It  is  the  ca] 

Islands.     Within  two  miles  of  the  town  valua-  largest  city  of  British  Columbia, 

ble  copper  mines  are  in  process  of  develop-  forty  years  ago  as  a  trading-station  and 

ment.     It  is  proposed  to  inclose  the  bay  by  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company.      W 

means  of  two  breakwaters,  one  of  which  is  gold  discoveries  upon  the  upper  Fra 

partly  finished,  four  hundred  feet  of  it  having  caused  a  rush  to  British  Columbia,  in  ; 

been  built  at  a  cost  of  $20,683 ;    the  entire  Victoria   suddenly  attained  a   popu 

cost  is  estimated  at  $77,600.    The  bay  is  of  80,000,  and  it  passed  through  a  feverL 

vast  importance  to  the  iron  interest,  as  the  of  business  and  inflated  property-i? 

port  is  the  place  of  shipment  of  ore  from  the  With  the  decline  of  the  gold  ezcitec 

great  Vermilion  mines  at  Tower  and  Ely.    In  dwindled,  but  under  the  recent  dev 

1886  an  appropriation  of  $22,600  was  made  by  of  the  province,  due  to  the  completic 

the  Government  for  its  improvement.  Canadian  Pacific  Kiulway  and  the  gi 

Vaiconfer,  a  seaport  of  recent  origin  on  the  Alaska  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  nei 

coast  of  the  mainland  of  British  Columbia.     It  region  around  Puget  Sound  on  the  ot 

stands  upon  a  gentle  slope  bordering  English  toria  has  advanced  to  a  present  popu 

Bay  and  Coal  Harbor,  near  the  entrance  of  12,000.    It  has  a  beautiful  site,  and 

Burrard  Inlet,  an  arm  of  the  sea  deeply  indent-  climate  is  healthful,  closely  resemblin 

ing  the  mountainous  coast,  and  furnishing  safe  the  Devonshire  coast  of  England.    B 

anchorage  for  vessels  of  the  deepest  draught.  Park,  overlooking  the  Straits  of  Fuc< 

The  shore  was  covered  with  forests  of  trees,  Olympic  mountains,  the  beautiful  gr 

whose  average  height  exceeded  200  feet,  until  Government  House,  and  many  fine  i 

1886,  when  it  was  definitely  settled  that  here  drives,  make  the  place  one  of  the  m( 

should  be  built  the  terminus  of  the  Canadian  esting  in  Canada.     Three  miles  wee 

Pacific  Railway.    A  town  was  then  surveyed,  the  harbor  and  naval  station  of  Es 

systematic  clearing  began,  and  a  settlement  (pronounced  Es-kwi-malt),  which  is  th 

sprang  up  with  great  rapidity,  anticipating  the  vous  of  the  British  Pacific  squadroi 

railway.    A  year  later  fire  swept  away  the  has  just  been  completed  a  graving-doc 

town,  which  has  been  rebuilt  in  a  much  more  $460,000.     Here  and  at  Victoria  En$ 

sul)stantial  manner,  most  of  the  business  center  pie  and  manners  predominate,  and  t£ 

being  of  brick  or  stone  and  exhibiting  many  phere  of  the  place  is  in  marked  co 

fine  structures.    The  terminal  facilities  of  the  that  of  the  American  Pacific  coast  tow 

railway  and  connecting  steamship  lines  are  ex-  toria  has  an  immense  shipping  intei 

tensive  and  complete,  and  the  commerce  is  very  does  a  large  business  in  naval  supplies 

large.     A  line  of  steamers  plies  between  here  merchandise,    coal,    timber,   and    fis 

and  Yokohama  and  Hong-kong,  under  the  fiag  transpacific   steamships  from    Vanc< 

of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Steamship  Company,  China  and  Japan  touch  here.     A  reg 

at  intervals  of  about  three  weeks ;  and  coast  plies  weekly  between  Victoria  and  S; 

lines  of  steamers  run  daily  to  Victoria  and  the  cisco,  and  fortnightly  to  Alaska.    Dai 

Puget  Sound  ports,  and  less  frequently  to  San  ers  run  to  Vancouver,  New  Westmini 

Francisco  and  Sitka.     There  is  a  large  foreign  the  ports  on  Puget  Sound.     A  raih 

trade  by  sailing-vessels,  also,  in  lumber,  squared  thence  up  the  eastern  coast  of  the  : 

timber,  and  merchandise,  while  the  fishing  in-  Nanaimo,   where    vast  deposits  of 

terest  is  becoming  profitable.    An  important  mined,  and  agricultural  and  forest  pro< 

jobbing  and  wholesale  trade  is  carried  on  with  made  available  in  large  quantities.    V 

mterior  towns  and  northerly  coast-points;  and  growing  steadily,   and    replacing  th< 

the  manufacture  of  spars  and  ship-timber,  from  structures  with  handsome  and    con: 

the  gigantic  Douglas  fir  of  the  region,  together  business  blocks.     Banking,  postal,  s 

with  lumber  and  dressed  articles,  such  as  doors,  graphic  facilities  are  of  the  beet  or 

sash,  blinds,  and  cabinet-stuff,  employs  hun-  addition  to  public  schools,  there  an 

dreds  of  workmen.     All  this  has  come  into  ex-  private  academies,  and  churches  of  e 

istence  since  the  last  census,  and  no  precise  nomination.    The  Chinese,  among  w 

figures  are  available.     The  town  is  now  a  city  many  wealthy  merchants  and  contract* 

in  organization  and  appearance.    Its  {>opulation  a  large  element  in  the  population,  1 

approaches  6,000,  ana  includes  many  persons  not  yet  aroused  that  antagonism  whi< 

of  wealth,  whose  homes  are  costly  and  filled  them  in  the  United  States, 

with  modem  appointments.     A  magnificent  WlBBlpeg,  the  capital  of  Manitoba  a 

hotel  is  operated  by  the  railway  company,  and  mercial  center  of  western  Cai\ada. 

the  many   opportunities   for  eiyoyment  and  population  of  80,000,  and  an  assessme 

sport,  the  mUd  climate  and  wonderfully  pict-  of  $40,000,000.     This  city  stands  in  tl 

nresque    surroundings,    attract    tourists    and  of  vast  prairies,  on  the  bank  of  Bed 

sportsmen.    The  city  is  lighted  by  gas  and  the  mouth  of  the  Assiniboine,  its 


E8,  AMERICAN.    (Winnipeg.)  COLOMBIA.                    175 

from  the  ^west.  Both  these  streams  nipeg  is  the  suhnrb  St.  Boniface,  the  seat  of  a 
ible  by  steamboats,  though  this  meth-  Roman  Oatholic  archbishop,  where  are  con- 
sportation  bas  been  ahnost  entirely  vents,  academies,  and  a  theological  school. 
1  by  railroads.  Before  1870  the  The  climate  in  Winnipeg  is  much  like  that  of 
hardly  more  than  a  fortified  post  of  Minnesota,  though  rather  more  severe  in  win- 
on  Bay  Companj,  known  as  Fort  ter.  It  is,  however,  healthful  for  most  per- 
)  center  of  a  small  farming  and  hunt-  sons,  and  its  winter  rigors  do  not  interfere 
unity  of  people,  mostly  half -breeds,  with  either  business  or  pleasure. 
Red  River  Colony.  An  insurrection  COlMMBiA^  an  independent  republic  of  South 
ese  led  to  the  dispatch  of  an  army  America.  (For  details  relating  to  area,  popu- 
hich  made  its  way  through  the  wil-  lation,  etc.,  see  ^'  Annual  Cyclopssdia  ^'  for  1886 
•om  Fort  William,  on  Lake  Superior,  and  1887.) 

aed   the   malcontents.     This  was  in  GoTonmoit — The  President    is   Dr.  Rafael 

le  exploration  and  advertisement  of  Nullez,  whose  term  of  office  will  expire  on 

of  the  region  led  to  emigration  there  Aug.  6,  1892.     His  Gabinet  is  formed  of  the 

ely  afterward,  and  the  people  soon  following    ministers:    Of   Government,   Don 

L  railroad  connection  with  the  east.  Domingo  Ospina  Camacho;  Foreign  Affairs, 

road  was  completed  up  the  Red  river,  Don  Vicente  Restrepo;  Finance,  Don  Felipe 

5t  with  a  line  to  St  Paul ;  and  in  1883  Paul ;  War,  Gen.  Antonio  B.  Cuervo ;  Educa- 

trnment  line,  now  incorporated  with  tion,  Don  Jesus  Casas  Rojas;  Treasury,  Don 

adian    Pacific,   was  opened  between  C4rlos  Martinez  Silva;   Public  Works,  Gen. 

g  and  Port  Arthur,  on  Thunder  Bay,  Rafael  Reyes.     The  office  of  Vice-President 

eat  harbor  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  has  been  abolished  for  the  term  of  the  present 

'.    Under  this  impetus,  and  because  of  administration,  and  Gen.  Eliseo  Pay  an  put  on 

influx  of  settlers  upon  the  free  prairies  the  retired  list  and  pensioned. 

Ltoba  and  westward,  the  city  grew  with  The  United   States  Minister  at  Bogotd  is 

iinary  rapidity,  and  public  and  private  Dabney  H.  Maury,  and  the  Colombian  Minister 

iaes  were  undertaken  upon  an  immense  at  Washington  is  Don  Jos^  Marcelino  Hurtado. 

A  second  railroad  to  the  United  States  The  Colombian  Consul  at  New  York  is  Don 

ait,  several  local  lines  were  constructed,  Climaco   Calderon.      The  American   Consal- 

le  Canadian  Pacific  pushed  westward,  General   at  Bogota  is  John  G.  Walker;   the 

ng  and  crossing  the  Rocky  mountains  in  Consul  at  Carthagena,  William  B.  McMaster ; 

Then  came  a  succession  of  bad  crops,  a  at  Colon-Aspinwall,  Victor  Vifquain ;  at  Me- 

4  insnrrection  of  the  half-breeds  of  the  dellin,  William  Gordon ;  and  the  Consul-Gen- 

bvest  Territories,  and  a  consequent  oessa-  eral  at  Panama,  Thomas  Adamson. 

ofunmigration.    Under  this  stress.  Win-  flnanM. — The  statement  submitted  to  Con- 

Jg-8  inflated  prosperity  collapsed,  and  a  time  gress  for  the  fiscal  year  1888  by  the  Minister 

great  discouragement  and  hardship  ensued,  of  Finance  shows  that  to  the  external  debt  of 

nithU  it  has  now  recovered,  and  business,  £1,913,000,  mostly  held  in  England,  there  has 

tttabli&hed  on  a  firmer  foundation,  is  steadi-  to  be  added   £806,000  accumulated  interest. 

•^Tancing.    **  Notwithstanding  all  you  have  The  internal  funded  debt  amounts  to  $6,087,- 

^told  about  it,  you  can  hardly  be  prepared  000,  while  the  floating  debt,  which  consists  of 

™d  the  frontier  trading-post  of  yesterday  numerous  commitments  to  railway  and  other 

f^ormed  into  a  city  of  30,000  inhabitants,  enterprises,    amounts    to    $24,568,000.      The 

^  miles  of  imposing   structures,   hotels,  total  internal  debt  reaches,  therefore,  the  sum 

^  banks,  and   theatres,   with    beautiful  of  $29,605,000.     In  addition,  there  is  an  issue 

y^^  schools,  and  colleges,  with  tasteful  of  inconvertible  paper  money  amounting  to 

(jl  even  splendid  residences,  with  immense  $10,180,000.      The  revenue  for  the  ensuing 

"H  and  many  manufactories,  with  a  far-  fiscal  year  is  estimated  at  $18,178,700,  and  the 

*%  trade,  and  with  all  the  evidences  of  expenditure  at  $28,852,800,  showing  a  deficit 

«lth  comfort,  and  cultivation  to  be  found  in  of  $5,679,100. 

J^°^*  century's  growth.  .  .  .  Situated  just  The  gross  amount  of  duties  collected  at  the 

^  the  forests  end  and  the  vast  prairies  Colombian  custom-houses  in  1887  was  $4,795,- 

'P^  ^th  thousands  of  miles  of  river  [boat]  268,  the  expenses  were  $800,951,  leaving  the 

^j^^^on  to  the  north,  south,  and  west,  and  treasury  $4,494,812   net  proceeds.    The  cus- 

™/ailwaj8  radiating  in  every  direction,  tom-house  at   Barranquilla  collected  $3,098,- 

'•^^Peghas  become  the  commercial  focus  of  000;  that  at  Carthagena,   $906,000;   Cticuta, 

« Canadian  Northwest.  .  .  .  From  there  the  $327,000;   Buenaventura,  $268,000,  and  Tu- 

ttB  of  the  people  in  the  West  are  supplied,  maco,   $75,000 ;   none  of  the  other  custom- 

wttuswaycometheproductsof  their  fields,  houses  collected  over  $50,000.     By  decree  of 

^  from  the  far  north  are  brought  furs  in  June  13,  the  duties  to  be  collected  at  Cticuta, 

^^anety."    The  buildings  of  the  Provin-  in  the  interior,  on  imports  has  been  fixed  at  25 

^OTerpment  are  commodious,  bat  have  per  cent,  to  date  from  August  14. 

^  ^Jchitectaral    pretension.     They  stand  Aniy.— The  strength  of  the  Federal  army  on 

^we  bank  of  the  Assiniboine,  and  are  a  peace  footing,  for  1889  and  1890,  has  been 

•"^^wajded  by  growing  trees.    Opposite  Win-  fixed  at  5,500  men,  with  their  officers ;  in  war- 


176 


COLOMBIA. 


time  the  States  are  bound  to  famish  a  contin- 
gent of  one  per  cent,  of  the  population. 

CMUMite.— The  following  tabular  statement 
shows  Colombian  trade  with  some  of  the  lead- 
ing commercial  coantries : 


EXPORTS. 


TILAR. 


1881 
1882 
1888 
1884 
1885 


United  StatM. 

TSaglaaA, 

$6,991,800 
4,961,470 
6.171,466 
8,891,848 
2,842,077 

$6,677,606 
6,462,281 
8,809,798 
2,108,688 
1,164,042 

FnuM. 

$5,016,006 
6,898,696 
4,188,836 
4,288,606 
8,491,071 


IMPORTS. 


TEAR, 


1881 
18S2 
1888 
1884 
1885 


United  StetMk 

Enfiand. 

$6388,188 
6,408.846 
6,86S,971 
6^81,821 
^668369 

$^999,^6 
6,296,660 
6.099,414 
6,944,671 
8,881,964 

Fnnes. 


$6,214,845 
6.969346 
5,984  858 
7,169,408 
6,067,608 


The  United  States'  trade  with  Colombia  in 
two  years  has  been : 


FISCAL  YEAR. 


1887 

1888 


Import. 


$8,950,958 
4,898,268 


DoBMttie  flzpoii 
to  Colemlik. 


^978,965 
4,928,259 


BailTMuls. — At  the  annual  election  of  directors 
of  the  Panama  Railroad  Company,  held  in  New 
York  on  March  26,  the  president,  J.  G.  Mc- 
Cnllongh,  resigned,  and  his  successor.  Gen. 
John  Newton,  was  installed.  The  former  re- 
marked on  the  occasion :  *^  The  road  was  bought 
in  1881  at  $290  net  per  share.  Dividends  as 
high  as  10,  12,  16,  20,  and  24  per  cent,  on  the 
capital  stock  of  $7,000,000  have  been  paid. 
For  the  past  year  a  little  less  than  9  per  cent, 
was  earned,  and  6  per  cent,  was  paid  in  Janu- 
ary, leaving  $660,000  in  the  treasury.  The 
company  to-day  has  no  floating  debt,  and 
there  is  not  a  suit  against  it  pending  in  the 
United  States.  The  physical  condition  of  the 
property  is  about  perfect.  Since  the  riots  and 
fires  of  1885  the  stations  have  been  rebuilt  of 
corrugated  iron,  and  the  equipment  of  rolling- 
stock  is  ample." 

In  March  a  railroad  company,  limited,  was 
incorporated  in  London  with  a  share  capital 
of  £172,000  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing  and 
operating  the  £1  Dorado- Honda  Railroad. 

In  May  a  Franco- Belgian  company  was 
formed  with  a  capital  of  2,500,000  francs, 
2,400,000  francs  paid  in,  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  concessions  for  rdlroads  in  Colombia, 
and  building  and  operating  them. 

Simultaneously  the  National  Government  of 
Colombia  approved  the  contract  entered  into 
by  the  State  of  Antioquia  with  O.  S.  Brown 
for  the  continuation  and  completion  of  the  rail- 
road between  Puerto  Barrio  and  Medellin,  the 
capital  necessary  being  $6,000,000. 

Stealer  Uaes.  —  Negotiations  have  been 
opened  between  the  Government  of  the  State 
of  Panama  and  the  Pacific  Sreani  Navigation 
Company  for  the  extension  of  its  line  to  the 


northern  sections  of  Panama  by  the  establish- 
ment of  a  tri-monthly  service  of  light-draught 
steamers  to  ran  between  Panama  and  Puerto 
Pedregal,  in  the  province  of  Chiriqui,  and  the 
port  of  Sona,  in  the  province  of  Veragna,  a 
subsidy  to  be  paid  the  company  of  $700  for 
each  round  trip. 

In  April  the  steamer  ^^Flamborongh"  left 
Colon  for  Kingston,  Jamaica,  being  the  pioneer 
ship  of  a  new  line  between  Colon,  Jamaica, 
and  Hayti. 

In  August  it  transpired  that  the  West  India 
Lloyd  Steamship  Company  had  given  orders  to 
build  six  steamers  for  the  purpose  of  more 
rapidly  transporting  tropical  fruits  to   New 
York  and  England.    To  this  end,  two  of  the 
steamers  will  ply  between  New  Orleans  and 
Savanilla,  touching  at  intermediate  ports  and 
connecting  at  Trujillo  with  two  other  vessels 
of  the  line,  which  will  run  between  New  York 
and  Livingston,  Guatemala,  Nassau,  Jamaica,     ^ 
Trujillo,  and  the  Island  of  Inagua,  the  nearest 
of  the  West  Indian  Islands  to  New  York  and    - 
Great  Britain.     The  two  largest  and  finest  -* 
steamers  will  ply  between  London  and  Colon, 
touching  at  Plymouth,  the  Azores,  and  Ja- 
maica, and  connecting  with  the  New  York    '= 
steamers  at  Inagna. 

Tctegnpks. — On   February   16   Bogotd  was    ^ 
united  with  Quito,  the  capital  of  Ecuador,  by    ^ 
telegraph,  and  in  June  with  Carthagena;   at    . 
the  same  time  telegraphic  communication  was    '* 
established   between    Panama,    Barranquilla,    c 
Carthagena,  and  Santa  Marta,  and  a  telephone    - 
company  was  making  arrangements  for  estab- 
lishing communication  by  telephone  between 
Panama  and  Colon.  :-^ 

In  October  the  Panama  Railroad  Company    ^ 
was  authorized  by  the  Government  to  send 
public  messages  over  the  wires  of  its  line  be-   >- 
tween  Panama  and  Colon  till  the  Government  ; 
shall  have  constructed  its  own  line.  — 

WagM-RMd. — ^In  May  the  government  of  the    w 
State  of  Bolivar  opened  the  wagon-road  from 
Tolti  to  Sinceljo.   This  road  was  built  to  bring  — 
the  rich  region  of  Sdbanas,  Bolivar,  in  closer    . 
communication  with  the  coast.  -^ 

MlBeral  Bmotras. — Colombia  contains  numer- 
ous gold  and  silver  bearing  zones,  and  iron  and  ^ 
copper,  lead,  zinc,  antimony,  arsenic,  and  cin-  ^^ 
nabar  are  to   be  found   among    the  metals,  .-^ 
while  salt-beds  abound,  and  sulphur,  kaolin,  ^ 
and  fire-clay  are  to  be  found.    Cundinamarca  _^ 
and  Boyac4  are  comparatively  poor  in  gold 
and  silver  bearing  lands  if  we  except  the  Ari- 
ari  and  Gnguaqnl  gold-beds,  the  silver-bear- 
ing copper-lodes  of  Tosca,  the  gold  veins  of 
Villa  de  Leiva  and  Loata,  and  the  gold  wash- 
ings in  the  beds  of  the  Guataque  and  Cocuy.  _ 

In  the  eastern  ridge  of  the  Cordillera,  which  

separates  Pamplona  from  Bucammanga  and  __ 
covering  a  space  of  over  fifty  kilometres,  the. 
primitive  formations  are  interspersed  by  gold 
and  silver  bearing  ledges.  Under  the  Spanish 
rule  these  reefs  were  worked.  The  wealth  ob- 
tained from  them  is  a  matter  of  history,  while 


COLOMBIA.  177 

a  visit  to-day  to  those  localities  affords  proof  Hie  Faiaaa  Canal. — Two  important  eveDts 
of  tbe  vast  amount  of  labor   that  was  ex-  have  occurred  in  the  history  of  the  Panama 
pended  to  cut  moontaiu- tunnels  yet  to  be  Canal  since  the  last  annual  meeting  was  held  in 
seen,   some   of  which   are   from   50  to  600  Parison  July  21, 1887 — the  change  of  the  canal 
metres  in  length.    These  main  tunnels,  opened  from  one  at  the  sea-level  to  one  with  locks, 
in  former  days,  measare  about  ten  kilometres,  and  the  issuing  of  a  loan.    M.  Ferdinand  de 
and  when  one  remembers  that  the  rock  cut  Lesseps,  president  of  the  canal  company,  and 
tiirougb  is  granite  and  that  the  means  of  work-  the  board  of  managers  dnring  the  latter  part 
ing  were  of  a  most  primitive  nature,  it  be-  of  1887  came  to  the  conclusion  that  a  total 
comes  evident  that  only  rich  retarns  would  re-  change  of  system  had  become  imperative,  if 
pay  the  labor  required  to  overcome  such  obsta-  the  canal  was  to  be  dug  within  a  reasonable 
doBL    At  Baya  and  Vetas  thin  quartz  lodes  time,  thereby  keeping  the  expense  of  aocom- 
fre  found.     Here  the  richest  leads  are  situated  plishing  the  work  within  certain  limits.    A 
ether  horizontally  or  perpendicularly,  a  fact  contract  was  consequently  made  on  Dec.  10, 
vith  which   the  old   miners   were   well  ao-  1887,  with  M.  Gustave  Eiffel,  an  engineer  of 
qoainted,  as  is  proved  by  the  manner  in  which  note,   constructor  of  the  gigantic  tower  for 
they  followed   the  lodes.     These  Baya  and  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1889,  who  undertook 
Vetas  mineii,  or  ''  Pamplona  "   mines,   were  to  construct  such  locks  as  the  company  would 
abandoned  after  the  declaration  of  independ-  approve,  on  his  submission  of  plans,  with  their 
ace,  and  although  we  know  from  periodical  working  machinery,  and  to  do  such  excavation 
iaq>ection  that  they  contain  great  wealth,  they  and  like  work  as  may  be  necessary  for  the 
are  not  worked  any  more  than  are  the  numer-  work  of  construction.    It  was  expected  that 
OQs  reefs    that    are    everywhere  observable,  ten  locks  would  be  required;   still  the  com- 
whieh  have  never  yet  been  touched  by  the  pany  reserved  the  right  to  postpone  its  decision 
miner's  pick.     In  this  region  there  is  the  old  as  to  the  number  of  locks  till  April,  1889,  aJlow- 
Stnta  Catalina  mine,  which  was  worked  by  an  ing  to  M.  Eiffel  an  extension  of  time  for  the 
English  company  up  to  1850  and  abandoned  as  completion  of  the  two  upper  locks  if  the  decis- 
Qxtprofitable   simply  because  the   process   of  ion  thereupon  be  not  announced  by  Jan.  1, 
amalgamation  was  defective,  and  not  from  the  1889.    M.  Eiffel  engages  to  finish  all  the  work 
absence  of  good  metal.    The  company  had  also  stipulated  for  bv  June  80,  1890.    His  contract 
at  that  time  to  contend  against  the  decree  does  not  incluae  the  control  of  the  Chagres 
that  was   issued  prohibiting  the  exportation  river,  nor  any  part  of  the  canal  work  not  im- 
<tf  the  precious  metals.    At  no  great  distance  mediately  connected  with  the  building  of  the 
from  Baya  and  Vetas  rich  gold  washings  have  locks  and  their  operation  when  completed, 
been  formed  by  volcanic  action  and  the  wear  Allowances  of  88,200,000  francs  were  made  M. 
tad  tear  of  ages  and  climatic  influences  on  the  Eiffel  to  enable  him  to  get  into  a  position  to 
aides  of  the  mountains.    Here  the  gold  is  found  build  the  first  four  locks,  6,000,000  francs, 
IB  a  detrituM  composed  of  quartz,  gneiss,  mica,  however,  being  applicable  to  the  second  four, 
and  iron ;  and  from  the  beds  of  the  Emat&  and  An  extraordinary  meeting  of  shareholders  was 
Giroo,  which  wash  through  this  formation,  held  at  Paris  in  March,  and  on  this  occasion 
gold  has  been  found  for  centuries.    In  the  Bu-  M.  de  Lesseps  said :   ^'  The  direction  of  the 
caramanga  gold  washings  the  precious  metal  is  canal  with  locks  does  not  differ  from  the  direc- 
feond  principally  in  scale  and  seldom  as  dust  tion  of  the  sea^level  canal.    This  canal   will 
iff  nuggets,  and  it  is  owing  to  miners  not  hav-  have,  in  all  its  length,  in  each  lock  the  same 
iBg  Doted  this  fact  that  they  have  lost  through  width  and  depth  of  water  as  the  final  canal. 
metlve  apparatus  the  gold  that  otherwise  The  largest  vessels — those  150  metres  long, 
vonld  have  well  repaid  them  for  their  labors,  and  having  a  draught  of  8  metres — will  be  able 
The  gold-washing  machinery  of  to-day  would  to -pass  in  1890  from  one  ocean  to  another. 
at?e  every  grain  that  was  then    lost.      Its  All  our  efforts  are  concentrated  on  the  neces- 
qoality  is  the  best  known,  showing  only  *02  of  sity  of  opening  the  canal  for  universal  naviga- 
Rber  to  '98  pure  gold.     There  are  further-  tion  with  the  greatest  rapidity  by  absolutely 
Q(?e  the  Go^ira  and  Rio  Hacha  alluvial  de-  sure  means.     After  the  inauguration,  the  yield 
posts,  the  Tiqui  quartz  reefs,  and  the  Porc6  of  the  transit  taxes  alone  being  125,218,750 
Biat,  San  Jorge,  and  Ur^  sands.    The  reason  francs  and  all  the  expenses  108,926,260  francs, 
<xf  the  failure  of  the  Sinti  company  is  clearly  there  will  be  a  margin  in  round  numbers  of 
txpUined  by  the  fact  that  the  apparatus  was  21,000,000    francs   to   be    distributed  among 
iaappropriate  for  working  the  kind  of  gold-ore  the  shareholders  after  deducting  the  reserve 
^  is  found  there.    In  Antioquia  the  Porc6  funds  and  the  tenure  to  the  Colombian  Cov- 
ad Kedin  rivers  may  he  mentioned  as  rich  ernment."    Over  1,000  shareholders  were  in 
a  gold  for  a  distance  extending  over  twenty-  attendance  at  the  meeting ;  M.  de  Lesseps's  re^ 
feee  leagues  in  length  by  fifteen  leagues  in  port  was  unanimously  approved,  together  witii 
tpeadth,  and  here  a  cubic  metre  of  earth  has  the  resolution  to  make  a  loan  of  840,000,000 
Ifoduced  one  pound  in  weight  of  gold,  while  francs.    The  report  estimated  the  amount  req- 
atpos  Bocas  on  one  occasion  one  pound  in  uisite  for  finishing  the  canal  at  654,000,000 
▼«?ht  of  gold  was  obtained  from  only  fifteen  francs,  254,000,000  being  necessary  to  pay  for 
Foends  of  sand.  excavation,  125,000,000  for  locks  and  masonry, 

VOL.  IXTIIL — 12  A 


17B  COLOMBIA. 

15,000,000  for  reseryoirs  for  the  feeding  of  the  The  canal,  through  its  entire  length,  is  to  have 

npper  portion  of  the  canal,  50,000,000  for  ma-  the  same  depth  as  the  eventual  sea-level  canal,     ^ 

terial,  and  210,000,000  for  the  covering  of  gen-  hut  through  the  adoption  of  the  canal  with 

eral  expenses  and  the  interest  on  honds  and  locks,  the  excavation  yet  to  he  done  is  limited      ^ 

shares.     The   French  Chamher  of  Deputies  to  from  84,000,000  to  40,000,000  cuhic  metres.      ~ 

passed  the  Panama  Canal  Lottery  Loan  Bill  Bat  the  construction  of  the  locks  alone  will 

without  Government  guarantee  earlj  in  May,  not  suffice ;  the  main  point  is  the  feeding  of     _ 

and  the  Senate  in  June.    The  bill  provided  for  those  works.    For  the  latter  purpose  embuik- 

the  issue  of  600,000,000  francs  in  bonds,  the  ments  have  to  be  made  in  connection  with  the     ^ 

numbers  to  be  drawn  after  the  manner  of  a  lot-  rivers  Chagres,  Obispo,  and  Rio  Grande,  the  for- 

tery  twice  a  year,  and  the  winners  to  receive  mer  of  which  alone  is  capable  of  furnishing  per 

premiums  of  various  amounts.    It  also  provided  second  10  cubic  metres  of  water,  which  it  is    ' 

20  per  cent.,  or  120,000,000  francs,  to  be  set  estimated  would  suffice  for  the  passage  through    "^ 

aside  in  French  r^n^  for  the  payment  of  prizes,  the  locks  of  ten  vessels,  of  a  joint  tonnage  of    - 

and  to  serve  as  a  sinking-fund.    On  June  27,  20,000,  per  diem.    The  total  amount  of  exca-    ^ 

860,000,000  francs,  being  half  the  amount  an-  vation  actually  accomplished  in  1886  had  been     " 

thorized,  were  offered  for  subscription  with  a  11,727,000  cubic  metres ;  during  the  first  nine    ' 

lottery  scheme  including  three  annual  prizes  of  months  of  1887  it  was  9,877,000.  ~ 

500,000  francs  each,  and  three  of  250,000  francs;        In  August  250,000  hectares  of  land  in  Co-  ^ 

furthermore  six  of  100,000  francs,  there  being  lombia  were  transferred  to  the  canal  company  ^  - 

six  drawings  per  annuni,  distributing  altogether  under  the  contract  made  by  the  company  with    — 

8,390,000  francs  yearly  till  the  year  1 918,  beg^-  the  Government.    Nathan  Appleton,  -who  was    ^ 

ning  with  which  2,200,000  francs  per  annum  sent  by  the  United  States  Government  as  a  dele-    "^ 

will  be  drawn  for  in  four  drawings  and  em-  gate  to  the  international  congress  held  in  Paris,  '>= 

bracing  two  prizes  of  500,000  francs  each,  two  in  1879,  to  decide  as  to  the  route  that  should    > 

of  250,000  and  four  of  100,000,  the  minor  lots  be  adopted,  and  has  been  connected  with  the  -i 

ranging    between   1,000  and    10,000   francs,  enterprise  from  its  beginning,  being  asked  his    l- 

Bonds  were  issued  having  a  face  value  of  400  opinion  about  the  change  of  plan,  said  the  adop-  < 

francs,  payable  by  lots  or  at  400  francs  within  tion  of  the  lock  system  was  the  only  thing  that  ^:^ 

99  years  by  a  special  deposit  of  French  rentes,  remained  to  assure  success.  =: 

and  offered  at  360  francs,  bearing  15  francs  per       The  Panama  Canal  Company,  late  in  Novem-  .-.  _ 

annum  interest.     Out  of  the  2,000,000  bonds  ber,  resolved  to  offer  for  public  subscription 

offered,  860,000  were  sold.    At  the  first  draw-  on  December  10  the  1,140,000  unsold  lottery  ■— 

ing  the  large  prizes  were  taken  by  bonds  that  bonds ;  but  the  shares  declined  so  rapidly  that 

had  not  been  sold,  to  the  great  disappointment  it  became  evident  the  subscription  would  result  :^^,^^ 

of  subscribers,  the  company  therefore  decided  in  failure.   M.  de  Lesseps  and  his  colleagues  re« 

that  at  the  October  drawing  all  the  prizes  signed,  and  at  their  request  the  Tribunal  of  the< 

should  be  ^ven  to  the  860,000  bonds  that  had  Seine  appointed  Messrs.  Hue,  Bandelot,  and  !>• 

been  sold ;  it  was  compelled  to  take  this  course  Normandie  to  settle  the  company^s  affairs.  On 

by  the  dissatisfaction  of  the  bond-holders.  December  6  the  company's  shares  had  dropped^,^^^^^ 

At  the  time  of  making  the  contract  with  M.  to  175,  and  on  December  17  they  fell  to  93'7r^ 

Eiffel,  the  plan  of  eight  locks  was  adopted.  On  francs,  recovering  12  francs  next  day. 
their  departure  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  the        lee  M«iioply  at  ^aaa* — On  March  1  the  sol 

vessels  would  at  first  encounter  two  locks  of  right  to  manufacture,  import,  and  sell  ice     _ 

8  metres  fall  each,  subsequently  two  of  11  me-  the  Department  of  Panama  was  sold  at  Bo^^^ 

tres  each,  the  length  of  the  lock-chambers  t4,  at  the  Ministry  of  the  Treasnry,  the  bojj^ 

being  180  metres.    Hence  the  altitude  over-  to  pay  $45,000  a  year  in  advance  for  the  pi^- 

come  would  be  38  metres.    The  difference  be-  lege,  in  silver  coin   of  0*835  fineness, 

tween  the  latter  and  the  total  height  of  the  exclusive  privilege  thus  granted  runs  fift 

mountdn-range  was  to  be  overcome  by  exca-  years,  but  work  must  begin  in  ten  months, 

vations.    On  the  west  side  three  locks  of  11  the  expiration  of  the  concession  the  maxi^ 

metres  fall  were  to  be  built  and  one  of  8  me-  tories  will  become  Government  property, 
tres  fall.    The  difference  of  8  metres  is  neces-       ReglstrattM  tf  Compailes. — ^The  following    ^^ 

sary  on  account  of  the  lower  level  of  the  Pa-  was  signed  by  President  Nufiez  on  May 
cific  Ocean  at  low  tide.    Subsequently,  in  May,        Article  L    All  Arms  or  companies  formed 

It  was  deemed  advisable  to  modify  the  plan  by  of  Colombia,  whioh  carry  on  a  permanent  b 

building  ten  locks  instead  of  the  eight  alluded  within  its  territory,  shall  register  their  deeds  o^     'P^ 

to,  lock  1   to  be  located  at  Boliio  Soldado ;  nenphip  or  charters  in  the  notary's  office  of  ^S^-^  ^ 

2,  at  San  Pablo ;  3,  at  Matachin ;  4,  at  Obispo ;  ^"^  ^^f™  they  mtend  doing  buaiDesa. 
K   «♦  v^^^^^Ar.l     oil  r»«  *k«  A  /i» J^:^  -;^ft  r  A         Abt.  n.    Such  companies  or  flrms  will  not  "^^ 

5,  at  Emperador— all  on  the  Atlantic  side ;  6,  ^j^^^  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^  1^1    estoblished,  nor  w  5^ 

at  Cucaracha ;  7  and  8,  at  Paraiso ;  9,  at  Pe-  be  able  to  daim  the  protection  of  the  law,  if  th^:^ 

dro  Miguel ;  and  10,  at  Miraflores — aU  on  the  not  previously  been  duly  legalized  by  tiie  Ex^^^'* 

Pacific  side.     There  are  to  be  three  locks  of  1 1  For  this  reason  tiiose  companies  or  firms  will  k^ 

metres  fall,  and  two  locks  of  8  metres  fall  on  ^^^^J^  *°,  *^*^®  *T^iT**''?^3^''^l''P  ^  ^% 

i        J    '  "r    »"'"  *^  j^  Z'*  "  "i«"  w  «»*i  v«  ^^^  ^^  ijj^y^  jjQ^  Y^^^  legalized  m  the  mami^» 

each  end  of  the  canal — that  is,  on  the  Atlantic  j^  provided  or  do  not  obtion  such  legalizatioD.  "* 

and  Pacific  sides  of  the  center  of  the  oaoaL  six  months  from  date. 


COLOMBIA. 


COLORADO. 


179 


•v'^' 


IIL  All  finns  and  companies  shall  haye  a 
duly  kgalized  repreiMuitative,  witb  a  fixed  plaoe  of 
abode. 

AsT.  TV.  Should  any  company  not  appoint  a  rep- 
resntatiye,  then  the  President  of  the  republic  will 
appoint  some  one  to  represent  the  company,  and  snch 
Bominee  will  enjoy  the  rights  and  privileges  apper- 
taining to  the  place  when  filled  by  any  one  ap- 
point^ by  the  firm  or  company. 

AsT.  V.  The  present  law  in  no  way  afi^ects  the 
Ftoama  Interoceanic  Canal  Company,  which  will 
eootinae  to  be  ruled  solely  by  the  existing  treaties 
•od  oontracts. 


. — The  message  of  President 
Kafiez,  delivered  at  the  opening  of  Congress 
00  July  20,  said:  '^An  extradition  treaty  has 
been  agned  with  the  United  States;  it  had 
been  rendered  necessary  by  the  exceptional 
state  of  affairs  that  now  exists  on  the  Isth- 
mos  of  Panama  in  conseqnence  of  the  extraor- 
dinary inflnx  of  foreigners  to  the  Isthmus. 
The  Cerrati  question  was  submitted  to  arbitra- 
tbn,  and  was  decided  by  the  Government  of 
Spain,  which  will  also  decide  on  the  boundary 
question  now  pending  with  Venezuela.  Until 
Utat  dedaion  is  reached,  Venezuela  and  Co- 
lombia will  respect  the  statu$  quo  which  has 
existed  up  to  date.  The  boundary  question 
with  Costa  Rica  will  also  be  decided  by  Spain, 
md  thos  a  possible  conflict  between  the  two 
eoontries  prevented.  On  Sept.  7,  1887,  the 
Government  declared  its  intention  to  abrogate 
daoa^  10,  11,  and  28  t>f  the  commercial 
tnatv  with  Ecuador,  the  abrogation  to  take 
effect  July  7,  1888,  when  those  clauses  pro- 
Tiding  for  mutual  concessions  to  imported  prod- 
tee  of  the  two  countries  will  become  void.^' 

He  ExtnittlMi  Treaty. — The  extradition  treaty 
relerred  to  in  President  Nullez's  message  was 
aped  in  Bogotd  May  7  last  by  Sefior  Vicente 
Btttrepo,  Minister  of  Foreign  AfiPairs  of  Co- 
lombia, and  John  G.  Walker,  CAargi  d* Affaires 
^the  United  States,  and  received  the  sanction 
of  the  National  Legislative  Council  on  May  25. 


which  is  stipulated  in  the  request  for  his  extra- 
dition. Article  Vll  provides  that  if  the  ac- 
cused is  not  proved  guilty  within  three  months 
he  shall  be  set  at  liberty.  Article  X  says  that 
neither  of  the  contracting  parties  undertakes  to 
hand  over  its  own  citizens  for  trial  by  the 
other.  By  Article  XI  the  fact  that  the  accused 
may  be  liable  to  other  charges  shall  not  be 
held  to  debar  him  from  extradition.  One 
yearns  notice  of  the  annulment  of  the  conven- 
tion must  be  given. 

COLORADO.  SUte  GerenuMBt— The  follow- 
ing were  the  State  officers  during  the  year: 
Governor,  Alva  Adams,  Democrat;  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor, Norman  II.  Meldrum,  Republi- 
can ;  Secretary  of  State,  James  Rice,  Republi- 
can ;  Treasurer,  Peter  W.  Breene,  Republican ; 
Auditor,  Darwin  P.  Eingsley,  Republican ; 
Attorney-General,  Alviu  Marsh,  Republican; 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Leonidas 
S.  Cornell,  Republican;  Railroad  Commis- 
sioner, A.  D.  Wilson;  Chief-Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  William  E.  Beck;  Associate 
Justices,  Joseph  C.  Helm  and  S.  H.  Elbert, 
who  resigned  in  August.  Gov.  Adams  ap- 
pointed M.  B.  Gerry  to  hold  the  place  made 
vacant  by  Judge  Elbert  until  a  successor 
should  be  elected  in  November,  when  Victor 
A.  Elliot  was  chosen.  At  the  same  election 
Charles  D.  Hayt  was  chosen  to  succeed  Chief- 
Justice  Beck  at  th^  close  of  his  term. 

Pvpalitlra* — By  the  census  of  1880  the  num- 
ber of  people  in  the  State  was  194,827;  in 
1885  there  were,  according  to  the  State  census 
of  that  year,  248,910  people.  Upon  the  basis 
of  the  school  census  of  this  year,  it  is  esti- 
mated that  there  were  850,000  people  in  the 
State  at  the  date  of  the  census  in  April. 

Edacatira* — The  following  statistics,  compiled 
by  the  Superintendent  of  Education,  indicate 
the  growth  of  the  public  schools  during  the 
past  two  years : 


ITE3IS. 


i^^  -ii 


dnK9t 


liBberordlitriets 

^^  *(^mI  popnlatioo  ..  .. 
52StoW-«*ool» 

Sy?*  to  gnd*d  Mhools  . . 

«*«  in  nnmded  ichoola 

«rita pttbBc schools  . . . 

£S!*«y»tt«iidaoce  ... 

^»«of«chool-boaae«.... 


S12KW 

5JJJ»Mw buldingt,  dteB,  And  furniture 


per  eapita  of  school  popolatlon. 
{Mr  ciptta  of  eoroUment 


1887. 


T79 

(»,216 

1,180 

84,471 

17,800 

43,901 

27,147 

686 

$2,492,701 

1198,287  89 

$865,028  76 

$18  26 

$20  16 


1888. 


990 

211 

76,212 

11,229 

1,158 

28 

27,986 

8,515 

81,606 

4,806 

50,746 

7,844 

81,516 

4,869 

620 

184 

$8^,021 
$806~771  16 

$745,820 
$118,4^  27 

$1,152,411  78 

$287,888  02 

$15  12 

$1  96 

$28  71 

$2  75 

^^des  for  the  extradition  of  persons  ac- 
■^of  murder  or  attempt  at  murder,  of  coun- 
^^  forgery,  fraudulent  disposal  of  pub- 
J^"<^  robbery,  burglary,  where  attended 
J^J^Qt  entry  of  a  public  or  private  place, 
^^^'wbomation  of  perjury,  rape,  arson, 
J^»  the  destruction  of  railroads,  tramways, 
y  coMtmction  the  injury  of  which  would 
^m  danger  to  life.  Article  V  provides  that 
7^  tccMed  of  political  crimes  shall  be 
**«d  over  on  any  other  charge  than  that 


The  €aptt4iL — The  Legislatare  of  1885  passed 
an  act  providing  for  the  erection  of  a  State 
capitol  building  at  Denver,  and  creating  a 
board  of  capitol  managers  to  superintend  the 
work.  A  contract  was  made  by  the  board  for 
constructing  the  foundation,  and  in  July  the 
work  under  this  contract  was  substantially 
completed.  Preparations  were  made  during 
the  latter  part  of  the  year  for  beginning  the 
superstructure,  which  is  to  be  largely  of  sand- 
stone from  quarries  at  Gunnison. 


180  COLORADO. 

ftaflrtaik — ^The  following  statistics  show  the  Ri^er  and  Uncompaghre  Utes  to  the  Uintah 

mileage  of  railroads  in  the  State  in  November :  Reservation  in  Utah.    Bat  the  refiisal  of  Coio- 

xii«.  row  and  his  band  to  remain  in  Uintah,  and 

Denrer  and  Bio  Ortnde 1,487  their   annual   return  to  Colorado  for  iiahiog 

Ateffionrxo^iiMdsiitoF^; '/.:*. *::::*.!'.:    471  and  hunting,  finally  led  to  trouble  with  his 

Bariin«on  and  Mianouri 845  band  last  year,  when  they  were  driven  back  to 

S±?pJd<lr*:::::::::::::::::::::::::::  nS  utah  by  the  Colorado  state  troops. 

Denrer,  Tezaa,  and  Qoif 147  As  a  consequence  of  this  disturbance,  and 

Denver,  Utah,  and  Padflc 65  through  the  efforts  of  Colorado  citizens,  a  bill 

Denver  and  Santa  F6 6  j   t      /~i  xi.'  -j* 

Chicago,  Eock  Island,  and  Padflc  (eatimated) .     950  was   passed   by  Oongress  this  year,  providing 

for  a  commission  to  treat  with  the  Southern 

^^^ *^^®  Utes,  the  only  remaining  band  in  the  State, 

The  Denver,  Texas,  and  Gulf  Road  to  Fort  and  to  procure  their  removal  to  southern 
Worth,  Tex.,  was  completed  early  in  the  Utah.  The  commissioners  appointed  in  July 
year,  giving  direct  communication  from  Den-  under  this  act  were  T.  C.  Cbilds,  of  Washing- 
ver  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  If  the  Federal  ton,  R.  B.  Weaver,  of  Arkansas,  and  J.  Mont- 
Government  can  be  induced  to  construct  a  suit-  gomery  Smith,  of  Wisconsin.  They  reached 
able  harbor  on  the  coast,  this  line  will  prove  the  Ute  reservation  in  August  and  spent  sev- 
of  great  value  in  the  development  of  Colorado,  eral  months  in  negotiation,  during  which, 
Another  road,  completed  later  in  the  year,  with  several  Ute  leaders,  they  visited  southern 
was  the  Rock  Island  and  Pacific,  to  Colorado  Utah  with  a  view  of  selecting  the  proposed 
Springs.  Various  branch  lines  were  also  in  reservation.  They  were  finally  successful  in 
process  of  construction.  the  object  of  their  mission,  the  Indians  having 

StMk-ftaWig. — In  Colorado,  as  in  other  oonsent.ed  to  the  removal.  A  tract  of  about 
parts  of  the  Western  plains,  the  cattle  industry  1,190,000  acres  will  be  thereby  opened  to  set- 
is  gradually  changing  in  character  and  meth-  tiers  in  the  State. 

ods.    A  Colorado  journal  says :  ^*  The  plains       Iisinuicet — The  sixth  annual  report  of  the  In- 

in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  which,  less  suranoe  Commissioner,  for  the  year  ending  in 

than  a  dozen  years  ago,   were  covered  with  May,  estimates  that  new  risks  were  taken  dur- 

cattle,  are  being  rapidly  settled  and  only  the  ing  the  year  against  fire  amounting  to  $50,619,- 

poorest  range  is  left    A  striking  illustration  776,  and  upon  life  amounting  to  over  $8,000,- 

of  this  fact  is  found  in  Pueblo  County.     The  000.  This  business  was  done  almost  entirely  by 

range  cattle  are  being  shipped  out  of  that  sec-  outside  companies.     ^*  The  record  heretofore 

tion  of  the  country,  some  to  the  ranges  in  the  made  by  Colorado  companies,^'  says  the  commis- 

western  part  of  the  State  and  some  east  to  sioner,  **  has  been  indifferent,  and  in  some  cases 

Kansas  and  Nebraska.    It  is  only  a  question  positively  bad.    There  has  been  bad  faith  in 

of  time  when  the  ranges  in  the  western  part  many  of  them  from  their  very  inception." 
of  the  State  will  be  settled  also,  and  the  herds       Hm  Deep-Waler  HtrWr  CMveatlMk — Early  in 

compelled  to  move  again.    But  it  will  only  be  July  a  convention,  composed  chiefly  of  Texans, 

changing  the  business  fi*om  the  control  of  a  with  a  few  representatives  from  Colorado  aD(^ 

few  into  the  control  of  many.   There  are  large  Kansas,  was  held  at  Fort   Worth,  Tex.«  foi 

portions  of  the  mountainous  parts  of  the  State  the  purpose  of  promoting  a  movement  to  se 

that  will  be  utilized  as  ranges,  but  they  will  cure  a  deep-water  harbor  on  the  Gulf  cot 

accommodate  a  comparatively  small  number  The  convention  adopted  resolutions  of  wbic^^^ 

of  cattle.  The  system  will  be  entirely  changed,  the  following  is  an  extract : 
and  while  the  altitude  in  many  parts  of  the       it  is  the  sense  of  the  convention  that  the  con 

State  will  prevent  the  raising  of  com  in  such  merclal,  agricultural,  mining,  and  Btock-raising  i\ 

abundance  as  in  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  other  «»t«*»  not  only  of  Texas,  but  of  all  the  territory 

fodder  can  be  raised  in  as  great  abundance  *?i7^' ^^TS!?  f  ®!L'*,i*'®  commerce  and 

««,!    -/x  «„.«k   ^i.^«rv^.   ♦!,«♦    n«ir»«„^^    ««7*i«  of  the  United  States  with  other  countries,  demj 

and  so  much  cheaper  that  Colorado  cattle-  first-class  port  on  the  coast  of  Texas. 

raisers  can  compete  with  those  of  any  other        This  convention  believes  that  such  a  port  O'^^ok^ 

portion  of  the  country.     That  this  can  be  done  to  be  selected  bv  aboard  of  competent  enginee:*^"^   ^1 

m  Eagle  County  has  been  demonstrated,  and  pointed  by  the  United  States  Government, 
land  which,   a  few  years  ago,   was  deemed        The  remainder  of  the  resolutions  urge     '■::«^P^ 

worthless  for  farming,  because  of  the  altitude,  Senators  and  Representatives  in  Congre»^^      ^ 

is  now  yielding  large  profits."  need  of  appropriations  for  this  work.    11^       ^ 

The  Utes. — The  people  of  the  State  have  long  also  voted  to  recommend  a  second  conv^^  -»-^^ 

desired  to  rid  themselves  of  the  presence  of  to  be  held  in  Denver  at  an  early  date,  w^*^  ^^ 

these  Indians,  who  have  several  times  threat-  should  include  representatives  from   alK-       « 

ened  the  public  safety.    By  an  early  treaty  States  and  Territories  west  of  the  Missi^-^^-*^ 

with  the  United  States,  they  were  separated  Pursuant  to  a  proclamation  by  Gov.  A^^^  '^ 

into  three  reservations,  known  as  the  White  this  convention  assembled  at  Denver  o'^^^^.z:*^ 

River,  Uncompaghre,  and  Southern  Ute  reser-  gust  28,  and  remained  in  session  several       ^^^^  ^ 

vations.     In  1879,  when  the  Meeker  massacre  Delegates  were   present  from  nearly  aL^^       ^ 

occurred,  the  Government  made  a  new  treaty,  States  and  Territories  embraced  in  the  ca^^j^ 

which  resulted  in  the  removal  of  the  White  cept  from  the  Pacific  States.     Gov.  Thay^^^^^"^* 


COLORADO. 


181 


t 


ate.  tJ^ 

rer  <« 
-It  *:^ 


Nebraska,  was  chosen  permanent  chairman, 
and  wajs  and  means  of  securing  the  ohjects  of 
the  meeting  were  discussed  at  length.  A  dif- 
ference of  opinion  prevailed  as  to  whether 
GaI?€ston  or  some  other  port  on  the  coast 
should  be  designated  for  improvement.  Two 
reports  were  submitted  by  the  committee  on 
resolutions,  of  which  the  majority  report,  rec- 
ommending no  particular  harbor,  was  adopted. 
On  October  17  a  committee  appointed  by 
the  conveotion  met  at  Dallas,  Tex.,  adopted 
t  draft  of  a  bill  to  be  presented  to  Congress, 
and  took  measures  to  secure  its  early  considera- 
tion by  that  body. 

FaBtfnL — Both  the  Union  Labor  party  and 
the  Prohibition  party  met  in  State  conven- 
tioa  at  Denver  on  September  1.  A  confer- 
eooe  committee  was  selected  by  each  conven- 
tion to  agree  upon  a  fusion  ticket,  but  the  re- 
fosal  of  the  Union  Labor  men  to  ratify  the 
ticket  so  agreed  upon,  brought  the  plan  to 
naught.  The  Union  Labor  men  nominated  a 
State  ticket  headed  by  De  La  Martyr. 

The  Prohibition  nominees  were :  For  Gov- 
ernor, W.  O.  Stover  ;  Lieutenant  -  Governor, 
Warren  R.  Fowler;  Secretary  of  State,  W. 
W.  Waters ;  Treasurer,  Harry  G.  Schoock ; 
Auditor,  W.  A.  Rice :  Attorney-General,  J.  H. 
BoQghton;  Superintendent  of  Schools,  J.  A. 
Smith ;  Supreme  Court  Judge  (long  term),  A. 
W.  Brazee ;  Supreme  Court  Judge  (short  term), 
D.  £.  McCaskell ;  Regents  of  the  State  Univer- 
«tT,  Isaac  T.  Keator,  J).  W.  Robbins. 

On  September  4  the  Republican  State  Con- 
vention met  in  Denver.  There  were  five  can- 
^dates  for  the  gubernatorial  nomination,  each 
biving  upon  the  first  formal  ballot  the  follow- 
ing support:  David  H.  Moore,  181  votes;  Job 
X  Cooper,  123;  Ex-Senator  H.  A.  W.  Tabor, 
ISft ;  Wolfe  Londoner,  84 :  Lieutenant-Govem- 
«  Meldrum,  74.  On  the  fifth  ballot  Job  A. 
Cooper  was  nominated.  The  remainder  of  the 
^cket  was  completed  as  follows :  For  Lieuten- 
mvGovemor,  William  G.  Smith  ;  Secretary  of 
^tue,  James  Rice :  Treasurer,  W.  H.  Brisbane ; 
^ttditor,  Louis  B.  Schwanbeck ;  Attorney-Gen- 
*J»l  Samuel  W.  Jones ;  Superintendent  of  Pub- 
» Instrnctioc,  Fred  Dick;  Regents  of  the 
^^^l^niversity,  Charles  R.  Dudley,  S.  A.  Gif- 
^\  Sapreme  Court  Judges  (long  term),  Charles 
"Han;  (short  term),  Victor  A.  Elliott. 
Relations  were  adopted  ratifying  the  work 
«  we  Kational  Convention  and  favoring  lib- 
f«  pensions,  anti-Chinese  legislation,  a  fair 
*K  and  free  coinage  of  silver.  On  State 
^•^^wns  the  platform  declares  as  follows : 
,1 J  "^?f  Wrbut  stringent  legislation  respecting  the 


A 


'ti 


-  "'yrmr  out  stnnjront  legislation  respecting  tne 
S  JV"*  the  State.  We  declare  that  pools,  rebates, 
^wdiscrimjnationft  should  be  prohibited,  and  the 
j^^n  rigidly  enforced  by  heavy  penalties.    We 

' jK^d  legislation  that  will  prevent  the  charging 
g^°««Jt  rates.  We  also  demand  letpislation  i>ro- 
^^t.1  officers  Judicial,  legislative,  and  executive, 
^#*^^ni?,  directly  or  indirectly,  railway-passes 

_  tibodilare  in  favor  of  stringent  State  and  na- 

tnista  and  combinations 


be  0^=^:1    ir**fWinn  prohibiting 
TkiTrf'l      "^hnd  and  nature. 


While  we  uphold  the  National  Government  in  all  its 
endeavors  to  preserve  the  public  domain  for  the  bene- 
fit of  honest  settlers,  we  must  earnestly  condemn  the 
course  pursued  by  tne  present  Administration  in  ita 
wholesale  attempt  to  cancel  and  annul  pre-emption 
and  homestead  entries  at  the  instance  of  land-agents, 
thereby  tyrannically  anddifihonestlv  taking  A'om  poor 
but  honest  settlers  their  money  ana  homes. 

That  the  Legislature  enact  laws  providing  for  tiio 
protection  of  the  health  and  Kafety  of  those  engaged 
m  mining  and  other  hazardous  occupations. 

That  the  lien-law  of  the  State  be  so  amended  as  to 
secure  to  the  laborer  wages  earned  by  him,  and  pre- 
vent his  being  defrauded  of  them  by  dishonest  prac- 
tices at  the  hands  of  unscrupulous  persons. 

We  favor  a  liberal  appropriation  by  the  State  Leg- 
islature for  the  purposes  of  inducing  immigration  and 
advertising  the  resources  of  the  State. 

We  urge  our  congressional  delegation  to  continue 
their  efforts  to  secure  all  legislation  necessary  to  peiv 
feet  a  system  of  reservoirs  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  for 
irrigation  purposes. 

A  resolntion  was  also  passed  urging  such  leg- 
ii^lation  as  wonld  permit  the  surplus  of  $1,000,- 
000  of  current  funds  in  the  State  treasury  to 
be  applied  in  payment  of  the  State  debt. 

The  Democratic  State  Convention  assembled 
at  Denver  on  September  19,  and  nominated  the 
following  ticket  without  a  contest :  For  Gov- 
ernor, Thomas  M.  Patterson ;  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, John  A.  Porter;  Treasurer,  Amos  G. 
Henderson ;  Secretary  of  State,  W.  R.  Earhart ; 
Auditor,  Leopold  Meyer;  Attorney  -  General, 
J.  M.Abbott;  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 
struction, J.  A.  Hough  ;  Regents  of  the  Uni- 
versity, F.  A.  Chavez,  Charles  Ambrook;  Judges 
of  the  Supreme  Bench  (long  term),  M.  B.  Ger- 
ry ;  (short  term),  A.  J.  Rising. 

The  platform  ratifies  the  acts  of  the  Nation- 
al Convention,  favors  free  coinage  of  silver, 
denounces  trusts,  and  discusses  State  questioDs 
at  length  as  follows : 

We  demand  that  all  reservation  of  public  lands  in 
Colorado  not  absolutely  necessary  for  the  uses  of  the 
Government  shall  be  thrown  open  for  occupation  and 
settlement ;  and  we  pledge  ourselves  to  the  people  to 
use  all  available  means  to  secure  that  end  and  to  se- 
cure to  all  bona-fide  settlers  now  on  said  reservations 
their  rights. 

The  existing  laws  of  the  United  States  with  regard  to 
the  public  timoer  domain  are  emphatically  condemned, 
and  we  charge  the  Republican  party  with  responsi- 
bility for  the  same.  By  these  laws,  as  construed  and 
enforced  by  the  courts,  railway  companies  are  given 
unlimited  and  unrestricted  ri^ht  to  denude  the  public 
domun  of  its  best  timber,  while  the  privileges  given  to 
private  citizens  with  regard  to  takmg  tiinber  for  ne- 
cessary purposes  are  so  restricted  as  to  practically  deny 
them  Its  use. 

We  deplore  the  evils  of  alien  landlordism  every- 
where, and  especially  sympathize  with  those  on  the 
borders  of  our  State  who  are  suflferinp  from  its  perni- 
cious effects,  and  tvc  demand  the  enactment  ot  such 
Federal  and  State  le^slation  as  will  ^ve  relief  to  our 
Hufferinir  fellow-citizens  and  prevent  its  further  exten- 
sion. Wo  favor  the  passa^  of  a  law  establinhin^  a 
board  of  mediation  ana  arbitration,  with  power  to  in- 
quire into  and  ac^ust  all  disputes  arising  between  em- 
ployer and  employ^,  to  be  created  as  is  provided  by 
the  laws  of  the  State  of  New  York  on  that  subject, 
and  embodyins^  the  recommendations  of  President 
Cleveland  to  Congress  on  April  22, 1886. 

We  demand  that  the  funds  of  the  State  Treasury, 
instead  of  being  used  to  create  perquisites  for  the 
Treasurer^  office,  shall  be  placea  at  interest,  imder 


182                    COLORADO.  CONGO  FREE  STATE. 

rei^ulAtions  and  safeguard  to  be  provided  by  law,  for  State  purposes  for  1889  and  1890  shonld 

whereby  such  intereata  ahall  be  added  toauch  funda  ^^  increased  from  four  to  five  mills,  and  also 

'""^^^^f^!*  ?^i ^^'T/'  "l^*r  P^^  "^  f  T  upon  two  amendmente  to  the  State  Constitu- 

caDdidates  tor  the  Leffislature  to  the  enactment  of  such  "F""  •"*"  oixicumiuwuwj  w  w»j«  k^t«t»^  v^v     wm* 

alu^.                     "^  tion— one  permitting  county  indeDteoness  with- 

Being  opposed  to  all  unnecessary  taxation,  either  in  certain  limits,  the  other  modifying  the  clause 

direct  or  ind'urect,  we  repudiate  the  proposed  amend-  forbidding  a  State  debt,  and  especially  provid- 

mont  to  our  State  Constitution,  whicli  is  intended  to  j^g  ^hat  a  loan  of  $600,000  may  be  contracted 

increase  the  rate  of  State  taxation,  and  call  upon  the  ^.^  .„^^*  ^ki;««*;^««    ^*  ♦k^  G*„f^  rvn«o4-«*.^;n» 

people  to  aid  us  in  defeating  it.    The  prop<£ed  in-  ^  '5f ^^  ^^^^^^^i?°®  ?l  ^^®  f^^  outstanding 

crease  results  from  Republican  extravagance,  contin-  on  Dec.  81,  1888.     All  of  these  propositions 

ued  by  that  party  in  disreeard  of  its  pledgee,  the  ex-  were  defeated, 

penaes  and  appropriations  Tor  the  last  Genial  Assem-  CONCM)  FBEE  STATE,  a  country  in  equatorial 

.iL^S^^''**^7^^'^!?''^^''{iS'®y^  Africa,  constituted  by  the  general  act  of  the     : 

1887-88,  exclusive  of  appropriations  for  the  cu>itol  ^»^»*^»»  »^""o»'*»'"»'«^  "<^.  "^  6«x»vit»*  c^.  ^  „ 

building.                      rr    r                        --r  Congo  Conference,  which  was  signed  at  Ber- 

We  again  denounce  the  payment  of  county,  precincU  lin,  Feb.  26, 1 885.     The  boundaries  of  the  state 

and  court  officers  by  a  system  of  exorbitant  lees,  ana  were  defined  by  conventions  made  by  the  In- 

b^k^Tnd  'Sfd  at'rtItS?^'?fi^°"  ^^  ^  ^"^  ternational  Association  of  the  Congo  with  Ger-      : 

^V^e  SwIt  tCpassage  of'L  llw  wnceming  eleo^  ?J*°y.5°.?«^7'  M®^'  with  Great  Britain  on      : 

tions  which  shall  embody  the  best  features  of  the  I>©c.  16,  1884,  with  the  Netherlands  on  Dec 

Califomian  and  Australian  systems.  27, 1884,  with  France  on  Feb.  5, 1885,  and  with 

We  reiterate  the  sentiments  of  our  past  platforms  Portugal  on  Feb.  14,  1885.     The  powers  re-      - 

concerning  the  necessiy  of  legislationw&ich  will  more  f             ^iod  of  twenty  years  the  right  of     y 

effectually  regulate  and  restram  all  hues  of  transpor-  j     .j.        »p«**v«v*  *>^^u^j  jv«*o  «  ^    ig        *      ^ 

tation,  rebates,  overcharges,  discriminations  aginst  deciding  whether  freedom  of  entry  shall   be    (^ 

individuals  and  localities,  fictitious  capitalization,  and  maintained  or  not.    The  navigation  of  the  Con-     ^- 

disregard  of  constitutional  checks. which  will  continue  go  is  placed  under  an  International  Commis-    > 

until  such  legislation  and  the  establishment  of  a  board  gj^j^  representing  all  the  powers  signing  the    " 

of  commissioners,  with  ample  power  to  inquire  mto  ^^t.       •d„   „    ^r^*.^  ^f  *u^   nM^«»    t  ^<*;oia4^r..A 

and  correct  abuses  and  to  fix  iSd  enforce  uniform  ^^' .,  ^7  »  Y®*®  ^^  *"®  Belgian  Legislature,      ;:_ 

n^iximum   rates  for  freight  and   passenger  traffic,  April  28   and  30,   1885,  the  Free   State  was     >- 

and  we  pledge  all  our  canmdates  on  the  State  and  leg-  placed   under  the  sovereignty  of  King  Leo- 

islativef  ticket  to  its  enactment    We  propose  nd  leg-  pold  Hindi  vidnally,  the  Belgian  Government     . 

islation  that  can  attect  the  rights  of  railway  oomj*-  having  no  power  or  responsibility  in  relation  ^ 

mes,  to  cripple  or  ii^ure  them,  but  we  msist  that  the  ...    ®         *^                       *^               ^                        ^ 

rights  of  individuals  and  localities  must  be  protected  J,,     ^                 ^           ,.%«•▼    -i           «                - 

and  preserved.  We  denounce  the  majority  of  the  Sen-  The  Governor-General  is  M.  Ledeganck,  un- 

ate  of  the  last*  General  Assembly  whicH  defeated  the  der  whom  are  chiefs  of  provinces  and  other  of- 

will  oftho  people  by  preventing  such  legislation,  and  ficials.     There  are   four  administrative  divis-   ." 

we  commend  the  Hoase  of  Bopresentatives  for  Its  gal-^  .   „„   .„  ^^^vt^wi^^no  .  *k«  T^nr^^  n^n^.^^    T;«r;n» 

lant  but  ineffectual  effort  to  protect  and  secure  the  '^^^^  %  W^^2^C    o®  ^ower  Congo,  Living-    ^ 

rights  of  the  people.  ston  Falls  and  the  Pool,  the  district  between    . 

We  heartily  indorse  the   proceedings  of  the  late  the  Pool  and  the  equator,  and  the  Upper  Con- 
Interstate  Deep- Water  Harbor  Convention  of  Denver,  go.  The  principal  stations  occupied  are  Banana, 
and  pledge  the  nommee  of  this  convention  for  Con-  ^^^^  Matadi,  Lukunga,  LeopOldville,  Bangala,  >_ 
gress  to  do  all  in  his  power,  if  elected,  to  secure  the  oi.     i       17.  n   '      j  t    1     v               o*.     1       1?  ii 
establishment  of  ampl^rbir  facDities  on  tiie  Texas  ^^f^^f^\  ^^}^  and  Luluabourg.     Stanley  Falls,    - 
coast.  which  had  been  abandoned  in  consequence  of    ~ 

The  neoessitv  of  a  reservoir  system,  by  means  of  Arab  attacks,  was  reoccupied  in  1888  by  oflS- 

which  our  suri>ius  waters  c^n  be  stored  and  utilized  cers  of  the  Free  State.    Tippoo  Tib,  who  has 

for  agricultural  and  kindred  purpos^,  is  constantly  ^         ^^           ^  prosperous  of  the  Arab  slave  . 

increasing,  and  we  promise  to  labor  for  the  Ultimate  .,        .       *.       F*wp^w«o  vi    i,u«  .«.*€»«  oi»t«   ,^ 

accoraplisiiment  of  this  object.  raiders  m  this  region,  having  his  seat  at  J^yan-  ^ 

We  believe  in  the  encouragement  of  free  and  in-  gwe,  had  for  some  time  previous  acted  as  tern-  ;^ 

telligent   immigration  to  this  State^  and  favor  the  porary  chief  of  the  station,  and   received  a  .  __ 

passage  ofa  law  creating  a  bureau  ofunmigration  to  g^lary  for  maintaining  order.     The   Central  '"^ 

add^trn^aUalo^.                    '  department  without  q^  Jrnment  at  Brussels  consists  of  the  King  >^ 

Foreign  contract  labor  and  Chinese  immigration  of  the  Belgians,  and  three  heads  of  Depart- 

are  the  product  of  Republican  administrations.    We  ments — Foreign  Affairs  and  Justice,  Finance,  v^- 

denounce  tbem  both^  and  earnestly  recommend  the  au^  the  Interior 

We  are  opposed  to  the  further  sale  of  our  school-  small  section  on  the  north  Dank  of  the  Ooogo^ 

lands,  and  demand  an    investiffation  of  the  man-  from  its  mouth  to  Manyanga,  French  territory  -^ 

ner  in  which  said  lands  have  heretofore  been  dis-  intervening  between  this  last  station  and  the  ,-— 

V^^^^  of-  mouth  of  the  Likona,  whence  the  boundary  ex-  < 

After  an  energetic  canvass,  the  Republican  tends  northward  to  4°  north  latitude,  eastward 

State  and  national  ticket  was  successful  in  the  to  30°  east  longitude,  southward  to  Lake  Bang-  -,«^ 

November  election,  by  pluralities  ranging  from  weolo,  12°  south  latitude,  westward  to  24®  eats 

10,000  to  14,000.     Only  one  of  the  forty-two  longitude,  northward  to  6°  south  latitude,  then  > 

counties  in  the  State  returned  a  Democratic  westward  to  the  south  bank  of  the  Congo  at ;  ^ 

plurality.     A    Republican  Congressman    was  Nokki.    The  area  of  the  Free  State  is  estimated  ::!r 

elected,  and  the  next  Legislature  will  be  Repub-  at  1,056,200  square  miles,  with  a  population  of 

lican.    The  people  voted  at  the  same  election  about  27,000,000.    There  is  an  army  of  2,000    - 

upon  the  question  whether  the  rate  of  taxation  native  Africans. 


OONGREGATIONALISTS. 


183 


-The  revenue  is  derived  from  a  sub- 
ndj  granted  by  the  King  of  the  Belgians.  The 
expenditures  are  estimated  at  $850,000. 

fjMMiin — The  chief  articles  of  export  are 
pahn-oil,  ivory,  India-robber,  coffee,  gam  co- 
pal, peannts,  orchil,  and  cam-wood.  The  prin- 
cipal imports  are  cotton  cloth,  gunpowder, 
spirits,  and  tobacco.  The  rubber  exported  in 
1887  was  valued  at  2,000,000  francs ;  ivory, 
1,500,000  francs ;  coffee,  1,497,000  francs ;  pea- 
sots,  701,870  francs;  palm-oil,  648,560  francs. 
The  total  exports  were  aboat  7,000,000  francs, 
and  the  imports  of  equal  value.  By  a  decree 
that  was  published  in  November,  1888,  the 
transport  and  sale  of  firearms  and  ammunition 
is  prohibited  on  the  Upper  Congo  and  its  tribu- 
tMiiea,  The  survey  for  a  railroad  from  the 
coist  to  Stanley  Pool  has  been  completed.  The 
line  is  to  mo  from  Matadi  to  Stanley  Pool,  850 
kilometres,  starting  at  a  level  of  7  metres  above 
the  sea,  and  gradually  rising  to  60  metres. 

fkt  Tnmth  PiacMitBfc — The  French  acqoisi- 
^ons  in  the  Congo  region,  about  250,000  square 
mOes  in  extent,  have  not  yet  been  commer- 
daUy  developed.  The  frontier  question  be- 
tween France  and  the  Free  State  was  finally 
s^ed  in  the  summer  of  1888  by  the  evacua- 
doo  of  the  post  of  Eondja  that  the  French  oc- 
cupied on  Ubangi  river. 

COMGRBCATlOHALlfflS.  SUIl8tlc8r— The  fol- 
hwmg  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  the 
Congregational  churches  in  the  United  States, 
u  the  J  are  given  in  the  **  Congregational  Year- 
Book  "  for  1888.  The  additions,  removals,  and 
giins  cover  a  period  extending  in  several  of 
tbe  Stat^  to  two  years,  and  in  others  to  various 
fnetional  parts  of  more  than  one  year : 

Cksnkefl,  w1m>I«  noinber 4,404 

XcBten,  whole  somber 457,&S4 

added  on  oonfesslon 41,156 

niD  (actual,  cotnparlng  totals) 21,205 

adnit 20,138 

iniknt 11,966 

Fioiirs  reported 268,7X5 

Naday-scbools,  members 501,691 

Nadsj -flfchoola^  gain  tn  members 29,704 

Saaiaj-fldiDols,  ayerase  attendance 8'<!4,719 

ted^-aeboolft.  anited  with  the  Church  from 1 8,899 

Sodiy-scbooU,  beooYolent  contribations  of $162,012 

smrroLEirr  coktribvtioms  of  thk  churches. 

?«t^  Ttar  1987  only $2,095,485 

Ofvki^  far  foreign  missions 819,404 

<Xwwfeh  br  education 221.287 

Of  »ted»  far  church  building 122,590 

<,f  vUdi  tir  home  missioDa 486,577 

Of  wta*  for  A- M.  A 161,698 

Of  «yeh  fi<r  »r>ndar-9cbools 28,986 

Of  vyeh  ftir  5ew  West 48,960 

OTvyeh  for  mtnisterfal  aid 9,188 

«vkiEht»roU»erob)ecU 787,781 

Imrtospaid 829,668 

B«e  «xpe»titares 5,078,980 

Bane  apoditorea,  incrttise 1,169,755 

Tbe  seven  theological  seminaries  of  Andover, 
Btcfor,  Chicago,  Hartford,  Oberlin,  Pacific, 
^  Yale,  retnrned  in  all  46  professors,  21  in- 
55nieUM^  or  lecturers,  23  advanced  or  graduate 
<^^ta,  and  420  nndergradaate  students. 

Tbe  American  Congregational  Association 
^  for  its  ohject  to  preserve,  improve,  and 


promote  the  hest  use  of  the  Congregational 
Library;  to  care  for  the  Congregationsu  House 
(in  Boston),  and  remove  the  incumbrances  upon 
it ;  and  to  further  tbe  general  interests  of  Con- 
gregationalism. It  owns  the  Congregational 
House,  which  is  valued  at  about  $425,000  and 
is  liable  in  funded  obligations  of  $184,500.  The 
Library  includes  84,000  volumes  and  more  than 
140,000  pamphlets,  and  is  housed  in  a  fire-proof 
structure. 

fidacattMua  Stdetfes.— The  receipts  of  the 
American  College  and  Education  Society  fur 
the  year  ending  April  80,  1887,  werti  $57,994. 
Two  hundred  and  ninety-one  students  were 
assisted  during  the  year,  and  7,287  since  1816. 
In  both  departments,  of  aid  to  colleges  and 
assistance  to  students  fitting  for  the  ministry, 
the  society  had  a  large  agency  in  social  organ- 
ization throughout  the  West. 

The  New  West  Education  Commission  seeks 
to  promote  Christian  civilization  in  Utah  and 
adjacent  States  and  Territories  by  the  educa- 
tion of  children  and  youth  and  other  kindred 
agencies.  Its  total  income  for  the  year  ending 
July  1,  1887,  was  $61,318,  or  $3,956  more  than 
the  receipts  of  any  previous  year ;  and  its  in- 
debtedness was  returned  at  $10,000,  $5,000 
having  been  paid  off  during  the  year.  It  had 
sustained  28  schools  of  all  grades,  with  which 
59  teachers  and  2,888  pupils  were  connect- 
ed. It  had  erected  four  new  buildings  and 
had  made  additions  to  two  others,  at  a  total 
cost  of  $80,475. 

AmtikML  CoogregattMal  VbIm.— The  thirty- 
fourth  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Con- 
fregational  Union  was  held  in  New  York  city, 
anuary  12.  The  Rev.  Dr.  William  M.  Taylor 
presided.  The  date  of  closing  the  financial 
year  having  been  changed  from  April  80  to 
December  81,  the  report  was  for  only  eight 
months.  The  total  receipts  for  this  term  had 
been  $81,200,  which,  with  $48,894  in  the 
treasury  on  May  1,  appropriated  but  not  called 
for,  made  the  total  available  resources  for 
the  year  1887  $129,584.  The  total  expendi- 
tures for  eight  months  had  been  $85,081 ;  and 
there  remained  in  the  treasury,  mostly  of 
moneys  appropriated  but  not  paid,  $129,595. 
Granta  of  $45,008  had  been  made  to  59  churches, 
and  loans  of  $18,650  to  17  churches,  8  churches 
receiving  both  grants  and  loans ;  85  parsonages 
had  been  added,  at  an  average  cost  to  the 
Union  of  $847,  making  a  total  of  140  parson- 
ages completed  under  the  auspices  of  the  Union, 
while  19  more  were  in  building.  The  report 
of  the  treasurer  showed  that  $102,228  had 
been  contributed  back  by  the  churches  that 
had  been  aided  by  the  Union  during  its  career, 
and  $76,704  had  been  returned  on  loans,  in- 
surance on  buildings  burned,  and  houses  sold. 
It  was  thus  shown  that  ^^  the  only  difference 
between  a  loan  and  a  grant  is  the  time  al- 
lowed for  payment."  All  aid  rrom  the  Union 
is  in  the  form  of  temporary  relief.  The  aided 
churches  reported  additions  by  profession  of 
8,213  membei*s. 


184 


OONGREGATIONALISTS. 


AMerlam  HMie  UslMary  Mbttf.  —  The  sixty- 
second  annnal  meeting  of  the  American  Home 
Missionary  Society  was  held  at  Saratoga 
Springs,  St.  Y.,  June  5.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Jalius 
H.  Seelye  presided.  The  entire  resources  of 
the  society  for  the  year  had  heen  $550,886, 
and  the  whole  amount  paid  to  missionaries  had 
heen  $511,641.  There  were  still  due  to  mis- 
sionaries for  lahor  performed  $1,559,  and  the 
appropriations  already  made  and  daily  hecom- 
ing  due  amounted  to  $78,395,  making  the  total 
amount  of  pledges  $79,955.  Twenty  State  or- 
ganizations of  women,  with  1,100  local  auxil- 
iaries, were  co-operating  with  the  society. 
Fifteen  hundred  and  eighty-four  ministers  had 
heen  employed  during  the  year,  or  some  part 
of  it,  in  the  supply  of  3,084  congregations,  of 
whom  five  had  preached  to  colored  people,  ^nd 
144  in  foreign  languages,  viz.,  to  Welsh,  German, 
Scandinavian,  Bohemian,  Spanish,  Chinese,  In- 
dian, French,  and  Mexican  congregations. 
These  missionaries  reported  that  130  churches 
had  heen  organized,  and  59  had  become  self-sup- 
porting; that  116  houses  of  worship  had  been 
completed,  15  chapels  built,  38  parsonages  pro- 
vided, and  6,310  members  had  been  added  on 
confession  of  faith  during  the  year.  Eighty- 
seven  persons  connected  with  the  missionary 
churches  were  preparing  for  the  ministry. 
The  number  of  Sunday* schools  under  the  care 
of  the  missionaries  was  2,205,  and  with  these 
were  connected  about  130,000  pupils.  Two 
hundred  and  eighty-eight  new  schools  had  been 
organized.  The  contributions  to  benevolent 
objects  reported  by  786  missionaries  amounted 
to  $35,641. 

Aflieriaui  HMMAry  AflBOdatlM*— The  forty- 
seventh  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Mis- 
sionary Association  was  held  in  Providence, 
K.  I.,  beginning  October  25.  The  Rev.  Will- 
iam M.  Taylor,  D.  D.,  presided.  The  total  re- 
ceipts, including  the  balance  from  the  previous 
year,  had  been  $328,147,  and  the  expenditures 
had  been  $328,788.  The  whole  number  of 
schools  sustained  by  the  association  was  93,  20 
of  which  were  normal  schools.  It  was  esti- 
mated that  of  the  15,000  negro  teachers  in  the 
South,  educating  800,000  pupils,  13,500  had 
become  teachers  from  missionary  schools,  and 
more  than  7,000  of  them  from  the  schools  of 
this  association.  The  normal  schools  are  situ- 
ated at  Wilmington,  N.  C,  Charleston  and 
Greenwood,  S.  C,  Atlanta,  Macon,  Savan- 
nah, Thomasville,  and  Mcintosh,  Ga.,  Mobile, 
Athens,  and  Marion,  Ala.,  Memphis,  Jones- 
boro'.  Grand  View,  and  Pleasant  Hill,  Tenn., 
Lexington  and  Williamsburg,  Ky.,  Santee 
Agency,  Neb.,  and  Oahe  and  Fort  Berthold, 
Dakota.  The  association  provides  also  the 
teaching-force  at  the  Ramona  Indian  school, 
Santa  F6,  New  Mexico,  and  normal  depart- 
ments were  connected  with  six  of  the  colleges. 
Four  new  churches  had  been  organized  during 
the  year.  The  following  are  the  statistics  of 
the  schools,  exclusive  of  the  normal  schools, 
and  of  church  work : 


SCHOOLS. 


ITEMS. 


Namber  of  schools 

Number  of  instructors 

Number  of  pupils , 

Theological  students 

Law  students 

College  students , 

Preparatory-college  students . . 

Normal  students , 

Orammar-gra^e  students. 


Intermediate-grade  students 
Primary  pupils . . . 


loth* 

iBdiiia 

SooUl. 

•dioeli. 

58 

18 

266 

60 

9,S96 

660 

87 

•  • 

78 

•  • 

68 

•  •■ 

106 

•  • 

886 

10 

1,996 

48 

2,998 

106 

8,881 

419 

Tot 


f 

10,4 


1 

«>( 
8,1 

4.5 


There  are^  in  addition,  17  Chinese  schools 
the  Pacific  coast,  with  89  teachers. 

CHURCH  WORK. 


ITEMS. 


Number  of  churches 

Number  of  missionaries 

Number  of  church-members. 
Added  by  profession  of  fkith. 
Scholars  in  Sunday-schools. . 


iBtho 

iBdlBB 

SMth. 

•dMolk 

181 

6 

109 

18 

8,066 

897 

721 

80 

16,028 

1,091 

IVM 


1 

1 

IT,: 


Thirteen  woman^s  State  organizations  w 
co-operating  with  the  association.  A  gift 
one  million  dollars  to  the  work  of  the  asso< 
tion,  from  Daniel  Hand,  of  Clinton,  Con 
was  announced  and  acknowledged  with  an  • 
pression  of  thanks.  The  fitness  of  the  ooloi 
people  of  America  to  carry  on  missionary  w< 
in  Africa  was  discussed  affirmatively  by  i 
Rev.  Dr.  Strieby,  secretary  of  the  associatii 
in  a  paper  on  ^^  American  Freedmen  and  Ai 
can  Colonization."  Among  the  other  pap 
read  was  one  on  *^  The  Hopefulness  of  Ina 
Missions,'*  by  Secretary  Beard. 

ABerican  BMrd« — The  seventy-ninth  ann 
meeting  of  the  American  Board  of  Comnc 
sioners  for  Foreign  Missions  was  lield  at  Cle 
land,  Ohio,  beginning  October  2.  The  R 
Richard  S.  Storrs,  D.  D.,  presided,  and  was 
elected  president  for  the  ensuing  year.  1 
receipts  of  the  year  from  gifts  had  been  $3S 
668,  being  $27,610  more  than  the  like  recei 
of  the  previous  year,  and  $9,687  more  tl 
the  average  for  the  past  ^vq  years.  Of  t 
amount  $152,610  had  been  contributed  throe 
the  four  Woman's  Boards  (Woman's  Board 
Missions,  Woman's  Board  of  the  Interi 
Woman's  Board  of  the  Pacific,  and  Woma 
Board  of  the  Pacific  Isles).  The  receipts  f  n 
legacies  had  been  $146,868.  Adding  to  th* 
two  classes  of  receipts  the  income  from  p 
manent  funds,  $11,258,  the  total  income  off 
society  for  the  year  had  been  $652,179, 
$73,736  more  than  the  total  income  of  1 
previous  year.  The  sum  of  $62,500  had  be 
appropriated  from  the  "Swett  fund,"  whi 
had  been  set  apart  to  meet  special  calls,  cbie 
for  use  in  China  and  Japan,  and  $51,082  fn 
the  ^^  Otis  bequest,"  set  apart  for  new  missio 
for  the  work  in  West  Central  and  East  C< 
tral  Africa,  Hong-Kong,  northern  Japan,  a 
North  Mexico.  The  total  expenditares, 
eluding  these  appropriations,  had  been  $66 


CONGREGATIONALISTS. 


185 


S99.  There  had  also  been  received  and  ex- 
pended for  the  relief  of  safferin^,  occasioned 
chiefly  by  famine  in  central  Turkey,  $81,095. 
The  following  is  the  General  Summary  of 
the  Missions  of  the  Board  in  Asia  Minor, 
China,  Africa,  the  Pacific  Islands,  Mexico, 
Spain,  Aastria,  European  Turkey,  India,  Cey- 
lon, and  Japan : 

GENERAL   SVUlfART,   1887-1888. 

l&iJoDa. 22 

StatioiM   90 

0at-8Utk>oft 960 

PhoM  for  Btated  preacbiojf 1,126 

iTmg«  ooogregBtioiis 61,188 

Mhenots 100,914 

Ordtta«d  zniaakNiariet  (11  being  pbjrsi- 

ebiu) 167 

FbTsaenoj  not  ordained 12 

Otier  niale  sMistanU 11 

▼oBoi 282 

Ybole  number  of  Iftborera  sent  from 

tk»  eoantrv 472 

Katire  pastors. 166 

Otber  Dsdve  helpers 1,9692,185 

Hide  namber  of  laborers 2,607 

I^es  printed 18,660,000 

asrcbes 886 

ChBrefa-members 80,546 

UOtd  dfoiof^  the  year 4^388 

W^^  number  from  the  first,  as  nearly  as  can  be 

tavned 106,477 

TWaingira!  aenolnarles  and  station-elasses 17 

PsflOs 251 

CiSiftis  and  hich-fichools 69 

Bov&ig-schiuola  for  girls 60 

CaouBoa  seboolji 892 

WMe  number  under  instroetlon 42,788 

iMive  cootribntiona $124,274 

Among  the  incidents  showing  advance  in  the 
Tsrioas  mission  fields  were  the  gradual  eleva- 
tkm  of  the  standards  in  the  theological  semina- 
lies  at  Marsovan,  Harpoot,  and  Marash,  Asiatic 
Tarkey,  for  adaptation  to  the  growing  needs 
o(  the  field  and  to  the  hetter  class  of  candi- 
^Mtes  furnished  hy  the  colleges ;  the  proclama- 
tuns  that  had  heen  issued  in  many  provinces 
oC  China  describing  the  missionaries  as  teach- 
ers of  virtue,  and  their  infiuence  as  helpful  to 
the  atate,  and   enjoining  upon  the  people  to 
r^nin  from  violence  and  live  with  them  as 
ksts  and  guests ;  the  restoration  of  the  rights 
of  the  missionaries  in  Micronesia,  which  had 
Wn  disturbed  by  the  Spanish  occupation — 
▼hik  the  German  occupation  of  the  Marshall 
Umds  had  but  slightly  affected  the  condition 
of  the  work  there ;  the  dedication  of  a  church 
li Sofia,  Bulgaria;  and  the  discussion  of  a  prop- 
ortion for  a  union  of  the  Congregational  and 
Prwbjrterian  churches  in  Japan.    The  Home 
&r  missionary  children  at  Aubumdale,  Mass., 
W  a  fund  of  $18,500,  and  had  accommodated 
K^eral  missionary  families  for  longer  or  shorter 
Hnods,  as  well   as  missionary  children  not 
fitowise  provided  for. 

A  report  from  the  committee  on  the  codifi- 
«w!i  of  the  roles  and  by-laws  of  the  board, 
vikkh  had  been  appointed  in  the  preceding 
7«r,  was  received  and  adopted.  Included  in 
4  were  various  propositions  of  amendments, 
»feich  were  arranged  in  two  classes:  first, 
•cb  M  were  necessary  to  make  the  by-laws 
*8form  to  law  and  usage ;  and,  second,  such 
•  eiperience  had  indicated  for  convenient 
vortio^.    Among  those  of  the  latter  class 


were  one  making  tlie  number  of  corporate 
members  250  instead  of  '*  200  active  members," 
and  striking  out  the  word  "  active" ;  one  mak- 
ing all  nominations,  except  the  appointment 
of  the  nominating  committee,  subject  to  the 
approval  of  the  board ;  and  others,  fixing  the 
number  of  members  of  the  Prudential  Com- 
mittee at  ten ;  designating  three  correspond- 
ing and  recording,  and  assistant  recording  sec- 
retaries, instead  of  "secretaries"  simply; 
providing  for  the  appointment  by  the  Pru- 
dential Committee  of  an  editorial  secretary ; 
and  changing  the  number  of  corporate  members 
who  may  demand  a  special  meeting  from  seven 
to  twenty-five.  A  committee  of  fifteen  was 
appointed 

To  consider  the  relation  of  the  board  to  the  churches 
and  individuals  who  make  the  board  their  missionary 
affent,  and  the  exj^iency,  in  view  of  the  facts  which 
they  may  asoertam,  of  securing  a  closer  union  be- 
tween them,  and  especially  induding  the  subject  of 
the  selection  of  corporate  members,  and  that  this 
committee  be  instructed  to  report  sucn  action,  if  any, 
as  they  may  deem  wise  in  this  direction,  at  a  subse- 
quent annual  meeting  of  the  board. 

OrdiiAflM  af  wmiAB  H.  Nayes,  «b4  the  Daditae 
•f  Fatare  Prtkattti* — The  points  of  doctrine  in- 
volved in  what  is  called  the  **  Andover  Case  " 
(see  '^  Annual  CyclopsBdia"  for  1886  and  1887, 
article  '^  Congregational ists")  was  again  made 
a  subject  of  pubUc  attention  in  October  by  the 
action  of  a  council  held  with  the  Berkeley 
Street  Church,  Boston,  in  ordaining  the  Rev. 
WiUiamH.  Noyes  to  be  a  missionary.  Mr.  Noyes 
was  one  of  the  young  men  who  had  offered  their 
services  to  the  American  Board  in  1886,  and 
had  been  rejected  on  account  of  his  views  re- 
specting "  future  probation."  Twenty  -  two 
churches  were  invited  to  participate  in  the 
council  that  was  called  to  deliberate  on  the 
subject  of  the  ordination,  four  of  which  failed 
to  respond.  The  council  met  October  22,  and 
was  presided  over  by  the  Rev.  Joseph  T.  Dur- 
yea,  I>.  D.  After  the  council  had  decided,  in 
the  face  of  adverse  motions  made  by  oppo- 
nents of  the  contemplated  measure,  to  proceed 
with  the  business  for  which  it  had  been  called, 
Mr.  Noyes  offered  a  statement  of  belief,  in 
which  he  said  respecting  "  future  probation  " : 

Regarding  future  things,  I  believe  that  the  supreme 
fact  revealed  is  the  coming  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ 
in  glory  to  the  judgnaent.  Christ's  judgment  will 
not  be  arbitrary,  but  in  righteousness,  according  to 
his  Gospel.  This  judgment,  1  believe,  is  final.  The 
wicked  shall  forever  depart  from  God,  but  the  right- 
eous shall  forever  live  with  God.  I  believe  that  we 
shall  all  stand  before  the  judgment-seat  of  God  and 
each  one  of  us  shall  give  an  account  of  him^ielf  to 
God,  whose  servant  each  one  is,  and  before  whom  each 
Btandeth  or  falleth.  Of  the  intermediate  state  I  hold 
no  positive  doctrine.  I  do  not  know  what  effect 
physical  death  will  have  upon  character.  What  I 
dread  for  my  fellow-men  is  spiritual  death.  The 
spirit  of  God  will  not  strive  with  men  forever.  Then 
woe  is  me  if  I  preach  not  the  Gospel  at  ouce  !  With 
the  gospel  messi^  I  believe  therego  decisive  op- 
portunity^ and  obligation  to  repent.  We  simply  should 
so  present  his  message  that  men  will  be  saved  by  it 
ana  not  lost     Those  who  do  not  hear  the  message  in 

1  do  not  claim 


this  life,  I  IrustAillv  leave  with  God.    1  do  i 
to  know  God's  metnod  of  dealing  with  them. 


but  1  do 


186  CONGREGATIONALISTS. 

not  refuse  to  think  of  them.    I  entertain  in  their  be-  ]  866,  except  that  hia  &ith  has  become  "  more  vit 

half  what  I  conceive  to  be  •  reasonable  hope  that  therefore,  m  accordance  with  the  instructions  gis 

somehow,  belbro  their  dlBstintes  are  fixed,  there  shall  the  committee  by  the  board  at  its  annual  meetu 

be  revealed  to  them  the  love  of  Ood  in  Cnrist  Jesus.  1886,  which  were  reaffirmed  with  emphasis  in 

In  this,  as  in  other  questions  in  which  God  has  given  when  this  particular  case  was  under  review,  the 

no  decisive  answbr,  I  merely  claim  the  liberty  of  the  mittee  has  no  option  but  to  decline  to  appoint  tb 

Gospel.  plioaot  so  long  as  he  holds  these  views. 

In  reply  to  the  qDestionmg  by  members  of  ^j,^  Congregational  Union  of  England 
the  council,  he  awd  that  his  faith  was  more  ^Waiegmet  in  London,  May  7.     Thi  Rev- 
vital  to  him  now  than  when  he  offered  himself  3,„^  presided,  and  the  Rev.  Griffith 
to  the  board,  bnt  that  he  had  not  intentionally  ^^  ^^^^^  president  for  the  ensuing 
changed  the  form  of  his  expression  of  belief  J^^^  financial  statement  showed  that  tfc 
regarding  future  probation.    He  had  intended  ^^^^  ^j  ji,^  ^^j^^  ^^,^^1,^  ^3^  ^^^ 
to  convey  the  same  impression  to  the  board  jgg   aaj  the  expenditure,  £11,098.    Th 
as  now.    He  had  found  the  doctnne  neither  ^^^^^^,^          j  represented  that  the  pre. 
taught  nor  forbidden  in  the  Scriptures     The  conference  between  the  Oongregationa. 
cooncU  expressed  its  satirfaotion  with  the  ex-  3^3^  churches  had  been  postponed,  be 
amination,  and  advised  the  Berkeley  Street  without  hope  that  the  aim  of  preventic 
Church  to  endeavor  to  secure  an  arrangement  nominational  overlapping  would  presen 
by  which  he  could  work  under  the  same  direo-  accomplished.     The  decision  of  the  T 
tion  as  the  other  missionaries  of  the  Oongre-  ^^  j^  j^^^,  ^j  ^j,^  Congregationalist- 
gational  churches;  and  that  in  case  such  an  mentioned,  with  an  expression  of  regre= 
arrangement  could  not  be  made,  the  church  it-  g^^t,  ^  ^^^  ^f  contention  with  the  I— 
self  assume  the  responsibUity  of  his  direction  terians  should  have  existed.    AplanhaS 
and  support.    Mr.  Noyes  was  then  ordained,  prepared  for  the  celebration  of  the  bicen_ 
Application  was  afterward  made  to  the  Pru-  ^f  ^^g  revolution  of  1688,  with  address^ 
dential  Committee  of  the  American  Board  to  jectnres,  and  by  making  the  subject  a  tf 
accept  the  candidate  as  a  missionary  to  Japan,  f^gt^re  of  the  autumnal  meetings  of  the» 
This  the  committee  dechned  to  do  in  a  letter  ^he  proposed  celebration  was  approved 
m  which  ite  own  action  and  the  action  of  the  t^^  tnion.     The  formation  of  church - 
American  Board  at  the  annual  meetings  in  1886  had  been  encouraged.      Measures    ha« 
and  1887  approving  its  course  were  reviewed,  j^^^n  for  the  Union  becoming  its  owx 
Respecting  the  present  situation  of  the  case,  ,1^^^^  of  Ijooks,  etc.    The  committee  ba- 
the committee  had  hoped,  when  the  new  ap-      o^t^d  the  bill  for  legalization  of  marria^* 
plication  was  presented,  that  experience  and  ^  deceased  wife's  sister;  had  abst«ned 
further  study  had  m  far  modified  Mr.  Noyes  s  ^^^^      ^^^^^^  ;„  reference  to  the  early  cl 
previously  expressed  views,  that  he  could  with-  yj,     ,,^j  arranged  for  presentation  to 
draw  his  former  statements,  and  so  express  ^nion  of  a  memorial  of  the  Band  of  I 
himself  that  he  could  be  approved  without  ^nion,  in  reference  to  the  use  of  non-alcol 
violation  of  the  instructions  of  the  board.    But  ijqnors  at  the  sacrament;    and  had  dev 
in  this  particular  it  had  been  disappointed.  j*g„g  ,,    ^^5^^  the  time  of  the  Union  sh. 
Had  he  been  able  to  withdraw  or  modify  his  J^j  ^^  ^  niuch  encroached  on  as  hereto 
statements  previously  made,   his  case  might  by  deputations.    They  h8<l  not  acceded  to  1 
possibly  be  considered  simply  on  the  basis  of  F^gt^jr  Lepine's  suggestion  that  arrangem 
a  new  statement.     But  he  had  repeatedly  a^  gi,^,„,,,  ^e  n.ade  by  which  party  politics  vr 
sured  the  committee  in  conference  that  he  had  ^e  avoided  at  the  representative  meeting 
not  consciously  altered  his  opinions  or  his  ex-  ^he  Union.    The  Jubilee  fund  had  been  c! 
pression  of  them.    All  of  his  statements  taken  y^■^^^^  ^^^^^  receipts  recorded  at  £434,470, 
together  made  it  plain  that  he  was  to  be  m-  ^^^^^  disbursements  at  £248,876.    The  V( 
eluded  among  those  candidates  "who  accept,  churches   had  raised    £100,000    for  the 
under  some  form  of  statement,  the  hypothesis  tinction  of  debts,  and  £98,236  had  been 
of  a  probation  after  death,"  and  in  relation  to  t^bnted  toward  metropolitan   church  ei 
whom  the  board  had  given   instructions  ad-  gi„„     ^he  working  expenses  of  the  scl 
verse  to  their  appointment.     The  committee  ^^  seven  years  ha^  amounted  to  £2,20: 
had  therefore  voted :  p^^rt  of  which  had  come  out  of  the  conb 

That  inasmuch  as  the  Rev.  William  H.  Noyes  de-  *'<>»»*•      A   protest  was  adopted  against 

clinos  to  withdraw  the  statemonta  made  by  him  to  the  management  of  Halloway  College,  an  ins 

committee  at  the  time  of  his  previous  applications  tion,  it  was  held,  which,  while  the  fonndei 

for  appomtment  which  favor  the  h^potficsis  of  a  intended  it  saonld  be  undenominational, 

probation  alter  death — this  hvpothcsis  beinc,  as  he  j»i,..«ii      ^      u       j      ^i: 

there  states,  "  in  harmony  witii  Scripture,"  and  one  Pea^ed  to  have  fallen  too  much  under  the  1 

which  "honors  Christ  in  giving  completeness  to  his  ence  of  the  established  Church.     A  lett< 

work,"  and  which  is  to  him  •' a  necessary  corollary  "  to  commendation  was  ordered  sent  to  the 

a  belief  in  the  universality  of  the  atonement;  and  in-  tralian  and  Canadian  chnrches.     A  resell 
osmuch  as  ho  has  now  emphatically  stated  to  the  com-  adopted  protesting  against  fresh  lei 

mittee  that  be  knows  ol  no  choneo  m  Ins  IcchnOT  or  ..  ,  .^  "^   ,■    '^'-■"'■"e  "6»'"  "  "»=     ■•^i 

his  expression  of  them,  nor  in  his  position,  since  he  ^'On  "•"«"  should  provide  for  supportmt 

first  presented  them  to  the  Prudentuil  Committee  in  nominational  schools  out  of  the  rates. 


CONGREGATION  ALISTS.  187 

receipts  of  the  Church  Aid  Society  had  pnhlio  meeting  was  held  in  celebration  of  the 

£38,712,  and    its    expenditures    about  revolution  of  1688.    The  consideration  of  a 

0.  It  had  aided  during  the  year  1,101  resolution  denouncing  the  coercive  policy  of 

rations,  under  the  care  of  474  pastors  the  Gi>vemment  in  Ireland  was  declined  hj 

'mifsionaries.  the  assembly  as  such;   but  opportunity  was 

t/iirtj-fourth   annual  meeting  of  the  given   at  adjournment  for  holding  a  special 

Congregational  Chapel  Building  Soci-  meeting  of  ministers  and  delegates  to  entertain 

held  in  Bristol,  April  10.    The  total  it.    The  resolution  as  adopted  by  this  raeet- 

for  the  year  had  been  £7,258.    The  ing  placed  its  action  on  the  ground  that  the 

h.ad  been  £4,241.   The  total  receipts  question  was   one  of  national   righteousness 

be^nning  of  the  society's  operations  "far  away  from   and   above  every  question 

jE173,855,   and  the  disbursements  of  party  and  politics.*'    Seventy-five  ministers 

and  delegates  protested  against  the  suspension 

WwikMry  SMktjf — The  annual  meet-  of  the  sessions  for  holding  this  meeting.    It 

le    London  Missionary  Society  was  was  shown  at  a  meeting  in  behalf  of  the  Irish 

r  lO.    Lord   Brassey  presided.    The  Evangelical  Society  that  there  are  27  Congre- 

f  tbe  society  had  been  £125,000,  and  gational  churches  in  Ireland,  9  of  which  are 

idltnres,  £128,000.    The  184  men  and  self-supporting,  with  85  out-stations,  17  minis- 

anssionaries  were  aided  in  their  work  ters,  24  lay  preachers,  one  evangelist,  2,636 

)0  native   pastors    and    5,000    native  adherents,  and  more  than  a  thousand  pupils  in 

iw.     Progress   was    reported    of   the  Sunday-schools. 

»  m  China,  India,  Madagascar,  where.  The  T«otiBg  €iM« — The  '^  Tooting  case,''  the 
ibsiandu^g  a  critical  stage  had  been  decision  of  which  in  favor  of  the  Congrega- 
iA^  there  were  signs  of  advance,  and  a  tionalists  is  mentioned  in  the  account  of  the 
DtratioQ  of  missionaries  near  the  capital  proceedings  of  the  Congregrational  Union, 
leeded;  South  Africa,  where  the  con-  arose  from  a  controversy  with  the  Presbyte- 
« were  not  encouraging ;  New  Guinea,  rian  Church  respecting  the  title  to  the  old 
B  fldTaoce  was  making;  and  Samoa,  meeting-house  at  Tooting-Graveney,  which 
e  the  society  had  27,000  adherents,  who  had  been  put  in  trust  by  Emma  Mills  in  1786, 
tbeir  own  churches,  supported  their  own  as  a  "  place  for  Protestant  Dissenters  of  the 
rs,  and  contributed  £1,000  a  year  to  the  Presbyterian  or  Independent  denomination." 
^iocktj.  The  place  had  been  used  under  this  trust  till 
■nl  ImUbS  tf  the  I^ntea* — The  Congrega-  1879  as  an  Independent  chapel.  In  that  year 
Tnion  met  in  its  autumnal  session  at  a  resolution  was  passed  by  the  congregation, 
igham,  October  9.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Rob-  at  the  request  of  the  pastor,  to  apply  for  ad- 
Qoe  presided,  and  ispoke  in  his  opening  mission  to  the  Presbyterian  Church.  The 
}  in  criticism  of  the  proposals  in  the  application  was  granted  by  the  Presbyterian 
'onal  report  of  the  Royal  Commission-  Synod,  and  a  representative  of  the  Presbyte- 
i  resolution  was  adopted  disapproving  rian  Church  of  England  was  delegated  to  pre- 
icy  embodied  in  the  recommendations  side  over  a  meeting  of  the  society.  Suit  was 
najority  of  the  commission,  as  distinctly  brought  in  behalf  of  the  Oongregationalists  to 
lary  in  character,  and  thereby  confirm-  test  the  title  to  the  meeting-house.  ^  The  decis- 
forebodings  which  the  Union  had  ex-  ion  of  the  court  was  given  in  March.  It  de- 
at  its  meeting  in  May.  Objection  was  clared  the  action  by  which  the  transfer  to  the 
pafticolar  to  the  proposed  appropria-  Presbyterian  Church  was  made  to  be  invalid — 
)cal  rates  to  schools  under  private  man-  first,  for  want  of  unanimity  in  the  application 
,  and  to  the  removal  of  restrictions  on  by  the  congregation,  the  presence  of  one  dis- 
1  teaching;  and  the  opinion  expressed  sentionist  when  the  vote  was  taken  showing 
T  r^olations  was  reiterated,  that  no  that  it  was  opposed ;  and,  second,  because  the 
f  education  will  be  satisfactory  under  affiliation  of  the  society  with  the  English  Pres- 
oational  funds  are  appropriated  to  byterian  Church  as  now  constituted  must  be 
or  training-collies  which  are  under  regarded  as  in  contravention  of  the  original 
rol  of  denominational  managers.  Pa-  trust.  Although  **  Presbyterians  "  are  men- 
re  read  on  **The  Work  of  Congrega-  tioned  in  the  deed,  the  present  rules  of  the 
hnrcb^  in  England — in  Villages,"  by  Presbyterian  Church  as  contained  in  the 
.  A.  D.  Phillips ;  "  in  Urban  Congre-  "  Book  of  Order,"  are  quite  inconsistent  with 
'  by  the  Rev.  H.  H.  Huffodine ;  the  Independency  of  1786 ;  for,  the  court  de- 
l  the  Working-Classes  in  Towns,"  clared.  Independency  consists  in  each  partiou- 
W.  Neuland ;  **  Church  Extension  in  lar  church  "  standing  alone  "  and  being  **  self- 
id  Growing  Centers,"  Mr.  W.  H.  Con-  governed  ";  while  the  **Book  of  Order"  is 
Efforts  among  Special  Classes,  such  as  directly  contrary  to  that  position.  The  decis- 
n  and  Navvies,"  Rev.  T.  Gascoigne ;  ion  was  applied  only  to  the  external  relations 
teed  of  a  System  of  Christian  Eco-  of  the  Church,  and  was  not  held  to  affect  either 
'  Rev.  F.  W.  Stead ;  "  Pentateuchal  the  title  of  the  pastor  or  the  right  of  the  exist- 
1,"  Prof.  O.  O.  Whitehouse;  and  on  ing  congregation  to  regulate  its  own  internal 
bjects  of  interest  to  the  churches.    A  affairs  in  its  own  way. 


I 


188 


CONGRESS.    (Obgahizatiok.) 


CONGRESS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.      The 

Fiftieth  Ooogresa  assemhled  for  its  first  ses- 
sion Dec.  6, 1887.  It  was  composed  as  follows : 

SENATK. 

FreHdent,  John  J.  Innlls. 
Sdoretaryt  Anson  G.  McCook. 

Alabama. 


HOUSE  or  RIPRE8ENTATITE8. 


8S9.  John  T.  Morgmn,  D. 
891.  James  L.  Pugh,  D. 

AriMitsOM. 

889.  James  H.  Beny,  D. 
891.  James  K.  Jones,  D. 

OcUifomia. 

691.  Lelaod  Stanford,  R. 
898.  George  Hearst,  D. 

Colorado. 

8S9.  Thomas  M.  Bowen,  B. 
891.  Henry  M.  Teller,  B. 

OonfiecHcvt. 

891.  Orville  H.  Piatt,  B. 
898.  Joseph  R.  Hawley,  R. 

Delavoare. 

889.  Ell  Saalsbary,  D. 
898.  George  Gray,  D. 

Florida. 

891.  Wilkinson  Call,  D. 
898.  Samuel  Pasco,  D. 

Georgia. 

889.  Alfred  H.  Colquitt,  D. 
891.  Joseph  E.  Brown,  D. 

IlUnoU 

839.  Shelby  M.  CuUom,  R. 
891.  Charles  B.  Farweil,  R. 

Indiana. 

891.  Daniel  W.  Yoorhees,  D. 
898.  David  Tnrpie,  D. 

loxoa. 

889.  James  F.  Wilson,  R. 
891.  WilUam  B.  Allison,  R. 

Kantaa. 

SS9.  Preston  B.  Plomb,  R. 
891.  John  J.  Ingalls,  R. 

Kentucky. 

869.  James  B.  Beck,  D. 
891.  J.  C.  8.  Blackburn,  D. 

LouiMiana. 

8S9.  Randall  L.  Gibson,  D. 
891.  James  B.  Enstis,  D. 

Maine. 

889.  William  P.  Frye,  R. 
398.  Eugene  Hale,  R. 

Maryland. 

891.  Ephraim  K.  Wilson,  D. 
898.  Arthur  P.  Gorman,  D. 

Maeea^^uaeUe. 

8S9.  George  F.  Hour.  R. 
898.  Henry  L.  Dawes,  R. 

Michigan. 

8^.  Thomas  W.  Palmer.  R. 
893.  F.  B.  Stockbridjj^e,  R. 

Minneeota. 

S99.  Dwight  M.  Sabiu,  R. 
898.  Cushman  K.  Davis,  R. 


Mi9»i9»ippi. 

889.  £.  C.  Walthall,  D. 
898.  James  Z.  George,  D. 

Miseouri. 

891.  George  G.  Vest,  D. 
898.  Francis  M.  Cockrell,  D. 

Nebraeka. 

889.  C.  F.  Manderson,  B. 
898.  A.  S.  Paddock,  R. 

yietiuia. 

891.  John  P.  Jones,  R. 
898.  William  M.  Stewart,  B. 

ITeio  nofnpehire, 

889.  Wm.  E.  Chandler,  R. 
891.  Henry  W.  Blair,  R. 

•KeiD  Jeruy. 

889.  John  R.  McPhersoo,  D. 
89a  Rnftis  Blodgett,  D. 

Ife>ic  York, 

891.  WiUiam  M.  Evarts,  B. 
898.  Frank  Hiscock,  R. 

North  Carolina. 

889.  Matt  W.  Ransom,  D. 
891.  Zebulon  B.  Vance,  D. 

Ohio. 

891.  Henry  B.  Payne.  D. 
898.  John  Sherman,  R. 

Oregon. 

889.  Joseph  N.  Dolph,  R. 
891.  John  H.  Mitchell,  R. 

Penntylwtnia. 

391.  J.  D.  Cameron,  B. 
89a  Matthew  S.  Quay,  R. 

Rhode  leland. 

6S9.  Jonathan  Chace,  R. 
893.  Nelson  W.  Aldrich,  R. 

South  Carolina. 

889.  Matthew  C.  BuUer,  D. 
891.  Wade  Hampton,  D. 

Tenneeeee. 

889.  I»ham  G.  Harris,  D. 
89a  WUliam  B.  Bate,  D. 

TetsDoe. 

8S9.  Richard  Coke,  D. 
18.  John  H.  Reagan,  D. 

Vermont. 

891.  Justin  8.  Morrin,  R. 
69a  G.  F.  Edmunds,  R. 

Virginia. 

889.  H.  H.  Riddleberger,  R. 
898.  John  W.  Daniel,  D. 

Weet  Virginia. 

8^.  John  E.  Kenna,  D. 
b9a  C.  J.  Faulkner,  D.* 

Wisconsin. 

891.  John  C.  Spooner,  R. 
898    Philettts  Sawyer,  R. 


James  T.  Jones.  D. 
H.  A.  Herbert,  D. 
WllUam  C.  Oatea.  D. 
A.  C.  Davidson,  D. 


Poindexter  Dunn,  D. 
C.  R.  Breckenridge,  D. 
Thomas  C.BioRae,D. 


Alabama. 

James  E.  Cobb,  D. 
J.  H.  Bankhead,  D. 
W.  H.  Forney,  D. 
Joseph  Wheeler,  D. 

ArkauKU. 

John  H.  Rogers,  D. 
Samuel  W.  Peel,  D. 


T.  L.  Thompson,  D. 
Marion  Bigga,  D. 
Joseph  McKenna,  R. 


Whole  number  of  Senators,  7a     Republicans,  89,  and 
Democrats,  8T. 


•  Seat  contested  by  Daniel  B.  Lucas,  Dem.,  who  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Governor  of  West  Virginia. 


Ca^fomta. 

W.  W.  Morrow,  B. 
Charles  N.  Kelton,  R. 
William  Vandever,  R. 

Colorado. 
George  G.  Symea,  R. 

Connoetiout. 

Robert  J.  Vance,  D.  Charles  A.  Russell.  R. 

Carlos  French,  D.  Miles  T.  Granger,  D. 

Delaware. 
J.  B.  Pennington,  D. 

Florida. 

Charlea  Dougherty,  D. 

Georgia. 

James  H.  Blount,  D. 
J.  C.  Clements,  D. 
H.  H.  Carlton.  D. 
A.  D.  Candler.  D. 
George  T.  Barnes,  D. 

JUinoie. 

William  H.  Gest,  R. 
G.  A.  Anderson,  D. 
W.  M.  Springer,  D. 
J  H.  Rowell,  R. 
J.  G.  Cannon,  R. 
Silas  Z.  Landes.  D. 
Edward  Lane,  D. 
Jehu  Baker,  R. 
R.  W.  Townshend,  D. 
John  R.  Thomas,  R. 

Indiana. 

James  T.  Johnson,  B. 
J.  R.  Cheadle.  R. 
William  D.  Owen,  R. 
George  W.  Steele,  R. 
James  B.  White.  R. 
Bei^amin  F.  Shirely,  D. 

loica. 

E.  H.  Conger,  R. 
A.  R.  Anderson.  Ina 
Joseph  Lyman,  R. 
A.  J.  Holmeis  R. 
Isaac  S.  Struble,  R. 

Kaneae. 

J.  A.  Anderson.  R. 
E.  J.  Turner,  R. 
Samuel  R.  Peters,  R. 

Kentucky. 

Wm.  C  P.  Brecklnridga, 
J.  B.  McCreary.  D. 
George  M.  Thomas,  B. 
W.  B.  Taulbee.  D. 
H.  F.  l<^ley,  R. 

Louiaiana. 

N.  C.  Blanchard,  D. 

C.  Newton.  D. 

S.  M.  Robertson,  D. 

Main^ 

Seth  L.  Mimken,  R. 
C.  A.  Boutelle,  R. 

Maryland. 

Isidor  Raynor.  D. 
Barnes  Corapton,  D. 
L.  £.  McComas,  R. 


B.H.M.Davldaon,D. 


T.  M.  Norwood,  D. 
H.  G.  Turner,  D. 
Charles  F.  Crisp,  D. 
Thomas  M.  Grimes,  D. 
John  D.  Stewart,  D. 


R.  W.  Dunham,  R. 
Frank  Lawler,  D. 
WiUiam  E.  Mason,  R. 
George  E  Adams,  R. 
A.  J.  Hopkina,  R. 
Robert  R.  Hitt,  R. 
T.  J.  Henderson,  R. 
Ralph  Plumb,  R. 
L.  E.  Payson,  R. 
Philip  S.  Post,  R. 


Alvin  P.  Hovey,  R. 
John  H.  CNeall,  D. 
J  G.  Howard.  D. 
William  S.  Holman,  D. 

C.  O.  Matson.  D. 
T.  M.  Browne,  R. 
William  D.  Bynum,  D. 

John  H.  Gear.  R. 
Walter  I.  Hayes,  D. 

D.  B.  Henderson,  R. 
William  K.  Fuller,  R. 
Daniel  Kerr,  R. 

J.  B.  Weaver,  D.  G.  B. 

E.  N.  Morrill,  R. 
E.  H.  Funston,  R. 
B.  W.  Perkins,  R. 
Thomas  Ryan,  R. 

WilUam  J.  Stone,  D. 
Polk  Laffoon,  D. 
W.  G.  Hunter,  R. 
A.  B.  Montgomery.  D. 
Asher  G.  Caruth,  D. 
John  G.  Carlisle,  D. 

T.  8.  Wilkinson,  D. 
M.  D.  Lagan,  D. 
Edward  J.  Gay,  D. 

Thomas  B.  Reed,  R. 
N.  Dingley,  Jr.,  R. 

Charles  H.  Gibson,  D. 
Frank  T.  Shaw,  D. 
Harry  W.  Rusk,  D. 


00NGRES8.    (Obganizatiok.) 


169 


Mamaehu$§tta, 


DATla,B. 

W.  Cogftwall.  B. 
C.  H.  Allen,  B. 

»»,«. 

one,  D. 

£.  Barnett,  D. 

OoUiin,D. 

John  IS.  Boasell,  D. 

lea,R. 

W.  Whiting.  B. 

4M]««,B. 

F.  W.  BockweU,  B. 

JOekinan, 

bipman.  D. 

J.  B.  Whiting.  D. 
T.  E.  TMMiey,  D. 

ODIMlUR. 

B.  M.  CatcheoD,  B. 

•arrow II,  B. 

S.  0.  Fisher.  D. 

I.  Ford,  D. 

8eth  G.  Moflhtt,  B.> 

ewer,  B. 

innns$ota. 

Qson,  D. 

Edmund  Bloe,  D. 

B. 

Knate  Nelson,  B. 

J>oajJd,D. 

MistUaippi. 

nea,D. 

C.  L.  AndenoD,  D. 

aD,D. 

T.  B  Stockdale.  D. 

I^T"^- 

G.  £.  Hooker,  D. 

JOmouri, 

Hatch,  D. 

John  J.  (TNeOI,  D. 

nr,  D. 

John  M.  Olover,  D. 

i«7,  D. 

M.  L.C]Aid7.D 

BoniA.  D. 

B.  P.  Bknd,  D. 

arner.  B. 

Wilttsm  J.  Stone,  D. 

eard,D. 

W.  H.  Wsde,  B. 

uttan,D. 

James  P.  Walker,  D. 

JMroMka. 

eBbaie^D. 

Q.  W.  £.  Dorsey,  B. 

nl,B. 

ITetttda, 

W.  Woodbnra,  B. 

Nmo  BamptMre. 

Qmiey.D. 

J.  H.  OalHnger,  B. 

iTew  t/2wMy. 

Wn^JL 

W.  W.  Phelps,  B. 

MB.B. 

H.  LehlbM^  B. 

ai.Jr.B. 

William  MoAdoo,  D. 

kock,0. 

jr»u>  York. 

ikMDt,D. 

E.  W-QreenmaiLD. 
Charles  Trsoej,  D. 

M^D. 

Ul«,R. 

George  West,  B. 

!tS:"- 

J.  H.  Mofflt,  B. 
A.  X.  Plsrker.  B. 

>a>iflfa«a.D. 

J.  8.  Sherman,  B. 

7««.D. 

David  WUbor,  B. 

T^"- 

James  J.  Belden.  B. 

Milton  Delano,  B. 

N.  W.  Nutting,  B. 
T.  S  Flood,  B. 

i?^^ 

Ira  Daren  port,  B. 

UekR. 

G.  8.  Baker,  B. 

jJihhe<ker,D. 

J.  O.  Sawyer,  B. 

Bmoq,1). 

F.  M.  Farquhar,  B. 

•'WMsa.E. 

J.  B.  Weber,  B. 

flpkiBi,^ 

W.  O.  lAldlaw,  B. 

yi>rfh  Carolina. 

■^D.  A.  M.  Rowland,  D. 

™»«,  D.  J.  ».  Henderson,  D. 

IWIanniy.  D.  W.  H.  H.  Cowles,  D. 

y«i  Ind.  T.  D.  Johnston,  D. 


«%  Botterworth,  B. 
itBrwntE. 
niluM.E. 
«*r.D. 
LJ»«i^,D. 
BoQChinaa.B. 
E  C«npbell.D. 
P.  KeaaedT,  E. 

B. 


Okio. 


Jacob  J.  Pugsley.  B. 
Joseph  H.  Oathwaite,  D. 
Charies  P.  Wlckham,  B. 
C.  H.  Qrosrenor,  B. 
Beriah  Wllkins.  D. 
Joseph  D.  Taylor,  B.    • 
William  McKlnley,  Jr.,  B. 
Ezra  B.  Taylor.  B. 
George  W.  Croaso.  B. 
Martin  A.  Foran,  D. 


Oregon, 
Binger  Herman,' B. 

Pmntylvanda, 


H.  H.  Bingham,  B. 
Chariss  O^ell),  B. 
Samuel  J.  Bandall,  D. 
William  D.  Kelley,  B. 
Alfred  C.  Banner,  B. 
8.  Darlington,  B. 

B.  M.  Yardley,  B. 
D.  Ermentront,  D. 
John  A.  Hlestand,  B. 
William  H.  Sowden,  D. 

C.  B.  Bnokalew,  D. 
John  Lynch,  D. 
Charles  N.  Brumm,  B. 
Fnnklin  Bound,  B. 


F.  C.  Bunnell,  B. 
H.  C.  McCormlok,  B. 
Edward  Scull,  B. 
L.  £.  Atldnson.  B. 
Levi  Maish,  D. 
John  Patton.  B. 
W.  McCuHogh,  B. 
John  Dalzell,  B. 
Thomas  N.  Bayne,  B. 
O.  L.  Jackson,  B. 
James  T.  Maffltt,  B. 
Norman  Hall,  D. 
William  L.  Scott.  D. 
E.  S.  Osborne  (of  larg€\  B. 


Rhode  Idand, 
Henry  J.  Spooner,  B.  Warren  O.  Arnold,  B. 

South  Carolina, 

Samuel  Dibble,  D.  John  J.  Hemphill,  D. 

George  D.  Tillman,  D.  George  W.  Dargsn,  D. 

James  S.  Cotbran,  D.  William  Elliott,  D. 
William  H.  Perry,  D. 


Boderick  B.  Butler.  B. 
Lennidas  C.  Houk,  B. 
John  B.  Neal,  D. 
Benton  MoMlllin,  D. 
James  D.  Bichardson,  D. 


Charles  Stewart.  D. 
William  H.  Martin,  D. 
C.  Buckley  KUgore,  D. 
David  B.  Culberson,  D. 
Biks  Har^  D. 
Joseph  Abott,  D. 


John  W.  Stewart,  B. 


Thos.  H.  B.  Browne,  B. 
George  E.  Bowden,  B. 
(George  D.  Wise,  D. 
William  E.  Gaines,  B. 
John  B.  Brown,  B. 


Tonneaiee, 

Joseph  E.  Wsshlngton,  D. 
Wash.  C.  Whitthome,  D. 
BenJ.  A.  EnkM,  D. 
Peter  T.  Glass,  D. 
James  Phelan,  D. 

TtBoaa. 

William  H.  Grain,  D. 
Lytton  W.  Moore,  D. 
Boger  a  Mills,  D. 
Joseph  D.  Sayers,  D. 
Saml  W.  T.  Lanham,  D. 

VormotU. 

William  W.  Grout,  B. 

Virginia. 

Samuel  I.  Hopkins,  Ind. 
Charles  T.  0*Ferrall,  D. 
W.  U.  Fite  Lee.  D. 
Henry  Bowen,  B. 
Jacob  Tost,  B. 


Weat  Virginia. 


Nathan  Goli;  B. 
WilUam  L.  Wilson,  D. 


Charles  P.  Snyder,  D. 
Charles  £.  Hogg,  D. 

WitoonHn. 

Charles  B.  Clark,  B. 
Ormsby  B.  Thomas,  B. 
Nils  P.  Haugon,  B. 
Isaac  Stephenson,  B. 


f  C  Xofctt  of  the  11th  Michigan  district  died  Dec. 
*  ttd  H#wy  W.  Seymour  (B.),  was  elected  to  flU  the 


Luden  B.  Caswell,  B. 
Bichard  Guenther,  B. 
Bobert  M.  La  Follette,  B. 
Henry  Smith,  Ind. 
Thomaa  B.  Hudd,  D. 

The  whole  number  of  Bepresentatlves  is  826i,  of  whom  168 
are  Democrats,  162  Bepubllcans^  2  Labor,  2  Independents,  and 
1  Greenbacker. 

DKLIOATSS  FROM  THE  TKRRITORm. 

.^rAsofia— Bfarcus  A.  Smith.  D. 
DoJbote— Oscar  8.  GifTord,  B. 
/cfoAo— Fred.  8.  Dubois,  B. 
ifontona— Joseph  K.  Toole,  D. 
Neto  Mexico— Anthony  Joseph,  D. 
Utdhr^.  T.  Caine,(  People's  Ticket). 
nPa«A<n(^^afi— Charles  8.  Yoorhees,  D. 
Wyoming~-^ofMi>h.  M.  Carey,  B. 

John  D.  Ingalls,  of  Kansas,  was  President 
pro  tempore  of  the  Senate ;  Anson  G.  McCook, 
Secretary;  William  P.  Canaday,  Sergeant-at- 
arras;  J.  G.  Batler,  Chaplain;  and  James  W. 
Allen,  Postmaster. 

The  House  organized  hy  electing  John  G. 
Carlisle,  of  Kentucky,  Speaker,  by  the  follow- 
ing vote:  John  G.  Carlisle,  163;  Thomas  B. 
Reed,  of  Maine,  147;  C.  N.  Brumm,  of  Penn- 
sylvania, 2. 


190  00N6RE8S.    (Pbbsident's  Mbssaoe.) 

In  the  course  of  his  address,  on  taking  the  tion  should  be  pursued  which  will  guarantee 

Speaker^s  chair,  Mr.  Garlisle  said :  the  laboring-people  of  the  country  against  the 

''  Gentlemen,  there  has  scarcely  ever  been  a  paralyzing  effects  of  a  general  and  prolonged 
time  in  our  history  when  the  continued  pros-  financial  depression,  and  at  the  same  time  not 
perity  of  the  country  depended  so  largely  upon  interfere  with  their  steady  employment,  or  de- 
legislation  in  Congress  as  now,  for  the  reason  prive  them  of  any  part  of  the  just  rewards  of 
that  the  dangers  which  at  this  time  threaten  their  toil.  If  this  can  be  done — and  I  believe 
the  commercial  and  industrial  interests  of  the  it  can,  if  our  deliberations  are  conducted  with 
people  are  the  direct  results  of  laws  whidi  the  wisdom  and  patriotism  which  the  gravity  of 
Congress  alone  can  modify  or  repeaL  Neither  the  situation  demands — this  Congress  will  have 
the  Executive  Department  of  the  General  Gov-  cause  to  congratulate  itself  upon  an  achieve- 
emmeut  nor  the  local  authorities  of  the  sev-  ment  which  promises  peace  and  prosperity  to 
eral  States  can  deal  effectively  with  the  situa-  the  country  for  many  years  to  come.'^ 
tion  which  now  confronts  us.  Whatever  is  The  following  officers  of  the  House  were 
done  must  be  done  here  ;  and  if  nothing  is  chosen :  Chaplain,  Rev.  W.  H.  Milbom ;  Chief 
done  the  responsibility  must  rest  here.  Clerk,  Thomas  O.  Towles ;  Sergeant-at-Arms, 

^^  It  must  be  evident  to  every  one  who  has  John  P.  Leedom ;  Postmaster,  Lycurgua  Dal- 

taken  even  a  partial  view  of  public  affairs  that  ton ;  Doorkeeper,  A.  B.  Hurt, 

the  time  has  now  come  when  a  revision  of  our  lie  PrcsideBt's  JMngei — Dec.  6,  1887,  the 

revenue  laws  and  a  reduction  of  taxation  are  President's  Message  was  sent  in.     It  was  as 

absolutely  necessary  in  order  to  prevent  a  large  follows : 

wid  dangerous  accumulation  of  money  in  the  ^^ ^j^  ^      ^  ^^ ^  Unitsd States: 

Treasury.     Whether  this  ought  or  ought  not  you  are?oiifh>nted  at  the  threshold  of  your  le^k- 

to  nave  been  done   neretoiore  is  a  question  ^ve  duties  with  a  condition  of  the  national  finMMM» 

which  it  would  be  useless  now  to  discuss.     It  which  imperatively  demands  immediate  and  carefiil 

is  sufficient  for  us  to  know  that  the  financial  consideration.    The  amount  of  money  annually  ex- 

rnndition  of  thft  Gnvfirnmpiit  and  thft  nriviita  »<*®<1  through  the  operation  of  present  laws  from  the 

conauion  OI  tne  liovernment  ana  tne  private  ^^^^^1^^  "^^  neoeiiities  of  the  people  largely  ex- 

business  of  the  people  alike  demand  the  prompt  ^eedfl  the  sum  necessary  to  meet  the  expens&  of  the 

consideration  of  these  subjects  and  a  speedy  en-  Government. 

actment  of  some  substantial  measure  of  relief.  When  we  consider  that  the  theory  of  our  inatitu- 

"  Unfortunately,  gentlemen,  we  are  menaced  ^2^f,  guai^tees  to  every  citizen  the  full  enjoyment 

by  dsugers  from  opposite  directions     WhUe  .  »i,f  .^  '^.^J^^^\^T^^t 

policy  of  non-action  must  mevitably,  sooner  careful  and  economical  mwntenance  of  the  Govern- 


or later,  result  in  serious  injury  to  the  coun-    ment  which  protects  him,  it  is  plain  that  the  exaction 
trv,  we  can  not  be  unmindful  of  the  fact  that    of  more  than  this  is  indefensible  extortion  and  a  oul- 


industrial  interests  might  produce,  tempora-  of  evil  consequences.    The  public  Treasury,  which 

rily  at  least,  disturbances  and  embarrassments  should  only  exist  as  a  conduit  conveying  the  people^a 

which  a  wise  and  prudent  course  would  en-  tribute  to  its  legitimate  objects  of  expenditure,  becomes 

tirely  avoid.    Investments  made  and  labor  em-  ^.^^f^Al^^^S'^'^t!  tw  Sfn^J^^^ 

.''j.^,                            jii.i*jx*  trade  and  tne  people's  use,  thus  cnpplinff  our  national 

ployed  m  the  numerous  and  valuable  mdustnes  enereies,  suspending  our  country's^v^opmont,  pi*- 

which  have  grown  up  under  our  present  sys-  ventinff  investment  in  productive  enterprise,  threat- 

tern  of  taxation  ought  not  to  be  rudely  ois-  ening  financial  disturbance,  and  inviting  schemes  of 

turbed  by  sudden  and  radical  changes  in  the  P^iL\®  plunder.                             .       .    ,^     .. 

Dolicy  to.  which  they  have  adjusted  tLBselv«s  J^^^^TC  t^V^^  ^f  ^  ^S^^t 

but  the  just  aemands  of  an  overtaxed  i>eople  mitted  to  the  people's  representetives  in  the  Congresa, 

and  the  obvious  requirements  of  the  financial  who  alone  can  apply  a  remedy.  And  yet  the  situation 

situation  can  not  be  entirely  ignored  without  still  continues,  with  amavated  incidento,  more  than 

senoasly  imperiling  much  greater  aad  more  '^^Tt^-A't^''^:^^\^^^ 

widely  extended  interests  than  any  that  could  ^^^^^  j^g  aangers  are  not  now  palpably  imminent  and 

possibly  be  injuriously  affected  by  a  moderate  apparent.    They  exist  none  Uie  less  certainly,  and 

and  reasonable  reduction  of  duties.  await  the  unforeseen  and  unexpected  occasion  when 

"  No  part  of  our  people  are  more  immedi-  Buddenly  thev  will  be  predpitoted  upon  us. 

«f-.*ii.  ««5  „;f»iii*  iws^iL^J^^Jx  ;«  i-k^  ^^»4-;«»«n».>  On  the  80th  day  of  June,  1886,  the  excess  of  reve^ 

ately  and  vitaUy  interested  in  the  continuance  ^^^  ^^^^  public  expenditures  aher  complying?  witb 

of  nnanciai  prosperity  than  those  who  labor  the  annual  requirement  of  the  sinkingwftind  act  wa^ 

for  wages :  for  upon  them  and  their  families  $17,859,785.84.  During  the  year  ended  June  80.  IdSe, 

must  always  fall  the  first  and  most  disastrous  such  excess  amounted  to  $49,405,545.20,  and  durintf 

conseqaences  of  a  monetary  crisis ;  and  they  ^.^^If- -^^  Xln^' ^'SSbSjiot  T^ 

too,  are  always  the  last  to  realize  the  benett  giniing  ftmd  during  the  tiiree  years  above  specified, 

resulting  from  a  return  to  prosperous  times,  amounting  in  the  agjrreffate  to  $188,058,820.94  and 

Their  wages  are  the  first  to  fall  when  a  crisis  deducted  from  the  surplus  as  stated,  were  noade  hy 

comes,  and  the  last  to  rise  when  it  passes  away,  falling  in  for  that  purpose  outstanding  three-per-cent- 

n««  r.Au.4.  «i.».,i^  Va  ♦«,  »#r««^  *!;«  •«<^^Aoa«»<r  bonds  of  the  Government.    Dunng  the  six  months 

Our  effort  should  be  to  afford  the  necessary  ^^^  ^  j^^^  g^  ^^^^  ^^^^       1^  ^^^^^^  ^^      ^ 

relief  to  all  without  iiyury  to  the  interests  of  go  Ime  by  repeated  accumulation  and  it  was  feared 

any ;  and  it  seems  to  me  that  course  of  legisla-  the  withdrawal  of  this  great  sum  of  money  needed  t^ 


0OK6RKSS.    (PBmDKRT's  Mbmaob.) 


191 


the  people  would  bo  mffeot  the  business  of  the  countxy, 
that  the  sum  of  $79,864,100  of  such  surplus  was  ap- 
^Bed  to  the  payment  of  the  principal  and  interest  of 
the  three-perK*ent.  bonds  still  outstanding,  and  which 
veie  then  payable  at  the  option  of  the  Government. 

The  precarious  condition  of  financial  affiurs  among 
the  people  still  needing  relief,  immediately  after  the 
80th  day  of  June,  1887,  the  renudnder  of  the  three- 
per-oent.  bonds  then  outstanding,  amounting  with 
priodiw]  and  interest  to  the  sum  oi  $18,877,500,  were 
aOed  in  and  applied  to  the  unking-fund  contribution 
hr  the  current  fiscal  year.  Notwithstanding  these 
opentions  of  the  Treasury  Department,  represents- 
tioQs  of  distreas  in  bumness  circles  not  only  continued 
but  ln<»eaaed,  and  absolute  peril  seemed  at  hand.  In 
these  dicumstanoes  the  contribution  to  the  sinking 
fmd  for  the  current  fiscal  year  was  at  once  completed 
^  the  expenditure  of  $27,684,283.55  in  the  purchase 
er  Goyemment  bonds  not  ^et  due,  bearing  rour  and 
finir  and  one  half  per  cent,  mtemt,  the  premium  paid 
tbeeon  averaging  about  twenty-four  per  cent,  for  the 
fcrmer  and  eight  per  cent,  for  the  latter. 

In  addition  to  tnis  the  interest  accruing  during  the 
esrrent  year  upon  the  outstanding  bonded  indebted- 
EttSB  of  the  Qovemment  was  to  some  extent  antici- 
pited,  and  banks  selected  as  depositories  of  public 
mooey  were  permitted  to  somewhat  increase  their  de- 
posts. 

While  the  expedients  thus  employed,  to  release  to 
the  people  the  money  lying  idle  in  the  Treasury, 
Kr?ed  to  avert  immediate  danger,  our  surplus  reve- 
m»  have  continued  to  aocumuhU«,  the  excess  for  the 
pnsent  year  amounting  on  the  Ist  day  of  December 
to  $55,258,701.19,  and  estimated  to  reach  the  sum  of 
tllS,000,000  on  the  80th  of  June  next,  at  which  date 
it  it  expected  that  this  sum,  added  to  prior  accumula- 
tiooa.  wOl  swell  the  surplus  in  the  Treasury  to  $140,- 
000,000. 

Tha«  seems  to  be  no  assurance  that,  with  such  a 
rikhdrawal  ftt>m  use  of  the  people's  droulating  me- 
fiam,  our  business  commumty  may  not  in  the  near 
(btore  be  subjected  to  the  same  distress  which  was 
^lite  lately  produced  fh)m  the  same  cause.  And 
while  the  rnnctions  of  our  national  Treasuiy  should 
be  few  and  simple,  and  while  its  best  condition  would 
)« reached,  I  believe,  by  its  entire  disconnection  with 
prirate  business  interests,  vet  when,  by  a  perversion 
^  its  nurpoees.  it  idly  holds  money  uselessly  sub- 


:  ^ 


1 


from  the  diannels  of  trade,  tnere  seems  to  be 
>aBoa  for  the  claim  that  some  legitimate  means  should 
W  devised  by  the  Government  to  restore  in  an  emer- 
fBieT,  without  waste  or  extravagance,  such  money  to 
ttpboe  among  the  people. 

u  such  an  emergency  arises  there  now  exists  no 
eW  sod  undoubtea  Executive  power  of  relief.  Here- 
tofore the  redemption  of  three-per-cent.  bonds,  which 
*ete  payable  at  the  option  oi  the  Government,  has 
iAaded  a  means  for  the  dbbursement  of  the  excess  of 
m  revalues ;  but  th^se  bonds  have  all  been  retired, 
ttd  there  are  no  bonds  outstanding  the  iwvment  of 
vhieh  we  have  the  right  to  iosist  upon.  Toe  contri- 
VBtkn  to  the  sinking  fund  which  furnishes  the  ooca- 
son  for  expenditure  in  the  purchase  of  bonds  has 
been  tiTead][  made  for  the  current  year,  so  that  there 
■  DO  outlet  in  that  direction. 

In  the  jneaent  state  of  legislation  the  only  pretense 
4f aoT  existing  Executive  power  to  restore,  at  this  time, 
aj  part  of  our  surplus  revenues  to  the  people  by  its 
(xpeD<fiture,  oonsirts  in  the  supposition  that  the  Sec- 
KUry  of  the  Treasury  may  enter  the  market  and  pur- 
tW  the  bonds  of  the  Government  notvet  due,  at  a 
itt  of  premium  to  be  uj^reed  upon,  llie  only  pro- 
ijaoti  of  law  from  which  such  a  power  could  be  de- 
RTed  is  found  in  an  appropriation  bill  passed  a  num- 
^  of  yean  ago ;  and  it  is  subject  to  the  suspicion 
M  it  WIS  intended  as  temporary  and  limited  in  its 
^f&ation,  instead  of  conferring  a  continuing  discre- 
ooB  md  authority.  No  condition  ought  to  exist 
v^ich  would  justify  the  grant  of  power  to  a  single 
^ttciil,  upon  his  judgment  of  its  necessity,  to  wiui- 


hold  fh>m  or  release  to  the  business  of  the  people,  in 
an  unusual  manner,  money  held  in  the  Treasury,  and 
thus  affect,  at  his  will,  the  financial  situation  of  the 
country :  and  if  it  is  deemed  wise  to  lodge  in  the  Sec- 
retary or  the  Treasury  the  authority  in  the  preset^ 
juncture  to  purchase  bonds,  it  should  be  plainly  vested, 
and  provided  as  far  as  possible,  with  such  checks  ana 
limitations  as  will  define  this  ofiiciaPs  right  and  dis- 
cretion, and  at  the  same  time  relieve  him  from  undue 
respouHibility. 

In  considering  the  question  of  purchasing  bonds  as 
a  means  of  restoring  to  circulation  the  surplus  money 
accumulating  in  the  Treasury,  it  should  be  borne  in 
mind  that  premiums  must,  of  course,  be  paid  upon 
such  purchase^  that  there  may  be  a  large  part  of  theso 
bonds  held  as  mvestments  which  can  not  be  purchased 
at  any  price,  and  that  combinations  among  holders, 
who  are  willing  to  sell,  may  unreasonably  enhance 
the  cost  of  such  bonds  to  the  Government. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  the  present  bonded  debt 
mkfht  be  refunded  at  a  less  rate  of  interest,  and  the 
dinerence  between  the  old  and  new  security  paid  in 
cash,  thus  findinar  use  for  the  surplus  in  the  Treasuiy. 
The  success  of  tnis  plan,  it  is  apparent,  must  depend 
upon  the  volition  of^the  nolders  of  the  present  bonds ; 
and  it  is  not  entirely  certain  that  tne  induoement 
which  must  be  offered  them  would  result  in  more 
financial  benefit  to  the  Government  than  the  purchase 
of  bonds,  while  the  latter  proposition  would  reduce 
the  principal  of  the  debt  by  actual  payment,  instead 
of  extending  it. 

The  proposition  to  deposit  the  money  held  by  the 
Government  in  banks  throughout  the  country,  for  use 
by  the  people,  is,  it  seems  to  me^  exceedingly  objec- 
tionable in  pnnaple,  as  establishing  too  close  a  rela- 
tionship between  the  operations  oi  the  Government 
Treasury  and  the  business  of  the  country,  and  too  ex- 
tensive a  commingling  of  their  money,  uius  fostering 
an  unnatural  reliance  m  private  business  upon  publio 
Ainds.  If  this  scheme  should  be  adopted  it  should 
only  be  done  as  a  temporary  expedient  to  meet  an 
urgent  necessitv.  Le^lative  and  Executive  efibrt 
should  generally  be  m  the  opposite  direction,  and 
should  have  a  tendency  to  divorce,  as  much  and  as 
fast  as  can  safely  be  done,  the  Treasury  Department 
from  private  enterprise. 

Of  course  it  is  not  expected  that  unnecessary  and 
extravagant  appropriations  will  be  made  for  the  pur- 
pose of  avoioing  the  accumulation  of  an  excess  of 


in  the  least  consistent  with  the  mission  of  our  people 
or  the  high  and  benefioent  purposes  of  our  €k>vemment. 
I  have  deemed  it  my  duty  to  thus  bring  to  the 
knowledge  of  my  oount^men,  as  well  as  to  the  atten- 
tion of  their  representatives  charged  with  the  respon- 
sibility of  legislative  relief,  the  gravity  of  our  financial 
situation.    The  failure  of  the  Congress  heretofore  to 

Srovide  against  the  dangera  which  it  was  quite  evi- 
ent  the  very  nature  of  the  difiSculty  must  necessarily 
produce,  caused  a  condition  of  financial  distress  and 
apprehension  since  your  last  adjournment,  which 
taxed  to  the  utmost  all  the  authonty  and  expedients 
within  Executive  control ;  and  these  appear  now  to  be 
exhausted.  If  disaster  results  f¥om  the  continued  in- 
action of  Oong^ress,  the  responubility  must  rest  where 
it  belongs. 

Though  the  situation  thus  far  considered  is  fraught 
with  danger  which  should  be  fully  realized,  and 
though  it  presents  features  of  wrong  to  the  people  as 
well  as  peril  to  the  countrv,  it  is  but  a  result  growing 
out  of  a  perfectly  palpable  and  apparent  cause,  con- 
stantiy  reproducmg  the  same  alarming  circumstances 
— a  congested  national  Treasury  and  a  depleted  mone- 
tary condition  in  the  business  of  the  country.  It 
need  hardly  be  stated  that  while  the  present  situa- 
tion demands  a  remedy,  we  can  onlv  be  saved  from 
a  like  predicament  in  tne  future  by  the  removal  of  its 


Id2  CONGRESS.    (PBSsiDSNT'd  Messagb.) 

Oar  Bobeme  of  taxation,  hj  means  of  which  this  industries,  still  needing  the  highest  i 

needless  siuplus  is  taken  from  the  people  and  put  into  gree  of  favor  and  fostering  care  tha 

the  public  Treasury,  consists  of  a  tariff  or  duty  levied  from  Federal  legislation, 
upon  importations  from  abroad,  and  internal  revenue        It  is  also  said  that  the  increase  in 

taxes  levied  upon  the  consumption  of  tobacco  and  mestic  manufactures  resulting  from  t 

r'  rituous  and  malt  liquors.    It  must  be  conceded  is  neoessarv  in  order  tliat  higner  wag« 

t  none  of  the  things  subjected  to  internal  revenue  to  our  workingmen  employea  in  man 

taxation  are,  strictly  speaking,  necessaries ;  there  ap-  are  paid  for  what  is  called  the  pauper  '. 

pears  to  be  no  just  complaint  of  this  taxation  by  the  All  will  acknowledge  the  force  of  an  i 

consumers  of  these  articles,  and  there  seems  to  be  involves  the  welfare  and  libera)  oomj 

nothing  so  well  able  to  bear  the  burden  without  laboring-people.    Our  labor  is  honors 

hardship  to  any  portion  of  the  people.  of  every  American  citizen ;  and  as  it 

But  our  present  tariff  laws,  the  vicious,  inequit»-  dation  of  our  development  and  pro( 

ble,  and  illogical  source  of  unnecessary  taxation,  ought  tied,  without  affectation  or  hypocrisy 

to  be  at  once  revised  and  amended.    These  laws,  as  regard.     The  standard  of  our  labor 

their  primarv  and  plain  effect,  raise  the  price  to  con-  not  be  measured  by  that  of  any  oth 

sumers  of  all  articles  importea  and  subject  to  dutv,  favored,  and  they  are  entitled  to  their 

by  precisely  the  sum  paid  for  such  duties.    Thus  tne  our  advantages, 
amount  of  the  duty  measures  the  tax  paid  by  those        By  the  last  census  it  is  made  to  ap 

who  purchase  for  use  these  imported  articles.    Many  17,892,099  of  our  population  engaged 

of  these  things,  however,  are  raised  or  manu&cturea  industries  7,670,498   are   employed 

in  our  own  countrr,  and  the  duties  now  levied  upon  4,074,288  in  professional  and  personal 

foreign  goods  ana  products  are  called  protection  to  876  of  whom  are  domestic  servants 

these  home  manufactures,  because  they  render  it  pos-  while  1,810,256  are  employed  in  trade 

sible  for  those  of  our  p«ople  who  are  manufacturers  tion,  and  8,887,112  are  classed  as  emp 

to  make  these  taxed  articles  and  sell  them  for  a  price  tacturing  and  mining, 
equal  to  that  demanded  for  the  imported  goods  that        For  present  purposes,  however,  tl 

have  paid  customs  duty.    So  it  happens  that  while  given  snould  be  considerably  reducec 

comparatively  a  few  use  the  imported  articles,  mill-  tempting  to  enumerate  all,  it  will  ht 

ions   of  our   people,  who   never   used  and   never  there  should  be  deducted  from  those  n 

saw  any  of  the  foreign  products,  purehase  and  use  875,148  carpentere  and  joiners,    285 

things  of  the  same  kind  made  in  this  country,  and  pay  dressmakere,  and  seamstresses,  172,7 

therefor  nearly  or  quite  the  same  enhanced  price  188,756  tailore  and  tailoresses,  102,4' 

which  the  duty  adds  to  the  imported  articles.    Those  241  butchers;  41,809  bakers,  22,088 

who  buy  imports  pay  the  duty  chaigod  thereon  into  4,891  engaged  in  manufacturing  agri 

the  public  Treasury,  but  the  great  majority  of  our  ments,  amounting  in  the  aggregate  to 

citizens,  who  buy  domestic  articles  of  the  same  class,  ing  2,628,089  persons  employea  in  su 

pay  a  sum  at  least  approximately  equal  to  this  duty  to  ing  industries  as  are  daimed  to  be  ben 

the  home  manufacturer.    This  reference  to  the  oper-  tariff. 

ation  of  our  tariff  laws  is  not  made  by  way  of  instruc-        To  these  the  appeal  is  made  to  sav 

tion,  but  in  order  that  we  may  be  constantly  remind-  ment  and  maintain  their  wa^  by  rec 

ed  of  the  manner  in  which  they  impose  a  burden  upon  There  should  be  no  disposition  to  ai 

those  who  consume  domestic  products  as  well  as  gestions  by  the  allegation  that  thev  a 

those  who  consume  imported  articles,  and  thus  create  among  those  who  laborj  and  therefon 

a  tax  upon  all  our  people.  an  advantage^  in  the  mterest  of  loii 

It  is  not  proposed  to  entirely  relieve  the  country  migority ;  their  compensation,  as  it  : 

of  this  taxation.    It  must  be  extensively  continued  as  by  the  operation  of  tariff  laws.  shouU 

the  source  of  the  Government's  income ;  and  in  a  re-  scrupulously  kept  in  view ;  ana  yet  wi 

adjustment  of  our  tiuiff  the  interests  of  American  tion  they  will  not  overlook  the  fact  th 

labor  engaged  in  manufacture  should  be  carefully  sumere  with  the  rest ;  that  they,  too, 

consider^,  as  well  as  the  preservation  of  our  manu-  wants  and  those  of  their  families  to  su 

facturers.    It  may  be  called  protection,  or  bv  any  eaminfs^  and  that  the  price  of  the  ne 

other  name,  but  relief  ftt>m  the  hardships  ana  dan-  as  well  as  the  amount  of  the  wages,  ^ 

gore  of  our  preseot^tariff  laws,  should  be  ae vised  with  measure  of  their  welfare  and  comfort 
especial  precaution  against  imperiling  the  existence        But  the  reduction  of  taxation  dema 

of  our  manufacturing  interests.    But  this  existence  so  measured  as  not  to  necessitate  or  ji 

should  not  mean  a  condition  which,  without  regard  loss  of  employment  by  the  workingm 

to  the  public  welfare  or  a  national  exigency,  must  al-  ening  of  his  wages ;  and  the  profite  sti 

ways  insure  the  realization  of  immense  profits  in-  the  manufiicturer,   afler  a  necessart 

stead  of  moderately  profiteble  returns.  As  tne  volume  should  furnish  no  excuse  for  the  sacrif 

and  diversity  of  our  national  activities  increase,  new  esuofhis  employ^  either  in  their  opp< 

recruito  are  added  to  those  who  desire  a  continuation  or  in  the  diminution  of  their  compois 

of  the  advantages  which  they  conceive  the  present  the  worker  in  manu&ctures  fail  to  i 

system  of  tariff  taxation  directiy  affords  them.    So  while  a  high  tariff  is  claimed  to  be  ne 

stubbornly  have  all  efforts  to  reform  the  present  con-  the  payment  of  remunerative  wages, 

dition  been  resisted  by  those  of  our  feltow-citizens  suite  in  a  very  large  increase  in  the 

thus  engaged,  that  they  can  hardly  complain  of  the  all  sorte  of  manufi^urcs,  which,  in  a 

suspicion,  enterteined  to  a  certun  extent,  that  there  forms,  he  needs  for  the  use  of  himself 

existe  an  organized  combination  all  along  the  line  to  He  receives  at  the  desk  of  lus  employe: 

maintein  their  advantage.  perhaps  before  he  reaches  his  home 

We  are  iu  the  midst  of  centennial  celebrations,  and  purchase  for  family  use  of  an  article  ^ 

with  becoming  pride  we  rejoice  in  American  skill  and  nis  own  lat>or,  to  return  in  the  paymen 

ingenuity,  in  American  enei^  and  enterprise,  and  in  price  which  the  tariff  permits,  ti 

in  the  wonderful  natural  advantages  and  resources  compensation  of  many  da^s  of  toil, 
developed  by  a  century's  national  growth.    Yet  when        The  farmer  and  the  ajrriculturist  w 

an  attempt  is  made  to  justify  a  scheme  which  permits  nothing,  but  who  pay  the  increased  ] 

a  tax  to  be  laid  upon  every  consumer  in  the  land  for  teriff  imposes,  upon  every  agricultu 

the  benefit  of  our  manufacturers,  quite  beyond  a  rea-  upon  i^l  he  wears,  and  upon  all  he  i 

sonable  demand  for  governmental  regard,  it  8uit<<  the  except  the  increase  of  his  fiocks  and  1 

purposes  of  ad voaicy  to  Oill  our  manufactures  infant  things  as  his  husbandry  produces  fi 


00N6RESS.    (Pbxsidkht'b  Mbssaob.) 


193 


tfked  to  aid  in  maintaininfr  the  present  nitaation ; 
id  be  ia  told  Uiat  a  hl^h  duty  on  imported  wool  U 
nxBouy  A)rthe  benefit  of  those  who  nave  sheep  to 
ear,  in  order  thtt  the  price  of  their  wool  may  be  in- 
tmid.  Iheyofoonne  are  not  reminded  Uiat  the 
Bwr  wl»o  m  no  sheep  is  by  this  scheme  obliged, 
his  poT^chises  of  clothing  and  woolen  goods,  to 
r^  tntnxte  to  his  fellow-nrmer  as  well  as  to  the 
mi/isefeim  and  merchant ;  nor  is  any  mention 
le  of  tJa«  firt  that  the  sheep-owners  themselves 
[  tbeiv  JKMBeholds  most  wear  clothing  and  use 
ef  artM5l«B  minafactnred  from  the  wool  they  sell 
ggi1[  pri<3es,  tnd  thus  as  consumers  must  return 
if  efatf^  «f  this  increased  price  to  the  tradesman, 
^ok  it  nuT  be  fairly  assumed  that  a  lam  pro- 
^^oo  of  the  aoeep  owned  by  the  f&rmers  throng- 
;  thie  ooTutry  are  found  in  small  flocks  numbennf 
g,  twemty-llTe  to  fifty.  The  duty  on  the  grade  of 
wnted  'W'ool  which  tnese  sheep  ^eld,  is  ten  cents 
^  pouxMl  if  of  the  value  of  thirty  cents  or  leas, 
^  twelve  cents  if  of  the  value  of  more  than  thir^ 
gjj^  If  the  liberal  estimate  of  six  pounds  be  af- 
ggred  ^^  «tth  fleece,  the  duty  thereon  would  be 
^  or  ae^enty-two  cents,  and  this  may  be  taken  as 
l^'atsiio«t  enhancement  ox  its  price  to  tne  fkrmer  by 
fBtffSiO.  of  this  duty.  Eighteen  dollars  would  thus 
wyteaff^  Uie  increaaed  i>rice  of  the  wool  fVom  twenty- 
f^t  abc^P  <u>d  thirty-six  dollars  that  from  the  wool 
tf  if^  sheep;  and  at  present  vnlues  this  addition 
voi^  amount  to  about  one  third  of  its  price.  If  upon 
laaste  WW  fimner  receives  this  or  a  less  tariff  profit, 
tka  *^.^!^  ^  hands  charged  with  precisely  that 
RiBOjhifih  in  all  its  changes  will  adhere  to  it,  until 
't  wachea  the  consumer.  When  manufactured  into 
d^  tfid  other  goods  and  material  for  use,  tto  cost  is 
Mj^J^cnawd  to  the  extent  of  the  fkrmer's  tariff 
pfc,  botafcithcr  sum  has  been  added  for  the  bene- 
fert  the  manufacturer  under  the  operation  of  other 
J^»^  In  the  mean  time  the  day  arrives  when 
« Bnoer  flnda  it  necessary  to  purchase  woolen  goods 
iBd  D^  to  clothe  himself  and  fkmily  for  the  win- 
B.  WhtD  be  faces  the  tradesman  for  that  purpose 
« <Beo?M8  that  he  is  obliged  not  only  to  return  in 
KW  of  increased  prices,  his  Uriff  profit  on  the 
J^^ldtind  which  then  perhaps  lies  before  him 
JjH^fitaPwi  form,  but  that  he  must  add  a  con- 
■■aw  wm  thereto  to  meet  a  further 


in 


.ij* 


^, 


t"f^of  firing  caused  by  such  tariff,  becomes  a 
r^ipoB  those  with  moderate  means  and  the  poor, 
Z37^.*^  unemployed,  the  aick  and  welt  and 
^^ttdoid,andthatit  conatitotes  a  tax  which. 
^i^ottieaBgragp^  ts  fiutened  upon  the  clothing  of 
^aia^vonan.and  child  in  the  land,  reasons  ai« 


^^ 


^i 

-..-t 


\y^ 


i-y 


.  > 


.-!'•• 


ij**»jbjatariff  duty  on  the  manufacture.  Thus 
[«« endheig  aroosed  to  the  fact  that  he  has  paid 
jw* moderate  purchase,  as  a  reault  of  the  tariff 
?yJ3  *°icbf  when  he  sold  hia  wool  seemed  so 
i~^ ^  inerease  in  price  more  than  sufficient  to 
"«9  awaj  all  the  tariff  profit  he  received  upon  the 
'^Mnced  and  soli 

'«B  the  nomber  of  fanners  engaged  in  wool- 
■B'a eompared  with  all  the  fitrmersin  the  ooun- 


Jj^M oompired  with  all  the  fitrmersin  the  ooun- 
gwithe  aiDall  proportion  they  bear  to  our  popu- 
^BcoDiidcred;  when  it  is  made  apparent  that. 


s  ^  3S¥.'V  ^  'wioval  or  reduction  of  thia  duty 
*s^*  TiTi?'**^  in  •revision  of  oor  tariff  la  wa. 


^  J^^^of  the  increased  coat  to  the  consumer 

aone  oanofiKtures,  resulting  from  a  duty  laid 

J?  ^^0^  artides  of  the  same  description,  the 

"  "flmerlooked  that  competition  among  our  do* 
r^Vf^peoi  sometimes  haa  the  effect  of  keeping 
2£?v^^  ^^^  prodnctH  below  the  highest  Emit 
;r^iQefa  dntr.  But  it  is  notorious  that  this 
t^/^,^  too  citen  strangled  by  combinations 
SL  i?r^  St  this  time,  and  frequently  called 
l^^*™*haTe  for  their  object  the  regulation  of 

^rj  aad  price  of  eoaunodisies  made  and  sold 
^X.  xiviii.— 1 J  A 


by  members  of  the  combination.  The  people  can 
hardly  hope  for  any  consideration  in  the  operation  of 
these  selfish  schemes. 

If,  however,  in  the  absence  of  such  combination,  a 
healthy  and  free  competition  reduces  the  price  of  any 
particular  dutiable  article  of  home  production,  below 
the  limit  which  it  might  otherwise  reach  under  our 
tariff  laws,  and  if,  with  such  reduced  price,  its  manu- 
fiicture  continuea  to  thrive,  it  is  entirely  evident  that 
one  thing  has  been  discovered  which  snould  be  care- 
fully scrutinized  in  an  effort  to  reduce  taxation. 

l^e  necessity  of  combination  to  maintain  the  price 
of  any  commooity  to  the  tariff  point,  furnishes  proof 
that  some  one  is  willing  to  aoce^  lower  prices  for 
such  commodity,  and  th^  such  prices  are  remunera- 
tive ;  and  lower  prices  produced  dv  competition  prove 
the  same  thing.  Thus  where  eitner  oi  these  condi- 
tions exists  a  case  would  seem  to  be  presented  for  an 
easy  reduction  of  taxation. 

The  considerations  which  have  been  presented 
touching  our  tariff  laws  are  intended  only  to  enforce 
an  earnest  recommendation  that  the  surplus  revenues 
of  the  Government  be  prevented  by  the  reduction  of 
our  customs  duties,  ana,  at  the  same  time,  to  empha- 
size a  suggestion  tnat  in  accomplishing  this  purpose, 
we  may  discharge  a  double  duty  to  our  people  by 
(rranting  to  them  a  measure  of  renef  fh>m  tariff  taxa- 
tion in  quarters  where  it  is  most  needed  and  fh>m 
sources  where  it  can  be  most  fairiy  and  justiy  ao> 
corded. 

Nor  can  the  presentation  made  of  such  considera- 
tiona  be,  with  any  degree  of  ftimess,  regarded  as 
evidence  of  unfriendliness  toward  our  manufacturing 
interests,  or  of  any  lack  of  appreciation  of  their  value 
and  importance. 

These  interests  constitute  a  leading  and  most  sub- 
stantial element  of  our  national  greatness  and  furnish 
the  proud  proof  of  our  country's  progress.  But  if  in 
the  emergency  that  presses  upon  us  our  manufacturers 
are  asked  to  surrender  something  for  the  public  good 
and  to  avert  disaster,  their  patriotism,  as  well  as  a 
grateful  recognition  of  advantages  already  afforded, 
should  lead  them  to  willing  co-operation.  No  demand 
is  made  that  they  shall  forego  all  the  benefits  of  gov- 
ernmental regard ;  but  they  can  not  fiail  to  be  admon- 
ished of  their  duty,  as  weU  as  their  enli^tened  self- 
interest  and  safety,  when  they  are  remmded  of  the 
fhct  that  flnancaal  panic  and  collapse,  to  which  the 
present  oondition  tends,  aflbrd  no  greater  shelter  or 
protection  to  our  manufkcturea  than  to  our  other  im- 
portant enterprisea.  Opportunity  for  aafe,  carefnl, 
and  deliberate  reform  is  now  offered ;  and  none  of  as 
should  be  unmindjftal  of  a  time  when  an  abused  and 
irritated  people,  heedless  of  those  who  have  reaiated 
timely  and  reasonable  relief,  may  insist  upon  a  rwfi- 
cal  and  sweemng  rectification  of  thor  wrongs. 

The  difficujtjr  attendiiur  a  wise  and  fiir  revisloD  of 
our  tariff  lawa  is  not  muferestimated.  It  will  require 
on  the  part  of  the  Congrees  great  labor  and  care,  and 
especially  a  brDad  and  national  contemplation  of  the 
subiect,  and  a  patriotic  disregard  of  such  local  and 
selfish  claims  aa  are  unreasonable  and  reckless  of  the 
welfare  of  the  entire  country. 

Under  our  present  laws  more  than  four  thousand 
articles  are  suoject  to  duty.  Many  of  these  do  not  in 
any  way  compete  with  our  own  manufactures,  and 
many  are  hanUv  worth  attention  as  subjects  of  reve- 
nue. A  connderable  reduction  can  be  made  in  the 
airgregate,  by  adding  them  to  the  free  list.  The  taxa- 
tion of  luxuries  presents  no  features  of  hardship ;  but 
the  necessaries  of  life  used  and  consumed  by  all  the 
people,  the  daty  upon  which  adds  to  the  cost  of  liv- 
m?  m  every  home,  should  be  greatly  cheapened. 

The  radical  reduction  of  the  duties  imposed  on  raw 
material  used  in  manufactures,  or  its  free  importation, 
is  of  course  an  important  factor  in  any  effort  to  reduce 
the  price  of  tbaee  necessaries ;  it  would  not  only  re- 
lieve them  from  the  increased  cost  caused  by  the 
tariff  on  such  material,  but  the  manufactured  product 
being  thus  chei^ned,  that  part  of  the  tariff  now  laid 


194  CONGRESS.    (Rbyxkub  Rxfobm.) 

upon  Buoh  product  as  a  oompeuBatioD  to  our  manu&ot-  lenalation  in  the  public  interest  as  they  deei 

urers  for  tne  present  price  of  raw  material  could  be  ble.    I  ask  for  these  reports  and  reoommendi 

accordingly  modified.     Such  reduction,  or  fVee  im-  deliberate  examination  and  action  of  the  h 

portation,  would  serve,  beside,  to  largely  reduce  the  branch  of  the  Goyemment.    There  are  othei 

revenue.    It  is  not  apparent  how  such  a  change  could  not  embraced  in  the  departmental  reports  de 

have  any  ii\juiious  effect  upon  our  manufacturers,  legislative  consideration  and  which  I  should 

On  the  contrary  it  would  appear  to  give  them  a  better  to  submit.    Some  of  them,  however,  have  I 

chance  in  foreign  markets  with  the  ooanufacturers  of  nestiy  presented  in  previous  messages,  and  m 

other  countries,  who  cheapen  their  wares  by  free  ma-  I  beg  leave  to  repeat  prior  recommendations, 

terial.    Thus  our  people  might  have  the  opportunity  As  the  law  makes  no  provision  for  any  rep 

of  extending  their  sales  beyond  the  limits  of  home  the  Department  of  State  a  brief  history  of  the 

consumption,  saving  them  from  the  deoression,  in-  tionsof  that  important  department  togetheri 

terruption  to  business,  and  loss  caused  dv  a  glutted  er  matters  whicn  it  may  hereafter  be  deemed 

domestic  market  and  affording  their  employ  w  more  to  commend  to  the  attention  of  Congress,  nut; 

certain  and  steady  labor  with  its  resulting  quiet  and  the  occasion  for  a  Aiture  communication, 

contentment.  iir-,x/-t^y»«  •n*^  «  iftft«f      Gbovbb  Clxt 

The  question  thus  imperatively  presented  for  so-  ►»'«'w»^R>»,  uec  6, 1887. 

lution  should  be  approached  in  a  spirit  higher  than  BefWM  Reftnk— The  great  questiOD 

partisanship  and  considered  in  the  light  of  that  re^  session  was  revenue  reform,  as  the  Det 

gu^  for  patriotic  duty  which  should  cbMraoterixe  the  majority  of  the  House  of  Representeti 

action  of  those  mtrusted  with  the  weal  of  a  confiding  j^Ja^^u  ^.^  ««»«„  ^„4.  ♦!»«.  ^^i:i^  ^.-.4.1;,,^ 

people.    But  tiie  obligation  to  dedared  party  policy  dertook  to  carry  out  the  policy  outlin© 

ana  principle  is  not  wanting  to  urge  prompt  and  r^resiaent  s  message.     J?  or  tnis  purp 

effective  action.     Both  great  nolitical  parties  now  Democratic  members  of  the  Ways  ant 

represented  in  the  Government  have  by  repeated  and  Committee  set  to  work  and  drafted  tl 

of  unnecessary  revenue,  and  have  in  the  most  solemn  niiciee,  KOger   vj.  Mills,  OT    lexas.      2 

manner,  promised  its  correction,  and  neither  as  dti-  1888,  that  gentleman  reported  this  mei 

zens  nor  partisans  are  our  oountrvmen  in  a  mood  to  one  '*  to  reduce  taxation,  and  simplify  t 

condone  the  deliberate  violation  of  these  pledgee.  jj^  relation  to  the  collection  of  revenue 

Our  progress  toward  a  wise  conclusion  will  not  be  •,.  _„_  -^ft»--.v,i  4-^  *i»^  ^r^^^i*^^^  ^#  t-i*^ 

improvW  by  dwelling  upon  tiie  theories  of  protection  ^^  T^J®^®7^  l^  **^?  ??™)S^?u^'  ^^^ 

and  free  trade.    ThS  savors  too  much  of  bandying  a^^d  ordered  to  be  pnnted  with  theaooc 

epithets.  ing  m^ority  report  and  the  minority 

It  is  a  condition  which  confronts  us— not  a  theory,  submitted  by  Mr.  MoEinlev,  of  Ohio. 

BeUef  from  tiiis  condition  may  involve  a  slight  reduo-  ^^g  taken  up  for  discussion  April  17, 

tionofthe  advantages  which  we  award  our  home  pro-  j^v^a.^  ™«»  r,v*««^  i>«.  if .  -Lrni-  ;« -«, 

ductions,  but  the  entire  withdrawal  of  such  advan-  d^hate  was  opened  by  Mr.  Mills  m  su] 

tages  should  not  be  contemplated.    The  question  of  the  measure  and  Mr.  Eelley,  of  Penns 

fr^e  trade  is  absolutely  irrelevant ;  and  the  persistent  in  opposition  to  it.     On  May  19  the 

claim,  made  in  certain  quarters,  that  all  efforts  to  re-  debate  was  dosed  with  speeches  by  I 

heve  the  people  from  «AJuf t  apd  winecessary  taxa-  Carlisle  and  Mr.  Reed,  of  Maine:  on 

Uon  are  schemes  of  so  called  "Free  Traders"  IS  mis-  X     j  v  7^      j      liT    A        "^*""^»  ^" 

ohievous  and  far  removed  from  any  consideration  for  the  debate  under  the  nve-mmute  rule 

the  public  good.    The  simple  and  plain  duty  which  gun,  and  July*  19  it  closed.     Mr.  Spri 

we  owe  the  people  is  to  reduce  taxation  to  the  necee-  Illinois,  on  t&at  occasion  said :    "  The 

sary  expense  ofan  economical  operation  of  the  Gov-  on  the  pending  bill  began  on  the  17tl 

emment,  and  to  restore  to  the  busmess  of  the  country  *  ^«:i  lil* .  „;  JL«  Ak-*  ♦TL^  ♦!*«  ^r^T»^;< 

the  money  which  we  hold  in  the  Treasury  through  the  f  P"l  ^^U  Mnce  that  time  tje  commil 

perversion  of  governmental  powers.     These  tnings  been  occupied  m  general  debate  twen 

can  and  should  be  done  with  safety  to  all  our  Indus-  day  and  eight  evening  sessions.    The 

tries,  without  danger  to  the  opportunitv  for  romunera-  consumed  in  the  general  debate  one  1 

^  J^^ly^'^^^'^A^'u  ^<>^^*%™«^  ^^«'  H"^  X^^  and  eleven  hours  Mid  fifty-four  minute 

benefit  to  them  and  all  our  people,  by  cheapening  their  "."^ /"^ '  ^"  **««!  o  «u*x  u* «j  *v«x  .^luui/^ 

means  of  subsistence  and  increasing  the  measure  of  8*^  hours  and  eighteen  minutes  by  Dei 

their  comforts.  and  fifty-five  hours  and  thirty-six  min 

The  Constitution  provides  that  the  President  *'  shall  Republicans  or  those  opposed  to  the  1 

from  time  to  toe  give  t»  the  Congress  ir^^  ajl^  one  hundred  and  fifty-one  speech 

the  state  of  the  Union."    It  has  been  the  custom  of  ^^j^  /!„»;««  ♦>,«  »»»^««i  ^^^04^^^.!  ♦ 

the  Executive,  in  compliance  with  this  provision,  to  2?*^®  °°^°»  the  general  debate  on  t 

annually  exhibit  to  the  Congress,  at  the  opening  of  The  debate  upon  the  bill  by  paragraph 

its  session^  the  general  condition  of  the  country,  and  May  81,  since  which  time  there  have  t 

to  detail  with  some  particularity  the  operation  of  the  cupied  twenty-eight  days,  or  one  hund 

different  Executive  Departments.    It  would  be  espe-  twAntv-Aio-bt  bnnrn  unt\  tjm  minntAn  ii 

daUy  agreeable  to  follow  this  course  at  the  present  jwenty-eignt  uours  ana  ten  minutes,  11 

time  and  to  call  attention  to  the  valuable  aoooiplish-  t^©  V"®  ^1?^  will  be  consum^  to-da 

ments  of  these  departments  during  the  fiscal  year,  whole  number  of  days  devoted  to  the 

But  1  am  so  much  impressed  with  the  paramount  im-  and  consideration  of  the  bill  has  been  ^ 

portanceof  the  subject  to  wWchttisoomm^ioation  and  the  number  of  hours  two  hnndi 

rnra^ro^e'itS^Sr^^^^^  forty.    THis  debatje^U  perhaps  be  kx 

mediate  consideration  the  "stete  of  the  Union"  as  the  most  remarkable  that  ever  occnrrei 

shown  in  the  present  condition  of  our  Treasury  and  parliamentary  history.     It  has  awak< 

our  general  fiscal  situation,  upon  which  every  element  interest  not  only  throughout  the  leni 

ofoursafety  and  pi^rity  depends.  ^    ^     , .  ,  breadth  of  our  own  country,  but  thr 

The  reporte  of  the  heads  of  departments,  which  .,       •   m*     j         ij         a  x.      ^  ^v 

wUl  be  submitted,  contain  ftill  and  explicit  informa-  ^"6  civilized  world;  and  henceforth,  as 

tion  touching  the  transaction  of  the  business  intrust-  our  Government  shall  endure,  it  shall  hi 

ed  to  them,  and  such  recommendations  relating  to  as  '  The  Great  Tariff  Debate  of  1888.^ " 


CONGRESS.    (Rbyekub  Rbfobm.) 


195 


Id  him  openiDg  Bpeech,  Mr.  Mills  urged  a  re- 
duction of  the  revenue  on  the  ground  that  it 
exceeds  the  needs  of  the  Govemnient,  and  is 
produced  by  a  system  of  taxation  adopted  to 
meet  the  emergencies  of  the  civil  war :  ^^  Mr. 
Chairman,  during  our  late  civil  war  the  ex- 
penditures required  by  an  enormous  military 
establiahment  made  it  necessary  that  the  bur- 
dens of  taxation  should  be  laid  heavily  in  all 
directions  authorized  by  the  Constitution.   The 
iatmial-revenue  and  direct  taxes  were  called 
into  requisition  to  supplement  the  revenues 
arising  from  customs,  to  aid  the  Treasury  to 
r»pond  to  the  heavy  demands  which  were 
being  daily  made  upon  it.    The  duties  on  im- 
ports were  raised  from  an  average  on  dutiable 
goods  of  18*84  per  cent,  in  1861  to  an  average 
of  40*29  per  cent,  on  dutiable  goods  during  the 
ite  jears  from  1862  to  1866,  inclusive.    This 
was  recognized  at  the  time  as  an  exceptionally 
beavy  burden.    It  was  stated  by  the  distin- 
gmsbed  gentleman  who  then  presented  to  the 
House  the  bill  so  largely  increasing  the  duties, 
and  which  to-day  bears  his  honored  name,  that 
it  was  demanded  by  the  exigencies  of  war,  and 
most  cease  on  the  return  of  peace.    In  his  own 
vords,  he  said :  *  This  is  intended  as  a  war 
measure,  a  temporary  measure,  and  we  must 
as  such  give  it  our  support.'  More  than  twentv 
vears  ha^e  elapsed  since  the  war  ended.    A 
feneration  has  passed  away  and  a  new  genera- 
tkm  has  appeared  on  the  stage  since  peace  has 
reliinied  to  bless  our  common  country;  but 
these  wau*  taxes  still  remain;   and  they  are 
bearier  to-day  than  they  were  on  an  average 
daring  the  fiye  years  of  the  existence  of  hos- 
tifiti^.    The  average  rate  of  duty  during  the 
let  five  years,  from  1888  to  1887,  inclusive,  on 
dutiable  goods  amounts  to  44*51  per  cent.,  and 
during  the  last  year  the  average  is  47*10  per 
eatf.    Instead  of  the  rate  of  taxation  being 
rednred  to  meet  the  wants  of  an  e£Scient  ad- 
mnistration  of  government  in  time  of  peace,  it 
eoQtinues  to  grow  and  fill  the  coffers  of  the 
Gorernraent  with  money  not  required  for  public 
porpoees,  and  which  rightfuUy  should  remain 
a  the  pockets  of  the  people." 

But,  in  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Mills,  excessive 
taxation  is  not  the  greatest  evil  of  the  existing 
tsriflf :  "The  greatest  evil  that  is  inflicted  by 
it  is  in  the  destruction  of  the  values  of  our  ex- 
ports.   Remember  that  the  great  body  of  our 
tiports  are  agricultural  products.    It  has  been 
»  tlirough  our  whole  history.    From  76  to 
W€r  80  per  cent,  of  the  exports  of  this  coun- 
try year  by  year  are  agricultural  products, 
pyon  is  first,  then  bread-stuffs,  pork,  beef, 
ntter,  cheese,  lard.    These  are  the  things  that 
«ep  op  oar  foreign  trade,  and  when  you  put 
w  or  ke«p  on  such  duties  as  we  have  now — 
nr  duties  which  were  regarded  as  so  enor- 
^os  even  in  the  very  midst  of  hostilities  that 
*«y  were  declared  to  be  temporary — when 
JMpoton  or  ret^n  those  duties,  they  limit 
•■d  prohibit  importation  and  that  limits   or 
F*>obilnts  exportation.    It  takes  two  to  make 


a  trade.  All  the  commerce  of  all  the  countries 
of  the  world  is  carried  on  by  an  exchange  of 
commodities  —  commodities  going  from  the 
country  where  they  are  produced  at  the  least 
cost  to  seek  a  market  in  those  countries  where 
they  can  either  not  be  produced  at  all  or  where 
they  can  be  produced  only  at  the  highest  cost 
of  production.  We  are  the  great  agricultural 
country  of  the  world,  and  we  have  been  feed- 
ing the  people  of  Europe,  and  the  people  of 
Europe  have  got  to  give  us  in  exchange  the 
products  of  their  labor  in  their  shops;  and 
when  we  put  on  excessive  duties  for  the  pur- 
pose of  prohibiting  the  importations  of  their 
goods,  as  a  necessary  result  we  put  an  excess- 
ive duty  upon  the  exportation  of  our  own  ag- 
ricultural products.  And  what  does  that  do  ? 
It  throws  our  surplus  products  upon  our  own 
markets  at  home,  which  become  glutted  and 
oversupplied,  and  prices  go  down.  So  it  is 
with  the  people  of  Europe  who  are  manufact- 
uring and  producing  thmgs  that  we  can  not 
produce,  but  which  we  want.  Their  products 
are  thrown  upon  their  home  markets,  which 
are  glutted  and  oversupplied,  and  their  prices 
likewise  go  down.  And  whenever,  from  any 
cause,  prices  start  up  in  Europe,  our  tariff 
being  levied  mainly  by  specific  duties  upon 
quantity,  not  upon  value,  the  tariff  goes  down, 
and  then  we  see  large  importation  and,  as  a 
result,  large  exportation.  Then  we  see  a  rise 
in  agricultural  products ;  then  we  see  the  cir- 
culation of  money  all  through  the  whole  of 
our  industrial  system ;  we  see  our  people  going 
to  work,  our  manufactories  starting  up,  and 
prosperity  in  every  part  of  the  land." 

Mr.  Mills  also  argued  that  the  protective  sys- 
tem, while  of  advantage  to  particular  manufact- 
urers, tends  to  cripple  our  production:  '*We 
are  the  greatest  agricultural  people  in  the 
world.  We  exceed  all  others  in  the  products 
of  manufacture,  but  we  export  next  to  nothing 
of  our  product.  Why  should  we  not  export 
the  three  hundred  and  seyenty-five  millions  of 
cotton  goods  which  England  is  now  exporting? 
She  buys  her  cotton  from  us,  pays  the  cost  of 
transportation  to  her  factories,  makes  the 
goods,  and  sends  them  all  over  the  world. 
That  trade,  at  least  the  most  of  it,  is  ours 
whenever  we  get  ready  to  take  it.  Why 
should  we  not  make  and  send  out  the  hundred 
millions  of  woolen  goods  which  she  is  annually 
exporting?  We  have  the  advantage  of  her  in 
almost  everything  except  cost  of  materials. 
Why  should  we  not  make  and  export  the  hun- 
dred millions  of  iron  and  steel  which  she  is 
making  and  sending  away  annually  ?  There  is 
no  reason  except  that  high  tariffs  and  trusts 
and  combinations  are  in  our  way,  and  they 
muster  all  their  forces  to  prevent  us  from  tak- 
ing the  place  which  our  advantages  entitle  us 
to  take.  We  are  the  greatest  people  in  the 
world.  We  have  the  highest  standard  of  civili- 
zation; we  have  the  highest  and  best  diffu- 
sion of  knowledge  among  our  people.  We 
utilize  the  power  of  machinery  more  than  any 


196  CONGRESS.    (Reyenub  Rbfobm.) 

people  in  the  world.    We  produce  by  our  labor  pockets  of  the  laborer?    Is  it  not  strange  thi 

more  than  any  people  in  the  world.    We  have  those  who  made  the  tariff  and  fastened  upo 

everything  to  command  success  in  any  contest  the  people  these  war  rates  in  a  time  of  pre 

over  any  rival.     We  are  the  first  cotton-pro-  found  peace,  and  who  are  now  constantly  ai 

ducing  country.     We  have  wool,  flax,  hemp ;  sailing  the  Democratic  party  because  it  is  ui 

oar  country  is  full  of  coal  and  ores  and  lum-  true  to  the  workingman,  did  not  make  som 

her,  and  yet  with  all  these  advantages  over  all  provision  by  which  the  generous  bounty  the 

others  we  have  pursued  a  suicidal  policy  of  gave  should  reach  the  pocket  of  him  for  whoi 

protection,  which  has  closed  the  markets  of  they  said  it  was  intended?    They  charge  thj 

the  world  against  us;  and  not  content  to  stop  we  are  trying  to  strike  down  the  labor  of  tb 

here,  we  have  plundered  the  great  body  of  our  country.    Why  do  they  not  see  that  the  mone 

agricultural  people  out  of  a  large  part  of  their  they  are  taking  out  of  the  hard  earnings  of  th 

wealth.    We  must  make  a  departure.    Instead  people  is  delivered  in  good  faith  to  the  worl 

of  laying  the  burdens  of  taxation  upon  the  man?    One  yard  of  cassimere,  weighing  1 

necessaries  of  life,  instead  of  destroying  our  ounces,  cost  $1.88 ;  the  labor  cost  is  29  cents 

foreign  commerce,  we  should  encourage  it  as  the  tariff  duty  is  80  cents.    One  pound  of  sen 

we  would  encourage  our  home  commerce.    We  ing-silk  costs  $5.66 ;  the  cost  for  labor  is  8 

should  remove  every  unnecessary  burden.    We  cents;  the  tariff  is  $1.69.    One  gallon  of  lii 

should  lay  taxes  to  obtain  revenue,  but  not  re-  seed-oil  costs  46  cents;   the  labor  cost  is 

strict  importation.     We  should  place  every  cents ;  the  tariff  cost  is  25  cents.    One  ton  < 

material  of  manufacture  on  the  free  list,  start  bar-iron  coats  $31 ;  the  labor  cost  is  $10 ;  th 

up  our  fires,  put  our  wheels  in  motion,  and  tariff  fixes  several  rates  for  bar-iron.    I  giv 

put  all  our  people  to  work  at  good  wages."  the  lowest  rate,  $17.92.    One  ton  of  foundr 

After  arguing  that  it  is  increased  production  pig-iron  costs  $11 ;  the  labor  costs  $1.64;  th 

that  makes  cheap  goods  and  high  wages,  Mr.  tariff  is  $6.72." 

Mills  said,  in  regard  to  the  effect  of  the  exist-  After  continuing  the  discussion  of  this  poii 

ing  tariff  on  labor:  *'I  have  taken  from  the  in  detail,  Mr.  Mills  said:  ''Now,  Mr.   Ohau 

first  annual  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  La-  man,  I  have  gone  through  with  a  number  c 

bor  and  the  report  of  the  census  on  wages  artides  taken  from  these  official  reports  mad 

some  figures  given  by  manufacturers  them-  by  the  manufacturers  themselves,  and  I  hav 

selves  of  the  total  cost  of  the  product  and  the  shown  that  the  tariff  was  not  framed  for  th 

labor  cost  of  the  articles  they  are  making.    I  benefit  of  the  laborer,  or  that  if  it  was  so  ii 

have  put  the  tariff  duty  by  the  side  of  them  to  tended  by  those  who  framed  it,  the  benef 

show  whether  in  the  little  reductions  we  are  never  reaches  the  laborer,  not  a  dollar  of  i 

asking  in  this  bill  we  have  gone  beyond  that  The  working-people  are  hired  in  the  market  f 

pledge  we  as  a  party  have  made  that  we  would  the  lowest  rates  at  which  their  services  can  b 

not  reduce  taxation  so  low  as  to  injure  our  had,  and    all  the   'boodle^    that    has  bee 

laborers,  or  as  not  to  cover  the  difference  in  granted  by  these    tariff  bills  goes  into  th 

cost  of  labor  between  American  and  foreign  pockets  of  the  manufacturers.     It  builds  u 

products.    This  will  show,  and  I  ask  your  at-  palaces ;  it    concentrates    wealth ;   it    make 

tention  to  it,  that  ^e  tariff  is  not  intended  to  great  and  powerful  magnates ;  but  it  distril 

and  does  not  benefit  labor.    It  will  show  that  utes  none  of  its  beneficence  in  the  homes  < 

the  benefit  of  the  tariff  never  passes  beyond  our  laboring  poor." 

the  pocket  of  the  manufacturer,  and  to  the  As  to  the  spirit  of  the  protective  systei 

pockets  of  his  workmen.  which  is  sometimes  called  the  American  policy 

'' I  find  in  this  report  one  pair  of  five-pound  Mr.  Mills  said:    "I  repel  it,  sir;    it  is  nc 

blankets.    The  whole  cost  as  stated  by  the  American.     It  is  the  reverse  of  Americai 

manufacturer,  is  $2.61.    The  labor  cost  he  That  policy  is  American  which  clings  moi 

paid  for  making  them  is  85  cents.    The  pres-  closely  to  the  fundamental  idea  that  underlie 

ent  tariff  is  $1.90.    Now,  here  is  $1.55  in  this  our 'institutions  and  upon  which  the   who! 

tariff  over  and  above  the  entire  labor  cost  of  superstructure  of  our  Government  is  erectec 

these  blankets.    Why  did  not  that  manufact-  and  that  idea  is  freedom — freedom  secured  b 

urergoand  give  that  money  to  the  laborer?  the  guarantees  of  government;   freedom  t 

He  is  able  to  do  it.    Here  is  a  tariff  that  gives  think,  to  speak,  to  write ;  freedom  to  go  whei 

him  $1.90  on  that  pair  of  blankets  for  the  we  please,  select  our  own  occupations;  fre< 

benefit  of  his  laborer,  but  notwithstanding  that  dom  to  labor  when  we    please   and   wher 

the  tariff  was  imposed  for  the  benefit  of  Amer-  we  please ;  freedom  to  receive  and  enjoy  a 

ican  labor  and  to  preserve  high  wages,  every  the  results  of  our  labor ;  freedom  to  sell  on 

dollar  of  that  tariff  went  into  the  manufact-  products,  and  freedom  to  buy  the  product 

urer^s  pocket.      The  poor  fellow  who  made  of  others,  and   freedom   to  markets  for  tb 

the  blankets  got  85  cents  and  the  manufacturer  products  of    our  labor,   without    which  th 

kept  the  $1.90.  freedom  of  labor  is    restricted  and  denied 

*'  Here  is  one  yard  of  flannel,  weighing  four  freedom  from  restraints  in  working  and  mar 

ounces;  it  cost  18  cents,  of  which  ^e  laborer  keting  the  products  of  our  toil,  except  such  a 

got  8  cents;  the  tariff  on  it  is  8  cents.     How  may  be  necessary  in  the  interest  of  the  Oov 

is  it  that  the  whole  8  cents  did  not  get  into  the  emment ;  freedom  from  all  unnecessary  bur 


CONGRESS.    (Revenue  Reform.)  197 

dens ;   freedom  from   all  exactions  upon  the  tie  wants,  is  put  tpon  the  free  list,  while  sngar, 
ciUzen  except  such  as  may  he  necessary  to  with  a  home  product  of  only  one  eleventh  of 
lupport  an   honest,  efficient,  and  economical  the  home  consumption,  is  left  dutiable. 
adniinistratioQ  of  the  Grovemment  that  guar-  *'  What  is  a  protective  tariff?    It  is  a  tariff 
tntees  him  protection  to  *  life,  liberty,  and  the  upon  foreign  imports  so  adjusted  as  to  secure 
porsoit  of  happiness  * ;  freedom  from  all  taxa-  the  necessary  revenue,   and    judiciously  im- 
tion  except  that  which  is  levied  for  the  support  posed  upon  those  foreign  products  the  like  of 
of  the  Government;   freedom  from  taxation  which  are  produced  at  home  or  the  like  of 
levied  for  the  purpose  of  enriching  favored  which  we  are  capable  of  producing  at  home. 
dassM  by  the  spoliation  and  plunder  of  the  It  imposes  the  duty  upon  the  competing  foreign 
people ;  freedom  from  all  systems  of  taxation  product ;  it  makes  it  bear  the  burden  or  duty, 
that  do  not  fall  with  '  equal  and  exact  justice  and,  as  far  as  possible,  luxuries  only  excepted, 
opoo  all ' — that  do  not  raise  the  revenues  of  permits  the  non-competing  foreign  product  to 
government  in  the  way  that  is  least  burden-  come  in  free  of  duty.     Articles  of  common 
wme  to  the  people  and  with  the  least  possible  nse,  comfort,  and  necessity  which  we  can  not 
£stnrbance  to  their  business.    That,  sir,  is  the  produce  here  it  sends  to  the  people  untaxed 
American  policy.^^  and  free  from  custom-house  exactions.    Tea. 
Mr.  McKinley,  of  Ohio,  who  spoke  May  18,  coffee,  spices,  and  drugs  are  such  articles,  and 
ccnoeded  the  necessity  of  reducing  the  revenue  under  our  system  are  upon  the  free  list.    It 
of  the  Government,  but  denied  that  the  reduo-  says  to  our  foreign  competitor,  if  you  want  to 
tion  should  be  made,  as  proposed  in  the  Mills  bring  your  merchandise  here,  your  farm  prod- 
ML    He  said :  **It  will  be  freely  confessed  by  nets  here,  your  coal  and  iron  ore,  your  wool, 
oar  political  opponents  that  this  bill  is  but  the  yonr  salt,  your  pottery,  your  glass,  your  cottons 
beginning  of  a  tariff  policy  marked  out  by  the  and  woolens,  and  sell  alongside  of  our  produc- 
President,  and  is  a  partial  response  only  to  his  ers  in  our  markets,  we  will  make  your  prod- 
mesnge,  to  be  followed  up  with   additional  uct  bear  a  duty ;  in  effect,  pay  for  the  privi- 
legislation  until  our  system  of  taxation  shall  be  lege  of  doing  it.    Our  kind  of  a  tariff  makes 
brought  back  to  the  ancient  landmarks  of  the  the  competing  foreign  article  carry  the  burden, 
Democratic  party,  to  a  purely  revenue  basis ;  draw  the  load,  supply  the  revenue ;  and  in 
that  is,  that  the  tariff  or  duty  put  upon  foreign  performing  this  essential  office  it  encourages 
importations  shall  hereafter  look  to  revenue  at  the  same  time  our  own  industries  aud  pro- 
ud revenue  only,  and  discard  all  other  consid-  tects  our  own  people  in  their  chosen  employ- 
entions.  ments.    That  is  the  mission  and  purpose  of  a 
*^This    brings  us    face  to  face,  therefore,  protective  tariff.    That  is  what  we  mean  to 
with  the  two  opposing    systems,   that  of  a  maintain,  and  any  measure  which  will  destroy 
revenne  as    distinguished  from  a  protective  it  we  shall  6rmly  resist,  and  if  beaten  on  this 
tariff^  and    npon  their  respective  merits  they  floor  we  will  appeal  from  your  decision  to  the 
must  stand  or  fall.    Now,   what  are  they  ?  people,  before  whom  parties  and  policies  must 
First,  what  is  a  revenne  tariff?    Upon  what  at  last  be  tried.   We  have  free  trade  among  our- 
principle  does  it  rest?    It  is  a  tariff  or  tax  selves  throughout  thirty-eight  States  and  the 
placed  upon  such  articles  of  foreign  production  Territories  and  among  ^ixty  millions  of  people, 
imported  here  as  will    produce    the  largest  Absolute  freedom  of  exchange  within  our  own 
revenne  with  the  smallest  tax.  borders  and  among  our  own  citizens  is  the  law 
**To  secure  larger  revenue  from  lower  duties  of  the  republic.      Reasonable    taxation  and 
Moeasitates  largely  increased  importations,  and  restraint  upon  those  without  is  the  dictate  of 
if  these  compete  with  domestic  products  the  enlightened  patriotism  and  the  doctrine  of  the 
ktt^  must  be  diminished  or  find  other  and  Republican  party.    Free  trade  in  the  United 
distant  and  I  may  say  impossible  markets  or  States  is  founded  upon  a  community  of  equali- 
se ont  of  the  way  altogether.    A  genuine  ties  and  reciprocities.    It  is  like  the  unre- 
rereone  tariff  imposes  no  tax  upon  foreign  strained  freedom  and  reciprocal  relations  and 
importations  the  like  of  which  are  produced  at  obligations  of  a  family.    Here  we  are  one 
botne,  OT^  if  produced  at  home,  in  quantities  country,    one  language,   one   allegiance,   one 
iMt  capable  of  supplying  the  home  consump-  standard  of  citizenship,  one  flag,  one  Constitu- 
tion, in  which  case  it  may  be  truthfully  said  tion,  one  nation,  one  destiny.    It  is  otherwise 
the  tax  is  added  to  the  foreign  cost  and  is  paid  with  foreign  nations,  each  a  separate  organism, 
^7  the  consumer.  a  distinct  and  independent  political  society 
''A  revenne  tariff  seeks  out  those  articles  organized  for  its  own,  to  protect  its  own,  and 
vbich  domestic  production  can  not  supply,  or  work  out  its  own  destiny.     We  deny  to  those 
oqIj  inadequately  supply,  and  which  the  wants  foreign  nations  free  trade  with  ns  upon  equal 
^  <mr  pec^le  demand,  and  imposes  the  duty  terms  with  our  own  producers.    The  foreign 
mm  them,  and  permits  as  far  as  possible  the  producer  has  no  right  or  claim  to  equality 
cnmeting  foreign  product  to  be  imported  free  with  our  own.     He  is  not  amenable  to  our 
^  duty.    This  principle  is  made  conspicuous  laws.    There  are  resting  upon  him  none  of  the 
m  the  bin  under  consideration ;  for  example,  obligations  of  citizenship.    He  pays  no  taxes. 
»ool,  a  competing  foreign  product,  which  our  He  performs  no  civil  duties;  is  subject  to  no 
owtt  flock-masters  can  fuUy  supply  for  domes-  demahds  for  military  service.    He  is  exempt 


198  CONGRESS.    (Rbybnus  Befobm.) 

from  State,  county,  and  municipal  obligations,  eign  importer  or  bis  agent  in  New  York  or 

He  contributes  nothing  to  the  snpport,  the  elsewhere;  fixed  bj  the  producer,  fixed  by 

progress,   and   glory   of  the   nation.     Why  anybody  at  any  price  to  escape  the  payment 

shoold  he  enjoy  unrestrained  equal  privileges  of  full  duties." 

and  profits  in  our  markets  with  our  producers,  Of  the  value  of  a  home  market  and  the  dif- 

our  labor,  and  our  tax-payers?    Let  the  gen-  fusion  of  profits  under  a  protective  system,  Mr. 

tleman  who  follows  me  answer.    We  put  a  McEinley  said :  ^^  Why,  the  establishment  of  a 

burden  upon  his  productions,  we  discriminate  furnace  or  factory  or  mill  in  any  neighborhood 

against  his  merchandise,  because  he  is  alien  to  has  the  effect  at  once  to  enhance  the  value  of  all 

us  and  our  interests,  aud  we  do  it  to  protect  property  and  all  values  for  miles  surrounding  it. 

our  own,  defend  our  own,  preserve  our  own.  They  produce  increased  activity.    The  farmer 

who  are  always  with  us  in  adversity  and  pros-  has  a  oetter  and  a  nearer  market  for  his  prod- 

perity,  in    sympathy    and   purpose,    and,  if  nets.    The  merchant,  the  butcher,  the  grocer, 

necessary,  in  sacrifice.    That  is  the  principle  have  an  increased  trade.    The  carpenter  is  in 

which  governs  us.    I  submit  it  is  a  patriotic  greater  demand ;  he  is  called  upon  to  build 

and  righteous  one.    In  our  own  country,  each  more  houses.    Every  branch  of  trade,  every 

citizen  competing  with  the  other  in  free  and  avenue  of  labor,  will  feel  almost  immediately 

nnresentful  rivalry,  while  with  the  rest  of  the  the  energizing  influence  of  a  new  industry, 

world  all  are  united  and  together  in  resisting  The  truck-farm  is  in  demand ;  the  perishable 

outside  competition  as  we  would  foreign  inter-  products,  the  fruits,  the  vegetables,  which  in 

ference."  many  cases  will  not  bear  exportation,  and  for 

Mr.  McEinley  denied  that  the  Mills  Bill,  which  a  foreign  market  is  too  distant  to  be 

though  it  professed  to  aim  at  a  reduction  of  available,  find  a  constant  and  ready  demand  at 

the  revenue,  would  have  that  result  so  far  as  good  paying  prices.     What  the  agriculturist  of 

its  tariff  changes  were  concerned :  ^^  Take  from  this  country  wants  more  than  anything  else, 

this  bill  its  internal- revenue  features,  its  re-  after  he  has  gathered  his  crop,  are  consumers 

duction  of  twenty-four  and  a  half  million  dol-  — consumers  at  home,  men  who  do  not  produce 

lars  from  tobacco  and  from  special  licenses  to  what  they  eat,  who  must  purchase  all  they 

dealers  in  spirits  and  tobacco,  eliminate  these  consume;   men  who  are  engaged  in  manu- 

from  the  bill,  and  you  will  not  secure  a  dollar  facturing,  in  mining,  in  cotton-spinning,  in  the 

of  reduction  to  the  Treasury  under  its  opera-  potteries,  and  in  the  thousands  of  productive 

tion.    Your  $27,000,000  of  proposed  reduction  industries  which  command  all  their  time  and 

by  the  free  list  will  be  more  than  offset  by  the  energy,  and  whose  employments  do  not  admit 

increased  revenues  which  shall  come  from  your  of   their  producing    their   own   food.      The 

lower  duties ;  and  I  venture  the  prediction  here  agriculturist   further  wants  these  consumers 

to-day  that  if  this  bill  should  become  a  law,  at  near  and  convenient  to  his  field  of  supply.*' 

the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  1889  the  dutiable  list  After  arguing  that  a  protective  system  main- 

under  it  will  carry  more  money  into  the  Treas-  tains  high  wages  for  the  laborer,  Mr.  McEinley 

11  ry  than  is  carried  into  the  Treasury  under  the  asserted  that  it  also  tends  to  reduce  prices  of 

present  law,  because  with  every  reduction  of  commodities,  and  he  illustrated  his  position  as 

duties  upon  foreign  imports  you  stimulate  and  follows:  **  Blankets  are  numbered  according 

increase  foreign  importations ;  and  to  the  ex-  to  grade  and  according  to  weight.    There  are 

tent  that  you  increase  foreign  importations,  to  several  grades  of  five- pound  blankets  numbered 

that  extent  you  increase  the  revenue."  1*  ^t  St  \  Bi^d  5*     A  No.  1  five-pound  blanket 

Mr.  McEinley  criticised  certain  inconsist-  inade  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia  sells  for  $1.72. 

encies  in  the  details  of  the  bill,  and  then  de-  The  labor  represented  in  the  blanket  is  87i 

nounced  one  of  the  main  features  of  it :  '^  Now,  cents ;  the  duty  is  $1.02.    Of  a  scarlet  blanket, 

there  is  one  leading  feature  of  this  bill,  which  five  pounds,  the  price  is  $2.27 ;  the  labor  is 

is  not  by  any  means  the  most  objectionable  87i  cents;  the  duty  is  $8.17.    Of  the  white 

feature,  but  which,  if  it  stood  alone,  ought  to  all-wool  Falls  of  Schuylkill  blanket,  the  price 

defeat  this  entire  measure;   and  that  is  the  is  $8.62;  the  labor,  $1.05;  the  duty,  ^.60. 

introduction  of  the  ad- valorem  system  of  as-  Of  the  Gold-Medal  blanket  the  price  is  $4.58 ; 

sessment  to  take  the  place  of  the  specific  sys-  the  labor,  $1.05;  the  duty,  $8.50. 

tem  now  generally  iu  force.    You  all  know  the  '*  Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  if  the  duty  was  added 

difference  between  the  ad-valorem  system  and  to  the  cost,  what  would  the  American, manu- 

the  specific  mode  of  levying  duties.     One  is  facturers  get  for  these  blankets  f    They  should 

based  upon  value,  the  other  upon  quantity,  get  for  the  first  blanket  $2.74.    How  much  do 

One  is  based  upon  the  foreign  value,  diflScult  they  get?    They  get  only  $1.72.    They  should 

of  ascertainment,  resting  on  the  iudgment  of  get  for  the  second  blanket,  duty  added,  $8.77.  - 

experts,  all  the  time  offering  a  bribe  to  under-  How  much  do  they  get?   They  get  $2.27.   They 

valuation ;  the  other  rests  upon  quantity,  fixed  should  get  for  the  third  $5.12.     How  much  do 

and  well  known  the  world  over,  always  de-  they  get?    They  get  $3.17.    They  should  get,- 

terminable  and  always  uniform.    The  one  is  duty  added,  for  the  fourth  class  $6.22.    How 

assessed  by  the  yard-stick,  the  ton,  and  the  much  do  they  get?    They  get  $4.85.    They 

pound-weight  of  commerce,  and  the  other  is  should  get,  duty  added,  for  the  highest  grade 

assessed  by  the  foreign  value,  fixed  by  the  for-  $8.08.   How  much  do  they  get?  They  get  ^.06. 


OONGBESS.    (Rbyenub  Rsfobm.) 


199 


^^  Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  what  did  these  same 
blankets  cost  in  1860  under  a  revenue  tariff, 
onder  the  free-trade  domination  of  this  country 
bj  the  Democratic  party  ?  What  did  we  pay 
for  the  same  hiankets  that  year,  as  contrasted 
vith  what  we  pay  now?  The  blanket  that 
sells  to-day  for  $1.02  sold  in  1860  for  $2.  The 
l^anket  that  sells  now  for  $1.45  sold  in  1860 
for  $2.50.  The  blanket  that  sells  now  for  $1.81 
fioid  in  1860  for  $2.25.  The  blanket  that  sells 
BOW  for  $1.90  sold  in  1860  for  $8.50;  The 
blanket  that  sells  now  for  $2.58  sold  for  $3.75 
in  1860.  The  blanket  that  sells  now  for  $4.85 
sdd  for  $7.50  in  1860.  The  blanket  that  sells 
for  $5.85  now  sold  for  $10  in  1860.  The 
blanket  that  sells  now  for  $6.80  sold  for  $18 
in  1860." 

After  appealing  to  the  experience  of  the 
country  in  support  of  a  protective  system,  and 
dting  its  prosperity  as  a  result  of  such  a  system, 
Mr.  McKinley  said :  '^  Who  is  objecting  to  our 
pfotectiye  system?    From  what  quarter  does 
the  complaint  come  ?    Not  from  the  enterpris- 
DfT  American  citizen ;  not  from  the  manufact- 
orer;   not  from  the  laborer,  whose  wages  it 
improves;  not  from  the  consumer,  for  he  is 
folly  satisfied,   because  under  it  he  buys  a 
dieaper  and  a  better  product  than  he  did  under 
tbe  other  system ;  not  from  the  farmer,  for  he 
finds  among  the  employes  of  the  protected 
ifidnstries  ins  best  and  most  reliable  customers ; 
not  from  the  merchant  or  the  tradesman,  for 
erery  hive  of  industry  increases  the  number  of 
bis  customers  and  enlarges  the  volume  of  his 
trade.     Few,  indeed,  have  been  the  petitions 
]sr«tented  to  this  House  askins  for  any  reduc- 
tioQ  of  duties  upon  imports.  None,  that  1  have 
seen  or  heard  of,  and  I  have  watched  with  the 
deepest  interest  the  number  and  character  of 
tbese  petitions  that  I  might  gather  from  them 
tbe  drift  of  public  sentiment — I  say  I  have  seen 
acne  asking  for  the  passage  of  this  bill,  or  for 
snj  each  departure  from  the  fiscal  policy  of 
the  Government  so  long  recognized  and  fol- 
lowed, while  against  this  legislation  there  has 
been  no  limit  to  petitions,  memorials,  prayers, 
and  protests,  from   producer  and  consumer 
ifike. 

"^This  measure  is  not  called  for  by  the  peo- 
ple;  it  is  not  an  American  measure ;  it  is  in- 
ipred  by  importers  and  foreign  producers, 
iBost  of  Uiem  aliens,  who  want  to  diminish  our 
tnde  and  increase  their  own;  who  want  to 
decrease  our  prosperity  and  augment  theirs, 
ad  who  have  no  interest  in  this  country  except 
vhtt  tney  can  make  out  of  it.    To  this  is  added 
^  influence  of  the  professors  in  some  of  our 
i^tltotions  of  learning,  who  teach  the  science 
vntaiDed  in  books  and  not  that  of  practical 
bofin^s.     I  would  rather  have  my  political 
«oaoiny  founded  upon  the  every-day  experi- 
€^  of  the  puddler  or  the  potter  than  the 
Wniog  of  the  professor,  the  farmer  and  factory 
Wd  than  the  college  faculty.    Then  there  is 
ttotho"  class  who  want  protective  tariffs  over- 
grown.    They  are  the  men  of  independent 


wealth,  with  settled  and  steady  incomes,  who 
want  everything  cheap  but  currency ;  the  value 
of  everything  clipped  but  coin — cheap  labor  but 
dear  money.  These  are  the  elements  which 
are  arrayed  against  us.'' 

Mr.  Randall,  in  a  speech  delivered  May  18, 
advocated  reducing  the  revenue  by  a  repeal  of 
the  internal-revenue  taxes:  *^ These  taxes  have 
always  been  the  last  to  be  levied  and  the  first 
to  be  repealed  when  no  longer  needed.  It  was 
the  boast  of  Jefferson  that  he  had  given  the 
death-blow  to  the  excise  tax,  Hhat  most  vexa- 
tious of  all  taxes,'  at  the  commencement  of  his 
administration;  and  among  other  things  for 
which  he  received  the  thanks  of  the  Legislature 
of  his  native  State  on  his  retirement  from  office 
was  for  *  internal  taxes  abolished.' 

"  The  first  tax  also  to  be  repealed  after  the 
war  of  1812  was  the  excise  tax,  which  was  rec- 
ommended by  Madison,  and  was  the  first  law 
enacted  under  the  administration  of  Monroe. 

"  The  Democratic  Convention  of  1884  declared 
that '  the  system  of  direct  taxation  known  as 
the  internal  revenue  is  a  *  war  tax,'  and  this 
declaration,  taken  in  connection  with  other 
declarations  in  the  platform  which  I  will  quote 
further  on,  clearly  establishes  the  fact  that  the 
opinion  of  the  convention  was  that  the  internal- 
revenue  '  war '  taxes  should  first  go,  and  should 
all  go  whenever  a  sufficient  sum  was  realized 
from  custom-house  taxes  to  meet  the  expenses 
of  the  Government,  economically  administered. 
We  are  practically  in  such  condition  now,  and 
a  true  response  to  these  instructions  warrants 
the  repeal  of  the  internal  laws  to  the  extent 
the  bill  proposes. 

^*  I  favor  now,  as  I  have  always  done,  a  total 
repeal  of  the  internal-revenue  taxation.  In 
the  bill  which  I  introduced  I  proposed  to  sweep 
all  these  taxes  off  the  statute-book  except  fifty 
cents  on  whisky,  and  I  would  transfer  the  col- 
lection of  that  tax  to  the  customs  officials,  if, 
upon  examination  and  reflection,  it  was  found 
to  be  practicable." 

Mr.  Randall  argued  that  the  amount  of  pro- 
tective duty  is  not  added  to  the  price  paid  by  a 
consumer  for  an  article  except  in  cases  where 
home  production  can  not  supply  the  market  and 
so  let  competition  fix  prices ;  he  held,  too,  that 
a  tariff  tax  is  not  a  bounty  paid  by  one  class  to 
another,  as  there  is  an  equalization  of  profits 
among  all  who  partake  of  the  benefits  of  an 
industrial  system ;  and  he  argued  against  the 
notion  that  farmers  could  sell  their  products  in 
dear  markets  and  buy  commodities  in  .cheap 
ones  under  a  free- trade  system :  ^^  If  the  farmer 
ceases  to  buy  the  products  of  the  manufact- 
urers, he  will  certainly  cease  to  sell  to  them, 
and  must  sell  his  products  in  the  market  where 
he  buys  what  he  consumes  himself.  Suppose 
last  year  we  had  manufactured  a  thousand 
millions'  worth  less  than  we  did  and  had  gone 
abroad  for  these  product  expecting  to  pay 
for  them  with  agricultural  products;  could  a 
thousand  millions  more  of  agricultural  prod- 
ucts have  been  sold  abroad  at  the  price  such 


200  CONGRESS.    (Rbyenue  Bbfobm.) 

prod  acts  brongfat  here?  We  sold  all  the  wheat  arations,  earth-pamts,  distilled  oils,  alkalies^ 
and  corn  and  meat  products  that  Earope  and  various  other  chemical  compounds;  ya- 
would  take  at  the  prices  that  prevailed.  Who  nous  mauufactured  mineral  substances,  pre- 
can  tell  at  what  prices  Europe  would  have  pared  China  day,  quicksilver,  bricks  of  all  kinds 
taken  even  five  hundred  millions  or  one  hun-  except  fire-brick,  prepared  meats,  lime,  plas- 
dred  millions  more  of  our  agricultural  prod-  ter  of  Paris,  ground  and  calcined,  various  pre- 
ucts  than  she  did  take?  The  mere  state-  pared  drugs  and  chemicals,  and  many  other 
ment  of  the  proposition  is  enough  to  disclose  articles  of  like  character.  These  constitute 
the  error  on  which  it  is  founded,  and  shows  the  products  of  large  and  useful  industries 
the  importance  of  uniting  manutactures  with  throughout  the  United  States,  in  which  many 
agriculture,  or,  as  Jeff erson  states  it,  putting  the  millions  of  capital  are  invested  and  employing 
manufacturer  by  the  side  of  the  farmer.  In  many  thousands  of  working  people, 
fact,  both  must,  in  our  country,  depend  almost  **  At  the  same  time  the  bill  leaves  or  pnta 
exclusively  on  our  home  market.  It  is  folly,  if  upon  the  dutiable  lists  such  articles  as  lead  ore, 
not  a  crime,  to  attempt  a  change  in  these  iron  ore,  zinc  ores,  nickel  ore,  and  coal,  which 
respects.  It  would  bring  ruin  and  bankruptcy  might  be  called  raw  materials,  if  that  term  can 
without  the  possibility  of  having  such  a  result  be  properly  applied  to  anything  involving  the 
accomplished.  The  greater  the  diversity  of  expenaiture  of  labor  in  its  production.  Fur- 
industries  in  any  country,  the  greater  the  ther  than  this,  the  bill  not  only  makes  the  so- 
wealth-producing  power  of  the  people,  and  the  called  *  raw  materials  *  free,  such,  for  example, 
more  there  is  for  labor  and  capitcd  to  divide,  as  fiax,  jute,  hemp,  hemp-seed  and  rape-seed, 
and  the  more  independent  that  country  be-  crude  borax,  opium,  and  hair  of  animals,  but 
comes.*'  places  on  the  free-list  the  manufactured  prod- 
Mr.  Randall  criticised  the  Mills  Bill  severely  ucts  of  these  materials,  namely,  burlaps  (for 
in  detail.  He  said:  '* Notwithstanding  these  bagging,  etc.),  hemp-seed  and  rape-seed  oil, 
facts,  we  have  before  us  the  bill  of  the  com-  boracic  acid,  codein  and  other  salts  and  com- 
mittee, which  is  not  in  any  proper  sense  a  re-  pounds  of  opium,  and  curled  hair  for  mat- 
vision  of  the  tariff,  but  consists  of  amendments  tresses,  etc.  Thus  the  manufacture  of  such 
constituting,  I  might  say,  a  patchwork  upon  articles  is  made  impossible  in  this  country,  ex- 
the  existing  law,  perpetuating  and  multiplying  cept  by  reducing  American  labor  to  a  worse 
its  numerous  infirmities  of  phraseology ;  its  condition  than  that  of  labor  in  Europe.  It  goes 
ambiguities  and  inequalities,  which  have  per-  even  further,  and  places  or  leaves  dutiable 
plexed  and  vexed  the  executive  oflScers  in  its  certain  so-called  raw  materials,  as,  for  example, 
administration,  have  been  the  subject  of  vol-  iron  ore,  lead,  coal,  paper,  paints,  caustic  soda 
umes  of  Treasury  decisions  year  by  year,  and  and  other  alkalies,  and  sulphate  of  ammonia, 
have  embroiled  the  Government  and  merchants  while  placing  on  the  free  list  articles  made 
in  untold  litigation,  making  it  necessary  to  ere-  from  these  materials,  such  as  hoop-iron  and 
ate  new  courts  for  the  special  trial  of  customs  cotton-ties,  iron  or  steel  sheets  or  plates  or 
cases,  which  are  increasing  in  number  month  taggers  iron  coated  with  tin  or  lead,  known  as 
by  month,  and  involve  unknown  millions  of  tin-plates,  teme-plates,  and  taggers  tin,  sul- 
demands  upon  the  Government — a  constant  phate  of  iron  or  copperas,  machinery,  books 
menace  to  the  Treasury.  Not  only  have  the  and  pamphlets,  paintings,  soap,  and  alum.  In 
committee  ignored  the  recommendations  of  other  words,  the  bill  leaves  or  makes  dutiable 
Secretaries  Manning  and  Fairchild  and  of  the  the  raw  material  and  puts  on  the  free  list  the 
customs  officers  at  the  various  ports  for  the  article  manufactured  f^om  it,  thus  not  only 
adoption  of  specific  duties,  but  have  actually,  placing  an  insurmountable  barrier  in  the  way 
in  a  large  number  of  cases,  substituted  ad-va-  of  making  such  articles  here,  but  actually  pro- 
lorem  rates  for  existing  specific  duties,  thus  tecting  the  foreign  manufacturer  and  laborer 
showing  preference  for  a  system  which  has  against  our  own,  and  imposing  for  their  benefit 
been  abandoned  by  all  the  civilized  commercial  a  burden  upon  the  consumer  in  this  country, 
nations  on  the  globe,  and  which  has  been  char-  '*  Again,  the  bill  places  lower  rates  on  some 
acterized  as  a  systeni  under  *  which  thieves  manufactured  articles  than  on  the  materials 
prosper  and  honest  traders  are  driven  out  of  used  in  making  them,  as,  for  instance,  manu- 
business.'  factures  of  paper,  15  per  cent,  and  the  paper 

'*  A  declared  purpose  of  this  bill  is  to  secure  to  produce  it  at  25  per  cent. 
*  free  raw  materials,   to  stimulate  manutact-        ^^  It  leaves  an  internal-revenue  tax  of  more 
ures.'    In  execution  of  this  idea  the  bill  places-  than  800  per  cent,  on  alcohol  used  in  the  arts, 
on  the  free  list  a  large  number  of  articles  amounting,  according  to  a  fair  estimate,  to  at. 
which  are  really  articles  of  manufacture,  such  much  as  the  entire  amount  of  duty  collected 
as  salt,  sawed  and  dressed  lumber,  laths  and  on  raw  wool,  which  alcohol  enters  as  a  ma- 
shingles,  hackled  and  dressed   fiax,   burlaps,  terial  in  a  vast  number  of  important  and  need-- 
machinery,  terne  or  galvanized  plates,  glue,  ful  articles,  which  the  committee  have  eitbei 
glycerine,   soap,   certain  proprietary  articles,  made  free  or  have  so  reduced  the  rates  thereon 
extracts  of  hemlock,  oils  of  various  kinds,  in-  that  the  duty  would  be  less  than  the  tax  oo 
eluding  hemp-seed  and  rape-seed,  olive  and  the  alcohol  consumed  in  their  manufacture^ 
fish  oils,  refined  sulphur,  various  coal-tar  prep-        **  In  some  cases  the  difference  between  th^ 


CONGRESS.    (Rbybntte  Rbfobm.)  201 

dntj  imposed  by  the  bill  od  the  so-called  raw  from  the  citizen  for  the  Treasury  and  four  for 

materials  and  the  articles  made  from  them  is  the  manufacturer,  is  it  any  the  less  robbery 

80  small  as  to  destroy  these  industries,  except  that  you  call  it  a  revenue  tariff? 

apon  the  condition  of  leveling  the  wages  of  **  If  you  gentlemen  on  the  other  side  believe 

home  labor  to  that  of  Europe.  what  you   say,  you  ought  to  be   as  furious 

"  Id  a  large  number  of  articles  throughout  against  the  rapine  and  plunder  of  the  Mills  Bill 

the  schedules  not  already  named,  the  reduo-  as  you  profess  to  be  against  those  of  the  pres- 

tions  proposed  by  the  bill  are  so  large  that  the  ent  law." 

effect  mast  be  to  destroy  or  restrict  home  pro-  In  answer  to  the  argument  that  protection 

dni^on  and  increase  enormously  foreign  im-  increases  the  price  of  articles  consumed  by  the 

portations,  thus  largely  increasing  customs  rev-  amount  of  duty,  Mr.  Reed  said :  *^  Why  do  men 

enoe  inst^id  of  reducing  it.  with  such  beliefs  so  plain,  and  so  distinct,  hesi- 

^*It  is  claimed  by  the  committee  that  the  tate  to  do  their  duty?    It  is  because  every 

bfll  will   reduce  the  customs  revenue  about  wind  that  blows,  every  sight  that  strikes  their 

$54,000,000.     On  the  contrary,  I  assert  that  it  eyes,  every  sound  that  resounds  in  their  ears, 

is  fair  to  estimate  that  its  effect  would  be  to  shows  the  folly  of  their  theories,  the  absurdity 

largely  increase  the  revenue  instead  of  reducing  of  their  logic.    What  use  is  it  to  tell  the  people 

it ;  while  the  amount  of  material  wealth  it  of  this  empire  that  they  have  been  robbed  and 

iroold  destroy  is  incalculable.  plundered  one  thousand  millions  of   dollars 

'*  Those  supporting  the  bill  hold  themselves  every  year,  during  the  very  time  when  over 

out  as  the  champions  of  the  farmer  while  they  3,500  miles  of  distance  cities  have  been  spring- 

take  from  him  the  protective  duties  on  his  ing  up  like  magic,  richer  in  a  decade  than  the 

wool,  hemp,  flaxseed,  meats,  milk,  fruits,  vege-  Old  World  cities  have  grown  in  centuries;  when 

tables,  and  seeds.    And  what  do  they  give  him  120,000  miles  of  railroad  have  been  built,  which 

in  return  f  compress  the  broad  expanse  of  a  continent 

^  They  profess  to  give  the  manufacturer  bet-  into  a  week  of  time ;  when  the  commerce  of  its 

tBT  rates  than  they  now  have.    If  this  be  so,  inland  lakes  has  grown  to  rival  the  commerce 

bow  is  the  farmer  to  be  benefited,  or  where  between  the  two  worlds ;  when  from  every  land 

does  he  get  his  compensation  for  the  loss  of  under  the  sun  the  emigrants  have  been  flock- 

his  protective  duties?  ing  to  its  happy  shores,  drawn  there  by  the 

^^  Much  has  been  said  about  removing  taxes  peace  and  prosperity  which  shine  on  all  its 

upon  *  necessaries,^  and  imposing  them  upon  borders  and  sweep  from  circumference  to  cen- 

Maxuries.'     What  does  this  bill  propose  in  tnat  ter.    There  are  no  eyes  so  dull  that  can  not 

direction?    It  gives  free  olive-oil  to  the  epicure,  see  the  ever- rising  glories  of  this  republic  ex- 

md  taxes  castor-oil  97  per  cent. ;  it  gives  free  cept  those  which  are  bandaged  by  the  preju- 

tin-plate  to  the  Standard  Oil  Company,  and  to  dices  of  long  ago." 

the  great  meat-canning  monopolies,  and  im-  In  vindication  of  the  theory  of  protection, 
p06»  a  duty  of  100  per  cent,  on  rice ;  it  gives  he  argued :  *•*•  Man  derives  his  greatest  power 
the  sugar  trust  free  bone-black,  and  proposes  from  his  association  with  other  men,  his  union 
prohibitory  duties  on  grocery  grades  of  sugar ;  with  his  fellows.  Whoever  considers  the 
it  gives  free  license  to  the  tobacco-manumct-  human  being  as  a  creature  alone,  by  himself, 
nro-  while  retaining  prohibitive  duties  on  isolated  and  separated,  and  tries  to  compre- 
manofactured  tobacco ;  it  imposes  a  duty  of  40  hend  mankind  by  mathematically  adding  these 
pa*  cent,  on  the  *  poor  man^s  blanket '  and  only  atoms  together,  has  utterly  failed  to  compre- 
30  per  cent,  on  the  Axminster  carpet  of  the  hend  the  human  race  and  its  tremendous  mis- 
neb.    It  admits  free  of  duty  fine  animals  im-  sion. 

ported  by  the  gentlemen  of  the  turf,  and  makes  *'  Sixty  millions  even  of  such  creatures  with- 

free  the  plantings  and  the  statuary  of  the  rail-  out  association  are  only  so  many  beasts  that 

vty  millionaire  and  the  coal  baron."  perish.    But  sixty  millions  of  men  welded  to- 

Mr.  Reed,  of  Maine,  in  closing  the  debate  on  gether  by  national  brotherhood,  each  snpport- 

tbe  Republican  side,  May  19,  said :  *'  The  reve-  ing,  sustaining,  and  buttressing  the  other,  are 

Doe-reform  argument  is  either  a  false  pretense  the  sure  conquerors  of  all  those  mighty  powers 

or  oovers  the  whole  ground.     Protection  is  of  nature  which  alone  constitute  the  wealth  of 

other  in  its  essence  a  benefit  or  a  curse.    You  this  world.    The  great  blunder  of  the  Herr 

<»i  not  dilute  a  curse  and  make  it  a  blessing.  Professor  of  political  economy  is  that  he  treats 

Hatsbane  and  water  are  no  more  food  than  human  beings  as  if  every  man  were  so  many 

rttsb&ne    pure.      Incidental  protection  is   a  foot-pounds,   such   and  such   a  fraction  of  a 

ibm.     Tariff  for  revenue  only  goes  down  horse-power.     AU  the  soul  of  man  he  leaves 

Wore  tiie  same  arguments  which  are  used  out 

ifunst  protection.  *^  Think  for  a  moment  of  the  foundation 

^If  protection  be  a  tax  for  manufacturers'  principles  involved  in  this  question,  which  I 

^c&efit  then  it  is  the  same  tax  if  it  be  the  re-  now  ask.  Where  does  wealth  come  from  ?    It 

^  of  even  a  revenue  tariff.    Incidental  pro-  comes  from  the  power  of  man  to  let  loose  and 

teeiion  is  of  all  the  most  inexcusable.    It  is  an  yet  guide  those  elemental  forces  the  energy  of 

tcesdent  which  ought  to  be  avoided  like  a  rnil-  which  is  infinite.     It  comes  from  the  power  of 

vty  disaster.     If  when  you  take  one  dollar  man  to  force  the  earth  to  give  her  increase,  to 


202  CONGRESS.     (Reyenus  Reform.) 

hold  in  the  bellying  sail  the  passing  breeze,  to  ing  void.  Will  yonr  goods  go  to  Austria,  to 
harness  the  tnmbling  waterfall,  to  dam  up  the  Italy,  Germany,  Russia,  or  France?  Around 
great  rivers,  to  put  bits  in  the  teeth  of  the  all  these  benighted  countries  are  the  *  Chinese' 
lightning.  Foot-pounds  and  fractions  of  a  walls  of  tariff  taxes.  Britain  herself  is  pro- 
horse-power  will  never  do  this.  It  takes  tected  by  vast  capital,  accumulated  through 
brains  and  the  union  of  foot-pounds  and  frac-  ages,  the  spoils  of  her  own  and  other  lands,  by 
tions  of  a  horse-power  working  harmoniously  a  trade  system  as  powerful  as  it  is  relentlees. 
together.  All  these  nations  will  contest  with  you  the 

*'  For  a  nation  to  get  out  of  itself  or  out  of  other  countries  which  they  already  overflow, 

the  earth  all  the  wealth  there  is  in  both,  it  is  "Does  your  mouth  water  over  the  prospect? 

not  necessary  for  the  nation  to  buy  cheap  or  What  market  do  you  give  up  for  all  this  ? 

sell  dear.    That  concerns  individuals  alone.  Where   is  the    best  market  in   the    world? 

What  concerns  the  nation  is  how  to  utilize  sl\  Where  the  people  have  the  most  money  to 

the  work  there  is  in  men,  both  of  muscle  and  spend.      Where   have   the   people  the   moat 

brain,  of  body  and  of  soul,  in  the  great  enter-  money  to  spend?    Right  here  in  the  United 

prise  of  setting  in  motion  the  ever-gratuitous  States  of  America  after  twenty-seven  years  of 

forces  of  nature.  protectionist  rule.    And  you  are  asked  to  give 

"There  is  only  one  way  to  get  the  best  work  up  such  a  market  for  the  markets   of  the 

out  of  men,  and  that  is  to  give  each  the  work  world!    Why,  the  history  of  such  a  transac- 

he  can  do  best.    You  can  only  accomplish  this  tion  was  told  twenty-four  hundred  years  ago. 

by  diversifying  industry.    To  diversify  indus-  It  is  a  classic.    You  will  find  it  in  the  works 

try  completely  in  a  country  such  as  ours  there  of  ^sop,  the  fabulist. 

is  but  one  way  given  under  Heaven  among  "  Once  there  was  a  dog.    He  was  a  nice  lit- 

men.    To  enable  the  American  people  them-  tie  dog.    Nothing  the  matter  with  him  except 

selves  to  supply  all  their  wants,  you  must  give  a  few  foolish  free-trade  ideas  in  his  head.    He 

and  assure  to  the  American  people  the  Ameri-  was  trotting  along  happy  as  the  day,  for  he 

can  markets.     What  does  this  phrase  mean  in  had  in  his  mouth  a  nice  shoulder  of  succulent 

practical  life  ?    It  means  that  we,  the  nation,  mutton.    By  and  by  he  came  to  a  stream 

say  to  capital,  *  Embark  yourself  in  the  manu-  bridged  by  a  plank.    He  trotted  along,  and, 

facture  of  such  and  such  articles  and  you  shall  looking  over  the  side  of  the  plank,  he  saw 

have  a  market  to  the  extent  of  the  wants  of  the  markets  of  the  world  and  dived  for  them, 

the  American  people.'  A  minute  after  he  was  crawling  up  the  bank 

"Capital  then  says  to  labor,  *Go  with  me  the  wettest,  the  sickest,  the  nastiest,  the 
into  this  new  field,  all  of  you  who  like  this  most  muttonless  dog  that  ever  swam  ashore ! '' 
work  best,  and  we  will  share  the  results.'  Mr.  Carlisle,  of  Kentucky,  in  closing  the  de- 
Then  begins  a  new  industry.  Multiply  this  bate  on  the  Democratic  side.  May  19,  dwelt 
by  hundreds  and  you  have  a  community  where  on  the  financial  condition  of  the  country  : 
every  man  honestly  minded  will  get  what  on  "  It  appears  from  the  last  official  statement 
the  whole  suits  him  best,  and  the  nation  will  that  there  was  in  the  Treasury  at  the  close  of 
get  the  greatest  amount  of  work  from  the  the  last  month,  including  subsidiary  and  minor 
greatest  number."  coins,  the  sum  of  $136,148,857.95  over  and 

Maintaining  that  the  protective  tariffs  of  the  above  all  the  current  liabilities  of  the  Govem- 
world  have  really  cheapened  production,  Mr.  ment.  This  was  $56,676,662.65  more  than  the 
Reed  said :  "  Tariff  taxes  I  How  men  like  to  surplus  on  hand  on  the  1st  day  of  December, 
fool  themselves  with  phrases  I  Because  the  1887,  and  shows  that  there  has  been  since 
taxing  power  is  used  not  only  for  revenue  but  that  date  an  average  monthly  increase  of  $11,- 
as  the  barrier,  and  taxes  are  odious,  therefore  835,882.15.  The  surplus  accumulation  each 
the  barrier  must  be  odious  also.  How  can  month  under  the  existing  system  of  taxation  is 
taxes  produce  ?  This  is  only  mere  word-tri-  more  than  the  total  cost  of  the  Government 
fling.  Can  you  keep  cattle  out  of  the  cornfield  during  the  first  two  years  of  Washington's  ad- 
by  sticking  wood  into  the  ground?  Yes,  if  you  ministration,  while  the  aggregate  sum  is  con- 
make  a  fence.  siderably  in  excess  of  the  whcne  expenditure  of 

"  Do  you  mean  to  tell  me,  said  the  wise  the  Government  during  the  first  eighteen  years 

bumpkin  to  the  engineer  on  the  banks  of  the  of  its  existence  under  the  Constitution,  includ- 

Merrimac,  do  you  mean  to  tell  me  that  you  ing  civil  and    miscellaneous   expenses,    war, 

can  make  that  stream  useful  by  putting  rocks  navy,  Indians,  pensions,  and  interest  on  the 

into  it?    Yes,  said  the  engineer,  as  he  pro-  public  debt. 

ceeded  to  build  his  dam  and  set  in  motion  the  "  Every  dollar  of  this  enormous  sum  has 

water-wheels  of  mighty  Lowell."  been  taken  by  law  from  the  productive  indus- 

Alluding  to  the  promise  held  out  by  free  tries  and  commercial  pursuits  of  the  people  at 

trade  for  a  share    in   the    business    of   the  a  time  when  it  was  sorely  needed  for  the  sue- 

markets  of  the  world,  Mr.  Reed  said :  "  To  cessf ul  prosecution  of  their  business  and  under 

hear  these  rhetoricians    declaim,   you  would  circumstances  which  afford  no  excuse  whatever 

imagine  the  markets   of   the  world   a    vast  for  the  exaction.    There  is  not  a  monarchical 

vacuum,  waiting  till  now  for  American  goods  government  in  the  world,  however  ab<K)lute  its 

to  break  through,  rush  in,  and  fill  the  yearn-  form  or  however  arbitrary  its  power,  that 


CONGRESS.    (RimnsruE  Rkfobic.)  203 

would  dare  to  extort  sach  a  tribute  from  its  said :  "  Although  the  qaestion  dow  presented  is 

lobjects  iu  excess  of  the  proper  requirements  purely  a  practical  one,  it  necessarily  involves, 

of  the  public  service ;  and  the  question  which  to  some  extent,  a  discnssion  of  the  conflicting 

Congress  is  now  compeUed  to  determine  is  theories  of  taxation  which  have  divided  the 

whether  such  a  policy  can  be  longer  continued  people  of  this  country  ever  since  the  organiza- 

here  in  this  country,  where  the  people  are  sup-  tion  of  the  Government.    There  is  a  funda- 

posed  to  govern  in  their  own  right  and  in  their  mental  and  irreconcilable  difference  of  opiuion 

own  interest.^'  between  those  who  believe  that  the  power  of 

In  reference  to  the  efforts  made  by  the  Treas-  taxation  should  be  used  for  public  purposes 

nry  Department  to  employ  the  surplus  on  hand,  only,  and  that  the  burdens  of  taxation  should 

Mr.  Carlisle  said:  *' On  the  17th  day  of  last  be  equally  distributed  among  all  the  people 

moDth  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in  pursu-  according  to  their  ability  to  bear  them,  and 

ance  of  authority  conferred  upon  him  by  the  those  who  believe  that  it  is  the  right  and  duty 

Iftw  of  March,  1881,  as  interpreted  by  the  two  of  the  Grovernment  to  promote  certain  private 

Houses  of  Congress,  issued  a  circular  inviting  enterprises  and  increase  the  profits  of  those 

proposals  for  the  sale  of  bonds  to  the  Govern-  engaged  in  them  by  the  imposition  of  higher 

ment.    The  first  purchase  was  made  under  this  rates  than  are  necessary  to  raise  revenue  for 

ioTitadon  on  the  18th  day  of  April,  and  between  the  proper  administration  of   public  affiurs ; 

ihst  date  and  the  close  of  business  yesterday,  a  and  so  long  as  this  difference  exists,  or  at  least 

period  of  one  month,  he  has  parchased  on  ac-  so  long  as  the  policy  of  the  Government  is  not 

emmt  of  the  Government  four-per-cent.  bonds  permanently  settled  and  acquiesced  in,  these 

to  the  amount  of  $18,456,500,  upon  which  in-  conflicting  opinions  will  continue  to  embarrass 

te^est  had   accrued  at  the  date  of  the  pur-  the  representatives  of  the  people  in  their  ef- 

ebase  to  the  amount  of  $53,172.07.    For  tnese  forts  either  to  increase  or  reduce  taxation. 

bonds  he  was  compelled  to  pay  tlie  sum  of  ^^  While  no  man  in  public  life  would  venture 

$17,046,136.06,  which   was  $8,586,464  more  to  advocate  excessive  taxation  merely  for  the 

than  the  principal  and  accrued  interest,  or  a  purpose  of  raising  excessive  revenue,  many 

premium  of  26^^  per  cent.    During  the  same  will  advocate  it,  or  at  least  excuse  it^  when 

time  and  under  the  same  authority  he  pur-  the  rates  are  so  adjusted  or  the  objects  of 

da^ied  4i-per-cent.  bonds  to  the  amount  of  taxation  are  so  selected  as  to  secure  advan- 

$12,404,450,  upon  which  interest  had  accrued  tages,  or  supposed  advantages,  to  some  parts 

to  the  amount   of  $108,086.55.      For    these  of  the  country  or  to  some  classes  of  industries 

bonds  he   paid   the  sum  of    $13,879,188.87,  over  other  parts  and  other  classes;  and  this, 

vhich  was  $866,652.87  in  excess  of  the  prin-  Mr.  Chairman,  is  the  sole  cause  of  the  diffi- 

cipal  and  interest.     The  premium  paid  upon  culties  we  are  now  encountering  in  our  efforts 

this  class  of  bonds  was  nearly  seven  per  cent,  to  relieve  the  people  and  reduce  the  surplus. 

*^Thisisthesituationinto  which  the  Govern-  It  is  the  sole  cause  of  the  unfortunate  delay 

mmX  has  been  forced  by  the  failure  of  Oon-  that  has  already  occurred  in  the  revision  of 

gresB  in  past  years  to  make  provision  for  a  our  revenue  laws,  and  if  the  pending  bill  shall 

Tedoction   of  taxation.      Millions   of    dollars  be  defeated  and  disaster  in  any  form  shall 

vbich  ought  to  have  remained  in  the  hands  come  upon  the  country  by  reason  of  overtaxa- 

of  the  people  who  earned  the  money  by  their  tion  and  an  accumulation  of  money  in  the 

Isbor  and  by  their  skill  in  the  prosecution  of  Treasury,  this  unjust  feature  in  our  present 

bosnesa  have  been  taken  away  from  them  by  system  will  be  responsible  for  it. 

bv  to  be  paid  out  to  the  bondholders  in  ex-  **  Whenever  an  attempt  is  made  to  emanci- 

eess  of  their  legal  demands  against  the  Gov-  pate  labor  from  the  servitude  which  an  un- 

^mment.      And,  sir,  if  the  present  Congress  equal  system  of  taxation  imposes  upon    it, 

^ttll    adjourn   without   applying   a  remedy,  whenever  it  is  proposed  to  secure  as  far  as 

^  unjust   process  must   go  on  for  an  in-  possible  to  each  individual    citizen    the  full 

definite  length  of  time.      In  the  presence  of  fruits  of  his  own  earnings,  subject  only  to  the 

Boeh  a  situation  we  can  not  afford  to  quar-  actual    necessities    of  me   Government,   and 

M  about  trivial  details.    A  reduction  of  the  whenever  a  measure  is  presented  for  the  re- 

itTenue — not  by  increasing  taxation,  as  some  moval   of   unnecessary  restrictions  from  do- 

propose,  but  by  diminishing  taxation  in  such  mestic  industries  and  international  commerce. 

Banner  as  will  afford  the  largest  measure  of  so  as  to  permit  freer  production  and  freer  ex- 

r^ef   to  the  people  and  their  industries —  changes,  the  alarm  is  sounded  and  all  the  co- 

^Id  be  the  great  and  controlling  object  to  horts  of  monopoly  are  assembled  to  hear  their 

vbieh  everything  else  should  be  subordinated,  heralds  proclaim  the  immediate  and  irretriev- 

l  do  not  mean  that  every  interest,  however  able  ruin  of  the  country." 

Kun  and  insignificant,  should  not  be  care-  Mr.  Carlisle  cited  cases  in  which  business 

My  considered  in  a  friendly  spirit,  but  I  do  prosperity  had  followed  tariff  reduction ;  and 

iKan  that  the  general  interests  of  the  many  conceding  that  a  general  movement  toward 

^wwld  not  be  subordinated  to  the  special  in-  higher  wages  and  lower  prices  for  manufact- 

^««tB  of  the  few."  ures  had  prevailed  for  years  here  and  elsewhere, 

la  reference  to  the  theoretical  question  under-  he  held  that  the  result  was  due  to  other  causes 

>!i&g  the  issue  of  tariff  reduction,  Mr.  Oarlisle  than  protection  in  cases  where  it  accompanied 


204  CONGRESS.    (Rbyenub  Refobm.) 

protection:  "Mr.  Chairman,  it  has  been  stab-  total  value  of  the  product  of  a  week's  work, 
bomly  contended  all  through  this  debate  that  including  the  value  of  the  material,  in  1818 ; 
high  rates  of  duty  upon  imported  goods  are  bene-  and  yet  labor  is  far  cheaper  to  the  employer 
ficial  to  the  great  body  of  consumers,  because  now  than  it  was  then.  Although  the  employer 
such  duties,  instead  of  increasing  the  price  of  now  receives  only  one  fifth  as  much  per  ponnd 
the  domestic  articles  of  the  same  kind,  actually  for  his  cotton  yarn  as  he  did  in  1813,  he  real- 
reduce  the  prices.  If  this  be  true,  all  the  other  izes  from  the  sale  of  the  products  of  a  week's 
arguments  in  support  of  the  existing  system  labor  just  two  hundred  times  as  mnch  as  be 
are  not  only  superfluous,  but  manifestly  nn-  did  then. 

sound.  The  proposition  that  a  high  tariff  en-  **  I  have  also  a  statement  prepared  by  the 
ables  the  producer  to  pay  higher  wages  for  his  same  official,  showing  the  relative  production 
labor,  and  the  proposition  that  it  also  reduces  and  value  of  product  of  a  weaver  using  hand 
the  prices  of  the  articles  be  has  to  sell,  which  and  power  machinery,  from  which  it  appears 
are  the  products  of  that  labor,  are  utterly  in-  that  a  weaver  by  hand  turned  out  in  seventy- 
consistent  with  each  other,  and  no  ingenuity  two  hours  in  1818  45  yards  of  cotton  goods 
of  the  casuist  can  possibly  reconcile  them,  (shirting),  worth  $17.91,  while  a  weaver  now. 
Labor  is  paid  out  of  its  own  product,  and  un-  using  machinery,  turns  out  in  sixty  hours 
less  that  product  can  be  sold  for  a  price  which  1,440  yards,  worth  $108.  Substantially  the 
will  enable  the  employer  to  realize  a  reason-  same  exhibit  could  be  made  in  regard  to  a 
able  profit  and  pay  the  established  rates  of  very  large  number  of  our  manufactaring  in- 
wages,  the  business  must  cease  or  the  rates  of  dustries. 

wages  must  be  reduced.    When  the  price  of  **It  is  strange,  Mr.  Chairman,  in  view  of 

the  finished  product  is  reduced  by  reason  of  these  facts,  that  the  prices  of  manufactured 

the  increased  efficiency  of  labor,  or  by  reason  goods  have  fallen  or  that  the  wages  of  the 

of  the  reduced  cost  of  the  raw  material,  the  laborers  who  produce  them  have  risen  ?    Is  it 

employer  may  continue  to  pay  the  same  or  not,  on  the  contrary,  remarkable  that  there  has 

even  a  higher  rate  of  wages  and  still  make  his  not  been  a  greater  fall  in  prices  and  a  greater 

usual  profits.     But  the  tariff  neither  increases  increase  in  wages?    Undoubtedly  there  would 

the  efnciency  of  labor  nor  reduces  the  cost  of  have  been  a  greater  reduction  in  prices  and  a 

the  raw  material.  greater  increase  in  wages  if  there  had  been  a 

"I  do  not  deny  that  prices  have  greatly  wider  market  for  the  products  and  a  lower 

fallen  during  the  last  fifty  years,  not  only  in  cost  for  the  material. 

this  country,  but  all  over  the  civilized  world —  "  The  tremendous  productive  forces  at  work 
in  free-trade  countries  as  well  as  in  protection-  all  over  the  world  in  these  modern  times,  and 
ist  countries.    Nor  do  I  deny  that  during  the  the  small  cost  of  manual  labor  in  comparison 
same  time  the  general  tendency  has  been  to-  with  the  value  of  the  products  of  these  com- 
ward  an  increase  in  the  rates  of  wages ;  and  bined  forces,  can  not  be  realized  from  any  gen- 
this  is  true  also  of  all  civilized  countries,  free-  eral  statement  upon  the  subject.    In  order  to 
trade  and  protection  alike.    It  is  not  possible  form  some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  these 
for  me  now  to  enumerate,  much  less  discuss,  natural  and  mechanical  forces,  and  the  effi- 
all  the  causes  that  have  contributed  to  these  ciency  of  manual  labor  and  skill  when  connected 
results.    One  of  the  most  efficient  causes,  in  with  them,  let  us  look  at  the  situation  in  six  of 
fact  the  most  efficient  cause,  is  the  combina-  our  own   manufacturing   industries.     In  the 
tion  of  skilled  labor  with  machinery  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  woolen  goods, 
production  of  commodities.    The  introduction  iron  and  steel,  sawed  lumber,  paper,  and  in 
and  use  of  improved  machinery  has  wrought  a  our  flouring  and  grist  mills,  there  were  em- 
complete  revolution  in  nearly  all  our  manu-  ployed,  according  to  the  latest  statistics,  517,- 
facturing  industries,  and  in  many  cases  has  en-  299  persons,  not  all  men,  but  many  of  them 
abled  one  man  to  do  the  work  which  it  re-  women  and  children.    This  labor  was  supple- 
quired  one  hundred  men  to  do  before.    Here  mented  by  steam  and  water  power  equal  to 
is  a  statement  furnished  by  the  United  States  2,496,299  horse-power.    This  is  equal  to  the 
Commissioner  of  Labor  to  the  chairman  of  the  power  of  14,977,794  men;  and  thus  we  find 
Committee  on  Ways  and  Means,  showing  the  that  a  little  over  617,000  persons  of  all  ages 
value  of  the  product  of  a  week's  labor  in  spin-  and  sexes  are  performing,  m  connection  with 
ning  cotton  yam  by  hand  and  the  value  of  the  steam  and  water  power,  the  work  of  15,495,- 
product  of  a  week's  labor  combined  with  ma-  098  adult  and  healthy  men. 
chinery  in  the  same  industry:   In  1818,  one  **The  railroad,  the  steam-vessel,  the  tele- 
man  working  sixty  hours  by  hand  could  turn  graph,  the  improved  facilities  for  the  conduct 
out  three  pounds  of  cotton  yarn,  worth  $2.25,  of  financial  transactions,  and  many  other  Con- 
or seventy -five  cents  per  pound ;  now  the  same  veniences  introduced  into  our  modem  systems- 
man,  if  he  were  living,  could  turn  out  in  sixty  of  production  and  distribution  and  exchange 
hours  with  the  use  of  machinery  8,000  pounds  have  all  contributed  their  share  toward  the  re^ 
of  cotton  yarn  of  the  same  character,  worth  duction  of  prices,  and  it  would  be  interesting 
$450,  or  fifteen  cents  per  pound.    The  cotton-  to  inquire  what  their  influence  has  been,  but  E 
spinner  now  receives  as  wages  for  his  week's  can  not  pursue  this  particular  subject  furthec: 
work  more  than  three  times  as  much  as  the  without  occupying  too  much  time." 


CONGRESS.    (Revenitb  Reporm.)  205 

ToQching  upon  the   necessity   for  foreign  the  North  and  Soath  to  ahandon  their  wheat 

markets  for  oar  agricultoral  products,  Mr.  Car-  and  cotton  lands  or  cultivate  crops  not  soited 

fide  said:  *^0f  course  our  home  market  has  heeD  to  their  soil  or  climate  while  gentlemen  are 

ooQstantlj  improving,  and  onder  any  system  of  making  experiments  to  ascertain  whether  or 

taxation  will  continue  to  improve  to  a  greater  not  a  home  market  may  not  he  created  hy 

or  1^8  extent  with  the  increase  of  population  legislation  ?    No,  sir.    No  matter  what  gentle- 

and  wealth,  the  extension  of  the  use  of  ma-  men  may  predict  or  what  they  may  promise, 

chlnery,  which  reduces  the  cost  of  production,  these  great  industries  must  go  on,  and  the 

and  the  maltiplication  of  facilities  for  communi-  American  farmer  must  sell  his  products  in  any 

cation  and  transportation,  which  reduces  the  market  he  can  reach  and  at  any  price  he  can 

cost  of  distribution*    But  bow  long,  Mr.  Chair-  get.** 

man,  are  our  farmers  to  be  compelled  to  pay  It  would  be  impossible  to  follow  the  whole 
tribute  to  other  industries  and  wait  for  the  course  of  the  debate  or  to  take  up  the  discus- 
creation  of  a  home  market  that  will  take  all  sion  of  particular  points ;  but  these  extracts 
their  own  products  at  fair  prices  ?  Among  our  from  the  speeches  of  acknowledged  leaders 
greatest  agricultural  products  are  wheat  and  may  serve  to  indicate  the  general  character  of 
cotton.  They  constitute  the  main  reliance  of  the  arguments.  The  Mills  Bill  passed  the 
millions  of  our  people  for  a  profitable  use  House  of  Representatives,  July  21,  by  the 
of  their   lands,   and  many  hundred    million  following  vote : 

doflars  are  invested  in  the  soil  and  buildings  Yea»— Abbott,  Allen  of  Mississippi,  Anderson  of 

and  machinery  devoted  to  their  production.  lowo,  Anderson  of  Mississippi,  Anaerson  of  Illinois, 

Taking  the  average  crop  of  wheat  in  this  conn-  5fa>n»  5»»^^^e«d.  Barnes,  Barrjr,  Biggs,  Blanchard, 

trr  for  fleverAl   veArs  niiaL  and   AAanminir  that  Bland,  Blount,  Breckinndge  of  Arkansas,  Breckin- 

rtU?  v^n       ^'        ^    ^  w   ^^'^^^^^  l^^^  ridge  if  Kentuiky,  Brower,T3ryce,  Buckalew,  Bumes, 

&m  ahAU  be  no  mcrease  whatever  m  produc-  Buhiett^  BynumJ^t.  Campbelf  of  New  YorlJ.  Camp^ 

tWD,  and  that   the  domestic  consumption  per  bell  of  Ohio,  T.  J.  Campbell  of  New  York,  Candler, 

capita  shall  remain  just  at  what  it  now  is,  there  Carlton.  Caruth,  Catohiogs.  Chipman,  Clardy,  Clem- 

vould  still  be  no  sufficient  home  market  for  this  «?**»,  ^^^y  Cockran,  ColW  Compton,  Cothran, 

p«U  .gricnltural  .Uple  nntU  our  population  gZjTn;  S^^id^^^  A^bLf  1?>tX\,  fen^ 

fiad  reached  nearly  one  hundred  million.  Dibble,  Dockery,  Doi^herty,  Dunn.  Elliott,  Enloe, 

^The  official  statistics  of  the  domestic  pro-  Ermentrout,  Fisher,  Fitch,  Ford,  Forney,  French, 

faction,  exportation,  and  home  consumption  G*y>  Gibson,  Glass,  Grimes,    Hall,    Hare,    Hatch, 

of  raw  cotton  show  that  it  would  require  three  ^ayes^  H^,  Hemplull  Hendereon  of  North  Caro- 

^.                       V  ««     I.'     _-      J  4.U        *•  hna,  Herbert,  Holman,  Hooker,  Hopkins  of  Virginia, 

times  as  much  machinery  and  three  times  as  Howard,  Huid,  Button,  John8t;)n  of  North  CarSlina; 

many  operatives  as  we  now  have  to  convert  Jones,  Kilgore,  Laffoon,  Lagan,  Landes,  Lane,  Lan- 

this  madterial  into  commercial  fabrics  here  at  ham,  Latham,  Lawler,  Lee,  L^ch,  Maodonala.  Ma- 

bonie;  in  other  ^ords,  we  are  now  compelled  ti^'S/'  M"»JV  Mansur.  Martin,  Mateon,  McAdoo, 

U,  «port  two  tWrde.  of  onr  product  to  be  S^fcMst'MSSrf.f;???^^ 

nukuiactured  m  foreign  countnes,  while  one  Neal,  Nelson,  Newton.  Norwood,  Gates,  OTerrall, 

third  only  is  manufactured  at  home  by  all  the  O'Neall  of  Indiana.  O'Neill  of  Missouri,  Outhwaitc, 

machinery  and  labor  now  employed.     In  1880  I*eel,  Penin^n,   Phelan,  Pidoock,   Bavner,   Rice, 

thCTe  were    $219,505,000  invested   in   cotton  gchardflon,^bert8on,  Rogers,  RowlMd,  Russell  of 

^     -  _.                ^\.v           ^             1       J  •     i.1.  i.  Massachusetts,  Rusk,  Sayers,  Scott,  Seney,  Shaw, 

Mufactor^  and  there  were  employed  m  that  shively,  Simmons,  siiith' Snyder,  Spinola,  Bpringcr! 

Mostry   172,554  hands.      To   work   up   our  Stahlnecker,  Stewart  of  Texas,  Stewart  of  6eor^ 

present  production  of  raw  cotton  would  re-  Stockdale,  Stone  of  Kentucky,  Stone  of  Missouri, 

qoire  an   inv^traent  in    this  manufacture  of  Tarsney,  Taulbee,  Thompson  of  Cahfomia,  Tillman, 

WOOO^  a»d  the  employment  of  617  663  "^^l}^  ^X^^L V&^  ^^Let^'^tlre! 

teids.     If  we  have  been  more  than  one  hun-  Wilkins,  Wilkinson,  Wilson  of  Minnesota,  Wilaon  of 

wed  years,  part  of  the  time  under  very  high  West  Viiginia,  Wise,  Yoder,  Carlisle,  Speaker— 162. 

tiri^  in  so  developing  our  cotton  manufact-  Nays— Adams,  Allen  of  Massachusetts,  Allen  of 

irw  as  to  enable  them  to  take  one  third  of  ^^?*^8^ir^°v",?Vl^^/fn»  ^'"S?"*'  Atkinson, 

M*  ^..,wi»«4^   «♦  i?r..^.v«««  ^^^^<.    i.^™.  .«^»«  BakerofNew  York,  Baker  of  Illinois,  Baync,  Bclden, 

m  product  at  European  prices,  how  many  Bingham,  Bliss,  Boithman,  Bound,  Bljutelle,  Bowden 

sore  centuries  will    be  required    to   enable  Bowen,  Brewer.  T.  H.  B.  Browne  of  Virginia,  Brown 

than  to  consume  the  whole  product  at  prices  of  Ohio.  J.  R.  Brown  of  Virginia,  Brumm,  Buchanan, 

fixed  by  competition  here  at  home?     When  Bunnell,   Burrows,    Butler,   Butterworth,   Cannon, 

^tlemen  have  solved  this  problem   to  the  CasweU,  Cheadle,  Clark,  Cogswell,  Conger,  Cooper, 

^n.  _^.          •  ^,        .         .       ^     *:'  Crouse,  Cutcheon,  Dalzell,  Darlington,  Davis,  De 

ttHfaetion  of  the   Amencan  cotton-grower,  Lano,  Dingley,  Dorsey,  Dunham,  Faiquhar,  Felton, 

« may  be  able  to  listen  with  patience  to  the  Finley,  Flood,  Fuller,  Funston,   Gains,  Gallinger, 

sigmnents  by  which  they  attempt  to  convince  Gear,    Gest,    Goff,   Greenman,    Grosvenor,   Grout, 

^im  of  the  immense  advantages  of  a  home  Guenther,  Harmer,  Haugen,  Hayden,  Henderson  of 

Bi«^«4>  #ki>4^  «;n  »»«.A.  ^»i«*      \sr\^«.4.  ;-  4.^  iv«  Iowa,  Henderson  of  lllmois,  Hermann,  Hires,  Hitt, 

ttrket  that  will  never  exist.     What  is  to  be  HolSes,  Hopkins  of  Hlinois,  'Hopkins  of  New  Vork 

^e  with  these  great  agricultural  products,  Houk,  Hovey,  Hunter,  Jackson.Johnston  of  Indiana, 

ttd  with  many  others  which  are  now  exported,  Kean,  Kelle^,  Kennedy,  Kerr,  Ketcham,  La  FoUette, 

»bile  the  farmers  are  waiting  for  the  home  I-aidlaw,  Laird,  Lehlbach,Lind.  Lodge,  Long,  Lvman, 

Bttrket  which  the  advocates  of  restrictive  leg-  ij!t?\?l^^^°'"?»  ^^^^iS'^.^^k*  *^^^«IW  ^^cKenna, 
'^uti^  k-««  K«««  •v-^^:«:»»  4.u^^  t^^  ?^  McKinley,  Memman,Milhken,  Maffitt,Momll,  Mor- 
ton have  been  promising  them  for  so  row,Nichil8,  Nutting,  0»Donnell,  O'Neill  of  Peinsyl- 
^«sj  years?    Are  the  farmers  and  planters  of  vanU,  Osborne,  Owen,  Parker,  Patton,  Payson,  Per- 


206 


OONGRESS.    (Rkyemub  Rbfobm.) 


kins,  PetenL  Phelpe.  Plumb,  Poet,  Puftsley,  Seed, 
Rockwell,  Komeis,  Bowell,  Busaell  of  CoDnecticut, 
Hyan,  Sawyer,  Scull,  Seymour.  Sherman,  Sowden, 
Steele,  StepheuBon,  Stewart  of  Vermont,  Struble, 
SvmeB,  E.  B.  Taylor  of  Ohio,  J.  D.  Taylor  of  Ohio, 
llhomas  of  Kentucky,  Thomas  of  Illinois,  Thomas  of 
Wisconsin,  Thompson  of  Ohio,  Turner  of  Kansas, 
VandeverLWade,  Warner,  Weber.  West,  White  of 
Indiana,  White  of  New  York,  Whiting  of  Massa- 
chusetts, Wickham,  WUber,  Williams,  Tardley, 
Yost— 149. 

Not  VoTiNa — Belmont.  Browne  of  Indiana,  Daven- 
port. Foran,  Glover,  Granger,  Hiestand,  Hog;^, 
Moffiitt,  Perry,  Randall,  Spooner,  Whiting  of  Michi- 
gan, Woodbum — 14. 

The  only  Repablioans  who  voted  for  the 
bill  were  Brower  of  North  Oiirolina,  Fitch 
of  New  York,  and  Nelson  of  Minnesota.  The 
only  Democrats  who  voted  against  it  were 
Bliss,  Greenmaa,  and  Merriman  of  New  York, 
and  Sowden  of  Pennsylvania.  Randall  of 
Pennsylvania  was  paired  against  the  bill  with 
a  Democrat  who  favored  it 

The  text  of  the  Mills  Bill,  which  formed  the 
main  issae  in  the  Presidential  canvass,  is  given 
as  a  matter  of  record : 

Be  it  enaeUd^  etc..  That  on  and  after  the  Ist  day  of 
October,  1888,  the  following  articles  mentioned  in  this 
section,  when  imported,  shall  be  exempt  from  dut^ : 

Timber,  hewed  and  sawed,  and  timber  used  lor 
spars  and  in  building  wharves. 

Timber  squared  or  sided. 

Wood  unmanufactured,  not  specially  enumerated 
or  provided  for. 

Sawed  boards,  planks,  deals,  and  all  other  articles 
of  sawed  lumber. 

Hubs  for  wheels,  noets,  last- blocks,  wagon-blocks, 
oar-blocks,  ^un- blocks,  heading- blocks,  and  all  like 
blocks  or  sticks,  rough,  hewed,  or  sawed  only. 

Staves  of  wood. 

Pickets  and  palings. 

Laths. 

Shingles. 

Clipboards,  pine  or  spruce. 

Logs. 

JVovidsdj  That  if  any  export  duty  is  laid  upon  the 
above-mentioned  articles,  or  either  of  them,  by  any 
country  whence  imported,  all  said  articles  imported 
fh>m  said  country  shall  be  subject  to  duty  as  now 
provided  by  law. 

Salt,  in  bags,  sacks,  barrels,  or  other  packages,  or 
in  bulk,  when  imported  &om  any  country  which  doeo 
not  charge  an  import  duty  upon  salt  exported  fh>m 
the  United  States. 

Flax  straw. 

Flax,  not  hackled  or  dressed. 

Tow  of  flax^  or  hemp. 

Hemp,  manila,  and  other  like  substitutes  for  hemp. 

Jute-butts. 

Jute. 

Sunn,  sisal-grass,  and  other  vegetable  fibers. 

Burlaps,  not  exceeding  60  inches  in  width,  of  fiax, 
jute,  or  hemp,  or  of  which  flax,  jute,  or  hemp,  or 
either  of  them,  shall  be  the  component  material  of 
chief  value. 

Bags  of  jute  for  grain. 

MMhinery  designed  for  the  conversion  of  jute  or 
jute-butts  into  cotton-bagging,  to  wit,  cards,  roving^ 
irames,  winding-frames,  and  softeners. 

Iron  or  steel  sheets,  or  plates,  or  taggers  iron,  coat- 
ed with  tin  or  lead,  or  with  a  mixture  of  which  these 
metals  is  a  component  part,  by  the  dippiuj^  or  any 
other  process,  and  oommeroiaUy  known  as  tm-plates, 
teme-plates,  and  taggers  tin. 

Beeswax. 

Qlyoerine,  erode,  brown,  or  yellow,  of  the  specific 


gravity  of  1*26  or  lees  at  a  temperature  of  6C 
not  purified  by  refining  or  distilling. 

Pnosphorus. 

Soap-stocks,  fit  only  for  use  as  such. 

Soap,  hard  and  soil,  all  which  are  not  o^ 
specially  enumerated  or  provided  for. 

Sheep-dip. 

Extract  of  hemlock,  and  other  bark  used 
ning. 

Indigo,  extracts  o^  and  cannined. 

Iodine,  resublimed. 

Oil,  croton. 

Hemp-seed  and  rope-seed  oil. 

Petroleum. 

Alumina — alum,  patent  alum,  alum  substit 
phate  of  alumina,  and  aluminous  cake,  and 
crystals  or  grouna. 

All  imitations  of  natural  mineral  waters, 
artificial  mineral  waters. 

Baryta,  sulnhate  of,  or  barytes,  unmanufac 

Boradc  ado,  bonte  of  lime,  and  borax. 

Copper,  sulphate  of,  or  blue  vitriol. 

Iron,  sulphate  of,  or  copperas. 

Potakb,  crude,  carbonate  of,  or  fused,  and 
potash. 

Chlonte  of  potash  and  mtrote  of  potash, 
peter  crude. 

Sulphate  of  potash. . 

Sulphate  of  soda,  known  as  salt-coke,  cruc 
fined,  or  niter-cake,  crude  or  refined,  and  Gl 
salt. 

Nitrote  of  soda. 

Sulphur,  refined,  in  roUsi 

Wood-tar. 

Coal-tar,  crude. 

Aniline  oil  and  its  homoloffues. 

Coal-tar,  products  o^  sum  as  naphtha,  1 
benzole,  dead  oil,  and  pitch. 

All  prepantions  of  coal-tar  not  colors  or  d; 
not  aads  of  colors  and  dyes. 

Log-wood  and  other  dyewoods,  extraotB  ant 
tions  of. 

Alizarine,  natural  or  artificial. 

Spirits  of  turpentine. 

Ocher  and  ocnery  earths,  umber  and  umbei 

Olive-oil,  salad-oil,  cottonseed-oil,  whale-< 
oil  and  neat's-foot  oil. 

All  barks,  beans,  berries,  balsams,  buds, 
bulbous  roots,  and  excrescences,  such  as  ni 
fruits,  fiowers,  dried  fibers,  grains,  gums,  an 
resins,  herbs,  leaves,  lichens,  mosses,  nuts 
and  stems,  vegetables,  seeds,  and  seeds  of 
growth,  weeds,  woods  used  ei^ressljr  for  dyei 
dried  insects,  any  of  the  foregoing  which  are  nc 
and  not  specially  enumented  or  provided  for. 

All  non-dutiable  crude  minerals,  but  whi< 
been  advanoed  in  value  or  condition  by  refl 
grinding,  or  by  other  process  of  manufitMSti 
specially  enumerated  or  provided  for. 

All  earths  or  days  unwrought  or  unmanufisw 

Glass  plates  or  disks  unwrought,  for  use 
manufketare  of  optical  instruments,  spectaol 
eyeglasses. 

Opium,  crude  and  not  adulterated,  containii 
cent,  and  over  of  morphia^  for  medicinal  purp 

Iron  and  steel  cotton  ties  for  hoops,  for  n 
other  purposes,  not  thinner  than  No.  20  wire  i 

Needles,  sewing,  darning,  knittiiur,  and  all 
not  specially  enumerated  or  providea  for  in  tL 

Copper,  imported  in  the  form  of  ores,  reg 
and  Dlack  or  coarse  copper  and  copper  oenu 
copper  fit  only  for  remanufacture. 

Antimony,  as  regulus  or  metaL 

Quicksilver. 

Chromate  of  iron  or  chromic  ore. 

Mineral  substances  in  a  crude  state  and  me 
wrought  not  speciallv  enumerated  or  providec 

Brick,  other  than  nre-brick. 

German  looking-glass  plates,  made  of  bloi 
and  silvered. 


CONGRESS.    (RiYKNinB  Befobic.) 


207 


Vegettbles  in  til  their  natural  state  or  in  salt  or 
brine^  not  apedally  enumerated  or  provided  for. 

Chiooiy-root,  ground  or  unground,  burned  or  pre- 
pared. 

Aooma  and  dandelion-root,  raw  or  prepared,  and 
all  other  articles  used,  or  intended  to  ue  uaed,  as 
eaffiee  or  subetitutes  therefor,  not  specially  enumer- 
Hed  or  provided  for.* 

Coooa,  prepared  or  manuJaotured. 


CnrrantB,  Zante  or  other. 

fig*. 

Meata,  game  and  poultry. 

Milk,  fresh. 

Egg-yolks. 

Beans,  pease,  and  split  pease. 

Bibles.  Dooks,  and  pamphlets,  printed  in  other  lan- 
rasges  tnan  Engliah,  ana  books  and  pamphlets  and 
dl  publica^ns  of  foreign  governments,  and  pubU- 
esdoDs  of  foreign  societies,  historical  or  scientific, 
pnnted  for  gratuitous  distribution. 

Bristles. 

Bulbs  and  bulbous  roots,  not  medicinal. 

Feathers  of  all  kinds,  crude  or  not  dressed,  colored, 
or  msnufiustored. 

Finishing  powder. 

Grease. 

Grindstones,  finished  or  unfinished. 

Cufied  hair,  for  beds  or  mattresses. 

Human  hidr,  raw,  undeaned  and  not  drawn. 

Hemp  and  rape  seed,  and  other  oil-seeds  of  like 
disncter. 

Garden  seeds. 

Osier  or  willow,  prepared  for  basket-makers'  use. 

Bfoom-com. 

Btuah-wood. 

Sags,  of  whatever  material  composed. 

Battans  and  reeds,  manufactured  but  not  made  up 
into  finished  articles. 

Stones,  mannfartured  or  undressed,  freestone,  gran- 
le,  aandstone,  and  all  building  or  monumental  stone. 

All  strings  of  gut  or  any  other  like  materiaL 

Tallow. 

Waste,  an  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for. 

Sac  2.    That  on  the  Ist  day  of  Octooer,  1888,  in 
Keo  of  the  duties  heretofore  imposed  on  the  articles 
beronailer  mentioned,  there  shall  be  levied,  collect- 
ai,  and  paid  the  following  rates  of  duty  on  said  art: 
mn  severally : 

Glvoerine,  refined,  8  cents  per  pound. 

Aod,  aoetic,  acetous,  or  pyroligneous  add,  exceed- 
iof  the  specific  gravity  of  1.047,  5  cents  per  pound. 

Castor  beans  or  seeds,  26  cents  per  Dushel  of  60 
pOQDda. 

Castor-cnl,  40  cents  per  gallon. 

Flaxseed  or  linseed  oil,  16  cents  per  gallon. 

lieorioe,  paste  or  rolls,  6  cents  per  pound. 

lioorioe-juioe,  86  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Baryta,  sulphate  of,  or  baiytes,  manufactured,  one 
ei|ltth  or  1  cent  per  pound. 

Ckromato  of  potasn,  2i  cents  per  pound. 

ffidiTomate  of  potash,  2i  cents  per  pound. 

Acetate  of  lead,  brown,  2  cents  per  pound. 

Aeetate  of  lead,  white,  8  cents  -oer  pound. 

White  lead^  when  dry  or  in  pulp,  or  when  ground 
or  mixed  in  oil,  2  cents  per  pound. 

Orange  mineral,  and  red  lead,  li  cent  per  pound. 

litharge,  li  cent  per  pound. 

Kxtrate  of  lead,  2  cents  per  pound. 

Ifafneaia,  medicinal,  carbonate   of,  8  centB   per 

pOQcd. 

Mapiena,  calcined,  7  cents  per  pound. 

Magneaia,  sulphate  of,  or  Epsom  salts,  one  fourth 
of  1  eeot  per  pound. 

FroaHste  or  potash,  red,  7  cents  per  pound. 

PnMsiate  of  potash,  yellow.  8  cents  per  pound. 

Nitrtte  of  potash,  refined,  or  renned  saltpeter, 
1  eent  per  pound. 

fial-aoda,  or  soda  crystals,  one  eighth  of  1  cent  per 
poondL 


Bicarbonate  of  or  supercarbonate  of  soda^  and  sale- 
ratus,  calcined  or  pearlash,  three-fourths  of  1  cent  per 
pound. 

Hydrate  or  caustic  soda,  one  half  of  1  cent  per 
pound. 

Soda  silicate  or  other  alkaline  silicate,  one  fourth 
of  1  cent  per  pound. 

Sulphur,  sublimed  or  flowers  of,  $12  per  ton. 

Ultramarine,  8  cents  per  pound. 

Pari^green,  12i  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Colore  and  paints,  induding  lakes,  whether  dry  or 
mixed,  or  ground  with  water  or  oil,  not  spedally  enu- 
merated or  provided  tor,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Zinc,  oxide  of.  when  dry,  1  cent  per  pound ;  when 
ground  in  oil.  It  cent  per  pound. 

All  medicinal  preparations  known  as  centes,  con- 
serves, decoctions^  emulsions,  extracts,  solid  or  fluid, 
infusions,  juices,  bniments,  lozenges,  mixtures,  muci- 
lages, ointments,  oleo-redns,  pills,  plasters,  powders, 
resins,  suppositories,  urups,  vmegara,  and  waters,  oi 
any  or  which  alcohol  is  not  a  component  part,  which 
are  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  20  per 
cent,  ad  valorem. 

All  ground  or  powdered  spices  not  specially  enu- 
merated or  provided  for,  8  cents  per  pound. 

Proprietary  preparations,  to  wit:  All  cosmetics, 
pills,  powdcra,  troches  or  lozenges,  sirups,  cordials, 
bitten,  anodynes,  tonics,  plasters,  liniments,  salves, 
ointments,  pastes,  drops,  watera^  essences,  spirits, 
oils,  or  preparations  or  compositions  recommended 
to  the  public  as  proprietary  articles  or  prepared  ac- 
cording to  some  private  formula  as  remedies  or  spe- 
dflcs  for  any  disease  or  diseases  or  affections  affect- 
ing the  human  or  animal  body,  including  all  toilet 
preparations  whatever  used  as  applications  to  the 
nair,  mouth,  teeth,  or  skin,  not  specially  enumerated 
or  provided  for,  80  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Morphia  or  morphine  and  all  salts  thereof,  60  cents 
per  ounce. 

Add,  tannic  or  tannin,  60  cents  per  pound. 

China,  porcelain,  parian,  andbisoue,  earthen,  stone, 
or  crockery  ware  composed  of  eartny  or  mineral  sub- 
stance, induding  plaques,  ornaments,  charms,  vases, 
and  statuettes,  painted,  printed,  enamded,  or  gilded, 
or  otherwise  decorated  m  any  manner,  60  per  cent, 
ad  valorem. 

China,  porcelain,  parian,  and  bisque  ware  not  deco- 
rated in  any  manner,  iO  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

White  granite,  common  ware,  plun  white  or  cream- 
colored,  lustered  or  printed  under  glaze  in  a  single 
color ;  sponged,  dipped,  or  edged  ware,  86  per  cent, 
ad  valorem. 

Brown  earthenware,  common  stoneware,  gas-re- 
torts, and  rooflng-tiles,  not  specially  enumerated  or 
provided  for,  and  not  decorated  in  any  manner,  20 
per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

All  other  earthen,  stone,  and  crockery  ware,  white, 
colored,  or  bisque,  composed  of  earthy  or  mineral 
substances,  not  spedallv  enumerated  or  provided  for 
in  this  act,  and  not  de<x>rated  in  any  manner,  86  per 
cent,  ad  valorem. 

Paving-tiles,  not  encaustic,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Encaustic  tiles,  not  glazed  or  enameled,  80  per  cent, 
ad  valorem. 

All  glazed  or  enameled  tiles.  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Slates,  slate-pencils,  slate  cnimney-pieces,  mantels, 
slabs  for  tables,  and  all  other  manufactures  of  slate, 
20  jper  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Green  and  colored  glass  bottles,  vials,  demvjohns, 
and  carboys  (covered  or  uncovered),  pickle  or  pre- 
serve jars,  and  other  plain,  molded,  or  pressed  ^en 
and  colored  bottle-glass,  not  cut,  engraved,  or  pamted, 
and  not  spedally  enumerated  or  provided  for,  1  cent 
per  pound;  if  fllled,  and  not  otherwise  provided  for, 
and  the  contents  are  subject  to  an  ad  valorem  duty, 
or  to  a  rate  of  duty  based  on  their  value,  the  value  or 
such  bottles,  vials,  or  other  vessels  shall  be  added  to 
the  value  of  the  contents  for  the  ascertainment  of  the 
dutiable  value  of  the  latter ;  but  if  filled  and  not  other- 
wise provided  for,  and  the  contents  are  not  subject  to 


1 


208  CONGRESS.     (Rbtbnue  Refobm.) 

an  fld  valorem  duty  or  to  a  rate  of  duty  based  on  their  or  black  taggers  iron,  whether  put  up  in  boxes  or 

value,  they  shall  pay  a  duty  of  1  cent  per  pound  in  bundlcH  or  not,  80  per  cent,  ad  valorem :  JYovid^dj 

addition  to  the  duty,  if  any,  on  their  contents.  That  on  all  such  iron  and  steel  sheets  or  plates  afore- 

Oylinder  and  crown  glass^  polished,  above  24  by  80  said,  excepting  on  what  are  known  commercially  as 

inches  square  and  not  exceedmg  24  by  60  inches  square,  tin-plates,  teme-platea,  and  taflgers  tin,  when  gal  van- 

20  cents  per  square  foot ;  all  above  that  80  cents  per  izea  or  coated  with  zinc  or  spelter,  or  other  metals,  or 

square  foot.  any  allov  of  those  metals,  one  fourth  of  1  cent  |>er 

Unpolished  cylinder,  crown,  and  common  window-  pound  additional  when  not  thinner  than  No.  20  wire 

glass,  not  exceeding  10  by  15  inches  square.  It  cent  gauge ;  thinner  than  No.  20  wire  gau^  and  not  thin- 

per  pound ;  above  that,  and  not  exceeding  16  by  24  ner  than  No.  25  wire  gauge,  one  Eali  cent  per  pound 

inches  square  II  cents  per  pound ;  above  that,  and  additional,  and  when  thinner  than  No.  25  wire  gauge, 

not  exceeding  24  by  80  incnes  square,   2  cents  per  three  fourths  of  1  cent  per  pound  additional 

pound ;  all  above  that  2h  cents  per  pound :  J^ovided,  Hoop  or  band  or  scroll  or  other  iron,  8  inches  or 

That  unpolished  cylinder,  crown,  and  common  win-  less  in  width,  and  not  thinner  than  No.  10  wire  gauge, 

dow-glass,  imported  in  boxes  containing  50  square  1  cent  per  pound ;  thinner  than  No.  10  wire  gauge 

feet  as  nearly  as  sizes  will  permit,  now  Known  and  and  not  thinner  than  No.  20  wire  gauge,  1*1  cent  per 

commercially  designated  as  50  feet  of  glass,  single  pound;  thinner  than  No.  20  wire  gauge,  1*8  cent  per 

thick  and  weighing  not  to  exceed  55  pounds  of  glass  pound :    Hvvided,  That  all   artides   not   speciaily 

per  box,  shall  be  entered  and  computed  as  50  pounds  enumerated  or  provided  for,  whether  wholly  or  partly 

of  glass  only ;  and  that  said  kinds  of  glass  imported  manufactured,  made  from  sheet,  plate,  hoop,  band,  or 

in  boxes  containing,  as  nearly  as  sizes  will  permit,  50  scroll  iron  herein  provided  for,  or  of  wnich  such- sheet, 

feet  of  glass,  now  known  and  commereial  y  aesiniated  plate,  hoop,  band,  or  scroll  iron  shall  be  the  material 

as  50  feet  or  glass,  double  thick  and  not  exoeemng  90  of  chief  value,  snail  pay  one  fourth  of  1  oent  per 

pounds  in  weight,  shall  be  entered  and  computed  as  pound  more  duty  than  that  imposed  on  the  iron  from 

80  pounds  of  glass  only ;  but  in  all  other  oases  the  which  they  are  made,  or  which  shall  be  such  material 

duty  shall  be  computed  according  to  the  actual  weight  of  chief  value, 

of  glass.  Cast-iron  pipe,  six  tenths  of  1  cent  per  pound. 

Cast  polished  plate-g^lass,  silvered,  or  looking-glass  Cut  imls  and  spikes,  of  iron  or  steel,  1  cent  per 

plates,  above  24  oy  80  inches  square  and  not  exceed-  pound. 

ing  24  by  60  inches  square,  25  cents  per  square  foot ;  Cut  tacks,  brads,  or  sprigs.  85  per  cent,  ad  valorem, 

dfabove  that,  45  cents  per  square  foot.  Iron  or  steel  rmlway  nsh-plates  or  splice-bars,  eight 

Porcelain  and  Bohemian  glass,  chemical  glassware,  tenths  of  1  cent  per  pound, 

painted  glassware,  stained  glass,  and  all  other  manu-  Wrought-iron  or  steel  spikes,  nuts,  and  washers, 

factures  of  glass,  or  of  whioi  glass  shall  be  the  com-  and  horse,  mule,  or  ox  shoes,  Ik  cent  per  pound, 

ponent  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  enumer-  Anvils,  anchore,  or  parts  thereof,  nml-irons  and 

ated  or  provided  for.  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem.  mill-cranks,  of  wrought-iron,  and  wrought-iron  for 

Iron  in  pigs,  iron  kentledge,  $6  per  ton.  ships,  and  forgings  of  iron  and  steel,  tor  vessels. 

Iron  railway  bars,  weighing  more  than  25  pounds  steam-engines,  and   locomotives,   or  parts   thereof, 

to  the  yard,  $11  per  ton.  weighing  each  25  pounds  or  more,  Ik  cent  per  pound. 

Steel  railway  nan  and  railway  bare  made  in  part  Iron  or  steel  rivets,  bolts,  with  or  without  tnreads 

of  steel,  weighing  more  than  25  pounds  to  the  yard,  or  nuts,  or  bolt-blanks,  and  finished  hinges  or  hinge- 

$11  per  ton.  blanks,  Ik  cent  per  pound. 

Bar-iron,  rolled  or  hammered,  comprliing  flats  not  Iron  or  steiel  blacksmiths'  hammere  and  sledges, 
less  than  1  inch  wide  nor  less  than  three  eighths  of  1  track-tools,  wedges,  and  crowbare,  U  cent  per  pound, 
inch  thick,  seven  tenths  of  1  cent  per  pound ;  com-  Iron  or  steel  axles,  parts  thereof,  axle-barn,  axle- 
prising  round  iron  not  less  than  three  fourths  of  1  blanks,  or  forgings  for  axles,  without  reference  to  the 
mch  in  diameter,  and  square  iron  not  less  than  three  Btage  or  state  of  manufacture,  Ik  cent  per  pound, 
fourths  of  1  inch  square,  and  flats  less  than  1  inch  Horeeahoe-nails,  hob-nuls,  and  wire  nails,  and  all 
wide  or  less  than  three  eighths  of  1  inch  thick,  round  other  wrought-iron  or  steel  naib,  not  spedally  enu- 
iron  less  than  three  fourths  of  1  inch  and  not  less  than  merated  or  provided  for,  2k  cents  per  pound, 
seven  sixteenths  of  1  inch  in  diameter,  and  square  iron  Boiler- tubes  or  other  tubes  or  flues  or  stays,  of 
less  than  three  fourths  of  1  inch  square,  1  cent  per  wrought-iron  or  steel,  Ik  cent  per  pound. 

{>ound :   J^vidtd,  That  all  iron  in  slabs,   blooms,  Chain  or  chains,  of  all  kinds,  made  of  iron  or  steel, 

oops,  or  other  forms  less  flnished  than  iron  in  bare,  less  than  three  fourths  of  1  inch  in  diameter,  U  oent 


of  dutv  than  85  per  cent,  ad  valorem :  FrovicUdfur-  ter,  2  cents  per  pound. 

ther^  That  all  iron  bars,  blooms,  billets,  or  sizes  or  Hand,  back,  and  all  other  saws,  not  specially  enu- 

shapes  of  any  kind,  in  the  manufacture  or  which  char-  merated  or  provided  for,  80  per  cent  ad  valorem, 

coal  is  used  as  f\iel,  shall  be  subject  to  a  duty  of  not  Files,  flle-blanks,  rasps,  and  floats  of  all  cuts  and 

less  than  $20  per  ton.  kinds,  85  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Iron  or  steel  T-rails,  weighing  not  over  25  pounds  Iron  or  steel  beams,  girdere,  joists,  angles,  chan- 

to  the  vard,  $14  per  ton ;  iron  or  steel  flat  rails,  nels,  car-truck  channels,  TT  columns  and  posts,  or 

punched,  $15  per  ton.  parts  or  sections  of  columns  and  posts,  deck  and  bulb 

Bound  iron,  in  coils  or  rods,  less  than  seven  six-  txiams,  and  building  forms,  together  with  all  other 

tecnths  of  1  inch  in  diameter,  and  bare  or  shapes  of  structural  shapes  of  iron  or  steel,  six  tenths  of  1  cent 

rolled  iron,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  per  pound. 

1  cent  per  pound.  Steel  wheels  and  steel-tired  wheels  for  nulway  pur- 

Iron  or  steel,  flat  with  longitudinal  ribs,  for  the  poses,  whether  wholly  or  partly  flnished,  and  iron  or 

manufacture  of  fendng,  four  tenths  of  1  cent  per  steel  locomotive,  car,  and  other  railway  tires,  or  parts 

pound.  thereof,  wholly  or  partly  manufactured,  2  cents  pe; 

Sheet-iron,  common  or  blacky  thinner  than  1  inch  pound ;  iron  or  steel  ingots,  cogged  insots,  blooms  o 

and  not  thinner  than  No.  20  wire  gauge,  1  cent  per  olanks  for  the  same  without  regard  to  the  degree  oi 

pound ;  thinner  than  No.  20  wire  gauge  and  not  thm-  manufacture,  \k  cent  per  pound, 

ner  than  No.  25  wire  gauge,  one  and  one  tenth  of  1  Iron  and  steel  wire  and  iron  and  steel  wire  gal 

per  cent  per  pound ;  thinner  than  No.  25  wire  gauge  ized,  and  all  manufactures  of  iron  and  steel  wire  sn 

and  not  thinner  than  No.  29  wire  gause,  one  and  one  of  iron  and  steel  wire  galvanized  shall  pay  the  dutie 

fourth  of  1  cent  per  pound ;  thinner  than  No.  29  wire  now  provided  by  law :  Ptwnded^  That  no  such  dut; 

gauge,  and  all  iron  commercially  known  as  common  shall  oe  in  excess  of  60  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 


CONGRESS.    (RBTBima  RtroiOi.) 


$09 


Cfipfangs  from  new  copper,  fit  only  for  manufhct- 
are,  1  cent  per  pound. 

Copper  in  plates,  bars,  ingots.  Chili  or  other  pigs, 
ud  m  other  forms,  not  manufactured,  2  cents  per 
pound ;  in  rolled  plates,  called  braziers'  copper, 
fhteiA,  roda,  pipes,  and  copper  bottoms.  80  per  cent, 
td  Talorem. 

Lead-ore  and  lead-droes,  three  fourths  of  1  cent  per 
poaod. 

Lead,  in  pigs  and  bars,  molten  and  old  ref^ise  lead 
rra  into  biodcs,  and  bars  and  old  Horap  lead  fit  only 
to  be  reman  ofactured,  H  cent  per  pound.  Lead  in 
thteb^  vipes^  or  shot,  2i  cents  per  pound. 

8heaUiin£^  or  yellow  metal,  80  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Nickel,  in  ore  or  matte,  10  cents  per  pound  on  the 
mckel  contained  therein. 

Zinc-ores,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Zinc-spelter,  or  tuteoegue,  in  blocks  or  pigs,  and 
oid  worn-out  zinc  fit  only  to  be  remanufiictured,  li 
ttac  per  j>oand ;  zinc,  spelter,  or  tutenegue,  in  sheets, 
:i  cents  per  pound. 

Hollowware,  coated,  glazed,  or  tinned,  2h  oents  per 
poond. 

Needles  for  knitting  and  sewing-machines,  20  per 
est.  ad  valorem. 

Pens,  metallic,  35  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Type  metal,  15  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

N'e«r  type  for  printing,  15  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Manufactures,  articles,  or  wares,  not  specially  enu- 
Berated  or  provided  for,  composed  wholly  or  in  part 
tfecfiper,  35  per  cent,  ad  valorem;  manufactures, 
atidea.  or  wares,  not  specially  enumerated  or  pro- 
vided H>r,  compoeed  of  iron,  steel,  lead,  nickel,  pow- 
ttr,  tin,  zinc,  ^Id,  silver,  platinum,  or  any  other 
i&eiil,  or  of  which  any  of  the  foregoing  metals  may 
be  the  comnonent  material  of  chief  value,  and  whether 
potij  or  wnoUy  manufactured,  40  per  cent,  ad  valo- 


rs 


ar^ 


^if 


Cabinet  and  house  furniture  of  wood,  finished,  80 
per  cokt.  ad  valorem. 
XsnofMtures  of  cedar  wood,  granadilla,  ebony,  ma- 
Ittftany,  rosewood,  and  satinwood,  80  per  cent,  ad  va- 
Waa. 
Xanu&ctures  of  wood,  or  of  which  wood  is  the  chief 
csepooent  part,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided 
^,  $0  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

AB  fo^rarftnot  above  No.  13  Dutch  standard  in  color 
(bQ  pay  duty  on  their  polarisoopio  test  as  follows, 

Ml  ntsan  not  above  No.  IS  Dutch  standard  in  ool- 
f.ill  tuik-bottoms,  sirups  of  cane-juice  or  of  beet- 
paet,  nwUbda,  concentrated  melada,  concrete  and  con- 
«sinit«l  molasses,  testing  by  the  polariscope  not 
>Swe  seventy-five  degrees,  shall  pay  a  duty  of  1*16 
«^per  pound,  and  for  every  aaditional  deg^ree  or 
Busaim  of  a  de^rree  shown  by  the  polarisoopic  test 
%  »hall  pay  thirty-two  thousandths  of  1  cent  per 
fn&d  additionaL 

AD  smrs  above  No.  13  Dutch  standard  in  color 
tbil  be  ciaasified  by  the  Dutch  standard  of  color,  and 
?w  ijtj  as  follows,  namely  : 

All  fBgars  above  No.  13  and  not  above  No.  16  Dutch 
*»fclird,  2  20  cents  per  pound. 

AH  invars  above  No.  16  and  not  above  No.  20  Dutch 
*^*iari  2-40  cenU  per  pound. 

AfisBgars  above  No.  20  Dutch  standard,  2*80  cents 
i«nwimd. 

Jl^eaea  testinjr  not  above  fifty-six  degrees  by  the 
^TO»pe  shall  pay  a  duty  of  21  cents  per  gallon ; 
*««»  testing  above  fifty-six  degrees  shall  pay  a 
«i^ef6centa  per  gallon:  fh^idedy  That  if  an  ex- 
^»  daty  ftball  hereafter  be  laid  upon  sugar  or  molas- 
I*  by  any  country  whence  the  same  may  be  im- 
.5^  *^  sugar  or  molasses  so  imported  shall  be 
^J«  to  doty  as  provided  by  law  at  the  date  of  the 
i^iee  of  thtt  a<^ 

^^-Cttdy,  not  colored,  6  cents  per  pound. 

AU  filler  confectionery,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

£t4iso  or  com  starch,  rioe-staroh,  and  other  starch, 
■*«aperpoand. 

TOL.  xxvni. — 14  A 


Rice,  cleaned,  8  cents  per  poiind';  undeaned,  or  rice 
ft^e  of  the  outer  hull  and  still  having  the  inner  cuticle 
on,  li  cent  per  pound. 

Kioe-flour  ana  rioo-meal,  15  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Paddy,  or  rice  having  the  outer  hull  on,  1  cent  per 
pound. 

Raisins,  H  cent  per  pound. 

Peanuts  or  ground-beans,  three  fourths  of  1  cent 
per  pound ;  shelled,  1  cent  per  pound. 

Mustard,  ground  or  preserved,  in  bottles  or  other- 
wise, 6  cents  per  pound. 

Cotton  thread,  yam,  warps,  or  warp  yam,  whether 
single  or  advanced  beyond  the  condition  of  single  by 
twisting  two  or  more  single  yams  together,  whether 
on  beams  or  in  bundles,  skeins,  or  cops,  or  in  anv 
other  foim,  valued  at  not  exceeding  40  cents  per  pound, 
85  per  cent,  ad  valorem ;  valued  at  over  40  cents  per 
pound,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

On  all  cotton  cloth,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Spool-thread  of  cotton,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Flax,  hackled,  known  as  dfressed  line,  flO  per  ton. 

Brown  and  bleached  linens,  ducks,  canvas,  paddinga, 
oot-bottoms,  diapers,  crash,  huckabacks,  nandker- 
ohiefs,  lawns,  or  other  manufactures  of  flax,  juto,  or 
hemp,  or  of  which  fiax.  jute,  or  hemp  shall  bo  tha 
component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  enu- 
merated or  provided  for,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem: 
Hvvidedy  That  cufib,  collare,  snirts,  and  other  manit- 
factures  of  wearing  apparel,  made  in  whole  or  in  part 
of  linen,  and  not  otherwise  provided  for,  and  hydrau- 
lic hose,  85  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Flax,  hemp,  and  jute  ]^ams,und  all  twines  of  hemp, 
jute,  jute-butts,  sunn,  sisal-grass,  ramie,  and  China- 
grass,  15  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Flak  or  linen  thread,  twine,  and  packed  thread  and 
all  manufactures  of  flax,  or  of  whicn  flax  shall  be  the 
component  material  of  chief  value,  not  specially  enu- 
merated or  provided  for,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Oil-cloth  foundations  or  noor-doth  canvas  or  bui^ 
laps,  exceeding  60  inches  in  width,  made  of  flax,jute^ 
or  hemp,  or  of  which  flax,  jute,  or  hemp,  or  either  or 
them,  snail  be  the  component  material  of  .chief  value, 
25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Oil-cloths  for  floors,  stamped,  painted,  or  printed, 
and  on  all  other  oil-cloth  (except  suk  oil-cIoth)j  and  on 
water-proof  cloth,  not  otherwise  provided  for,  25  per 
cent,  ad  valorem. 

Gunny-cloth,  not  bagging,  15  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Bags  and  bagging,  and  like  manufactures,  not  spe- 
cially enumerate  or  provided  for,  including  bagging 
for  cotton  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  flax,  hemp, 
jute,  gunnv -cloth,  gunny-bags,  or  other  material, 
three  eighths  of  1  cent  per  pound. 

Tarred  cables  or  cordage,  25  per  cent  ad  valorem. 

Untarred  manila  cordage,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

All  other  untarred  corcuure,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Seines  and  seine  and  gilling  twine,  25  per  cent,  ad 
valorem. 

Sail-duck,  or  canvas  for  sails^  25  per  cent,  ad  va* 
lorem.  Russia  and  other  sheetings  of  flax  or  hemp, 
brown  or  white,  25  per  cent  od  valorem.  All  other 
manufactures  of  hemp  or  manila,  or  of  which  hemp 
or  manila  shall  be  a  component  material  of  chi^ 
value,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  25 
per  cent  ad  valorem. 

Grass-cloth  and  other  manufactures  of  jute,  ramie, 
China  and  sisal-grass,  not  specially  enumerated  or 
provided  for,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem :  I^ovided^  That 
as  to  jute,  jute- butts,  sunn,  and  sisal-grass,  and  manu- 
factures thereof,  except  burlaps,  not  exceeding  t^ixty 
inches  in  width,  this  act  shall  take  eflect  Jan.  1, 1889 ; 
and  as  to  flax,  nemp,  manila,  and  other  like  substi- 
tutes for  hemp,  and  the  manulactures  thereof,  upon 
Julv  1, 1889. 

Sso.  8.  On  and  after  Oct.  1, 1888,  there  shall  be  ad^ 
mitted,  when  imported,  free  of  duty :  All  wools,  hair 
of  the  alpaca,  goat,  and  other  like  animals.  Wools 
on  tlie  skin.  Woolen  rags,  shoddy,  mungo,  waste, 
and  flocks. 

And  on  and  after  Jan,  1, 1639)  in  U^u  of  the  duties 


210 


OONGRESS.    (Rbyentts  Refobm.) 


heretofore  impoeed  on  the  artides  hereinafter  men- 
tioned in  this  section,  there  ahall  be  levied,  collected, 
and  paid  the  following  rates  of  duty  on  said  articles 
sevendly:  Woolen  ana  worsted  cloths,  shawls,  and 
all  manufactures  of  wool  of  every  description,  made 
wholly  or  in  part  of  wool  or  worsted,  not  specially 
enumerated  or  provided  for,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Flannels,  blankets^  hats  of  wool,  knit  gpods,  and 
all  goods  made  on  knittiucr-frames,  bal morals,  woolen 
and  worsted  yams,  and  all  manufactures  of  every  de- 
scription, com^sed  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool  or 
worsted,  the  hair  of  the  alpaca,  goat,  or  other  animals, 
not  specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  40  per  cent, 
ad  valorem :  Provided^  That  ftx>m  and  after  the  pas- 
sage of  this  act,  and  until  the  Ist  day  of  Octooer, 
18^8,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  be,  and  he  is  here- 
bv,  authorized  and  directed  to  classify  as  woolen  cloth 
all  imports  of  worsted  cloth,  whether  known  under 
the  name  of  worsted  doth  or  under  the  name  of 
"  worsteds  "  or  "  diugonals,"  or  otherwbe. 

Bunting,  40  per  cent,  aa  valorem.  Women's  and 
diildren*»  dress-goods,  coat-linings,  Italian  doths, 
and  goods  of  like  description,  composed  in  part  or 
wool,  worsted,  tlie  hair  of  the  alpaca,  goat,  or  other 
animalsj  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Clothmg,  ready-made,  and  wearing  apparel  of  every 
description,  not  spedally  enumerated  or  provided  for, 
and  bal  moral  skirts  and  skirting,  and  goods  of  simihu: 
description  or  used  for  like  purposes,  composed  wholly 
or  in  piut  of  wool,  worsted,  the  hair  or  the  alpaca, 
goat,  or  other  animals,  made  up  or  manufactured 
wholly  or  in  part  by  the  tailor,  seamstress,  or  manu- 
facturer, except  knit  good?,  45  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Cloaks,  dolmans,  jackets,  talmas,  ulsters,  or  other 
outside  «irments  lor  ladies'  and  children's  apparel, 
and  goods  of  similar  description  or  used  for  like  pur- 
poses, composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  worsted, 
the  hair  or  the  alpaca,  goat,  or  other  animals,  made 
up  or  manufactured  wholly  or  in  part  by  the  tailor, 
seamstress,  or  manufacturer  (except  knit  goods),  46 
per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Webbings,  gorings,  suspenders,  braces,  beltings,- 
bindings,  oraias^  galloons,  ningres,  gimps,  cords,  cords 
and  tassels,  dress-trimmings,  nead-nets,  buttons,  or 
barrel  buttons,  or  buttons  of  other  forms  for  tassels  or 
ornaments  wrought  by  hand  or  braided  by  machinery, 
made  of  wool,  worsted,  the  hair  of  the  alpaca,  goat, 
or  other  animals,  or  of  which  wool,  worstea,  the  nair 
of  the  alpaca,  goat,  or  other  animals  is  a  component 
material.  50  per  cent  ad  valorem. 

Hemp  and  Jute  carpetiug  6  cents  per  souare  yard. 

Floor-matting  and  floor-mats  exclusively  of  v^^ta- 
ble  substances  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

**  All  other  carpets  and  carpetings,  druggets,  book- 
ings, mats,  rugs,  screens,  covere,  hassocks,  bcd-sidea 
of  wool,  flax,  cotton  or  parts  of  dthcr  or  other  ma- 
terial, 40  per  cent,  ad  valorem." 

Endless  belts  or  felta  for  paper  or  printing  ma- 
chines, 30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Seo.  4.  That  on  and  after  the  1st  day  of  October, 
1888.  in  lieu  of  the  duties  heretofore  imposed  on  the 
articles  hereinatter  mentioned,  there  shall  be  levied, 
collected,  and  paid  the  following  rates  of  duty  on  said 
articles  severally : 

Paper,  sized  or  glued,  suitable  only  for  printing 
paper,  15  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

rrinting  paper,  unsized,  used  for  books  and  news- 
papers exclusively,  12  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Paper  boxes,  and  all  other  fancy  boxes,  not  other- 
wise provided  for,  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Paper  envelopes,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Paper  hangings,  and  paper  for  screens  or  flre-boards, 
surface-coated  paper,  and  all  manufactures  of  which 
surface  -  coated  paper  is  a  component  material  not 
otherwise  providea  for,  and  cara- board,  paper  anti- 
quarian, demy,  drawing,  elephant,  foolscap,  imperial, 
letter,  note,  and  all  other  paper  not  spedally  enumer- 
ated or  provided  for,  25  per  cent  ad  valorem. 

Beads  and  bead  ornaments  of  all  kinds,  except  am- 
ber, 40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 


Blacking  of  all  kinds,  20  per  cent,  ad  val* 

Bonnets,  hats,  and  hoods  for  men,  women 
dren,  composed  of  hair,  whalebone,  or  any 
material,  and  not  spedally  enumerated  or 
for.  80  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

brooms  of  all  kinds,  20  per  cent,  ad  valoi 

Brushes  of  all  kinds,  20  per  cent,  ad  valoi 

Canes  and  sticks,  for  walking,  finished,  2< 
ad  valorem. 

Card  dothing,  20  cents  per  square  foot ;  wl 
lactured  from  tempered  steel  wire,  40  cents  ] 
foot. 

Carriages,  and  parts  of,  not  specially  enni 
provideafor,  80  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Dolls  and  toys,  80  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Fans  of  all  Kinds,  except  palm-leaf  fans 
ever  material  composed,  80  per  cent,  ad  vali 

Feathers  of  all  kinds,  when  dressed,  o 
manufactured,  including  dressed  and  finis 
and  artlfidal  and  ornamental  feathers  and  1 
parts  thereof,  of  whatever  material  comj: 
specially  enumerated  or  provided  for,  85  pc 
valorem. 

Friction  and  ludfer  matches  of  all  descri 
per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Gloves  of  all  descriptions,  wholly  or  T«rtti 
fiictured,  40  per  cent  ad  valorem:  IVoti 
gloves  made  of  silk  taffeta  shall  be  taxed  5( 
ad  valorem. 

Gun  wads  of  all  descriptions,  25  per  cei 
lorem. 

Gutta-percha,  manufactured,  and  all  articl 
rubber  not  specially  enumerated  or  provid 
per  cent  ad  valorem. 

Hur,  human,  if  dean  or  drawn,  but  r 
factured,  20  per  cent  ad  valorem. 

Bracelets,  oraids,  chains^  rings^  ourls,  an 
composed  of  hur,  or  of  which  hair  is  the  c 
material  of  chief  value,  and  all  manufactures 
hair,  25  per  cent  ad  valorem. 

Hats,  materials  for:  Braids,  plaits,  fia) 
sheets  and  squares,  fit  only  for  use  in  makin 
menting  hats,  bonnets,  and  hoods,  compose< 
chip,  grass,  palm-lear,  willow,  hair,  whal 
any  vegetaole  material,  not  specially  enun 
provid^  for,  20  per  cent  ad  valorem. 

Hat-bodies  of  cotton,  80  per  cent  ad  valoi 

Hatters'  plush,  oomposea  of  silk  or  of  sill 
ton,  15  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Inks  of  all  kinds,  and  ink-powders,  SO  pc 
valorem. 

Japanned  ware  of  all  kinds  not  specially  ei 
or  provided  for,  80  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Kaolin,  crude,  $1  per  ton. 

China  clay  or  wrought  kaolin,  $2  per  ton. 

Marble  of  all  kinds,  in  block,  rough,  or  8( 
cents  per  cubic  foot. 

Marole,  sawed,  dressed,  or  otherwise, 
marble  slabs  and  marble  paving-tiles,  85 
cubic  foot. 

All  manufactures  of  marble  not  spedally  ei 
or  provided  for^  80  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Papier-mache,  manufactures,  artides,  and 
25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Percussion  caps,  80  per  cent  ad  valorem. 

Philosophical  apparatus  and  instrument 
cent  ad  valorem. 

Umbrella  and  parasol  ribs,  and  stretchc 
tips,  runners,  handles,  or  other  parts  ther 
made  in  whole  or  chief  part  of  iron,  steel,  or 
metal,  80  per  cent  ad  valorem ;  umbrellas, 
and  shades,  when  covered  with  silk  or  alpa 
cent  ad  valorem ;  all  other  umbrellas,  80 
ad  valorem. 

Watches,  watch-cases,  watch-movements 
watches,  watch-glasses,  and  watch-keys 
separately  packed  or  otnerwise,  and  watch 
not  spedally  enumerated  or  provided  for  u 
25  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

Webbing,  composed  of  cotton,  fiax,  or  a  i 


CONGRESS.    (Rkvekitb  Rkpoem.) 


211 


tlMte  materials,  not  specially  enumerated  or  provided 
for  in  this  act,  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

6xc.  5.  Tiiat  the  following  amendments  to  and  pro- 
nsooa  for  existing  laws  shall  take  effect  on  and  atter 
tfa«  psKsa^  and  approval  of  this  act : 

Section  6  of  the  act  of  March  8, 1888,  entitled  **  An 
act  to  rednoe  internal-revenue  taxation,  and  for  other 
por^ioaea,"  providing  a  subsdtate  for  title  88  of  the 
kevued  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  is  hereby 
anended  as  to  certain  of  the  sections  and  parts  of  sec- 
tiona  or  Bchodoies  in  such  substituted  title  so  that 
iber  shall  be  as  follows,  respectively : 

*^$EC.  2,499.  Each  and  every  imported  article  not 
ffiomerated  or  provided  for  in  any  schedule  in  this 
title,  vhich  is  similar,  either  in  materiid,  quality,  text- 
nes,  or  the  use  to  which  it  may  be  applied,  to  anv 
trtide  enumerated  in  this  title  as  chargeable  witn 
doty,  shall  pay  the  same  rate  of  duty  which  is  levied 
01  the  enumerated  article  which  it  most  resembles  in 
aiT  of  the  particulars  before  mentioned ;  and  if  any 
fioo-enumerated  article  equally  resembles  two  or  more 
cDsmerated  articles  on  wnich  different  rates  of  duty 
ire  chargeable,  there  shall  be  levied  on  such  non- 
anmoaEied  article  the  same  rate  of  duty  as  is  chiu-ge- 
i^on  the  article  which  it  resembles  paying  the  high- 
er nte  of  duty ;  and  on  articles,  not  otherwise  pro- 
lided  for,  mann^ctured  from  two  or  more  materials, 
tbe  doty  shall  be  assessed  at  the  rate  at  which  the 
dstiable  component  material  of  chief  value  may  be 
(brizeable;  and  the  words  *  component  material  of 
doef  value,'  whenever  used  in  this  title,  shall  be  held 
to  mean  that  dutiable  component  material  which  shall 
oaeed  in  value  any  other  single  component  material 
fcosd  in  the  article ;  and  the  value  of  each  component 
Btterial  shall  be  determined  by  the  ascertainea  value 
if  eoeh  material  in  its  last  form  and  condition  before 
it  became  a  component  material  of  such  article.    If 
t«o  or  more  rates  of  duty  shall  be  applicable  to  any 
Bpcfted  article,  it  shairpay  duty  at  the  highest  of 
Bch  rates :  IVoifided,  That  any  non-enumerated  arti- 
(k  flimOar  in  material  and  quality  and  texture  and 
^  lae  t9  which  it  may  be  applied  to  anv  article  on 
^  free  list,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  which  no 
^tiable  mafterials  are  used,  shall  be  free  of  duty." 
Sic  S,502.  Schedule  A — Chemical  products.— By 
<nkio|^  out  from  this  schedule  the  words  ^*  distilled 
^aiito  ooDtaining  50  per  cent,  of  anhydrous  alcohol, 
bp^pdlon"  ;  also,  by  striking  out  the  words  **  al- 
ttb^l  onntainlng  94  per  cent,  amiydrous  alcohol,  $2 
perialteiL" 

THB  FBEE  LIST. 

}k.  2,503.  By  striking  out  the  clause  in  this  seo- 

ticQ  eommenclng  with  the  words  **  articles  the  growth, 

^Qoe,  and  manufacture  of  the  United  States,"  and 

■Kftio^  In  lieu  thereof  the  following  I 

'Aitdes  the  growth,  produce,  and  manufacture  of 

m  United  Stat^  when  returned  after  having  been 

*P^3tad  without  naving  been  advanced  in  vuue  by 

■f  prooesa  of  manufacture  or  by  labor  thereon: 

^^  barr«k,  carboys,  bags,  and  other  vessels  of 

iaoieaa  manufacture  exported  filled  with  American 

p^tB,  or  exported  empty  and  returned  filled  with 

^1^  products,  including  shocks  when  returned  as 

™i  or  boxes ;  but  proof  of  the  identity  of  such 

*^^  ahall  be  made  under  general  regulations  to  be 

5  4  F«rriW  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury ;  and  if 
l^of  such  articles  are  subject  to  internal  tax  at  the 
^flf  exportation,  such  tax  shall  be  proved  to  have 
japaid  Wore  exportation,  and  not  reftinded :  IVo- 
"■v.That  this  clanse  shall  not  include  any  article 
'if^  *Mch  an  allowance  of  drawback  has  been  made, 

i*  ff«  importation  of  which  is  hereby  prohibited  ex- 
"  spoo  payment  of  duties  equal  to  the  drawbacks 

^'Kedaoae  relating  to  "  wearing  apparel,"  etc  (tar- 
>h  815),  is  hereby  amendied  so  that  it  shall 

Rearing  apparel,  implements,  instruments,  and 
ys  of  trade,  occupation,  or  employment,  professional 
"">>)  and  other  persoxial  effects  Cnot  merohandiso) 


of  jHsnoTiB  arriving  in  the  United  States,  not  exceed- 
ing in  value  $500,  and  not  intended  for  the  use  of  any 
other  person  or  persons,  nor  for  sale;  but  tiiis  ex- 
emption shall  not  be  construed  to  include  machinery 
or  other  articles  imported  for  use  in  any  manufactur- 
ing establishment  or  tor  sale :  Jhrovided^  however^  That 
the  limitation  in  value  above  specified  shall  not  apply 
to  wearing  apparel  and  other  personal  effects  which 
may  have  been  taken  i¥om  the  United  States  to  for- 
eign countries  by  the  persons  returning  therefrom; 
and  such  last-named  articles  shall,  upon  production 
of  evidence  satisfactory  to  the  collector  or  officer  act- 
ing as  such  that  they  nave  been  previously  exported 
from  the  United  States  by  such  persons,  and  have  not 
been  advanced  in  value  or  improved  in  condition  by 
any  process  of  manufacture  or  labor  thereon  since  so 
exported,  be  exempt  from  the  payment  of  duty :  And 
provided  further^  That  all  articles  of  foreign  produc- 
uon  or  manufacture  which  may  have  been  once  im- 
ported into  the  United  States  and  subjected  to  the 


be  entitled  to  exemption  from  duty  unon  their  iden- 
tity being  established,  under  such  ruies  and  regula- 
tions as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury. 

**  Theatrical  scenery  and  actors'  and  actresses'  ward- 
robes brought  by  theatrical  managers  and  professional 
actors  ana  actresses  arriving  from  abroad  for  their 
temporary  use  in  the  United  States ;  works  of  art. 
drawings,  engraving,  photographic  pictures,  ana 
philosophical  and  scientdnc  apparatus  brought  by  pro- 
fessional artists,  lecturers,  or  scientists  arriving  from 
abroad  for  use  by  them  temporarily  for  exhibition 
and  in  illustration,  promotion,  and  encouragement  of 
art,  science,  or  industry  in  trie  United  States;  and 
wearing  apparel  and  other  personal  effects  of  tourists 
from  aoroad  visiting  the  United  States  shall  be  ad- 
mitted to  free  entry  under  such  regulations  as  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe ;  and  bonds 
shall  be  given,  whenever  required  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  for  the  payment  to  the  United  States 
of  such  duties  as  may  be  imposed  by  law  upon  any 
and  all  such  articles  as  shall  not  be  exportea  within 
six  months  after  such  importation:  Provided^  Aotr- 
ever.  That  the  Secretary  or  the  Treasury  may,  in  his 
discretion,  extend  such  period  for  a  further  term  of 
six  months  in  cases  where  application  therefor  shall 
be  made. 

"  Wearing  apparel,  old  and  worn,  not  exceeding 
$100  in  value,  upon  production  of  evidence  satisfactory 
to  the  collector  and  naval  officer  (if  any)  that  the 
same  has  been  donated  and  imported  in  good  faith  for 
the  reliefer  aid  of  indigent  or  ceedv  persons  residing 
in  the  United  States^  and  not  for  sale.'' 

Seo.  6.  That  section  7  of  the  act  approved  March 
8, 1883,  entitled  '*  An  act  to  reduce  internal-revenue 
taxation,  and  for  other  purposes,"  is  hereby  amended 
BO  that  it  shall  read  as  roUows : 

**  Whenever  imported  merchandise  is  subject  to  an 
ad  valorem  rate  or  duty,  or  to  a  duty  based  upon  or 
regulated  in  any  manner  by  the  value  thereof,  the 
duty  shall  be  assessed  upon  the  actual  market  value 
or  wholesale  price  of  such  merchandise,  at  the  time  of 
exportation  to  the  United  States,  in  the  principal 
markets  of  the  country  trom  whence  imported,  and 
in  the  condition  in  which  such  mcrchanmse  is  there 
bought  and  sold  for  exportation  to  the  United  States 
or  consigned  to  the  United  States  for  sale,  including 
the  value  of  all  cartons,  cases,  crates,  boxes,  sacks,  and 
coverings  of  any  kind,  and  all  other  costs,  charges, 
and  expenses  incident  to  placing  the  merchandise  in 
condition  packed,  ready  for  shipment  to  the  United 
States :  J¥ovided^  That  if  there  be  used  for  covering 
or  holding  imported  merchandise,  whether  dutiable 
or  f^e,  any  material  or  article,  other  than  the  ordi- 
nary, usual^  and  necessary  coverings  used  for  cover- 
ing or  holding  such  merchandise,  duty  shall  be  levied 
and  collected  thereon  at  the  rate  to  which  such  ma- 


212 


OONGRESS.    (REYBsms  Reforic.) 


terial  or  article  wotild  be  subject  if  imported  sepa- 
rately " :  Drovided^  further ^  That  so  much  of  the 
foregoine  as  relates  to  boxes,  sacks,  or  coverings  shall 
not  app^  to  boxes,  sacks,  or  sucn  other  boxing  or 
covcnng  as  may  be  the  usual  and  necessary  covering 
for  machinery  or  parts  thereof. 

Sbo.  7.  That  section  8  of  the  act  of  March  8, 1888, 
entitled  ^^  An  act  to  reduce  internal-revenue  taxation, 
and  for  other  purposes,"  amending  section  2.841  of 
the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  State:*,  is  hereby 
flirther  amended  so  that  said  section  of  the  Bevisecl 
Statutes  shall  be  as  follows : 

*^  Sec.  2841.  Whenever  merchan<Us6  imported  into 
the  United  States  is  entered  by  invoice,  one  of  the 
following  declarations,  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
case,  shall  be  filed  with  the  collector  of  the  port,  at 
the  time  of  entry,  by  the  owner,  importer,  consignee, 
or  agent;  which  declaration  so  filed  shall  be  duly 
signed  by  the  owner,  importer,  consignee,  or  agent, 
before  the  collector,  or  berore  a  notary  public  or  other 
officer  duly  authorized  by  law  to  admmister  oaths  and 
take  acknowledgments,  who  may  be  designated  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  receive  such  declara- 
tions and  to  certify  to  the  identity  of  the  periK)ns 
making  them ;  and  every  officer  so  designated  shall 
-file  with  the  collector  of  the  port  a  copy  of  his  official 
signature  and  seal :  I¥ovidsa,  That  if  any  of  the  in- 
voices or  bills  of  lading  of  anv  merchandise  imported 
'in  any  one  vessel,  which  should  otherwise  bo  emoraoed 
in  said  entry,  have  not  been  received  at  the  date  of 
the  entry,  the  declaration  may  state  the  fact,  and 
thereupon  such  merchandise  of  which  the  invoices  or 
bilL)  or  lading  are  not  produced  shall  not  be  included 
in  such  entry,  but  may  be  entered  subsequently. 

*^  Declaration  ot  consignee,  importer,  or  agent. 

**  I, y  do  solemnly  and  truly  declare  that  the 

invoice  and  bill  of  lading  now  presented  by  mc  to  the 

collector  of are  the  true  and  only  invoice  and 

bill  of  lading  by  me  received  of  all  the  goods,  waren, 

and  merchandise  imported  in  the ,  whereof 

is  master,  from ,  for  account  of  any  person  whom- 
soever for  whom  I  am  authorized  to  enter  the  same ; 
that  the  said  invoice  and  bill  of  lading  are  in  the  Rtate 
in  which  they  wore  actually  received  o^  me,  and  that 
I  do  not  know  nor  believe  in  the  existence  of  any 
other  invoice  or  bill  of  lading  of  the  said  goods,  wares, 
and  merchandise ;  that  the  entry  now  delivered  to 
the  collector  contains  a  just  and  true  account  of  the 
said  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise,  according  to  the 
said  invoice  and  bill  of  lading ;  that  nothing  has  been, 
on  my  part,  nor  to  my  knowledge  on  the  part  of  any 
other  person,  concealed  or  suppressed,  whereby  the 
United  States  may  be  dcfraucted  of  any  part  of  the 
duty  lawfully  due  on  the  said  goods,  wares,  and  mer- 
chandise; that  the  said  invoice  and  the  declaration 
therein  are  in  all  respects  true,  and  were  made  by  the 
person  by  whom  the  same  purports  to  have  oeen 
made ;  and  that  if  at  any  time  ncreatler  I  discover 
any  error  in  the  said  invoice,  or  in  the  account  now 
rendered  of  the  said  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise, 
or  receive  any  other  invoice  of  the  same.  I  will  imme- 
diately make  the  same  known  to  the  collector  of  this 
district.  And  I  do  further  solemnly  and  truly  declare 
that  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge  and  belief  [insert 
the  name  and  residence  of  the  owner  or  owners]  is  [or 
are]  the  owner  [or  owners]  of  the  goods,  wares,  and 
merchandUe  mentioned  in  the  annexed  entry ;  that 
the  invoice  now  produced  by  me  exhibits  the  actual 
cost  [if  purchased]  or  the  actual  market  value  or 
wholesale  price  fif  otherwise  obtained],  at  the  time  of 
exportation  in  tno  principal  markets  of  the  country 
where  procured,  of  the  said  goods,  waros,  and  mer- 
chandLte,  including  the  value  of  all  cartons,  cases, 
crates.  boxe«i,  sackit,  and  covering  of  any  kind,  and 
all  other  costs,  charges,  and  expenses  Incident  to 
placing  sud  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise  in  condi- 
tion packed  ready  for  shipment  to  the  United  States, 
and  no  other  or  different  discount,  bounty,  or  draw- 
back, but  such  as  has  been  actually  aUowed  on  the 
same." 


"**  Declaration  of  owner  in  cases  where  merchandise  has 
been  actually  purchased. 

*^  I ,  do  solemnly  and  truly  declare  that  the  en- 
try now  delivered  by  me  to  the  collector  of con- 
tains a  just  and  true  account  of  all  the  goods,  warn, 
and  merohandisc  imported  by  or  consigned  to  me,  in 

the ,  whereof  —  is  master,  from ;  that  the 

invoice  and  entry  which  I  now  produce  contain  a  just 
and  faithful  account  of  the  actual  cost  of  the  said 
goods,  wares,  and  merchandise,  including  the  value 
ofall  cartons^  cases,  orates,  boxes,  sacks,  and  cove> 
ings  of  any  kind,  and  all  other  costs,  charges,  and  ex- 
penses inddcut  to  placing  said  goods,  wares,  and 
merchandise  in  condition  packed,  ready  for  shipment 
to  the  United  States,  and  no  other  oiscount,  draw- 
back, or  bounty  but  such  as  has  been  actually  allowed 
on  the  same ;  that  I  do  not  know  nor  believe  in  the 
existence  of  any  invoice  or  bill  of  lading  other  than 
those  now  produced  bv  me,  and  that  they  are  in  the 
state  in  which  I  actually  received  them.  And  I  fur- 
ther solemnly  and  truly  declare  that  I  have  not  in  the 
said  entry  or  invoice  concealed  or  suppressed  any- 
thing whereby  the  United  States  may  be  defrauded  of 
any  part  of  the  duty  lawfully  due  on  the  said  goods, 
wares,  and  merchandise ;  that  the  said  invoice  and 
the  declaration  thereon  are  in  all  respects  true,  and 
were  made  by  the  person  by  whom  the  same  purports 
to  have  been  made ;  and  that  if  at  any  time  hereafter 
I  discover  any  error  in  the  said  invoice  or  in  the  ac- 
count now  produced  of  the  sud  goods,  wares,  and 
merchandise,  or  receive  any  other  invoice  of  the 


same, 

the  collector 


I  will  immediately  niake  the  same 
lector  of  this  district." 


known  to 


"  t  = 


:'»*-■ 


>! 


*'  Declaration  of  manufacturer  or  owner  in  cases  where 
merchandise  has  not  been  actually  purchased. 

"  I, ,  do  solemnly  and  truly  declare  that  the  en-    y^ 

try  now  delivered  by  me  to  the  collector  of con-  ,..*^ 

tarns  a  just  and  true  account  of  all  the  goods,  wares,     ,\ 
and  merchandise  imported  by  or  consigned  to  me  in    1'^ 

the ,  whereof is  master,  from ;  that  the  -j 

said  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise  were  not  actually  . 
bought  by  me.  or  by  my  agent,  in  the  ordinary  mode   !j^ 
of  bargain  ana  sale,  but  that  nevertheless  the  mvoioe  ^^ 
which  1  now  produce  contains  a  just  and  faithfiil 
valuation  of  the  same,  at  their  actual  market  value  or  ^ 
wholesale  price  at  the  time  of  exportation,  in  the 
principal  markets  of  the  country  wnere  procured  for  ^j^ 
my  account  [or  for  account  of  myself  or  partnerB] :  ^^ 
that  the  said  invoice  contains  also  a  just  and  tuithlu 
account  of  all  the  cost  of  finishing  said  goods,  warea, 
and  merchandise  to  their  present  condition,  includio^^^.^ 
the  value  of  all  cartons,  cases,  crates,  boxes,  sacki^^^^ 
and  coverings  of  any  kind,  and  all  other  costs  ans^^,      ^ 
charges  incident  to  placing  said  goods,  wares,  ai^ 
merchandise  in  oonoition  packed,  ready  for  shk:^ 
mentto  the  United  States,  and  no  other  discoi 
drawback,  or  bounty  but  such  as  has  been  acta 
allowed  on  the  said  goods,  wnrcs,  and  mcrchan<lu 
and  the  said  invoice  and  tne  declaration  thereox^- 
in  all  respects  true,  and  were  made  by  the  perBC>^ 
whom  the  same  purports  to  have  been  made ; 
do  not  know  nor  believe  in  the  existence  of  i 
voice  or  bill  of  lading  other  than  those  now  pi 
by  me,  and  that  they  are  in  the  state  in  which 
ually  received  them.    And  I  do  further  solemnl: 
truly  declare  that  I  have  not  in  the  said  entiy^ 
voice  concealed  or  suppressed  anything  wherd^^-^Z^ 
United  States  may  be  defrauded  of  any  part 
duty  lawfully  due  on  the  said  goods,  wares,  and 
chandise ;  and  that  if  at  any  time  hereafter  I  die 
any  error  in  the  said  invoice,  or  in  the  accoun' 
produced  of  the  said  good'*,  wares,  and  mcrchai 
or  receive  any  other  invoice  of  the  same,  I  will  i 
diatelv  make  the  same  known  to  the  collector  • 
district." 

Sec.  8.  That  any  person  who  shall  knowingly 
any  false  or  untrue  statement  in  the  dcclar 
provided  for  in  the  preceding  section,  or  shall 
procure  the  making  of  any  such  false  statement;^ 


CONGRESS.    (Rbyentjs  Reform.) 


213 


->' 


v~- 


iCGSS^ 


A  .' 


y  matter  material  thereto,  sbal],  on  oonviction 
thereof,  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  exceeding  $5,- 
000,  or  oy  impriaonment  at  bard  labor  not  more  than 
three  yean,  or  both,  within  the  discretion  of  the 
eoQTt :  I^vvidM^  That  nothing  in  this  section  shall 
be  coQ8^-ued  to  relieve  imported  merchandise  tVom 
Ibrfei^ire  for  any  cause  elsewhere  provided  by  law. 

Sxc  9.  That  sections  2970  and  2983  of  the  Revised 
Staiotea  <^  the  United  States  are  hereby  amended  so 
that  the  same  shall  be,  repectively,  as  follows : 

*-*"  Sac.  2970.  Any  merchandise  deposited  in  bond  in 
any  oablic  or  private  bonded  warehouse  may  be 
wllharawn  for  consumption  within  three  years  from 
the  date  of  original  importation,  on  payment  of  the 
doticB  and  charges  to  wnich  it  mav  be  subject  by  law 
at  the  time  of  such  withdrawal :  /ro«M/ed{,  That  noth- 
ing herein  shall  affect  or  impur  existing  provisions 
of  law  in  regard  to  the  disposal  of  perisnable  or  ex- 
f^jave  artidea.*' 

*^  Sbo.  2988.  In  no  case  shall  there  be  any  abatement 
^the  dutira  or  allowance  made  for  any  i^jurv,  dam- 
ace,  or  deterioration  sustained  by  any  mercnandise 
while  deposited  in  any  public  or  private  bonded 
warebooae:  I^rwaidtdy  That  the  duty  assessed  on 
merchandise  withdrawn  from  any  such  warehouse 
■hall  be  assessed  on  the  quantity  withdrawn  there- 
from at  the  time  of  such  withdrawal ;  but  no  greater 
alknranoe  for  leakage  or  evaporation  of  wines,  liq- 
wna,  and  distilled  spirits  shall  be  made  than  is  or 
may  be  allowed  by  law  on  domestic  spirits  or  wines 
in  Dond :  And  jrrovided  further^  That  nothing  in  this 
■ection  aa  amended  shall  restrict  or  in  any  way  affect 
the  liability  of  the  proprietors  of  bonded  warehouses 
OD  Uielr  bonds :  And  provide  further^  That  nothing 
b«ein  ah&U  restrain  or  limit  the  exercise  of  the  au- 
thority oonferred  on  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  bv 
Kctkm  2984  of  the  Revised  Statutes." 

Skc.  10.  That  sections  3803  and  8058  of  the  Bevised 
Blalatea  be  amended  to  read  as  follows : 

**■  Sec.  2803.  Any  baggage  or  personal  effects  arriv- 

ii^T  in  the  United.  States  in  transit  to  any  forei^ 

eoontry  may  be  delivered  by  the  parties  having  it  m 

charge  to  the  collector  of  the  proper  district,  to  be  by 

him  retained,  without  the  payment  or  exaction  of  any 

iaqport  duty,  or  to  be  forwarded  by  such  collector  to 

the  collector  of  the  port  of  departure,  and  to  be  de- 

^:v«redto  such  parties  on  their  departure  for  their 

fcreign  destination,  under  such  rules,  regulations, 

aad  fees  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  pre- 

■eiibe." 

^Sec.  3058.  All  merchandise  imported  into  the  Unit- 

td  States   shall,  for  the    purpose  of  this  title,  be 

^eetaed  and  held  to  be  the  property  of  the  person  to 

^«ii  the  merchandise  may  be  consij^ncd  ;  but  the 

BoWer  of  anv  bill  of  lading  consigned  to  order  and 

^Jl^ipwly  inaoTsed  shall  be  deemed   the  consignee 

^^^f ;  and  in  case  of  the  abandonment  of  any  mcr- 

*«Mee  to  the  underwritera,  the  latter  may  bo  rec- 

''fS'aed  as  the  consignee." 

^K.  11.  That  antnority  is  hereby  given  to  the  Sec- 
]|^7  of  the  Treasury^  in  his  discretion  to  dispense 
'J^'er  expedient  with  the  triplicate  invoices  and 
J^oar  certificates  now  required  by  sections  2858, 
^2855  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United 
^m;  and  triplicate  invoices  and  consular  certifl- 
m  than  in  no  case  be  required  when  the  value  of 
»6  merchandiae  shipped  by  any  one  consignor,  in 
J2i*5f/J®*®K^^  one  and  the  same  time  does  not  ex- 
J«flCO;  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  with 
r^2?"^^  ^^^^  Secretory  of  State,  is  hereby  au- 
rv'*?  to  nuike  such  general  regulations  in  regard 
"nivwcea  and  oonsuliu'  certificates  as  in  his  judg- 
aot  the  public  interest  may  reouire. 
J^Pii^*  '^^  *J1  *®^  exactea  and  oaths  adminis- 
1^2^  officers  of  the  customs,  under  or  by  virtue  of 
^^lawBof  the  United  States,  upon  the  entry  of 
^w  goods  and  the  passing:  thereof  through  the 
r^°^  y<i  also  upon  all  entries  of  domestic  goods, 
^*i  Md  merchandise  for  exportation,  be.  and  the 
KB  hereby,  abolished;  and  in  case  of  entry  of 


■A 


Zd* 


merchandise  for  e^roortatioD,  a  declaration,  in  lieu  of 
an  oath,  shall  be  filed,  in  such  form  and  under  such 
regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury ;  and  the  ^nalties  for  false  statements 
in  such  declaration  provided  in  the  fourth  section  of 
this  actshidl  be  applicable  to  declarations  mode  under 
this  section  :  FrovuUd^  That  where  such  fees,  under 
existing  laws,  constitute,  in  whole  or  in  part,  the  com- 
pensation of  any  officer,  such  officer  Hhall  receive, 
m)m  and  alter  tHe  passage  of  this  act,  a  fixed  sum  for 
each  year  equal  to  the  amount  which  he  would  have 
been  entitled  to  receive  as  fees  for  such  services. 

Seo.  13.  That  section  2900  of  the  Revised  Stotutes 
be,  and  hereby  is,  amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows : 

*^  Sao.  2900.  The  owner,  consignee,  or  agent  of  any 
imported  merchandise  which  has  been  actually  pur- 
chased may  at  the  time,  and  not  afterward,  when  he 
shall  make  and  verily  his  written  entry  of  his  mer- 
chandise, make  such  addition  in  the  entry  to  the  cost 
or  value  given  in  the  invoice,  or  pro  forma  invoice, 
or  statement  in  form  of  an  invoice,  which  he  shidl 
produce  with  his  entry,  as  in  his  opinion  may  raise 
the  same  to  the  actual  market  value  or  wholesale  prioc 
of  such  merchandise,  at  the  period  of  exportation  to 
the  United  States^  in  the  principal  markets  of  the 
country  from  which  the  same  nas  been  imported ; 
and  the  collector  within  whose  district  any  merchan- 
dise, whether  the  same  has  been  actually  purchased 
or  procured  otherwise  than  by  purchase,  may  be  im- 
ported or  entered,  shall  cause  such  actual  market 
value  or  wholesale  price  thereof  to  be  appraised ;  and 
if  such  appraised  value  shall  exceed  bv  10  percent, 
or  more  tne  entered  value,  then,  in  aodition  to  the 
duties  imposed  by  law  on  the  same,  there  shall  be 
levied  ana  collected  a  duty  of  20  per  cent  ad  valorem 
on  such  appndsed  value.  The  duty  shall  not,  how- 
ever, be  assessed  upon  an  amount  less  than  the  in- 
voice or  entered  value,  except  as  elsewhere  especially 
provided  in  this  act. 

Seo.  14.  That  all  invoices  of  imported  merchandise 
shall,  at  or  before  the  shipment  of  the  merchandise, 
be  produced  to  the  consul,  vice-consul  or  commercial 
agent  of  the  United  States  of  tlie  consular  district 
fft)m  which  the  merchandise  is  imported  to  the  United 
States,  and  if  there  be  no  consul,  vice-consul  j  or  com- 
mercial agent  for  said  district,  then  said  invoices  shall 
be  produced  to  the  consul,  vice-consul,  or  commercial 
agent  of  the  district  nearest  thereto,  and  shall  have 
indorsed  thereon,  when  so  produced,  a  declaration 
signed  by  the  purchaser,  manufacturer,  owner,  or 
agent,  setting  forth  that  too  invoice  is  in  all  respects 
correct  and  true ;  that  it  contains,  if  the  merchandise 
was  obtained  by  purchase,  a  true  and  full  statement 
of  the  time  when,  and  the  place  where  the  same  wns 
purchased,  and  the  actual  cost  thereof  and  of  all 
charges  thereon ;  and  that  no  discount8,  bounties,  or 
drawoacks  are  contained  in  the  invoice  but  such  as 
have  actually  been  allowed  thereon ;  and  when  ob- 
tained in  any  other  manner  than  by  purchase,  the 
actual  market  value  or  wholesale  price  thereof  at  the 
time  of  exportation  to  the  United  States  in  the  prin- 
cipal markets  of  the  country  from  whence  exported ; 
and  that  no  different  invoice  of  the  merchandise  men- 
tioned in  the  invoice  so  produced,  has  been  or  will  be 
furnished  to  any  one.     If  the  merchandise  was  actual- 
ly purchased,  the  declaration  shall  also  contain  a 
statement  that  the  currency  in  which  such  invoice  is 
made  out  is  the  currency  wnich  was  actually  paid  for 
the  merchandise  by  the  purchaser. 

Sbo.  15.  That  section  2,931  of  the  Eevised  Statutes 
be.  and  hereby  i»,  amended  so  as  to  read  as  iollows : 

"  Sko.  2,931.  The  decision  of  the  collector  of  cus- 
toms or  officer  acting  as  such  at  the  port  of  imf^orta- 
tion  and  entry,  as  to  the  rate  and  amount  of  duties  to 
be  paid  on  any  merchandise,  and  the  dutiable  costs  and 
charges  thereon,  shall  be  final  and  conclusive  against 
all  persons  interested  in  such  merchandise  unless  the 
owner,  importerj  consignee,  or  agent  of  the  merchan- 
dise, shall,  within  ten  days  after  and  not  on  any  day 
before  the  ascertainment  and  liquidation  of  the  uuties 


214  CONGRESS.    (Reybnte  Refobm.) 

bv  the  proper  officers  of  the  customs,  as  well  in  cases  taken  by  the  United  States,  and  from  which  judgment 
or  mercnandise  entered  in  bond  as  for  consumption,  the  Secretary  oftho  Treasury  shall  also  be  satisfi^  that 
give  notice  in  writing  to  the  collector  if  dissatisfled  no  such  appeal  or  writ  of  error  ought  to  bo  taken ;  and 
with  the  aforesaid  decision,  setting  forth  therein,  dis-  also  (fourth)  whenever  anv  suit  or  suits  have  been  be- 
tinctly  aud  specifically,  ana  in  respect  to  each  entry,  gun  against  a  collector  or  customs  to  recover  money 
the  reasons  of  his  ejection  thereto,  and  shall  also,  exacted  by  him  and  paid  under  protest,  and  an  ap- 
within  thirty  days  after  the  date  of  such  ascertain-  peal,  as  required  by  law,  and  a  bill  of  particulars  has 
mcnt  and  liquidation,  appeal  therefrom  to  the  Seore-  been  served  therein  on  the  defendant  or  his  attorney, 
tary  of  the  Treasury,  who,  on  receiving  such  appeal,  as  re<^uired  by  law,  and  when  bv  the  legal  effect  of 
shml  forthwith  call  upon  the  collector  for  a  report  any  judgment  of  a  court  of  the  United  States,  satia- 
thereon;  and  thecollector  shall  thereupon,  if  he  adheres  factory  to  the  Attorney-General  and  the  Secretary  of 
to  his  decision,  set  forth,  speoiflcally  and  in  detail^  to  the  Treasury  as  aforesaid,  the  said  exaction  of  such 
the  Secretary,  the  reasons  therefor  ;  and  the  decision  duties  shidl  have  been  declared  illegal,  and  protests, 
of  the  Secretary  on  such  appeal  shall  be  final  and  con-  appeals,  and  bills  of  particulars  have  been  made  ac- 
clusivc,  and  such  merchanaise,  or  costs  and  charges,  cording  to  the  law  in  force  at  the  time  of  importation, 
shall  bo  liable  to  duty  accordingly,  unless  suit  shall  and  the  proper  officers  of  the  customs  shall,  under  the 
be  brought,  within  mnety  days  atter  the  decision  of  instructions  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  have  re- 
the  Secretarv  of  the  Treasury  on  such  appeal,  for  liquidated  the  entries  covered,  by  said  smt  or  suits, 
any  duti^  which  shall  have  Seen  paid  bctore  the  and  bill  or  bills  of  particulars^  according  to  the  prin- 
date  of  such  decision  on  such  mercnandise,  or  costs  ciples  and  rules  of  law  prei^nlbed  by  said  jud^pment, 
any  charg^,  or  within  ninety  days  after  the  pay-  and  the  district  attorney  appearing  of  record  tor  the 
ment  of  duties  paid  after  the  decision  of  the  Secreta-  defendant  shall  certify  that  such  suits  have  been  dia- 
ry. No  suit  shall  be  begun  or  muntained  for  the  re-  continued,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall,  in  each 
covery  of  any  duties  alleged  to  have  been  erroneously  and  all  of  the  before-mentioned  cases,  always  except- 
or illegally  exacted,  until  tiie  decision  of  the  Secreta-  ing  judgments  or  'judgment  cases'  in  suits  commonly 
ry  of  the  Treasury  shall  have  been  first  had  on  such  known  as  *  charges  and  commission '  suits,  which  lart 
appeal,  unless  the  decision  of  the  Secretary  shall  be  named  shall  only  be  paid  in  pursuance  of  a  specific 

draw  nis  warrant  upon  the 
I  person  or  persons  entitled  to 
sum  expressed  in  saidjudg- 

due  on  any  ascertainment  and  liquidation  thereof,  and  ment,  or  tlie  sum  thus  found  due  on  reliquidation  of 

not  paid/the  defendant  or  defendants  shall  not  be  the  entries  in  discontinued  suits,  including  costs  pay»- 

permitted  to  set  up  any  plea  or  matter  in  defense  ex-  ble  by  law,  directing  the  Treasurer  to  refund  ana  pay 

cepting  such  as  shall  have  been  set  forth  in  a  protest  the  same  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  oth- 

and  appeal  made  as  herein  prescribed.*'  orwise  appropiiated.    The  necessary  moneys  there- 

Seo.  16.    That  the  section  of  the  Revised  Statutes  for  are  hereby  appropriated,  and  this  appropriation 

numbered  3,012  shall  be,  and  hereby  is  amended  by  shall  be  deemed  a  permanent  indefinite  appropria- 

adding  at  the  end  of  said  section  the  following  words :  tion.*' 

*'  And  there  shall  be  attached  to  thesiud  biU  of  par-  Seo.  19.  That  section  2,927  of  the  Bevised  Statutes 

ticulars,  when  served  as  aforesaid,  a  copy  of  each  and  is  hereby  amended  by  the  addition  of  the  following 

every  such  protest  or  notice  of  dissatisfaction,  and  of  words  thereto : 

every  appeal  relied  upon  bj^  the  plaintiff  or  plaintiffs  '*No  allowances  for  damages  to  goods,  wares,  and 

in  said  suit ;  and  the  said  bill  of  particulars  shall  de-  merchandise  imported  into  the  United  States  shall 

clare  tri3  date  of  Uoiudation ;  and  a  bill  of  particuUirs,  hereafter  be  made  in  the  estimation  and  liquidation 

having  been  served  as  aforesaid,  shall  not  thereafter  of  duties  thereon;  but  the  importer  thereof  may  abon- 

be  amended  by  the  plaintiff,  or  by  the  court  on  the  don  to  the  (Government  all  or  any  portion  of  goods, 

plaintiff's  motion,  so  as  to  increase  the  total  sum  wares,  and  merchandise  included  m  any  invoice,  ana 

claimed  therein  as  having  been  exacted  in  excess."  be  relieved  from  the  payment  of  the  duties  on  the 

Seo.  17.  That  no  suit  which  by  this  act,  or  by  any  portion  so  abandoned :  Provided^  That  the  portion  so 

law  of  the  United  States  is  permitted  to  be  begun  abandoned  shall  amount  to  10  per  cent,  or  over  of  the 

against  a  collector  of  customs  to  recover  money  al-  total  value  of  the  invoice." 

Icgcd  to  have  been  illegally  exacted  by  him  on  im-  Sbo.  20.  That  any  person  who  shall  give  or  offer  to 

ported  merchandise,  shall  hereafter  be  begun  or  main-  give  or  promise  to  give,  excepting  for  such  duties  or 

tainod  in  any  court  of  any  State  of  the  United  States,  fees  as  have  been  levied  or  required  according  to  the 

but  each  and  evorv  such  suit  shall  be  begun  in  the  forms  of  law,  any  money  or  thing  of  value,  directly  or 

circuit  court   of  the  United   States  for  t£ie  district  indirectly,  to  any  officer  or  servant  of  the  customs  or 

in  which  such  alleged  illegal  action  shall  have  been  of  the  United  States,  in  connection  with  or  pertaining 

made.  to  the  importation,  or  appruaement,  or  entry,  or  ex- 

Sec.  18.  That  section  3,012i  of  the  Revised  Statutes  amination,  or  inspection  of  goods,  wares,  or  merchan- 

nhall  be,  and  hereby  is,  amended  so  as  to  read  as  fbl-  disc,  including  herein  any  Miggage,  or  of  the  liquida- 

low!4 :  tion  of  the  entry  thereof,  shaU^  on  conviction  thereof, 

^^  Whenever  it  shall  be  shown  to  the  satisfaction  of  be  fined  not  less  than  $100  nor  more  than  $5,000,  or 

the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  ^first)  that,  in  any  case  be  imprisoned  at  hard  labor  not  more  than  two  years, 

of  unascertained  or  estimated  duties,  more  money  has  or  botn,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court ;  and  evidence 

been  paid  to  or  deposited  with  a  collector  of  customs  of  such  giving  or  offering  or  promising  to  give  satis- 

than  the  law  required  to  be  paid  or  deposited ;  and  factory  to  the  court  in  wliich  such  tri^  ui  nad,  shall 

also  (second)  whenever  the  Secretarjr  of  the  Treasury  be  regarded  za prima  facie  evidence  that  such  giving 

shall  have  decided,  on  an  appeal  to  him  as  herein  pro-  or  offering  or  promising  was  contrary  to  law,  and  shall 

vided,  tbat  more  money  has  been  paid  to  or  deposited  put  upon  the  accused  tiie  burden  of  proving  that  such 

witli  a  collector  of  customs  than  the  law  rcauirea ;  and  act  was  innocent  and  not  done  with  an  unlawful  in- 

also  (third)  whenever  any  judgment  shall  have  been  tention. 

recovered  and  entered,  in  any  court  of  the  United  Seo.  21.  That  any  officer  or  servant  of  the  customs 
States,  against  a  collector  of  customs,  for  duties  ille-  or  of  the  United  States  who  shall,  excepting  for  bkwful 
gaily  exacted  by  him  on  imported  merchandise,  and  duties  or  fees,  demand,  exact,  or  receive  from,  any  per- 
a  certificate  of  probable  cause  shall  have  been  entered  son,  directly  or  indirectly,  any  money  or  thing  of  val- 
in  s^d  suit,  in  compliance  with  the  provisions  and  ue  m  connection  with  or  pertaining  to  the  imports- 
requirements  of  section  989  of  the  Revised  Statutes,  tion,  apprusement,  entry,  examination,  or  inspection 
from  which  judgment  the  Attorney-General  shall  cer-  of  goods,  wares,  or  mercnandise,  including  herein  any 
tify,  in  conformity  with  the  act  of  Anarch  8, 1875  (Chap-  baggage  or  liquidation  of  the  entiy  thereof,  shall,  on 
ter  C  XXXVI),  that  no  appeal  or  writ  of  error  will  oe  conviction  thereof,  be  fined  not  less  than  $100  nor 


CONGRESS.    (Rkyenvb  Bbfobbl) 


215 


than  $5,000,  or  be  imprisoned  at  hard  labor  not 
more  thaii  two  Years,  or  both,  at  the  discretion  ot  the 
«oait ;  and  evidence  of  such  demanding^,  exacting,  or 
receiTioi;  satLsfactory  to  the  court  in  which  such  trial 
is  bad,  shall  be  prima  faeU  evidence  that  such  de- 
mandii^  exacting,  or  receiving  was  contrary  to  law, 
and  shaU  put  upon  the  aocusea  the  burden  of  proving 
tint  aach  act  was  innocent  and  not  with  an  unlawml 

iwit^ntimfi- 

Sbc.  23.  That  'section  2,864  of  the  Hevised  Statutes 
be,  and  hio^by  is,  amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows : 

*-^  8bc.  2,864.  That  any  owner,  importer,  consignee, 
agent,  or  other  person  who  shall,  with  intent  to  de- 
finuKi  the  revenue,  make  or  attempt  to  make  any  en- 
try of  iorported  merchaodise  by  meaus  of  any  fraudu- 
lent or  ulse  invoice,  affidavit,  letter,  or  paper,  or  by 
means  of  any  false  statement,  written  or  verbal,  or 
who  shall  be  guilty  of  any  willful  act  or  omission  by 
means  whereof  the  United  States  shall  be  deprived  of 
(be  lawtiol  duties,  or  any  portion  thereof,  accruing 
upoai  the  merchandise,  or  any  portion  thereof  em- 
hnoed  or  referred  to  in  such  invoice,  affidavit,  letter, 
paper,  or  statement,  or  affected  bv  such  act  or  omis- 
fik»i,  shall  for  each  offense  be  fined  in  any  sura  not  ex- 
«^«>**«<iT»g  $5,000  nor  less  than  $50,  or  be  imprisoned  for 
MXij  time  not  exceeding  two  years,  or  both ;  and,  in 
additkm  to  such  fine,  such  merchandise,  or  the  value 
thereof,  shall  be  forfeited,  which  forfeiture  shall  only 
ai)ply  to  the  whole  of  the  merchandise,  or  the  value 
taereof,  in  the  case  or  package  containin^.the  particular 
aitide  KST  articles  of  merohandise  to  which  such  fVaud 

allied  fraud  relates :  and  anything  contained  in 

J  act  which  provides  ror  the  forfeiture  or  confisoa- 


of  an  entire  invoice  in  conse<}uence  of  any  item  or 
items  contained  in  the  same  bemg  undei'vaJued  be, 
and  the  same  is  hereby,  repealed.*' 

Sxc.  83.  That  all  imported  goods,  wares,  and  mer- 
dhandisie  which  may  be  in  the  public  stores  or  bonded 
warehooiaes  or  on  shipboard  within  the  limits  of  any 
port  of  entry,  orremjuningin  the  customs  offices,  on  the 
ay  and  year  when  this  act,  or  any  provision  thereof, 
ahaD  go  into  effect,  except  as  otherwise  provided  in 
this  Mt,  shall  be  subject  to  no  other  duty,  upon  the 
entry  thereof  for  consumption,  than  if  the  some  were 
imported  reepcctively  after  that  day ;  and  all  goods, 
warea,  and  merchanaise  remaining  in  bonded  ware- 
boosee  OD  the  day  and  year  this  act,  or  any  provision 
thereof,  nhall  take  effect,  and  upon  which  the  duties 
shall  have  been  paid,  shall  be  entitled  to  a  refund  of 
the  difference  between  the  amount  of  duties  paid  and 
the  anwant  of  duties  said  goods,  wares,  and  merchan- 
<£be  woald  be  subject  to  if  the  same  were  imported 
icRicctively  after  that  date. 

bac.  24.  That  sections  8,011  and  8,013  of  the  He- 
vised  Statutes  be,  and  hereby  are.  repealed  as  to  all 
importBtions  made  after  the  date  or  this  act. 

bxc.  25.  Tfiat  on  and  after  the  1st  day  of  October, 

1838,  all  taxes  on  manufactured  chewing-tobacco,  smok- 

ia^tobaoco  and  snuff,  all  special  taxes  upon  manufact- 

erezaof  and  dealers  in  said  articles,  and  all  taxes  upon 

wholoale  and  retail  dealers  in  leaf-tobacco  be,  and  are 

hR«by  repealed :  Provided  ^  That  there  shall  be  allowed 

a  drawback  or  rebate  of  the  full  amount  of  tax  on  all 

oc^rnai  and  unbroken  factory  packages  of  smoking  and 

naan&cturod  tobacco  and  snuff  held  by  manufact- 

Bera,  factors,  jobbers,  or  dealers  on  said  1st  day  of 

Ckteber,  if  claim  therefore  shall  be  presented  to  the 

Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue  prior  to  the  Ist  dav 

ef  January,  1889.  and  not  otherwise.    No  claim  i^hall 

be  alk>wed  and  no  drawback  shall  be  p^d  for  an 

mko<ant  l^ss  than  five  dollars,  and  all  sums  required 

Id  aitisfy  claims  under  thb  act  shall  be  paid  out  of 

my  money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropii- 

au.    It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Commissioner  of  In- 

semal  Bevenoe,  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of 

the  Treasury,  to  adopt  such  rules  and  regulations,  and 

to  prescribe  and  furnish  such  blanks  and  forms  as  may 

be  neoessarv  to  carry  this  section  into  effect. 

Sec  26.  That  on  and  after  the  1st  day  of  October. 
18^  manafacturers  of  cigars  shall  each  pay  a  special 


tax  of  three  dollars  annually,  and  dealers  in  tobacco 
shall  each  pay  a  special  tax  of  one  dollar  annually. 
Every  person  whose  business  it  is  to  sell  or  offer  for 
sale  cigars,  cheroots,  or  cigarettes  shall,  on  and  after 
the  1st  day  of  Oct.,  1888,  be  regarded  as  a  dealer  in 
tobacco,  and  the  payment  of  any  other  special  tax 
shall  not  relieve  anv  person  who  ^ells  cigars,  cheroots, 
or  cigarettes  from  tne  payment  of  this  tax :  Prwided^ 
That  no  manufacturer  of  cigars,  cheroots,  or  cigarettes 
shall  be  required  to  pay  a  special  tax  as  a  dealer  in 
tobacco,  as  above  defined,  for  selling  his  own  products 
at  the  place  of  manufacture :  Prwiidtd^  That  the  bond 
required  to  be  given  in  conformity  with  the  provisions 
of  title  85  of  the  Bevised  Statutes  of  the  United 
States,  by  ever^  person  engaging  in  the  manufacture 
of  cigars  in  the  internal-revenue  districts  of  the  United 
States,  shall  be  in  such  penal  sum  as  the  collector  of 
internal  revenue  may  require,  not  less  than  $100,  with 
an  addition  of  $10  for  each  person  proposed  to  be  em- 
ployed by  such  person  in  making  cigars. 

Sec.  27.  That  the  sum  of  $20,000,  or  so  much  thereof 
as  may  be  necessary,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby  ap- 
propriated, out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not 
otherwise  appropriated,  for  the  alteration  of  dies, 
plates,  and  stamps,  for  furnishing  blanks  and  forms, 
and  for  such  other  expenses  as  shall  be  incident  to 
the  collection  of  special  taxes  at  the  reduced  rates  pro- 
vided in  this  act. 

Sko.  28.  That  section  8861  of  the  Bevised  Statutes 
of  the  United  States,  and  all  laws  and  parts  of  laws 
which  impose  restrictions  upon  the  sale  of  leaf-tobacco, 
be,  and  are  hereby.  rex)ealea. 

Seo.  29.  That  whenever  in  any  statute  denouncing 
any  violation  of  the  internal-revenue  laws  as  a  felony, 
crime,  or  misdemeanor,  there  is  prescribed  in  such 
statute  a  minimum  punishment,  less  than  which  mini- 
mum no  fine,  penalty,  impriHonment,  or  punishment 
is  authorized  to  be  imposed,  every  such  minimum 
punishment  is  hereby  abolished ;  and  the  court  or 
judge  in  every  such  case  shall  have  discretion  to  im- 
pose any  fine,  penalty^  imprisonment,  or  punishment 
not  exceedhig  the  limit  authorized  by  such  statute, 
whether  such  fine,  penalty,  imprisonment,  or  punish- 
ment be  less  or  greater  than  the  sfud  minimum  so  pre- 
scribed. 

Seo.  80.  That  no  warrant,  in  any  case  under  the 
internal-revenue  laws,  shall  be  issued  upon  an  affi- 
davit making  charges  upon  information  and  belief, 
unless  such  affidavit  is  made  by  a  collector  or  deputy 
collector  of  internal  revenue  or  by  a  revenue  agent ; 
and,  with  the  exception  aforesaid,  no  waiTant  shall  be 
issued  except  upon  a  sworn  complunt.  setting  forth 
the  facts  constituting  the  offense  and  alleging  them  to 
be  within  the  personal  knowledge  of  the  affiant.  And 
the  United  States  shall  not  be  liable  to  pay  any  fees 
to  marshals,  clerks,  commissioners,  or  other  officers 
for  any  warrant  issued  or  arrest  made  in  prosecutions 
under  the  internal -revenue  laws,  unless  there  be  a 
conviction  or  the  prosecution  has  been  approved,  either 
before  or  after  such  arrest,  by  the  attorney  of  the 
United  States  for  the  district  where  the  offense  is  al- 
leged to  have  been  committed,  or  unless  the  prosecu- 
tion was  commenced  by  information  or  indictment. 

Sbo.  81.  That  whenever  a  warrant  shall  be  issued 
bj  a  commissioner  or  other  judicial  officer  having?  ju- 
risdiction for  the  arrest  of  any  person  diar^^red  with  a 
criminal  offense,  such  warrant,  accompanied  by  the 
affidavit  on  which  the  same  was  issued,  shall  be  re- 
turnable before  some  judicial  officer  named  in  section 
1,014  of  the  Bevised  Statutes  residing  in  the  county 
of  arrest,  or  if  there  be  no  such  judicial  officer  in  that 
county,  before  some  such  judicial  officer  residing  in 
another  county  nearest  to  the  place  of  arrest ;  and  the 
judicial  officer,  before  whom  the  warrant  is  made  re- 
turnable as  herein  provided,  shall  have  exclusive  au- 
thority to  make  the  preliminary  examination  of  every 
person  arrested  as  aforesaid,  and  to  discharge  him, 
admit  him  to  bail,  or  commit  him  to  prison,  as  the 
case  mav  require :  J¥ovided^  That  this  section  shall 
not  apply  to  ^e  Indian  Territory. 


216 


CONGRESS.    (RfiTENus  Rbform.) 


Seo.  32.  That  the  circuit  ooxirts  of  the  United  States, 
and  the  district  coarts  or  judges  thereof  exercising 
drcuit-court  powers,  and  tlie  district  courts  of  the 
Territories,  are  autliorized  to  api>oiDt,  in  different 

Earts  of  the  several  districta  in  which  siud  courts  are 
eld,  as  many  discreet  persons  to  become  commission- 
ers of  the  circuit  courts  as  may  be  deemed  necessary ; 
and  said  courts,  or  the  judges  thereof,  shall  have  au- 
thority to  remove  at  pleasure  any  commissioners 
heretofore  or  hereafter  appointed  in  said  districts. 

Seo.  33.  That  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Rev- 
enue, with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury, may  compromise  any  civil  or  criminal  case,  and 
may  reauce  or  remit  any  fine,  penalty,  forfeiture,  or 
assessment  under  the  internal-revenue  laws. 

Seo.  34.  That  section  8,176  of  the  Revised  Statutes 
be  amended  so  as  to  read  as  follows . 

"  Seo.  3,176.  The  collector  or  any  deputy  collector 
in  any  district  shall  enter  into  and  upon  the  premi- 
ses, it  it  be  necessary,  of  any  person  tnerein  wno  has 
taxable  property  and  who  refuses  or  ne^jrlects  to  ren- 
der any  return  or  list  required,  or  who  renders  a  false 
or  fhiudulent  return  or  list,  and  make,  according  to 
the  best  information  which  he  can  obtain,  incluaing 
that  derived  from  the  evidence  elidted  by  the  exami- 
nation of  the  collector,  and  on  his  own  view  and  in- 
formation, such  list  or  return,  according  to  the  form 
prescribed,  of  the  objects  liable  to  tax  owned  or  pos- 
sessed or  under  the  care  or  management  of  such  per- 
son, and  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue  snail 
assess  the  tax  thereon,  including  the  amount,  if  any, 
due  for  special  tax.  and  a  penalty  of  25  per  cent.,  and 
he  may  add  to  sucn  tax  interest  at  the  rate  of  10  per 
cent,  per  annum  thereon  from  and  after  the  date  when 
such  tax  became  due  and  pavable.  The  interest  so 
added  to  the  tax  shall  be  collected  at  the  same  time 
and  in  the  same  manner  as  the  tax.  And  the  list  or 
return  so  made  and  subscribed  by  such  collector  or 
deputv  collector  shall  be  deemed  good  and  sufficient 
for  all  legal  purposes." 

Seo.  35.  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  in  any  way 
change  or  impair  the  force  or  effect  of  any  treaty  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  any  other  government^  or 
any  laws  passed  in  pursuance  of  or  for  the  execution 
of  any  such  treaty,  so  long  as  such  treaty  shall  remain 
in  force  in  respect  of  the  subjects  embraced  in  this 
act ;  but  whenever  any  such  treaty,  so  far  as  the  same 
respects  said  subjects^  shall  expire  or  be  otherwise 
terminated,  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  in  force 
in  all  respects  in  the  same  manner  and  to  the  same 
extent  as  if  no  such  treaty  had  existed  at  the  time  of 
the  pos-sage  hereof. 

Sec  36.  That  section  3,255  of  the  Revised  Statutes 
of  the  United  States  be  amended  by  striking  out  all 
af\»r  said  number  and  substituting  therefor  the  fol- 
lowing :  * 

**  And  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue,  with 
the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  may 
exempt  distillers  of  brandy  made  exclusively  from 
apples,  peaches,  grapes^  or  other  fruits  from  any  pro- 
vision of  this  title  relating  to  the  manufacture  of  spir- 
its, except  as  to  the  tax  thereon,  when  in  his  judg- 
ment it  may  seem  expedient  to  do  so. 

"  The  Secretary  or  the  Treasury  may  exempt  all 
distilleries  which  mash  less  than  twenty -five  bushels 
of  grain  per  day  from  the  operations  of  the  provisions 
of  this  title  relating  to  the  maufacture  of  spirits,  ex- 
cept as  to  the  payment  of  the  tax,  which  said  tax 
shall  then  be  levied  and  collected  on  the  capacity  of 
said  distilleries :  and  said  distilleries  may,  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  said  Secretary,  then  be  run  and  operated 
without  store-keepers  or  *  store-keepers  and  gaugers.' 
And  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue,  with 
the  approval  of  said  Secretary,  may  establish  special 
warehouses  in  which  he  may  authorize  to  be  deposited 
the  product  of  any  number  of  said  distilleries  to  be 
designated  by  him,  and  in  which  any  distiller  operat- 
ing any  such  distillery  may  deposit  his  product, 
which,  when  so  deposited,  shall  be  subject  to  all  the 
laws  and  regulations  as  to  bonds,  tax,  removals,  and 


otherwise  as  other  warehouses.  The  Commissioner 
of  Internal  Revenue,  with  the  approval  of  the  Secre> 
tary  of  the  Treasury,  is  hereby  authorized  and  di^ 
rected  to  make  such  rules  and  re^^fulations  as  may  be 
necessary  to  cany  out  the  provisions  of  this  section : 
lYovideaj  That  such  regulations  shall  bo  adopted  as 
will  require  that  all  the  spirits  manufactured  shall  be 
subject  to  the  payment  or  the  tax  according  to  law." 

Seo.  37.  That  the  provisions  of  an  act  entitled 
**  An  act  relating  to  the  production  of  fruit  brandy, 
and  to  punish  frauds  connected  with  the  same,"  ap> 
proved  March  8,  1877,  be  extended  and  made  apph- 
cable  to  brandy  distilled  from  apples  or  peaches,  or 
fh>m  any  other  fruit  the  brandy  aistiUed  from  which 
is  not  now  required,  or  hereafter  shall  not  be  required, 
to  be  deposited  in  a  distillery  warehouse :  /Wpm^. 
That  each  of  the  warehouses  established  under  saia 
act,  or  which  may  hereafter  be  established,  shall  be  in 
charge  either  of  a  store-keeper  or  a  store-keeper  and 

Euger,  at  the  discretion  of  the   Commissioner  of 
temal  Revenue. 

Sec.  88.  That  section  8832  of  the  Revised  Statutes, 
and  the  supplement  thereto,  shall  be  amended  so  that 
said  section  shall  read  as  follows : 

*^  When  a  judgment  of  forfeiture,  in  any  case  of 
seizure,  is  recovered  a^nst  any  distillery  uised  or  fit     ^ 
for  use  in  the  production  of  distilled  spirits,  because 
no  bond  has  been  given,  or  against  any  distillery 
used  or  fit  for  use  in  the  production  of  spirits,  having     " 
a  registered  producing  capadty  of  less  tnan  one  hun-    ^ 
dred  and  fifxy  gallons  a  day,  every  still,  doubler,      : 
worm,    worm-tub,    mash-tub,    and   fermenting-tub    '. 
therein  shall  be  sold,  as  in  case  of  other  forfeited 
property,  without  being  mutilated  or  destroyed.  And     ;' 
m  case  of  seizure  of  a  still,  doubler,  worm,  worm-tub,     '^ 
fermenting-tub,  mash-tub,  or  other  distilling^  appa- 
ratus of  any  kind  whatsoever,  for  any  offense  mvolv-     ^. 
in^  forfeiture  of  the  same,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the      ,' 
seizing  officer  to  remove  the  same  fh>m  the  place      ^ 
where  seized  to  a  place  of  safe  storage ;  and  said  prop- 
erty so  seized  shall  be  sold  as  provided  by  law,  but     - 
Witnout  being  mutilated  or  destroyed." 

Seo.  89.  Tnat  whenever  it  shall  be  made  to  appear    /^ 
to  the  United  States  court  or  judge  having  junsdio- 
tion  that  the  health  or  life  of  any  person  imprisoned 
for  any  offense,  in  a  county  jail  or  elsewhere,  is  en- 
dangered by  close  confinement,  the  said  court  or  judge     . 
is  hereby  authorized  to  make  such  order  and  pro  vis-     :]' 
ion  for  the  comfort  and  well-being  of  the  person  so      '' 
imprisoned  as  shall  be  deemed  reasonable  and  proper.     ^^ 

Seo.  40.  That  all  clauses  of  section  3244  of  the  W     >:, 
vised  Statutes,  and  all  laws  amendatory  thereof,  and 
all  other  laws  which  impose  any  special  taxes  upon    .'^ 
manufacturers  of  stills,  retail  dealers  in  liquors,  and 
retail  dealers  in  malt  liquors,  are  hereby  repealed.  '' 

Seo.  41.  That  this  act  is  intended  and  shall  be  con-      ^ 
strued  as  an  act  supplementary  and  amendatory  to 
existing  laws,  and  the  rates  of  duty  and  modification     .^ 
of  clauses,  provisions,  and  sections  as  herein  spcdfl-    . 
cally  made  are  intended  and  shall  be  construed  as  a 
repeal  of  all  clauses,  provisions,  and  sections  in  con-    '  * 
flict  herewith,  but  as  to  all  clauses,  provisions,  and 
sections   in    existing    laws   not   herein   specincally    / 
changed,  modified,  or  amended  the  rates  of  duty  now    . 
existing  shall  be  and  remain  in  full  force  and  effect. 
This  act  shall  be  in  force  from  and  after  Oct.  1, 16S8,      f, 
except  as  herein  otherwise  provided. 

This  measare  was  referred  in  the  Senate  to  " 

the  Finance  Committee,  and  the  Repablican  ^' 

majority  of  that  committee  prepared  a  substi-  ^ 

tute  which  they  reported  by  way  of  amend-  "^ 

ment  October  3.    The  matter  was  taken  ap  ^ 

October  8,  and  Mr.  Allison,  of  Iowa,  made  the  - 

opening  speech  in  explaoatioD  of  the  Senate  - 

bill ;  but  it  was  riot  very  earnestly  discussed^  ^ 

and  no  attempt  was  made  to  pash  it  to  a  vote  ^^ 

before   adjournment.     The   ooDate   measure  ^ 


CONGRESS.    (Thb  FienssoB  Tbbatt:) 


217 


aimed  at  a  redaction  of  reducing  the  revenue 
to  the  extent  of  from  $65,000,000  to  $78,- 
000,000;  it  dealt  with  all  the  schedales  of 
the  tariff  and  waa  avowedly  a  revision  of 
the  castoms  duties  with  the  pnrpose  of 
maintaining  their  protective  features  though 
it  is  not  in  all  respects  consistent  with  that 
parpoae.  The  heaviest  reduction  was  on 
internal-revenue  taxation,  tobacco  being  made 
free  and  the  tax  on  alcohol  used  in  the  arts 
b^ng  reduced.  The  great  reduction  proposed 
in  the  customs  duties  was  the  cutting  down  of 
the  tariff  on  sugar  about  one  half.  Some 
articles  were  put  on  the  free  list,  reducing  the 
estimated  revenue  still  further ;  but  in  nearly 
all  the  schedules  the  proposed  changes  might 
be  expected  to  increase  rather  than  diminish 
duties  collected.  To  put  the  distinction 
broadly,  the  Senate  bill  increased  the  intemal- 
revenoe  reduction  provided  for  in  the  Mills 
BOl  and  made  the  tariff  reduction  mainly  in 
the  duties  on  sugar  and  molasses  which  the 
MIHb  Bill  had  touched  but  lightiy. 

The  Fbholcs  Treaty. — Another  important  mat- 
ter dealt  with  was  the  tisheries  treaty  sent 
to  the  Senate  by  the  President,  Feb.  20,  1888. 
It  was  n^otiated  by  Thomas  F.  Bayard,  Secre- 
tary of   State,  William  L.  Putnam,  of  Maine, 
and  James  B.  Angell,  of   Michigan,  on  the 
part  of  the  United  States,  and  Joseph  Cham- 
berlain, L.  S.  Sackville  West  and  Oharles  Tup- 
per  on  the  part  of  Great  Britain,  and  was  de- 
agned  to  settle  *'  the  interpretation  of  the  con- 
vention of  Oct  20,  1818,"  concerning  which 
much  controversy  bad  arisen  with  the  Cana- 
dian anthoritiea  after  the  terminatian,  June 
SO,  1885,  of  the  fisheries  articles  of  the  treaty 
of  1871.     The  proposed  treaty  was  signed  at 
Washington,  Febuary  15,  and  the  President  in 
his  message  transmitting  the  document  to  the 
Senate  for  consideration,  said :  **  I  am  given  to 
mderstand  that  the  other  governments  con- 
coned  in  this  treaty  will,  within  a  few  days, 
in  accordance  with  their  methods  of  conduct- 
ing public  business,  submit  said  treaty  to  their 
fQ^>ective  legislatures,  when  it  will  be  at  once 
published  to  the  world.    In  view  of  such  ac- 
tion it  appears  to  be  advisable  that,  by  publi- 
cation here,  early  and  full  knowledge  of  alt  that 
lias  been  done  in  the  premises  should  be  afford- 
ed to  onr  people.    It  would  also  seem  to  be 
raefol  to  inform  the  popular  mind  concerning 
the  history  of  the  long-continued  disputes  grow- 
iag  out  of  the  subject  embraced  in  the  treaty  and 
to  satisfy  the  public  interest  touching  the  same, 
swell  as  to  acquaint  our  people  with  the  pres- 
mt  ^atus  of  the  questions  involved,  and  to  give 
tbem  the  exact  terms  of  the  proposed  ac^ust- 
Dent  in  place  of  the  exaggerated  and  imagina- 
tive statements  which  will  otherwise  reach  them. 
I  tb^efore  beg  leave  respectfully  to  suggest 
^t  said  treaty  and  all  such  correspondence, 
Bcasages,  and  documents  relating  to  the  same  as 
my  be  deemed  important  to  accomplish  these 
parposes  be  at  once  made  public  by  the  order 
ofyour  honorable  body."    This  was  considered 


a  sort  of  challenge  to  the  Senate,  and  it  was 
promptly  accepted  by  that  body.  The  treaty, 
contrary  to  the  usual  custom,  was  at  once  pub- 
lished, and  after  May  28  it  was  debated  in  open 
session.    It  is  as  follows : 

Whereas  dififerenoes  have  arisen  ooncernmfr  the  in- 
terpretation of  Article  I  of  the  Convention  of  Oct.  20, 
1818,  the  United  Stateu  of  America  and  Her  Majesty 
the  Queen  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland^  being  mutually  desirous  of  removing  all 
causes  of  misunderstanding  in  relation  thereto  and  of 

Eromotin^  friendly  intercourse  and  good  neighbor- 
ood  between  the  United  States  and  the  possessions 
of  Her  Mi^esty  in  North  America,  have  resolved  to 
conclude  a  treaty  to  that  end,  and  nave  named  as  their 
plenipotentiaries — that  is  to  say : 

The  President  of  the  United  States,  Thomas  F.  Bay- 
ard, Secretarv  of  State ;  William  L.  Putnam,  of  Maine ; 
and  James  B.  AngoU.  of  Michigan ; 

And  Her  Mfycsty  tne  Queen  of  the  United  Kingdom 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  the  Ri^ht  Hon.  Joseph 
Chamberlain,  M.  P. ;  the  Hon.  Sir  Lionel  Sackville 
Sackville  West,  K.  C.  M.  G.  Her  Britannic  Mfgesty's 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
the  Imited  States  ot  America;  and  Sir  Charles  Tup- 
per,  G.  C.  M.  G..  C.  B.,  Minister  of  Finance  of  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada: 

Who,  having  communicated  to  each  other  their  rcv- 
spective  full  powers,  found  in  good  and  due  form, 
have  agreed  upon  the  following  articles : 

Article  I.  The  high  contracting  parties  agree  to 
appoint  a  mixed  commission  to  delimit,  in  the  manner 
provided  in  this  treaty,  the  British  waters,  bays, 
creeks,  and  harbor  of  the  coast  of  Canada  and  of  New- 
foundland, as  to  which  the  United  States,  by  Article 
I  of  the  convention  of  Oct.  20,  1818,  between  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain,  renounced  forever 
any  liberty  to  take,  dij,  or  cure  fish. 

Art.  II.  The  commission  shall  consist  of  two  com- 
missioners to  be  named  bv  Her  Britannic  Maiest^  and 
of  two  commissioners  to  Tbe  named  by  the  President 
of  the  United  States^  without  delay,  after  the  exchange 
of  ratifications  of  this  treaty. 

The  commission  shall  meet  and  complete  the  de- 
limitation as  soon  as  possible  thereafter. 

In  case  of  the  deatn.  absence,  or  incapacity  of  any 
commissioner,  or  in  tne  event  of  any  commissioner 
omitting  or  ceasine  to  act  as  such,  the  President  of  the 
United  States  or  Her  Britannic  Majesty,  respectively, 
shdl  forthwith  name  another  person  to  act  as  com- 
missioner instead  of  the  commissioner  originally 
named. 

Art.  hi.  The  delimitation  referred  to  in  Article  I 
of  this  treaty  shall  be  marked  upon  British  admiralty 
charts  bjr  a  series  of  lines  regularly  numbered  and  duly 
described.  The  charts  so  marked  shall,  on  the  ter- 
mination of  tho  work  of  the  commission  be  signed 
by  the  commissioners  in  quadruplicate  ;  one  copy 
wnereof  shall  be  delivered  to  the  Secretary  of  State 
of  the  United  States  and  three  copies  to  HerMs^jesty's 
Government.  The  delimitation  shall  bo  made  in  the 
following  manner,  and  shall  be  accepted  by  both  the 
high  contractintir  parties  as  applicaole  for  all  pur- 
poses under  Article  I  of  the  convention  of  Oct.  20^ 
1818,  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain. 

The  three  marine  miles  mentioned  in  Article  I  of 
the  convention  of  Oct.  20,  1818,  shall  be  measured 
seaward  from  low-water  mark  ;  but  at  every  bay. 
creek,  or  harbor,  not  otherwise  specially  providea 
for  in  this  treaty,  such  three  marine  miles  shall  be 
measured  seaward  from  a  straight  line  drawn  across 
the  bay,  creek,  or  harbor,  in  the  part  nearest  tlie  en- 
trance at  the  first  point  where  the  width  does  not  ex- 
ceed ten  marine  miles. 

Art.  IV.  At  or  near  the  following  bays  the  limits 
of  exclusion  under  Article  I  of  the  convention  of  Oct. 
20, 1818,  at  points  more  than  three  marine  miles  from 
low-water  mark,  shall  be  established  by  the  following 
lines,  namely : 


218 


00N6RESS.    (The  Fibbsbies  Tbkatt.) 


At  tbe  Bue  des  Chaleurs  the  line  from  the  light  at 
Rrch  Point,  on  Miflcou  Island,  to  Macquereau  roint 
Vtht ;  at  tbe  Bay  of  Miramichi,  the  line  from  the 
fi^bt  at  Point  Kscuminac  to  the  light  on  the  eastern 
point  of  Tabisintac  Gullej  ^  at  Esmont  Bay,  in  Prince 
Edward  laland,  the  line  from  tbe  li^ifht  at  Cape  Eff- 
mont  to  the  light  at  West  Point;  and  off  St.  Ann's 
Bay,  in  the  province  of  Nova  Scotia,  the  line  from 
Cape  Smoke  to  the  li^ht  at  Point  Aconi. 

At  Fortune  Bay,  in  Newfoundland,  the  line  from 
Connaigre  Head  to  the  light  on  the  southeasterly  end 
of  Brunet  Island,  thence  to  Fortune  Head  ;  at  Sir 
Charles  Hamilton  Sound,  the  line  from  the  southeast 
point  of  Cape  Fooro  to  White  Island,  thence  to  the 
north  end  of  Peckiord  Island,  and  from  the  south 
end  of  Peckford  Island  to  the  east  headland  of  Bagged 
Harbor. 

At  or  near  the  following  bays  the  limits  of  exclu- 
sion Rhall  be  three  marine  miles  seaward  from  the 
following  lines,  namely : 

At  or  near  Barrington  Bay,  in  Nova  Scotia,  tbe  line 
fVom  the  light  on  Stoddard  Island  to  the  light  on  the 
■outh  point  of  Cape  Sable,  thence  to  the  light  at  Bao- 
oaro  Point ;  at  Chcdabucto  and  St.  Peter's  Bays,  the 
line  from  Cranberry  Island  light  to  Qreen  Island 
light,  thence  to  Point  Rouge ;  at  Mira  Bay,  the  line 
f^m  the  light  on  the  east  point  of  Scatan  Island  to 
the  northeasterly  point  of  Cape  Morieo ;  and  at  Pla- 
centia  Bay,  in  Newfoundland,  the  line  from  Latine 
Point,  on  the  eastern  mainland  shore,  to  the  most 
■outherly  point  of  Red  Island,  thence  by  the  most 
aoutherly  point  of  Mcrasheen  Island  to  the  mainland. 

Long  Island  and  Br^cr  Island,  at  St.  Mary's  Bay, 
In  Nova  Scotia,  shall,  for  tlie  purpose  of  delimitation, 
be  taken  as  the  coasts  of  such  nay. 

Art.  V.  Nothing  in  this  treaty  shall  be  construed 
to  include  within  the  common  waters  any  such  inte- 
rior portions  of  any  bays,  creeks,  or  harbors  as  can 
not  be  reached  from  the  sea  without  passing  within 
the  three  marine  miles  mentioned  in  Artido  i  of  the 
convention  of  Oct.  20, 1818. 

^  Abt.  VI.  The  commissioners  shall  from  time  to 
time  report  to  each  of  the  high  contracting  parties, 
such  linos  aa  they  may  have  agreed  upon,  numbered, 
described,  and  marked  as  herein  provided,  with  quad- 
ruplicate charts  thereof;  which  lines  so  reported  shall 
forthwith  from  time  to  time  be  simultaneously  pro- 
claimed by  tbe  high  contracting  parties,  and  be  bind- 
ing after  two  months  from  such  proclamation. 

Art.  VII.  Any  diHogrcement  of  the  commissioners 
shall  forthwith  be  referred  to  an  umpire  selected  by 
the  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States  and  Her 
Britannic  Maiesty's  minister  at  Washington ;  and  his 
decision  shall  be  final. 

Art.  VIII.  Each  of  the  high  contracting  parties 
shall  pay  its  own  commissioners  and  offices.  All 
other  expenses  jointly  incurred  in  connection  with 
the  perlbrmance  of  the  work,  indudinjB^  compensation 
to  the  umpire,  shall  be  paid  by  the  high  contracting 
parties  in  equal  moieties. 

Abt.  IX.  Nothing  in  this  treaty  shall  interrupt  or 
affect  the  free  navigation  of  the  Strait  of  Canso  by 
fishing-vessels  of  the  United  States. 

Art.  X.  United  States  fishing-vessels  entering  tbe 
bays  or  harbors  referred  to  in  Article  I  of  this  treaty 
shall  confonn  to  harbor  regulations  common  to  them 
and  to  fishing- vessels  of  Canada  or  of  Newfoundland. 

They  need  not  report,  enter,  or  clear,  when  putting 
into  such  bays  or  harbors  for  shelter  or  repairing 
damages,  nor  when  putting  into  the  same,  outside 
the  limits  of  cstnblished  ports  of  entry,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  purchasing  wood  or  of  obtainmg  water ;  ex- 
cept that  any  such  vessel  remaining  more  than  twenty- 
four  hours,  exclusive  of  Sundays  and  le^l  holidays, 
within  any  such  port,  or  communicating  with  the 
shore  therein,  moy  bo  required  to  report,  enten  or 
clear;  and  no  vessel  shall  be  excused  hereby  from 
giving  due  information  to  boarding  officers. 

They  shall  not  be  liable  in  any  such  bays  or  har- 
bors for  compulsory  pilotage ;  nor,  when  therein  for 


the  purpose  of  shelter,  of  repairing  damages,  of  pur- 
chasmjB^  wood,  or  of  obtainmg  water,  Bball  they  be 
liable  tor  harbor  dues,  tonnage  dues,  buoy  dues,  h^ht 
dues,  or  other  similar  dues ;  but  this  ennmeration 
shall  not  permit  other  charges  inconsistent  with  the 
enjoyment  of  the  liberties  reserved  or  secured  by  the 
convention  of  Oct.  20,  1818. 

Am*.  XL  United  States  fishing-vessels  entering  the 
ports,  bays,  and  harbors  of  the  eastern  or  northcaf>tem 
coasts  ot  Canada  or  of  the  coasts  of  Newfoundland 
under  stress  of  weather  or  other  casualty  may  unload, 
reload,  transship,  or  sell,  sulxject  to  customs  laws  ana 
regulations,  all  fish  on  board,  when  such  unloading, 
transshipment,  or  sale  is  made  necessary  as  incidental 
to  repairs,  and  may  replenish  outfits,  provisions,  and 
supplies  aamaged  or  lost  by  disaster :  and  in  case  of 
death  or  sickness,  shall  be  allowed  all  needful  facil- 
ities, including  the  shipping  of  crews. 

Licenses  to  purchase  in  established  ports  of  entry  of 
the  aforesaid  coasts  of  Canada  or  of  Newfoundland, 
for  the  homeward  voyage,  such  provisions  and  sup- 
plies as  are  ordinal  ily  sold  to  trading- vessels,  shall  be 
granted  to  United  States  fishing-vessels  in  such  ports, 
promptly  upon  application  and  without  charge ;  and 
such  vessels,  having  obtained  licenses  in  the  manner 
aforesaid,  shall  also  be  accorded  upon  all  occasions 
such  facilities  for  the  purchase  of  casual  or  needful 
provisions  and  supplies  as  are  ordinarily  granted  to 
the  trading- vessels :  but  such  provisions  or  supplies 
shall  not  to  obtained  by  barter,  nor  purchased  for  re- 
sale or  traffic. 

Art.  XII.  Fishing- vessels  of  Canada  and  New- 
foundland shall  have  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the 
United  States  all  the  privileges  reserved  and  secured 
by  this  treaty  to  United  States  fishing-vessels  in  the 
aforesaid  waters  of  Canada  and  Newfoundland. 

Art.  XIII.  The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the 
United  States  shall  make  regulations  providing  for 
the  conspicuous  exhibition  by  every  United  States 
fishing- vessel,  of  its  official  number  on  each  bow ;  and 
any  vessel  required  by  Law  to  have  an  official  number, 
and  failing  to  comply  with  such  reflations,  shall  not 
be  entitled  to  the  ucensos  provided  for  in  this  treaty. 

Such  regulations  shall  be  communicated  to  Her 
Mf^esty's  Government  previously  to  their  taking 
effect. 

Art.  XIV.    The  penalties  for  unlawfully  fishing  in 
the  waters,  bays,  creeks,  and  harbors,  referred  to  in 
Article  I  or  this  treaty,  may  extend  to  forfeiture  of  the 
boat  or  vessel  and  appurtenances,  and  also  of  the  sup- 
plies and  cargo  aboard  when  the  offense  was  com- 
mitted ;  and  tor  preparing  in  such  waters  to  unlawfully 
fish  therein  penalties  shall  be  fixed  by  tbe  court,  not 
to  exceed  those  for  unlawfully  fishing :  and  for  any 
other  violation  of  the  laws  of  Great  Britain.  Canadk. 
or  Newfoundland  relating  to  the  right  of  fiehenr  ix^ 
such  waters,  bays,  creeks,  or  harbors,  penalties  sdsLI 
be  fixed  by  toe  court,  not  exceeding  in  all  $8  for  every 
ton  of  the  boat  or  vessel  concerned.    The  boat  or  veai — 
sel  may  be  hoi  den  for  sudi  penalties  and  forfeitures. 

The  proceedings  shall  be  summary  and  as  inexpfr^ 

sive  as  practicable.    The  trial  (except  on  appeal)  si 
be  at  the  place  of  detention,  unless  tlie  .ludge  shall, 
request  of^the  defense,  order  it  to  be  held  atsome  ott».< 
place  adjudged  by  him  more  convenient.    Security^  "^ 
costs  shall  not  be  required  of  the  defense,  except  wi 
bail  is  offered.     Reasonable  bail  shall  be  aoccp^ 
There  shall  be  proper  appeals  available  to  the  dei^ 
only ;  and  the  evidence  at  the  trial  may  be  useo. 
appeal. 

Judgments  of  forfeiture  shall  be  reviewed  hv 
Governor-General  of  Canada,  in  council,  or  the 
ernor,  in  council,  of  Newfoundland,  before  the 
are  executed. 

Art.  XV.    Whenever  the  United  States  shfj  —        ^ 
move  the  duty  from  fish-oil,  whale-oil,  ^eal-oi**^^^ 
fish  of  all  kinds  (except  fish  preserved  in  oil),  ■--**'     5 
the  produce  of  fisheries  carriea  on  by  the  fishentf* 
Canada  and  Newfoundland,  including  Labrac^^ 
well  as  from  the  usual  and  necessary  casks,  b^" 


nof 
.  as 


CONGRESS.    (The  FisHBBns  Tbbatt.) 


219 


kegs,  cans,  and  other  usual  and  nooessary  coverinffs 
eootaininff  the  products  above  mentioned^  the  like 
products,  Dem<r  the  produce  of  fisheries  earned  on  by 
the  fishennen  of  the  United  States,  as  well  as  the  usual 
and  necesflary  coverings  of  the  same,  as  above  de- 
scribed, shall  be  admitted  free  of  duty  into  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada  and  Newfoundland. 

Aod  upon  »uch  removal  of  duties,  and  while  the 
aforesaid  articles  are  allowed  to  be  brought  into  the 
United  States  by  British  subiects,  without  duty  being 
reimpoged  thereon,  tlie  privilege  of  entering  the  ports, 
bays,  and  harbors  of  the  aforesaid  coasts  of  Canada 
tt^  Newfoundland  shall  be  accorded  to  United  States 
&binir-vesse1s  by  annual  licenses,  tree  of  charge,  for 
the  following  purposes,  namely  •         .         .         . 

1.  The  purcnase  of  provisions,  bait,  ice,  seines,  lines, 
ad  all  otner  supplies  and  outfits ; 

S.  Transfdiipment  of  catch,  for  transport  by  any 
means  of  conveyance ; 

3.  Shipping  of  crews. 

Supphes  shall  not  be  obtained  by  barter,  but  bait 
mav  he  so  obtained. 

The  like  privileges  shall  bo  continued  or  given  to 
&hmg^ vessels  of  Canada  and  of  Newfoundland  on  the 
Atlantic  coasts  of  the  United  States. 

AST.  XVI.  This  treaty  shall  be  ratified  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  by  and  with  the  advice 
t&d  ctmaent  of  the  Senate ;  and  by  Her  Britannic 
Majesty,  having  received  the  assent  of  the  Parliament 
of  Canada  and  of  the  Legislature  of  Nevrfoundlond ; 
tad  the  ratifications  shall  be  exchanged  at  Washing- 
t(8i  as  soon  as  possible. 

In  faith,  whereof  we,  the  respective  plenipotentiaries, 
bve  signed  this  treaty,  and  have  hereunto  affixed  our 


i&l%. 


5>| 

it: 


Done  in  duplicate  at  Washington  this  15th  day  of 
February,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1883. 

FSOTOCOL. 

The  treaty  having  been  signed,  the  British  pleni- 

Iftcntiori^  desire  to  state  that  they  have  been  con- 

^erinj?  the  position  which  will  hie  created  by  the 

innydiate  commencement  of  the  fishing  reason  before 

^  treatv  can  possibly  be  ratified  by  the  Senate  of  the 

tinted  States,  by  the  Parliament  of  Canada,  and  the 

L^lature  oi  Newfoundland. 

m  the  absence  of  such  ratification  the  old  conditions 

iVich  have  given  rise  to  so  much  friction  and  inita- 

^  might  be  revived,  and  might  interfere  with  the 

SB^ji^iced  oonsideration  of  the  treaty  by  the  legis- 

kive  bodies  concerned. 

Under  these  circumstances,  and  with  the  further 

object  of  affording  evidence  of  their  anxious  desire  to 

pwmc*e  good  feeling  and  to  remove  all  possible  sub- 

i^ferf  oontroverny,  the  British  plenipotentiaries  are 

^^  to  make  the  following  temporary  arrangement 

fey  &  period  not  exceeding  two  years,  in  order  to  afford 

\9odiu  Htmii  pending  the  ratification  of  the  treaty. 


-   ■  / 


1.  For  a  period  not  exceeding  two  years  from  the 

?«*nt  date,  the  privilege  of  entering  the  bays  and 

arbors  oi  the  Atlantic  coasts  of  Canada  and  New- 

«a»land  shall  be  granted  to  United  States  fishing- 

^J««hy  annual  licenses  at  a  fee  of  $1.50  per  ton— 

TV  ^^°^'^Jf  purposes : 

3*  P^irc^  of  bait,  ice,  seines,  linos,  and  all  other 

splits  and  outfits. 

|tt^hi{|incnt  of  catch  and  shipping  of  crews. 

*•  II,  durinjf  the  continuance  of  this  arrangement, 

guited  States  should  remove  the  duties  on  fish, 

^-ou,  whale-  and  seal-oil  (and  their  coverinsrs,  pack- 

^J^<^)i  the  said  licenses  shall  be  issued  free  of 

^^Dited  States  fishinsr- vessels  entering  the  bays 
Kr!?!"  "^^  ^^^  Atlantic  coasts  of  Canada  or  of 
h  Af?f  t  ^^^  ^^y  ^*  ^^®  ***"'*  purposes  mentioned 
j^^^  1  of  the  convention  of  Oct.  20, 1818,  and  not 
^^'ojr  therein  more  than  twenty-four  hours,  shall 
pj^^^jj^Dired  to  enter  or  clear  at  the  custom-house, 
■iJ/^  that  thev  do  not  communicate   with  the 


■h^t 


4.  Forfeiture  to  be  exacted  onljr  for  the  offenses  of 
fishinsr  or  preparing  to  fish  in  territorial  waters. 

5.  This  arrangement  to  take  effect  as  soon  as  the 
necessary  measures  can  be  conopleted  by  the  colonial 
authorities.  J.  Chaicbbrlain. 

L.  6.  Sackvillb  Wxst. 
CUABLXB  TurpxB. 
WAsnnroTON,  Feb,  15,  1888. 

PBOTOOOL. 

The  American  plenipotentiaries,  having  received 
the  communication  of  the  British  plenipotentiaries  of 
this  date  convoying  their  plan  for  the  administration 
to  be  observed  by  the  Governments  of  Canada  and 
Newfoundland  in  respect  of  the  fisheries  during  the 
period  which  may  be  requisite  for  the  consideration 
oy  the  Senate  of  the  treaty  this  day  signed^  and  the 
enactment  of  the  legislation  by  the  respective  Gov- 
ernments therein  proposed,  desire  to  express  their 
satisfaction  with  this  manifestation  of  an  intention  on 
the  part  of  the  British  plenipotentiaries,  by  the  means 
referred  to,  to  maintain  the  relations  of  good  neigh- 
borhood between  the  British  possessions  in  North 
America  and  the  United  States ;  and  they  will  convey 
the  communication  of  the  British  plenipotentiaries  to 
the  President  of  the  United  States^  \i  ith  a  recommen- 
dation that  the  same  may  be  by  him  made  known  to 
the  Senate  for  its  information,  together  with  the 
treaty,  when  the  latter  is  submitted  to  that  body  for 
ratification.  T.  F.  Batard. 

Jambs  B    Anoxll. 

William  L.  Putnam. 

Washington,  Feb,  15, 1888. 

Id  bis  speech  in  criticisiD  of  the  treaty.  May 
29,  Mr.  Frye,  of  Maine,  said  of  the  delimita- 
tion articles:  *^The  first  eight  articles  relate 
entirely  to  delimitation.  Who  asked  for  de- 
limitation? Who  entered  complaint  that  the 
fishermen  in  the  northeast  coulu  not  tell  where 
the  three-mile  shore-line  was,  or  where  bays 
six  miles  wide  at  their  mouths  were?  Did  this 
commission  ever  hear  of  any  complaint  ?  I  am 
aware,  sir,  that  Great  Britain,  about  1828,  in 
the  parsait  of  her  aggressiveness  toward  as. 
declared  that  these  bays  were  to  be  measnrea 
from  headland  to  headland.  But  I  am  equally 
aware  that  in  less  than  six  months  after  the 
claim  was  made  she  sent  instractions  to  the 
colonial  officers  not  to  enforce  it.  and  for  the 
whole  seventy  years  it  never  has  been  enforced, 
except  \p  two  instances,  that  of  the  *  Argus  * 
and  the  *  Washington.'  The  *  Washington' 
was  seized  in  1843  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  fishing 
outside  of  the  three-mile  shore-line.  I  am 
equally  well  aware  that  subsequently,  when  we 
made  claim,  and  on  the  seizure  of  the  *  Ar- 
gus,' the  two  seizures,  the  whole  matter  was 
referred  to  arbitrators ;  and  that  after  hearing 
they  determined  that  neither  the  *  Argus'  nor 
the  *"  Washington,'  was  within  British  waters. 
In  other  words,  they  determined  that  the  claim 
made  by  Great  Britain  was  not  sustained  by 
the  law  or  by  the  treaties,  and  that  this  three- 
milo  shore-line  and  six-mile  bay  were  to  con- 
trol." 

Of  the  ninth  and  tenth  articles,  he  said  : 
"  And  the  President  of  the  United  States 
congratulates  us  in  his  message  that  nt  last  the 
Strait  of  Canso  is  free  and  open.  Why,  sir,  it 
never  was  cL»sed  in  the  history  of  the  world, 
and  no  nation  ever  dared  to  clo^e  it,  and  no 


220  0ONGRESB«    (TBk  Fisherisb  Tbeatt.) 

nation  ever  dreamed  of  closing  it.    It  lies  on  than  the  forfeiture  of  the  $10,000  yesf 

this  map  here.    It  is  the  highway  between  the  $3,000  cargo.    This  is  an  amenity 

the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Atlantic  law.    No  wonder  that  the  President  ai 

Ocean.    We  have  the  right  secured  to  ns  since  retary  Bayard  commend  it!  " 
1788,  ours  to-day,  around  the  Magdalen  Isl-        In  commenting  on  the  fifteenth  arti 

ands,   rights  on  the   easterly  shores  of  the  said :  **  Mr.  President,  we  do  not  aoquir 

gulf,  and   certainly   we  have   rights  in    the  mercial  privileges  by  this  treaty  unless  \ 

broad  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  this  strait  is  the  them.    Now  this  is  a  complete  surres 

open   highway  connecting  our  rights  in  the  the  position  which  we  have  occupied  fo 

ocean  and  our  rights  in  the  bay.    I  say  it  than  fifty  years.     We  claimed  these  pri 

never  was  closed,  and  no  one  ever  dreamed  of  and  these  rights.      We  have  insisted 

closing  it.  their  enjoyment.    We  have  enjoyed  tl 

'*  When  a  United  States  fishing- vessel,  under  to  two  years  ago :  and  now  here  is  a 

the  Treaty  of  1818,  puts  into  a  harbor  or  bay  which  admits  that  Canada's  refusal  ha 

for  shelter  she  need  not  report  and  enter !     Is  right  and  that  we  have  been  wrong ; 

not  that  an  immense  privilege  to  be  granted  to  admits,  if  we  desire  to  enjoy  these  prii 

us  ?    There  can  not  be  found  in  the  history  of  we  must  buy  them  of  Canada  instead  of 

any  civilized  maritime  nation  in  the  whole  ing  them  under  the  laws  of  Great  Briti 

world  an  instance  where  a  vessel  putting  in  of  the  United  States. '' 
for  shelter  was  compelled  to  report  and  enter.        Mr.  Gray,  of  Delaware,  said,  June  11, 

No  vessel  is  compelled  to  report  and  enter  dication    of  the    treaty :    **  Now,   whi 

ontil  she  communicates  with  the  shore,  until  been    accomplished    by  this   treaty    f 

she  lands  a  man  or  a  cargo  or  goes  to  the  fishermen?    In  the  first  place,  we  ha\ 

shore  to  buy  or  to  ship  or  do  something  of  rendered  no  doctrine  as  to  jurisdictioi 

that  kind.'*  ters  which  it  was  important   to  the 

Of  the  thirteenth  article,  Mr.   Frye  said:  States    to  maintain.       So   far  as  arei 

'*  We  determine  by  law  how  our  vessels  shall  we    have   conceded   less  of  our   con) 

be  recognized  ourselves.    We  give  to  one  ves-  than  Great  Britain  has  of  hers,  and  i 

sol  a  register,  to  another  an  enrollment,  to  of  any  value  has  been  conceded  by  m 

another  a  license,  and  it  is  our  privilege  to  uncertain,  vague,  and  disputed  lines  of 

give  to  the  redstered  vessel  a  license  or  an  sion  there  is  given  reasonable,  certai 

enrollment,  and  to  the  licensed  vessel  a  regis-  easily  ascertained  lines,  marked  by  defin 

ter,  and  no  nation  has  the  right  to  say  to  us  prominent  landmarks.    The  headland  < 

yon  can  not  do  this  thing.    It  is  a  matter  for  is  forever  disposed  of,  and  in  our  favor, 
us  to  determine  for  ourselves;  and  yet  these        **  And, excepting  two  or  three  of  th 

commissioners  in  this  treaty  have  surrendered  delineated,  all  other  bays  over  ten  mile 

that  right  and  have  declared  that  our  fishing-  are  conceded,  a  concession  never  before 

vessels  shall  be  known  by  a  great  mark  on  the  Compare  these  practical  results  with  the 

bow  which  can  be  seen  at  a  distance,  pursued  sible  as  well  as  impolitic  course  recomn 

and  harassed  if  you  do  not  give  them  free  fish,  by  the  m^ority,  of  insisting  upon  abarr 

It  was  a  shame  for  our  commissioners  to  do  ognition  of  the  right  to  fish  in  all  ba 

that  thing."  less  than  six  miles  wide,  after  seventy  y 

To  the  fourteenth  article  be  also  took  excep-  fruitless  demand  or  silent  acquiescence, 
tion :    "  Article  XIV   contains  all   the   legal        *'  What  comment  is  necessary  on  th< 

amenities  which  have  been  commended  to  us.  ment  of  the  majority  report  on  page  2 

I  wish  to  call  the  attention  of  Senators  to  them  we  have  given  up  to  the  British  thes€ 

and  see  how  they  like  them.    The  article  pro-  bodies  of  water,  meaning  the  delimited 

vides  that  where  a  United  States  fishing-vessel  and  that  we,  by  this  treaty,  *  cede  to 

is  fishing  within  the  three-mile  shore-limit  the  Britain  complete  dominion  over  these  i 

only  penalty  shall  be  forfeiture  of  the  vessel  ous  and  for  bshing  purposes  the  most  vi 

and  her  cargo.    They  shall  not  hang  the  cap-  of  the  bays  along  the  coast  of  British 

tain   nor  crucify  the    men.    The  *  Highland  America'?    We  never  had  the  right, 

Light,*  the  only  vessel  in  the  last  two  years  perhaps  by  an  intermittent  sufferance,  i 

taken  for  violating  the  law  and  fishing  within  a  seine  or  wet  a  line  in  any  of  these  y 

the  tliree-mile  shore-line,  was  tried  and  con-  The  right  to  exclude  us  was  always  main 

demned ;  and  what  did  she  do  ?    She  caught  and  it  is  misleading  to  say,  as  the  major 

enough  mackerel  within  the  three-mile  shore-  port  does  on  page  18,  that  from  the  t 

line  for  a  breakfast  for  the  crew,  and  to-day  the  seizure  of  the  *  Washington  *  to  the  ] 

she  is  a  Canadian  cruiser.    So  the  first  amenity  no  case  of  seizure  for  fishing  in  these  bi 

under  the  treaty  is  that  if  one  of  our  fisher-  come  to  the  notice  of  the  committee, 

men  worth  about  $10,000,  with  a  cargo  worth  all  the  time  from  the  case  of  the  '  Washi 

perhaps  $3,000  more,  is  caught  within  these  down  to  the  present  has  been  covered 

delimited  waters — the  Bay  of  Chaleur,  Fortune  two  treaties  of  reciprocity,  and  in  the  in 

Bay,  or  any  ten-mile  bay — catching  mackerel  uncovered  by  the  permission  which  thos 

enough  for  the  crew's  breakfast,  the  crime  ties  gave  to  the  fishermen  of  the  United 

shall  not  be  punished  by  any  greater  penalty  to  fish  in  all  British-American  waters  th< 


CONGRESS.    (Thk  F^hebiks  Tbbatt.)                                   ^1 

of  fishermen  warned  off  from  these  hays  were  all  colonial  hays  and  harhorsfor  any  other  par- 

Dnmeroos  and  of  constant  occarrence.  pose  than  the  four  purposes  mentioned  in  th6 

^Mr.  President,  the  majority  report,and  like-  proviso,  and  that  claim  and   contention  has 

wise  the    Senator  from  Maine,  are  so  furious  never  heen  successfully  controverted  hy  the 

and  so  illogical  in  their  assaults  on  this  treaty  United  States.    This  would  give  them  the  right 

that  they  even  find  fault  with  the  ninth  arti-  to  exclude  the  visits  of  fishermen  to  colonial 

de,  which  declares  'that  nothing  in  this  treaty  ports  for  commercial  purposes,  so  they  have 

shall  interrupt  or  affect  the  free  navigation  of  always  contended,  though  they  have  not  at  all 

the  Strait  of  Canso  hy  fishing- vessels  of  the  timesexercised  the  right  claimed.  And  so  true  it 

United   States.'    And  yet  it    is  a  fact  that  is  that  American  fishermen  have  for  many  years, 

though  this  provision  was  meant  among  other  notahly  during  the  time  the  reciprocity  treaties 

things  to  prevent  any  inference  of  exclusion  of  1854  and  1871  were  in  force  and  during  the 

from  the  delimitation  of  Ohedahncto  Bay,  it  period  of  licenses  from  1866  to  1870,  in  all  a 

does  for  the  first  time  in  our  history  ahsolutely  period  of  thirty  years,  as  well  as  imperfectly 

dispose  of  the  pretensions  of  the  colonial   au-  and  intermittently  before   1854,  enjoyed  the 

thoritiea  to  control  as  against  onr  vessels  the  privilege  of  huying  bait  and  supplies  and  of 

right  of  transit  through  this  strait  or  gut  of  transshipping  their  cargoes  of  fish.    But  their 

Csnso.  right  to  do  these  things  was  not    admitted  to 

"  And  now  with  reference  to  the  privileges  exist  under  the  convention  of  1818.  nor  do  I 

in  addition  to  those  secured  by  Article  X.   Ar-  know  that  it  was  ever  claimed  as  a  right  under 

tide  XI  provides  for  every  facility  that  a  fishing-  that  convention  by  the  United  States.    That 

Tessel  may  require  in  the  ports  of  the  Domin-  paragraph  provides  for  and  secures  to  the  fish- 

bn  except  the  purchase  of  distinctively  fishing  ing- vessels  of  the  United  States  every  right  of 

oatfits.     Thus  commercial  rights,  so  called,  are  hospitality  that  they  can  reasonably  demand, 

eeeored  to  fishing-vessels  which  practically  are  I  know  the  Senator  from  Maine  and  the  Sen- 

tlie  same  as  are  secured  to  trading-vessels  by  ator  from  Massachusetts  think  that  rights  of 

the  arrangement  of  1830 ;  and  the  restriction  hospitality  ought  not  to  be  the   subject  of 

in  the  proviso  to  the  first  article  of  the  con-  treaty  stipulation,  but  that  is  not  the  practice  in 

reotionof  1818  of  the  right  of  entry  into  bays,  negotiations  between  countries,  and  I  submit 

harbors,  etc.,  to  the  fonr  purposes  of  shelter,  to  the  Senate  that  where  the  extent  to  which 

repairini^  damages,  purchasing  wood,  and  oh-  hospitality  has  been  extended  or  ought  to  be 

taining  water  is  almost  abrogated,  as  all  these  extended,  has  ever  come  into  quchtion  or  doubt, 

additional  purposes  for  which  entry  may  be  it  is  a  matter  of  the  greatest  importance  and  of 

nuide  into  ports  are  made  lawful.    Let  us  ex-  the  groiitest  advantage  to  those  who  are  affected 

iffiine  this  important  article  more  closely,  be-  by  it  that  that  extent  should  be  definitely  fixed 

cause  the  msgority   renort  of  the  committee  by  conventional  obligation." 

distinctly  denies  its  efficiency  to  produce  the  Of  the  general  scope  and  result  of  the  treaty, 

results  claimed   for  it  by  the  President.    To  Mr.  Gray  sbid :  **  Now,  what  is  the  position  of 

properly  understand  what  this  article  means  Canada  under  this  treaty  ?    Is  it  a  fair  and  just 

and  what  we  have  secured  by  it,  it  is  necessary  one  for  her  to  assume,  and  one  which  it  is  right 

to  consider  just  what  the  claim  or  contention  and  just  for  ns  to  concede?    I  declare  that  it  is 

of  Canada  was   and  has  always  been  as  to  both,  and  no  fair  man,  it  seems  to  me,  cnn  say 

rights  of  our  fishermen  under  the  convention  otherwise.    She  has  conceded  nearly  all  that 

of  1818.     The  first  article  of  that  convention,  we  have   any  right  in  fairness  to  ask.     We 

after  the  clause  in  which  the  United   States  have  no  right  to  demand  that  while  we  shut 

reaoance  forever  any  liberty  heretofore  en-  her  ont  of  our  markets,  she  should   give  up 

jored  or  claimed  by  the  inhabitants  thereof  to  without  reserve  every  advantage  that  she  pos- 

take,  dry,  or  cure  fish  on  or  within  three  ma-  sesses  by  reason  of  her  geographical  position 

rioe  miles  of  any  of  the  coasts,  bays,  creeks,  and  proximity  to  the  great  fishing   banks  off 

or  harbors  of  His  Britannic  M^esty^s  domin-  her  coasts,  and  that  we  shall  make  her  harbors 

ioos  in  America  not  included  within  the  con-  our  basis  of  fishing  operations  while  we  refuse 

ceded  limits,  contains  the  following  proviso,  to  share  with  her  any  advantages  that  we  pos- 

vhich  has  been  repeated  so  often,  usqtie  ad  sess.     I  repeat,  she  has  given  us  nearly  every- 

navaeam  :  thin^  we  ask  and  more  than  we  had  the  right 

I^vHi4dy  however^  That  the  American  fishermen  to  demand.'* 

ihiU  be  permitted  to  enter  such  bays  or  harbors  for  August  8,  Mr.  Evarts,  of  New  York,  said  of 

the  purpose  of  nbelter  and  of  repairinir  damages  there-  the  spirit  in  which  the  Canadians  have  acted  : 

'  ■    t"^  P«H;chasmg  wood,  and  oT  obtoinmj:  water,  and  *,  j  on^ierstand   that  the   system  of  woiTying 

for  no  other  purpose  whatever.    But  they  shall  be  wii  t^iowBuvt    buou   unv    ojo^^n    v              ^     © 

BBdertoch  restrictions  aa  may  be  necessary  to  pre-  ^^^  always  brought  mto  play  whenever  we 

yeoi  their  taking,  drying,  or  curinar  fish  therein,  or  asserted  our  right  in  fishing,  and  they  asserted 

in  my  other  manner  whatever  abusing  the  privileges  their  contravention  of  it,  in  order  to  bring  us 

l»ereby  reserved  to  them.  ^q  a  departure  from  the  fishing  interests  to  the 

"There  has  always  been  the  claim   on  the  trading  and  commercial  interests.  There  never 

part  of  the  provinces  and  Great  Britain  that  has  been  a  doubt  of  it.     Whenever  this  irri- 

this  language,  plainly  and  literally  interpreted,  tation  and  teasing  in  the  interests  of  trade  in- 

cxdoded  American   fishermen  from  entering  duced  the  governments  to  try  experiments  of 


00N6RESS.    (Tbb  Fibhiriss  Tbbait.) 

reeiprocal  interchange,  then  this  resort  merged  to  the  whole  reach  that  they  needed  or  desired 

the  caoses  of  irritation,  and  any  adjudications  qua  fishermen. 

or  determinations  were  also  merged  therein  for  ^*  The  difficulty  was  that  they  were  not  so 

the  time.    This  process,  this  method  of  the  much  afraid  that  these  fishing- vessels  and  fi^- 

proTuices,  is  an  Impetration  upon  as  in  the  ab-  erraen  would  have  the  means  of  buying  there. 

aenoe  of  logic.    As  Uudibras  says,  it  works —  There  was  nothing  to  sell  nor  anybody  to  sell 

».  1  ^T  *  V    /.        ^         1  to  them  for  the  most  part,  and  there  was  no 

But  ^^SS^lSr^mT"*  l"?*^  iBterert  to  exclude  a  traffic  that  woold 

bring  money  for  what  they  had  to  sell.    The 

**  And  it  has  been  very  successful.    Tou  can  trouble  was  that  the  imperial  power  excluded 

tease  a  great  and  powerful  and  neighboring  all  importation,  and  that  these  fishing-vessels, 

nation  with    prosperity  open  all  around    it.  having  this  hospitality  as  extensive  as  their 

When  we  are  brought  into  a  critical  period  of  fishing  needs,  should  not,  in  the  refusal  of  all 

resisting  rights,  then,  under  the  anomalous  other  commercial  admission,  be  the  means  of 

condition  by  which  England,  in  its  relation  to  its  smuggling  and  bringing  there  to  sell  tobacco 

provinces,  has  always  undertaken  to  treat  with  or  spirits  or  any  of  those  items  that  the  United 

UB^  M  it  were^  per  in terpositam  perionam,  it  is  Kingdom    intended  to  preserve  for   revenue 

left  for  the  provinces  to  make  trouble,  to  make  purposes. 

complaints,  to  make  the  teasing  and  the  impu-  *^  Senators  will  understand  what  a  difference 
tations,  and  then  they  say  to  the  Canadians,  in  there  was  between  fishing  facilities  and  com- 
effect,  *  Well,  we  can  not  back  you  np  in  these  mercial  traffic.  All  these  shores  were  only  oc- 
methods,  but  we  will  let  yon  run  along  if  you  cupied  and  defended  for  fishing  purposes.  If 
can  prevail  on  your  great  neighbor  to  give  they  let  the  fishermen,  with  any  allowance  of 
what  you  seek,'  and  that  is,  reciprocity  and  a  trade,  come  in,  then  where  are  their  custom- 
free  market.^'  houses,  where  are  their  revenue  officers,  where 

He  denied  the  necessity  of  a  treaty  of  the  is  their  possible  means  by  which  they  can  keep 

kind  under  consideration :  **  We  are  constitu-  us  from  smuggling  and  encroaching  apon  the 

tionally  in  our  habits  repugnant  to  treaties,  revenues  and  breaking  over  the  colonial  policy 

No  good  comes  of  encroaching  upon  our  cus-  of  Great  Britain? 

tomi  laws  and  duties  by  entangling  treaties —  ^*  Obedience  on  our  part  was  rightfully 
none  whatever.  Let  us  govern,  let  Great  Brit-  claimed  upon  this  reason  and  was  properly 
ain  govern,  let  every  other  nation  govern  its  yielded  by  us.  All  we  wanted  was  hospitality 
own  interior  arrangements  of  trade.  Let  it  in  our  fishing  interests.  The  interdict  of  trade 
mark  its  own  hospitalities.  Let  it  mark  its  was  universal  and  inexorable,  and  there  was 
own  dutiei.  Let  it  mark  its  own  deference  to  no  ground  for  an  exception  in  favor  of  the  fish- 
tho  rights  of  others.  We  will  do  the  same  for  ermen.  But  when  the  interdict  of  trade  was 
oumelvofi,  too.  That  is  the  way  to  conduct  withdrawn  and  trade  rushed  in,  when  you  in- 
poll  flcally  these  relations  of  commerce,  of  hos-  vite  it  everywhere  and  have  your  custom- 
pi  tali  ty,  ofdoforence,  of  self-respect,  of  impar-  houses  and  your  revenue  system  and  want  to 
tlul  treatment.  make  revenue  out  of  it.  why  can  not  a  fishing- 

**  That  is  the  groat  subject  outside  of  the  vessel,  with  *  touch- ana- trade '  privileges  from 

flfihury,  but  when  this  prevalent  and  extending  its  government,  trade  like  the  rest?     We  give 

hospitality  of  trade  has  reached    everything  this  facility  on  our  shores  everywhere  to  for- 

exc;(*pt  our  flshingvessels  and  our  fishermen,  eign  fishermen  under  similar  circumstances, 

when  It  has  inclu(7cd  and  embraced  every  fish-  ^^That  is  the  proper  situation  of  whether  or 

fng-veitsol  and  every  fisherman  of  Great  Brit-  not  we  should  be  satisfied  with  these  restrio- 

ain  in  this  extension  of  commercial  reciprocity  tions,  these  proscriptions,   these  oppressions, 

and  commercial  hospitality,  it  is  said  that  by  these  harassing  and  insolent  exclusions,  under 

virtue  of  the  clauses  of  the  Treaty  of  1818  and  a  covenant,  it  is  said,  that  should  inexorably 

the  Treaty  of  1783  we  have  covenanted  forever  ostracize  our  fishermen  when  the  ports  were 

that  fiMhormon  are  outside  of  progressive  hos-  opened  to  everybody  else." 

pitality,  pretending  that  covenant  proscription  August  21,  Mr.   Morgan,  of  Alabama,  said 

for  this  gallant  and  favored  pursuit  and  all  of  the  danger  of  leaving  open  the  questions 

who  pursue  it  can  not  be  ameliorated.    They  settle  by  the  treaty :  **  So  these  vain  fnlmina- 

woula  say  that  when  all  others  may  warm  tions  of  this  eminent  committee  who  think,  as 

thomHclves  in  the  hospitality  that  is  wide  open  it  appears  from  their  utterances,  that  they 

to  commerce  all  over  these  shores,  with  the  have  their  grasp  upon  the  President  of  the 

United  States  to  everybody  else,  we  have  cov-  United  States  to  compel  him  to  do  obedience  to 

enanted  our  fishermen  to  be  outside  of  that  their  will,  and  who  think  that  by  their  suppli- 

pro^ress,  and  we  must  submit  to  it.  cations  directed  to  the  British  throne  they  can 

**  The  covenant  was  not  ot  proscription,  not  mitigate  and  assuage  the  conduct  of  Queen 

of  exclusion.     All   commercial  relations  ex-  Victoria  with  respect  to  our  fisheries  and  our 

eluded  everything  but  the  fishermen,  and  they  fishermen  are  harmless.    These  gentlemen  can 

were  expressly  allowed  what  was  meant  to  be,  fulminate  their  idle  bulls  against  the  President 

and  what  should  have  been,  insisted  upon  from  and  against  the  policy  involved  in  this  treaty, 

tbs  beginning,  hospitality  to  them  according  they  can  accept  uncertainty  and  darkness  in 


OONGBESS.    (The  Fishkbibs  Tsbatt.)                                   223 

the  place  of  light,  insecurity  in  place  of  the  firm  we  had  never  divided  in  opinion  with  yon  on 
rock  npon  which  this  treaty  woald  placo  the  this  question  or  any  other,  and  what  the  ma- 
rigfats  of  the  American  people,  they  can  create  jority  shall  decree  to  he  the  will  of  the  Ameri- 
agitation  in  the  land,  hat,  sir,  the  people  of  can  people  in  respect  to  these  controversies  in 
the  United  States  are  revolting  against  these  the  future  shall  he  our  will?  With  one  united 
high  assumptions  on  the  part  of  this  committee,  voice  we  will  go  into  any  contest  that  may 
They  are  revolting  against  the  idea  that  the  arise,  Mr.  President,  notwithstanding  all  (he 
Senate  of  the  United  States,  that  can  not  de-  sneers  and  slurs,  the  contumely  and  contempt 
dare  war  of  its  own  motion  and  hy  its  own  that  have  heen  thrown  upon  the  gentlemen  on 
resolation,  should  put  this  country  in  a  cate-  this  side  of  this  chamber  because  of  their  con- 
gory  where  war  is  one  of  the  dismal  prospects  nection  with  the  late  rebellion  and  their  advo- 
of  the  near  future  in  the  contemplation  of  many  cacy  of  this  treaty.  We  shall  prove  just  as 
men  who  are  as  firm  in  their  integrity,  as  bold  true  as  you  are  to  the  flag  of  the  American 
in  their  defense  of  right  as  any  on  that  side.  Union.  We  will  spend  our  money  just  as  free- 
and  who,  perhaps,  are  just  as  fearless  of  the  ly  as  you  do  and  more  freely  than  many  of 
results  of  war  as  any  who  have  declaimed  you  have  done.  We  have  shed  our  blood 
against  this  treaty  on  that  side.  It  does  not  where  some  of  you  have  not  dared  to  shed  it 
shame  us  or  alarm  us  to  look  the  truth  in  the  in  times  that  have  passed,  and  you  will  find 
laoe,  and  to  be  willing  to  admit  and  act  upon  the  old  spirit  animating  the  Southern  Democ- 
whatever  we  know  to  be  true.  racy.  Ton  will  find  that  the  man  who  can 
*'  The  Senate  to-day  forces  the  people  of  the  lead  the  American  hosts  to  victory  in  the  con- 
United  States  into  rough  and  immediate  con-  tests  you  may  bring  about  and  the  wars  yon 
tact  with  the  most  dangerous  question  that  can  may  provoke  will  receive  from  the  united 
poadbly  be  stated,  and  that  under  the  depress-  Democracy  of  the  country  that  sort  of  sup- 
ing  influence  and  shadow  of  a  report  which  is  port  and  love  and  affectionate  reverence  which 
brought  in  here  by  the  Committee  on  Foreign  our  fathers  bestowed  upon  Andrew  Jackson, 
Rdations  that  is  intended  and  well  calculated  and  which  will  cling  to  his  memory  in  Demo- 
to  prevent  the  British  Government  from  doing  cratic  hearts  in  the  South  while  time  itself 
anything  further  in  respect  of  negotiation  with  shall  last,  if  this  shall  still  be  a  nation." 
Qt,  except  merely  to  find  out  what  we  mean  August  21,  the  Senate  refused  to  ratify  the 
by  these  declarations.  I  repeat  the  remark  I  proposed  treaty  by  the  following  vote : 
•ometim^  have  had  occasion  to  make  in  this  y^^^Bate,  Beck.  Berry,  Blackburn,  Blodgett, 
debate,  that  if  this  were  the  action  of  the  Bnt-  Brown,  Cockr«ll,  Coke,  Colquitt,  Daniel,  Faulkner, 
iih  Parliament,  and  if  a  treaty  that  we  had  ap-  Geor);^,  Gorman,  Gray,  Hampton,  Hanis,  Jones  of 
proved  or  were  willing  to  approve  had  been  Arkanaas,  McPherson,  Morean,  Pasco,  Payne,  I»ugh, 
Uid  before  that  Parliament  by  the  Queen,  and  g^^^  ^®*«*°'  ^**'  Wklthall,  Wilson  of  Mary- 
tf  it  had  been  debated  as  it  has  been  debated  *  NAYs-^Aldrich,  Allison,  Blair,  Chace,  Chandler, 
here,  and  if  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Com-  Dawes,  Dolph,  Edmunds,  Evarts.  Farwell,  Frye, 
mons  had  made  the  same  report  '  '  "  "  '  '  ».  i  ^  ^  »  i  ^  ^  ^ 
b^e  in  respect  of  the  American 

had  charged  us  with  outrageous,  ^  ^^^^  .,„„„„«,  »„„„„w 
tioDS  of  a  treaty,  if  they  had  declared  that  the  "'AB8Eiri^Bowen7lButier""calirCameron,  Cullom, 
time  for  negotiation  with  us  in  respect  of  this  Davis,  Eustis,  Gibson,  Hearst,  Kenna,  Morrill,  Pad- 
matter  had  passed  and  that  this  was  not  a  fit  dock^  Palmer,  Riddlebeiver,  Saulsbury,  Stanford, 
subject  of  negotiation,  I  can  not  be  so  mistaken  TnT>^®»  Vance,  Voorhee8-19. 
in  American  opinion  as  not  to  feel  entirely  August  28,  the  President  sent  to  the  Senate 
warranted  in  saying  before  the  Senate  to-day  the  following  message,  asking  for  fuller  power 
we  would  accept  that  as  a  challenge  to  war.  to  undertake  retaliation  in  case  harsh  measures 
*-^  Now,  how  they  may  accept  it  is  not  for  should  become  necessary  in  consequence  of  the 
me  to  saj  or  even  to  conjecture,  for  I  know  rejection  of  the  fisheries  treaty : 
fioi.     I  trust  in  God  that  the  events  which  7^  ^;^  Congreta : 

seem  to  lie  before  us,  which  will  repeat  those  The  rejection  by  the  Senate  of  the  treaty  lately  ne- 

vrongs  of  the  past  as  well  as  cause  others  of  ^rotiated  for  the  settlement  and  adjustment  of  the  dif- 

the  same  nature  that  are  to  come,  about  which  g''.en?«B  existing  between  the  United  StatcH  and  Great 

m,^\.^^^  u^A  «^  ^r,^\^  ^^^y',\^\^  •««,,  «^f  \^^  ^4  BntainooncemmgtiicnghtBandpnviJegesof  Amen- 

we  have  had  so  much  trouble,  may  not  be  of  ^^  fishermen  in  Sie  porti  and  waters  of  British  North 

aocb  an  aggravated  character  as  to  force  these  America,  seems  to  justify  a  survey  of  the  condition  to 

two  great  and  magnificent  peoples  into   col-  which  the  pending  question  is  thus  remitted. 

lision  with  each  other  about  so  small  a  matter  The  treaty  upon  this  subiect  concluded  in  1818, 

as  the  duty  on  salt  fish.     I  trust  so.  *fa">Vf  ^  disagreements  "J<>the  meaning  o^^^ 

unr-ii  ^x.  A.    '3       ^  al       1.      V             J  has  been  a  frmtful  souroe  of  irritation  and  trouble. 

"Will  that  side  of  the  chamber  pardon  me  Qur  citizens  enjpiged  in  fisUng  enterprises  in  waters 

for  saying,  however,  that  when  you  have  gone  adjacent  to  Cana£i  have  been  subjected  to  numerous 

to  that  extent,  and  when  these  calamities  oc-  vexatious  interferences  and  annoyances ;  their  vessels 

cor  and  these  trials  are  pressing  on  our  conn-  have  been  seized  upon  pretexts  which  appeared  to  be 

f«p  k^.  ;.««^»..rw>4o  ii/.«.  «><.ri;n<»o  ^^*  a/i,ia;Kiiu;Aa  cntirelv  inadmissible,  and  they  have  been  otherwise 

Uy,  her  mtereste,  her  feehngs,  her  sensibihties,  ^^^^  ^^  ^j^^  Canadian  authoVities  and  officials  in  a 

»aJl  all  be  ours,  and  we  will  march  breast  to  manner  inexcusably  harsh  and  oppressive. 

breast  with  yon  with  the  same  alacrity  as  if  This  conduct  has  been  justified  by  Great  Britain 


234                                     GONGBESS.    (Ths  FiaHEBiss  Trba^tt;) 

and  Cuiada  by  the  olntm  that  the  Trentj  of  1818  per-  might  deny  to  yessels  and  their  maaters  and  crews  cA 

mittcd  it,  ana  upon  the  ground  that  it  waa  neoesaaury  the  British  dominions  of  North  America  any  entrance 

to  the  proper  protection  of  Canadian  interests.     We  into  the  waters,  ports,  or  harbors  of  the  United  Statea, 

deny  that  treaty  aCTeements  justify  these  acts,  and  we  and  also  deny  entry  into  any  port  or  place  of  the 

further  maintain  that,  aside  hom  any  treaty  restraints,  United  States  of  any  product  of  s^d  dominions,  or 

of  disputed  interpretation,  the  relative  positions  of  other  goods  coming  from  said  dominions  to  the  United 

the  United  States  and  Canada  as  near  neighbors,  the  States. 

growth  of  our  joint  commerce,  the  deyelonment  and  While  I  shall  not  hesitate  upon  proper  occasion  to 

prosperity  of  both  countries,  which  amicable  relations  enforce  this  act,  it  would  seem  to  he  unneoessary  to 

Hurely  f:ni&nintce,  and,  above  all,  the  liberality  always  suggest  that  if  such  enforcement  is  limited  in  such  a 

extended  by  the  United  States  to  the  people  or  Canaos,  manner  as  shall  result  in  the  least  possible  ii\jury  to 

furnish  motives  for  kindness  and  consideration  higher  our  own  people,  the  effect  would  probably  be  entire- 

and  better  than  treaty  covenants.  Iv  inadequate  to  the  accomplishment  of  the  purpose 

While  keenly  sensitive  to  all  that  was  exasperating  aesired. 

in  the  condition,  and  by  no  means  indbposed  to  sup-  I  deem  it  my  duty,  therefore^  to  call  the  attention 

port  the  iust  complaints  of  our  iT\jured  citizensj  I  stul  of  the  Congress  to  certain  particulars  in  the  action  of 

deemed  it  my  duty  for  the  preservation  of  the  impor-  the  authonties  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada^  in  adch- 

tant  American  interests,  which  were  directly  involved,  tion  to  the  general  allegations  already  made,  which 

and  in  view  of  all  the  details  of  the  situation,  to  at-  appear  to  be  in  such  marked  contrast  to  the  liberal 

tempt  by  negotiation  to  remedy  existing  wrongs,  and  and  friendly  disposition  of  our  country  as  in  my 

to  flually  terminate  by  a  fair  and  just  treaty  these  opinion  to  call  lor  such  li^lation  as  will,  upon 

ever-recurring  caunes  of  difficulty.  the  principles  already  stated,  properly  supplement 

1  fully  believe  that  the  treaty  .just  rejected  by  the  the  power  to  inaugurate  retaliation  already  vested  in 

Senate  was  well  suited  to  the  exigency,  and  that  its  the  Executive. 

provisions  were  adoc^uato  for  our  security  in  the  future  Actuated  by  the  generous  and  neighborly  spirit 

from  vexatious  incidents  and  for  the  promotion  of  which  has  characterized  our  legislation,  our  tariff  laws 

fViendly  neighborhood  and  intimaov,  without  sacrific-  have,  since  1866,  been  so  far  waved  in  favor  of  Canada 

ing  in  the  least  our  national  pride  or  dignity.  as  to  allow  free  of  duty  the  transit  across  the  territoiy 

1  am  a  uite  conscious  that  neither  my  opinion  of  the  of  the  United  States  of  property  arriving  at  our  ports 

value  or  the  rejected  treaty  nor  the  motives  which  and  destined  to  Canada,  or  exported  from  Canada  to 

protnptod  its  negotiation  are  of  importance  in  the  light  other  foreign  countries. 

of  the  judgment  of  the  Senate  thereupon.    But  it  is  When  the  Treaty  of  Washington  was  negotiated  in 

of  importance  to  note  that  this  treaty  has  been  rejected  1871,  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain^ 

without  any  apparent  disposition  on  the  part  of  the  having  for  its  object  very  laively  the  modification  of 

Senate  to  alter  or  amend  its  provisions,  and  with  the  the  Treaty  of  1818,  the  privileges  above  referred  to 

evident  intention,  not  wantmg  expression,  that  no  were  made  reciprocal  ana  given  in  return  by  Canada 

negotiation  should  at  present  be  concluded  touching  to  the  United  States,  in  the  following  language,  oon- 

thu  matter  at  is.<tue.  tained  in  the  twenty- ninth  article  of  said  treaty : 

The  co-operation  necessary  for  the  acUustment  of  '^  It  is  agreed,  thai  for  the  term  ofyears  mentioned  in 

the  long-standing  national  differences  witli  which  we  Article  XXXIII  of  this  treaty,  goods,  wares,  or  mer- 

have  to  deal,  by  methods  of  conference  and  agree-  chandise  arriving  at  the  ports  of  New  York,  Boston, 

merit,  having  thus  been  declined,  1  am  by  no  means  and  Portiand.  and  any  other  ports  in  the  United 

dinposed  to  abandon  the  interests  and  the  rights  of  States,  which  nave  been  or  may  from  time  to  time  be 

our  people  in  the  premises  or  to  neglect  their  griev-  specially  designated  by  the  President  of  the  United 

ancuM,  and  I  therctoro  turn  to  the  contemplation  of  a  States,  and  destined  for  Her  Britannic  Miyefitv's  poe- 

plun  of  retaliation  as  a  mode,  which  still  remains,  of  sessions  in  North  America,  may  be  entered  at  the 

treating  tiio  Hituation.  proper  custom-house  and  conveved  in  transit,  without 

I  urn  not  unniindt'ul  of  the  (rravity  of  the  responsi-  the  payment  of  duties,  through  the  territory  of  the 
billtv  uKrtumod  in  adopting  this  line  of  conduct,  nor  United  States,  under  such  rules,  regulations,  and  con- 
do  I  full  in  the  least  to  appreciate  its  serious  conse-  ditions  for  the  protection  of  the  revenue  as  the  Oov- 
quuncoM.  It  will  bo  impossible  to  ii^ure  our  Canadian  emment  of  the  United  States  may  Anom  time  to  time 
ntiij^hbors  by  rotuliutory  measures  without  inflicting  prescribe;  and  under  like  rules,  regulations,  and  eon- 
'  ftoinu  damage  upon  our  own  citizens.  This  results  ditions,  goods^  wares,  or  merchandise  may  be  con- 
frorn  our  proximity,  our  community  of  interests,  and  veyed  in  transit  without  the  payment  of  duties  fiom 
the  inevitable  commingling  of  the  business  enter-  such  possessions  through  the  territory  of  the  United 
priiteM  which  have  been  developed  by  mutual  activity.  States,  for  export  fh>m  the  said  ports  of  the  United 

Plainly  stated,  the  policy  of  national  ivtaliation  States. 

manit'cHtly  embraces  the  infliction  of  the  greatest  harm  ^^  It  is  further  agreed  that,  for  the  like  period,  goods, 

U|)on  those  who  have  ii^jured  us,  with  the  least  possi-  wares,  or  merchandise  arriving  at  any  of  the  ports  of 

bte  damage  to  ourselves.    There  is  also  an  evident  Her  Britannic  Miuesty's  possessions  in  North  Amer- 

proprioty,  as  well  as  an  invitation  to  moral  support,  ica,  and  destined  for  the  United  States,  may  be  cn> 

round  in  visiting  upon  the  offending  party  the  same  tered  at  the  proper  custom-house  and  conveyed  in 

measure  or  kind  ot  treatment  of  whicn  we  complain,  transit,  without  the  payment  of  duties,  through  the 

and,  as  far  as  possible,  within  the  same  lines.    And.  said  possessions  under  such  rules  and  regulations  and 

above  all  things,  the  plan  of  retaliation  if  enterea  conditions  for  the  protection  of  the  revenue  as  the 

upon  should  be  thorougli  and  vigorous.  j^vemment  of  the  said  possessions  may  fh>m  time  to 

These  considerations' lead  me  at  this  time  to  invoke  time  prescribe ;  and  under  like  rules  and  regulations 

the  aid  and  counsel  of  the  Congress  and  its  support  in  and  conditions,  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise  mav  be 

Huch  a  further  grant  of  power  as  seems  to  me  neces-  conveyed  in  transit,  without  payment  of  duties,  from 

sary  and  desirable  to  render  effective  the  policy  I  the  United  States  through  the  said  possessions  to 

have  indicated.  other  places  in  the  United  States,  or  for  export  from 

The  Congress  has  already  passed  a  law,  which  re-  ports  in  the  said  possessions." 

c(rivcd  Executive  assent  on  the  3d  day  of  March,  1887,  In  the  year  1886  notice  was  received  by  the  repre- 

providing  that  in  case  American  fishing-vessels  being  sentatives  of  our  Government    that  our  fishermen 

or  viHJting  in  the  waters  or  at  any  of  the  ports  of  the  would  no  longer  be  allowed  to  ship  their  fish  in  bond 

British  dominions  of  North  America,  should  be  or  and  free  of  duty  through  Canadian  territory  to  this 

lately  had  been  deprived  of  the  rights  to  which  they  country,  and  ever  since  that  time  such  shipment  has 

w<;r«  entitled  by  treaty  or  law,  or  if  they  were  denied  been  denied. 

ivrtmu  other  privileges  therein  specified,  or  vexed  and  The  privilege  of  such  shipment  which  had  been  ex- 

huruHHod  in  the  er^oyment  of  the  same,  Uie  President  tended  to  our  flshermen  was  a  most  important  one, 


CONGBESS.    (Thk  Fishbbibs  Tbbatt.) 


225 


aDowin^  tbem  to  spend  the  time  upon  the  flBhing- 
gioundl^,  which  would  otherwise  be  devoted  to  a  voy- 
age home  with  their  catch,  and  doubling  their  oppor- 
tonitieB  for  nrofitabljr  prosecuting  their  vocation.  In 
to^iddlBg  tne  transit  of  the  catch  of  our  fishermen 
orer  their  territor}'  in  bond  and  free  of  duty  the  Car- 
osdian  authorities  deprived  us  of  the  only  facilitv  de- 
paidect  upon  their  concession,  and  for  whicn  we 
eoald  supply  no  substitute. 

The  value  to  the  Dominion  of  Canada  of  the  privi- 
lege of  transit  for  their  exports  and  imports  across 
ocr  territory  and  to  and  irom  our  ports,  tnough  great 
in  eveiT  aspect,  will  be  better  appreciated  when  it  is 
remembered  that  for  a  oonsideraole  portion  of  each 
jtsr  the  St.  Lawrence  river,  which  constitutes  the  di- 
kA  avenue  of  foreign  commeice  leading  to  Canada, 
is  dosed  by  ice. 

Dnrinff  the  last  six  yean  the  imports  and  exports 
of  British  Canadian  provinces  earned  across  our  ter- 
ritory, under  the  privileges  granted  by  our  laws, 
UDOimted  in  value  to  about  $270,000,000,  nearlv  all 
of  which  were  goods  dutiable  under  our  tariff  laws, 
bf  fiu*  the  larger  part  of  this  traffic  consisting  of  ex- 
eunges  of  fi^>ods  between  Great  Britain  and  her 
American  provinces  brought  to  and  carried  from  our 
ports  in  their  own  vessels. 

The  treaty  stipulation  entered  into  by  our  Govem- 
ment  was  in  harmonv  with  laws  which  were  then  on 
oar  statute-book^  ana  are  still  in  force. 

1  r^sommend  mimediate  legislative  action  conferr- 
ii^  upon  the  Executive  the  power  to  suspend  bv  proc- 
lamation the  operation  of  all  laws  and  regmations 
Donutting  the  transit  of  goods,  wares,  and  merchan- 
mse  in  bond  aoroBS  or  over  the  territory  of  the  United 
States  to  or  from  Canada. 

There  need  be  no  hesitation  in  suspending  these 
kws  ariaing  from  the  supposition  that  tneir  continua- 
t3on  is  secured  by  treaty  obligations,  for  it  seems 
quite  pUin  that  Article  XXIX  of  the  treaty  of  1871, 
vhich  was  the  only  article  incorporating  such  laws, 
tominated  on  the  1st  day  of  July  j  1886. 

The  article  itself  declares  that  its  provisions  shall 
be  in  force  '*  for  the  term  of  vears  mentioned  in  Arti- 
cle XXXm  of  thb  treaty."  Turning  to  Article 
XXXUI  we  find  no  mention  of  the  twenty-ninth  ar- 
ticle, but  only  a  provision  that  Articles  XVIII  to 
XXV,  inclusive,  and  Article  XXX  shall  take  efiect 
w  soon  as  the  laws  required  to  carry^  them  into  opera- 
tion shall  be  passed  by  the  legislative  bodies  of  the 
<fiifeient  countries  concerned,  and  that  *^  they  shall 
icmain  in  force  for  the  period  of  ten  years  from  the 
date  at  which  they  may  come  into  operation,  and  fur- 
Uber  until  the  expiration  of  two  vears  after  either  of 
the  Mgh  contracting  parties  shall  have  ^ven  notice 
to  the  other  of  its  wish  to  terminate  the  same." 

I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  '^  term  of  years  men- 
tioiied  in  Article  XXXUI,"  referred  to  in  Article 
XXIX  as  the  limit  of  its  duration,  means  the  period 
dnring  which  Articles  XVIII  to  XXV,  inclusive,  and 
Artic^  XXX,  commonly  called  the  **  fishery  articles," 
ibcHild  continue  in  force  under  the  language  of  said 
JlitJcIe  XXXIII. 

That  the  joint  high  commissioners  who  negotiated 
tb«  trea^  90  understood  and  intended  the  phrase  is 
certain,  for  in  a  statement  containing  an  account  of 
tbnr  negotiations,  prepared  under  their  supervision 
ud  approved  by  them,  we  find  the  following  entry 
Vk  the  subject :  '^  The  transit  question  was  discussed, 
Qd  it  was  agreed  that  an^  settlement  that  might  be 
^de  should  include  a  reciprocal  arrangement  in  that 
t^espect  for  the  ]:)eriod  for  which  the  fishery  articles 
*o^d  be  in  force." 
In  sdiUtion  to  this  very  satisfactory  evidence  sup- 
P«^  this  construction  of  the  language  of  Article 
IXIa,  it  will  be  found  that  the  law  passed  by  Con- 
ical to  carry  the  treaty  into  effect  furnishes  conclu- 
«▼€  ^loof  of  the  correctness  of  such  construction. 
^Tbis  law  was  passed  March  1, 1873,  and  is  entitled 
An  act  to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  the 
^  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain, 

VOL.  xxvin. — 15  A 


signed  in  the  dty  of  Washington  the  8th  day  of  Mav, 
1871,  relating  to  the  fisheries."  After  providing^  m 
its  first  and  second  sections,  for  putting  in  operation 
Articles  XVIII  to  XXV,  inclusive,  and  Article  XXX 
of  the  treaty,  the  third  section  is  devoted  to  Article 
XXIX,  as  follows :  "  6xo.  8.  That  from  the  date  of 
the  President's  proclamation  authorized  by  the  first 
section  of  this  act,  and  so  long  as  the  Artides  XVIII 
to  XXV,  inclusive,  and  Article  XXX  of  said  treaty 
shall  remain  in  force  according  to  the  terms  and  con- 
ditions of  Article  XXXUI  ot  said  treaty,  all  goods, 
wares,  and  merchandise  arriving,"  etc.,  etc.,  follow- 
ing in  the  remainder  or  the  section  the  precise  words 
of  the  stipulation  on  thepart  of  the  United  States  as 
contained  in  Article  XXIX,  which  I  have  already 
fUUy  quoted. 

Here,  then,  is  a  distinct  enactment  of  the  Congress 
limiting  the  duration  of  this  article  of  the  treaty  to 
the  time  that  Articles  XVIII  to  XXV,  inclusive,  and 
Article  XXX  should  continue  in  force.  That  in 
fixing  such  limitations  it  but  gave  the  meaning  of  the 
treaty  itself,  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  its  purpose 
is  declared  to  be  to  carry  into  efiect  the  provisions  of 
the  treaty,  and  by  the  fiirther  fact  that  this  law  ap- 
pears to  nave  been  submitted  before  thepromul^- 
tion  of  the  treaty,  to  certain  members  of  the  Joint 
High  Commission^  representing  both  countries,  and 
met  with  no  objections  or  dissent. 

There  appeanng  to  be  no  oonfiict  or  inconsistency 
between  the  treaty  and  the  act  of  the  Congress  last 
cited,  it  is  not  necessary  to  invoke  the  well-settled 
principle  that  in  case  of  such  oonfiict  the  statute  gov- 
erns tne  question. 

In  anv  event,  and  whether  the  law  of  1878  con- 
strues tne  treaty  or  governs  it,  section  29  of  such 
treaty,  I  have  no  doubt,  terminated  with  the  pro- 
ceedings taken  by  our  Government  to  terminate 
Articles  XVIII  to  XXV,  iDclusive.  and  Article  XXX 
of  the  treaty.  These  proceedings  nad  their  inception 
in  a  joint  resolution  of^  Congress  passed  May  8, 1888, 
declaring  that  in  the  jud^ent  of  Congress  these 
articles  ought  to  be  terminated,  and  directing  the 
President  to  give  the  notice  to  the  Government  ofGreat 
Britain  provided  for  in  Article  XXXIII  of  the  treaty. 
Sudi  notice  having  been  given  two  years  prior  to  the 
1st  day  of  July,  1885,  tne  articles  mentioned  were 
absolutely  terminated  on  the  last-named  day,  and 
with  them  Article  XXIX  was  also  terminated. 

If  by  any  language  used  in  the  joint  resolution  it 
was  intended  to  relieve  section  3  of  the  act  of  1878 
embodving  Article  XXIX  of  the  treaty  from  its  own 
limitations,  or  to  save  the  article  itsell*,  I  am  entirely 
satisfied  that  the  intention  miscarried. 

But  statutes  granting  to  the  people  of  Canada  the 
valuable  privileges  of  transit  for  their  goods  f¥om  our 
ports  and  over  our  soil,  which  had  been  passed  prior 
to  the  maldng  of  the  treaty  of  1871  and  inaependently 
of  it,  remained  in  force  ;  and  ever  since  the  abrc«[a- 
tion  of  the  treatj^,  and  notwithstanding  the  ref\isarof 
Canada  to  permit  our  fishermen  to  send  their  fish  to 
their  home  market  through  her  territory  in  bond^  the 
people  of  tiiat  Dominion  nave  emoyed  without  dimi- 
nution the  advantages  of  our  liberal  and  generous 
laws. 

Without  basing  our  complaint  upon  a  violation  of 
treat}'  obligations,  it  is  nevertheless  true  that  such  a 
refusal  of  transit  and  the  other  ii\jurious  acts  which 
have  been  recited  constitute  a  provoking  inslstance 
upon  rights  neither  mitigated  by  the  amenities  of 
national  intercourse  nor  modified  b^  the  recognition 
of  our  liberality  and  generous  considerations.  The 
histor^r  of  events  connected  with  this  subject  makes 
it  manifest  that  the  Canadian  Government  can  if  so 
disposed  administer  its  laws  and  protect  the  interests 
of  its  people  without  manifestation  of  unfriendliness 
and  without  the  unneighborly  treatment  of  our  fish- 
ing-vessels of  which  we  have  justly  complained ;  and 
whatever  is  done  on  our  part  should  be  done  in  the 
hope  that  the  disposition  of  the  Canadian  Grovemment 
may  remove  the  occasion  of  a  resort  to  the  additional 


226                   GONGRESS.    (The  Flshbbies  Tbbaty— OHnrssE  Exclusion.) 

executive  power  now  sought  through  legislative  ao-  oar  vessels  and  cargoes  upon  Canadian  canals,  and 

tion.  that  the  same  be  measured  bj  exactly  the  same  rule 

I  am  satisfied  that  upon  the  principles  which  should  of  discrimination. 

govern  retaliation  our  intercourse  and  relations  with  The  course  which  T  have  outlined,  and  the  leoom- 

[le  Dominion  of  Canada  furnish  no  better  opportunity  mendations  made,  relate  to  the  honor  and  dignity  of 

for  its  application  than  is  suggested  by  the  conditions  our  country,  and  the  protection  and  preservation  of 

herein  presented ;  and  that  it  could  not  be  more  effect-  the  rights  and  interests  of  all  our  people.    A  {?ovem> 

ively  inauguratea  than  under  the  power  of  suspension  ment  does  but  half  its  duty  when  it  protects  its  citi- 

recommended.  zens  at  home  and  permits  them  to  be  imposed  upon 

While  I  have  expressed  my  clear  conviction  upon  and  humiliated  by  the  untiair  and  overreaching  ois- 

the  question  of  the  continuance  of  section  29  of  the  position  of  other  nations.    If  we  invite  our  people  to 

treaty  of  1871, 1«  of  course,  fully  concede  the  power  rely  upon  arrangements  made  for  their  benefit  abroad, 

and  the  duty  of  the  Congress  in  contemplating  legisla-  we  should  see  to  it  that  they  are  not  deceived ;  and  if 

tive  action  to  construe  the  terms  of  any  treatv  stipu-  we  are  generous  and  liberal  to  a  neighboring  country, 

lation  which  miji^ht  upon  any  possible  consideration  our  people  should  reap  the  advanta^  of  it  by  a  return 

of  good  faith  limit  such  action ;  and  likewise  the  of  lioerality  and  generosity. 

peculiar  propriety  in  the  case  hero  presented  of  ita  These  are  subjects  which  partisanship  should  not 

mterpretation  of  its  own  language  as  contained  in  the  disturb  or  confuse.    Let  us  survey  the  ground  calmly 

laws  of  1878,  putting  in  opperation  said  treaty,  and  of  and  moderately,  and,  having  put  aside  other  means  of 

1888  directing  the  termination  thereof;  and  if  in  the  settlement,  if  we  enter  upon  the  policy  of  retaliation, 

deliberate  judgment  of  Congress  any  restraint  to  the  let  us  pursue  it  firmly,  with  a  determination  only  to 

proposed  legislation  exists  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  subserve  the  interests  of  our  people,  and  maintain  the 

expediency  of  its  early  removd  will  be  recognized.  hi^h  standard  and  the  becoming  pride  of  American 

1  desire  also  to  call  the  attention  of  the  Congress  to  citizenship.                             Gboveb  CLEviELAin>. 

another  subject  involving  such  wron^  and  unfair  Exsounvx  Mamsiok,  Aug.  28, 1888. 

treatment  to  our  citizens  as,  in  my  opinion,  require  a  ^        ■»            i.          «     i  .                       .       « 

prompt  action.  After  the  reading  of  this  message  in  the 

The  navigation  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  im-  Hoase  of  Representatives,  a  bill  snch  as  the 

mense  business  and  carrjdng  trade  growing  out  of  President  asked  for  was  introduced;  on  An- 

Z  '^^"i^lol^^'^^  Sie' W  %  r'  ^?^!'  '•"  '?r'f  «id  reported  favorably 

mankind,  while  Canadian  railroads  and  navigation  *^o™  ^^^  committee  to  which  it  was  referred ; 

companies   share    in   our  oountry^s   transportation  and  on  September  8  it  was  passed.     Bat  the 

upon  terms  as  favorable  as  are  accorded  to  our  own  Senate  took  no  action  on  the  measure,  the  ma- 

citia»ns.                                                             .  jority  holding  that  the  rettdiatory  law  of  1887, 

The  canals  and  other  public  works  bmit  and  mam-  t„u;A  4.1.^  td1««:^^„«.  -u^a  ««♦  JL^a   «-.-«  uxJi 

tained  by  the  Government  along  the  Une  of  the  lakes  ^^^<^^  ^^^  President  had  not  used,  gave  him 

are  made  tree  to  all.  ample  power  m  the  premises.    Mr.  Sherman, 

In  contrast  to  this  condition,  and  evincing  a  narrow  of  Ohio,  submitted  a  resolution  for  an  invest!- 

and  ungenerous  commercial  spirit,  eveiy  lock  and  gation  of  the  relations  of  the  United  States  and 

^al  which  IS  a  pubhc  work  ot  the  Domimon  of  Canada,  with  a  view  to  establishing  closer  re- 
Canada  is  subiect  to  tolls  and  charges.  ,  "       «i  "t""  "  »*^y  ^y  '^•"^-""''"•"e^*^,^*  •'=- 

By  Article  XXVU  of  the  treaty  of  1871  provision  nations,  but  the  subject  remained  undecided  at 

was  made  to  secure  to  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  the  close  of  the  session. 

the  use  of  the  Welland.  St.  Lawrence,  and  other  Clitaese  EiedfllM. — On   March    1,    1888,    the 

canals  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  on  terms  of  equal-  Senate  passed  a  resolution  asking  the  President 

ity  With  the  inhabitants  of  the  Dominion,  and  to  also  ^^  «^„^r;«*«  «  4.*^.«4-»  ,„,*f  k  r»i,;«o  %v»^«r:^;n<.  ♦u«* 

secure  to  the  subjects  of  Great  Britain  the  use  of  the  ^  negotiate  a  treaty  with  Ohma,  providing  that 

St  Clair  Flats  Canal  on  terms  of  equality  with  the  ^0   Chinese  laborer  shall   enter    the   United 

inhabitants  of  the  United  States.  States.     This  treaty  was  negotiated  and  trans- 

The  equality  with  the  inhabitants  of  the  Dominion  mitted  to  the  Senate,  March  17.     That  body 

which  we  were  promised  in  the  use  of  ^e  canals  of  amended  it  by  adding  a  provision  that  Chinese 

Canada  did  not  secure  to  us  freedom  from  tolls  in  i  ,              ^            i      •      axT*               *        v  * 

their  navigation,  but  we  had  a  right  to  expect  that  laborers  formerly  in   this   country    but  now 

we,  being  Americans  and  interestea  in  American  com-  absent  should   be  excluded,   whether  holdmg- 

merce,  would  be  no  more  burdened  in  regard  to  the  certificates  to  that  effect  or  not.     The  treaty 

same  than  Canadians  engaged  in  their  own  trade ;  was  then  approved,  and  a  measure  passed  to 

and  the  whole  spint  of  the  concession  made  was,  or  «„,»„  ;«.  ;„4.o.  Ii*u«*    „rki«k  »,««  «ir^^  Gr^w^^^,^ 

should  have  been,  tliat  merchandise  and  property  ?^^^'^  ^}:?  ^^^b  T'     o^^  ^^^  Septem- 

transported  to  an  American  market  through  these  "cr   18.     On  beptember  3,  after  a  rumor  that 

canals  should  not  be  enhanced  in  its  cost  by  tolls  the  Chinese  authorities  had  refused  to  ratify 

many  times  higher  than  such  as  were  carried  to  an  the  treaty,  Mr.  Scott,  of  Pennsylvania,  brought 

adjoining  Canadian  market.    All  our  citizens,  pro-  forward  the  following  bill  in  the  House  of  Rep- 

ducera  and  consumera,  as  well  as  vessel  owners,  were  -^a-.>,f  „f  ^ 

to  enjoy  the  equality  promised.  reseniauves : 

And  yet  evidence  has  for  some  time  been  before  the  A  supplement  to  an  act  entitled  "  An  act  to  execute 
Congress,  furnished  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  certain  treaty  stipulations  relating  to  Chinese," 
showing  that  while  the  tolls  charged  in  the  first  in-  approved  toe  6th  day  of  May,  1882. 
stanoe  are  the  same  to  all,  such  vessels  and  cargoes  as  BeU  enaked.  ete.^  That  from  and  after  the  passage 
are  destined  to  certain  Canadian  ports  are  allowed  a  of  this  act,  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  Chinese  la- 
refund  of  nearly  the  entire  tolls,  while  thoee  bound  borer  who  shall  at  anv  time  heretofore  have  been  at 
for  American  ports  are  not  allowed  any  such  advan-  may  now  or  hereajfter  be  a  resident  within  the  United 
tage.  States,  and  who  shall  have  departed  or  shall  depait 

To  promise  equality  and  then  in  practice  make*  it  therefrom^  and  shall  not  have  returned   before  the 

conditional  upon  our  vessels  doing  Canadian  business  passage  of  this  act,  to  return  to  or  remain  in  the  United 

instead  of  their  own  is  to  fHilfiU  a  promise  with  the  States, 

shadow  of  performance.  Seo.  2.    That  no  certificates  of  identity  provided 

I  recommend  that  such  legislative  action  be  taken  for  in  the  fourth  or  fifth  sections  of  the  act  to  which 

as  will  give  Canadian  vessels  navigating  our  canals,  this  is  a  supplement  shall  hereafter  be  issued ;  and 

and  then-  cargoes,  precisely  the  advantages  granted  to  every  certificate  heretofore  issued  in  pursuance  thereof 


CONGRESS.    (0HINE8B  Exclusion.)  227 

is  lfterel>y  declared  yoid  and  of  no  effect ;  and  the  stand  in  its  present  position  nntil  we  can  as- 

Chmeee  laborer  claiimng  admission  by  virtue  thereof  certain  whether  or  not  the  treaty  now  peud- 

ihall  not  be  permitted  to  enter  the  United  States.  .^^  i.rv4.«,«««  4-^^  4.™.^  n««^^««a  ™,;ii  k«  ~»f;«rv.i 

Sec.  s.    fhiU;  aU  the  duties  prescribed,  liabUities,  }^«  between  the  two  nations  wiU  be  ratified 

peoaltiea,  and  forfeitures  imposed,  and  the  powers  A^bat  18  my  only  desire,     if  this  bill  is  allowed 

eonferred,  by  the  second,  tenth^  eleventh,  and  twelfth  to  remain  in  its  present  position  and  it  shall 

sections  of  the  act  to  which  this  is  a  supplement  are  turn  ont  that  this  treaty  will  not  be  ratified 

k>Mo?^iS^^"''^°'*^^  appUcable  to  the  provis-  ^^  ^^i&t  the  Chinese  Government  has  taken 

***8*Bc.  4.    Thit  all  such  part  or  parts  of  the  act  to  ground  against  the  ratification  of  the  treaty, 

which  this  i»  a  supplement  as  are  inconsistent  here-  then  I  should  be  willing  to  vote  and  I  would 

with  are  hereby  repealed.  vote  with  pleasure  for  the  passage  of  this  bill ; 

but  pending  that  question  I  submit  as  a  matter 

In  explanation  of  his  measure,   Mr.  Scott  of  national   honor   whether  it  is  right  and 

said :  ^'  I  desire  to  call  attention  to  what  this  proper  for  us  to  seek  to  nullify  a  treaty  that 

bill  proposes  to  do.    Under  sections  4  and  6  of  is  now  being  considered  by  a  friendly  nation,  a 

the  statute  of  1882,  enacted  in  conformity  with  treaty  that  has  been  ratified  by  this  body,  to 

the  treaty  of  1880,  it  was  provided  that  a  which  we  have  committed  ourselves  in  every 

Chinaman  then  a  resident  of  the  United  States  possible  way — whether  it  is  right  at  this  stage 

might,   under    certain    conditions,   leave    the  of  the  proceedings  to  proceed  to  nnUify  and 

United  States,  go  to  China,  and  return,  but  was  abrogate  not  only  all  existing  treaties  with 

to  do  so  under  a  certificate  issued  by  the  au-  China,  but  the  treaty  at  present  pending  be- 

tbority  of  our  Government  certifying  his  iden-  tween  these  two  nations  ?   I  frankly  say  that  if 

tity  and  that  he  was  a  resident  of  the  United  our  position  were  reversed,  and  Great  Britain 

States.    Under  this  authority,  which  our  treaty  were  thus  to  act  toward  the  American  people, 

^pulations  under  the  treaty  of  1880  did  not  I  would  without  hesitation  vote  for  a  declara- 

require  us  to  give,  a  Chinaman  could  take  his  tion  of  non- intercourse  or  war. 

certificate  and  return  to  China;    and  as  the        ^^It  is  a  departure  from  all   the  usages  of 

^th  is  a   merchantable  commodity  from  a  civilized  nations.    It  is  a  departure  from  all 

Chinese  point  of  view,  those  certificates  were,  considerations  of  national  honor.     No  man 

in  many  instances,  sold  to  Chinamen,  who  had  believes  that  the  House  of  Representatives 

never  been  in  this  country,  who  took  them  and  would  have  passed  this  bill  except  upon  the 

came  to  the  United  States  in  violation  of  the  supposition  that  the  treaty  had  been  rejected 

law.    When  a  Chinaman  reached  the  port  of  by  China.    It  was  understood  in  that  House  at 

San  Francisco  the  duty  of  the  collector  of  the  the  time  it  was  passed  that  the  Chinese  Gov- 

port  under  the  law  was  to  determine  his  iden-  emment  had  refused  to  ratify  the  treaty,  or  it 

tity ;  and  when  the  collector  by  positive  evi-  would  not  have  passed.    I  can  assume  that  but 

d€iice  knew  that  the  Chinaman  offering  the  for  that  supposed  fact  the  bill  could  not  have 

eotificate  was  not  the  person  to  whom  it  had  passed  the  House  of  Representatives.    It  came 

been  originally  issued,  the  collector  at  once  re-  to  us  here ;  and  but  for  the  general  idea  that 

cnrired  such  Chinaman  to  leave  the  country,  the  treaty  had  been  rejected  by  China  the 

Bot  it  was  just  here  that  the  United  States  bill  would  surely  have  been  referred  to  the 

eoorts  came  in  and  upon  habeas-corpus  pro-  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations  and  taken 

eeedings  declared,  in  many  instances,  that  the  the  ordinary  course  prescribed  by  our  rules 

Chinaman  offering  the  certificate  was  the  origi-  for    the    consideration    of    public    measures. 

nal  owner.     By  this  process,  Chinese  laborers  There  is  no  doubt  about  that. 

bj  the  thousands  have  been  permitted  to  come        "  Early  in  the  debate  I  said  that  my  action 

to  the  United  States  iirandulently  under  certifi-  and  my  neglect  to  make  the  ordinary  motion 

eates  which  had  never  been  issued  to  them.''  t-o  refer  the  bill  to  the  Committee  on  Foreign 

The  measure  was  at  once  passed  without  a  Relations  was  based  on  the  idea  that  I  then 

dirision,  and  sent  to  the  Senate.     In  that  body  assumed  to  be  accurate  and  correct,  that  the 

it  was  discussed  .at  some  length  and  passed  President  of  the  United  States  had  informa- 

Septeraber  7,  hy  a  vote  of  87  to  8,  there  being  tion  that  this  treaty  would  not  be  ratified,  and 

36  Senators  absent.    Those  voting  in  the  nega-  therefore  that  the  Congress  of  the  United 

tire  were  Brown,  Hoar,  and  Wilson,  of  Iowa.  States  would  be  at  liberty  to  proceed  upon 

September  10,  Mr.  Sherman,  of  Ohio,  on  a  that  basis.     Proceeding  upon  that  basis  I  was 

iBotion  to  reconsider  the  passage  of  the  bill,  willing  that  Congress  should  by  law  put  an 

Hid :  "  Mr.  President,  having  already  early  in  end  to  this  whole  system  of  Chinese  immigra- 

tbis  debate  expressed  my  strong  desire  to  vote  tion. 

for  the  exclusion   of  Chinese  laborers  from        *^But  since  that  time  the    condition  has 

ftis  country,  and  believing  that  this  bill  if  it  changed.    We  are  informed  oflBcially  by  the 

ttood  alone,  without  any  connection  with  the  President  of  the  United  States  that  this  treaty 

tre^y  with  China  recently  pending  in  the  is  still  under  consideration.     We  are  informed 

Scoate,  would  be  a  wise  hill,  I  yet  appeal  to  from  other  sources,  of  which  there  can  be  no 

Smators  on  both  sides  of  the  chamber,  for  question,  that  the  Chinese  minister  is  now  on 

ooDoderations  of  national  honor  which  ought  his  way  to  this  country  for  the  purpose  of 

iHrars  first  to  be  heeded  on  any  question  that  either  conveying  to  us  intelligence  that  it  has 

is  presented  to  us,  that  they  allow  the  bill  to  been  ratified  or  that  it  has  not  been  ratified." 


228  CONGRESS.    (Ohinksb  Exclusion.) 

The  motion  to  reconsider  was  lost  hj  a  vote  ^m  time  to  time  by  our  minister  in  China  under 

of  20  to  21,  September  17,  and  a  resolution  to  *^®  inBtmctions  of  the  Department  of  Sute,  the  act- 

^thhold  the  m^ure  from    the  House  was  ;f^Lrf»r^^tM!r,^l.  JSly'^riTo^ 

offered   by   Mr.  liidmunds,   of  Vermont,   but  to  the  Government  of  China. 

not   until    it  had    passed   beyond   control   of  The  necessity  for  remedy  has  been  fiilly  appreci- 

the  Senate  and  into  the  hands  of  the  House  *ted  by  that  Government,  and  in  Aujfust,  1886,  our 

Committee  on  Foreign  Relations.     The  com-  minister  at  Pekin  received  from  the  Chinese  Foreign 

^1*4-.^  A^i^^^A  <.A»^i;»<.  ♦v.A  k:ii  *.^  ^u^.  -d.^^:  Office  a  commumcation  announcinir  that  China,  of  her 

mittee  delayed  sendmg  the  bill  to  the  Presi-  ^wn  accord,  proposed  to  establish  a  system  of  strict 

dent  until  news  came  that  the  Uhmese  Gov-  and  absolute  prohibition  of  her  laborers,  under  heavy 

ernmeut  had  refused  to  ratify  the  treaty,  and  penalties,  from  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  like- 

the  President  signed  the  measure  October  1.  "^^JS.  P^^^}^  ^e  ^^  ,^  **^«  Dnited  Sutes  of 

any  Chmese  laborer  who  had  at  any  time  gone  back 

To  the  Cotigreea  :  to  Cbiua  "  in  order  "  (in  the  words  of  the  oommuni- 

I  have  this  day  approved  House  bill  No.  11,886,  cation)  ^*  that  the  Chinese  laborers  may  jp-adually  be 

supplementary  to  an  act  entitled  ^*  An  act  to  execute  reduced  in  number  and  causes  of  danger  averted  and 

certain  treaty  stipulations  relating  to  Chinese,**  ap-  lives  preserved.** 

proved  the  6th  day  of  May,  1882.  This  view  of  the  Chinese  Government,  so  corn- 
It  seems  to  me  that  some  suggestions  and  recom-  pletely  in  harmony  with  that  of  the  United  States, 
mendations  may  properly  accompany  my  approval  of  was  bv  my  direction  speedily  formulated  in  a  treaty 
tiiis  bill.  draught  between  the  two  nations^  embodying  the 

Its  object  is  to  more  effectually  accomplish  by  legis-  propositions  so  presented  by  the  Chmese  Foreign  Of- 

lation  the  exclusion  from  this  country  of  Chinese  la-  uce. 

borers.  The  deliberations,  frequent  oral  discussions,  and 

The  experiment  of  blending  the  social  habits  and  correspondence  on  the  general  questions  that  ensued, 

mutual  race  idiosyncrasies  of  the  Chinese  laboring-  have  been  fully  communicated  by  me  to  the  Senate 

classes  with  those  of  the  great  body  of  the  people  of  at  the  present  session,  and,  as  contained  in  Senate 

the  United  States  has  been  proved  by  the  experience  Executive  Document  0,  parts  1  and  2,  and  in  Senate 

oftwenty  years,  and  ever  since  the  Burlingame  treaty  Executive  Document  No.  272,  may  be  properly  re- 

of  1868,  to  be  in  ever^  sense  unwise,  impolitic,  and  ferred  to  as  containing  a  complete  history  of  tiie  trans- 

h^urious  to  both  nations.    With  the  lapse  of  time  action. 

the  necessitv  for  its  ahandoment  has  grown  in  force.  It  is  thus  easy  to  learn  how  the  joint  desires  and 

until  those  having  in  charge  the  government  of  the  unequivocal  mutual  understanding  of  the  two  gov- 

respective  countries  have  resolved  to  modify  andsuffl-  emments  were  brought  into  articulated  form  in  the 

ciently  abrogate  all  those  features  of  prior  conven-  treaty,  which,  after  a  mutual  exhibition  of  plenair 

tionai  arrangements  which  permitted  the  coming  of  powere  from  the  respective  governments,  was  signec 

Chinese  laborers  to  the  United  States.  and  concluded  by  the  plenipotentiaries  of  the  United 

In  modification  of  prior  conventions,  the  treaty  of  States  and  China  at  this  capital  on  March  12  last 

November  17. 1880.  was  concluded,  whereby,  in  the  Being  submitted  for  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 

first  article  tnereon  it  was  agreed  that  the  United  Senate,  its  confirmation,  on  the  7th  day  of  Mav  last, 

States  should  at  will  regulate,  limit,  or  suspend  the  was  accompanied  hy  two  amendments,  which  that 

coming  of  Chinese  laborers  to  the  United  States,  but  body  ingrafted  upon  it. 

not  absolutely  prohibit  it ;  and  under  this  article  an  On  the  12th  oay  of  the  same  month  the  Chinese 

act  of  Couflrress,  approved  May  6, 1882  (see  volume  minister,  who  was  the  plenipotentiary  of  his  Govem- 

22,  page  68,  Statutes  at  Large),  and  amended  July  ment  in  the  negotiation  and  the  conclusion  of  the 

5, 1884  (volume  23,  page  115,  Statutes  at  Large),  bus-  treaty,  in  a  note  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  gave  his 

pended  for  ten  years  the  coming  of  Chinese  laborers  approval  to  these  amendments,  **  as  they  dia  hot  alter 

to  the  United  States,  and  regulated  the  going  and  the  terms  of  tlie  treaty,**  and  tlie  amendments  were 

coming  of  such  Chinese  laborers  as  were  at  that  time  at  once  telegraphed  to  China,  whither  the  original 

in  the  United  States.  treaty  had  previously  been  sent  immediately  after  its 

It  was,  however,  soon  made  evident  that  the  mer-  signature  on  March  12. 

cenary  greed  of  the  pai*ties  who  were  trading  in  the  On  the  13th  day  of  last  month  I  approved  Seiute  - 

labor  of  this  class  of  the  Chinese  population  was  pro  V-  bill  No.  8804  "to  prohibit  the  oommg  of  Chinese 

ing  too  strong  tor  the  just  execution  of  the  law,  and  laborers  to  the  United  States.**    This  bill  was  in- 

that  the  virtual  defeat  of  the  object  and  intent  of  both  tended  to  supplement  the  treaty,  and  was  approved 

law  and  treaty  was  being  frauauiently  accomplished  in  the  confident  anticipation  of  an  early  exchange  of 

by  false  pretense  and  peijury,  contrary  to  the  ex-  ratifications  of  the  treaty  and  its  amendments  and  the 

pressed  will  of  both  governments.  proclamation  of  the  same,  upon  which  event  the  legi»-  ^ 

To  such  an  extent  has  the  successful  violation  of  lation  so  approved  was  by  its  terms  to  take  effect, 

the  treaty  and  the  laws  enacted  for  its  execution  pro-  No  information  of  any  definite  action  upon  the 

greased,  that  the  courts  in  the  Pacific  States  have  treaty  by  the  Chinese  Government  was  received  un- 

been  for  some  time  past  overwhelmed  by  the  exami-  til  the  2l8t  ultimo — the  day  the  bill  which  I  have  joSl 

nation  of  cases  of  Cfhinese  laborers  who  are  charged  approved  was  presented   to  me — when  a  teleffraiD 

with  having  entered  our  ports  under  fraudulent  oer-  from  our  minister  at  Pekin  to  the  Secretary  of  State 

tificates  of  return  or  seek  to  establish  by  perjury  the  announced  the  refusal  of  the  Chinese  Government  to 

claim  of  prior  residence.  exchange  ratifications  of  the  treaty  unless  further  dis- 

^  Such  demonstration  of  the  inoperative  and  inefii-  cussion  should  be  had  with  a  view  to  shorten  the 

cient  condition  of  the  treaty  and  law  has  produced  period  stipulated  in  the  treaty  for  the  exclusion  of 

deep-seated  and  increasing  discontent  among  the  peo-  Chinese  laborers,  and  to  change  the  conditions  agreed 

pie  of  the  United  States,  and  especially  with  those  on,  which  should  entitle  any  Chinese  laborer  who 

resident  on  the  Pacific  coast.     This  has  induced  me  might  go  back  to  China  to  return  again  to  the  Unit^ 

to  omit  no  effort  to  find  an  effectual  remedy  for  the  States. 

evils  complained  of  and  to  answer  tlie  earnest  popu-  By  a  note  ftom  the  chargi-<r qf  aires  ad  interim  of 

lar  demand  for  the  absolute  exclusion  of  Chinese  la-  China  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  received  on  the 

borers  having  objects  and '  purposes  unlike  our  own  evening  of  the  25th  ultimo  (a  copv  of  which  is  here- 

and  wholly  disconnected  with  American  citizenship.  with  transmitted,  together  with  the  reply  thereto),  a 

Aided  by  the  presence  in  this  country  of  able  and  third  amendment  is  proposed,  whereby  t^'e  certificate, 

intelligent  diplomatic  and  consular  officers   of  the  under  which  any  departinj?  (Chinese  laborer  alleging' 

Chinese  Government  and  the  representations  made  the  possession  of  property  in  the  United  States  would^ 


CONGRESS,    (Chinebe  Exclusion— The  Dibeot-Tax  Bill.) 


229 


be  enabled  to  return  to  this  country,  should  be  grant- 
ed by  the  Chinese  consul  instead  of  the  United  States 
eoUeotor,  as  had  been  provided  in  the  treaty. 

The  obvious  and  necessary  effect  of  this  last  propo- 
■iticm  would  be  practically  to  place  the  execution  of 
the  treaty  beyond  the  control  of  the  United  States. 

Article  I  of  the  treaty  proposed  to  be  so  materially 
altered,  had,  in  the  course  of  the  negotiations,  been 
settled  in  a<x)uieeoence  with  the  request  of  the  Chi- 
nese plenipotentiary,  and  to  his  expressed  satisfaction. 
In  1686,  as  apneais  in  the  documents  heretofore  re- 
ferred to,  the  Chinese  Foreif^  Office  had  formally 
proposed  to  our  minister  strict  exclusion  of  Chinese 
kborera  ftom  the  United  States  without  limitation; 
and  had  otherwise  and  more  definitely  stated  that  no 
term  whatever  for  exclusion  was  necessary,  for  the 
reaaon  that  China  would  of  itself  take  steps  to  pre- 
▼oit  its  laborers  from  coming  to  the  United  States. 

In  the  course  of  n^otiations  that  followed,  sugges- 
tions from  the  same  quarter  led  to  the  insertion  in 
behalf  of  the  United  States  of  a  term  of  ''  thirty 
years,"  and  this  term,  upon  the  representations  of 
the  Chinese  plenipotentiary,  was  reduced  to  "  twenty 
jears,"  and  nnally  so  agreed  u[>on. 

Article  II  was  wholly  of  Chinese  origination,  and 
lo  that  alone  owes  its  presence  in  the  treaty. 

And  it  is  here  pertinent  to  remark  that  eveirwhere 
in  the  United  States  laws  for  the  collection  or  debts 
are  equally  available  to  all  creditors  witJiout  respect 
to  race,  sex,  jiationality,  or  place  of  residence,  and 
eqoaUy  widi  the  citizens  or  subjects  of  the  most 
fiivored  nations  and  with  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States  recovery  can  be  had  in  an^  court  of  iustice  in 
the  United  States  by  a  subject  ot  China,  wnether  of 
the  laboring  or  any  other  class. 

No  disability  accrue  from  non-residence  of  aplain- 
^  whose  claim  can  be  enforced  in  the  usual  way  by 
him  or  his  assignee  or  attorney  in  our  courts  of  justice. 
In  this  respect  it  can  not  be  alleged  that  there  ex- 
kiB  the  slijBrhtest  discrimination  against  Chinese  sub- 
jects, and  it  is  a  notable  fact  that  large  trading-firms 
i&d  companies  and  individual  merchants  and  traders 
^  that  nation  are  profitably  established  at  numerous 
points  throughout  the  Union,  in  whose  hands  every 
ehim  transmitted  by  an  absent  Chinaman  of  a  just 
lod  lawful  nature  could  be  completely  enforced. 
The  admitted  and  paramount  right  and  duty  of 
every  government  to  exclude  from  ite  borders  all  ele- 
AentB  of  foreign  population  which  for  any  reason  rc- 
tird  its  prosperity  or  are  detrimental  to  the  moral  and 
phj^ical  health  of  its  people,  must  be  re^pirded  as  a 
ftoognized  canon  of  international  law  and  mtercourse. 
China  herself  has  not  dissented  from  this  doctrine, 
^  has,  by  ^e  expremions  to  which  I  have  referred, 
Wi  us  confidently  to  rely  upon  such  action  on  her 
tvt  in  co-operation  with  us  as  would  enforce  the  ex- 
ciinon  <]f  Chinese  laborers  fVom  our  country. 

This  co-operation  has  not,  however^  been  accorded 
la.  Thus  from  the  unexpected  and  disappointing  re- 
fiaal  of  the  Chinese  Government  to  confirm  the  acts 
of  its  authorized  agent  and  to  carry  into  efiect  an  in- 
temstional  agreement,  the  main  feature  of  which  was 
v»hmtarily  presented  by  that  Government  for  our  ac- 
(eptince,  and  which  had  been  the  subject  of  long 
Biid  carefiil  deliberation,  an  emenrenoy  ^as  arisen  in 
*hieh  the  Government  of  the  United  States  is  called 
ipcm  to  act  in  self-defense  by  the  exercise  of  its  legis- 
vive  power.  I  can  not  but  regard  the  expressed  de- 
Bud  on  the  part  of  China  for  a  re-examination  and 
rtoewwi  discussion  of  the  topics  so  completely  cov- 
Qcd  by  mutual  treaty  stipulations  as  an  indefinite 
poatponement  and  practical  abandonment  of  the  ob- 
)Mts  we  have  in  view,  to  which  the  Government  of 
Cloiia  may  justly  be  considered  as  pledged. 

The  ^Mts  and'circumstanoes  which  I  nave  narrated 
ittd  me,  in  the  performance  of  what  seems  to  me  to 
j*  my  ofildal  duty,  to  join  the  Congress  in  dealing 
gMativeiy  with  the  question  of  the  exclusion  of 
y«meK  laborere,  in  lieu  of  Airther  attempts  to  a4)ust 
^  Vf  xntemational  agreement. 


But  while  thus  exercising  our  undoubted  right  in 
the  interests  of  our  people  and  for  the  general  welfare 
of  our  country,  justice  and  fairness  seem  to  require 
that  some  provision  should  be  made  by  act  or  joint 
resolution,  under  which  such  Chinese  laborers  as 
shall  actually  have  embarked  on  their  return  to  the 
United  States  before  the  passage  of  the  law  this 
day  approved,  and  are  now  on  their  way,  may  be 
permitted  to  land  provided  they  have  duly  and  law- 
fully obtained  and  shall  present  certificates  heretofore 
issued  permitting  them  to  return  in  accordance  with 
the  provisions  of  existing  law. 

Nor  should  our  recourse  to  legislative  measures  of 
exclusion  cause  us  to  retire  from  the  offer  we  have 
made  to  indemnify  such  Chinese  subiects  as  have 
suffered  damage  through  violence  in  the  remote  and 
comparatively  unsettled  portions  of  our  country  at  the 
hands  of  lawless  men.  Therefore  I  recommend  that, 
without  acknowledging  legal  liability  therefor,  but 
because  it  was  stipulated  in  the  treaty  which  has 
f^ed  to  take  effect,  and  in  a  spirit  of  humanity  befit- 
ting our  nation,  tnere  be  appropriated  the  sum  of 
$276,619.75,  pavable  to  the  Chinese  minister  at  this 
capital  on  behalf  of  his  Government  as  fUll  indemnity 
for  all  losses  and  iiguries  sustained  by  Chinese  suh- 
jects  in  the  manner  and  under  the  circumstances  men- 
tioned. Gbovsr  Cleveland. 

ExEODTivB  Mavsioit,  Oct,  1,  1888. 

The  Direct-Tax  BlU. — The  liveliest  episode  of 
the  session  was  the  struggle  in  the  House  of 
Representatives  over  the  bill  to  pay  back  the 
direct  tax  levied  by  the  Government  in  1861 
and  only  partially  collected.  It  was  passed  by 
the  Senate,  Jan.  18,  1888,  as  follows : 

Beit  enacted^  tU.^  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  credit  to  each  State  and 
Territory  of  the  United  States  and  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia a  sum  e^ual  to  all  collections  made  Irom  said 
States  and  Territories  and  the  District  of  Columbia, 
or  from  any  of  the  citizens  or  inhabitants  thereof,  or 
other  pereons,  under  the  act  of  Congress,  approved 
Aug.  6, 1861,  and  the  amendatory  acts  thereto. 

Seo.  2.  That  all  moneys  still  due  to  the  United 
States  on  the  quota  of  direct  tax  apportioned  by  seo- 
tion  8  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  Aug.  5, 1861, 
are  hereby  remitted  and  relinqmshed. 

Seo.  8.  That  there  is  hereby  appropriated,  out  of 
any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  otncrwlse  appropri- 
ated, such  sums  as  may  be  necessary  to  reimburse 
each  State,  Territorv,  and  the  District  of  Columbia 
for  all  money  found  due  to  them  under  the  provisions 
of  this  act ;  and  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  is 
hereby  directed  to  pay  the  same  to  the  governors  of 
the  States  and  Territories  and  to  the  commissioners 
of  the  District  of  Columbia :  Pnyvided^  That  where 
the  sums,  or  any  part  thereof,  credited  to  any  State, 
Territory,  or  the  District  of  Columbia,  have  been  col- 
lected by  the  United  States  from  the  citizens  or  in- 
habitants thereof,  or  any  other  person,  either  directly 
or  by  sale  of  oroperW,  such  sums  snail  be  held  in 
trust  by  such  State,  Territory,  or  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia for  the  benefit  of  those  persons  or  inhabitants 
fix)m  whom  they  were  coUectea,  or  their  legal  repre- 
sentatives: And  provide  further,  That  no  part  of 
the  money  collected  from  individuals  and  to  dc  held 
in  trust  as  aforesaid  shall  be  retained  by  the  United 
States  as  a  set-off  against  any  Indebtedness  alleged  to 
exist  against  the  State,  Territory,  or  District  of  Co- 
lumbia in  which  such  tax  was  collected:  And  pro- 
vided further,  That  no  part  of  the  money  hereby  ap- 
propriated shall  be  paia  out  by  the  governor  of  any 
State  or  Territory,  or  any  other  person,  to  any  attor- 
ney or  agent  under  any  contract  for  services  now  ex- 
isting or  heretofore  made  between  the  representative 
of  any  State  or  Territory  and  any  attorney  or  agent. 
All  claims  under  the  trust  hereby  created  shall  be 
filed  with  the  governor  of  such  State  or  Territory  and 
the  commissionere  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  re- 


230  CONGRESS.    (The  Dihkot-Tax  Bill.) 

spectiveljf  within  six  years  next  after  the  passage  of  hereafter,  if  a  hereafter  on  that  subject  fi 

tnis  actf  and  all  daims  not  so  filed  shall  be  forever  come 

barred,  and  the  money  attributable  thereto  shall  be-         ut'i^^u  nnnn  tha  hill  oa  nrPOAnteH  h«T 
long  to  such  State,  Territory,  or  the  District  of  Co-  'J^^^^  °P0°  "^®  ^^}  ^  presented  Her 

lumbia,  respectively,  as  the  case  may  be.  practical  measare,  settling  and  closing  up 

^.^      ^      ^  .,        •_^xi-  ficnlt  snbtect,  one  that  has  embarrassc 

Only  ten  Senators  voted  against  the  meaa-  Treasury  in  its  accounts,  and  one  whic 

nre,and  there  were  men  of  both  parties  in  worked  inequality,  irregularity,  and  iiy 

favor  of  It  and  opposed  to  It     The  most  im-  to  many  St^es 

portant  amendment  offered  was  the  following,        »  j  /^^.^^  ^        ^j^j^  ^^^^  ^^^^  j 

proposed  by  Mr.  Vance,  of  North  Carohna:  ^y^^j^  ^^^  ^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  ^ 

Sec  — .  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  be,  and  ^^x  was  a  measure  perhaps  of  oppressic 

he  is  hereby    authorized  and  dir^ted  to  credit  and  injustice.    I  do  not  intend  that  my  vote  a 

pay  to  each  State  a  sum  equal  to  the  amounts  collect-  "»j»*''»'*^«'    *  ^^  «"«  Tt  Z        •       j      ^     j 

ed  therein  respectively  as  a  tax  or  duty  on  raw  cotton,  ^^is  amendment  shall  be  misunderstood 

under  the  provisions  of  the  act  approved  July  1,1862,  friendly  to  relief  on  that  point,  but  I  i 

and  the  supplemental  and  amendatory  acts  thereto,  look  upon  my  vote  for  that  amendment  r 

which  sums,  when  so  credited  and  paid,  shall  be  a<>-  ^  y^,^  against  this  bill,  which  I  heartil 
cepted  and  held  by  the  States  m  trust,  first,  for  such  ;«  " 

of  the  producers  who  paid  said  tax  or  duty,  or  their         L?^*  j.  j»  j.    ^i.     tt 

legal  representotives,  as  may  make  claim  to  and  prove        The  measure  was  reported  to  the  Ho 

their  identity,  and  the  amount  of  taxes  paid,  in  two  Represeutatives    by   the  Finance   Como 

years  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  and,  second,  the  April  3,  with  two  amendments,  one  ins 

remainder^  if  any,  to  be  held  and  us^i  only  as  a  per-  u  |j    g^^^^ff  ^r  otherwise,"  in  the  first  s 

manent  fVee-school  fund:  irow^wa.  That  where  cot-  »y     ^^  j    n      n     /•         u        j   ^i 

ton  was  produced  in  one  State,  and,  under  permit  from  a™r  '°®  ^,^''1     collections,     and  the 

the  Government  of  the  United  States,  shipped  to  an-  cnttiDg  off  the  final  proviso.     The  case  a 

other  State,  and  the  taxes  thereon  collected  in  the  the  bill  was  presented  by  Mr.  Oates,  oj 

latter  State,  then  the  Mnount  of  aU  such  taxes  shall  be  5^^^ :  "  The  bill  before  the   committer 

paid  to  the  State  m  which  the  cotton  was  produced.  „;  j^„  r^,  «.i.^  ««A,«-rii««  ^«  »»*xo<.r;Ti»  ;««  ^ 

^  Sec.  -.  That  there  is  hereby  approprikted,  out  of  ^^^^1!"^!  '^®  ^f^^^PJS  or  repaying  in  n 

any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropri-  the  States  and  lerritones  and  to  tne  U 

ated,  such  sums  as  may  be  neoessarv  to  carry  out  the  of  Columbia,  and  in  part  to  the  indiv 

provisions  of  this  act;  JPh>vided,  That  any  Stote  ac-  from  whom  it  was  collected,  the  direc 

oepting  the  trust  herebv  created  is  prohibited  fix)m  j^^    ^      ^j^         ^     f  ^        1    Iggl^     j 
payintr  any  part  of  the  funds  received  to  any  person,       ...  ,  ® .  .,\  , 

Jybdi^te,  or  corporation  except  the  producere  who  vision  in  a  general  revenue  bill  passed  a 

paid  the  taxes  on  cotton  grown  by  them  or  their  le^al  time  levied  for  the  exigencies  of  the  war 

representatives ;  and  in  no  case  shall  the  payment  oe  was  then   impendiug   twenty   million  d 

made  to  an  assignee  of  such  claim.  annuaUy  and  apportioned  it  among  the  5 

This  amendment  was  rejected  by  the  follow-  Territories,  and  the  District  of  Columb 

ing  vote :  cording  to  their  respective  populations. 

YBAs-Bate,  Berry,   Butler,  Call,  Coke,  Daniel,  were  supplementary  acts  subsequently  pi 

George,  Harris,  Jones,  of  Arkansas,  Pugh,  Quay,  but  these  related  only  to  the  States  then 

Ransom,  Reagan,  Vance,  Walthall,  Wilson  of  Mary-  surrection  or  rebellion, 
land— 16.                                                   «,  j    ^  "This  law  could  not,  owing  to  the  exij 

NAYs-Aldnch,  Allison    Beck,    Blaur,    Blodgett,       f      ^^  ^     enforced  in  the  Sou 

Brown,  Cameron,  Chase,  Chandler,  Cockrell,  Cullom,  ot  7  rnV     '  vi^tvriv.^vi  lu    «  « 

Davis,  Dawes,  Dolph,  Evarts,   FarwelL   Faulkner,  States.      These    supplemental  acts  cont 

Frye.  Gorman.  Hale,  Hawley,  Hiscock,  Hoar,  Inffalls,  much  harsher  provisions  for  their  enforc* 

McPherson,  Manderson,  Mitchell,  Morgan,  Paddock,  than  the  original  act  contained.     It  is  a 

Palmer  Payne,  Piatt,  Plumb,  Sabin,  Saulsbury ,  Saw-  singular  fact,  I  will  remark  in  passing,  th 

yer,  Sherman,  Spooner,   Stanford,   Stewart,   Stock-  .yJr^  u   ♦!.:«  i««,  i«:^   ♦!.;«  ♦^J^^^.^,,-!!- 

bridge,  TeUer,  turpie.  Vest,  Vo!)rhees,  Wilson  of  ^^^^S^  ^^^^  ^^"^  ^^id  this  tax  annually, 

Iowa— 46.  never  was  any  attempt  made  to  collect 

Absent — Blackburn,  Bowen,  Colauitt,  Edmunds,  cept  for  the  first  year,  and  yet,  so  far  as  1 

Eustis,  Gibson,  Gra^,  Hampton,  Hearnt,  Jones  of  been  able  to  find,  that  law  is  yet  unrep 

Nevada,  Kenna,  Morrill,  Pasco,  Riddlebergei-14.  g^  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^^  j^  ^^  operation  and  coi 

Some  of  the  Senators    who  opposed    the  to  what  the  people  had  been  accustomed 

amendment  were  in  favor  of   refunding  the  suppose,  was  the  consideration  which  c 

cotton-tax,  and  their  position  was  explained  its  non  enforcement,  notwithstanding  it 

by  Mr.  Voorhees,  of  Indiana,  who  said:  **I  constitutional  enactment, 
appeal  to  the  Senators  who  think  as  I  do  on        *^  The  collections  of  this  tax  in  the  I0; 

the  subject  of  the  cotton-tax  not  to  encumber  Northern  States  and  Territories,  with, 

the  original  bill  with  the  amendment  which  is  lieve,  a  single  exception,  were  made  th 

proposed.      That  defeats  the  whole  concern,  the  States  and  Territories  and  the  Disti 

At  the  proper  time  and  under  proper  circum-  Columbia.      They  availed  themselves  < 

stances  nobody  will  go  further  or  consider  provision  in  the  act  allowing  15  per  « 

more  favorably  the  proposition  embraced  in  be  retained  out  of  the  collections  by  all 

the  amendment  than  I  will.  and  Territories  which  assumed  it»  pa} 

"The  question  is  not  always,  Mr.  President,  I  believe  Delaware   was  the  only  exec 

what  is  just,  but  what  is  practicable  and  at-  All  the  others  assumed  and  paid,  with  tl 

tainable.     Let  us  take  the  good  we  can,  which  ception  named,  and  the  Territories  of 

is  within  our  reach,  and  then  grasp  after  more  and  New  Mexico,  the  amount  of  the  ] 


CONGRESS.    (The  Dibeot-Ta.x  Bill.)  231 

>portioned  to  their  popalations  respect-  Other  gigantio  schemes  of  misappropriation  are 

The  Territory   of  Washington  never  to  follow  if  this  be  successful." 

full,  but  all  others  of  the  Union  States  Mr.   Wheeler,   of   Alabama,   criticised    the 

ritories  assumed  and  paid  the  tax,  mark  measiu*e  as   essentially  unfair :    ^^  The   effect 

I  as  States  and  Territories,  but  they  col-  of  the  cotton-tax  \&w  would  be  to  pay  money 

t  from  the  people,  and  for  the  employ-  back    to  those    from    whom    it  was  wrong- 

»f  their  machinery  in  collecting    this  fully  taken.     It  would  be  very  difficult,  if  not 

from  the  people  they  retained  15  per  impossible,  to    return  the    money  to    those 

f    the    collections,   which    aggregated  by  whom  the  direct  tax  was  actually  paid,  un- 

)00.    And,  gentlemen,  it  was  asserted  der  the  bill  now  being  considered,  as  most  of 

«terday,  that  this  bill  carried  $16,000,-  the  $17,000,000  was  paid  by  the  States.    Again, 

y.     If  you  will  examine  it  you  will  find  those  States  whose  population  and  wealth  have 

covers  the  whole  field,  including  the  15  increased  since  1861  would  be  losers,  while  a 

it.   deduction,  and  that  it  aggregates  State  which  has  not  been  so  fortunate  would 

,000.  gain  if  the  direct  tax  were  reflmded.    In  dis- 

:.he  Southern  States  it  could  not  at  the  cussing  the  eouity  of  questions  like  these  we 

enforced,  but  as  the  Union  arms  con-  must  assume  that  the  $17,000,000  proposed  to 

that  territory  collectors  of  this  tax  fol-  be  paid  must  be  collected  in  some  way  from 

Jid  collected  by  assessment  and  sale  in  the  people,  and  we  must  further  assume  that 

ases,  and  in  many  others  by  receiving  States  pay  taxes,  substantially,  in  proportion 

sy  directly  from  the  property  owner  the  to  their  population  and  wealth.    Proceeding 

of  assessments  against  his  property,  under  these  assumptions,  Maine,  for  instance 

rere  many  irregularities  in  some  of  the  (if  we  except  Vermont),  has  changed  less  than 

-ed  districts  in  the  matter  of  the  assess-  any  State,  her  population  being  about  8  per 

and   collections.      A  notable  instance  cent,  greater  than  in  1860,  while  the  popula- 

.t  in  South  Carolina,  where  the  entire  tion  of  Nebraska  has  increased  about  8,000  per 

'  Beaufort  was  sold  after  the  notice  of  cent.     Again,  the  assessed  value  of  property  in 

I  been  misdescribed  so  far  as  the  prop-  Maine  has  increased  about  72  per  cent.,  while 

s  concerned,  the  notice  given  being  of  in  Nebraska  the  increase  in  the  assessed  value 

kding  character,  and  thus  the  property  of  property  has  been  more  than  8,600  per  cent., 

rebj  sacrificed  and  the  owners  robbed  now  surpassing  Maine  in  both  wealth  and  popu- 

homes.  lation.     Nebraska's  part  of  the  direct  tax  was 

er  the  war  the  process  of  enforced  col-  $19,812,  while  that  of  Maine  was  $420,826. 

in    the    Southern    States   continued.  Maine  would  get  twenty  dollars  for  every  one 

progress  was  made  in  some  localities,  received  by   Nebraska,  and  yet  the  amount 

(uisiana.  South  Carolina,  and  Virginia,  Nebraska  would  have  to  pay  to  make  up  the 

others;  but  in  none,  save  the  State  of  $17,000,000  would  exceed  that  which  would  be 

la,  were  the  coUections  completed  and  contributed  by  Maine." 

a   raised   which  had  been  assessed  to  The  argument  for  this  bill  was  put  by  Mr. 

Buchanan,  of  New  Jersey,  as  follows:  "Al- 

er  the  war,  in  view  of  the  condition  of  though  this  tax  was  an  annual  tax,  no  attempt 

a  the  South  the  industries  of  the  people  was  made  to  levy  or  collect  it  beyond  the 

ely  revolutionized,  everything  out  of  first  year.     Other  means  of  raising  money 

le  people  broken  down  in  fortune  and  were  found,  and  this  tax,  so  unequal  in  its 

«d — the  Congress  from  time  to  time  operation,  paid  only  by  the  loyal  States,  or 

icts  delaying  and  postponing  the  collec-  enforced  by  seizure  and  sale  in  conquered  ter- 

this  tax  in  those  States;  the  last  of  ritory,  already  impoverished  by  the  misfortunes 

ras  passed  in  1868  and  extended  the  time  of  war,  was  abandoned.    By  a  report  from 

1st  day  of  January,  1869,  since  which  Ros.  A.  Fish,  assistant  register  of  the  Treasury, 

»eriod  of  twenty  years  no  effort  what-  dated  March  22,  1886,  the  amount  levied  upon 

a  been  made  to  collect  a  dollar  of  this  the  several  States,  the  per  cent,  allowed  for 

collection,  the  amount  collected  in  each  in- 

I  aggregate  of  collections  is  about  $17,-  stance,  and  the  balance  remaining  due,  as  ap- 

,  which  leaves  uncollected  $2,500,000  pears  by  the  book^  of  the  Treasury  up  to  that 

round  numbers,  or  one  eighth  of  the  date,  is  shown. 

assessment.     And  this  alone  is  the  ^*By  this  report  it  will  be  observed  that 

upon   which  the  passage  of  this  bill  $2,640,814.49  remains  uncollected  from  four- 

d — because  only  one   eighth  of  that  teen  States  and  Territories,  that  $17,859,685.61 

lains  uncollected  and  which  has  been  was  paid  by  the  States  and  Territories ;  and  of 

to  sleep  for  twenty  years,  it  is  now  these  twenty-nine,  each  paid   in   full.     This 

le  pretext  for  bringing  forth  this  bill  to  table  is  the  strongest  argument  which  can  be 

the  Treasury  of  $17,500,000  in  the  in-  presented,  showing  the  inequalities  of  this  col- 

»f  those  who  desire  to  get  rid  of  the.  lection.    For  instance,  while  Alabama's  quota 

in  the  Treasury  otherwise  than  by  re-  was  $629,818.88,  she  still  owes  $611,028.80; 

the  taxation  which  now  burdens  the  Wisconsin's  quota  was  $519,688.67;  she  has 

and  cripples  our  national  prosperity,  paid  it  all.     Tennessee's  quota  was  $669,498 ; 


i 


232  CONGRESS.     (The  Dibkot-Tax  Box— Postal  Mattebs.) 

she  still  owes  $277,498.62.  IndiaDa^s  quota  ment  made  at  a  caucus  of  the  Democratic  Rep- 
was  $904,875.83.  It  was  paid.  Mississippi's  resentatives  that  the  measure  should  be  taken 
quota  was  $413,084.67;  she  still  owes  $802,-  up  Tharsday,  Dec.  6,  1888,  and  pnt  to  a  final 
046.21.  New  Jersey's  quota  was  $450,184;  vote  Tuesday,  December  11,  the  Northern 
and  every  cent  of  it  has  been  paid.  To  make  Democrats  who  had  been  urgent  for  its  passage 
things  equal,  this  tax  should  be  collected  from  yielding  so  far  to  Southern  Democrats  as  to 
all  or  refunded  to  all.  This  uncollected  tax  agree  to  its  postponement  for  the  session.  On 
has  been  the  subject  of  much  controversy  in  the  day  set,  the  hoase  passed  the  measure, 
the  past  between  the  Treasury  officials  and  Ptstal  lUtten. — A  bill  relating  to  permissible 
some  of  the  States  still  in  arrears.  Some  of  marks  in  printing  and  writing  upon  second^ 
these  States,  having  claims  against  the  General  third,  and  fourth  class  matter  was  passed  by 
Government,  have,  upon  their  presentation,  the  House  Jan.  13,  1888,  and  by  the  Senate 
been  met  by  the  officials  of  the  Treasury  with  January  17,  and  duly  approved  by  the  Preai- 
their  unpaid  balance  of  this  tax  as  a  set-off.  dent.    It  is  as  follows : 

"What  is  the  proposed  measure?     It  is,  ^  ^  ^,,^,^^^  ^^^  That  mailable  matter  of  the 

shortly,  this:  rirst,  that  the  sum  coilected  from  second  class  shall  contain  no  writing,  print,  or  sign 

each  State  by  collection,  set-ofiF,  or  otherwise,  thereon  or  therein  in  addition  to  the  original  print, 

shall  be  credited  to  such  State :  second,  that  ^  except  as  herein  provided,  to  wit,  the  name  and  ad- 

raoneys  still  due  shaU  be  remitted  and  relin-  dress  of  the  pereon  to  whom  thematter  shall  l»^ 

.  L   J     -.I-'  J   Ii-  J.TT                     11    ^  J  V^  mdex-flgures  of  subscnption  book,  either  prmted  or 

quished ;  third,  that  the  sums  collected  from  written ;  the  printed  title  of  the  pubUcation  and  the 

each  State  shall  be  returned  to  it  absolutely  place  of  its  publication ;  the  prmted  or  written  name 

where  the  State  paid  it  as  a  State,  and  where  (uid  address,  without  addition  of  advertisement,  of 

it  was  collected  by  the  Government  of  individ-  *^e  publisher  or  sender,  or  both,  and  written  or  print- 

««!«  ;«   «  c«-»4-»   ;«   ♦«„«♦   4.^  .»*v«..  4.^  ««^u  i«  ed  words  or  figures,  or  both,  mdicating  the  date  on 

uals  in  a  State,  in  trust,  to  repay  to  such  in-  ^^ich  the  subscription  to  such  mattw*Wl  end;  tiie 

aividuals.                ^  correction  of  anjr  typograpical  error ;  a  mark,  except 

^^  If  the  collection  of  this  tax  is  not  to  be  by  written  or  printed  words,  to  designate  a  word  or 


completed — and  no  one  advocates  that  nor  passage  to  which  it  is  desired  to  call  attention ;  the 
claims  that  it  is  needed-np  fairer  w^.  in  my  -^  ^ntef^M'^p?."  ^r  ^e^m^^ 
judgment,  of  correcting  this  meauality  can  be  contiuns  a  marked  item  or  article ;  and  publishers  or 
devised  than  the  provision  made  by  the  bill  news-agents  may  inclose  in  their  publications  bills, 
before  us.  receipts,  and  orders  for  subscription  thereto,  but  the 
"  Bitterly  as  this  measure  is  being  fought,  «a«n®  f^^^l  ^  m^vi^h  form  as  to  convey  no  otiier  in- 
^TT^'T.  «^k;«  "i-oiifl  ai.r>»4-  r^f  A^\w^^  ^^^S  «.,«S«J  fonuatiou  than  the  name,  place  of  pubhcation,  sub- 
even  this  falls  short  of  doing  exact  justice,  gcriptionpriceof  tiie  publication  to  which  they  W 
Many  of  the  btates  which  assumed  and  paid  and  the  subscription  due  thereon.  [Jpon  matter  of 
this  tax  borrowed  the  money  with  which  they  the  third  class,  or  upon  the  wrapper  or  envelope  in- 
paid  it,  and  in  some  instances  sach  States  have  closing  the  same,  or  the  tag  or  laMl  attached  thereto, 
paid  interest  on  this  money  so  borrowed  from  ^J^o  render  may  write  his  own  name,  owjupation,  and 
1,  i.'i  ^u  A.  ir  o.r^  -J  residence  or  busmesa  address,  preceded  by  the  word 
them  until  the  present.  My  own  State  paid  "from,"  and  may  make  marks  other  than  by  written 
(with  the  16  per  cent,  allowance)  (450,184.  or  printed  words  to  call  attention  to  any  word  or  jjaa- 
She   paid   that   money  in   1861,   now   nearly  sage  in  the  text,  and  may  correct  any  typographical 

twenty-seven  years  ago.    She  issued  bonds  for  ©""O"-  ."^^^^  ™»*^  ^  P)*^®?  "P°°  the  blank  leav^  or 

K<i«  «;..-  /i«k*      \r»»^  ^^  4>k.v«^  u^^A^  u^«^  »r  cover  of  any  book  or  pnnted  matter  of  the  third  class 

her  war  debt.     Many  of  those  bonds  bore  7  ^  gj^^ple  ninuscript  dedication  or  inscription  not  of 

per  cent,  interest.     But  if  we  reckon  interest  the  nature  of  a  personal  correspondence.    Upon  the 

on  $450,134  for  twenty -five   years  at  6  per  wrapper  or  envelope  of  third-class  matter  or  the  tag 

cent,  we  have  the  sum  of  $675,201  for  interest  <^^  la^el  attached  thereto  mav  be  printed  any  matter 

alone,  which  my  State  should  be  repaid  to  put  ™ajla^le  .^f  ^^  class,  but  there  must  be  left  on  the 

v^-    '  ^^ ''     1..         ...   TT^  1      ^,.  ,      *^.j  address-side  a  space  sufficient  for  a  legible  address 

her  upon  an  equality  with  Utah,  which  paid  ^nd  necessary  stomps.    With  a  package  of  fourth- 

nothing,  or  with  Alabama,  which  has  paid  next  class  matter,  prepaid:  at  the  proper  rate  for  that  dasa, 

to  nothing.  the  sender  may  inclose  any  mailable  third-class  mat- 

"  Mr.  Chairman,  there  is  no  *  section '  in  this  ^''i  ^^  "W  T^^  ^P^^  *^®  wrapper  or  cover  thereof, 

rviAoaviKA      tKa»z»  \a  «^  vv^iuf^c  t^  u      Ti^^-^  :„  or  tag  or  label  accompanymg  the  same,  his  name,  oe- 

measure.     There  is  no  politics  m  it.     There  is  o^^^on,  residence,  or  bisiSess  addrei,  precedei  by 

one  simple,  straightforward  proposition  to  do  thd  word  "from,"  and  any  marks^  numbers,  names, 

justice  to  all,  so  far  as  the  principal  paid  is  or  letters  for  purpose  of  description,  or  may  print 

concerned,  and  I  am  amazed  at  the  fierce  op-  thereon  the  same,  and  any  printed  matter  not  in  the 

position  it  enconnters."  ?^^"2  ^^  *  pereonal  corrMpondencc,  but  there  most 

TT«^«-  4.1.^  1^^  1  — u«       t  \r     r\  X  be  left;  on  the  address  side  or  face  of  the  package  a 

Under  the  leadership  of  Mr.  Gates,  a  num-  gp^ce  sufftcient  for  a  legible  address  and  SeoeaSiry 

ber  of  Southern  Representatives  united  in  fili-  stamps.    In  all  cases  directions  for  transit,  deliverv, 

bustering  to  prevent  the  passage  of  the  bill,  forwarding,  or  return  shall  be  deemed  part  of  the  aa- 

and  they  succeeded  in  preventing  the  transac-  dress,  and  the  Postmaster- General  shall  prescril^  suit- 

tion  of  other  busine^.  and  the  a^jou^meBt  '^KST'^^^'alTtS^^r'^Tdr^iSrort^ 

Of  the  Uouse   from  Apnl  4  to  April  12;    so  dasscontainingany  writing  or  printing  in  addition  to 

that  the  legislative  day,  Wednesday,  April  4,  the  original  matter,  other  than  as  authorized  in  the 

1888,  lasted  192  hours,  though  the  House  took  preceding  section,  shall  not  be  admitted  to  the  mails, 

several  recesses,  and  was  not  therefore  con-  nor  delivered,  except  upon  payment  of  p^go  for 

f;*.n^«^<>i«  :«   «.v««:^.«   ;i..-:        *u  i.  *•             ti.  matter  of  the  first  class,  deducting  therefrom  any 

tmuously  in  session  dunng  that  time.     The  amount  which  may  havi  been  prepaid  by  stamji 

aead lock  was  anally  broken  under  an  agree-  affixed,  unless  by  direction  of  the  Poetmaster-GenenJ 


CONGRESS.    (Telkoraph  Affaibs.)  288 

•odi  poet^pe  shall  be  remitted:  and  any  person  who  Pacific  railroads  had  not  complied   with  the 

ihaU  Imowiiy^lyoonced  or  indose  any  matter  p^^  requirements   of  the   acts  under  which   they 

higher  class  m  that  of  a  lower  cla«»s,  and  deposit  or  „'     :««^..,.^..«*«^   #'^»  ♦u^  «««o^«  ♦k^*   :«  *     ta 

o^  the  same  to  be  deposited  fo^  conveyance  by  ^/"^^  incorporated,  for  the  reason  that,  instead 

mail,  at  a  leas  rate  than  would  be  chai^  for  both  of  constructing,  maintaining,  and  operating  a 

■iieh  hijrher  and  lower  class  matter,  shall  for  every  telegraph  line,  they  had  divested  themselves  of 

such  otfenae  be  Uable  to  a  penalty  of  $10.  this  obligation  by  contracting  with  the  Western 

The  HoQse,  on  Feb.  2,  1888,  passed  the  fol-  Union   Telegraph   Company  to  perform    the 

lowing  measure  in  regard  to  books  as  second-  service." 

daas  matter:  The  two  leading  sections  of  the  act  were  as 

A  bill  to  amend  section  14  of  the  act  approved  follows: 

^ch«  1879,  entitled  ''An  act  m^ingappropria-  j    ^hat  all  railroad  and  telegraph  companies  to 

?^K^'2'J?f  service  of  the  PoBt-C^oe  Department  ^hioh  the  United  States  has  grSite^l  any  sSbsidy  in 

fw  the  fl«»l  year  ending  June  80, 1880,  and  Vor  other  j^nds  or  bonds  or  loan  of  credit  for  the  ^construction 

P°X°T'    'St't^  S-^r^'^^'S^T  "^"^T^^-  of  either  railroad  or  telegraph  lines,  which,  by  the 

AU  '^^j^jf^J^^.J'^  ^^^  ^f.  ^%-  acts  incorporating  them!  or  by  any  act  amenitory  or 

^^1^1^  Th^h^r,^J^!Z^n^^^  supplemeSary  hereto    are  Required   to   consti^ct, 

^J^^^S^Z^^   1  ft70   p^?.^  u  ^?  fnt^it  miiSitain,  or  operate  teliffiaph  lines,  and  all  companies 

act  approved  March  3,  1879,  entitled  "An  act  mak-  engaged  in  operating  said  railroads  or  telegraph  lines 

^  appropriations  forthe  service  of  the  Post-Offlce  BhSfforthwSh  anf  henceforward,  by  anTSirough 

D««tment  for  the  fl«»l /ear  ending  June  80,  1880,  ^heir  own  respective  corporative  offiWs  and  employfs, 

^fJ^^'lA^S^\l^^^^\t^^?  in^l???^  construct,  maintain,  anToperate  for  railroad,  ^vem: 

^r!?i^^«^^n  ^tifp^nuSSITwn^?  «^            ^^  ^^^^^  Commercial  and  all  other  purposes,  telfcgraph 

^  fnT?h!f^n  ;,^WHn^r^\T^v.  n.  ^^^^  ^^^  e*««^ise  W  themsclves  VloSe  all  the^^tefe- 

Jjtjf  n^flLir-  ^whi?S«r%«?K»^ii  ^^u?I  «^V^  frauohises  coutferred  upon  them  and  obligations 

S^Ji±^"^Sd%h^'2^^^^^           ^  "^'"^^  2   Thai  whenever  any  tele^ph  company  which 

w  wc  uiM»  aa  Dvwuu^xiWQ  uja»v«i.          ^  Bhtli  have  acccptcd  the  provisions  ot  title  66  of  the 

Xothing  farther  was  done  with  this  measure ;  Bevised  Statutes  shall  extend  its  line  to  any  station  or 

bat  a  bill  was  passed  amending  the  act  excluding  °*?<*  of  a  telegraph  line  belonging  to  any  one  of  said 

offi^sive  matter  from  '^"*         ~   ^'^                 *       *'       *i---e— ^ 


amending  the  a^t  authorizine  the  Postmaster-     i^g  iis  une  snaii  nave  cne  ngL 

General  to   adjust  claims  of  postmasters  for  graph  company  shall  allow  the  line  of  said  telegraph 

losses  by  fire,  etc.      An  act  was  passed  also  company  so  extending  its  line  to  connect  with  the  tefe- 

I  limiting  the  work  of  letter-carriers  to  eight  ^P?  l»?«  of  said  raUroador  telegraph  company  to 
hours  A  dav  which  it  is  extended  at  the  place  where  their  lines 
uuure»uay.  rk  i?  v  n  i  ooo  v  n  ™*y  meet,  for  the  prompt  and  convenient  interchange 
TWgimpM  ADlii. — Un  i^eb.  9,  1888,  tne  Uom-  of  tele^ph  business  between  said  companies;  and 
mittee  of  the  Honse  on  Post-Offices  and  Post-  such  railroad  and  telegraph  companies,  referred  to  in 
roads  reported  an  act  supplementary  to  the  act  *^®  ^"*  section  of  this  act,  shall  so  operate  their  re- 
ef July  1,  1862,  entitled  '*  An  act  to  aid  in  the  spective  telemph  lines  as  to  afford  eoual  facilities  to 

.^Ji          X          .,       J        jj.1           T.V  all,  Without  discnmmation  in  favor  of  or  airamst  any 

coMtrucUon  of  a  railroad  and  telegraph  line  person,  company,  or  corporation  whateverTand  shall 

from  the  Missouri  nver  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  receive,  deliver,  and  exchange  business  with  connect- 

aod  to  secnre  to  the  Government  the  nse  of  ing  telegraph  lines  on  equal  terms,  and  affording  e<}ual 

the  same  for  postal  military,  and  other  pur-  facilities,  and  without  discrimination  for  or  against 

nruu^  t^      Ti^«    ««^i    «rV»;/»k    tu\a    *v^/^«<ir...A  \»,««  auy  ouc  of  such  connecting  Imes ;  and  such  exchange 

poses.        The   evil   which    this    measure  was  of  Wness  shall  be  on  terras  just  and  equitable.      ^ 

<l£^gned  to  remedy  was  described  as  follows  t,,              .  .               .  .                          ,     , 

in  the  report  of  the  majority  of  the  committee :  The  remaimng  provisions  were  merely  to 

-The  House  of  Representatives,  by  resolution  f?^°^»^  ^.^®  necessary  machinery  for  enforcing 

adopted  Feb.  26,  1886,  empowered  the  Com-  the  requirements  of  these  sections  and  to  m- 

oittee  on  Post-Offices  ^d  Post-roads  to  as-  ^®.f^  ^J^^    Interstate    Commerce    Commission 

eerttin  and  report  whether  'additional  legis-  with  the  authority  and  charge  them  with  the 

kioQ  is  needed  to  prevent  a  monopoly^  of  duty  of  seeing  the  law  carried  out.    The  meas- 

tdegraphic  facilities ;  to  secure  to  the  Southern,  ^^^  ^"f^^  $«  ^^""^  ^^c^.  ^^  ^^,  subsequently 

V«tem,    and  Pacific  States  the  benefits  of  R^^^  *^^  ^^°«^  ^^  received  the  President  s 

<xanpetition  between  the  telegraph  companies ;  ®^?5?*^o®'    .            j     ,_mi      .^.       n.i         i. 

ttd  to  protect  the  people  of  the  United  Stated  ,.  ^he  Senate  passed  a  bill  puttmg  aU  telegraph 


for  and  examine  persons,  books,  and  papers,  Y""""^  a^oumment.     In  that  body  the  minor- 

idminister  oaths  to  witnUses,  and  employ  a  ?*^«^  the  Committee  on  Commerce  reported 

iteiographer.    Pursuant  to  the  terms  of  the  ^°  ^^?/  ^^  «"^,^  »  P^f  "^^  ^^''u-i?^'  K^.*u^ 

r«ohtion  the  committee  heard  statements  and  pajonty  reported  m  favor  of  a  bill  establish- 

ttanined  witnesses  with  a  view  of  ascertaining  i"f,  ^  ?^^^^^  telegraph  system,  formulating  the 

«pecially  the  relations  of  the  land-grant  rail-  following  conclusions : 

rtidB  and  telegraphic  lines  to  the  lines  of  other  1-  That  the  time  has  arrived  when  the  Govem- 

tdegraph  companies,  to  the  public,  and  to  the  ™®?^  should  construd;  and  operate  a  postol-telegraph 

cTr^^       i.*^A                 i..^*!-''         i*  system  as  a  brand)  of  ite  postal  service. 

boTemment.     As  a  result  of  their  investiga-  '2.  That  tiie  service  ^  undoubtedly  be  self-sup- 

uoDs  the  conclusion  was  reached   that    the  porting. 


234  CONGRESS.    (Psfsiovfr— Misokllanbous.) 

8.  That  the  Government  has  the  right  to  bnild  and  April  18,  1888,  the  House  of  RepreBent 

operate  telegraph  lines  under  the  jurisdiction  of  its  passed  a  measure  carryiDg  out  the  Eie 

"^^TfaTpubirSn  wiU  not  pennit,  and  good  recommendations ;  bnt  it  was  not  re«!l 

faith  and  justice  do  not  require,  the  purchase  by  the  the  oeuate. 

Government  of  the  proper^  and  franchises  of  the  The  Blair  educational  bill  was  discus 

Western  Union  Telegraph  Companj.  length,  and  passed  the  Senate  Feb.  15, 18 

PtMiiM>— On   March  8,   1888,    the   Senate  a  vote  of  89  to  29 ;  but  it  was  not  brou| 

passed  a  dependent  pension 'bill,  but  it  failed  in  the  House. 

to  get  through  the  House.     A  measure  pen-        In  his  third  annual  message  the  Pre 

sioning  prisoners  taken  bj  the  Confederates  expressed  a  doubt  as  to  authority  to  pui 

during  the  civil  war  also  failed.     An  act  was  bonds  over  and  above  the  requirements 

passed,  however,  and  approved,  providing  that  sinking-fund,  though  the  authority  had 

pensions  hereafter  granted  to  widows  of  sol-  given  in  a  clause  in  an  appropriation  bill, 

diers  of  the  war  of  the  rebellion  shall  begin  at  30,  1882.     On  April  5, 1888,  the  Senate  { 

the  date  of  the  death  of  their  husbands,  not  a  resolution  declaring  that  such  purcht 

from  the  date  of  filing  claims.     A   bill   was  bonds  is  lawful,  and  April  16,  the  House] 

passed  and  approved  increasing  to  $30  a  month  a  resolution  to  the  same  effect, 
the  pension  for  total  deafness,  and  likewise  an        On  March  21,  1888,  the  House  passed 

act  enabling  certain  volunteer  soldiers  denied  to  establish  a  Department  of  Labor  to  1 

the  $100  bounty  under  the  act  of  1872  to  re-  der  control  of  a  Commissioner  of  Labor, 

ceive  the  benefit  of  that  act ;  and  also  a  measure  22,  the  Senate  amended  and  passed  the 

providing  for  the  payment  of  $100  a  jear  for  ure ;  and  May  81,  both  Houses  agreed  to  i 

each  inmate  in  State  and  Territorial  soldiers*  the  report  of  a  conference  committee, 

homes.    Special  pension  bills  were  passed  in  bill  was  approved  by  the  President;  i 

favor  of  Mrs.  Logan  and  Mrs.  Blair,  but  the  merely   reorganized  the   existing   Bure 

bill  in  favor  of  Mrs.  Sheridan  failed  to  get  Labor  Statistics. 

through  the  House  of  Representatives.     In  all,        On  March  19, 1888,  the  House  of  Repre 

638  private  pension  bills  were  passed,  of  which  tives  passed  a  measure  authorizing  the  i 

569  became  laws  with  the  President's  signa-  tarj  of  the  Treasury  to  issue  silver  certii 

ture,  and  69  became  laws  without  it.  in  denominations  of  twenty-five,  fifleei 

MisceUaMeiu. — On  May  29, 1888,  both  Houses  ten  cents ;  but  the  Senate  fEdled  to  take  i 

passed  and  the  President  approved  a  bill  re-  measure. 

viving  the  grade  of  General  of  the  Army,  so        On  April  19,  1888,  the  Senate  passed 

that  Gen.  Sheridan,  then  in  imminent  danger  admitting  South  Dakota  into  the  Union 

of  death,  might  be  appointed.  it  failed  in  the  House,  and  so  no  actio 

On  May  10,  1888,  the  Senate  passed,  after  taken  on  measures  for  the  admission  of 

discussion  for  more  than  three  weeks,  a  bill  new  States.     The  bill  for  organizing  the 

forfeiting  all  lands  heretofore  granted  to  any  tory  of  Oklahoma  also  failed. 
State  or  corporation  to  aid  in  the  construction        The  House  of  Representatives  made  o 

of  a  railroad  which  lands  are  opposite  to  and  investigations  of  immigration  and  of  trus^ 

conterminous  with  the  portion  of  any  such  rail-  combinations ;  but  reached  no  result  in 

road  not  now  completed  and  in  operation.     In  lation  on  either  subject, 
the  House  of  Representatives  the  m^ority  of        A  bill  was  passed  authorizing  the  Pre 

the  Committee  on  Public  Lands  reported  a  to  arrange  a  conference  between  the  n 

substitute  for  the  Senate  bill,  which  was  de-  of  Central  America,  South  America,  an 

bated  July  5  and  passed  July  6.    The  House  West  Indies  for  the  establishment  of  ini 

bill  provided  for  the  forfeiture  of  lands  lying  tional  arbitration  and .  the  promotion  of 

along  the  sections  of  subsidized  railroads  not  merce. 

com{»leted   within  the  time  specified  in   the        Measures  were  adopted  appropriating  i 

grant,  and  the  clashing  of  these  two  measures  for  a  gun-factory  and  for  several  new  sli 

prevented  decisive  action.  war. 

On  May  9,  1888,  the  Senate  passed  an  inter-        A  bill  was  passed  making  certain  judg 

national  copyright  bill,  but  the  House  failed  to  and  decrees  in  Federal  courts  liens  on  pr( 

act  on  it.  throughout  the  State  in  which  the  co 

^  On  May  21,  1888,  the  House  of  Representa-  held. 

tives  passed  a  bill  making  the  Department  of        Congress  provided  for  an  intemations 

Agriculture  an  Executive  department  the  head  ference  to  secure  greater  safety  for  lif 

of  Avliich  shall  be  a  Cabinet  officer ;  and  Sep-  property  at  sea ;  for  twenty-seven  new 

tember  21,  the  Senate  passed  the  measure  with  buildings ;  for  an  investigation  by  the  Gn 

an  amendment  cutting  out  the  provision  of  the  cal  Survey  of  means  of  storing  water  ii 

House  bill  transferring  the  Signal  Service  from  regions ;  for  representation  at  the  expoi 

the  War  Department  to  that  newly  created,  in  Paris,  Brussels,  Barcelona,  and  Melbo 
So  the  bill  fell  by  the  way.  Measures  not  already  mentioned  that 

Early  in  the  session  the  President  sent  a  to  become  laws  were  the  bill  to  quiet  tb 

message  to  Congress  recommending  the  crea-  of  settlers  on  the  Des  Moines  river  land 

tion  of  a  national  board  of  arbitration,  and  bill  raising  the  salary  of  district  judge 


GRE8S  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  CONTESTED  ELECTIONS  IN  THE.     235 


^he  repeal  of  the  pre-emption  and 
Jtare  laws,  and  the  amendment  of  the 
d  law ;  the  Pacific  Railroad  funding 
bill  for  the  forfeiture  of  the  Northern 
;rant;  the  bill  to  incorporate  the 
Gi  Canal  Company;  the  bill  to  pay 
depositors  in  the  Freed men^s  Bank ; 
>r  the  erection  of  coast  defenses ;  the 
le  taking  of  the  next  census ;  the  biU 

ispection  of  meat  for  export.      

S8  OF  THE  UNITED  STATfS,  €ONTEST- 
nOKS  Df  THE.  In  this  article  are 
;ed  all  the  principal  contested  elec- 
X  have  occurred  in  Congress  since 
Lion  of  the  Federal  Constitution.  It 
ge  of  the  House  of  Representatives  to 
cases  of  contested  seats  to  the  Com- 
1  Elections.  The  duty  of  that  com- 
to  examine  and  report  ita  opinion 
ii  matters  as  shall  be  referred  to  it  by 
e ;  but  such  opinion,  though  clothed 
rtain  authority,  is  not  conclusive  upon 
e ;  it  may  be  overruled,  and  not  un- 
y  is.  The  usage  of  the  committee  is, 
)xamination  into  the  facts  of  the  case, 
ite  a  report  in  which  tliese  facts  are 
with  accuracy;  from  this  statement 
>  deduce  the  reasons  for  supporting 
r  the  other  candidate ;  and  to  report 
n  to  the  House,  both  at  length  and  in 
of  a  condensed  resolution.  It  is  upon 
lution,  and  not  upon  the  reasons  or 
s  of  the  committee,  that  the  House 
whether  they  have  or  have  not  con- 
ith  the  committee  in  their  views  of 

1,  will  not  appear  as  a  matter  of  reo- 
beir  journals,  which  will  only  show 
'  have  concurred  with  it  in  the  final 
f  et  if  the  House  do  not  dissent  from 
asion  of  the  committee,  they  may,  in 
[>e  presumed  to  have  sanctioned  the 
r  reasoning  by  which  that  conclusion 
aed. 

lalifications  of  Senators  of  the  United 
il  be  found  in  the  Constitution,  Article 
3  ;  and  of  Representatives,  in  Article 

2.  The  debates  on  amendments  origi- 
>osed  to  be  made  to  the  Constitution, 
to  the  power  of  Congress  over  the 
f  elections  of  members  of  Congress, 
nnd  in  "Lloyd's  Debates,"  vol.  ii,  p. 
.  Tlie  original  papers  and  documents 
ess,  or  the  greater  portion  of  them, 
First  to  the  Sixth  Congress,  were  de- 
r  the  English  with  the  Capitol  in  1814, 
ig  other  important  papers  those  re- 
contested  elections  were  consumed. 
Debates  "  and  the  newspapers  of  the 
jver,  afford  us  general  information  of 
ictions  recorded  in  the  missing  docu- 
Jut  Congress  has  frequently  ordered 
i2ed  the  collection  and  publication, 
iblic  printer,  of  proceedings  in  con- 
actions,  either  singly  or  in  groups; 

publications  are  authoritative  and 
consulted  by  the  student 


CONTESTANTS. 


CongnH. 


Abbott  v».  FroAt 

Abbott ««.  Vance 

Abbott,  JoMph  C 

Acklen  vs.  Darrall 

Adams  «^  Wilson 

Allen,  Thomas 

Anderson  ««.  Chrlsman . . . 

Anderson  ««.  Reed 

Archer  ««.  Allen 

Aycrigg  ««.  Dlckerson . . . . 

Bailey,  John 

Baldwin  ««.  Trowbridge  . . 

Ball,M.D 

Barnes  vs.  Adams 

Barney  vs.  McCreery 

Baskin  vs  Cannon 

Bassett  vs.  Bayly 

Baxter  vs.  Brouts 

Beach,  O.  P 

Beard  vs.  Corker 

Beck,  James  B 

Bell  vs.  Snyder 

Bennet  vs.  Chapman 

Blddle  vs.  Richard 

BIddle  v«.  Wing 

Blroh  vs.  King 

Birch  vs.  Van  Horn 

Bisbee  vs.  Hall 

Bisbee  vs,  Finley 

Blair  vs.  Barrett 

Blakey  vs.  GoUaday 

Blodgett  vs.  Norwood  . . . . 

Bogy,  Lewis  V , 

Boles  vs.  Edwards 

Bonzano,  N  F.  

Botkin  vs.  Maginnis , 

Botts  vs.  Jones 

Bowden  rs.  De  Large  . . . , 

Boyd  r«.  Kelso 

Boyden  vs.  Bhober 

Boyton  vs.  Loring 

Bradley  vs.  Blemons 

Breaux  vs.  Darrall 

Bright,  Jesso  D 

Bromberg  vh.  Haralson . . . 

Bnxiks  vs.  Davis 

Brown.  John  Tonng 

Bruce  vs.  Loan 

Burleigh  vs.  Armstrong  . . 

Barns  vs.  Young 

Butler,  M.  C 

Buttz  vs.  Mackey 

Bylngton  vs.  Yandever  . . , 
Cabell  vs.  Brockenbrough , 

Caldwell,  Alexander 

Campbell  vs.  Weaver 

Campbell,  Lewis  D 

Campbell  rs.  Morey 

Cannon,  George  Q 

Cannon,  George  Q 

Carpenter,  0.  C 

Carrigan  vs.  Thayer 

Cavanagh,  James  M 

Cessna  vs.  Meyers 

Chalmers  vs.  Manning 

Chapman  vs.  Ferguson  . . . 

Chaves  vs.  Clever 

Chrlsman  vs.  Anderson . . . 

Christy  vs.  Wimpy 

Clarke,  W.  T 

Clarke  9«.  Hall 

Connor  vs.  Cain 

Cooke  vs.  Gutts 

Corbin,  David  T 

Covode  vs.  Foster 

Cox  vs.  Strait 

Craige  vs.  Shelley 

( 'ulp<»per,  John     

Curtin  vs.  Yocum 

Cutter,  R.  King 

Dally  rs.  Elstabrook 

Darrall  vs.  Bailey 

Dean  vs.  Field 

Delano  vs.  Morgan 

Dodge  vs.  Brooks 

Donnelly  vs.  Washburn  . . 

Doty  vs.  Jones 

Draper  vs  Johnson 

Da<^  vs.  Mason 

Easton  vs.  Scott 


44th 

•  •  •  ■ 

42d 

45th 

16th 

28d 

86th 

47th 

84th 

S6th 

18tb 

89th 

47th 

41st 

10th 

48d 

18th 

•  •  •  • 

87th 

41st 

40th 

48d 

84th 

18th 

19th 

86th 

40th 

46th 

47th 

86th 

40th 

42d 

42d 

42d 

8Sth 

4Sth 

88th 

42d 

89th 

4lBt 

46th 

46th 

44  th 

8Ath 

44th 

8&th 

4()th 

88th 

42d 

48d 

4dth 

44th 

87th 

29th 

48d 

49th 

42d 

48th 

48d 

47th 

4€th 

8Sth 

8Cth 

42d 

4$th 

85th 

40th 

86th 

40th 

42d 

84th 

4{ych 

47th 

45th 

41st 

44th 

48th 

10th 

46th 

88th 

86th 

41st 

45th 

44Hh 

89tb 

46tb 

25th 

22d 

46th 

14th 


Ymt. 


1876 


873 
877 
628 
888 
860 
882 
855 
840 
824 
865 
882 
869 
807 
875 
814 

862 
871 
867 
878 
855 
824 
826 
868 
867 
879 
882 
860 
867 
871 
878 
871 
865 
884 
848 
872 
866 
870 
879 
879 
875 
6f8 
876 
857 
867 
863 
872 
872 
S79 
876 
861 
846 
878 
886 
872 
884 
875 
882 
881 
8<)8 
858 
671 
884 
857 
867 
860 
669 
671 
856 
878 
882 
879 
869 
876 
884 
807 
H79 
865 
SCO 
868 
877 
867 
865 
879 
8.'^ 
882 
879 
816 


Hoose. 

SenatA. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 

House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
Senate. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
Senata. 
Senate. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
Senate. 
House. 
Hoase. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
Senate. 
House. 
Honae. 
House. 
Senate. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
Hoase. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
Senate. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 


236     CONGRESS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  CONTESTED  ELECTIONS  IN  THE. 


CONTESTANTS. 


Eggleston  ««.  Stnder. . 

English  vs.  Peelle 

Eastis,  James  B 

Fabre  v«.  Bastis 

Farlee  vs.  Bonk 

Fenn  vs.  Bennett 

Field,  A.  P 

Finley  vs.  Bisbee 

Finlej  vs.  Walls 

Fitch,  Graham  N 

Flanders,  Benjamin  F.. 

Follett  vs.  Delano 

Foster,  Charles  H 

Foster  vs.  Govode 

Foster  vs.  Plgott 

Fouke,  P.  B 

Frost  vs.  Metcalfe 

Fuller  vs.  Dawson 

Gallatin,  Albert 

Garrison  vs.  Mayo  . . . . 

Gaose  vs.  Hodffes 

Gibson  vs.  Sheldon  . . . . 
Giddings  vs.  Clarke  . . . 

Gof^ffln  vs.  Gilmer 

Gooding  vs.  Wilson  . . . 
Grafton  ««.  Conner  . . . 
Graham  vs.  Nevrland  . . 

Grover,  Asa  P 

Qnnter  vs.  Wilehire  . . . 

Hahn,  Michael 

Halsted  vs.  Cooper 

Hammond  vs.  Herrick 

Haralson,  Jere 

Haralson  vs.  Shelley. . . 
Harrison  vs.  Davis  . . . . 

Hawkins,  Alvin 

Hillyer  vs.  Mclntyre  . 

Hogan  vs.  Pile 

Hoge  vs.  Beed 

Holmes,  J.  C 

Holmes  vs.  Sapp 

Howard  vs.  Cooper  . . . 

Hard  vs.  Bomeis 

Hunt  vs.  Chilcott 

Hunt  vs.  Menard 

Hunt  vs.  Sheldon 

Jacks,  T.M 

Javne  vs.  Todd 

Johnson,  J.  M 

Jones,  Thomas  L 

Jones  vs.  Mann 

Kelly  vs.  Harris 

Key,  Philip  B 

Klddvs.  Steele 

Kingsbury  vs.  Puller . . 

Blline  vs.  Meyers 

Kline  vs.  Verree 

Knott,  J.  Proctor 

Knox  vs.  Bl^r 

Koontz  vs.  Coftroth  . . . 

Lamer  vs.  King 

Lane  vs.  GtUlcwos 

Lawrence  vs.  Sypher  . . 

Lee  vs  Bainey 

Leftwich  vs.  Smith 

Le  Moyne  vs.  Farwell . 
Leverson  vs.  Felton  . . . 

Levv,  Dayid 

Lindsay  vs.  Scott 

Littell  vs.  Bobbins 

Lowe,  F.  F 

Lowe  vs.  Wheeler 

Lowell,  Joshua  A 

Lynch  vs.  Chalmers  . . . 

McCabe  vs.  Orth 

McCloud,  John  B 

McDowell  vs.  George. . 
McGrorty  vs.  Hooper  . 
McHenry  vs.  Teaman  , 

McKay,  Matter  of 

McKee  vs.  Yoang 

McKenzie  vs.  Braxton  . 
McKenzie  vs.  Kitchen . 
Mackey  m  O^Conner.. 
McKissick  vs.  Wallace 
McLean  vs.  Broadhead 

McMullen,  W.  L 

Mabson  vs.  Gates 

Mann,  W.  D 

Manzanares  vs.  Luna . . 


Oongrww. 


41st 
48th 
44th 
84th 
29tb 
44th 
88tb 
4&th 
44th 
86th 
87th 
8»th 
87th 
41st 
87th 
84th 
45th 
89th 
8d 
48th 
48d 
43d 
42d 
28th 
42d 
41st 
24th 
40th 
48d 
87th 
26th 
Ifith 
46th 
45th 
86th 
87th 
42d 
40th 
41st 
46th 
46th 
86th 
4»th 
40th 
40th 
41st 
88th 
88th 
88th 
40th 
40th 
18th 
10th 
49th 
85th 
8Sth 
87th 
40th 
88th 
89th 
47th 
88d 
4.Sd 
42d 
4Ist 
44th 
49th 
27th 
88th 
81st 
87th 
47th 
27th 
47th 
46th 
87th 
47th 
40th 
8dth 
49th 
40th 
42d 
87th 
46th 
42d 
48th 
42d 
47th 
88th 
48th 


CONTESTANTS. 


869  House 

884  House. 

876  Senate 

855  House 

845  House 

876  House, 
864  House 

877  House 

876  House 
858  Senate, 

868  House. 
864  House 

862  House 

869  House 
668  House 
855  House 

878  House, 

864  House. 
794  Senate 
884  House 

873  House, 
878  House 
872  House 
848  House 
871  House 

870  House 
886  House 

867  House 

878  House 

868  House 
840  House 
818  House 
880  House 

877  House 
860  House 

868  House, 

871  House 

866  House 

865  House. 
8S0  House 

879  House 
860  House 
886  House 

867  House 
860  House 

869  House 
865  House 

864  House, 

865  House 

867  House 

868  House 
814  House 
807  I  House 
886  House 
858  I  House 

863  House 
871  I  House. 

867  I  House 

868  I  House 

866  House 
8S2  House 
854  House 

874  House 
876  House 

870  House 

875  House. 
886  House 
S4l  House 
868  House 
850  House 
S62  House 
882  House 
842  House 
882  House 
890  House 
868  House 
882  House 

867  House 

868  House 

866  House 

867  House 

871  House 

868  House 
879  House 

872  House 
884  House 

878  House 
882  House. 
875  House 
884  House 


Martin,  B.  F 

Massey  vs.  Wise 

Maxwell  vs.  Cannon 

Maxwell  vs.  Byall 

Mead,  Cowles 

Merchant  et  al.  vs,  Acklen 

Merriam  vs.  Henley 

Bflsserry,  WiUiam  S 

MUUken««.  Fuller 

Monroe  vs,  Jackson 

Moore  vs.  Letcher. 

Morton  vs.  Daily 

Myers  vs.  Moffett 

Naylor  vs.  IngersoU ^. 

Newsman  vs.  Kvan 

Niblack««.  Warts 

Norris  vs.  Handley 

Nutting  vs.  Beilly 

O'Ferrall  «>«.  Paul 

0'Haraf«.  Kitchin 

Otero  vs,  Gallegos 

Patterson,  John  J 

Patterson  vs.  Belford 

Patterson  vs.  Morrow 

Perkins,  Jared 

Phelps,  V.  W.  . 

Pigolt  vs.  Foster 

PinchbaclLP.  B 

Pratt  vs.  Goode 

Pomeroy.  T.  C 

Pool  vs.  Skinner 

Porterfleld  vs.  McCoy 

Potter  vs.  Bobbins 

Powell  vs.  Butler 

Prentiss  vs.  Ward 

Preston  vs.  Harris 

Price  vs.  MoQurg 

Bamsay  vs.  Smith 

Bandolph  vs.  Jennings 

Kay  i».  McMiUan 

Bead  vs.  C'osden 

Beading  vs.  Tavlor 

Bedstone,  A.  E. 

Beeder  vs.  Whitfield  ...     . 

Beid  vs.  George 

Beid  vs.  JnWaSk 

Bichardson  vs.  Bainey 

Bobbins,  Asher 

Kodgers,  John  B 

Sapp,  W.  F 

Se^ar,  Joseph  E 

Sessingham  vs.  Frost 

Sheafe  vs,  Tillman 

Sheridan  vs.  Pinchback 

Shiel  vs,  Thayer 

Shields  vs.  Van  Horn 

Sleeper  vs.  Bice      

Sloan  vs.  Bawles 

Smalls  IMS.  Tillman 

Smith,  Charles 

Smith  vs.  Brown 

Smith  vs,  Bobertson 

Spalding,  Thomas 

Spencer  vs.  Morey 

Spink  vs.  Armstrong 

Spoffbrd  vs.  Kellogg 

Stanton  vs.  Lane 

Stewart  vs.  Phelps 

Stolband  vs.  Bobertson 

Stovali  vs.  Cabell 

Strobach  vs.  Herbert 

Strotton  vs.  Vroom 

Switzler  vs.  Anderson 

Switzler  vs.  Dyer 

Symes  vs.  Trimble 

Svpber  vs.  St.  Martin 

Talinfferro  rs.  Beading 

Taylor  vs.  Beading 

Thobe  vs.  Carlisle. 

Thomas  vs.  Amell 

Thomas  vs,  Davis  

Thompson,  William 

Tilfr/j.  Whitely     

Tillman  vs.  Smalls 

Todd  vs.  Jayne 

Trimble.  Lawrence  

Tucker  vs.  Btioker 

Turner  vs.  Baylies 

Tumey  vs.  Marshal 

Yallandigham  vs,  Campbell 


Oongreu. 


48d 
4Sth 
43d 
26th 

9th 
46th 
49th 
8lst 
84th 
8(rth 
28d 
87th 
41st 
26th 
41st 
42d 
42d 
45th 
48th 
46th 
84th 
42d 
4dth 
46th 
81st 
85th 
47th 
4Sd 
44th 
42d 
48th 
14th 
28d 
40th 
25th 
86th 
88th 

1st 
11th 
48d 
17th 
41st 
50th 
84th 
41st 
4lBt 
45th 
28d 
87th 
46th 
87th 
47th 
41st 
48d 
87th 
41st 
88th 
48d 
47th 
88th 
40th 
47th 

9th 
44th 
42d 
46th 
87th 
40th 
47th 
47th 
47th 
26th 
40th 
41st 
40th 
41st 
12th 
41st 
50th 
89th 
48d 
81st 
41st 
46th 
88th 
40th 
41st 
11th 
84th 
8dCh 


1874 

1884 

1874 

1S40 

1805 

1880 

1886 

1851 

1855 

1848 

1884  i 

1872  i 

1S60 

1840 

1860 

1872 

1871 

1871 

1884 

1881 

1666 

1878 

1877 

1886 

1851 

1858 

1888 

1878 

1875 

1872 

18S4 

1816 

1884 

1867 

1838 

1860 

1868 

178» 

1809 

1874 

1822 

1870 

18SS 

1856 

1870 

1S69 

1877 

1834 

1863 

1881 

1862 

1882 

1670 

1874 

1861 

1869 

1863 

1873 

1882 

1865 

1868 

1882 

1S05 

1876 

1870 

18n 

1861 

1867 

1882 

1882 

1882 

1840 

1866 

1869 

1867 

186S 

1611 

1869 

1888  i 

1866  I 

1873 

1850 

1871 

1877 

1864 

1867 

1870 

1809 

1865 

1857 


House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
HooM. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
Senate. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
Senate. 
House. 
Senate. 
House. 
House. 
Senate. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
Senate. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
Senate. 
liouse. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House, 
liouse. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
Hdnae. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
House. 

Souse, 
ouse. 
House. 
HouM. 
Houae. 
House. 
House. 
Housf. 
House. 
House. 
House. 
Hoi»e. 


CONKUNG,  ROSCOE. 


CMSUlfe,  BOBCOE;  an  AmericsD  BtateBman, 
bom  in  Alban?,  S.  Y.,  Oct.  80,  1629 ;  died  in 
Stw  York  cit7,  April  16,  1883.  His  fatber, 
Alfred  (1789-18T4),  waaamemberof  OongresB 
from  1821  to  1823,  jadge  of  the  Uoited  States 
District  Coart  for  the  Northern  District  of 
New  York  from  162G  to  1852,  and  minister  to 
Ueiico  from  1652  to  1808.  After  reoeiviiig  an 
■eademic  edacstion,  Roscoe  studied  law  nnder 
bti  father,  and  in  184S  entered  the  office  of 
Spencer  &  Eernan  in  Dtica.  In  1860,  on  the 
rrapiation  of  the  District  Attorney  of  Oneida 
County,  he  was  appointed  bj  the  Governor  for 
tbe  remainder  of  the  term.  In  the  same  year 
he  was  admitted  to  tbe  bar,  and  in  1866  elected 
HsTor  of  Ctica.  At  the  end  of  hia  term  there 
WIS  s  tie  between  the  two  candidates  for  eleo- 
tian,  in  consequence  of  which  Mr.  Conkling 
continued  in  the  office  another  term.  He  was 
dieted  to  Gongresa  in  1866  as  a  Republican, 
mi  re-elected  in  16t>0,  He  was  again  a  can- 
(Udate  in  1862,  bat  was  defeated  by  Francis 
Kcman;  but  in  1864  he  was  once  more  op- 
poKd  to  Mr.  Eeman,  and  was  elected.  He 
•as  retamed  for  Congress  a  foorth  time  in 
IBM,  but  did  not  take  hia  seat  for  that  term, 
luring  been  chosen  United  States  Senator  in 
Juniary,  1867,  an  office  which  he  held  con- 
liiiDoaaly  till  1681.  Hia  term  of  service  in  the 
t'o  bouses,  therefore,  covered  tbe  most  criti- 
cal period  in  tbe  recent  history  of  this  country 
—tbe  exciting  years  just  before  and  dnring  tbe 
aril  war,  and  the  reconstruction  period  imme- 
diately following.  His  first  work  in  the  House 
■u  as  a  member  of  the  Committee  on  the 
District  of  Columbia,  of  which  he  afterward 
tncame  churman.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
tbe  Cotiimittee  of  Ways  and  Means  and  of  the 
mdal  Reconstruction  Committee  of  Fifteen, 
nis  first  important  speech  was  in  favor  of  the 
(mrteenth  amendment  to  the  national  Consti- 
tqtion.  He  early  took  an  assured  position  in 
iht  Bonae,  made  many  vigorous  speeches,  and 
•bowed  the  qualifications  for  leadership  that 

rred  so  i>rominently  in   hia  later  career- 
as  an  active  supporter  of  the  policy  of 
Uncoln's  adminislralian  in  the  conduct  of  the 


war,  attacked  tbe  generalship  of  McGlellan, 
and  opposed  Hpaulding's  iegal-tender  act.  Aft- 
er tbe  war  be  took  an  active  part  in  the  le^s- 
lation  connected  with  the  reconstruction  of  the 
Southern  States,  was  opposed  to  President 
Johnson's  policy,  and  helped  to  pass  the  Civil 
Rights  Bill  over  his  veto.  In  the  Senate  he 
was  a  member  of  tbe  Judiciary  Committee 
from  the  first,  was  connected  with  nearly  all 
the  leading  committees,  and  chairman  of  thoae 
on  commerce  and  revision  of  the  laws.  During 
tbe  administration  of  Preeident  Grant,  Mr. 
Conkling  had  much  to  do  with  shaping  tbe 
policy  of  tbe  Government  toward  the  Southern 
States.  He  was  a  zealous  supporter  of  tbe 
President,  anit  soon  became  the  recognized 
leader  of  that  section  of  the  party  which  fa- 
vored his  renomination.  In  the  National  Re~ 
publican  Convention  of  1876  Mr.  Conkling  was 
the  candidate  favored  for  the  nomination  hy 
the  m^ority  of  the  New  York  delegation,  and 
received  ninety-three  votes;  but,  in  conse- 
qaence  of  the  opposition  of  the  minority  under 
the  leadership  of  George  William  Curtis,  the 
New  York  ballot  was  transferred  to  Mr.  Hayes. 
In  tbe  proceedings  growing  out  of  tbe  disputed 
election  that  followed,  Mr.  Conkling  took  a 
leading  part.  Ho  was  a  member  of  tbe  com- 
mittee that  framed  the  Electoral-Commission 


bill,  and  advocated  it  in  an  able  speech  in  the 
Senate,  taking  the  ground  that  tbe  question  of 
the  commission's  jurisdiction  should  be  left  to 
that  body  itself.  His  absence  from  the  Senate 
when  the  vote  was  taken  on  the  Louisiana  de- 
cision of  the  commission,  was  caused  by  his 
absence  from  tlie  city.  In  1880  Senator  Conk- 
ling strongly  advocated  the  election  of  Gen. 
Grant  for  a  third  term.  About  this  time  the 
division  of  the  Republican  party  into  two  fac- 
tions, popularly  called  "  Stalwarts  "  and  ''  Half- 
breeds,"  became  more  marked,  and  their  oppo- 
sition more  pronounced.    Mr.  Conkling  and 


238 


OONKLING,  ROSOOE. 


OONNEOTIOUT. 


Mr.  Blaine  were  recognized  as  the  leaders  of 
the  factions.  The  personal  enmity  between 
them  is  said  to  have  dated  from  a  bitter  con- 
troversy over  a  bill  introduced  into  Congress 
by  Mr.  Oonkling  in  1866  providing  for  the  re- 
organization of  the  army  of  the  United  States 
and  looking  to  the  abolition  of  the  Provost- 
Marshal  Bureau.  The  Half-breeds  triamphed 
in  the  nominating  convention  of  1880,  and  Mr. 
Garfield  was  elected.  When  he  took  his  seat 
in  March,  1881,  Mr.  Oonkling  and  his  colleagae, 
Thomas  0.  Piatt,  claimed  the  right  to  control 
the  Federal  appointments  in  their  State.  When 
the  President  appointed  William  H.  Rob- 
ertson, an  opponent  of  Mr.  Conkling,  to  the 
collectorship  of  the  port  of  New  York,  the 
latter  opposed  his  confirmation,  asserting  that 
he  should  have  been  consulted  in  the  matter, 
in  accordance  with  pledges  made  to  him  by 
the  President.  Mr.  Garfield  then  withdrew 
all  other  nominations  to  New  York  offices,  leav- 
ing that  for  the  collectorship  to  be  acted  upon 
separately.  Not  being  able  to  defeat  the  con- 
firmation, Mr.  Oonkling  and  Mr.  Piatt  resigned 
from  the  Senate  and  returned  home  in  order 
to  appeal  to  the  people  of  New  York,  through 
the  State  Legislature,  to  vindicate  them  and 
rebuke  the  President  by  their  prompt  re-elec- 
tion. After  a  long  and  exciting  contest,  the 
matter  was  decided  against  them  by  the  elec- 
tion as  Senators  of  Warner  Miller  and  Elbridge 
G.  Latham.  The  latter  received  61  votes  to  28 
for  Mr.  Oonkling.  Mr.  Oonkling  sent  the  fol- 
lowing letter  to  his  supporters : 

The  heroic  constancy  of  the  Spartan  band  which  so 
long  stood  for  principle  and  truth  has  my  deepest 
gratitude  and  admiration.  Borne  down  by  forbidden 
and  abhorrent  forces  and  agencies  which  never  before 
had  sway  in  the  Kepublican  Pfurty,  the  memory  of 
their  courage  and  manhood  will  lon|^  live  in  the  high- 
est honor.  The  near  fiiture  will  vindicate  their  wis- 
dom and  crown  them  with  approval.  Please  ask  them 
all  for  me  to  receive  my  most  grateful  acknowledg- 
ments. JSosoox  Conklino. 

Returning  to  private  life,  Mr.  Oonkling  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  law,  settling  in  New  York 
city.  In  1882  President  Arthur  sent  his  name 
to  the  Senate  for  a  place  on  the  bench  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Ooort,  in  place  of  Ward 
Hant,  but  Mr.  Oonkling  declined.  During  his 
residence  in  New  York  he  was  engaged  in 
many  important  cases,  and  the  fortune  of 
$200,000  that  he  left  at  his  death  was  accumu- 
lated during  those  six  years.  In  1885-^86  he 
was  counsel  of  the  State  Senate  Investigating 
Oommittee  appointed  for  the  purpose  of  ex- 
amining into  the  alleged  fraud  and  bribery  in 
the  grant  of  the  Broadway  horse- railroad  fran- 
chise by  the  Board  of  Aldermen  in  1884.  After 
the  taking  of  testimony,  which  lasted  about 
three  months,  Mr.  Oonkling  and  Olarence  A. 
Seward  made  an  argument,  which  resulted  in 
the  repeal  of  the  Broadway  Railroad  charter. 
Mr.  Oonkling  appeared  for  the  Oentral  Pacific 
Railway  in  several  snits,  and  he  wrote  an 
opinion  for  this  road  in  answer  to  the  charges 
contained  in  the  report  of  an  investigating 


commission.  He  appeared  for  the  Oommercial 
Telegraph  Oompany  in  its  sait  against  the  New 
York  Stock  Exchange  and  the  Gold  and  Stock 
Ticker  Oompany ;  was  connected  with  the  suit 
brought  by  the  Bankers  and  Merchants^  Tele- 
graph Oompany  against  the  Western  Union,  and 
was  engaged  in  the  Stewart  will  contest.  In 
1885  he  spent  three  months  in  Eurooe.  In  the 
great  storm  of  March  12,  1888,  in  New  York 
(known  as  *Uhe  blizzard"),  he  walked  from 
his  Wall  Street  office  to  his  club,  near  Twenty- 
third  Street,  and  from  the  effects  of  this  ex- 
posure, added  to  those  of  a  cold  contracted  at 
a  hearing  in  the  Stewart  will  case,  he  never 
recovered,  the  disease  taking  the  form  of  an 
abscess  at  the  base  of  the  brain.  Mr.  Oonk- 
ling received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Madi- 
son University  in  1877.  His  wife,  a  sister  of 
Horatio  Seymour,  and  his  only  child,  a  daugh- 
ter, survived  him. 

CONNECnCOT.  State  G«Tenui«it.— The  follow- 
ing were  the  State  officers  during  the  year: 
Governor,  Phineas  0.  Lounsbury,  Republican ; 
Lieutenant-Governor,  James  L.  Howard ;  Secre- 
tary of  State,  Leverett  M.  Hubbard  ;  Treasurer, 
Alexander  Warner;  Oomptroller,  Thomas 
Olark ;  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Educa- 
tion, Oharles  D.  Hine ;  Insurance  Oommission- 
er,  Orsamus  R.  Fyler ;  Railroad  Oomroission- 
ers.  George  M.  Woodruff,  W.  H.  Haywood, 
William  O.  Seymour;  Ohief  -  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Oourt,  John  D.  Park ;  Associate  Jus- 
tices, Elisha  Oarpenter,  D wight  W.  Pardee, 
Dwight  Loomis,  and  Sidney  B.  Beardsley. 

Fliiaiiccs. — ^The  balance  in  the  State  treasury 
on  July  1,  1886,  was  $280,442.48.  During  the 
biennial  period  since  that  date  the  total  re- 
ceipts, including  $1,034,808.08  from  a  sale  of 
new  State  bonds  authorized  by  the  Refunding 
act  of  1887  were  $4,958,973.06,  and  the  ex- 
penditures, including  $1,080,000  paid  for  bonds 
redeemed,  $4,437,716.51,  leaving  a  balance  on 
June  80,  1888,  of  $751,699.03.  Some  of  the 
items  of  expenditure  are  given  in  the  following 
table : 


ITEMS. 


Sessions  of  the  Qeneral  As- 
sembly   

Jadlclal  exp«nse8 

Board  of  prisoners  in  coonty 

JallB ., 

State  Normal  School 

Common  schools 

State  prison 

State  Reform  School 

Humane  institutions 

Sick  and  wounded  soldiers. . . 
National  Quard 


Kndlog  JojM 
SO,  1687. 

EDdtefJoM 
SO,  1888. 

$110,129  89 
252,995  22 

78,281  16 

24,1TT  41 
286,888  40 
104,112  68 

66,666  24 
140,617  08 

60,002  80 
167,692  95 

$427  00 
280,689  90 

88,785  81 

1S,ii41  88 
287.224  50 
128.082  68 

85,825  48 
148,268  85 

48,968  28 
168,907  00 

The  largest  sources  of  revenue  for  1887  were 
from  State  tax  collected  bj  the  towns,  $698,- 
355.22;  from  tax  on  insurance  companies, 
$230,074.87 ;  from  savings-banks,  $211,893.72 ; 
from  railroads,  $567,571.99;  military  commu- 
tation taxes,  $103,045.  For  1888  the  receipts 
were  $437,157.28  from  the  State  tax;  $231,- 
775.63  from  insurance  companies ;  $228,985.70 


OONNEOTIOUT. 


239 


from  Bavings-banks ;  $641,724.79  from  rail- 
roacU ;  and  $109,055.40  from  the  military  com- 
matation  taxes.  A  reduction  of  the  State  tax 
rate  from  2  to  1}^  mills  caused  the  decreased 
re^ecue  from  the  State  tax  in  the  latter  year. 

The  funded  debt  of  the  State  on  the  first 
dsy  of  July,  1886,  was  $4,271,200.  In  ac- 
cordance with  the  Refunding  act  of  1887,  the  5- 
per-oent.  bonds  of  1877,  amounting  to  $1,080,- 
000,  were  redeemed  during  that  year  and 
$1,000,000  of  bonds  bearing  8^  per  cent,  inter- 
est were  issued.  The  debt,  thus  reduced  by 
$30,000  and  by  $600  of  other  bonds  redeemed, 
stood  as  follows  on  June  80,  1888  : 

Ifoe  of  1805,  unredeemed $600 

lane  of  Ifwch  19, 1882,  payable  in  1908 600,000 

\ame  of  April  4, 1888,  payable  in  1908 1,000,000 

liBoe  of  March  10,  etc^  1885,  payable  in  1910 1,740,000 

lane  of  May  18, 1887,  payable  in  1897 1,000,000 

Total. 14,240,600 

Later  in  1888  the  Treasurer,  exercising  his 
power  to  redeem  at  any  time  the  issue  of  1887,' 
called  in  $500,000  of  that  loan,  paying  for  it 
oat  of  the  large  surplus  in  the  treasury. 

The  telegraph  companies  in  the  State  re- 
fosed  during  the  year  to  pay  the  full  tax  as- 
sessed on  their  gross  earnings  in  the  State, 
tnd  ^ere  is  a  controTcrsy  as  to  the  constitu- 
tionality of  the  gross-earnings  law  except  when 
applied  to  business  of  the  companies  done 
wholly  within  the  State.  The  companies  claim 
that  the  tax  is  a  regulation  of  interstate  com- 
merce when  imposed  upon  their  revenue  de- 
rived from  messages  coming  in  or  going  out  of 
the  State.  The  Western  Union  Company  has 
paid  for  1888  a  tax  of  $715.14.  If  a  tax  is 
doe  on  the  total  receipts  it  would  amount  to 
13,389.48.  No  legal  measures  to  collect  the 
bilaoce  claimed  by  the  State  have  been  taken. 

Eiicttiffk — ^The  amount  of  the  school  fund 
beM  by  the  State  for  the  benefit  of  the  com- 
noD  schools,  on  June  80,  was  $2,019,572.40. 
From  the  income  of  this,  the  sum  of  $116,119 
Vtt  distributed  in   1888  for  the   support  of 
Bcbools.      This  was  about  75  cents  for  each 
child,  the  number  of  school-children  enumer- 
ated in  1888  being  154,532.     The  income  dis- 
tributed in  1887  was  $114,945,  and  the  num- 
ber of  children  of  school  age  158,260.    For  the 
school  year  1886-^87  the  following  statistics  are 
compiled:  Public-school  districts,  1,424;  num- 
ber of  public  schools,  1,628 ;  number  of  school- 
booses,  1,655 ;  average  length  of  school  year, 
in  days,  180*18;  graded  schools,  861;  evening 
Bcbools,  26 ;  estimated  value  of  school  proper- 
ty. $5,739,895.01 ;  number  of  pupils  enrolled, 
125,794 ;  number  of  pupils  in  private  schools, 
19,953 ;  number  of  children  in  no  school,  20,821 ; 
average  wages  of  male  teachers  per  month, 
tS8.82 ;  average  wages  of  female  teachers  per 
month,  $38.50.    The  total  amount  raised  from 
all  sources  for  support  of  the  public  schools  in 
188S-W  was  $1,798,369.19,  and  the  expendi- 
tures were  $1,768,371.06. 

The  State  Normal  School  at  New  Britain  is 
^  a  flourishing  condition,  having  graduated  in 


1887  the  largest  class  (62)  in  its  history  of  thirty- 
five  years.  The  total  attendance  at  the  school 
for  the  year  was  292,  or  26  larger  than  in  any 
previous  year.  Additions  and  improvements 
in  the  school-building  have  recently  been  made 
out  of  a  legislative  appropriation  in  1886. 

In  September,  1887,  the  first  text-book  ever 
published  by  the  State  was  issued  and  distrib- 
uted to  the  various  schools.  This  was  a  smaJl 
treatise,  authorized  by  the  Legislature  of  1886, 
upon  physiology  and  hygiene,  especially  with 
reference  to  the  effect  of  alcoholic  liquors  on 
the  human  system. 

Under  the  child-labor  law  of  1886,  forbid- 
ding the  employment  of  children  under  thirteen 
years  of  age  in  factories,  etc.,  a  totd  of  1,178 
children  had  been  discharged  by  employers  up 
to  September,  1887,  but  no  perceptible  increase 
of  school  attendance  resulted  therefrom.  By 
an  act  of  1887,  the  authorities  charged  with 
enforcing  the  law  were  also  given  power  to 
place  in  school  any  children  found  by  them 
unlawfully  employed. 

Insiraace. — Four  new  life-insurance  compa- 
nies were  licensed  in  1887  to  do  business  in  the 
State,  and  two  ceased  to  exist.  The  six  stand- 
ard Connecticut  companies  increased  their  as- 
sets during  the  year  by  $2,769,263  and  their 
liabilities,  except  capital,  by  $2,286,160.  Four 
life  associations  conducted  on  the  assessment 
plan  had  insurance  of  $68,402,500  in  force  Dec. 
81,  1887,  of  which  $18,160,250  was  written 
during  the  year.  They  paid  losses  of  $657,593. 
The  single  accident  company,  the  Travelers', 
received  $2,1 02,258  in  premiums  and  paid  $948,- 
760  for  losses.  Of  the  113  companies  engaged 
in  fire  insurance,  ten  stock  and  sixteen  mutual 
companies  are  Connecticut  corporations.  The 
assets  of  these  stock  companies  increased  from 
$26,817,436  in  1886  to  $26,989,632  in  1887,  and 
the  liabilities,  including  capital,  scrip,  and  spe- 
cial funds  from  $18,574,374  to  $19,621,898. 
The  Connecticut  stock  companies  now  have  a 
surplus  of  $18,818,824  as  regards  policy-hold- 
ers and  the  mutual  companies,  $1,103,520. 

Banks* — The  number  of  savings-banks  in  the 
State  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  was  eighty- 
five,  having  assets  valued  at  $107,896,912,  and 
a  surplus  of  $8,514,772.  The  deposits  had 
increased  during  the  year  preceding  by  $4,765,- 
118.87,  making  a  total  amount  of  $102,189,- 
984.72.  The  number  of  depositors  had  increased 
11,527,  showing  that  the  increase  of  deposits  is 
not  due  to  an  accumulation  of  interest  credited 
to  depositors'  accounts. 

There  were  also  eight  State  banks  with  as- 
sets of  $4,568,914.74,  total  surplus,  $512,109.92 ; 
and  eight  trust  and  loan  companies  with  assets 
of  $4,480,445.08,  surplus,  $295,414.81. 

The  number  of  national  banks  in  the  State 
at  the  beginning  of  the  year  was  eighty-three, 
having  an  aggregate  capital  of  $24,505,410. 
The  surplus  fund  of  these  banks  amounts  to 
$6,908,034.74,  and  they  hold  as  undivided  prof- 
its $1,937,197.33.  Their  outstanding  circula- 
tion, in  common  with  all  of  the  country,  has 


240  CONNEOTIOUT. 

saffered  a  redaction  of  several  millions,  the  from   the   commissioners,    a   oommem 

araoTint  now  being  $8,698,693.    They  hold  as  address  was  made  by  Henry  0.  Robin 

individual  deposits  $24,478,665.09,  and  their  to-  Hartford,  and  other  appropriate  exercisi 

tal  liabilities  reach  the  sum  of  $70,295,835.20.  held.     The  State  thus  rescues  from  negl 

There  have  been  bat  two  failures  among  the  resting  place  of  one  of  its  distingaished 

national  banks  of  the  State,  the  first  of  which,  Pottdnl. — The  Prohibition  State  Conv 

the  First  National  of  Bethel,  paid  in  fall.    The  held  at  Hartford  on  Aagast  1,  placed  in  n 

latest  is  the  failure  of  the  Stafford  National,  of  tion  the  folio  wing  ticket:  For  Governor, 

Stafford  Springs.  Gamp ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  Nathan  Bs 

Since  tlie  origination  of  the  national  banking  Secretary  of  State,  Theodore  I.  Pease ; 

system,  ninety- six  banks  have  been  organized  in  nrer,  George  W.  Kies ;  Comptroller,  1 

Connecticut,  but  thirteen  have  ceased  to  exist.  Manchester. 

During  the  year  two  national  banks,  represent-  The  usual  declarations  in  favor  of  p 

ing  a  capital  of  $102,450,  were  closed,  and  two,  tion  were  adopted,  together  with  the  ^ 

representing  a  capital  of  $200,000,  were  organ-  ing: 

ized.     The  circnlation  of  the  closed  banks  out-  That  the  Sabbath  should  be  preserved  and  d 

standing  amounts  to  $50,169;  and  the  circula-  as  a  civil  institution  without  oppressing  ai 

tion  issued  to  the  new  beginners  is  $45,000.  reli^ously  observe  the  same  on  any  other  da; 

Railroads.— In  1887,  the  railroad  mileage  of  the  ^^'    „  „„;ft.^  »^o+o«,  ■«<•  i-„o  ^««^«-, 

c,   .            .              J  1     i.1             i.       *.•        M  1-i.Q  That  a  uniform  system  of  laws  ooncemu 

State  was  mcreased  by  the  construction  of  11-6  ^        ^^  divorce    and    sooud  purity   sh( 

miles  of  new  road  by  the  Menden  and  Waterbury  adopted. 

Company,  making  the  total  mileage  in  January  \  l^at  the   immigration  of  paupers  and  < 

of  this  year  1,159  miles.     Upon  the  subject  of  ^SS.^^^,^  prohibited. 

.bolishing  grade-crossings,  the  Railroad  Con.-  .^t^tUVi^^'^o^Z  ^^  J^IS^. 

missioners  report  that,  durmg  1887,  41  peti-  tralian  system  of  voting  by  secret  ballot,  a 

tions  involving  70  crossings  were  presented  to  only  dtdzens  of  the  United  States  should  be 

the  board,  all  of  them  from  the  Consolidated  to  vote  in  an^  State. 

Raiboad.     Over  60  hearings  were  given  on  ca'^^i^'to'^onteSfthe^S 

these  petitions,  and  orders  made  for  the  abroga-  ^  r^roducts^or  to  monopolize  great  tracto° 

tion  of  82  crossings  on  terms  favorable  to  the  should  be  forbidden. 

respective    towns    interested.      Thirty-seven  r\     k         «.  i  ^  ^u     t»      w              *  • 

petitions  were  pending  at  the  end  of  the  year,  ^n  August  U  the  Repnhhcans  met  i 

but  the  danger  of  a  wholesale  removal  of  gfade-  ,''«"P°''  "^^J^f^'^W'^^  nominated  t 

crossings,  flared  at  one  time  during  that  year,  J"*"'?  candidates  without  a  contest :  Fo 

has  been  averted  by  the  conservative  course  of  «™°'''  """^"^  ®-„  ^^K^'^y  5  Lieutenan 

the  board  ernor,  Samuel  E.  Merwin  ;  Secretary  of 

Mmtla.-The  last  report  of  the  Adjutant-Gen-  f'  ^^^  ^^^^l  ^^^^T.^'*'  h^'  ^^^/^ ' 

eral  shows  the  total  strength  of  the  militia,  ac-  JF^"^^'  ^^^^  ?'  ^Z'^\%    ^he  platform 

cording  to  the  last  mustir,  to  be  2,513  officers  ^'"^  «^°^^  ummportant  features,  is  as  fc 

and  men.     The  number  of  men  in  the  State  .  We  aoprove  the  declaraUon  of  pnnciples  oo 

iable  to  military  duty  is  82,591.  Chi^                         Republican  party,  ado 

Cbarities. — At  the  State  Hospital  for  the  In-  We  are  hostile  to  the  theories  of  free  trad< 

sane  there  were,  on  June  30,  568  male  and  724  the  Democratic  idea  of  a  *^  tariff  for  revenue  o 

female  patients:  a  total  of  1,292.     This  is  an  Webelieye  that  the  unexampled  prosperitj 

increase  of  146  patients  in  two  years,      Be-  country  and  the  elevated  condition  of  our  p© 

'             T          o^     p«t/i^in«  M.U  w^v/  j^cuo,       usj  due  chiefly  to  the  pohcy  of  protection  which  h 

tween  June  30  and  the  end  of  the  year  there  adopted  and  continued  by  the  Republican  pai 

was  an  unusually  large  number  of  admissions,  we  therefore  favor  such  tariff  laws  as  will  m 

bringing  the  total  nearly  up  to  1,400,  the  limit  i^re  protect  American  labor  and  industries  aga 

to  the  capacity  of  the  hospital.     The  trustees  ^^^^?  competition  of  the  underpaid  hibor  of 

report  the  institution  to  be  in  a  highly  satisfy-  "^in^^u'State  the  Republican  party  has  put  i 

tory  condition ;  they  oppose  any  further  addi-  ation  the  existing  law  restraining  the  sale  of 

tions  to  the  buildings,  as  there  are  already  as  catinc^  liquors.    That  law  recognizes  our  anciei 

many  patients  as  can  be  satisfactorily  managed  ^^^  ^  lo<5*l  self-government  and  places  it  in  th 

at  one  institution.  <'*'  ^^^'y,^^  ^.  VT^^^^  the  sale  of  intoxicAt 

^u    m_*_       al\-        T>             A      *  Ai-     04.  i.  U0T8  Within  Its  limits.    We  favor  the  principle! 

The  Pitaan  Statve.— By  a  vote  of  the  btate  law  and  pledge  ourselves  to  such  additional 

Legislature  in  1886,  a  commission  was  created  tion  as  muv  n-oro  time  to  time  be  found  neces 

and  the  sum  of  $10,000  appropriated  for  the  suppress  the  evils  of  intemperance, 

purpose  of  erecting  a  suitable  monument  to  ^e  favor  such  legislation  as  will  provide 

h^J*    Ta..«o.i   T>,,f«„.«    rv#  T^^.^^i»4^;^no.«.  *««.«  compulsory  secrecy  of  the  ballot,  and  secure  f 

Gen.  Israel  Putnam    of  Revolutionary  fame,  f^  ^^^  an  hon^t  counting  of  baUota  thn 

who  was  a  native  of  the  State.     Pursuant  to  the  country. 

this  act,  an  equestrian  statue  was  erected  over  We  recognize  the  services  and  sacrifices  oft 

the  remains  of  Gen.  Putnam  at  Brooklyn,  a  eran  soldiers  and  sailors  of  the  republic  and  fa 

small  town  in  Windham  County,  and  on  June  ®™^  V^^^oa  legislation  m  their  behalt. 

14  of  this  year,  the  unveiling  and  presentation  The  nominees  of  the  Democratic  Stat 

ceremonies  took  place.    Governor  Lounsbury,  vention  held  in  New  Haven  on  Septen 

in  behalf  of  the  State,  accepted  the  memorial  were :  for  Governor,  Luzon  B.  Morris ; 


CO-OPERATION.  241 

teoflnt-Govemor,  John  S.  Kirkham ;  Secretary  holder  is  liable  for  the  entire  debts  of  the  bank 

of  State,  Henry  A.  Bishop ;  Treasurer,  J.  Grif-  as  in  a  simple  partnership,  and  that  the  money 

fio  ILutin ;  Comptroller,  Nicholas  Stanb.   The  gathered  from  the  stock  and  from  funds  bor- 

platform    approves  the  national    ticket    and  rowed  by  the  unions  is  loaned  to  their  meui- 

plstfonD,   the    tariff-reform  message  of    the  bers  at  6  to  10  per  cent,  interest.    This  not 

rresident,   the  Mills    Bill,   and  the  fisheries  only  encourages  saving,  but  enables  a  ooor  but 

treaty,  as  well  as  the  administration  of  Presi-  bright  mechanic  to  obtain  at  reasonable  inter- 

dent  Cleveland  in  general.    Upon  State  ques-  est  money   with   which   to   begin    business, 

tionsitsays:  These  credit- unions,  which  were  founded  by 

The  Democratic  iwrty  a^n  renews  ito  demand  for  I^r*   Schulze,  of   Delitzsch,  Saxony,  in   1850, 

tb«  privilege  to  which  every  voter  is  entitled,  the  se-  have  also  grown  to  large  proportions  in  Aus- 

cret  WJot.    Freemen  will  pot  readily  accept  the  re-  tria,  1,129  such  unions,  or  74  5  per  cent,  of  all 

«nt  ^mi?e  of  the  party  that  has  in  the  Legislature  ^he  co-operative  societies  of  that  country  in 

iRmftedlj  set  audo  their  hopes, and  defeated  this  im-  ^c^hZ'^^i,'  '^^y'*'*^"  ^*   •>  ««  ^^        j 

portant  meware  of  protection  against  intimidation.  1881  bemg  of  this  nature.        ,.      .,      . 

We  emphadcally  protest  agunitt  the  policy  of  ez-  In  France,  although  many  distributive  socie- 

tadin^  to  partisan  boards,  for  ]mrty  purpoees,  the  ties  are  reported,  and  in  Paris  over  seventy 

ttthonty  to  iMue  and  control  liquor-hoenMB.    These  workingmen's  co-operative  societies  are  en- 

':^irT.Z^^^^''^^^''^^^r  gaged  in  production,  mostlj  on  a  small  scale. 

the  Booceas  of  the  Bepublican  part/.    Too  frequently  the  greatest  success  bas  been  m  pront-sharmg, 

the  test  of  an  applicant's  fitness  for  license  is  meas-  wherein  the  proprietors  of  a  large  manufac- 

ared  by  the  benefit  to  be  derived  by  the  party  which  tory,   shop,  railroad,   or  insurance  company, 

eontrols  the  boards.  .  .        

A  fair  choice  of  the 
throcvb  the  ballot-boxes, 

«»,diould  be  respected ii  

km  States  of  this  Union.    Our  Constitution  should  abandoned  the  plan,  which  arouses  the  work-* 

be  reformed  and  admit  of  an  election  of  Governor  and  man's  zeal  and  increases  his  efiSciency  in  such 

other  State  officers  by  a  plurality  of  votes,  as  presi-  ^                  ^        ^        ^  ^^     managers,  it  is 

(fertial  electors  are  chosen  m  every  State,  so  that  a  ?  ,.^o*  j   "**  w  *wi.wio  w  •,*!«  u<cuia|^jAi»,    »  « 

cmdidate  lacking  more  than  9,000  votes  ofam^or-  believed^   a  full  equivalent  for  the  dividend. 

itf,  and  morethan  1,800  votes  of  the  number  ro-  Of  the  98  firms  in  Europe,  since  grown  to  104, 

cared  by  hia  opponent,  may  not  be  treated  as  duly  which  in  1883  thus  shared  profits  with  their 

teed,  and  inaugurated.  help,  49  were  in  France,  18  in  Germany,  12  in 

There  was  also  a  Labor  ticket  in  the  field,  Switzerland,  snd  8  in  England.    Twenty- three 

beaded  by  A.  F.  Andrews.    At  the  November  had  begun  prior  to  1870,  and  88  more  prior  to 

tkcdon  Morris   (Democrat),  received  75,074  1880. 

votes  for  Governor ;  Bnlkeley  (Republican),  In  England  the  greatest  success  has  been  in 

il,S59;  Camp  (Prohibition),  4,681;  and  An-  distributive  co-operation  or  store-keeping  on 

Ws  (Labor),    273    votes.      Although   the  the  so-called  Rochdale  plan,  to  be  briefiy  de^ 

I^ocratic  ticket  received  a  plurality  of  11,-  scribed  below,  which  was  brought  to  public 

^15  votes,  it  did  not  obtain  a  majority  overall,  notice  by  the  Rochdale  pioneers  in  1844.    At 

>hich  is  necessary  under  the  State  Gonstitu-  the  end  of  1887  there  were  in  England  and 

tioQ  for  an  election*    The  decision  is  therefore  Scotland  1,348  such  retail  co-operative  stores, 

titrown  upon    the    next  Legislature,   whq^e  with  868,287  members,  £8,461,888  share  capi- 

feembers  were  chosen  at  the  same  November  tal,  £968,175  loan  capital,  sales  in  1887  of  £22,- 

tlectioD.      This  legislature  will  consist  of  17  848,651,  and  a  net  profit  of  £2,940,887.   There 

^nblicans  and  7  Democrats  in  the  Senate,  were  dso  15  supply  associations,  selling  at  lit- 

HM 152  Kepublicans  and  96  Democrats  in  the  tie  above  cost,  with  68,841  members,  £642,860 

HoQse,  widi  1  Independent.    The  Republican  share  and  loan  capital,  and  a  trade  of  £2,754,- 

tiekst  will  therefore  be  chosen.    The  vote  for  264.    There  were  also  an  English  and  a  Scotch 

indent  was  as  follows :  Harrison,  74,584 ;  wholesale  society,  with  a  share  and  loan  capital 

Cbrekod,  74,920;  Fisk,  4,284;  Labor  ticket,  of  £1,120,874  and  sales  of  £7,274,494  to  the 

^\   The  Congressional  delegation  stands  3  retail  societies.    The  1,432  co-operative  socie- 

^Qblicans  to  one  Democrat,  against  3  Demo-  ties  of  all  kinds  in  Great  Britain  reported  at 

cnts  and  one  Republican  in  the  last  Congress,  the  last  Co-operative  Congress  in  1888  had  a 

CMPEKATIOH.    Each  country  has  its  special  membership  in  1887  of  945,619,  a  share  capital 

fcrm  of  co-operative  effort.    In  Germany  it  is  of  £10,012,048,  sales  of  £34,189,716,  and  prof- 

tW  credit-unions,  sometimes  called  the  peoples'  its  of  £8,198,178.    The  growth  has  been  steady 

^b.     These  societies  numbered   1,910  in  for  a  long  time.    To  the  surprise  of  all,  721  of 

l^,  and,  in  connection  with  nearly  as  many  1,256  societies  in  Great  Britain  reporting  in 

liMre  co-operative  societies  of  various  kinds,  1887  gave  credit. 

W  1,2(K),000    members,    with   $60,000,000  At  the  twentieth  annual  Co-operative  Con- 

^  capital  and  $122,500,000  borrowed  capi-  gress  in  England  in  1888,  67  productive  socie- 

H  and  did  a  yearly  business  of  $500,000,000.  ties  were  also  reported,  with  22,480  members, 

^  credit  unions  resemble  joint-stock  com-  £661,869  shares,  and  £207,718  loan  capital,  a 

^a,  having  among  others  the  important  ad-  business  of  £1,574,146,  and  net  profits  of  £59,- 

f^^<Aal  features  that  the  stock  may  be  paid  for  500.    There  are  no  returns  of  the  methods  of 

^  s&aU  regular  payments,  that  every  stock-  dividing  profits,  but  this  defect  will  be  reme- 
Touxxvin. — 16  A 


a42  OO-OPERATION. 

died  this  jear.    It  is  kDOwn  that  most  of  the  the  abuses  of  the  railroads,  bnt  in 

societies  gi^e  no  share  of  their  profits  to  dod-  has  aocomplished  a  great  deal  for  iU 

stockholding  workmen ;  bat  the  demand  on  in  education  upon  practical  farm  to[ 

the  part  of  co-operators  is  rapidly  growing,  many  other  ways,  not  the  least  of 

Of  the  77  productive  societies  that  had  been  in  been  the  result  of  its  co-operatiy 

business  or  were  just  beginning  in  England,  These  features  have  been  in  part  r 

Wales,  and  Scotland  at  the  close  of  1887,  17  by  purchasing   agencies,   which   b 

were  in  cotton,  linen,  silk^  and  wool,  12  in  chinery,  groceries,  and  dry  goods  foi 

leather,  10  in  metal,  9  in  fiour,  6  in  farming,  ers  or  sold  their  products  in  the  lar^ 

4  in  printing,  and  19  in  as  many  different  kinds  orders  from  the  local  unions.    Still 

of  manufacturing.  portant  and  common  has  been  the 

If  the  announced  aims  of  the  leaders  of  co-  tion  of  all  the  trade  of  the  members 

operation  in  England  are  realized  in  any  such  grange  or  even  of  a  State  grange  oe 

degree  in  the  next  twenty-five  years  as  they  cash  basis  at  such  wholesale  dealers 

have  been  in  the  past  twenty-five,  we  may  look  facturers  as  would  sell  at  the  lowest 

for  a  great  growth  of  that  for  which  previous  things  needed  on  the  farm  and  in 

success  has  prepared  the  way,  namely,  co-op-  In  hundreds  of  cases,  too,  grange  s 

erative  production,  wherein  labor  shall  share  been  established  on  the  faulty  pla 

in  the  profits  of  manufacturing,  and,  through  scribed  of  the  old  union  stores — tJiai 

the  organization  of  consumers  already  secured  at  or  near  cost.    Some  of  these  store 

to  the  extent  of  over  800,000  families,  shall  be  prosperous,   as  at  Torrington   and 

able  to  deal  a  serious  blow  at  the  sweating  Conn.,  but  most  have  failed  from 

system  and  other  devices  of  those  employers  ignorance  of  approved  methods,  froi 

who,  in  the  rage  to  produce  more  cheaply  to  find  managers  who  possessed  the 

than  their  rivals,  offer  their  employes  ruinous-  lacking  in  the  members,  and  from 

ly  low  wages  or  unhealthfnl  conditions  of  em-  absence  of  the  co-operative  spirit  wt 

ployment.  the  downfall  of  the  union  stores. 

The  great  success  in  the  United  States  has  from  the  great  educational  value  ev 

been  in  building  and  loan  associations,  which  nre,  these  grange  stores,  as  well  as  tl 

are  as  distinctively  American  as  the  credit-  of  concentrating  trade  upon  establish 

nnions  are  German.    Still,  there  are  some  sue-  would  give  special  discounts,  have  b< 

cesstiil  and  now  rapidly  growing  stores,  and  help  to  the  former  in  forcing  down 

these  as  the  simplest  and  historically  the  earli-  stores  the  general  level  of  prices,  wl 

est  form  of  co-operation  in  this  country  may  seventies  were  often  exorbitantly  hi; 
be  first  considered.  To  the  now  extinct  order  of  the  i 

DlstriMlf e  €o-«penitlMt — The    co  •  operative  of  Industry  belongs  the  credit  of  ha 

store,  and  much  later  the  factory,  were  intro-  agated  extensively  in  this  countrj 

dnced  and  fostered  for  a  long  period  by  organ-  methods  of  distributive  co-operation 

izations  of  workingmen.    Most  of  these  organ-  in  the  Hochdale  plan.    The  essential 

izations  have  ^ven  place  to  others  having  dif-  ity  of  this  plan  over  others  lies  in  iti 

ferent  objects,  until  to-day  nearly  all  successful  that  goods  shall  be  pold  at  regular  re 

co-operative  enterprises  are  carried  on  inde-  and  any  profits  above  what  is  snffic 

pendently  of  any  organization  and  even  of  reserve  fund  and  interest  on  capita 

each  other.    The  first  attempts  at  co-operation  to  customers  annually  or  semi-annua 

between  1847  and  1859  were  made  in  New  portion  to  their  trade  for  the  peric 

England    by    the    New    England    Protective  stockholders  may  receive  a  larger  p 

Union.     Nearly  all  failed  after  a  time,  from  dividend  on  their  trade  than  outsi< 

lack  of  the  co-operative  spirit  and  from  igno-  other  provisions,  such  as  shares  of  si 

ranee  of  the  best  methods.    In  trying  to  sell  for  limitation  of  the  number  that  one 

cost,  as  did  these  union  stores,  the  average  and  the  allowance  of  but  one  vote  t 

manager  is  usually  confronted  with  a  deficit  at  holder  independent  of  his  shares,  ar 

the  end  of  each  year  because  of  unexpected  to  other  systems.    This  is  the  plan 

bnt  inevitable  depreciation  of  goods  ana  from  most  of  the  English  and  permanent 

other  losses.     The  bitter  rivalry   of  private  ful  American  stores  have  been  man 

stores  is  also  aroused.     The  latter  will   sell  it  was  introduced  in  England  by  the 

some  staple  article  even  below  cost,  and,  by  Pioneers  in  1844,  and  brought  to  | 

widely  advertising  this  particular  article,  will  tenticm  in  this  country  thirty  year 

draw  off  the  trade  of  unthinking  men  from  the  the  Sovereigns  of  Industry, 
co-operative  store,  which  may,  on  the  whole,        The  latter  organization,  founded  \ 

be  selling  cheaper.  H.  Earle,  of  Worcester,  Mass.,  in  187 

The  next  attempt  at  co-operation  was  made  most  of  its  strength  during  its  six  yc 
by  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  known  also  as  the  spread  of  distributive  co-opera 
Grangers,  and  in  the  South  recently  as  "The  two  years  paid  lecturers,  well  acquai 
Wheel."  (See**  Annual  Cyclopaedia"  for  1886,  the  most  approved  methods  of  co- 
page  42.)  This  is  often  associated  exclusively  were  kept  in  the  field  to  organize  1 
with  the  celebrated  granger  legislation  against  cils  and  help  them  to  establish  sto 


CO-OPERATION. 


248 


t-"! 


a 

ZJ 


right  waj.    In  1875  the  810  cooncils  reporting 
It  the  annnal  meeting  of  the  order  returned  a 
memberfihip  of  27,984.    Of  these  the  mfgoritj 
went  no  fdrther  than  to  obtain  discoants  at 
private  stores,  and  many  stopped  with  merely 
&e  educational  features ;  but  m  1877,  94  coun- 
dla,  having  a  membership  of  7,278,  reported 
in  average  capital  in  their  stores  of  $884,  and 
ft  total  business  of  $1,089,872,  at  an  average 
saving  to  the  members  of  14  per  cent,  or  an 
a^rgr^ate  profit  of  $162,612,  equal  to  a  saving 
of  $21  to  every  man  and  woman  belonging  to 
those  councils.    But  the  organization  had  its 
birth  at  the  worst  time  for  success  in  the  past 
trentj- five  years.    It  was  during  the  prolonged 
financial  depression  following  1878,  when  thon- 
nnds  who  had  joined  the  order  could  not  get 
vork  and   felt  obliged  to  resort  to  private 
stores  that  would  trust.    Then,  too,  the  growth 
\id  been  too  rapid  to  permit  of  wise  manage- 
ment ;  the  knowledge  of  English  methods  was 
too  little  diffused  at  the  start,  and  especially 
▼ere  there  too  few  possessed  of  actual  expe- 
mnce  in  the  Rochdale  stores  who  could  be 
made  managers  of  the  new  enterprises.    Fort- 
onately,  all  these  difficulties  time  and  educa- 
taoQ  may  remove,  in  fact  are  already  removing, 
H  appears  from  the  considerable  number  of 
saeeewfhl  stores  to  be  found  in  New  England, 
New  Jersey,  Kansas,  Texas,  and  in  a  less  de- 
free  in  some  othei^  sections  and  States.    Sev- 
eral of  the  largest  of  existing  stores  are  surviv- 
sU  of  the  Sovereign  enterprises. 

In  1896  there  were  68  co-operative  stores  in 
^tw  Eoftland,  with  an  aggregate  trade  of 
12,000,000  and  a  capital  of  about  $210,000. 
1b  Texas  there  were  166  co-operative  stores, 
*0  connected  with  a  central  association  con- 


amounted  to  $296,676.12  in  merchandise  and 
8,767  bales  of  cotton,  an  increase  of  over 
$100,000  during  the  year.  Ten-per-cent.  divi- 
dends were  paid  on  stock,  and  the  remaining 
two  thirds  of  the  $16,820.88  were  in  part 
placed  in  the  contingent  fund  and  in  part 
divided  among  the  602  association  and  indi- 
vidual stockholders.  The  entire  number  of 
stockholders  of  the  central  and  subordinate 
associations  exceeds  6,000. 

Next  in  size  is  the  Johnson  Oounty  Oo-op- 
erative  Association,  of  Olathe,  Kansas,  which 
has  been  in  business  since  July,  1876,  on  the 
Rochdale  plan  of  dividends  on  trade.  Its  sales 
in  1887  amounted  to  $246,000  and  its  capital 
to  $66,000,  if  the  surplus  of  $16,000  be  in^ 
eluded. 

The  Philadelphia  Industrial  Co-operative 
Association,  began  in  1874  on  the  Rochdale 
plan,  reported  a  trade  in  1886  of  $171,278.04^ 
divided  as  follows:  Groceries,  $128,686.16; 
meat,  $19,772.11 ;  dry  goods,  $8,908.88 ;  boota 
and  shoes,  $18^99.94;  coal,  $6,461.60;  total, 
$171,278.04.  The  capital,  in  the  hands  of 
2,866  members,  and  invested  in  a  central  and 
three  branch  stores,  amounted  to  $40,000. 

At  Allegan,  Mich.,  is  a  co-operative  store 
with  $80,000  capital  and  a  trade  in  1887  of 
$166,884.09,  which  sells  everything  at  4  per 
cent,  above  total  cost,  and  keeps  down  er- 
penses  to  4*1  per  cent,  of  the  trade.  This  is 
the  best  showing  made  by  any  co-operative 
store  as  far  as  known  in  the  United  States.    ' 

Among  the  other  large  and  vigorously  grow- 
ing co-operative  stores  of  the  country  should 
be  mentioned  the  ten  next  in  size  to  the  four 
already  considered.  For  convenience,  the  en- 
tire fourteen  are  included  in  this  table : 


i 

r 


53 

r 


*«■                                                  NAME. 

Lonttai. 

Tnd*  fai  188T. 

CbpMsL 

I..  ToDu  OH>penitlir6  AModatioa 

Galveston,  Tex 

Over  •400,000 
2A000 

166,884 
124,901* 
9S,000 
97,900 
90,000 
7«,800 
74.000 
«S,684 
60,044 
41,897 
86,487 

$68,885 

t-  JobBflon  Cooaty  Go-operative  Aisodatlon 

Olathe,  Kan 

66,000 

'  •  HiflidelDhia  iDdoetHal  Co-operative  AsaodAtlon 

Philadelphia,  Pa 

40,000 

i..\  iiltfin  Co-ODerattve  AMooUtlon 

Aliegan^Mioh 

80,000 

»•.  Bcvafy  Ooopentive  Association 

Beverlyj  Mass 

7,000 

• .  Treatoc  Co-operative  Sodetv 

Trenton,  N.  J 

9,819 

7..  kriSstgUn  CoHoperative  Assoelstion 

Jjawrence,  Mass 

19,190 

'••  Somvbras  Tnafoff  ComiNUiv 

New  Britain.  Conn 

Webster.  Mass 

17,fiQ0  . 

J-i  oovenfifnis  Co-operative  Association 

^ooo 

N..  IsduMal  Co-operative  Association 

New  Bedford,  Mass 

Maynard,  Mass 

18,018 

U . .  i  BHaride  Co-operative  A  ssoeiation 

19,688 

J-i  BammoQton  Pnilt-Omwera'  Union 

Hammon  ton,  N.  J 

Worcester.  Mass 

17.191 

^••'i  Piwresstve  Co-operative  Association 

4,981 

». .  lev  Branswick  Co-operative  Sodetf 

New  Bmnswlok,  N.  J  .... 

8,888 

All  but  Noe.  1, 4w  5,  and  18  are  on  the  Bochdale  plan. 

« In  1880. 


r 

a* 


^«ted  by  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry;  the 
<^  capital  of  these  stores  in  1885  was  re- 
tonied  it  1744,500,  and  the  trade  was  $1,077,- 
979.90.  The  central  association,  called  the 
Teui  Co-operative  Association  Patrons  of 
nwbtndry,  whose  headquarters  are  at  Galves- 
^  sported  at  the  tenth  annual  meeting,  in 
Wj,  1888,  a  capital  of  $68,885,  owned  by  226 
?^"^^f«ttive  associations  and  876  individuals, 
^  pwt«  of  the  State.  Each  branch  associa- 
**•  trides  and  divides  the  profits  on  its  own 
'^^^^t  The  trade  of  this  central  association 


In  order  to  determine  the  growth  of  cor 
operation  in  1887  over  that  in  1886,  when  full 
returns  from  most  of  our  co-operative  enter- 
prises were  secured,  circular  letters  were  sent 
to  Uie  largest  of  these.  Only  two  (and  those  were 
small  enterprises)  are  known  to  have  failed — 
namely,  an  old  store  at  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y., 
which  committed  the  fatal  mistake  of  selling 
on  trust,  and  a  new,  poorly  managed  enterprise 
in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  These  failures  are  more  than 
offset  by  the  rapidly  growing  trade  of  several 
new  stores,  one  of  which— the  Phillipsburg 


244  00-OPERATION. 

Co-operative  Store   No.   1,   of  Phillipsborf?,  costly  plate-glass  show-windows,  location  on  \ 

N.J. — ^reported  a  trade  of  $32,988  in  1887.  main  street,  employ^  enough  to  be  able  to  wai 

Of  the  twenty  stores,  inclading  twelve  of  the  at  once  on  all  customers  in  the  busiest  hours  o 

fourteen  given  in  the  table  above,  which  made  the  day,  and  teams  to  carry  home  every  smal 

complete  returns,  only  five  reported  a  decrease  article,  are  not  necessary  to  attract  custom.    I 

in  trade.    Excluding  the  large  Texas  store,  lest  such  be  necessary,  the  first  steps  in  co-opera 

its  size  and  success  overbalance  the  rest,  the  tion  have  not  yet  been  taken.    A  good,  dean 

business  of  the  other  nineteen  amounted  to  wholesome  store,  in  a  convenient  location,  an< 

$1,290,550,  being  an  increase  in  one  year  of  one  or  two  teams  to  deliver  heavy  goods,  are 

24  per  cent.    If  we  include  the  Texas  stores,  of  course,  requisite.    But  where  a  market  i 

the  remaining  thirty-nine  in  New  England —  already  secured  among  those  banded  togethei 

which  did  business  amounting  to  more  than  in  a  co-operative  experiment,  the  need  of  tb< 

$1,000,000  in  1886 — and  the  twenty  to  thirty  expensive  means  of  advertising  just  referrec 

other  successful  stores  in  tlie  country,  we  may  to  should  no  longer  be  felt.    The  very  essenoi 

aafely  estimate  the  entire  distributive  co-opera-  of  co-operative  distribution  is  the  dispensing 

tion  in  the  United  States  in  1887  at  between  with  the  wastes  of  competitive  business. 
$5,000,000  and  $6,000,000.    This  is  not  a  large        Pndictife  €«-tpentlm.— This  is  the  ideal  of 

sum  in  comparison  with  the  figures  in  Great  all  thinking  co-operators,  and  the  goal  toward 

Britain ;  but,  if  the  present  rate  of  growth  of  which  their  efforts  are  directed.      But  few 

24  per  cent,  a  year  continues,  co-operative  dis-  steps  toward  it  have  been  taken.    The  idea  of 

tribution  will  soon  assume  an  important  posi-  its  advocates   is  that  the  workmen  in  cor 

tion  in  our  industrial  life.  manufacturing    establishments     should    save 

It  is  the  common  opinion  that  the  price  of  money  enou^  to  establish  factories  of  their 
goods  to  the  consumer  is  raised  by  the  retailer  own ;  should  have  the  requisite  knowledge  of 
from  80  to  100  per  cent,  over  the  wholesale  human  nature  to  select  able  foremen  and  sa- 
price.  This  is  completely  disproved,  as  far  as  perintendents;  and  sufficient  moral  fiber  tooo- 
co-operative  stores  are  concerned  (and  other  operate  cheerfully  and  submit  to  the  rigid  dis- 
stores  rarely  charge  over  5  to  10  per  cent,  cipline  necessary  in  a  successful  manufacturing 
more),  by  statistics,  gathered  by  the  writer,  of  enterprise.  The  first  requisite,  capital,  is  more 
ten  large  and  successful  co-operative  stores,  of  easily  secured  through  the  issue  of  stock  in  shares 
which  five  are  in  Massachusetts,  two  in  New  of  $5  to  $25  each  than  are  the  other  conditloiu. 
Jersey,  two  in  Pennsylvania,  and  one  in  New  But  the  few  marked  successes  chronicled  be- 
York.  In  these  ten  stores,  which  sold  groceries  low  indicate  that  the  prospects  of  success  are 
and  in  some  cases  meat,  and  in  1886  did  a  busi-  not  as  chimerical  as  has  been  supposed,  and 
ness  of  $420,494.20,  the  retail  price  was  only  that,  especially  in  enterprises  like  the  making 
17*27  per  cent,  above  the  wholesale.  The  ex-  of  barrels,  boots  and  shoes,  hats,  watch-casei, 
penses  for  wages,  rent,  teams,  freight  from  the  and  iron  castings,  where  the  zeal  and  efficiencj 
wholesaler,  depreciation  of  stock,  insurance,  of  the  workman  count  for  more  relatively  to 
ice,  water-rent,  taxes,  stationery,  and  all  other  the  capital  and  service  of  the  manager  than  in 
incidental  running  expenses,  exclusive  of  inter-  other  kinds  of  manu&cturing,  a  considerable 
est  on  capital,  amounted  to  12*74  per  cent,  of  growth  of  co-operation  may  fairly  be  expected 
the  cost  price,  or  nearly  three  fourths  of  the  within  the  next  twenty  years.  Through  igno- 
entire  increase  in  price.  *  Interest  at  5  per  cent,  ranee  of  men  and  methods,  and  lack  of  the 
on  the  capital  employed,  which  was  returned  moral  qualities  necessary  to  prevent  all  serioos 
as  $66,242  actually  paid  in.  aside  from  surplus,  jealousies  and  dissensions,  the  vast  majority  of 
would  be  $3,812.10;  this  is  almost  1  per  cent,  wage-earners  are  at  present  unfitted  tor  pro- 
of the  wholesale  price,  leaving  only  an  average  ductive  co-operation. 

of  8 '6  per  cent,  on  the  wholesaler's  price  that        The  greatest  success  in  this  country  is  that 

can  be  credited  to  profits,  and  which  admitted  of  the  co-operative  coopers  of  Minneapolis, 

in  these  stores  of  an  average  dividend  of  not  The  oldest  of  the  eight  co-operative  shops  of 

quite  4*5  per  cent,  on  the  retail  price.  that  city,  known  as  the  Co-operative  Barrel 

The  greatest  cause  of  disaster  in  most  co-  Manufacturing  Company,  was  begun  in  1874f 

operative  stores  that  fail,  next  to  trusting,  lies  and  now  has  assets  of  $45,000,  owned  in  equal 

in  a  high  ratio  of  expense  to  trade.    In  eleven  amounts,  as  the  constitution  requires,  by  (Moh 

successful  co-operative  stores  especially  studied  of  its  ninety  stockholders.    Only  one  who  is  * 

with  regard  to  this  point,  the  average  percent-  journeyman  cooper,  and  known  to  be  of  good 

age  of  running  expenses  to  trade  was  only  7*7,  moral  character,  can  become  a  stockholder.  If 

and  in  no  case  did  it  reach  10.     Few  stores  can  he  is  unable  to  pay  the  full  value  of  a  share  at 

succeed  whose  running  expenses  are  allowed  to  once,  an  assessment  of  from  $8  to  $5  is  paid  from 

equal  10  per  cent,  of  the  trade.  Lavish  expendi-  his  weekly  wages,  when  the  shop  is  running  taSi 

ture  for  rent,  teams,  numerous  employes,  and  a  time.   Five  per  cent,  interest  is  given  on  stock. 

"  stylish  "  appearance,  wrecks  many  a  co-opera-  The  men  work  by  the  piece,  and  divide  among 

tive  enterprise.    The  idea  of  co-operation  is  sub-  themselves,  according  to  their  work,  all  the  o^ 

stance  ratner  than  shadow — the  best  and  purest  dinary  gains  or  losses  of  the  business.    Bot 

goods — not  display.    One  of  the  greatest  sav-  gains  or  losses  coming  from  fire,  from  non- 

ings  of  co-operation  comes  from  the  fact  that  paying  creditors,  from  changes  in  the  value  oi 


00-OPERATION.  246 

leld,  from  the  work  of  hired  help,  are  the  most  saccessfal,  and  from  their  history 

itside  ventures  andertaken  by  the  of  five  to  twenty-one  years,  give  evidence  of 

are  apportioned  according  to  the  reasonable  stabiUty:    Stoneham   Co-operative 

>  is,  eqnally  among  all  the  members.  Shoe  Company,  Stoneham,  Mass. ;   Wakefield 

ht  companies,  employing  abont  two  Co-operative  Shoe  Company,  Wakefield,  Mass. ; 

le  600  coopers  in  Minneapolis,  are  Kingston    Co-operative    Foundry    Company, 

d  on  the  same  basis,  and  have  been  Kingston,  Mass. ;  Leonard  Co-operative  Fonn- 

luccessfnl,  having  a  steady  local  de-  dry  Company,  Taunton,  Mass. ;  Somerset  Co- 

leir  products  from  the  largest  fiour-  operative  Foundry  Company,  Somerset,  Mass. ; 

I  the  world,  and,  excepting  one  de-  Fast  Templeton  Co-operative  Chair  Company^ 

a  few  hundred  dollars,  have  lost  East  Templeton,  Mass.    These  six  companies, 

the  several  million  dollars  that  dur-  with  a  capital  of  $126,000,  do  a  business  of 

fourteen  years  have  passed  through  about  $500,000.     Outside  of  Eastern  Massa- 

>{  their  more  than  nfty  treasurers,  chusetts  the  most  successful  are  the  Solidarity 

98 need  of  expensive  foremen,  merely  Watch  Case  Company,  in  Hope  Street,  Brooke 

b  they  attend  to  their  work,  and  lyn,  with  110  employ^  and  $67,000  capita,  in 

her  to  their  readiness,  when  forced  1887;  the  Fulton  County  Co-operative  Leather, 

tion,  to  work  on  half-wages  rather  Glove,  and  Mitten  Manufacturing  Association, 

bese  coopers  are  recognized  as  able  of  Johnstown,  N.  Y. ;  the  Co-operative  Collar 

I  any  private  shops  in  the  city ;  but  and  Cuff  Company,  of  Troy,  N.  Y.,  witJh  a 

ire  sustained  by  some  of  the  millers  capital  of  $15,000,  and  business  of  nearly  $40,- 

l^nst  any  possible  combination  to  000,  in  1888 ;  and  the  St.  Louis  Fnrniture- 

among  the  co-operative  companies.  Workers'  Association.    The  sales  of  this  latter 

of  this  form  of  organization  upon  in  1887 — ^nine  years  after  beginning  business — 

f  and  thrift  of  the  men  are  extraordi-  were  $116,520,  and  the  wages  paid,  mostly  to 

t  of  the  coopers  are  now  strictly  tem-  stockholders,  were  $48,421. 

they  are  worth,  in  a  large  majority  €o-«pmllfe  SiDdlng  and  Lmb  AtBtdatloM. — By 

rom  $2,000  to  $4,000  each.    The  far  the  most  important  and  successful  form  of 

alth  of  the  90  members  of  the  old-  co-operation  in  the  United  States  is  that  of 

y  is  at  least  $8,500.    There  is  also  the  Co-operative  Building  and  Loan  Associa- 

1  co-operative  cooper-shop  at  Dun-  tion,  sometimes  caUed  merely  building  associa- 

and  one  at  Milwaukee.    In  the  lat-  tion,  or,  as  in  Massachusetts,  the  co-operative 

I  flourishing  co-operative  association  bank.      Beginning  about  fifty  years  ago  in 

a  which  is  increasing  its  capital  in  Philadelphia,  and  attaining  to  strength  there 

»,000.   In  1886.the  date  of  the  latest  in  the  decade  of  1850-1860,  they  have  been 

at  hand,  the  ousiness  amounted  to  spreading  rapidly  since  1875  in  Pennsylvania, 

K),  and  included  three  fourths  of  all  New  Jersey,  Massachusetts,  Western  New  York, 

man-plumbers  in  the  city.    By  dis-  Ohio,  IHinois,  Minnesota,  and    many    other 

th  most  of  the  foremen,  these  co-  Western  States,  and  are  now  reaching  into  the 

ive  nearly  one  third  in  the  cost  of  South.    The  capital  of  the  co-operative  bank 

Profits  have  been  largely  divided  is  limited  to  $1,000,000,  in  shares  whose  full 

)  of  wages,  but  a  part  has  gone  to  value  is  $200  each.    The  shares  are  not  paid 

e  capital.    In  1886,  the  plumbers  for  at  once,  or  within  a  short  time  of  b€^n- 

»rk  city  tried  to  organize  co-opera-  ning  business,  as  is  usual  with  corporations, 

according  to  one  of  their  leaders,  but  are  paid  at  the  rate  of  one  dollar  a  month, 

Uen  heir  to  the  business  they  were  a  new  series  of  shares  being  issued  semi-annur 

g  up,  they  would  have  attained  as  ally  and  annually.    This  would  require  two 

3S  as  in  Milwaukee,  if  they  had  only  hundred  months,  or  sixteen  years  and  two 

ience  to  wait  a  little  longer  and  to  thirds  for  the  payment  of  a  share,  but  for  an- 

irmony.    At  Lynn,  Mass.,  is  a  co-  other  feature  of  the  system.     The  money  ao- 

hoe-factory,  the  Lynn  Knights  of  cruing  to  the  treasury  from  these  monthly 

perative  Boot  and  Shoe  Company,  payments,  and  from  all  other  sources,  is  loaned 

in  1886,  which  is  doing  a  successful  every  month  to  such  of  the  shareholders  as 

growing  business  with  a  capital  of  offer  the  highest  premium.    The  profits  from 
fter  paying  5  per  cent,  interest  on  '  these  loans  and  premiums  furnish  the  divi- 

l  devoting  10  per  cent,  of  the  profits  dends,  which  usually  amount  to  between  six 

;  fund,  and  as  much  more  to  a  co-  and  seven  per  cent.    Every  one  can  borrow 

md  to  assist  other  co-operative  en-  for  aid  in  building  or  buying  a  home,  to  the 

ihe  remaining  profits  are  divided  amount  of  the  par  value  of  his  share,  but  no 

green  capital  and  labor.   Each  work-  more.    As  security  he  must  offer  his  shares 

lis  share  of  the  labor  dividend,  in  and  such  other  property  as  may  appear  to  the 

to  his  wages.  directors  suflScient.    They  will  lend  nearly  up 

the  other  co-operative  manufactur-  to  the  full  market  value  of  such  security,  while 

iief>,  give  no  dividends  to  labor  as  the  savings-banks  are  only  allowed  to  lend  to 

le  stock  is  in  many  hands,  and  the  the  extent  of  60  per  cent,  of  the  assessed  value 

*  has  but  one  vote.    The  following  of  the  real-estate  security.    It  may  be  asked 


246  00-OPERATION. 

how  a  poor  man  who  has  not  real  estate  can  actual  payments,  reckoning  compomid  interest 

borrow,  even  of  a  co-operative  bank?     The  on  them,  are  more  than  would  be  necessary  if 

answer  is,  if  he  wishes  to  bny  an  estate  he  can  the  money  were  borrowed  from  an  ordioary 

borrow  of  the  bank  the  greater  part  of  the  savings-bank.    Bat  it  may  still  be  said  tbst^ 

needed  porchase  money,  and  give  as  security  human  nature  being  as  it  is,  scarcely  one  man 

therefor  a  mortgage  of  the  property  at  the  in  a  thousand  will  make  provision  by  constant 

time  he  receives  his  deed  therefor.    Of  course  voluntary  monthly  deposits  in  a  savings-bank 

the  bank  can  not  furnish  the  whole  amount  of  to  repay  his  $2,000  mortgage  at  the  end  of  the 

the  purchase-money.    But  if  one  has  a  very  eleven  years.    This  is  the  real  jastification  for 

little  money  and  will  subscribe  to,   say  five  the  existence  of  the  co-operative  banks.    Their 

shares,  he  can  borrow  $1,000.    A  man  can  shareholders    feel  compelled  to    make  their 

thus  build  a  house,  mortga^ng  it  as  security  regular  monthly  payments.    Before  the  man 

to  the  co-operative  bank.    The  would-be  bor-  is  aware  of  it,  he  has  paid  for  his  home  and 

rowerd^  as  has  been  said,  bid  for  the  privilege,  acquired  the  valuable  habit  of  saving.    The 

Premiums  range  from  five  to  fifty  cents  a  results  are  in  every  sense  satisfactory,  six  to 

share,  but  rarely  over  twenty-five  cents  for  seven  per  cent,  dividends  being  generaUy  made, 

any  length  of  time.    The  by-laws  of  the  co-  Again,  these  banks  enable  the  depositors,  who 

operative  banks  usually  require  the  successful  are  in  most  cases  wage-earners,  to  use  their 

bidder  for  a  loan  to  pay  one  month^s  interest  own  deposits,  whereas  the  money  deposited  in 

and  premium  immediately.    If  a  loan  is  not  the  savings-banks  in  Massachusetts — $800,000,- 

approved,  a  month^s  interest  and  premium  are  000  in  1886— supplies  the  capital  of  the  great 

forfeited.    Buccessful  bidders  can  dways  ob-  employers  of  inaustry,  and  thus  does  not  so 

tain  shares  for  their  loan.     If  one  borrow  directly  promote  the  co-operative  ideal— a 

$2,000  at  fifteen  cents  premium  a  share  (the  larger  share  by  the  workmen  in  the  profits  of 

average  amount  now  prevailing  in  Massachu-  industry.    In  addition  to  nearly  all  the  advan- 

setts),  he  is  subject  to  three  monthly  charges :  tages  of  the  justly  famous  postal  savings-banb 

First,  a  payment  of  ten  dollars  on  his  ten  of  Europe,  the  co-operative  banks  give  much 

shares,  which  he  had  first  to  take  before  bor-  higher  interest  and  keep  the  deposits  for  actoal 

rowing;  second,  a  payment  of  one  dollar  and  use  among  the  lenders  of  the  immediate  nei^- 

a  half  as  a  premium ;  and,  third,  a  payment  borhood.    By  the  Massachusetts  law  at  least 

for  interest,  which,  on  $2,000.  at  6  percent,  twenty-five  persons  must  be  associated  together 

(the  usud  rate),  is  $10.    In  all,  then,  he  pays  for  organizing  such  a  corporation^  and  no  per- 

$21.50  a  month,  until  his  shares  mature  in  son  can  hold  more  than  twenty-five  shares,  of 

about  eleven  vears,  when  the  bank  will  hold  the  ultimate  value  of  $200  each,  in  one  co^ 

his  note  for  $2,000,  and  he  will  hold  shares  poration.    No  member  can  have  more  than 

worth  $2,000.    The  two  accounts  are  canceled,  one  vote.    A  member  may  at  any  time,  on 

and  thus  for  a  little  more  than  the  expense  of  thirty  days'  notice,  withdraw  any  shares  not 

rent  in  the  mean  time  a  man  finds  himself  pledged  as  security  for  loans,  after  paying  any 

owner  of  a  comfortable  home.  fines  that  may  be  due.    By  so  doing  he  loses 

Any  one  with  sufficient  security — which,  be  such  portion  of  the  profits  as  was  previoosly 

it  observed,  most  workmen  have  nut — might  credited  to  the  share,  and  must  bear  such  a 

borrow  the  $2,000  of  a  savings-bank,  pay  6  proportion  of  any  unadjusted  loss  as  the  by-  , 

per  cent,  interest,  the  usual  charge  on  such  laws  may  determine. 

loans,  or  $1,820  during  the  eleven  years,  and       In  most  of  the  older  building  associations  in 

then  pay  the  debt,  making  $8,820.    The  same  the  Middle  and  Western  States  the  premiams 

sum  borrowed  of  a  co-operative  bank  will  in-  are  not  paid  ifionthly,  but  are  deducted  in  a 

volve  a  payment  during  the  one  hundred  and  lump  sum  from  the  face  of  the  loan  to  the  bor- 

thirty-two  months,  at  $21.60  a  month,  of  $2,-  rower.    For  example,  if  a  man,  in  order  to 

885,  besides  the  loss  of,  perhaps,  $400  more  in  borrow  $1,000,  offers  ten  per  cent,  preminm, 

compound  interest  to  the  close  of  the  eleven  instead  of  receiving  the  $1,000  and  paying 

years  on  these  payments.    Two  things  are  to  monthly  ten  per  cent,  in  addition  to  the  monthly 

be  said :  First,  it  is  not  always  necessary  in  payments  of  one  dollar  a  share,  he  will  in  many 

Massachusetts,  where  money  is  moreplenty  than  banks  receive  $900,  but  must  take  five  $200 

in  the  West,  for  one  to  pay  a  fifteen  cent  shares  as  security  on  which  ^Ye  dollars  a  month 

Eremium  for  a  very  long  time.    Whenever  the '  and  interest  on  the  $900  are  paid.    The  Massa- 

orrower  finds  it  possible  to  bid  off  $2,000  for  chusetts  plan,  often  called  t^e  installment  plan, 

a  lower  premium,  say  five  cents,  he  may  do  so,  is  now  being  adopted  with  increasing  frequency 

and  with  this  loan  pay  off  his  other,  borrowed  by  the  new  companies,  and  is  simpler,  and,  many 

at  a  higher  rate,  for  one  can  repay  his  loan  at  claim,  more  just  to  the  borrower.    Money  is 

any  time,  retaining  his  shares  or  not,  as  he  worth  more  and  premiums  much  higher  in 

chooses.    The  only  charges  are,  that  the  bor-  Chicago  and  St.  Paul  than  in  Boston.    Indeed, 

rower  must  pay  double  interest  and  premium  they  seem  unreasonably  high,  bringing  in  from 

for  one  month,  and  have  a   new  mortgage  fifteen  to  twenty  per  cent,  profit  to  the  deposi- 

made  and  the  old  one  discharged.    In  some  tors. 

States,  and  occasionally  in  Massachusetts,  the         In  the  fifty-one  co-operative  banks  of  Massa- 

loans  are  bid  off  at  so  high  a  premium  that  the  chusetts  in  1887,  the  assets  were  $4,211,948  to 


^ 


CO-OPERATION.  CORDAGE.                     247 

20,755  depositors,  and  8,797  per-  be  seoared.    But  if  such  legislation  is  not  speed- 

iting  nearly  20,000  souls  had  bor-  ily  had  in  some  States  the  collapse  of  many  as- 

im  for  aid  in  erecting  homes.    The  sociations  will  surely  follow,  and  work  great 

>een  over  twenty  per  cent,  almost  hardship  to  thousands. 

ming  of  the  first  co-operative  bank  Co-operation  is  so  useful  in  diffusing  a  knowl- 
)  in  1877.  Premiums  are  low  in  edge  of  business  methods,  in  giving  the  discon- 
^  but  the  returns  to  depositors  tented  masses  an  insight  into  the  diflSculties 
f  six  per  cent.  The  first  series  of  that  capitalists  as  well  as  laborers  must  endure, 
:  matured  in  1888,  after  just  eleven  and,  finally,  when  successful,  in  elevating  the 
payment  of  $182  in  monthly  in-  condition  of  all  participants,  that  the  present 
one  dollar  thus  enabled  depositors  needless  obstacle  of  defective  legislation  in  the 
at  the  end  of  the  time  an  increase  way  of  successful  co-operation  should  be  speed- 
percent,  (of  the  entire  $182)  from  ily  removed.  Only  Massachusetts  has  as  yet 
ig.  In  October,  1886,  there  were  made  much  progress  in  this  direction,  and  she 
itors  and  8,562  borrowers  in  the  has  not  gone  far  enough.  As  in  savings-banks 
associations  of  New  Jersey,  the  and  building  associations,  the  State  should  pre- 
ch  were  $9,800,705.  In  Hamilton  scribe  methods  of  procedure. 
0,  in  which  Cincinnati  is  situated,  BlMlognphj* — See  Annual  Reports  of  the  Brit- 
D  1888  840  associations  with  60,000  ish  Co-operative  Congresses,  and  the  English 
and  $15,000,000  assets.  The  week-  Parliamentary  Report  in  1886,  on  Co-operation 
Eis  $167,000,  and  three  fourths  ot  in  Europe;  Report  for  1886  of  the  Massachn- 
gages  recorded  in  the  county  are  setts  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics ;  the  **  West- 
)e  building  associations.  In  1886  minster  Review  "  for  October,  1885;  "Work- 
ight  of  these  associations  in  Minne-  ingmen  Co-operators,^'  by  Acland  and  Jones ; 
rty  in  St.  Paul.  All  were  success-  **  History  of  Co-operation,"  by  Holyoake ; 
ict  not  a  single  failure  in  the  past  "  Co-operation  in  the  United  States,'*  edited 
3  come  to  my  notice,  though  a  few  by  Profs.  H.  B.  Adams  and  R.  T.  Ely,  of  Bal- 
scurred;  the  percentage  of  success  timore,  and  written  in  1886  and  1887  by  five 
[iigher  than  in  most  forms  of  pri-  graduates  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
9.  In  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  great  good  who  divided  the  field  among  them ;  and  the 
le  by  these  wonderful  promoters  of  Massachusetts  Labor  Bureau  Report  for  1886 
mndreds  are  the  homes  that  the  and  the  New  Jersey  Reports  for  1886  and  1887. 
9  of  that  city  have  obtained  by  COEDAGE.  Twisted  fibers  of  any  material, 
This  might  be  said  of  hundreds  when  less  than  one  inch  in  circumference,  are 
»  and  towns  in  this  country.  known  as  cords,  twines,  threads,  strings,  yams, 
reatest  results  are  naturally  to  be  lines,  and  the  like.  When  several  of  these  are 
insy]  vania,  and  especially  in  Phila-  twisted  or  laid  together,  forming  a  Unemore  than 
birth  place  of  the  movement.  In  one  inch  in  circumference,  it  is  called  a  rope, 
rere  over  90,000  shareholders  and  In  the  trade,  and  with  sailors,  the  size  of  a  rope 
»wers  of  the  400  building  associa-  is  always  designated  by  the  meaflure  of  its  cir- 
adelphia.  The  assets  of  120  were  cumference ;  with  landsmen  and  non-ezperta, 
9,389.17.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  in  it  is  designated  by  the  diameter.  It  is  easier 
m  1,200  co-operative  building  as-  and  more  accurate  to  measure  the  ciroumfer- 
the  State  there  are  over  $50,000,-  ence  than  to  measure  the  diameter,  owing  to  the 
rned  by  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mill-  depressions  between  the  strands ;  hence  the  for- 
rs,  and  borrowed  by  over  40,000  mer  method  is  preferable,  and  in  this  article, 
esenting  200,000  persons,  who  are  when  the  size  of  a  rope  is  mentioned,  it  will 
to  build  and  pay  for  homes  which,  be  understood  that  the  circumference  is  meant. 
96  invaluable  banks,  they  would  In  modern  practice,  vegetable  fiber,  iron  or 
reed  to  rent  steel  wire,  and,  to  a  limited  extent,  animal  fibers 
;hing  seems  needed  to  pecnre  their  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  rope.  In  com- 
as rapid  growth.  The  Massa-  mercial  parlance,  many  substances  are  called 
slation,  which  carefully  provides  **hemp"  which  are  not  really  the  product  of 
;nized  dangers  in  management  and  that  plant.  Thus  *'  manila  hemp  "  is  from  a 
res  full  reports,  as  in  the  case  of  species  of  banana.  Sisal  hemp  is  from  the 
complicated  or  important  savings-  leaves  of  tlie Central  American  agave,  etc.  The 
i  be  everywhere  adopted;  although  following  list  describes  many  of  these  sub- 
changes  would  be  needed  to  pro-  stances  in  detail,  but  the  word  hemp  must  be 
te  associations  already  doing  busi-  taken  in  a  commercial  sense,  as  U8age  has  in 
!ms  different  from  that  prescribed  many  cases  decreed  its  application  to  fibers 
letts.  All  new  associations  might  that  merely  resemble  those  of  the  true  hemp, 
to  conform  to  the  Massachusetts  €«ir  is  the  outer  fibrous  covering  of  the  co- 
rts  to  the  bank  commissioners  of  coanut.  It  is  less  used  for  cordage  than  for- 
hould  be  required  for  subsequent  merly  when  rope  cables  were  more  commonly 
If  this  be  done,  the  future  of  this  employed,  but  its  lightness  gives  it  certain  ad- 
merican  form  of  co-operation  will  vantages  over  hemp  and  manila.    A  rope  made 


I 


1248  00RDA6E. 

from  this  material  will  float  almost  like  cork,  from  this  substance  is  more  buoyant  thai 

and  when  ased  as  a  cable  ascends  in  a  rising  mon  hemp ;  is  more  pliable,  causes  lea 

curve  from  the  anchor  to  the  surface  of  the  tion,  and  endures  moisture  better.  Its  stri 

water,  instead  of  forming  a  dependent  or  sink-  when  new,  is  about  equal  to  that  of  hem 

ing  curve,  as  is  the  case  with  less  bouyant  ma-  is  very  extensively  used  by  American 

terial.    Fresh  water  rots  it,  but  salt  water  ap-  makers,  and  has  largely  taken  the  pli 

pears  to  have  a  preservative  effect    It  is  still  common  hemp  for  maritime  parposes. 

largely  used  by  native  sailors  in  the  Indian  MMk — The  long  moss  that  grows  on  ti 

Ocean.    In  preparing  it  for  manufacture,  the  the  Southern  United  States  is  often  ms 

husks  are  soaked  for  some  time  in  water  and  into  coarse  rope  for  various  uses,  mail 

then  beaten  to  separate  the  fibers  from  the  sparsely  settled  regions,  where  it  is  diffic 

dost  with  which  they  are  surrounded.  impossible  to  procure  the  commercial  s 

€»ttM  is  much  used  for  the  smaller  ropes.  It  is,  of  course,  merely  a  make-shift,  as  i 

rarely  larger  than  three  or  four  inches  in  cir-  sesses  neither  strength  nor  durabiUty. ' 

cumference.     It  is  comparatively  weak,  and  Phondui  Hmp  is  derived  from  the  lea 

retains  moisture  to  an  extent  that  renders  it  the  Pharmium  tenax  of  New  Zealand,  a 

liable  to  rot.     But  it  is  easy  to  handle,  is  allied  to  the  lily  family.    The  leaves  gro 

much  used  under  cover,  and  to  some  extent  len^^h  of  nine  feet  in  their  native  hi 

on  ship-board  when  not  likely  to  be  subjected  When  the  fibers  are  carefully  selectei 

to  severe  strains.  product  is  second  only  to  manila  for  I 

Henp  {CannahU  sativa)  of  the  common  com-  and  strength.    During  the  civil  war  in  Ai 

mercial  variety  may  be  regarded  as  the  rope-  it  came  largely  into  use,  mainly  as  an  ac 

maker^s  staple.    Asia  is  the  native  habitat  of  ant  of  manila,  and  the  inferior  quality  of 

the  plant,  but  it  is  now  extensively  cultivated  age  thus  produced  is  said  to  have  broug 

all  over  Europe,  and  to  a  considerable  extent  material  into  discredit 

in  America.    The  plant  usually  matures  at  a  80k  has,  at  times,  been  made  into  ro 

height  of  eight  or  ten  feet,  but  has  been  known  great  beauty  and  strength,  but  their  cosl 

to  grow  as  high  as  seventeen  feet    The  stems  great  ttiat  they  are  merely  articles  of  cm 

are  dried,  beaten,  and  crushed  in  a  hemp-mill,  or  luxury. 

and  then  subjected  to  fermentation  in  water  or  Sisal,  also  called  *^  sisal  hemp,^'  is  the  fi 

moisture,  and  afterward  beaten  with  mallets  a  plant  closely  allied  to  the  American  a 

or  passed  through  a  machine  called  a  **  break.''  century- plant.     The  commercial  name 

The  fibers  are  separated  from  the  bark  and  rather  to  the  product  than  to  the  plant 

other  waste  substances,  and  are  then  hackled  yields  it     The  fibers  of  the  various  i 

or  combed  into  hanks  or  skeins,  and  packed  in  are  extracted  from  the  thick  leaves  by  p 

bundles  of  about  200  pounds  each,  for  ship-  ing.    They  are  most  familiar  in  the  "g 

ment.     Good  hemp-fiber  is  yellowish-green,  hammocks  commonly  sold  in  the  shops, 

smooth,  glossy,  and  without  odor.     Russian  Sun  Heap  (Orotolaria  juncea\  knowi 

and  Italian  hemp  are  considered  the  best  for  as  Bengal  hemp.    It  is  grown  in  many  < 

the  general  purposes  of  rope-making.     Ameri-  ent  provinces  of  Hindustan  and  in  the  i 

can  hemp  is  dark  gray,  and,  while  strong,  will  Islands.     The  best  comes  from  Comei 

not  stand  the  weather  so  well  as  the  European  and  is  very  strong,  white,  and  durable, 

varieties.  the  product  of  a  papilionaceous  plant  all 

Hair  is  readily  made  into  ropes  by  the  ordi-  thepea  family, 

nary  processes  of  manufacture.    It  is  used  to  The  whole  art  of   cordage -making 

some  extent  for  lariats  or  tether  ropes,  and  for  upon  the  mechanical  principle  that  cause 

various  parts  of  harnesses  and  bridles,  usually  or  more  single  hair-Iike  fibers,  when  t^ 

in  sparsely  settled  or  uncivilized  countries.  and  laid  side  by  side,  to  wind  around 

into  is  prepared  from  the  fibers  of  earoharvM  other  on  being  released.    The  familiar  < 

clitarus  and  corchoru$  eapsulartu.     The  cord-  of  twisting  a  piece  of  cord,  doubling  it 

age  is  very  inferior  in  quality,  and  is  only  used  itself,  and  then  allowing  the  two  parallel 

when  strength  and  durability  are  of  no  account,  to  relieve  their  unnatural  torsion  by  tvi 
The  main  use  of  the  fiber  is  in  coarse  textile 
fa  Tics,  such  as  bagging,  and  floor-cloths. 

Leatlier  tr  Hide.— The  hide  is  cut  into  strips 
when  green,  and  laid  up  by  hand  or  by  ma- 
chinery into  small  rope.  It  is  used  sparingly 
on  board  ship,  where  its  toughness  enables  it  to 
stand  friction  better  than  hemp,  but  it  is  only 
about  one  third  as  strong.    It  is  also  used  for 

lariats  or  lassos.  Fio.  i._an  Botptuh  Ropit-Wxijt,  isoo  B. 

Haaili  (Musa  textilis)  is  chiefly  grown  in  the 

Phillipine  Islands,  and  derives  its  commercial  around  each  other,  exhibits  the  fundai 

name  from  the  capital  town.    It  is  often  called  principle  of  the  rope-maker's  art.     Lo 

**  Manila  hemp,"  but  is,  in  reality,  derived  from  periment  has  established  to  a  nicety  the 

the  stalk  of  a  species  of  banana.    Rope  made  degree  of  torsion  necessary  to  secure  tl 


Ksolb  with  the  differeDt  fibers  in  ose.  If  the 
Gbera  or  aaj  of  tbem  are  twisted  too  much, 
the  Sniahed  rope  is  weakened,  fmd  has  a  tend- 
«iie7  to  kink ;  if  too  little  twist  is  given,  tbe 
rape  is  "dead,"  and  the  fibers  do  nut  properlj 
combine  tbeir  strength. 

Fig.  1  is  copied  from  a  tomb  at  Tbebes, 
of  the  time  of  Thothmes  III,  the  Phsro&h  of 
tbe  Exodus.  It  represents  the  interior  of  a 
rope-joker's  shop,  and  cleverl;  iudicates  the 
materia]  nsed  (leather)  bj  showing  the  bide 
of  an  animal,  presnmablj  a  goat,  and  two  coila 
of  thongs  out  from  tbe  hide  and  read?  for 
Isjing  np  into  rope.  The  Egyptian  rope- 
nukers  worked  in  oonplee.  One  sat  on  s  stool 
ud  payed  out  the  janis,  while  the  other,  with 
•  belt  sbont  bis  waist,  walked  backward,  twist- 
ing aa  he  went,  and  regulated  tbe  tension  by 
weight.  Tbe  yarns  were  made  fast  to  a 
Tel-book,  whiah  in  tnrn  was  attached  to 
tbe  belt,  and  a  weighted  lever  or  twister  en- 
abled bim  to  apply  the  neoessary  force  of  tor- 
tion.  Hemp,  papyrus  <  fiber,  palm  -  fiber,  and 
bur  were  alBo  ased  by  the  Egyptians  end  by 
otber  nations  of  antiquity  in  rope-making. 

The  initial  factor  in  modem  rope-making, 
■bown  in  Fig.  3,  is  known  as  the  "  rope-make r'n 


AGE.  249 

large  wheel  gives  nine  tarns  t6  each  of  tbe 
small  ones  and  their  reipective  books. 

Tbe  wincb  is  generally  used  to  make  over 
old  junk  into  serviceable  staff.  In  this  case, 
ono  end  of  the  length  of  iank  is  attached  to 
the  loper,  and  tbe  other  ena  is  antwisted  safB- 
ciently  to  allow  the  separate  strands  to  be  at- 
tached to  the  winch-hooks  and  insert  the  top. 
By  turning  tbe  crank  in  the  ret^nired  direction 
it  is  evident  that  the  twist  will  be  removed 
simultaneoasly  from  the  rope  tmd  from  the 
separate  Htrands  that  compose  it.  By  revermng 
the  motion  of  the  crank  the  rope  can  be  again 
laid  np  as  it  was  before,  or  fresh  yarns  can  be 
substituted  when  required,  and  the  jank  made 
over  into  serviceable  rope.  When  new  rope  is 
to  be  made,  fresh  yams  are  attached  to  tbe 
winch-books,  the  other  ends  being  made  fast 
to  the  loper,  and  tbe  crsnk  is  tarned  nntil  a 
sufficient  tension  is  ituparted  to  the  separate 
strands.  The  top  is  then  inserted  between  the 
strands  near  tbe  loper,  and  the  crank  is  turned 
in  the  opposite  direction.  This  permits  the 
strands  to  twist  sronnd  one  another,  the  pro- 
cess being  followed  up  and  regulated  by  a  man 
who  holds  the  top.  When  foar-stranded  rope 
is  bandied,  tbe  heart,  or  core,  passes  through  a 
central  bole  in  the  lop  and  is  attached  to  the 
la^e  central  hook  of  tbe  winch. 

Buch  is  the  simplest  process  of  rope-making 
by  machinery,  but  it  is  largely  a  hand  process 
requiring  at  least  one  man  at  the  crank,  one  or 
two  at  tbe  top  to  overhaul  the  separating  or 
uniting  strands,  and  a  third  or  fourth  at  the 
loper  to  regalate  the  strain  upon  the  entire 
length  of  rope.  In  manufacturing  rope  on  a 
large  scale,  far  greater  rapidity  of  action  is  es- 
sential, and  further  combinations  of  machinery 


I  'mch."  Snch  machines  are  often  carried  on 
I  itupboard.  With  an  ordinary  winch,  about  fif- 
f  Iwn  inches  in  dituneter,  it  is  possible  to  make 
good  two-inch  rope.  A  is  the  plan  of  the  co^ed 
wbeels,  B  is  a  "loper,"  or  swivel-hook,  to 
vhich  the  farther  ends  of  the  yarns  are  attached. 
C  is  tbe  winch  complete  and  in  service,  and 
D  is  tbe  "  top  " — a  conical  piece  of  hard  wood 
scored  at  the  sides,  so  that  it  can  be  grasped 
by  the  band  without  checking  the  passage  of 
the  strands.  Four  hooks  are  provided,  so  that 
either  three-stranded  or  fonr-stranded  rope  can 
be  made,  and  the  central  hook  is  used  npon 
oeeanoa  for  giving  an  extra  twist  to  large  rope 
— "hardening  it  up."  as  the  sulor's  phrase 
^oea,  a  service  for  which  the  small  hooks  sre 
Bot  strong  enough.     One  revolution  of  the 


The  process  with  hemp  is  taken  as  the  stand- 
ard. When  the  bales  are  opened  the  fibers 
are  found  somewhat  loosely  folded  in  lai^ 
banks  or  bundles  looking  like  masses  of  fiazen 
hair.  These  are  hackled  (sometimes  spelled 
"  heckled  ")  or  combed  out  to  remove  the  dust, 
woody  fiber,  and  the  like.  Tbe  band-hackle  is 
a  board  set  at  a  steep  incline,  and  having  at 
its  upper  end  arowof  strong  sharp  steel  books. 
The  backler  throws  the  end  of  the  bunch  of 
hemp  against  these  books,  which  engage  it 
and  hold  it  firmly,  wliile  with  a  eoarse  comb 
he  straightens  out  the  fibers  and  with  a  sharp 
knife  cuts  away  foreign  sabstances.  Machin- 
ery has  been  invented  that  does  away  with 
band- hackling.  When  the  first  hackling  is 
done  by  hand,  the  hemp  is  then  thrown  into 
a  box  and  subjected  to  a  further  hackling  pro- 
cess by  msobinery.  This  is  effected  first  by  a 
"spreader,"  a  sort  of  endless  comb  formed  by 
steel  teeth  about  three  inches  long  set  in  an 
endless  band,  which  revolves  over  dnims.  Tbe 
hemp  is  fed  to  the  spreader  at  one  end  and  is 
gathered  into  a  loose  strand  called  a  "  sliver  " 
at  the  other  end.  Thence  it  passes  over 
"  drawing-boards,"  not  unlike  the  spreaders 
in  construction,  but  which  move  &ster,  reduce 


250 


CORDAGE. 


the  size  of  tbe  sliver,  arrange  the  fibers  that 
compose  it  smoothly  side  bj  side,  and  deliver  it 
at  Iflist  in  a  contiuaons  band,  which  falls  natu- 
rally into  coils  in  a  box  as  it  leaves  the  ma- 
chine. When  the  box  is  fall,  the  sliver  is 
severed  and  the  box  is  wheeled  awaj  to  the 


this  way  is  commonly  known  as  *^  patent  oord 
age  ^^  as  distinguished  from  the  old-fashione 
irregularly  laid  varieties. 

The  bobbin-stand  and  the  perforated  plate 
just  described  are  at  one  end  of  the  ^^rop€ 
walk,'*  a  name  appropriately  derived  from  tb 


Fio.  8.— A  Ropb-Walk. 

A,  bobbin-frame ;  B,  yarns  leading  from  the  bobbins ;  C«  a  row  of  perforated  plates  (see  also  Ftg.  4);  D,  strand 
or  readies ;  E,  winch,  similar  to  C,  Fig.  2 ;  F,  a  fixed  pin,  to  which  the  readies  (f )  are  attached  when  hard  twisted 
The  car  moves  with  the  arrow.  Kjpoint  of  attachment  for  the  readies  when  about  to  be  laid  up ;  I,  readies  read) 
ing  from  end  to  end  of  the  walk ;  H,  the  top  (see  also  D,  Fig.  2) ;  Q  is  the  finished  rope.  The  car  moves  with  tb 
arrow. 


"spinner,''  where  it  is  again  passed  over 
toothed  brands,  which  farther  reduce  it,  and 
suffer  it,  when  it  contains  the  proper  number 
of  fibers,  to  enter  a  tube,  on  emerging  from 
which  it  receives  a  twist  to  the  right  and  is  at 
once  converted  into  yarn  and  wound  upon 
large  spools  or  bobbins  ready  to  be  sent  to 
the  rope-walk  or  the  machine-room.  In  the 
former  case  they  are  set  upon  a  frame  as  at 
A,  Fig.  8. 

At  this  point  one  of  the  chief  differences 
between  old  and  new  methods  comes  in. 
Hand-made  rope  assembles  the  yarns  in  a 
strand,  but  a  yarn  that  begins  on  the  outside 
of  a  strand  may  find  its  way  to  the  inside  and 
out  again,  thus  varying  the  strain  to  which  it 
may  be  subjected.  In  modern  machinery  the 
yarns,  B,  are  led  from  the  bobbins  through 
holes  in  circular  plates  at  0,  Fig.  8,  and  shown 
in  detail  in  Fig.  4.  The  holes,  made  large 
enough  to  permit  the  free  passage  of  the  yarns, 
are  bored  in  concentric  circles  as  shown. 
Through  them  the  yams  pass  to  a  tube  the 
exact  size  of  the  required  strand,  and  then  re- 
ceive tbe  twist  from  left  to  right  that  lays  them 
together  in  their  permanent  relation  (D,  Fig.  8). 
Obviously  the  yams  that  pass  through  the 
outer  circles  of  holes  will  remain  on  the  out- 
side of  the  strand,  and  in  like  manner  each  of 
the  concentric  circles  of  perforations  delivers 
its  own  layer  of  yams,  so  that  each  yam  has 
its  place  marked  out  for  it  through  the  entire 
length  of  the  strand.     Rope  that  is  made  in 


methods  followed  by  the  rope-makers  of  an 
tiquity,  as  seen  on  the  sculptured  tombs  o 
Thebes.  Rope- walks  are  often  1,000  to  2,00 
feet  long.  The  one  at  the  Charlestown  (Mass 
Navy- Yard  is  1,860  feet  long,  and  in  them  th 
best  cordage  is  always  made.  Devices  fo 
dispensing  with  the  "walk"  are  used,  bci 
their  product,  until  recently,  was,  in  techni 
cal  parlance,  "dead"  as  compared  with  th 
product  of  the  rope-walk.    An  expert  recof 


':•••:'. 'VV' ••;••: ^  1 1*  I  •••••^i- 

V-*  •  •/   \r  • .  •  */  \  •  •  •  X 


L 


Fio.  4.— Pkrforatbd  Platks. 

nizes  machine-made  rope  in  an  instant,  eve 
without  touching  it,  but  there  is  no  reoo{ 
nized  difference  in  the  market  price. 

After  passing  through  the  plates  and  tube 
just  described,  the  strands  are  attached  t 
swivel-hooks  on  a  frame  similar  to  the  rop< 
maker's  winch  previously  described,  but  i 
this  case  mounted  on  a  car  (£,  Fig.  8),  an 
the  ends  are  drawn  away  by  machinery  dow 
the  rope-walk,  the  hooks  revolving  at  a  f  urioc 


CORDAGE. 


251 


nte,  whfle  a  skilled  workman  saperintends  the 
process  as  the  work  progresses.  In  a  word, 
the  "  winch  "  in  a  rope-factory  is  mounted  on 
a  tram-car,  while  the  hohbin-frame  remains 
stationary. 

As  many  strands  can  be  twisted  at  a  time  as 
there  are  hooks  on  the  winch,  and  their  length 
is  only  limited  by  the  length  of  the  rope-wdk. 
When  the  oar  reaches  the  end  of  the  walk  the 
strands,  or  as  they  are  now  called  the  **  readies," 
are  removed  from  the  hooks  and  fastened  to 
stationary  hooks  or  pegs.  At  the  same  time 
the  yams  are  out  at  the  other  end  of  the  walk, 
and  there  also  the  ends  of  the  readies  are  made 
fkst,  and  the  lon^,  bard-twisted  strands  lie 
side  by  side,  reachmg  from  end  to  end  of  the 
rope-walk. 

In  large  factories  the  walks  are  eauipped  with 

doable  tracks,  one  of  them  devoted  to  the  final 

lajing  np  of  the  rope.    For  this  purpose  a  car 

\i  fitted  with  a  standard^  which  supports  a 

'^top  *^  like  that  shown  in  Fig.  1.    When  it  is 

desired  to  lay  up  a  rope,  the  readies  are  shifted 

to  the  other  track,  and  inserted  in  the  scores 

of  the  top  as  seen  at  D,  in  Fig.  2,  and  at  H,  in 

Fig.  8;  the  ends  of  the  strands  are  released 

and,  aided  by  machinery  Vhich  propels  the  oar^ 

the  strands  begin  to  twist  firmly  around  one 

mother.    The  car,  as  it  advances  about  as  fast 

as  a  man  can  walk,  leaves  a  perfect  rope  be- 

hiad  it  (as  at  G,  Fig.  8),  which  when  finished 


independently  of  the  other  (see  arrows  near 
AAA,  Fig.  5).  At  the  same  time  all  three  of 
the  bobbins  are  geared  to  a  large  outer  frame, 
F  F  F,  that  revolves  in  a  contrary  direction  as 
indicated  by  the  large  arrow.  In  practice  this 
large  frame  stands  facing  toward  0.  It  is  here 
shown  at  right  angles  to  its  proper  position,  to 
simplify  the  drawing. 

When  set  in  motion  the  action  of  the  ma- 
chine is  perplexing  to  the  eye,  and  it  is  scarce- 
ly possible  to  follow  its  movements.  The 
strands  B  B  B  are  led  from  the  fiying  bobbins 
to  a  tube  the  size  of  the  required  rope,  and  the 
reversed  motion  of  the  large  frame,  F  F  F, 
gives  the  necessary  twist  to  the  combining 
strands  just  as  they  enter  the  tube  0.  From  the 
other  end  of  the  tube  they  emerge  in  the  form 
of  a  rope  or  cable  (D),  of  any  desired  size,  ac- 
cording to  the  size  of  the  machine.  This  is  car- 
ried directly  to  a  reel  (E),  and  is  coiled  up  ready 
for  shipment.  The  largest  rope-machines  are 
not  more  than  thirty  feet  long — a  great  saving 
in  space  when  compared  with  the  1,000  feet 
or  more  occupied  by  a  rope-walk.  Moreover, 
machine-made  rope  can  be  produced  of  any 
desired  length;  8,000  feet  is  not  unoommoQ 
for  drilling  cables,  whereas  the  product  of  a 
rope-walk  must  frequently  be  spliced.  John 
Good  has  invented  a  machine  that  does  the 
spinning  and  laying  at  one  operation. 

Fig.  6  shows  the  different  kinds  of  cordage 


Fio.  6.— A  RoPB-MAKiNO  Machimb. 


A.  ▲,  A,  bobbins  canyiiig  twisted  readies,  and  so  geared  that  they  can  revolve  end  over  end  with  the  arrows ; 
/« F,  P.  a  laree  frame  supporting  the  bobbin-frames,  and  geared  so  as  to  revolve  with  large  arrow  ;  B,  B,  B. 
readies  receiving  a  double  tvrist  from  the  reversed  action  of  the  bobbin-frames ;  C,  forming-tube ;  D,  finiahed 
rope;  E,  reel 


is  as  long  as  the  walk  itself,  less  what  is  taken 
up  by  the  twist  of  the  strands. 

The  machine  process  of  rope-making  is  more 
difScult  to  describe,  owing  to  the  complicated 
operations  involved.  In  Fig.  6,  let  A  A  A  rep- 
resent large  bobbins  or  spools  filled  with  read- 
ies or  twisted  strands.  These  are  mounted  on 
axles  flet  in  frames,  which  have  other  axles  or 
gimbaJa  of  their  own,  so  that  while  the  strands 
are  being  reeled  off  from  the  bobbins,  the 
bobbins  in  turn  can  revolve  end  over  end,  each 


in  common  use.  A  is  right-handed^  or  plain 
laid  rope — the  ordinary  rope  of  commerce 
— having  three  strands.  B  is  four-stranded 
or  shroud-laid  rope,  also  right-handed.  The 
fifth  strand  marked  a  is  the  heart  of  soft  stuff, 
and  is  necessary  in  rope  of  this  character  be- 
cause four  strands  can  not  be  laid  up  together 
without  leaving  a  vacant  space  in  the  middle. 
G  is  eahU'laid  or  hawser-laid  rope,  composed 
of  three  plain  laid  ropes,  and  therefore  left- 
handed,  since  the  completed  rope  must  have 


252 


CORDAGE. 


OOREA. 


a  twist  contrary  to  its  own  strands  (the  strands 
in  this  case  being  right-handed,  three  stranded 


Fio.  8.— Thk  Lat  of  Ooriuok. 

rope).  This  kind  of  rope  reqnires  an  extra 
twist  to  harden  it  and  render  it  impervious  to 
water,  bat  this  detracts  from  the  strength  of 
the  fiber;  besides,  it  stretches  considerably 
under  strain.  Plain  laid  rope,  moreover,  con- 
tidns  more  yams  than  hawser-laid.  Their  rela- 
tive strength  is  as  8*7  to  6.  A  new  process 
gives  a  cord  snbstitnte  for  binding-wire,  nsed 
by  farmers,  of  which  $11,000,000  worth  was 
used  m  the  United  States  in  1888. 

About  $26,000,000  are  invested  in  the  mann- 
faotnre  of  cordage  in  the  United  States.  About 
8,250  spindles  are  in  use,  including  those  used 
for  rope  and  twine.  The  consumption  of 
hemp  is  104,000,000  pounds  annually,  repre- 
senting an  equal  weight  of  the  finished  prod- 
uct. It  is  impossible  to  ascertain  even  approxi- 
mately the  relative  proportions  of  the  different 
sizes  and  qualities. 

White  nft» — This  term  is  commonly  applied 
to  all  rope  made  of  untarred  hemp.  It  is  the 
strongest  cordage  adapted  to  ordinary  use. 

Back-luuided  Rope. — In  this  the  strands  are 
given  the  same  twist  as  the  yarns,  right-hand- 
ed that  is.  Of  course  this  must  be  a  forced 
Erocess,  since  they  tend  to  twist  together  left- 
anded.  When  closed,  therefore,  they  form  a 
left-handed  rope.  It  is  more  pliable  than  the 
plain  laid  and  is  less  likely  to  ^k. 

Four  varieties  of  hard-service  rope  are  used 
in  the  United  States  Navy,  namely,  hemp,  ma- 
Hila,  hide,  and  wire.  The  sizes  furnished  in 
the  eauipment  of  a  man-of-war  range  from 
1^  inch  (15  thread)  to  10  inches  inclusive. 

A  rope-yarn  of  medium  size  should  sustain 
a  weight  of  100  pounds,  but  owing  to  una- 
voidable inequalities  in  distributing  strains  the 
strength  of  a  finished  rope  can  not  be  fairly 
estimated  by  multiplying  the  number  of  yams 
by  100.  The  ditference  in  the  average  strength 
of  a  yam  differs  with  the  size  of  the  rope,  thus 
in  a  l^inch  rope  the  strength  for  each  yarn 
may  be  estimated  at  104  pounds,  while  in  a  12- 
inoh  rope  it  is  equal  only  to  76  pounds. 

The  navy  rules  for  ascertaining  the  breaking 
strain  of  Government  rope  are  as  foUow : 

WhiU  rope  or  untarred  hemp.  Multiply  the  square 
of  the  drcumfcreDoe  in  iiiohes  by  1871*4. 


Tarred  hemp.    Use  1044*9  as  the  multiplier. 

Manila  rope.    Use  783*7  as  the  multiplier. 

The  answen  will  nearly  equal  the  breaking-strain 
in  pounds. 

Iron-wire  rope.  Multiply  the  weight  in  pounds  per 
fathom  (6  feet)  by  4480. 

Steel-wire  rope.  Use  7098  as  the  multiplier.  The 
answers  will  bo  in  pounds  as  before. 

The  square  of  half  the  drcumferenoe  gives  the 
breakingHStrain  of  inferior  plain  laid  rope  in  tons. 
This  is  a  safe  rule  and  easy  to  remember;  but  no 
cordage  should  be  subjected  to  a  strain  of  more  than 
one  third  its  estimated  strength. 

To  asoortain  the  weight  of  common  plain  laid, 
tarred  rope,  multiply  the  square  of  the  circumference 
by  the  len^h  in  fathoms,  and  divide  by  4*24.  The 
answer  will  be  in  pounds. 

COREA,  a  monarchy  in  eastern  Asia.  The 
reigning  monarch,  Li-EIi,  succeeded  King 
Shoal  Shing  in  1864.  The  Govemment  is  an 
hereditary  monarchy  of  an  absolute  type, 
modeled  on  that  of  China.  No  important  step 
is  taken  in  the  affiairs  of  Corea  without  the 
consent  of  the  Chinese  Government.  The 
suzerainty  of  China  has  been  acknowledged  by 
Corea  since  the  seventeenth  centnry,  and  the 
dependent  relation  is  stated  in  the  Chinese- 
Corean  frontier  trade  regulations.  The  reve- 
nue is  principally  paid  in  grain,  and  depends 
upon  the  state  of  the  harvests.  In  1886  the 
customs  duties  amounted  to  $160,278,  and  thej 
were  estimated  to  exceed  $200,000  in  1887. 
There  is  a  standing  army  of  about  2,000  offi- 
cers and  men,  constituting  a  royal  guard,  who 
are  armed  mostly  with  breech-loading  rifies. 

Area  and  PvpilatfM* — The  estiuoated  area  is 
82,000  square  miles,  with  a  popnlation  of  10,- 
628,937,  of  whom  5^12,823  are  males,  and 
5,216,614  females.     The  capital,   Seoul,   has 
about  250,000  inhabitants.    In  1887  there  were 
about  8,700  foreign  residents  in  Corea,  consist- 
ing of  8,000  Japanese,  600  Chinese,  and  100 
others,  mainly  Germans,  Americans,  British,       '' 
French,  and  Russians.    The  language  of  the      ^ 
country   ia   intermediate    between   Mongolo-     ^ 
Tartar  and  Japanese. 

Cowaerfe. — The  values  of  the  imports  and     i 
exports  for  three  years  were  as  follow : 


YEAR. 

K.p-^ 

1884 

$968,408 
1,651,M2 
8,474,158 

$444,689 

1885 

8Sa,028 

1886 

504,2S5 

The  principal  imports  in  1886  were  cottoO 
goods  of  the  value  of  $1,800,618 ;  metals,  chief' 
ly  copper,  $64,718;  rice,  $586,543;  silk,  26.- 
818;  dyes  and  colors,  $38,660;   kerosene-oil^ 
$20,207.     Rice  is  not  usually  an  article  of  im^— 
port,  bnt  the  deficiency  caused  by  a  bad  bar— 
vest  in  1885  had  to  be  supplied  from  abroad' 
The  leading  exports  were  cowhides,  of  th^ 
value  of  $882,066,  and  beans,  valued  at  $51,739* 
The  Govemment  has  a  monopoly  of  the  prod- 
uct of  ginseng,  which  is  exported  overland  to 
China  to  the  value  of  $400,000  annually.    Tha 
chief    agricultural   products  are  rice,   milletv 
beans,  and  jute.    Japan  controls  the  greater 
part  of  the  foreign  trade,  and  in  1886  imported     ! 


OOREA.  COSTA  RICA.                  253 

intoCorea  goods  of  tLe  yalne  of  $2,020,630;  Japan,  the*  significance  of  which  is  found  in 

tbe  exports  from  Corea  to  Japan  during  the  the  fact  that  Japan  was  formerly  considered  a 

same  year  were  valued  at  $488,<>41.     Gold  to  vassal  of  China.    Li  Hung  Chang  objected  to 

tbe  amount  of  $500,000  was  exported  from  giving  the  Corean  envoys  the  same  rank  as 

Corea  in  1886.  Chinese  representatives  abroad,  but  withdrew 

In  1886,  557  vessels,  of  161,900  tons,  entered  his  objections  od  the  conditions  that  the  Corean 

the  open  ports  of  Jenchuan,  Fusan,  and  Yuen-  envoys,  on  arriving  at  the  foreign  capitals, 

san  from  foreign  countries ;  while  560  vessels,  should  report  to  the  Chinese  ministers,  and  be 

of  162,435  tons,  cleared  the  ports.  introduced  by  them  to  the  foreign  ministers  of 

The  trade-returns  for  1887  show  a  substan-  the  countries  to  which  they  were  accredited ; 

tial  improvement.    The  total  value  of  imports  that  the  Chinese  minister  should  take  preced- 

at  the  open  ports  was  $2,815,441,  in  which  ence  of  the  Corean  minister  on  public  occa- 

cotton  goods  figured  for  $1,884,497.    The  ex-  sions ;  and  that  the  Corean  ministers  should 

ports  amounted  to  $804,996.    Cowhides  usu-  consult  with  the  Chinese  ministers  on  all  ques- 

ally  constitute  two  thirds  of  the  exports,  but  tions  of  importance.    The  King  accepted  tnese 

in  this  year  the  export  of  beans  was  greatest  conditions.      Wlien  the  Corean  envoy,   Pak 

m  value.  Ding- Yang,  reached  Washington,  he  was  con- 

faralgn    Bclatl0H. — The    suzerain    rights   of  fronted  with  the  difiBculty,  which  Li  Hung 

China  oyer  Corea  were  suffered  to  fall  into  Chang  had  not  taken  into  consideration  in  his 

abeyance  until  the  danger  of  a  Russian  annexa-  arrangement,  that  a  diplomatic  representative 

tion  of  the  northern  part  of  the  kingdom,  for  of  a  vassal  state,  subject  to  the  guidance  of  the 

the  sake  of  having  a  winter  port  on  the  Pa-  envoy  of  the  suzerain  power,  has  no  standing 

dfic,  excited    alarm    both  in  China  and   in  in  Western  diplomacy.    He  accordingly,  per- 

Japan.     The  Chinese  Government,  on  this  ac-  haps  not  without  the  foreknowledge  of  his 

count,  determined  on  a  more  visible  display  of  Government,  obtained  his  reception  at  Wash- 

the  relations   of  sovereign  and  vassal.    The  ington  without  the  intervention  of  the  Chinese 

King  of  Corea,  on  the  contrary,  was  filled  representative.     The  Chinese  Foreign  Ofiice 

with  a  desire  to  show  his  independence  of  thereupon  demanded  explanations  from  the 

China,  being  influenced  in  his  decision  by  his  Corean  King,  and  received  the  assurance  that 

ambitions  queen,  who  was  made  the  victim  of  the  envoy  had  exceeded  his  instructions, 

allorements  held  out  by  intriguing  foreign  rep-  OBtkrtak  In  SetiL — ^A  fanatical  outbreak  of 

resentatives  in  Seoul.    Since  the  retirement  of  the  population  of  the  capital  against  foreigners 

Herr  von  MdllendorfiT,  the  King's  adviser  in  oocnrred  in  the  early  summer.    It  was  caused 

foreign  affairs  has  been  an  American  named  by  Chinamen  who  spread  a  report  that  Ameri- 

Denny.     During  the  past  five  years  China  has  can  missionaries  kidnapped   Corean  children 

acted  on  many  occasions  as  a  suzerain  power,  and  boiled  them  in  order  to  obtain  a  prepara- 

Wben  an  insurrection  occurred  in  Corea,  which  tion  that  is  nsed  in  making  photographs.    The 

was  the  outcome  of  a  plot  to  place  the  country  authorities  in  Seoul  took  steps  to  protect  the 

Qoder  Rassiao  protection,  the  capital  was  oc-  missionaries  before  the  disturbance  occnrred; 

(opied  by  Chinese  troops,  and  Corean  states-  but  nine  Corean  officials  who  were  suspected 

men  were  imprisoned  and  banished  by  the  of  being  engaged  in  the  sale  of  children  to  for- 

Cbioese  authoricies.    The  King  has  often  ap-  eigners  were  seized  by  the  mob  and  decapi- 

plied  to  tbe  Chinese  Government  to  perform  tated  in  the  streets.    In  response  to  telegrams 

Acts  that  he  would  have  no  hesitation  in  de-  from    the    foreign  representatives   at    Seoul, 

ciding  on  for  himself  if  he  were  independent.  American,  French,  and  Russian  gun-boats  at 

Tet,  in  bis  foreign  relations,  encouraged  by  the  port  of  Chemulpo,  forty  miles  distant,  sent 

'oreign  advisers  and  borne  ont    by  treaties  landing  parties,  numbering  about  one  hundred 

i&ade  with  the  sanction  of  China,  but  in  which  marines  altogether,  for  the  protection  of  their 

^  mention  is  made  of  Chinese  suzerainty,  he  countrymen,  and  on  the  following  morning  a 

determined  to  act  as  an  independent  sovereign  force  arrived  from  a  Japanese  vessel, 

by  sending  envoys  abroad.    He  accredited  a  €06T1  RlCl^  one  of  the  five  Central  American 

Uiinister  to  the  United  States  and  another  to  republics.    The  area  is  estimated  at  19,980 

tbe  principal  European  capitals.     The  former  square  miles,  and  on  Dec.  81,  1886,  the  popn- 

trrived  at  Washington  toward  the  end  of  1887,  lation  was  196,280. 

i&d,  after  a  long  delay,  was  formally  received  Govenmeit — The  President  of  the  republic 

bj  the  President.     After  investing  his  repre-  since  March  12,  1885,  is  Don  Bernardo  Soto, 

lentatives  with  the  rank  of  ministers  plenipo-  whose  Cabinet  is  composed  of  the  following 

tentiary,  and  notifying  the  foreign  representa-  ministers :    Foreign  Affairs,  Don   Miguel   J. 

tives  at  Seoul,  the  King  sent  a  memorial  to  li  Jimenez ;  Finance  and  Commerce,  Don  Mauro 

Hung  Chang,  in  which  he  acknowledged  his  Fernandez ;   Interior,  Public  Works,  Justice, 

▼issalage  and  justified  his  course  in  giving  his  Public  Worship,  and  Charity,  Don  Jos6  Astua 

savoys  plenipotentiary  rank  with  the  argu-  Aguilar;  and  War,  Don  Rodulfo  Soto.    The 

i&eiit  that  high  officials  from  a  weak  state  will  Costa-Rican  Minister  at  Washington  is  Don 

r^eeive  equal  consideration  with  inferior  ones  Pedro  P6rez  Zeled6n.    The  United  States  Min« 

^m  a  powerful  nation,  adding  the  comment  ister  to  the  five  Central  American  republics, 

that  Corea  waa  nearly  as  large  and  strong  as  resident  at  Guatemala,  is  H.  C.  Hall.    The 


FOCAL  YEAR. 


Import  Into  tlM 
UaitadStelM. 


$1,608,979 

1,409,616 

898,046 


toCosteRiei. 


$1,064,549 
708,980 
648,216 


254                                                       COSTA  RICA. 

CoBta-Rican  Consnl-General  at  New  York  is  coffee;    $669,644,  banaoas;    $75,118,  hides; 

Don  Jo86  M.  Mufioz ;  at  San  Francisco,  Don  $30,728,    India-rabber ;    $20,032,    motber-of- 

Teodoro  Lemmen  Meyer.  The  American  Con-  pearl;    $68,972,    sundry    merchandise;    and 

snl  at  San  Jos^  is  J.  Richard  WingfieM.  $68,972,  coin.    The  increase  in  exports  over 

Amy. — The  strength  of  the  permanent  army  those  of  1886  was  $3,010,756,  chiefly  dae  to 

has  been  reduced  to  1,000  men  for  1888,  to  be  the  rise  io  coffee  which  brought  as  much  as 

increased  to  5,000  in  the  event  of  civil  disturb-  $20  per  quintal  free  on  board.     Of  bananas 

ances,  and,  in  case  of  war,  it  is  to  be  raised  the  amount  shipped  exceeded  that  of  the  pre- 

numerically  according  to  the  exigencies  of  the  vious  year  by  $172,789. 

case.    The  citizens  capable  of  bearing  arms  The  American  trade  was  as  follows : 

are  28,838  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and    

thirty-five ;  7,986  between  thirty-six  and  fifty ; 
and  8,414  over  fifty,  constituting  a  reserve  of 

40,288  men.  ^^ 

FfaUBMS.— The  Government  during  the  fiscal  18»7 

year  1887-^88  succeeded  in  paying  off  the  en-    ^^ 

tire  consolidated  home  debt  of  $8,000,000, 
while  punctually  paying  the  interest  on  the  €«Ae-PUiiittig. — The  coffee  of  Costa  Rica  is 
floating  debt,  and  withdrawing  and  destroying  highly  appreciated  both  in  the  United  States 
$25,000  of  paper  money  quarterly.  The  budg-  and  in  Europe,  on  account  of  its  fine  qualities 
et  for  1888-^89  estimates  the  outlay  at  $3,480,-  and  exquisite  aroma;  consequently,  it  com- 
922,  and  the  income  at  $3,494,748,  the  actual  mands  a  high  price.  Intending  settlers  on  the 
revenue  collected  in  1887-^88  having  been  coffee-lands  of  Costa  Rica  are  warned  not  to 
$8,447,880.  The  public  indebtedness  will  buy  the  land  necessary  for  a  plantation  whoUy 
stand  on  March  31, 1889,  as  follows:  Five-per-  with  borrowed  capital,  the  interest  rate  on  the 
cent  sterling  debt,  £2,000,000 ;  paper  money  spot  being  too  high.  They  ought  to  possess 
in  circulation,  $844,943;  due  Union  Bank,  money  enough  to  pay  cash  fur  at  least  two  thirds 
$800,000 :  Consolidated  Church  and  University  of  the  land.  The  net  returns  from  a  well-man- 
funds,  $346,124.  The  payment  of  interest  on  aged  coffee-estate  average  about  twelve  per 
these  amounts  will  involve  an  outlay  of  $758,-  cent,  per  annum.  The  cost  of  a  coffee-planta- 
150,  and  $100,000  will  be  applied  to  the  can-  tion  depends  in  the  first  place  on  the  quality 
oeling  of  paper  money.  The  latter  will  all  be  of  the  soil,  and  next  on  whether  it  is  situated 
withdrawn  and  destroyed  in  eight  years  and  a  in  the  vicinity  of  a  large  town.  Cultivated 
half.  Toward  the  eventual  paying  off  of  the  coffee-land  is  worth  from  $110  to  $885  an 
sterling  debt  the  Government  will  use  the  acre.  The  crops  are  very  irregular ;  an  abnn- 
60,000  ordinary  shares  that  will  be  turned  over  dant  yield  is  the  next  year  usually  followed 
to  it  in  conformity  with  the  agreement  relat-  by  a  poor  one ;  the  third  year  it  will  prove 
ing  to  the  constmction  of  the  railroad  and  tolerably  good,  and  the  fourth  again  an  ample 
conversion  of  the  debt ;  furthermore,  the  pro-  one.  The  newly  planted  shrubs  will  be  in 
ceeds  of  one  third  of  800,000  acres  of  land  bearing  at  the  end  of  four  years.  When  the 
recently  pledged  to  the  River  Plate  Trust  Com-  coffee-bean  begins  to  form,  plenty  of  rain  is 
pany  of  London  will  be  used  for  the  same  pur-  welcome,  and  but  moderate  sunshine.  If 
pose.  Meanwhile,  the  Union  Bank  has  been  blossoming  be  not  soon  succeeded  by  rains, 
authorized  to  issue  bank-notes  to  the  extent  the  young  berry  will  shrivel  under  a  tropical 
of  four  times  its  cash  capital,  under  the  pro-  sun.  The  annual  coffee-product  of  Coeta 
viso  of  maintaining  a  metallic  reserve  of  one  Rica  varies  between  10,000  and  15,000  tons, 
quarter  of  its  note  circulation.  Tetegrtphs.  —  The  Government  resolved   in 

EdmUiM.  —  In  the  normal  section  of  the  August  to  construct  lines  of  telegraph  to  con- 
Superior  Toung  Ladies'  College  at  San  Jos6  nect  Liberia,  Nicoya,  and  Santa  Crux  with  the 
there  were  granted  in  1888  forty  scholarships,  system  now  in  operation. 
20  of  these  being  awarded,  beside  gratuitous  BailiMuto. — On  October  16,  the  shareholders 
instruction,  a  pension  of  $15  a  month  and  20  of  Costa  Rican  railroads  met  in  London.  The 
instruction  without  pension.  Confrress,  dur-  lines  acquired  by  purchase  from  the  caneei^ 
ing  the  summer  of  1888,  voted  $300,000  for  nonnaire^  Mr.  Keith,  are  the  one  from  Puerto 
the  building  of  public  school-houses  and  the  Limon  to  Carillo,  71  miles,  and  one  from  Car- 
further  development  of  gratuitous  instruction,  tago  to  Alaguela,  ioia  San  Jos6.    Work  is  pro- 

Ummtfvt* — The  imports  into  Costa  Rica  in  ceeding  rapidly  on  the  line  that  is  to  connect 

1887  reached  a  total  of  $5,601,225,  England  Cartago  with  Reventazon,  3,400  workmen  being 

contributing  $1,771,466 ;  Germany,  $815,729 ;  employed.    The  Costa  Rican  system  now  in 

France,     $612,076;     Spain,     $82,750;    Italy,  course  of  completion  is  all  the  more  important 

$4,608;    Belgium,   $997;    the  United  States,  as  it  will  form  another  link  of  communication 

$1,440,729 ;   Colombia,  $798,665  ($798,665  of  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific      The 

the   latter    amount    being    coin);    Ecuador,  company  received  a  subsidy  in  the  form  of 

$21,741 ;  and  Central  America,  $101,644.     On  800,000  acres  of  Government  lands.    The  Gov- 

the  other  hand,   the    exports    amounted  to  emment  has  ordered  the  building  of  a  national 

$6,236,568,  of  which  $5,235,865  represented  wagon-road  between  Esparta  and  Bagacea. 


COSTA  RICA.  CREMATION,  PROGRESS  OF.     266 

LfaM8> — During  the  year,  the  Govern-  the  United  States  of  America,  do  hereby  make  the 

ment  made  a   contract  with  the  Hamburg-  following  deoUion  and  award : 

Ameri^n  line  .nd  mother  with  the  Spaolfh  ^l-Jt.^J^T^X^lx^:""'''  ""^'^  °° 

Transatlantic  line,  to  touch  once  a  month  at  2.  The  republic  of  Coeta  Rica  xmder  eaid  treaty. 

Port  Limon.     The  contracts  with  the  Marques  and  the  Btipulations  contained  in  the  sixth  article 

de  Campos  and  with  Don  Rafael  Monttifar  were  thereof,  has  not  the  right  of  navigation  of  the  river 

forfeited  for  not  complying  with  engagements  ^*^  ^}^  ^1^  ^®*S®^®  ""*'  7*"";  }u^  *^®  "*^  navigate 

ti                          ^^"'I'v  "-6   "  ••'    ««B€^««i*.**i«  ^^j  j.j^gj.  ^j^jj  g^^jj  vessels  of  the  revenue  service  as 

10  time.  jjjj^y  ^jg  related  to  and  connected  with  her  enjovment 

CllMlriflMi — A  contract  has  been  made  by  of  the  "  purposes  of  commerce  "  accorded  to  \\er  in 

the  (xOTemment  with  Eric  Gnido  Gaertner  to  sud  article,  or  as  may  be  necessary  to  the  protection 

go  to  the  United  States  and  Europe  and  form  <>^'^^  eigoyment 

coloni^dng  companies  for  the  settlement  of  de-  BftaWttiw. — On  September  17  the  Secretary 

girable  immigrants  on  the  agricoltaral  and  min-  of  the  Treasury  at  Washington  issued  the  fol- 

end  lands  of  the  republic.  lowing  circular  in  regard  to  discriminating  dues 

Biptoffittw. — Another  scientific  exploration  on  Costa  Rican  vessels : 

of  the  volcano  Irazu  was  resolved  upon  by  the  This  department  is  informed  through  the  Depart- 

Govemment  during  the  spring,  and  II.  Pittier,  ment  of  State  that  various  lines  of  foreUcn  and  Costa 

an  American  topographic  engineer,   was  in-  §i«»?  vessels  plying  between  Costa  Rica  and  New 

^^^^^^   «,;fi,  ♦i,J^*«-ir      Tk«.  f<*«.i^J<k44^t»  ™«»  York,  New  Orleans,  and  other  ports  m  the  United 

trusted  wiUi  the  task.     The  exploration  was  g^^^^^  ^  ^^11  as  between  Costa^Rica  and  European 

made  to  tne  satisfaction  or  the  Government,  ports,  are  allowed  in  Costa  Kica  a  rebate  of  five  per 

and   valuable  facts    in   connection   with   this  cent,  of  the  customs  duties  and  alw  certain  privileges 

mountain   were  ascertained.     It   was  shown  ■*  ^  Port  oharees.    Such  rebate  is  not  conceded  to 

th«  it.  jdtitnde  is  1.411  metre,,  a^d  not  1  608  SS^vtS"'  ete/thrUnS'  sll^^therSr 

as  the  first  measurement  had  erroneously  fixed  ^i  be  subjected  to  Oie  discriminating  duties  levied 

It     The   volcano  has  three  craters,  the  most  by  section  2,501.  Revised  Statutes,  as  embodied  in  the 

recently  formed  of  which  dates  from  the  erup-  act  of  March  8, 1888.   Officers  of  tne  customs  will  take 

tion  of  1728.    Mr.  Pittier  deplored  the  barbar-  ■ctio^  accordingly. 

ous  destruction  of  the  magnificent  forest  that  CREMATION,  PKOOiSB  OF.     The  argument 

covered  the  flanks  of  this  gigantic  cone,  and  that  Sir  Henry  Thomnson  published  in  1874 

urges  the  Government  to  prevent  the  devasta-  (see  **  Annual  Cyclopeaia"  for  1876,  p.  216)  in 

tion  from  becoming  complete.  favor  of  cremation  as  a  method  of  disposing  of 

€aitnl  AnericM  Vilei  M^veaeit — On  July  6  the  dead,  although  it  was  urged  principally 
President  Soto  issued  a  decree  advocating  the  upon  sanitary  grounds,  was  shocking  to  a  con- 
aasembling  of  a  Central  American  diet  for  the  siderable  part  of  the  public.  Many  persons 
purpose  of  planning  the  re-establishment  of  a  regarded  it  as  a  covert  attack  upon  Christi- 
nnion  of  the  1\ve  republics,  pending  which  anity.  Tet  the  thought  was  not  new,  for  it 
Costa  Rican  citizenship  was  extended  to  the  had  been  broached  in  Italy  in  1866;  Gorini 
citizens  of  Guatemala,  Honduras,  Salvador,  and  and  Pollini  had  published  the  results  of  experi- 
l^icaragua.  This  initiative  on  the  part  of  Costa  ments  in  cremation  in  1872,  and  a  model  fur- 
Rica  having  met  with  a  cordial  response,  the  nace,  iUnstrating  the  practicability  of  the  pro- 
di^  which  was  composed  of  one  representa-  cess,  had  been  shown  by  Prof.  Brunetti,  of 
tive  from  each  of  the  five  republics,  met  at  Padua,  at  the  Vienna  Exhibition  of  1878.  The 
San  Jos^  on  September  16,  and  Don  Ricardo  Cremation  Society  of  England  was  formed,  in 
Jimenez,  the  representative  of  Costa  Rica,  1879,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  informa- 
was  elected  chairman.  tion  on  the  subject,  and  adopting  the  best 

Aauakam  ArMtntlMt — On  March  24  President  method  of  performing  the  process  as  soon  as 

Cleveland  announced  his  decision  on  the  dis-  that  could    be  determined.     Legal  opinions 

pQted  questions  between  Costa  Rica  and  Nica-  having  been  obtained  to  the  effect  that  this 

ragna,  in  which  he  said :  meth<xl  of  disposing  of  human  bodies  was  not 


^  city       

day  of  December,  1886,  between  the  republics  of  crematory  on  its  grounds.     The  execution  of 

Coeta  Rica  and  Nicaragua,  whereby  it  was  agreed  that  this  contract  was  forbidden  by  the  Bishop  of 

2^W»"[^i^rdUv*SfXiJr?rTS  Rochester,  «id  then  an  independent  p^perty 

o€  the  16th  day  of  April,  1868,  should  be  submitted  ^^  obtained  at  Woking,  and  a  Gonni  furnace 

to  the  arbitration  of  the  President  of  the  United  States  was  erected  upon  it,  in  which  it  was  proved 

of  America;  that,  if  the  arbitrator's  award  should  de-  by  experiment,  in  1879,  that  a  complete  com- 

tOTQine  that  the  tr«rty  was  valid,  the  same  award  bustion   of   an   adult  human   body  could   be 

ahoald  also  declare  whether  Costa  Rica  has  the  right  ^a^^^^  ;„  «v^„i.  „„  i.«.,«   „,:*k^„*  «„r.o;««  ««^ 

<rf  navigation  of  the  river  San  Juan  with  vessels  of  effected  m  ^out  an  hour,  without  causing  any 

war  or  of  the  revenue  service,  and  other  points.    And  smoke  or  effluvia,  and  with  the  reduction  of 

the  arfoitrator,  haying  delejgiated  his  powers  to  the  every  particle   of  organic  matter   to  a  pure, 

Hon.  George  L.  Rives,  Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  white,  dry  ash.     Human  cremations  had  al- 

SS?;  ^'nS^.°^^'^iwn«  t^m-^^^^^  ready  taken  place  abroad,  by  Brunetti  in  1869 
SODS,  aocimiraits,  ana  answers,  has  made  nis  report         ,  %  ^>_-.       iT  tv      j  j   d      i       /au     i  aa 

m  TOtin^  thereon  to  the  arbitrator.  and  1870;  at  Dresden  and  Breslau  (the  latter 

Now,  therefore,  I,  Graver  Cleveland,  President  of  in  a   Siemens  apparatus,  with   gas)  in  1874; 


256       CREMATION,  PROGRESS  OF.  CUBA. 

two  at  Milan,  in  close  receptacles,  with  gas,  in  1888),  crematories  are  in  operation  near  nine 
1876;  and  two  in  1877.  The  Cremation  So-  cities  of  the  Union,  yiz.:  Washington,  Lancaster, 
ciety  of  Milan,  established  in  1876,  and  having  Pittsburg,  and  Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Brooklyn, 
now  two  Gorini  fornaces,  had,  on  the  81st  of  and  Buffalo,  N.  Y. ;  Detroit,  Mich. ;  St.  Loois, 
December,  1886,  cremated  468  bodies.  Si  mi-  Mo. ;  Los  Angeles,  Oal. ;  and  in  many  other 
lar  baiidings  to  that  of  the  Milan  Society,  bat  places  cremation  societies  have  been  established 
on  a  smaller  scale,  have  been  oonstracted  at  for  a  considerable  time.  The  crematory  at  Bnf- 
Lodi,  Cremona,  Brescia,  Padaa,  Varese,  and  falo  is  supplied  with  a  Venini  furnace,  by  which 
in  the  Campo  Varano  Cemetery  at  Rome,  at  a  body  can  be  reduced,  without  offensive  re- 
the  last  of  which  123  cremations  were  per-  suits,  in  an  hour  and  a  half  or  less.  The  ap- 
formed  between  April,  1883,  and  the  31st  of  paratus  was  inspected  with  much  interest  by 
December,  1886.  The  whole  number  of  ere-  members  of  the  American  Association  in  1886; 
mations  in  Italy  till  the  last  date  was  787.  and  among  the  results  of  the  visit  were  the  for- 
The  only  place  in  Germany  where  the  process  mation  of  several  cremation  societies  and  the 
is  regularly  performed  is  Gotha,  where  the  erection,  in  one  or  two  instances,  of  orema- 
tirst  human  body  was  reduced  in  a  building  tories.  The  religious  prejudices  tnat  at  first 
constructed,  with  perraisMon  of  the  Gt)vem-  existed  against  this  method  seem  to  be  passing 
ment,  in  December,  1878,  and  473  reductions  away.  The  Bishop  of  Manchester,  in  a  ser- 
had  taken  place  on  the  31st  of  October,  1887.  mon  delivered  in  April,  1888,  smd  that  if  there 
Cremation  societies  have  been  formed  in  Den-  is  anything  in  Paulas  doctrine  of  the  resorreo- 
mark,  Belgium,  Switzerland,  Holland,  Sweden,  tion  bearing  upon  the  subject,  he  thought  that 
and  Norway,  and  at  several  places  in  the  '^  it  indicates  that  of  the  two  modes  proposed, 
United  States.  A  bill  to  establish  and  regulate  cremation  is  the  more  Christian." 
cremation  was  approved  by  the  Legislative  CVBA,  an  island  in  the  West  Indies,  belong- 
Council  of  New  South  Wales  in  1886,  but  iog  to  Spain.  (For  statistics  of  area,  popula- 
failed  to  pass  the  House  of  Assembly.  A  tion,  etc.,  see'* Annual  Cyclopsedia" for  1888.) 
spacious  crematory  at  Pdre  la  Chaise,  Paris,  Armj, — The  Commander-in-Chief  and  Cap- 
was  first  used  on  the  22d  of  October,  1887.  tain-General  of  the  island  is  Don  Sabas  Marin. 
The  English  society's  crematory  went  into  The  strength  of  the  Spanish  forces  in  Cnba  in 
operation  in  1884,  after  a  judgment  had  been  1888  was  20,000.  The  principal  features  of 
obtained  from  Mr.  Justice  Stephen  that  this  the  proposed  military  reforms  in  Spain  and 
mode  of  disposing  of  the  dead  is  legal,  provid-  her  colonies  comprise  compulsory  service  for 
ed  no  nuisance  is  incurred ;  and  thirteen  ere-  every  born  or  naturalized  Spaniard  who  has 
mations  had  taken  place  in  it  at  the  end  of  attained  twenty  years  of  age.  There  is  to  be 
November,  1887.  According  to  Sir  Henry  no  exemption,  either  in  time  of  peace  or  in  war. 
Thompson,  ''the  complete  incineration  is  ac-  except  for  physical  infirmity.  The  duration  of 
complished  '^  (in  the  Gorini  furnace)  "  without  service  will  be  twelve  years  in  the  peninsula 
escape  of  smoke  or  other  offensive  product,  and  eight  in  the  colonies.  Three  years  will  be 
and  with  extreme  ease  and  rapidity.  The  passed  in  actual  service,  four  in  the  first  re- 
ashes,  which  weigh  about  three  pounds,  are  serve,  and  ^ve  in  the  second  reserve,  the  last 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  friends,  and  are  class  being  only  liable  to  be  called  out  one 
removed ;  or,  if  desired,  they  may  be  restored  month  in  each  year  in  time  of  peace.  No  pecn- 
at  once  to  the  soil,  being  now  perfectly  in-  niary  redemption  will  be  permitted,  except  for 
nocuous,  if  that  mode  of  dealing  with  them  is  an  exchange  from  colonial  to  home  service, 
preferred.  One  friend  of  the  deceased  is  al-  Fliance. — The  Cuban  budget  for  1888-'89 
ways  invited  to  be  present.^'  To  prevent  the  estimates  the  outlay  at  $25,614,494,  and  the 
process  being  abused  by  people  desiring  to  income  at  $25,622,968.  The  actual  receipts  in 
conceal  evidences  of  poisoning,  it  is  insisted  1886-^87  prove  to  have  been  $24,352,489  in- 
that,  in  all  cases  where  the  cause  of  disease  is  stead  of  $25,994,725  as  had  been  estimated, 
in  doubt,  an  autopsy  shall  be  made.  If  this  is  while  the  actual  expenses  were  $26,444,641 
objected  to  by  the  family  of  the  deceased,  the  instead  of  $25,959,735  as  estimated.  During 
doubtful  case  is  avoided.  The  friends  of  ere-  the  first  six  months  of  the  fiscal  year  1887-^88 
mation  profess  to  desire  that,  in  all  legislation  the  actual  receipts  were  $9,959,126  as  com- 
that  may  be  sought  authorizing  the  process,  pared  with  the  estimated,  $10,389,203;  on  the 
the  most  effective  safeguards  that  can  be  de-  other  hand,  the  expenses  did  not  exceed  $8,- 
vised  shall  be  provided  against  an  irregular  904,751  instead  of  reaching  the  estimate,  $11,- 
use  of  it.  378,648. 

A  congress  of  friends  of  cremation  was  held  In  October  proposals  were  made  to  the  Colo- 
in  Vienna,  in  September,  at  which  reports  were  nial  Minister  of  Spain  for  a  conversion  of  the 
made  showing  that  about  fifty  furnaces  had  bonded  debt  of  the  island  and  its  floating  in- 
been  erected  in  different  countries,  of  which  debtedness,  the  whole  agf^regating  the  equiva- 
twenty  were  in  Italy,  one  in  Germany,  one  in  lent  of  £25,000,000.  These  propositions  came 
England,  one  in  Switzerland,  one  in  France,  simultaneously  from  Spanish  and  foreign  bank- 
and  the  rest  in  the  United  StatcH.  According  ing  institutions,  The  conversion  would  chiefly 
to  a  paper  read  by  Mr.  C.  K.  Remington  in  bear  on  the  620,000,000  francs  of  the  loan  of 
the  American  Association  (Cleveland  meeting,  1886,  the  interest  and  sinking-fund  charge  oi 


CUBA. 


.267 


which  would  be  reduced  from  6^  per  cent,  to 
4|  per  cent,  yearly,  while  the  time  the  new 
bonds  would  have  to  rnn  would  be  extended 
to  aeventy-five  years  instead  of  the  present 
fifty  years. 

In  June,  18S8,  the  excise  duty  on  fresh  meat 
had  produced  since  its  establishment,  three 
years  previously,  $118,187  to  municipalities, 
and  $899,133  to  the  treasury. 

Baflnads.  —  During  the  spring  important 
sums  were  subscribed  at  Puerto  Principe  for 
the  construction  of  a  narrow-gauge  railroad 
^rom  that  city  to  Santa  Cruz  del  Sur.  Simul- 
taneoDsly  it  was  decided  to  extend  the  Caiba- 
rien  and  Sancti  Spiritus  railroad  to  Banta 
Clara,  with  a  new  branch  line  from  JPlaoetas 
to  Hernandez. 

TdcgnphB. — In  August  a  cable  was  laid 
between  Cuba  and  Hayti,  connecting  Cuba 
-with  Puerto  Plata,  Santo  Domingo,  CHira^oa, 
Aod  Venezuela: 

TriepbMci.-— By  a  decree  of  May  12,  the 
Queen- Regent  of  Spain  set  forth  the  conditions 
apon  which  telephone  enterprise  may  be  un- 
dertaken in  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and  the  Philip- 
pine archipelago.  The  state  is  to  receive  at 
least  six  per  cent,  of  the  gross  receipts.  The 
conoes^dons  are  to  last  twenty  years,  at  the 
end  of  which  period  everything  passes  to  the 
«tate.  The  telephones,  as  regards  taxes,  way- 
leaves,  and  hours  of  service,  are  to  be  on  the 
aame  footing  as  state  departments.  The 
canceanonnaires  will  have  to  guarantee  the 
aerrice.  and  erect  offices  open  to  the  pub- 
lic The  maximum  charge  for  places  situated 
within  municipal  boundaries  is  $102.  This 
chax^  18  increased  to  $204  for  flats,  and  $833 
for  hotels,  clubs,  etc.  An  additional  $1.60 
may  be  charged  for  every  100  metres  outside 
;^e  monicipd  boundaries. 

Sew  Pirts. — ^The  port  of  Mariel  was  made 
a  port  of  entry  in  March;  it  is  believed 
that  this  port  will  have  a  most  prosperous 
fatnre.  A  railway  will  eventually  connect  it 
with  the  Western  Railroad  rna  Guan^ay. 
Asphaltum  is  found  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Marie],  and  it  is  expected  that  a  good  export 
trade  can  be  established  therein  to  the  United 
Statea.  Another  new  port  soon  to  be  made  a 
port  of  entry  is  San  Cayetano,  near  the  town 
of  Esperanza. 

Ctmmtntm — The  American  trade  with  Cuba 
m  shown  in  the  following  table: 


TIARa. 

Sofv. 

UokMMk 

TofttUr. 

1879 

Tons. 

570,225 

680,189 

698,764 

696,887 

460,897 

668.987 

681.067 

781.728 

646,678 

628,017 

Tona. 
146.841 
114,228 

96,747 
184,224 
100,292 
116^2 
146,984 
187,064 
168,016 
148,677 

Toot. 

716,666 

644,482 

790,611 

727,061 

560,689 

674,689 

778,961 

918,787 

799  598 

1890 

1881 

1882 

1988 

1864 

1886 

1886 

1887 

1888 

771,6M 

Total 

6,042,684 

1,840.019 

7,882,708 

On  comparing  the  total  amount  of  sugar  and 
molasses  produced  during  the  quinquennium 
1879-^83  with  that  of  the  last  quinquennium, 
1884-^88,  an  increase  of  504,225  tons  will  be 
found  to  result  in  the  latter,  or  about  15  per 
cent. 

During  crop-time,  in  1888,  field-hands  were 
scarce,  and  commanded  without  difficulty  $20 
wages  a  month  and  found. 

Average  prices  paid  for  sugar  at  Havana,  in 
rials,  gold : 


tiRADKS. 

Crop  of  1888.|Cropof  188T. 

6Meial  torts.  No.  12,  sattable  for  Bpalo. 

CUyed,  No.  12,  cnrrrat  quality 

CeotrlAumla,  polarlzatloD.  M 

6-8U 
6-87i 
4.69 
468« 

4i 

MnacoTMoes,  polarization,  ff 

MolasMB  Biigars,  polarization,  || 

^ 

fBCAI.  TXAK. 


Iinpori  fran 
Cab*  Into  the 
United  Stitfw. 


$66..M4,684 

1»4 57,181,497 

1S6S 42j80b.098 

WSa 51,-!10,780 

T^^T I     49,.M5.4<J4 

49,819,087 


DooMctfe  tjcport 
fVom  th«  United 
States  to  Cab*. 

$14,667,918 
10,662,880 

8,719.196 
10,080,879 
10,188,980 

9,724,124 


Totel 
trad*. 


#80.112,462 
67.744.877 
61,026,288 
61,181.669 
69.664,864 
59,048,211 


Pr84ictlMk— The  following 
tabular  statement  shows  the  amounts  of  sugar 
and  molasses  produced  in  the  island  during  the 
last  decade : 

VOL.  xxvni. — 11  A 


The  cheapened  production  through  improved 
processes  and  perfected  machinery,  together 
with  the  higher  prices  realized,  materially  as- 
sisted in  placing  sugar- planting  in  Cuba  once 
more  on  a  basis  of  moderate  prosperity,  de- 
spite the  still  heavy  taxes  and  the  abolition  of 
the  "  patronato.'' 

Mfailag* — According  to  the  official  statistics, 
the  mineral  production  of  Cuba  during  the 
year  1886  was  2,066  tons  of  asphaltnm,  112,755 
tons  of  iron-ore,  40  tons  of  manganese-ure,  and 
45  tons  of  copper-ore.  The  exports  during  the 
same  year  were  112,755  tons  of  iron-ore  to  the 
United  States,  1,403  tons  of  asphaltura  to  the 
United  States  and  £ngland,  45  tons  of  copper- 
ore  to  England,  and  40  tons  of  manganese  to 
the  United  States. 

In  May,  1888,  a  royal  order  was  published 
dividing  Cuba  into  two  mineral  districts,  the 
eastern  district  being  composed  of  the  prov- 
inces of  Santiago  de  Cuba  and  Puerto  Prin- 
cipe, and  the  western  district  of  the  provinces 
of  Havana,  Santa  Clara,  Matanzaf,  and  Pinar 
del  Rio,  each  district  to  be  placed  in  charge  of 
a  special  mine- inspector.  Among  the  mines  for 
which  at  the  same  time  titles  were  granted  by 
the  Government  were  two  quicksilver- mines, 
covering  an  area  of  27  hectares,  and  one  for 
antimony,  covering  60  hectares.  The  Govern- 
ment declared  it  was  willing  to  offer  all  the 
advantages  possible  with  a  view  to  developing 
the  country,  but  that  there  would  be  a  difficulty 
from  insufficiently  of  labor  for  working  on  a 
large  scale — a  difficulty  which,  however,  could 
easily  be  surmounted  by  importing  miners  from 
Spain  or  elsewhere.    In  June  an  American 


L 


258  CUBA. 

oompaDj  acquired  in  the  proyinoe  of  Santiago  Marin  for  the  purpose  of  purifying  the  cua 

de  Ouba  the  ownership  of  several  manganese-  toms  servioe  at  Havana,  have  produced  tan 

mines.    The  contract  provided  for  the  payment  gible  results  in  the  shape  of  larger  revenu 

of  $1  United  States  gold  for  each  ton  of  ore  from  that  source  ever  since.     In  April,  brig 

exported,  the  number  of  tons  to  be  exported  andage  and  kidnaping  had  assumed  such  pro 

not  to  exceed  21,000  yearly,  and  the  export  portions  that  the  Captain-General  issued  a  de 

dues  to  be  paid  quarterly  in  the  sum  of  $5,250,  oree  declaring  martial  law  in  five  province 

whether  the  maximum  quantity  be  exported  or  containing  one  hundred  cities,  towns,  and  vil 

not.    The  copper- mines  of  San  Fernando  and  lages.    In  one  instance  a  wealthy  merchant 

the  Santa  Rosa  Company  at  Santa  Clara  ex-  Sefior  Galindez,  was  kidnaped  and  not  release! 

ported  some  copper  through  the  port  of  Cien-  till  his  ransom  of  $40,000  had  been  pidd.    In 

fuegos  about  the  same  time ;  they  begin  to  be  oendiary  fires  on  the  sugar-estates,  leading  U 

worked  ona  large  scale.  heavy  losses  from  the  destruction  of  standinj 

The  Cuban  Bessemer  Iron  Ore  range  is  of  canes,  were  also  of  frequent  occurrence  duriug. 

considerable  interest  in  connection  with  the  season  of  drought  in  the  spring.    The  meas 

American  Juragua  Iron  Company,  the  joint  ures  alluded  to,  which  were  adopted  by  tL 

property  of  the  Bethlehem  Iron  Company  and  Captain- General  to  suppress  crime  throughoi: 

the  Penusylvania  Steel  Company.  In  a  recently  Cuba,  proved  most  beneficial  in  their  resultb 

published  description  of  the  locality  the  Sigua  The  robber  bands  were  broken  up  complete 

or  Arroyo  de  la  Plata  mines  are  specially  re-  ly,  and  fugitive  members  were  captured  daih 

ferred  to.    One  of  the  six  Sigua  properties  is  among  others,  one  of  the  band  that  had  carris 

described  as  showing  outcrops  varying  from  off  Senor  Galindez.     Among  other  inflictioB 

150  to  450  feet  in  width,  with  a  very  large  the  island  was  subject  to,  Havana  was  visits 

amount  of  ore  in  sight.  They  are  located  about  by  small-pox,  of  which  there  were  2,000  caa 

four  miles  back  of  the  Carribean  Sea,  about  in  December,  1887,  and  January  and  Februai= 

twenty-two  miles  by  road  from  the  Bay  of  1888,  580   proving  fatal;    later  it  spread 

Santiago  de  Cuba.    The  Government  employs  Cienfuegos  and  Manzanillo  with  less  violent 

all  means  in  its  power  to  encourage  and  pro-  The  yellow  fever  made  its  appearance  in  8^ 

mote  the  mining  industry  in  the  island  of  Cuba,  tember  at  Santo  Espiritu  and  Paredes,  d^ 

Mining  companies  are,  by  a  special  law,  ex-  mating  chiefly  the  Spanish  troops  stationed, 

empted  for  a  period  of  twenty  years  from  all  those  localities,  with  a  few  cases  at  Santia^ 

taxation,  and  for  a  period  of  seven  years  from  On  September  4  and  5  a  most  destructive  <i 

import  duties  on  all  materials,  machinery,  etc.,  clone  swept  the  island.    Its  disastrous  effo^ 

for  use  in  the  construction  and  operation  of  were  felt  the  whole  length  of  Cuba.  Its  gr^ 

mining  works.    These  exemptions  cover  rail-  est  violence  spent  itselfin  the  province  of  Saxi 

way,  harbor,  and  all  other  works  belonging  to  Clara.    This  cyclone  was  as  disastrous  as  ttt 

mining  companies.    Labor  is  easily  obtainable  which  occurred  in  1883.    The  destruction   < 

at  the  rate  of  eighty  cents  a  day,  and  under  property  on  shore  and  along  the  coast  in  ha 

proper  management   is  very  efficient.      The  bors  and  bights  was  counted  by  millions,  tfa 

climate  in  the  hills  where  these  mines  are  situ-  loss  of  life  at  the  same  time  reaching  1.00( 

ated  is  healthful.  The  Captain-General  left  immediately  on 

Up  to  the  middle  of  June,  188S,  there  had  tour  of  inspection  in  the  devastated  districti 
been  registered  800  mines,  to  work  which  a  but  after  visiting  Matanzas  and  Cardenas  wa 
concession  had  been  applied  for  in  the  province  suddenly  recalled  to  Havana  by  the  alarm  fel 
of  Santiago  de  Cuba,  namely :  iron,  108 ;  man-  in  the  latter  city  on  account  of  the  numeroo^ 
ganese,  37;  copper,  151;  silver,  2;  gold,  8;  strikes  occurring  in  various  trades,  the  mora- 
sulphate  of  zinc,  3 ;  lead,  1 ;  antimony,  1 ;  and  ment  being  the  result  of  the  cigarmaker0 
coal,  1.  One  of  the  gold-mines  is  near  the  strike.  The  authorities  wore  resolved  to  take 
village  of  Jiguanf,  on  the  bank  of  the  river  the  severest  measures  to  prevent  a  distorts 
of  the  same  name.  A  fair  quantity  of  gold  is  ance  ;  but  good  order  prevailed,  the  cigar- 
said  to  be  in  the  bed  of  the  stream,  and  a  joint-  makers*  strike,  having  kept  at  one  time  8,000 
stock  company  was  organized  to  work  this  operators  out  of  employment,  ending  earlj  in 
mine.  Favorable  accounts  were  also  received  October.  At  4  a.  m.,  on  July  2,  a  severe  shock 
from  the  San  Anastasio  gold-mine  at  Guara-  of  earthquake  was  experienced  at  Baracoa  and 
cabulla,  near  Placetas,  Santa  Clara.  vicinity;    the  damage  to  property  was  con- 

Jltw  Textile  fiber. — Don  Leopoldo  del  Castillo,  siderable,  but  there  was  no  loss  of  life.   lo 

of  Puerto  Principe,  has  introduced  a  new  fiber,  September,  in   the  district  of  Roque  spring! 

that    of   the    quimbomb6    plant,    indigenous  that  had  been  dry  for  a  long  time  were  agaii 

to  the  locality  and  island,  growing  .apontane-  flowing,   partially  submerging   some    estates 

ously  in  all  sorts  of  soil  throughout  the  year,  their    reappearance    exciting    general    alam 

and  furnishing  a  soft,  white  fiber  of  great  tbrotighout  the  district, 

strength,  considered  superior  to  flax.    Good  imericaD  Conudar  Service. — ^The  Consul-Gen 

progress  has  also  been  made  with  ramie  cul-  eral  at  Havana  is  Ramon  O.  Williams;  th 

ture  at  Guines.  Consul   at   Matanzas,  Frank   H.  Pierce;   i 

CieiienU    GiwdltlM. — ^The  stringent  measures  Santiago,  Otto   E.    Reimer;    at  Cienfuega 

taken  in  August,   1887,  by  Captain-General  Henry  A.  Ehninger. 


DAKOTA     TT 


Longitude 


DAKOTA.  259 

Mb  Tfforil  Traaty. — On  Jan.  12, 1888,  the  coffee,  fresh  fruits,  hemp,  flax,  hides,  palm-oil, 
Madrid  Government  **Gaceta^'  published  the  sugars  not  above  No.  16  Dutch  standard,  mo- 
text  of  the  agreement  between  8pain  and  the  lasses,  woods,  sponges,  guano,  and  coin.  On 
United  States  for  the  prolongation  until  June  cigars  and  cigarettes  the  duty  was  to  be  12^ 
30  of  the  suspension  of  differential  dues  upon  per  cent,  ad  valorem ;  fine  tobacco,  with  stems, 
Tttsels  and  cargoes  from  either,  in  connection  87  cents  a  pound ;  without  stems  60  cents  a 
*itb  the  colonial  trade.  Dating  from  July,  pound ;  other  tobacco,  17^  cents  a  pound ; 
tie  arrangement  was  prolonged  pending  the  snuff,  25  cents  a  pound;  tobacco  manufactured, 
<^cla8ioo  of  a  more  ample  treaty,  the  agree-  20  cents  a  pound ;  not  manufactured,  15  cents 
oieot  to  be  liable  to  termination  on  two  months'  a  pound. 

^tice  being  given  by  either  side.  Among  the  articles  to  be  admitted  free  of 

Cnatfa  od  Cika. — ^Toward  the  middle  of  No-  duty  into  the  Spanish  Isles  from  the  United 

J^ber  a  report  was  received  from  Ottawa,  States  were  beer,   fresh  meats,   bacon,  fish, 

^tario,  that  Sir  Charles  Tupper  was  actively  grain  and  other  cereals  except  rice,  flour  of 

j^igaged  in  negotiating  a  treaty  of  commerce  cereals  except  rice,  lard,  cheese,  cattle,  sheep 

^etireen  the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  Spain,  and  hogs,  clay,  tiles,  bricks,  minerals,  useful 

oir  Charles  proposing  to  secure  for  Canadian  tools,  agricultural  implements,  crude  petrole- 

P^Qcts  the  advantages  in  Cuba  and  Porto  um,  tar,   pitch,  resin,  coal,  seeds,  building- 

^ico  that  were  granted  to  the  United  States  stones,  ice,  cast-iron  in  pigs,  cast-iron  in  tubes, 

^y  the  treaty  rejected  in  1885.  malleable  iron  and  steel,  wire,  nails,  screws. 

It  was  agreed  in  that  treaty,  negotiated  by  wrought-iron  tubes,  substances  used  in  chemi- 

IVcsident  Arthur  in  1884,  that  the  United  caJ  industries,  drugs. 

States  should  admit  duty  free  or  with  certain  The  report  alluded  to  added  that  hopes  were 

scheduled  duties  all  the  so  scheduled  articles  entertained  in  Canada  of  building  up  an  ex- 

that  were  the  products  of  the  Spanish  Isles,  tensive  trade  in  the  Spanish  West  Indies  for 

Cuba,  and  Porto  Rico ;  and  that  Spain  should  Canadian  products.     The  Canadian  Govem- 

^rant  similar  privileges  in  those  isles  to  all  prod-  ment  had,  indeed,  been  engaged  for  a  year  or 

^icts  of  the  United  States.  two  in  trying  to  secure  the  West  India  trade 

Among  the  articles  to  be  admitted  free  of  for  that  country,  but  till  then  with  seemingly 

^xity  into  the  United  States  were  horses,  cocoa,  little  success. 


D 

,  BIlOTi.    Tenttorial  (SifennMirt. — ^The  follow-  not  include  Indians  or  Government  officials 

%  were  the  Territorial  officers  during  the  year:  and  others  upon  the  reservations,  who  would 

Governor,  Louis  K.  Church ;  Secretary,  M.  L.  increase  the  total  to  700,000.    The  proportion 

McCormack;  Treasurer,  Lawler;  Audi-  of  the  foreign-born  element  is  about  one  in 

tor,  James  A.  Ward ;  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  three  of  the  population.     A  minority  of  the 

Edacation,  Eugene  A.  Dye ;  Attorney-General,  settlers  of  foreign  nativity  are  Scandinavians; 

0.  F.  Templeton,  succeeded  by  T.  C.  Skinner ;  next  come  Germans,  Canadians,  Irish,  and  Rus- 

Commissioner  of  Immigration,  P.  F.  McClure ;  sians  in  the  order  mentioned.    There  is  scarce- 

Cbief-Jnstice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Bartlett  ly  a  foreign  country  unrepresented  among  the 

Tripp;  Associate  Justices,  Charles  M.  Thomas,  inhabitants  of  the  Territory. 

Winiam  H.  Francis,  succeeded  by  Roderick  The  total  of  lands  newly  filed  on  and  pur- 

Bose,   William  B.  McConnell,    Cornelius    S.  chased  by  immigrants  for  settlement  for  the 

Palmer,  succeeded  by  John  W.  Garland,  James  year  ending  June  80, 1888,  approximates  2,500,- 

Spencer.     By  act  of  Congress  of  this  year  000  acres,  or  3,900  square  miles,  an  area  twice 

two  new  judicial  districts  were  created.    Over  that  of  the  State  of  Delaware.    There  still  re- 

these  the  President  late  in  the  year  appoint-  mains  an  area  of  over  22,000.000  acres  open  for 

«d  Attorney-General  Templeton  and  Louis  W.  settlers,  outside  of  the  27,000,000  acres  now 

Crofoot  as  associate  justices.  comprised  in  the  Indian  reservations. 

nuaceti — The  Territorial  debt  has  not  been  AawnMiits. — The  total  value  of  property  in 

iscreased  during  the  year,  the  treasury  being  the  Territory,  as  shown  by  the  assessment  roll 

Bore  than  able  to  meet  demands  upon  it.    The  for  1888  amounts  to  $161,420,974.80,  an  in- 

total  receipts  for  the  year  ending  September  80  crease  of  nearly  $4,500,000  over  1887.     As 

were  $532,766.51,  while  the  expenditures  for  4,800  miles  of  railroad  and  other  property  in 

tiie  flame  time  were  but  $488,109.21.    The  an-  the  Territory  belonging  to  railroads,  with  a 

anal  interest  on  the  debt  is  $56,026.50.  valuation  of  over  $40,000,000,  in  not  assessed 

^prtitlsa — According  to  estimates  of  the  and  forms  no  part  of  this  valuation  (railroads 

Commissioner  of  Immigration,  the  population  being  taxed  upon  their  gross  earnings),  and  as 

of  the  Territory  on  the  last  day  of  June,  1887,  property  is  usually  assessed  at  from  half  to  two 

was  568,477,  and  at  the  same  date  this  year  thirds  of  its  actual  value,  it  is  a  moderate  esti- 

€80,823,  a  gain  of  62,346.    This  estimate  does  mate  to  place  the  actual  property  value  of  the 


260 


DAKOTA. 


Territory  at  $320,000,000.   The  following  table 
shows  some  details  of  the  assessment : 


PROPERTY  ASSESSED. 


Acres  of  land 

Town  lots 

Horses 

Mules — 

Cattle 

bheep ' 

Swine 

Property  Invested  In  merchandise. 
Carriages,  etc 


Nomber. 


28.882,616 


26S,410 
16,067 
B97,80S 
183^96 
174,028 


ValiM. 


$91,876,720 

26,126,666 

12,120,846 

822,772 

7,684,648 

207,790 

446.811 

6,671,007 

2,260,964 


The  total  tax  levy  for  the  year  was  8  mills 
on  the  dollar. 

EdieatloB* — There  are  two  systems  of  com- 
mon schools  in  the  Territory.  Fifteen  coun- 
ties are  operated  under  a  district  system,  by 
which  the  people  retain  the  burden  of  admin- 
istration in  their  own  hands  or  delegate  it  to  a 
school  board  of  three  members  in  each  school 
district,  who  are  chosen  annnally.  Seventy- 
one  counties  are  operated  under  a  township 
system,  in  which  the  chief  authority  is  vested 
in  a  township  school  board  made  up  of  direct- 
ors, one  from  each  school  district  of  the  town- 
ship, elected  annually  by  the  people.  Besides 
these,  the  city  and  graded  schools  are  operated 
under  general  and  special  laws,  while  the  vari- 
ous State  institutions  for  higher  and  special 
education  are  operated  under  special  acts,  and, 
as  a  rule,  are  independent  of  the  general  sys- 
tem of  schools. 

The  University  of  Dakota,  at  Vermilion,  has 
20  instructors,  and  an  attendance  of  more  than . 
800  pupils.  During  the  year  a  dormitory  for 
young  women  and  an  east  wing  to  the  main 
building  were  constructed,  at  a  cost  of  $25,000. 
The  University  of  North  Dakota,  of  more  re- 
cent origin,  has  instructed  98  pupils  during  the 
past  school  year,  an  increase  of  23  over  the  pre- 
ceding year.  A  dormitory  building,  for  which 
the  Legislature  of  1887  appropriated  $20,000, 
was  completed  ^nd  occupied  early  in  1888. 
The  university  buildings  sustained  considera- 
ble damage  through  a  storm,  in  June,  1887.  At 
the  Agricultural  College,  in  Brookings,  228  pu- 
pils were  enrolled  during  the  school  year,  and 
in  June  the  first  class  was  graduated.  A  dor- 
mitory for  women  was  erected  during  the  year 
out  of  the  appropriation  by  the  last  Legislature 
for  that  purpose.  The  Normal  School  at  Mad- 
ison had  about  150  students  during  the  year, 
and  that  at  Spearfish  104.  Appropriations 
by  the  last  Legislature  enabled  additions  to  be 
made  to  the  school- buildings  at  both  of  these 
institutions.  The  Legislature  also  made  an  ap- 
propriation for  paying  the  tuition  of  classes  uf 
teachers  or  intending  teachers  in  several  of  the 
denominational  and  private  schools  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, thus  enabling  many  teachers  to  improve 
themselves  without  the  expense  of  u  long  jour- 
ney. The  law  provided  that  ten  of  tliese  insti- 
tutions may  be  designated  by  the  Territorial 
board  of  education,  and  each  may  have  a  class 
of  from  ten  to  twenty-five  members,  whose 
tuition  will  be  paid  by  the  Territory  upon  or- 


der from  the  Territorial  board,  at  th 
$1  a  week.  During  the  year  eight  in 
have  had  classes  on  these  conditions, 
sum  of  $8,906.22  has  been  paid  thes 
for  this  work. 

The  School  of  Mines,  at  Rapid  Cit; 
by  the  Legislature  of  1885,  complete 
year  in  June,  having  enrolled  48  stude 
corps  of  instruction  embraces  four  ] 
and  two  assistants.  This  school  is  als 
with  the  duty  of  surveying  and  inv 
the  mineral  resources  of  the  Territ< 
cifdly  in  the  Black  Hills,  and  during 
it  published  a  valuable  report  upon 
deposits  in  that  region. 

Charities  aad  Prisras. — The  Hospita 
Insane  at  Yankton  secured  an  approp 
$92,500  from  the  last  Legislature,  foi 
pose  of  enlarging  its  capacity  by  the 
tion  of  two  additional  wings  to  the  m 
ing.  But  charges  of  irregularity  w 
against  the  trustees  of  the  institu 
Governor,  in  September,  1887,  after 
nation  by  the  Public  Examiner,  suspei 
their  duties  a  m^ority  of  the  memb< 
board,  and,  after  further  examinatioc 
vember  2  removed  the  members  so  i 
for  official  misconduct  and  neglect  of 
the  remainder  of  the  board  then  res 
Governor  appointed  an  entirely  ne? 
five  members,  who  proceeded  to  con 
additions.  In  consequence  of  this  dif 
work  was  scarcely  completed  at  th< 
the  present  year.  The  removed  m< 
the  Board  of  Trustees  took  legal  pi 
to  test  the  power  of  the  Governor  to  i 
removals,  but  the  decision  was  advera 
The  number  of  patients  at  this  hospi 
the  year  was  nearly  200.  At  the  1 
kota  Hospital  there  were  178,  an  ii 
81  over  the  previous  year.  At  the  I 
Deaf  Mutes,  at  Sioux  Falls,  there  w< 
pils  during  the  year,  which  is  the  ] 
tendance  in  its  history.  A  workshop 
buildings  have  been  constructed. 

The  Penitentiary  at  Sioux  Falls 
92  convicts  on  July  1,  an  increase  of 
year.  The  total  number  confined  d 
year  was  128.  Since  December,  1885 
of  its  ppening,  the  institution  has  re< 
prisoners,  and  released  288.  At  the 
Penitentiary  there  were  about  50  pr: 
July  1.  Extensions  have  been  ma* 
prison-building  by  the  construction  < 
wing.  By  an  act  of  the  last  Legisla 
000  was  appropriated  for  buildings  fo 
school  at  Plankinton,  and  this  sun 
pended  in  constructing  and  furnishin 
ing  of  four  stories,  with  out-buildii 
were  ready  for  occupancy  in  Angus 
October  1,  however,  no  persons  had  b 
under  the  care  of  the  institution. 

BaUroftd  CtBstracdMt— The  total  rail 
age  in  the  Territory  on  January  1 
miles.    There  were  completed,  or  t( 
pleted  during  the  building  season  of 


DAKOTA,  261 

^wing  lines :  From  Watertown  to  HaroD,  there  held  conferences  with  the  Secretary  of 
niles,  on  the  Dulath,  Watertown  and  Pa-  the  Interior,  bat  no  agreement  was  reached. 
Kailway ;  from  Wilhnar,  Minn.,  to  Sioaz  Local  OpttM^ — The  conRtitationality  of  the 
s,  23  miles,  on  the  Dnluth  and  Willmar  local-option  law  of  1887  was  passed  upon  by 
way ;  from  Oherokee,  Iowa,  to  Sioux  the  Territoiial  Supreme  Court  in  February,  and 
I,  16  miles,  on  the  Illinois  Central  Rdl-  its  validity  as  a  police  regulation  was  sustained. 
;  and  15  miles  on  the  St.  Paul,  Minneapo-  The  court  says  that,  as  the  States  under  their 
ad  Manitoba  Railway,  making  a  total  of  Constitutions  are  considered  to  have  power  to 
(  miles.  Activity  in  railroad  construction  pass  such  laws,  so  ^*  the  organic  act  of  the  Terri- 
Dot  so  marked  as  in  the  year  immediately  tory  is  so  far  a  constitution  in  character,  and 
»ding.  the  temporary  government  thereby  created  is 

^CBltare. — Farming  is  the  chief  industry  so  far  sovereign  that  it  has  the  power  to  enact 
e  Territory,  and  the  growing  of  wheat  has  any  and  all  laws  in  the  nature  of  police  regu- 
the  leading  occupation.  Wheat  is  grown  lations  not  in  conflict  with  the  statutes  and  Con- 
ninimum  cost,  Which  varies  from  24  cents  stitution  of  the  United  States;  that  police 
bel  oo  the  bonanza  farms  of  the  Red  River  regulations  are  necessarily  local,  and  could 
f  (where  the  large  area  tilled  and  the  em-  not  well  be  exercised  by  Congress  over  all  its 
aent  of  special  machinery  result  in  more  outlying  territory ;  that  it  intended  to,  and  must 
the  usual  economy)  to  86  cents  a  bushel,  necessarily  have  placed  somewhere  outside  of 
verage  cost  on  farms  of  ordinary  size.  Congress,  but  subject  to  its  ultimate  control, 

B  following  statistics  for  1887  show  the  the  power  of  regulatmg  the  affairs  of  munici- 
iction  and  acreage  of  wheat  and  other    pal  concern." 

Is  for  that  season  (one  county  excepted) :         Another  act  of  the  same  year,  authorizing 

township  bonds  in  payment  for  the  construc- 
tion of  public  artesian  wells,  was  declared  in- 
valid, by  the  same  court,  later  in  the  year. 

TuatloB  of  Ballroadn. — The  Governor  says,  in 
his  annual  report :  *^  In  1879  the  Legislatnre 
passed  an  act  providing  for  the  taxing  of  rail- 
roads under  the  gross-earnings  system.  I  quote 
the  following  from  section  24 :  *  The  percent- 
age of  gross  earnings  hereinbefore  specified  to 


CERF.AI& 

AOM. 

Bothcb. 

8,818,764 

(108,807 

1,179,289 

17,669 

tS5,ld6 

6,749 

412,741 

82,668,499 

24,611,726 

48,267,478 

816,686 

. 

6,400,668 

rbMt 

97,280 

8,910,944 

• — There  has  been  no  serious  disturb-  be  paid  shall  be  in  lieu  of  all  other  taxation 

!S  at  the  various  Indian  agencies  during  of  the  road-bed,  etc.,  used  in  or  incident  to  tlie 

year,  and  the  Indians  were  reported  to  be  operation  of  such  railroad.    All  property  of 

;ing  progress  in  farming  in  nearly  every  railroads   not  above  enumerated,  subject  to 

!.    The    Siaseton   agency  reported   about  taxation,   shall  be  treated  in  all  respects,  in 

K)  Indians,   the   Cheyenne   River   agency  regard  to  assessment,  equalization,  and  taxa- 

J5,  the  Crow  Creek  and  Lower  Bruld  about  tion,  the  same  as  similar  property  belonging  to 

30,  the   Pine  Ridge  5,609,   the  Standing  individuals,  whether  saia  lands  are  received 

ck  4,385,  the  Rosebud  7,404,  and  the  Yank-  from  the  General  Government  or  from  other 

1,837.    Two  other  agencies,  the  Fort  Ber-  sources.'  In  1888  the  Legislature  passed  another 

*Id  and  Devirs  Lake,  have  about  4,000.  act  providing  for  the  collection  of  taxes   on 

Vn  act  of  Congress  was  passed  in  May  de-  railroad  property.    The  following  is  a  part  of 

Bed  to  meet  the  wishes  of  Dakota  citizens  section  1  of  said  chapter:  *In  lieu  of  any  and 

diminishing  the  size  of  the  great  Sionx  res-  all  other  taxes  upon  any  railroads,  except  rail- 

ation  and  opening  the  region  to  settlers,  roads  operated  by  horse -power,  within  this 

the  terms  of  the  act,  about  half  of  the  res-  Territory,   or  upon  the   equipment,  appurte- 

ation,  or  over  10,000,000  acres,  was  to  be  nances,   or  appendages  thereof,  or  upon  any 

fchased  by  the  Government  at  fifty  cents  other  property  situated  in  this  Territory  be- 

icre,  and  the  remaining  portion  was  to  be  longing  to  the  corporation  owning  or  operat- 

ided  into  five  distinct  reservations.    Acorn-  ing  such  railroads,  or  upon  the  capital  stock 

Aon  was  created  to  secure  the  assent  of  the  or  business  transaction  of  such  railroad  compa- 

iians  to  this  proposal,  and  the  President  ap-  ny,  there  shall  hereafter  be  paid  into  the  treas- 

bted  R.  H.  Pratt,  Judge  Wright,  and  Will-  ury  of  this  Territory  a  percentage  of  all  the 

Q  Cleveland,  as  such  commissioners.     Dur-  gross  earnings  of  the  corporation,^  etc.     As  the 

[  August,  September,  and  October,  confer-  law  stood  prior  to  1888,  it  is  plain  that  the 

K8  were  held  by  these  commissioners  with  Legislature  intended  to  exempt  from  the  ordi- 

i  ▼arious  Sioux  tribes  at  the  agencies ;  but  nary  and  usual  method  of  taxation  only  such 

vas  foond  impossible  to  secure  the  assent  property  as  was  actually  used  in  or  necessarily 

three  fourths  of  the  whole  tribe,  which,  by  incident  to  the  operation  of  the  roads.  Whether 

K  terms  of  the  act,  was  necessary  to  make  it  said  chapter  goes  further  and  exempts  more 

Q^ive.    In  fact,  very  few  of  the  Indians  property  than  is  used  in  and  incident  to  the 

ftated  to  its  provision,  the  great  majority  operation  of  the  roads,  is  a  disputed  question 

Dwnding  $1.25  an  acre  for  their  land.    Some  between  the  oflScers  of  the  Territory  and  the 

the  Sioux  chief)}  went  to  Washington,  and  railroad  companies.    In  1880  the  officers  of 


1 


2612  DAKOTA. 

the  county  of  Traill  assessed  and  levied  taxes  earnings  for  the  year,  no  more  oonld  be  col- 
for  that  year  upon  lands  granted  to  the  North-  lected.  The  case  was  taken  to  the  Supreme 
em  Pacific  Railroad  Company  for  the  parpose  Oourt  of  the  Territory,  and  the  decision  of  the 
of  aiding  in  the  construction  of  said  road,  said  District  Oourt  affirmed, 
lands  not  being  a  part  of  the  road-bed  or  any  Section  1925  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the 
way  used  for  railway  purposes.  The  county  United  States  provides  as  follows :  **  In  addi- 
treasurer  proceeded  to  advertise  said  lands  tion  to  the  restrictions  upon  the  legislative 
for  sale  for  non-payment  of  taxes.  An  appli-  power  of  the  Territories  contained  in  the  pre- 
cation  was  made  to  the  Territorial  District  ceding  chapter,  section  1925,  the  legislative 
Oourt  to  enjoin  the  collection  of  such  taxes,  assemblies  of  Colorado,  Dakota,  and  Wyoming 
On  appeal,  the  Supreme  Oourt  of  the  Territory  shall  not  pass  any  law  impairing  the  rights  of 
gave  judgment  for  the  defendant.  Appeal  was  private  property  or  make  any  discrimination 
taken  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  in  taxing  different  kinds  of  property,  but  all 
States,  and  the  decree  of  the  Supreme  Oourt  of  property  subject  to  taxation  shall  be  taxed  in 
the  Territory  of  Dakota  was  reversed,  with  di-  proportion  to  its  value."  The  question  then 
rections  to  cause  a  decree  to  be  entered  per-  arises  as  to  whether  the  gross- earnings  law  is 
petually  enjoining  the  treasurer  of  Traill  County  not  in  conflict  with  this  section  of  the  Revised 
from  any  further  proceeding  to  collect  the  Statutes.  This  question  was  not  raised  in  the 
taxes,  the  court  holding  that  the  provisions  in  late  suit  to  enforce  collections  under  the  gross- 
the  act  of  July  17, 1870 — that  the  lands  granted  earnings  law.  The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad 
to  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  by  Company,  during  1888,  paid  about  $10,000  tax 
theact  of  July  2, 1864,  shall  not  be  conveyed  to  under  the  gross-earnings  law.  As  under  its 
the  company  or  any  party  entitled  thereto  charter  the  road-bed  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
*  until  there  shall  be  first  paid  into  the  Treas-  Railroad  Company  and  all  necessary  property 
nry  of  the  United  States  the  cost  of  surveying,  appurtenant  thereto  are  exempt  from  taxation, 
selecting,  and  conveying  the  same  by  the  com-  it  follows,  if  the  gross-earnings  law  is  invalid, 
pany  to  party  in  interest  * — exempt  these  lands  that  the  company  will  escape  all  taxation, 
from  State  or  Territorial  taxation  until  such  DItIsIim  tad  Stitehtod. — During  the  year  there 
payment  is  made  into  the  Treasury.  That  *  the  was  much  agitation  and  discussion  throughout 
Northern  Pacific  R^lroad  Company  has  ac-  the  Territory  on  these  two  subjects,  in  the 
quired  no  equitable  interest  in  the  lands  so  course  of  which  the  various  bills  pending  be- 
granted  to  it  by  reason  of  completing  its  road  fore  Congress  were  thoroughly  canvassed.  On 
and  thus  earning  the  granted  lands  which  are  February  29  an  address  was  issued  to  the  peo- 
subject  to  State  or  Territorial  taxation  before  pie  by  the  Division  and  Statehood  Committee, 
such  payment  is  made  into  the  Treasury  of  the  appointed  by  the  Huron  Oonvention  of  July, 
United  States.^  The  doctrine  promulgated  by  1887.  urging  the  people,  in  making  their  po- 
the  Supreme  Court  in  this  case  was  set  aside  by  litical  nominations,  to  select  only  pronounced 
act  of  Congress  approved  July  10,  1886.  Ac-  divisionists,  and  exhorting  the  press  to  main- 
cordingly,  the  Territorial  officers  caused  the  tain  an  earnest  advocacy  of  the  divi.<;ion  cause, 
surveyed  lands  belonging  to  the  Northern  Pa-  Later  in  the  year  this  committee  called  a  gen- 
cific  Railroad  Company  to  be  assessed  both  in  eral  convention,  to  meet  at  Huron  on  July  10 
1887  and  1888.  Tne  company  has  not  paid  and  11,  in  the  interest  of  division,  and,  follow- 
the  taxes,  and  the  validity  of  the  tax  has  not  ing  this  on  the  12th,  separate  conventions  of 
been  passed  upon  by  the  courts."  the  various  professions  and  of  farmers  and 
Another  question  has  been  in  dispute  as  to  business  men  for  the  same  purpose.  These 
the  validity  of  a  gross-earnings  tax.  The  same  conventions  met  and  adopted  resolutions  favor- 
company,  having  rendered  its  returns  of  ^ross  ing  division.  The  various  party  conventions 
earnings  for  1886,  was  taxed  by  the  Territory  also  generally  adopted  division  resolutions,  and 
thereon  $76,000,  half  of  which  became  payable  nominated  candidates  favorable  to  division, 
on  or  before  Feb.  16,  1887,  and  the  other  half  The  result  of  the  general  election  in  November 
on  or  before  Aug.  15,  1887.  After  paying  the  rendered  an  early  admission  of  the  Territory 
first  installment,  the  company  refused  to  pay  probable,  and  consequently  gave  renewed  vigor 
that  which  became  due  August  15,  and,  for  the  to  discussion  of  the  division  question.  North 
purpose  of  satisfying  the  tax,  the  Territorial  Dakota  had  hitherto  been  considered  hostile 
treasurer  distrained  a  large  amount  of  rolling-  to  the  plan  of  admission  as  two  States ;  but 
stock.  The  corporation  brought  suit  to  pre-  with  the  approach  of  the  actual  fact  of  admis- 
vent  the  sale,  and  obtained  from  the  District  sion  there  seems  to  have  been  a  weakening  of 
Court  a  permanent  injunction  restraining  it.  this  sentiment.  While  it  had  hitherto  been 
The  company  in  its  complaint  showed  that  the  scarcely  possible  to  bring  together  a  conven- 
tax  upon  its  earnings,  local  within  the  Terri-  tion  of  divisionists  in  North  Dakota,  such  a 
tory,  would  not  for  the  year  exceed  $12,000,  meeting  was  held  at  Watertown  on  December 
and  the  suit  was  maintained  on  the  grounds  5.  This  oonvention  resolved : 
that  the  tax  upon  all  the  earnings  not  local       „, 

within  the  Territory  was  a  tax  upon  interstate  ,  ^^^^  T^«  *^^°'  *^®  ?^/^^  o^  North  l>^ota  Tem- 

^^r«.,»».»^  ««^  „^:a   «•,;!  «.K«  «^T«..«««.  !>«.,:««  ^^y  ^^  ^"^  seventh  Btandard  parallel,  and  the  imme- 

commerce  and  void,  and  the  company  havmg  diate  admi^gion  of  the  northern  portion  into  the 

already  paid  more  than  the  whole  tax  on  local  Union  of  States. 


DAKOTA.  DELAWARE.                   868 

That  we  are  emphaticallj  in  favor  of  the  name  of  the  election  of  a  Leiorislatare  pledged  to  abolish 

^<j^J>^<>^S?\}^%V^P^^^^^'^,^^^'..    .    ,,  the  railroad  commission,  and  the  abolition  of 

That  the  FiiUeth  Coiiffress  should  provide  for  the     ^i,  fr^^«i4.^«:«i   !«.„„  ^»i^..<.:«»  ♦!>«   ^^^^\^*x 

admifcdon  of  North  Dakota.  *"  Terntonal  laws  enlarging  the  appointing 

That  in  caae  the  Fiftieth  Congreea  fails  to  provide  powers  ot  any  and  all   Federal  officers;    the 

tat  the  admission  of  North  Dakota  as  a  State,  we  speedy  opening   of   Indian   reservations ;   the 

earnestly  request  the  President-elect  to  call  a  special  passage  of  an  act  of  Congress  permitting  county 

•^£Sl%^l!t^i;^^%"gJ^^^^  commissioners  to  lease  school  lands  at  a  fair 

Dakota  Ternary  U  urged  to  provide  at  the  earUest  cental  prior  to  Statehood ;  the  speedy  improve- 

pracdcable  moment  after  its  meeting  in  January,  ment  of  the  rivers  of  North  Dakota  and  Min- 

1389,  for  a  constitutional  convention  for  North  Da-  nesota;  and  the  erection  of  safeguards  in  in- 

^  South  D  Jcota,  Mont«»,  and  W«,hmgton  an,  !"™f  !t^'  "'""''•  '^''"'  '"P'*'""'"*'  S''"'*"^ 

respectfully  invited  to  co-operate  with  North  Dakota  ^^rops,  eio.                           ,..,,, 

in  Uib  movement  for  admission.  At    the    November  election    Mathews   re- 

w^.^^    .     i-k    T        «»r  *i.    Ti    i..!-*-     •  ^     M  ceived  70,215  votes.  Harden  40,846,  and  Bierly 

^J^f^l^^^^^^'^^^^^^^^T^^^^  1,763.    The  Republican  candidate  obtained  i 

the  Territory  met  in  convention  at  Redfield,  plurality  of  9,609  in  North  Dakota,  and  19,860 

and  nominated  8.  H.  Crammer  for  delegate  to  f^  g^uth  Dakota.    The  next  Le^slature  will 

Congress.     The  Democratic  Convention  was  ^^^^^^^  ^f  19  Republicans  and  5  Democrats  and 

held  at  Jam^town  on  July  H,  and  nonu-  independents  in  the  counoy,  and  42  Kepubli- 

Dated  J.  W.  Harden     The  Republican  Con-  ^^ns  and  6  Democrats  and  Independents  in  the 

ventaon  assembled  at  Watertown  on  August  ^^^^     j^i^  presence  of  two  Democratic  can- 

23,  and  was  in  sessionthree  days  before  nomi-  ^j^^^g  j^  ^^^  ^^^^test  was  the  result  of  hostility 

Batmg  a  candidate.    On  the  seventeenth  ballot  between  two  factions  of  the  party,  led  respect- 

George  A.  Mathews  received  a  majority  oyer  j^^j    ^y  Gov.  Church  and  k.  H.  Dav.    The 

delate  Gifford,  who  had  been  the  leadmg  g^st           ^^  tore  between  these  leaders  oo- 

candidate  through  nearly  aU   the  balloting,  curred  at  Watertown,  in  May,  when  a  Demo- 

The  following  are  some  of  the   resolutions  ^ratio  convention  met  to  choose  delegates  to 

^^V^^ '  the  National  Convention.     The  Day  faction. 

The  Hepublicans  of  North  and  South  Dakota,  in  being  in  the  minority,  refused  to  join  with  the 
convention  assembled,  hereby  publish  and  declare :  Church  delegates,  but  held  a  convention  of  its 
That  the  present  Democratic  Administration  at  Wash-  _„^  o«i««*i^  ;♦!  /)/>.i»»o4.a«  ^^  ♦!,«  X]«4:^.>«i 
ington,  emulating  the  present  Tory  Administration  m  ^^^i  Pelected  its  delegates  to  the  National 
the  eovemment  of  Ireland,  has  maintained  and  exer-  Convention,  and  appointed  a  committee  to  se- 
nsed a  tyranny  over  this  Territory,  unjust,  unwar-  cure  evidence  to  impeach  Gov.  Church.  But 
lanted,  and  subvereive  of  the  principles  of  the  found-  the  delegates  from  the  Church  convention 
«  of  the  repubUc  in  denying  admisjdon^^  were  admitted  to  the  National  Convention. 
Union  of  the  States,  for  the  sole  and  only  reason  that  j  .  .  ,  .,  «^«,«:f*^^  «#  ♦k^  t\^„ 
%  maiority  of  our  riople  differ  with  the  Admmistrar-  Later  in  the  year  the  committee  of  the  Day 
tbn  upon  the  political  issues  of  the  dny.  convention  published  a  series  of  charges  against 

That  we  arraign  the  present  Governor  of  this  Ter-  the  Governor,  his  political  activity  being  the 

ntonr  for  prostituting  his  high  office  to  personal  and  chief  cause  of  complaint. 

^tious  ends  and  purposes ;  that  ho  raaiiitains  a  ©EUi^jiRE.  State  GOTenneBt— The  follow- 
perfect  mdifference  to  the  wants  of  til e  people  whom  .  "«»«"««•  "^^  ^"^■"-^••^  xiio  xvuvw 
tc  rules;  that  he  encourages  krjre  and  unw&e  appro-  >ng  were  the  State  officers  dunng  the  year: 
priations;  that  he  threatens  to  veto  measures  unless  Governor,  Benjamin  T.  Biggs,  Democrat;  See- 
the Legislature  shall  be  subservient  to  his  will ;  that  retary  of  State,  John  P.  Saulsbury ;  Treasurer, 
his  jB^mteej  in  many  cases  we  men  who  have  no  wniiam  Herbert;  Auditor,  John  H.  Boyce; 
^lUBcations  for  office,  but  are  his  personal  retainers,  *  i.4.^«,.«„  r««««-«i  t«u«  nl^^ .  rwAr.*  t.,-*;^^ 
Imported  at  the  public  cxpen<*e.  Attorney- General,  John  Biggs;  Chief -Justice 

That  by  every  precedent  established  in  the  history  Of  the  bupreme  Court,  Joseph  i:'.  Comegys: 
of  the  admission  of  new  States  into  the  Union,  by  the  Associate- Justices,  Ignatius  C.  Grubb,  John 
ridite  guaranteed  under  the  Constitution  and  the  laws  W.  Houston,  John  H.  Paynter;  Chancellor, 
«f  the  United  States,  it  is  the  duty  of  Congress  to  ad-  WilloWl  fianlaKni*v 
oit  both  North  and  South  Dakota  into  the  sisterhood  ^  }l^^  ^*°*2,u  ^J^A,  , 
cC  States ;  and  the  refusal  by  a  Democratic  House  to  FtaaMes.— The  Treasurer  s  report  presents 
10  admit  uj>  is  a  viobtion  of  the  duties  and  obli^tions  the  following  summary  of  State  finances  for 
<rf  ite  members,  and  we  hereby  reiterate  our  unalter-  the  year  ending  Jan.  1, 1888 :  Balance  in  treas- 
^  opposition  to  admission  as  a  whole.  „ry  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year,  Dec.  81, 
A  revision  of  the  tariflT  was  favored,  and  the  1886,  $29,849.08;  receipts  during  the  year, 
Pre^dent  was  denounced  for  his  pension  vetoes.  $493,576.68 :  total,  $528,425.66.  Paid  out  dur- 
A  second  Democratic  convention,  composed  ing  the  year,  $478,632.18;  balance,  Dec.  81, 
of  deleirates  belonging  to  the  faction  hostile  to  1887,  $44,798.48.  In  addition  to  the  balance 
Gov.  Church,  and  representing  twenty-three  of  the  general  fund,  there  was  due  from  the 
««mtie3  of  North  Dakota,  was  held  at  Grand  late  Breakwater  and  Frankford  Railroad  Com- 
Fwks  on  September  21,  at  which  W.  R.  Bi-  pany,  now  consolidated  with  the  Delaware, 
friy  was  nominated  for  delegate.  The  plat-  Maryland  and  Virginia  Railroad  Company,  in- 
form adopted  claims  that  it  is  necessary  for  all  terest  to  July  1,  1882,  amounting  to  $38,866. 
of  the  Territory  lying  north  of  the  north  line  66.  The  largest  rejrular  receipts  were,  from 
^  the  State  of  South  Dakota  to  elect  a  delegate  tax  on  railroads,  $62,594.79 ;  from  clerks  of 
l^e  United  States  Congress;  demands  State-  the  peace  for  licenses,  $54,282.70;  and  from 
«»d  for  North  Dakota  by  the  next  Congress ;  sale  of  school-books,  $5,640.98. 


264  DELAWARE. 

The  expenditnres  include  $16,467.12  for  the  lower  house  of  the  Legislature  entire.     Nomi- 

judiciary,  $12,588.24  for  the  National  Guard,  nations  for  these  offices  were  made  in  county 

$17,850  for  iuterest  on  State  honds,  $25,000  conventions,  but  State  conventions  were  neces- 

for  free  schools ;  $6,000  for  colored  schools ;  sary  to  select  candidates  for  presidential  elect- 

$10,403  to  members  of  the  Geueral  Assembly,  ors  and  for  a  member   of    Congress.      The 

and  $18,078.08   for  allowances  made  by  the  Democrats  met  at  Dover,  on  August  28,  and 

General  Assembly.    The  bonded  debt  at  the  unanimously  renominated  Congressman  Pen- 

be^niiing  of  the  year  was  $824,750 ;  against  ington,  and  selected  an  electoral  ticket.    Reso- 

which  the  State  holds  the  general-fund  invest-  lutions  were  adopted  approving  the  work  of 

ments  given  above,  so  that  the  actual  debt  is  the  St.  Louis  Convention  and  the  administra- 

only  $151,700.  tion  of  President  Cleveland,  and  continuing  as 

IDUtla, — During  1887  the  State  militia  was  follows: 

considerably    strengthened    and    more    fully  ^^                ^^  admini«tration  of  the  Governor 

eqmpped,  with  the  aid  of  money  commg  from  and  other  State  officers,  and  in  State  affairs  we  advo- 

the  Genera]  Government,  and  of  an  appropria-  cate  the  continuance  of  the  simple,  honest,  and  eco- 

tion  of  $2,000  by  the  Legislature.     At  the  be-  nomical  adroimstration  of  affairs  which  baa  always 

ginning  of  the  year  the  force  consisted  of  but  characterized  the  rule  of  the  Democratic  party ;  uid 

§,  rt                    ;•  11         -J         I  vv/ijo*  !.«    "^     **  J,  as  true  Democrats  we  recognize  and  obey  the  popular 

812  men,  partially  uniformed;  at  the  close  of  ^ju^  as  evidenced  by  the  special  elecdon  hJlcTlaat 

the  year  there  were  560,  fully  equipped.  November,  and  declare  ourselves  in  favor  of  acoom- 

Edicidoit — At  a  meeting  of  the  Trustees  of  plishing  the  reforms  long  conceded,  by  all  parties  in 

the  Delaware  State  College,  held  in  March,  the  *{;«  State,  to  ly  demanded  by  popular  sentiment, 

A^««fao4>  ««^«  ♦k^  -rx<,:„»„«4^„  ^p  i>««o;/i««<.  n^\A  through  the  medium  of  a  constitutional  convention  to 

contest  oyer  the  resignation  of  President  Cald-  ^  pl^vided  for  at  as  early  a  day  as  in  the  judgment 

well,  postponed  from  the  previous  July  meet-  of  the  L^islature,  acting  for  itself  as  a  co-ordinate 

ing,  was  ended  by  the  president's  voluntarily  branch  of^the  State  TOvemment,  it  may  be  properly 

asking  for  his  release,  in  order  to  accept  an-  *nd  constitutionally  done. 

other  place.  Action  upon  the  resignations  of  xhe  Republican  State  Convention,  held  at 
the  professors  was  indefinitely  postponed,  ex-  Dover,  on  September  2,  nominated  for  Con- 
cept in  the  case  of  one  bona  fide  resignation,  gress  Charles  H.  Treat,  selected  an  electoral 
The  president  reported  that,  for  the  year  be-  ticket,  and  passed  the  usual  resolutions  in  sup- 
ginning  in  September,  1887,  there  were  but  17  port  of  the  national  platform  and  ticket  On 
pupils  in  actual  attendance,  of  whom  only  one  State  issues  the  platform  reaflSrmed  the  follow- 
paid  tuition.  Since  its  reorganization,  in  1870,  jng  declarations,  made  at  the  preliminary  State 
when  it  was  placed  under  State  control,  the  Convention  on  May  17,  which  chose  delegates 
institution  has  had  286  male  students,  or  an  to  the  Chicago  Convention : 
average  of  18  a  year.     At  no  time  has  the 

study  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts  been  .  The  free  and  untrammeled  suffrage  which  lies  atthe 

4.k«  i««^:««  ^k^'a^4.  ^*  ^.k^  «  vii««.«    «-  .^».,:.^^  foundation  of  the  mstitutions  of  the  repubhc  has  been 

the  leading  object  of  the  college,  ^  required  overthrown  in  this  Stote  since  the  enactment  of  the 

by  law.      More   than   one   hundred   students  disfranchising  laws  of  1878.    This  flagrant  denial  of 

have  been  graduated   in  the  scientific,   aca-  citizenship  to  a  large  portion  of  the  people  who  are 

demic,  and  other  courses,  and  thus  far  not  one  ^o*  the  owners  of  propertv  has  produced  a  fruitful 

in  the  agricultural  course.  ^\  ^*  dishonestv  and  jobBery  m  the  management  of 

€»6    V.              .J       °            1     X  J  ^          *.v  State,  county,  and  municipal  affairs,  while  the  assess- 

,,  ^  J^^EP^^  president  was  elected  from  the  ors  oi  the  citv  of  Wilmington  and  the  lew  court  of 

Board  of  Trustees,  which  also  appointed  a  com-  New  Castle  County,  in  openly  and  boldlv  refusinj^  to 

mittee  to  secure  for  the  college  the  appropria-  place  upon  the  assessment  lists  over  two  thousand  citi> 

tion  made  by  Congress  for  the  establishment  of  Jo°8  wfiose  right  to  qualify  to  vote  was  undisputed, 

Ar»..;/«r.u.i..«i  o,<*»A~t»«A»f-  a4-«4-:»*««  ««  «.k«  ^^Jir^^e.  havc  placed  themselves  before  the  pubhcaa  breakers 

agricultural-experiment  stations  m  the  various  ^^  ^^^/j^^  ^^^  ^^e  deserving  of  the  exocmtion  of  aU 

States.    Some  eiforts  had  previously  been  made  good  citizens. 

by  the  trustees  to  obtain   this  appropriation,  We  renew  the  demand  heretofore  reiterated  by  the 

but  the  Federal  authorities  expressed  doubts  Republican  party,  for  the  speediest  calling  of  a  oon- 

whether  the  college  conld   be  considered  an  ^^^^^^^^  ^.r""*^?  the  Constitution  of  thb  State,  and 

•     14.       1        11    **     i.         u-  I.      1          v      xi!  urge  upon  the  voters  that  no  one  should  be  sent  to  the 

agricultural   college,   to   which   alone   by   the  nelt  L^slature  known  to  be  opposed  to  this  meaauro 

statute  the  donation  could  be  made.     Later  m  of  reform. 

the  year,  however,  the  appropriation  was  se-  We  recognize  the  fact  that  the  saloon  has  become  a 

cured.  potent  element  in  the  politics  of  the  State,  and  is  be- 

jB\ilmtmm4tkm       An  iA^^*i^^  #^. *»««r^.  <.»<4  ^4^k/^..  ^g  usod  to  iuflueuce  and  control  the  action  of  the 

WIlBliigtwi.— An  eection  for  mayor  and  other  ^^  ,^  .^  ^^^  ^^^^^  ^,f  ^h^.^  mj^.^1  rights-  and  as 

city  officers  was  held  on  June  2,  at  which  the  the  question  of  licensing  houses  for  the  sale  of  intoxi- 

Democrnts  obtained  their  usual  minorities  ex-  eating  drinks  involves  the  moral  as  it  does  the  poUti- 

cept  on  the  vote  for  mayor.     Great  dissatisfac-  <»!  "ffhts  of  the  people,  we  believe  it  to  be  the  duty 

tion  with  the  Democratic  nominee  existed  in  of  the  Legislature  to  enact  laws  that  will  make^^^ 

ij                    .       .                                i»      u*  u  i.1-  ive  their  will  in  this  respect.    We,  therefore,  declare 

his  own  party,  m  consequence  of  which  the  ourselves  in  favor  of  a  law  embracing  the  principle  of 

Republican  candidate,  Albert  Harrington,  ob-  local  option,  and  providing  for  high  license  when 

tained  a  majority  of  776  votes,  running  over  granted 

1,000  votes  ahead  of  his  ticket  in  a  total  poll  of  We  approve  of  the  re^nt  act  of  the  Legishiture  in 

g  goQ                                                                   '^  secunng  to  the  citv  of  Wuminf^n  honest  eiectionsi 

«2.m!u    •      rm-        1    oi.  i.      A!         X    1.      1-  throuzh  the  operations  of  a  registry  law,  and  declare 

Pwlncal. — ^The  only  btate  otncers  to  be  chosen  ourselves  in  favor  of  similar  legislation  by  extending 

this  year  were  three  State  senators  and  the  the  same  principles  to  all  State  and  county  eleetiona. 


DELAWARE.  DENMARK.                    265 

To  which  the  later  convention  added  the  innpedfled.  At  thntelootion  the  number  of  votes  oast 

folio  winir  *  for  a  convention  is  by  many  held  under  the  pro  visions 

"*  *                      ...    J,  ,            .    ,  of  the  Constitution  to  be  insufficient  to  authorize  you 

We  bebevc  that  the  will  of  the  people  is  supreme  to  call  the  same,  or  make  provisions,  for  its  calling. 
In  xDAkinff  or  amending  the  fundamental  law  of  the  You  will  at  the  outset  be  confronted  with  the  jrrave 
Sute,  and  that  no  convention  should  be  called  for  question,  whether  or  not  you,  as  leirislators,  have  au- 
thal  purpose  but  by  the  authority  of  the  people  \  and  thority  under  the  provisions  of  Article  IX  to  call  a  con- 
it  is  the  sense  of  this  body  that  the  larcre  majonty  of  yentiou  upon  the  oasis  of  the  vote  cast  as  aforesaid. 
votea  cast  for  a  convention  at  the  special  elecUon  held  n©  rash  measures  should  be  resorted  to.  It  is  better 
the  firet  Tuesday  of  November,  1887,  is  the  proper  to  make  haste  slowly  in  securing  that  which  is  deemed 
evidence  of  the  will  of  the  people  in  this  matter,  and  necessary,  and  which  the  increase  of  population  and 
should  be  accepted  by  the  General  Assembly  as  full  needs  of  the  State  may  require,  than  it  would  be  to 
aataority  for  passing  an  act,  at  its  next  session,  call-  attempt  to  secure  it  by  means  seemingly  at  least  revo- 
ins^  a  convention  and  providing  for  the  election  of  lutionary. 
delegates  thereto  at  as  early  a  period  as  praoUcable.                ' 

A  Prohibition  ticket  was  also  in  the  field,  ^^^™^   *    constitntional    monarchy    in 

headed  by  Charles  E.  Register  for  Congress.  Northern  Europe.    The  King   Christian  IX, 

At  the  November  election,  Mr.  Cleveland  re-  ^?^  ft^^^JL'  ^?J®'.  ^^oceeded  to  the  throne 

ceived  16,4U  votes ;  Gen.  Harri8on,12,978 ;  Mr.  -^,^J- J,^'  ^?®^  , ^®.  ^  *  tnf mber  of  the  house 

Flak,  400.    Congressman  Penington   was    re-  of  Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glflcksburg, 

elected  by  a  majority  equal  to  that  for  the  ^^  ^^^  appointed  to  the  succession  of  the 

Demcratic   electoral   ticket;    but,  while   the  crown  of  Denmark  by  the  treaty  of  London  of 

Democrats  carried  the  State,  their  candidates  ^^^  8,  1852,  wid  by  the  Danish  law  of  succes- 

for  the  Legislature  in  Kent  and  Sussex  Counties  won  of  July   81,1868.    The  Constitution  of 

were  unexpectedly  defeated.  Two  of  the  three  penmark  is  embodied  in  a  charter,  aocordinj? 

Kaiators  elected,  and  U  of  the  21  representa-  to  which  the  executive  power  is  vested  m  the 

tives,  were  Republicans.    This  result  gives  the  ^^?»  ^^  *»}?  ministers,  and  the  right  of  m^ng 

Republicans  a  majority  of  2  on  joint  ballot  in  "^1  amending  laws  m  the  Rigsdag  or  Diet, 

the  next  Legislature  (Senate,  7  Democrats,  2  acting  in  conjuncUon  with  the  King.   The  Rigs- 

Republicans ;  House,  7  Democrats,  U  Republi-  ?«?  comprises  the  Landsthmg  and  the  Folke- 

cans),  and  insures  the  election  of  a  Republican  ^?"^«  ^^^V^^^  ?'  Commons.    The  former  con- 

saccessor  to  United  States  Senator  Eli  Sauls-  f  «t».^^  J^  members,  of  whom  12  are  appointed 

bury.     This  overturn  was  the  result  of  an  at-  ^^^'^^  ^^  ^^®  Crown  from  among  the  actu^ 

tempt  to  defeat  the  re-election   of  Senator  9^  "^""^J  representatives  of  the  kingdom,  and 

Baolsbury,  made  by  certain  members  of  his  ^'^  are  elected  indirect^  ^  the  people  for  a 

own    party.     At  the  primaries  in  Kent  and  term  of  eight  years     The  Folkething  consists 

elsewhere  the  anti-Saulsbury  faction  socceeded  J^  ^^\  members  elected  by  universal  suffrage 

in  nominating  candidates  favorable  to  James  L.  '^^  *  *®"?  of  three  years  in  the  proportion  of 

Wolcott,  the  leader  of  that  faction;  and  the  one  memberfor  every  16  000  inhabitants   The 

foHowers  of  Saulsbury  retaliated  at  the  polls  Landsthmg,   besides  its  legislative  functions, 

by  voting  for  the  Republican  candidates.  appoints  from  its  midst  every  four  yeara  the 

n«ll«.-The  Governor  says,  in  his  message  assistant  judges  of  the  Rigsret,  who  with  the 

to  the  Legislature :  ordinary  members  of  the  Hdiesteret,  form  the 

_.           -            \  ,   ^                ,       .    ,  highest  appellate  court,  and  can  alone  try  par- 

i»g^?'r^'or,Sse'f*V^""'u^''S'^rth'f.''rt;  li-Jj?entary.impe.chmentB 

become  so  great  as  to  call  forth  a  protest  by  all  A**®  ministry  or  btatsraadet  consists  at  pres- 

wbo  &vor  the  purity  of  the  ballot.    The  preseut  law  ent  of  the  following  seven   members :   Jacob 

upon  the  statute-book  does  not  seem  to  meet  the  pres-  Broennum  Scavenius  Estrup,  President  of  the 


the  necessity  of  prompt  action  in  the  matter.    So  un-    Otto  Ditlev,  Baron  Rosenoern-Lehn,  Minister 


blnahing  has  the  practice  become,  that  the  votes  of  of  Foreign  Affairs;  Col.  J.  J.  Bahnsen,  Minis- 

^^^J^th^''^L^r\Li''L^^A!^.t^\d  7^^M  ter  of  War ;  Commander  N.  F.  Ravn,  Minister 

woaeet  tnat  you  take  mto  consiaeratioa  the  enact-  i*  t>     •          r   -v  a                  >#•   •  ^        «  n  1 1* 

Mt  of  a  Uw  goveminff  the  holding  of  all  primary  of  Marine ;  J.  F.  Scavenius,  Minister  of  Public 

eleetioDK  in  this  State.    There  ia  at  present  no  statute  Education  and  Ecclesiastical  Affairs, 

regulating  thci«ame,  exceptmg  one  relating  to  the  pri-  Ana  aid  Popilad«i« — ^The  area  of  Denmark 

awry  elections  in  New  Castle  County.        .  and  its  dependencies  is  14,124  square  miles, 

CtHdtitftnl  CiwvMitlM. — ^The  Republican  par-  and  the  estimated  population  on  Jan.  1,  1886, 

ty.by  its  platform  declarations  of  this  year,  com-  was  2,108,000.    The  increase  in  the  population 

milted  itself  to  calling  a  constitutional  conven-  has  averaged  10*29  per  cent,  in  the  towns  and 

tion,  althongh  at  the  election  of  last  year  the  5*99  per  cent,  in  the  country  districts  during  the 

vote  in  favor  of  such  convention  did  not  quite  past  fifteen  years.    The  population  of  Copen- 

reach  the  figures  required  for  such  an  act  by  hagen  in  1886  was  285,700.    The  average  emi- 

the  existing  Constitution.    In  view  of  the  sue-  gration  for  the  ten  years  preceding  1887  was 

cess  of  the  Republicans  in  the  election,  the  nearly  6,000  per  annum.    Nearly  all  the  emi- 

Govemor  cautions  the  Legislature  as  follows :  grants  settled  in  the  United  States.    Between 

By  an  act  passed  at  the  last  session  of  the  General  18^1  and  1878  about  20,000  Danes  joined  the 

AMembly,  a  special  election  was  held  on  the  day  there-  Mormon  community  in  Utah.     The  conversions 


266 


DENMARK. 


have  since  b^n  fewer  in  each  succeeding  year. 
In  1887  only  120  Danes  were  baptized  into 
the  Mormon  Chorch. 

The  Amy. — The  total  peace  strength  of  the 
army  in  1887  was  885  officers  and  16,818  men. 
The  war  strength  is  aboat  50,000  officers  and 
men,  exclusive  of  the  extra  reserve  force  of 
14,000  officers  and  men,  which  is  only  called 
oat  in  emergencies. 

Tke  Nafy.— At  the  end  of  1887  the  Danish 
navy  consisted  of  83  steamers,  of  which  9  were 
armor-clad  ships.  The  others  were  1  craiser 
frigate,  2  cruiser  corvettes.  4  third-class  cruis- 
ers, 8  gun-boats,  4  school-ships,  and  5  survey 
vessels.  The  "  TordenslgOld "  is  the  largest 
torpedo-vessel  in  the  Baltic.  She  is  protected 
with  deck- armor  and  a  belt  of  cork,  and  car- 
ries a  14-inch  Erupp-breech-loader  in  a  thickly 
plated  barbette  tower,  and  two  torpedo-launch- 
es, besides  appliauces  for  shooting  Whitehead 
torpedoes.  Denmark  has  a  feet  of  14  torpedo- 
boats,  and  is  building  20  more. 

FiiucM. — The  estimated  revenue  for  the 
year  ending  March  31,  1889,  is  53,799,872  kro- 
ner, or  $14,465,189,  derived  from  the  follow- 
ing sources :  Domains,  832,674  kroner ;  inter- 
est of  reserve  fund,  railway  surplus,  etc.,  4,863,- 
885  kroner;  direct  taxes,  9,576,600  kroner; 
stamp  duty,  2,755,000  kroner ;  duty  on  inherit- 
ance aad  transfer  of  property,  1,954,000  kroner ; 
law  fees,  2,114,400  kroner;  custom-house  du- 
ties, excise  on  distilleries,  etc.,  27,527,400  kro- 
ner; lottery,  900,000  kroner;  revenue  from 
the  Faroe  Islands,  63,278  kroner;  revenue 
from  sinkiug-fund,  deposits,  and  pension  funds, 
2,223,285  kroner;  miscellaneous  receipts,  1,- 
489,850  kroner.  The  total  expenditure  for  the 
same  year  is  estimated  at  55,879.705  kroner, 
or  $15,024,831,  apportioned  asfoUows:  Oivil 
list  and  appanages,  1,223,744  kroner;  Rigsdag 
and  Oouncil  of  State,  306,616  kroner;  interest 
and  other  expenses  of  the  national  debt,  7,176,- 
940  kroner ;  pensions,  8,463,265  kroner ;  Min- 
istry of  Foreign  Affairs,  886,456  kroner ;  Min- 
istry of  the  Interior,  2,851,530  kroner ;  Ministry 
of  Justice,  3,207,657  kroner;  Ministry  of  Pub- 
lic Worship  and  Education,  1,973,440  kroner  ; 
Ministry  of  War,  10,386,617  kroner ;  Ministry 
of  the  Navy,  6,599,766  kroner ;  Ministry  of 
Finauce,  3,166,472  kroner;  Ministry  for  Ice- 
land, 99,964  kroner;  extraordinary  state  ex- 
penditure, 8,370,898  kroner ;  public  works, 
6,666,340  kroner.  A  reserve  fund  that  is  main- 
tained to  afford  means  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Government  in  the  event  of  sudden  emergen- 
cies amounted,  in  1887,  to  27,870,000  kroner. 
The  public  debt,  on  March  31,  1888,  was  193,- 
017,689  kroner.  The  foreign  debt  was  13.319,- 
666  kroner  in  1887.  The  expenditure  for  the 
public  debt  in  1887  was  7.176,940  kroner. 

C^BBeree. — The  total  value  of  the  imports 
for  the  year  1885  was  249,223,711  kroner,  or 
$67,013,483,  and  of  the  exports,  162,261,370 
kroner,  or  $43,630,276.  The  commerce  was 
divided  among  the  different  classes  of  goods  in 
1885  as  follows: 


Food-Btnflli 

Textiles  and  clotUng 

Other  artides  of  consamption . 

Baw  materials 

Tools  and  plant 


Impofto. 


84,800,000 
41,700,000 
21,900,000 
8S.60a0U0 
101,300,000 


118300.009 

5,700,000 

4,600,000 

88,MQ,000 

10,600^000 


The  principal  articles  of  import  and  their 
values  in  1885  were  as  follow:  Textiles,  86,612,- 
490  kroner;  cereals  and  flour,  82,895,982  kro- 
ner; metal  manufactures,  20,671,807  kroner; 
timber  and  manufactures  of,  19,198,917  kroner; 
coal,  14,730,388  kroner;  linseed,  colza,  etc., 
11,757,705  kroner;  stones,  8,254,454  kroner; 
coffee,  6,972,216 kroner;  sugar,  6,165,220  kro- 
ner ;  tobacco,  5,295,029  kroner.  The  chief  ex- 
ports and  their  values  in  1884  were  as  follow : 
Oattle  and  other  animals,  38,240,830  kroner; 
butter,  30,398,629  kroner;  hams,  etc.,  13,173,- 
076  kroner;  hides,  7,618,645  kroner;  wheat- 
flour,  7,266,648  kroner ;  barley,  6,563,253  kro- 
ner; fish,  6,218,853  kroner;  eggs,  3,859,893 
kroner;  woolen  goods,  3,349,555  kroner.  The 
trade  of  Denmark  with  the  principal  commer- 
cial countries  is  shown  in  the  following  table, 
which  gives  the  values  in  kroner. 


COUNTRIES. 


Oermany 

IToitM  Kingdom . . . . 
Sweden  and  Norwaj 

United  Stotes 

Best  of  America 

Russia 

Holland 

France    

Belgium 

Danish  colonies 

Spain 

Asia 


Inporti  ftviD'^ 

98,570,417 

54,17U,M9 

42,034,975 

15,824.916 

1,294,888 

11,02.%965 

6,dl9.428 

5,524,600 

4.990,124 

4,148,972 

1,574.565 

821,878 


Export!  to'— > 


62,286,988 

62.808,1M 

82,502.276 

2,180,088 

14,409 

a,214j876 

628.755 

1,910,496 

1,828,179 

4.198,155 

120.696 

848,144 


Of  the  total  area  of  Denmark,  80  per  cent 
is  productive.  The  leading  crops  are  rye,  bar- 
ley, oats,  and  wheat.  The  total  value  of  the 
agricultural  product  in  1883  was  298,407,276 
kroner.  In  1885  15,448  cattle  were  imported 
and  98,807  exported. 

The  export  of  butter  is  chiefly  to  Great  Brit- 
ain. Oleomargarine  is  also  exported.  A  law 
to  regulate  its  manufacture  and  sale  was  passed 
on  April  1,  1885,  and  renewed  in  Mnrch,  1888. 
By  a  narrow  m^ority,  the  Folkething  refused 
to  forbid  the  coloring  of  artificial  butter  or  the 
mixing  of  artificial  with  natural  butter,  as  de- 
manded by  the  Government,  but  agreed  to  re- 
strictions whereby  a  fixed  scale  of  colors  must 
be  used  and  not  more  than  50  per  cent,  of  but- 
ter may  be  mixed  with  imitations.  The  Gov- 
ernment was  given  discretionary  power  to 
prohibit  the  exportation  of  butterine.  This 
question  for  the  first  time  in  many  years 
brought  a  part  of  the  Opposition  to  the  support 
of  the  Government,  and  caused  members  of  the 
Conservative  party  to  vote  with  the  Opposi- 
tion. The  country  is  suffering  from  an  eco- 
nomical depression,  which  especially  affects  the 
agricultural  class,  comprising  two  thirds  of  the 
population.  The  constitutional  struggle  has 
hitherto  prevented  the  people  from  dividing 


DENMARK.  267 

into  a  land  partj  and  a  town  party,  bat  the  cases  of  urgent  necessity ;  and  the  HOiesteret 
present  parties  seem  to  be  tired  of  their  inter-  decided,  when  the  question  was  brought  op  in 
minable  contest,  and  the  vote  on  the  new  oleo-  a  private  suit,  that  the  provisional  decrees  are 
margarine  bill  indicates  a  tendency  toward  the  constitutional  unless  they  are  rejected  by  both 
same  political  grouping  of  interests  that  pre-  branches  of  the  Legi>]ature.  Legislation  by 
vails  in  Sweden.  The  increase  in  German  im-  Executive  edicts  has  not  been  connned  to  the 
port  duties  has  nearly  closed  one  of  the  main  ordinary  finance  law,  but  the  criminal  and 
outlets  for  important  agricultural  products,  press  laws  have  been  modified  by  provisional 
and  more  recently  Sweden  has  raised  her  tariff  laws,  which  the  Folkething  has  subsequently 
and  thus  shut  off  another  lar^e  market  for  rejected,  while  the  Landsthing,  without  ex- 
Danish  exports.  The  constitutional  crisis  has  pressly  ratifying  them,  has  refrained  from  ad- 
prevented  the  conclusion  of  treaties  of  com-  verse  action.  The  Kigsret,  which  is  alone 
merce  and  navigation  for  the  extension  of  competent  to  decide  constitutional  questions, 
foreign  markets,  and  even  the  renewal  of  has  not  yet  passed  upon  their  validity.  The 
treaties  that  have  expired,  like  the  one  with  Minister  of  War  announced,  after  the  rejection 
Spain.  The  Danes  are  troubled  about  the  in-  of  the  project  for  fortifying  Constantinople  on 
jury  to  their  commerce  and  shipping  interests  the  land  side,  that  the  work  wonid  neverthe- 
that  the  German  North  Sea  canal  is  expected  to  less  be  begun,  and  that  the  Government  would 
cause.  Some  propose  a  rival  canal  across  Jut-  obtain  the  money  where  it  could  find  it  This 
land,  connecting  the  Cattegat  with  the  North  project  has  been  before  Parliament  for  fifteen 
Sea;  others  have  revived  the  old  idea  of  a  years.  Some  of  the.  militar.v  authorities,  as 
Scandinavian  customs  union :  and  many  states-  well  as  the  majority  of  the  Folkething,  con- 
men  of  both  parties  think  that  a  good  part  of  demn  the  plan,  because  it  transcends  the  finan- 
tbe  North  Sea  trade  can  be  preserved  to  Den-  cial  abilities  of  the  country,  and  it  would  take 
mark  by  establishing  a  free  port  at  Oopenhagen  nearly  the  whole  Danish  army  to  man  the 
besides  the  customs  port.  For  the  examination  fortress,  leaving  three  quarters  of  the  country 
of  this  last  mentioned  project  both  houses  of  defenseless. 

the  Rigsdag  have  voted  considerable  sums  of  From  both  parties  proposals  have  gone  forth 
money,  and  the  Government  has  appointed  a  for  the  cessation  of  the  long  dead-lock.  Be- 
commission  to  take  the  subject  in  charge.  fore  the  reassembling  of  the  Parliament  on 
Tke  CMHdtitiMal  CrIaiSt — The  chronic  conflict  October  1,  party  caucuses  were  held  to  con- 
between  the  Executive  and  the  Folkething  over  eider  the  basis  of  a  compromise.  The  Govem- 
military  and  naval  appropriations  was  renewed  ment  has  promised  the  associated  labor  organ- 
when  the  Government  brought  in  the  budget  izations  to  bring  in  measures  for  the  establish- 
in  January,  1888.  When  the  struggle  began,  ment  of  superannuation  and  invalid  insurance 
on  the  accession  of  the  Estrup  ministry  in  funds,  and  is  disposed  to  follow  the  German 
1876  and  the  first  presentation  of  the  fortifica-  scheme  of  social  legislation  as  a  means  of  coun- 
tion  scheme,  the  people  sustained  the  position  teracting  socialism,  which  is  spreading  among 
taken  by  the  lower  hoase  by  electing  a  Lib-  the  trade-unions.  The  majority  of  the  agri- 
eral  majority  of  two  thirds.  After  repeated  cultural  labor-unions  of  Zealand  in  1888  united 
dissolutions,  the  Liberals  have  retained  their  formally  with  the  Social  Democratic  party, 
preponderance,  numbering  75  in  the  present  while  the  minority  set  up  a  political  programme 
rolkething,  against  27  Conservatives.  At  first  embracing  superannuation  pensions  for  labor- 
all  the  ministers  were  taken  from  the  Lands-  ers,  abolition  of  indirect  taxes  and  duties  on 
thing.  Later,  three  of  the  seven  were  chosen  necessaries,  secrecy  of  electicms,  and  iroprove- 
from  among  the  Conservative  members  of  the  ment  of  the  common  schools.  The  Social 
representative  chamber.  The  budget  of  1889  Democrats  demand  woman  suffrage  alpo.  The 
was  amended  by  the  committee  of  the  Folke-  Liberal  Opposition  in  the  Folkething  is  divided 
tiling,  to  which  it  was  referred,  and  early  in  into  groups,  called  the  People^s  party,  the 
March  was  passed  in  the  modi  fled  form  by  a  Left,  the  Progressives,  the  Liberalists,  the  Con- 
vote  of  78  to  10,  with  13  abstentions.  The  stitutional  Defense  Association,  and  the  Demo- 
bodget  committee  of  the  Landsthing  restored  crats.  All  except  Berg^s  diminished  following 
the  army  appropriations  and  the  items  of  the  are  in  favor  of  co-operating  with  the  Conserva- 
proviaional  budget  of  the  previous  year  that  tives  in  productive  legislation.  Only  ten  mem- 
the  lower  house  had  stricken  ont.  A  joint  hers  of  the  Folkething  still  support  the  former 
committee  of  both  Houses  was  unable  to  frame  leader  of  the  Liberal  party  in  his  demand  for 
a  budget  that  was  satisfactory  to  the  Folke-  ministerial  responsibility  to  Parliament  and 
thing,  which,  moreover,  stood  out  against  the  the  selection  of  the  Cabinet  from  the  majority, 
fortification  project  that  was  again  presented  Some  of  the  present  leaders  of  the  Opposition 
by  the  Government.  For  this  the  sum  of  are  ex-Ministers  Klein  and  Krieger,  who,  with 
1,387,112  kroner  had  been  raised  by  voluntary  other  Moderate  Liberals,  left  the  Ministerial 
omtributions  before  April  1,  when  the  King  party  in  1887.  The  Liberals  have  recently 
dosed  the  session  and  again  decreed  a  pro  vis-  conceded  the  complete  legislative  equality  of 
iooal  budget.  The  Government  bases  its  action  both  houses  of  the  Rigsdag  and  the  right  of 
on  an  article  of  the  Constitution  that  author-  the  King  to  appoint  counselors  of  bis  own  se- 
ias  the  promulgation  of  provisional  laws  in  lection. 


268  DIPLOMATES,  DISMISSION   OF. 

Foreign  Hdatiwst — ^The  sum  of  the  external  States  to  leave  Ler  boandaries,  or  has  been  re- 

ospirations  of  the  Danish  people  is  comprised  called  by  the  power  from  which  he  was  ac- 

in  their   hope  of  the  restoration  of  North  credited.    The  first  foreign  diplom ate  to  render 

Schleswig,  embracing  the  part  north  of  Flens-  himself  obnoxious  to  the  United  States  was 

burg  and  Tondern,  and  including  those  towns,  citizen  Genet  (sometimes  also  spelled  Genest), 

The  Treaty  of  Prague  contains  a  promise  that  Minister  from  France.    Duriug  Washington's 

this  district  would  either  be  restored  to  Den-  second  term  it  became  known  that  a  diplomatio 

mark  or  its  inhabitauts  would  be  allowed  to  envoy  had  been  commissioned    by  the   new 

decide  by  a  vote  whether  they  should  be  Danes  French  Republic,  and  was  on  his  way  to  Ameri- 

or  Germans.    The  present  Government,  by  its  ca.    The  President  had  been  advised  by  his 

fortification  scheme  and  in  its  general  policy,  Cabinet  to  receive  him  at  once  upon  his  ar- 

betrays  antagonism  toward   Germany.     The  rival,  but  neither  Washington  nor  his  advisers 

majority  of  the  people,  however,  see  no  escape  had  any  idea  that  the  chief  object  of  the  new 

from  commercial  and  political  dependence  on  mission  would  be  to  break  up  the  policy  of 

their  powerful  neighbor,  and  deem  a  friendly  neutrality  just  formally  proclaimed.     There 

and  conciliatory  policy  a  necessity.     A  small  was  in  the  United  States  at  this  time  a  popular 

party  of  old  Danes  are  still  filled  with  hatred  sentiment  in  favor  of  France,  and  this  senti- 

lor  their  former  foes.    The  young  German  ment  had  in  the  Cabinet  of  Washini^n  an 

Emperor  endeavored  to  win  good  opinious  in  earnest  sympathizer  in  the  person  of  Thomas 

Denmark  by  sending  objects  from  the  royal  Jefferson. 

collections  to  an  international  exhibition  that  Though  honestly  in  favor  of  preserving  nen- 
was  held  at  Copenhagen  in  the  summer  of  trality  as  long  as  possible,  Mr.  Jefferson  held 
1888,  and  thus  encouraging  German  mann-  doubts,  and  not  without  reason,  of  our  ability 
facturers  to  take  part.  In  the  latter  part  of  to  preserve  it  against  the  feebly  disguised  ill- 
July  he  visited  the  Danish  capital.  While  he  will  of  Great  Britain ;  and  in  the  event  of  a 
was  driving  with  King  Christian,  the  crowds  rupture  with  that  country  bis  judgment  was 
of  Germans  on  the  streets  raised  cheers  in  by  no  means  adverse  to  a  close  union  with 
their  own  language,  and  many  Danes  hur-  France.  Mr.  Genet,  when  accredited  to  the 
rahed,  while  others  hissed.  United  States,  was  yet  quite  a  young  man,  not 

Icelaid. — ^The  chief  of  the  dependencies  of  more  than  twenty-seven  years  of  age.  He  had 
Denmark  is  Iceland,  which  ha^)  an  area  of  been  well  trained,  and  through  the  influence 
89,756  square  miles,  and  in  1880  had  a  popu-  of  his  sisters,  who  were  in  the  household  of 
lation  of  72,445.  It  has  its  own  constitution  Queen  Marie  Antoinette,  had  entered  the  diplo- 
and  administration  under  a  charter  dated  Jan.  matic  service  at  St.  Petersburg,  but  he  had 
5,  1874.  The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  the  imbibed  such  heated  revolutionary  sentiments 
Althing,  consisting  of  36  members,  of  whom  80  that,  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  French  Revo- 
are  elected  by  popular  suffrage,  and  6  are  lution  the  Russian  Government  seized  the  first 
nominated  by  the  Crown.  At  the  head  of  the  opportunity  to  furnish  him  his  passports  to  re- 
administration  is  a  minister  who  is  nominated  turn  to  Paris.  This  event  probably  recom- 
by  the  Crown,  and  is  responsible  to  the  Al-  mended  him  to  the  extremists  in  France,  and 
thing.  The  highest  local  authority  is  the  Gov-  particularly  pointed  him  out  as  a  suitable  agent 
em  or  or  Stifbamtmand.  There  are  also  three  to  serve  their  objects  in  republican  America, 
amtinands  for  the  western,  northern,  and  east-  In  the  year  1798,  to  go  as  Mr.  Genet  did 
em  districts  of  Iceland.  from  Paris  to  Philadelphia  by  way  of  Charles- 

Coleiiles. — The  Danish  colonies  of  the  greatest  ton,  S.  C,  was  not  less  out  of  the  way  than  it 

commercial  importance  are  in  the  West  Indies,  would  be  now  to    go  from  here  to   London 

and  consist  of  the  islands  of  St.  Croix,   St.  by  way  of  Rio  Janeiro.     There   could   have 

Thomas,  and  St.  John.    The  inhabitants  are  been  but  one  object  in  journeying  thus— that 

engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  the  sugar-cane,  was  to  try  the  temper  of  the  populace  before 

and    export  from    12,000,000    to    16,000,000  going  to  the  Government.    If  such  was  the 

pounds  of  raw  sugar,  and  about  1,000,000  gal-  case,  nothing  could  have  been  more  satisfactory 

Ions  of  rum  annually.    The  colonists  of  St.  to  Mr.  Genet.     He  was  received  at  Charleston 

Croix  have  determined  to  relieve  themselves  of  with  great  attention,  and  his  progress  through 

the  burden  of  the  military  force  quartered  upon  the  country  to  Philadelphia  was  a  continued 

them  by  the  Danish  Government,  which  ab-  ovation. 

sorbs  $75,000,  or  half  the  revenue  of  the  isl-  Mr.  Genet  was  neither  crafty,  cool,  nor  in- 

and.     The  colonial    council    has    adopted    a  sincere,  and  the  incense  offered  him  completely 

resolution,  in  spite  of  the  objections  of  the  Gov-  turned  his  head.     He  began  at  once  to  deal 

emor,  in  favor  of  replacing  the  Danish  mili-  out  commissions  to  fit  out  privateers  and  to 

tary  with  a  police  force  that  will  cost  only  enlist  officers  and  men  for  the  French  naval 

$32,000  per  annum.    The  imports  from  Green-  service. 

land  to  Denmark  in  1885  amounted  to  511,069  President  Washington  received  him  with  all 

kroner,   and  the  exports  from  Denmark  to  proper  courtesy,  and  Mr.  Jefferson  for  a  mo- 

Greanland  to  619,513  kroner.  ment  seemed  to  have  cherished  visions  of  in- 

DIPLOMATES,  DISMISSION  OF.    More  than  one  temational  amity ;  but  they  were  both  rudely 

diplomate  has  been  requested  by  the  United  wakened  from  their  repose  by  the  complaints 


DIPLOMATES,  DISMISSION  OF.  DISASTERS  IN  1888.            260 

of  tbe  British  minieter,  Mr.  Haunnond,  remon-  her.  The  minister's  position  was  not  a|?reeable, 

strating  against  the  capture  of  British  vessels  and,  as  he  was  very  far  from  being  an  agree- 

bj  ships  fitted  out  from  United  States  ports  able  person,  he  soon  got  into  trouble,  and 

mider  the  authoritj  of  this  new  envoy.    So  eventually  the  minister  and  his  surroundings 

outmgeous  became  the  actions  of  Mr.  Genet,  became  so  objectionable  that  President  Grant 

and  so  offensive  was  his  mode  of  treating  the  requested  bis  recall. 

Government,   that  he  speedily  forfeited   the  The  latest  diplomate  in  difficulty  was  Lord 

friendship  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  and  fell  in  the  Sackville  West,  the  British  minister.    Up  to 

popular  esteem  faster  than  he  had  ever  risen,  the  date  of  his  blunder  he  had  been  one  of  the 

and  ultimately  was  deposed  in  disgrace  at  the  most  popular  of  foreign  ministers.    About  the 

request  of  President   Washington.     He  had,  end  of  October,  1888,  he  received  a  letter  from 

however,  in  the  mean  time  married  a  daughter  one  Charles  F.  Murchison,  who  represented 

of  Governor  Clinton,  of  New  York,  and  he  re-  himself  as  a  naturalized  citizen  of  English  birth, 

mained  here  some  years  after  being  deposed  and  asked  advice  as  to  the  party  for  which  he 

from  his  place  as  minister.  should  vote.    The  British  Minister  replied  to 

In  Jefferson's  administration  there  was  a  this  letter,  and  advised  his  correspondent  to 
good  deal  of  trouble  with  a  Spanish  minister,  vote  for  Grover  Cleveland  and  the  Democratic 
Mr.  Carlos  de  Yruga.  For  some  interference,  party,  as  favorable  to  England.  This  letter  of 
the  President  requested  his  recall,  and  the  Murchison's  was  generally  conceded  to  be  a 
Spanish  Government  promptly  recalled  him  trap  set  to  embarrass  the  British  Minister, 
and  sent  another  minister  to  take  his  place,  whose  recall  was  at  once  requested.  The  re- 
Bot  he,  too,  had  married  an  American  woman,  quest  not  being  promptly  complied  with,  the 
Miss  McEean,  of  Philadelphia,  and  as  a  de-  Department  of  State,  on  the  80th  of  October, 
poaed  minister  he  remained,  rendering  himself,  sent  Lord  Sackville  his  passports.  The  inci- 
nowever,  so  obnoxious  to  the  Government  that  dent,  happening  during  a  presidential  canvass, 
President  Jefferson  requested  him  to  leave  the  created  much  excitement. 
country.  He  replied  that  be  received  instruc-  DISA8TEI8  Df  1888*  Trustworthy  records  of 
tions  from  his  King,  and  not  from  the  Presi-  disasters  are  always  difficult  of  access.  First  re- 
dent.  John  Quincy  Adams,  then  in  Congress,  ports  almost  invariably  place  the  losses,  wheth- 
introduced  a  bill  empowering  the  President  to  er  of  life  or  property,  at  a  higher  figure  than  the 
convey  out  of  the  country  any  minister  who  facts  justify ;  and  tbe  final  authentic  reports 
remained  after  his  recall  and  after  reasonable  are  published,  if  at  all,  only  in  local  journals 
notice  to  leave.  This  action  of  Congress  was  or  in  court  records,  where  they  are  practically 
reported  to  the  Spanish  Government,  and  re-  inaccessible  for  general  reference.  The  follow- 
aolted  in  a  peremptory  demand  for  him  to  re-  ing  list  is  necessarily  taken  from  many  differ- 
turn,  which  he  reluctantly  obeyed.  ent,  and  often  contradictory  sources  of  infor- 

Mr.  Madison's  administration  was  not  free  roation.  As  a  role,  no  accidents  are  noted 
from  like  trouble.  The  English  minister,  Mr.  that  involve  the  loss  of  fewer  than  three  lives. 
Jackson,  representing  George  III,  rendered  A  vast  majority  of  the  accidental  deaths  that 
himself  si)  objectionable  by  outrageous  inter-  occur  take  place  by  ones  and  twos,  and  are  so 
ference  in  our  affairs  that  his  recall  was  de-  numerous  that  space  can  not  be  spared  to  re- 
manded after  a  very  brief  stay.  cord  them.    In  most  cases,  it  has  been  possible 

The  next  dismissed  minister  was  Nicholas  to  give  a  trustworthy  monthly  summary  of  the 

Poussin,  who  represented  France.    His  offense  deaths  and   injuries  caused  by  railroad  acci- 

was  an  insolent  criticism  of  an  action  taken  by  dents,  the  records  of  these  being  more  fully 

the  Department  of  State  on  some  French  claim  collated  and  compared  than  any  other  class  of 

while  Gen.  Taylor  was  President  and  John  accidents. 

M.  Clayton  Secretary  of  State.     His  dismissal  Jannaiy  4.    Fire :  $200,000  worth  of  property  de- 
was  very  summary.     His  passports  were  sent  stroyed  m  Los  Anffcles,  Cal.                      ,.      «    -jx 
*^  i.;*»  ;«  ..A»i«'  4>y«  Yt;o  {no^i^nf  /»/vm«nnn;/»4>f{/^n  6-  RailwAv  I  bfokcn  trestle  on  the  Canadian  Pacmo 
to  him  in  reply  to  his  insolent  commumcation  j^^^^    «  billed.    Fire :  storehouse  in  United  States 

to  the  Department  of  State.  Navy-Vard.  Brooklyn,  loss  |200,000.    Railway :  land- 
Sir  John  F.  Crampton  was  the  next  minister  slide  near  Eggleston  Springs,  Va.,  train  derailed,  8 
dismissed.     He  had  for  some  years  most  ac-  killed,  1  injured. 

oeptably  represented  England  at  Washington,  7.  Fire:  in  Chicago  in., loss $500,000.  Heavy  loss- 

k«*     -/i»«   K,«i,^  ♦!»«   ^^»:^rv»c.   «#   i«f2,.r.«  cs  also  in  Louisa  Court-HouM,  W.  Va. 

but,  as  he  broke  the  provisions  of  interna-  ^   ^^^^^^  .   ^^^^i^^  near   Edson,  Wyoming,  2 

tional  law  by  recruiting  here  for  the  Bntish  killed,  10  injured. 

army  during  the  Crimean  War,  his  recall  was  lO.  Kailway  :  broken  wheel  near  Haverhill,  Mass., 

requested  ^  killed,  18  injured  (5  fatally). 

Then  «;me  the  Oataoazy  Bensation.    He  enc-  ^  ^'^^j'^^'^io^^'A,^  «„d  Geo™., 

ceeded   Mr.   Stockl  as  Minister  trom  Kussia.  Blizzard  in  Dakota,  many  lives  lost,    t  ire :  exhibi- 

He  brought  with  him  his  wife,  and  her  beauty  tion  building  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  800  valuable  dogs 

rendered  her  so  conspicuous  that  unpleasant  killed.    Panic  in  a  town  in  the  Tyrol,  8  lives  lost 

memories  were  awakened  of  her  previous  resi-  _.18-  £"•©  in  Indianapolis,  loss  $1,000,000  ^estimated). 


dence  in  and  about  Washington  before  she  had    ^^^  "^  *^«  Northwest,  many  hves  Wt  by  ev 
beoome  Madame  Catacazy,  and  Mrs.  Fish,  wife       14,  p^re  ^railway  1 
<rf  the  Secretary  of  State,  refused  to  receive    Tex.,  loss,  $100,000. 


270  DISASTERS  IN  1888. 

15.  Bailway  :   oolltsion   near   Ottmnwa,   Iowa,   8  16.  Tornado :  Dacca,  India,  more  than  100  killed^ 

killed,  1  injured.  more  than  1,000  iinored.  Shipwreck :  coUiaion,  steam- 

17.  Kailwa^ :  broken  rail  near  Bluflton,  Oiiio,  train  era  Werro  and  Biela  off  Deal,  England,  10  Uvea  lost, 
derailed,  1  kdled,  8  injured.  19.  Explosion :  collieiy  at  Workington,  England ; 

19.  Blizzard  in  the  Northwest,  aooompaniod  with  22  lives  lost. 

much  suffering  and  loss.  28.  Railway:  train  derailed  near  Portville,  N.  T., 

21.  Fire  in  Montreal,  loss  $800,000.  20  injured. 

28.  Fire  in  Philadelphia,  estimated  loss  $1,000,000.  29.  Shipwreck :  collision,  ship  Smyrna  and  steamer 
Railway :  train  derailed  at  high  speed  on  a  curve  near  Moto,  off  Isle  of  Wight,  18  lives  lost. 

Baxterville,  N.  Y.,  16  iiyurecL  80.  Shipwreck :  French  fishing-fleet  reported  caught 

24.  Explosion inWellmgton colliery, Victoria, B.C.,  in  a  gale  off  Iceland,  187  lives  lost.    Floods:  much 

80  lives  lost.    Railway :  broken  rail  near  Bluflton,  damage  in  New  England  and  in  Minnesota  and  Wis- 

Ohio,  1  killed,  9  injured.  consin.    Shipwreck :  steamship  Queen  of  the  Padfie 

29.  Railway :  defective  switch  near  Gary,  Miaa.,  8  sunk  at  Port  Harford,  Cal. 

killed.  Railway :  summary  for  the  month,  number  of  ao- 

80.  Fire  in  New  Tork  city,  estimated  loss  $2,000,-  cidents  136,  killed  42,  ii^ured  191. 

000.  May  6.  Railway :  car  loaded  with  dynamite  exploded 

Railway :  summary  for  the  month,  total  number  by  collision  at  Locust  Gap,  Pa.,  17  dwelling-nouaea 

of  accidents  239,  67  killed,  228  ii^ured.  wrecked,  8  killed,  25  injured.    Shipwreck :  American 

FebroaiTl.  Shipwreck:  British  bark  Abercom  off  steamship  Eureka  sunk  by  colhsion  with   Britiah 

coast  of  Washington  Territory,  20  lives  lost.    Earth-  steamBhip  Benison  off  Cape  Henlopen. 

quake  in  Vermont.    Fire  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  eatimated  7.  HailBtormB :  Delhi  and  Moradabad,  India,  aboot 

loss  $1,000,000.  150  lives  lost 

9.  Railway:  broken  wheel  near  Clontarf,  Minn.,  10.  Explosion  of  gas:  St  Paulas  Cathedral,  Bufialo, 
train  derailed,  14  injured.  destroyed.    Falling  rocks  in  a  mine  in  Saxony,  18 

10.  Explosion:  powder-mill  near  Wapwallopen,  killed. 

Pa.,  4  killed,  20  injured.  12.  Floods :  much  damage  in  Iowa  and  Illinois. 

18.  Explosion  and  fire  fh)m  the  upsetting  of  a  kero-  18.  Lightnmg :  oil-tanks  exploded  at  Oil  City,  Pa., 
sene  lamp  at  SUverbrook,  Pa.,  6  lives  lost  a  great  fire  ensues,  endangering  the  town. 

15.  Tornado  at  Mount  Vernon,  111.,  the  town  near-  14.  Rulway  :  collision  near  Fountain,  Col.,  fire  and 
Iv  destroyed,  89  killed,  125  iiyured,  much  property  explosion  of  a  powder-car  followed,  4  killed,  20  in- 
oamaged.  jured. 

16.  Explosion :  in  a  coal-mine  near  Eaiaerlautem,  15.  Railway :  collision,  Moscow  and  Kursk  Railway 
Bavaria, 40  killed.  in  Russia,  11  lives  lost;  train  deraUed  near  Salida, 

24.  Railway :  collision  near  Colton,  Neb.,  2  killed,  Col.,  18  injured. 

10  injured.  17.  Explosion :  8,000  pounds  of  powder  and  125 

25.  Drowned:  several  thousand  workmen  engaged  pounds  or  dynamite  near  Stockton,  N.  J.,  1  killed,  6 
in  repairing  the  levees  of  the  YeUow  river,  China.  mjured. 

27.  Explosion :  steam  ferry-boat  near  South  Vallejo,  20.  Floods  (see  Ma^r  12) :  the  oyerflow  of  the  Mis- 

Cal.,  20  lives  lost  sissippi  begins  to  subside,  after  having  done  immense 

Railway :  summaiy  for  the  month,  total  number  damage, 

of  accidents  174,  killed  28.  injured  164.  21.  Floods  in  Mesopotamia,  500  lives  lost  (eatimated). 

Kaioh  2.  Shipwreck :  French  schooner  Fleur  de  la  28.  Railway :  two  trains  derailed  almost  simultane- 

Mer,  off  Cayenne,  60  lives  lost.  ously  fix)m  parallel  and  adjacent  bridgea  near  Cameron, 

8.  Hurricane  in  Madagascar,  11  vessels  wrecked,  20  Iowa,  4  killed,  2  imured. 

lives  lost.  80.  Ridlway :   collision  near  Bordeaux,  Wyoming, 

9.  F'ire :  office  of  the  **  Evening  Union"  burned  at  8  kiUed,  6  injured. 

Springfield,  Mass.,  6  lives  lost.  Railway :  summary  for  May,  total  number  of  aoci- 

12.  Storm  in  the  North  Atiantic  States,  commonly  dents  144,  killed  48,  mjured  158. 

known  as  the  **  Blizzard,"  about  70  lives  lost,  many  Jime  1.  Explosion :    steam-boiler   at   Wyandotte, 

vessels  wrecked,  and  railway  traffic   suspended  for  Mich^  8  killea. 

several  days.    Railway:  train   derailed,  8  kiUed,  8  4.  Railway:  collision  near  Tampico,  Max.,  IS  killed, 

injured.  41  imured.    Fire :  Mundine  Hotel  burned  in  Rock- 

16.  Railway:  train  derailed  by  snow  near  Sharon,  dole,  Tex.,  11  lives  lost 

N.  Y.,  4  killed,  4  injured.  7.  Stonus  in  New  England  and  Canada,  loasea  of 

17.  Railway  train  derailed  and  bridge  broken  near  life  and  property. 

Blacksbear,  Qa.,  27  killed,  85  izgurea.    News  of  an  18.  Shipwreck :   loss  of  a  German  steamer  with 

earthquake  in  China ;  many  thousand  lives  lost  1,100  pilgrims  on  board. 

20.  Fire :  the  Baquet  Theatre  at  Oporto,  Portugal,  14.  R&way :  train  derailed  near  Broddock,  Ean., 
more  than  100  lives  lost  15  injured. 

22.  Railway:  tndn  derailed  near  Oswego,  Ore.,  12  18.  Floods:  Leon  river,  Mox.,  much  property  de- 
injured.  Btroyed.  more  than  a  thousand  lives  lost 

29.  Explosion  in  a  mine  near  Rich  Hill,   Mo.,  5  19.  Railway:  train  derailed  near  Pope^s  Head  Run. 

killed,  23  injured.  Va..  4  killed,  5  ii^ured.    Fire :  steamer  Nord  burned 

Railway :  summary  for  the  month,  total  number  at  Kiel,  8  lives  lost, 

of  accidents  172,  killed  85,  injured  211.  24.  Drowned:   steam-launch  capaizes   in    Passaic 

April  1.  Fire :  Amphitheatre  at   Zelaya,  Mex.,  18  river,  6  lives  lost  (five  women), 

lives  lost,  many  injured.  26.  Railway :  collision  near  Cable  City,  Pa.,  6  killed 

2.  ShipwrecK :  bark  Princess,  off  Caminha,  Portu-  4  injured, 

gal,  23  lives  lost.  27.  Railway :  train  derailed  near  Teneaas,  Ala.,  4 

5.  Railway :  bridge  carried  away  near  New  Hamp-  killed^  iuiured. 

ton,  Iowa,  6  killed,  20  iivjured.  80.  Flooos:  (reported)  Canton  river,  China,  2,000 

6.  Railway:  tnun  derailed  near  Rockingham,  Vt,  lives  lost  (estimated). 

2  killed,  5  icgured.  Railway :  summary  for  the  month,  total  number  of 

7.  Shipwreck :  loss  reported  of  steamer  Rio  Janeiro  accidents  148,  killed  40.  iqjured  125. 

with  120  passengers.  July  5.  Tornado  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  1  life 

13.  Railway:  train  derailed  near   King's,  Ala.,  4  lost,  several  iivjured,  and  many  buildinea damaged, 
killed,  10  injured.  6.  Railway  collision  near  Nanticoke,  ra.,  80  imured. 

15.  Railway  :  collision  neur  West  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Explosion:  steam-boiler  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  8  killed, 

1  killed,  22  iz\jured«  several  injured. 


DISASTERS  IN   1888. 


271 


Olive  Hill,  Ky.,  8 


7.  Kre:  farm-honBO  burned  near  Sault  St.  Marie, 
Mich.,  4  liveR  lost. 

9.  Earthquake  in  Maryland. 

10.  Heavy  rains  destroy  much  property  in  the  Mia- 
saaippi  ana  Ohio  valleys. 

11.  Fire :  diamond-mine  at  Eimberly,  South  Africa. 
224  lives  lost ;  at  Alpena,  Mich.,  1,S00  people  rendered 
homelMS. 

IS.  Bailway:  broken  bridfj^  near  Orange  Court- 
House,  Va.,  10  killed  ;  derailment  and  broken  trestle 
near  Onmge  Conrt-House,  Va.,  9  killed,  22  ii^ored. 
Floods :  in  Peimsylvania.  much  damage  done. 

13.  Shipwreck:  Britisn  ship  Star  of  Greece,  off 
Adelaide,  Australia,  17  lives  lost. 

15.  Volcanic  eruption  in  Japan,  500  lives  lost  (esti- 
mated} ;  violent  storms  in  the  northern  United  States. 

17.  Kail  way :  collision  near  Ozmoor,  Ala.,  2  killed, 
8  injured. 

19.  Stonn:  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  and  vicinity,  28 
lives  lost. 

20.  Explosion  on  board  a  tug-boat  near  Westport, 
Ind.,  7  lives  lost 

JmT  30.  Volcanic  eruption  reported  in  Philippine 
Islands,  100  lives  lost  (estimated). 

Bailway :  summary  for  the  month,  total  number  of 
aoodenta  157,  killed  60,  injured  169. 

Asffiit  1.  Railway:  collision  at  G 
killeo,  3  iimired. 

3.  Fire :  New  York  city,  20  lives  lost. 

8.  B^lway :  train  derailed  near  Morgantown,  Ind., 
18  injured.    Fire :  New  York  City,  4  lives  lost. 

9.  Fire:  at  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  5  lives  lost.  Yacht 
upset  on  the  Delaware  river  near  PennsviUe,  N.  J., 
5  women  drowned. 

10.  Yellow  fever  becomes  epidemic  at  Jacksonville, 
Fla. 

11.  Flood :  reservoir  bursts  in  Valparaiso,  Chili,  50 
Hvea  lost. 

13.  Bailway:  landslide  near  Shohola,  Pa.,  wreck 
took  fire,  1  killed,  33  injured. 

14.  Shipwreck :  collision  off  Nova  Scotia,  steamers 
ThingvalLa  and  Geiser,  the  latter  sankj  117  lives  lost. 

21.  Floods :  great  damage  in  Louisiana  and  on  the 
upper  Ohio. 

22.  Shipwreck :  collision  off  San  Francisco,  steamers 
CltT  of  Chester  and  Oceanic.  20  lives  lost.  Boiler 
explosion  at  Neenah,  Wis.,  14  killed,  9  injured.  Tor- 
nado in  the  vicinity  of  Still  Pond,  Md.,  and  in  Dela- 
ware, 11  lives  lost. 

26.  Bailway :  tnun  derailed  near  Fort  Buford,  Dak., 
5injured(8&tally). 

27.  Bailway :  collision  near  Krum,  Iowa,  8  killed, 
4  injured.  Shipwreck :  Norwegian  steamer  Brats- 
bog  <m  Cape  Balance,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  15  lives 
km.    Fire  m  HambuiKr,  6  lives  lost. 

81.  Shipwreck :  collision,  steamers  Snaresbrook 
•nd  Cairo,  off  Tarifa,  Spain,  11  lives  lost.  Water- 
^M>ut  near  Little  Bock,  Ark.,  7  lives  lost 

Bulway :  summary  for  the  month,  total  number  of 
accidents  222,  killed  56,  injured  202. 

Biptsiutir  1.  Oil-tank  bursts  near  Findlay,  Ohio, 
tre  ensues^  8  lives  lost. 

2.  Fire  in  Baltimore^  Md.,  7  lives  lost.  Platform 
&l]s  at  a  religious  meeting  in  Belgium,  8  killed,  many 
ij^nred. 

4.  Landslide,  Monroe,  N.  H.,  5  killed. 

5.  Bailway:  coUision  in  France,  9  killed,  18  icLJured. 

9.  Bailway :  collision  near  Wa^rnesvUle,  Ohio,  dr- 
CQs  train  run  into  by  freight  train,  5  killed,  22  in- 
iored,  cause,  fog.  Fire  in  San  Frandsco,  estimated 
loss,  $1,000,000.     Destructive  floods  in  Spain. 

10.  iuilway :  oolUsion,  excursion  train  run  into  bv 
fmf^t  train,  Bittman,  Ohio,  4  killed,  25  injured. 
INiisstrous  floods  in  Mexico. 

11.  Explosion  in  a  Montana  mine,  9  killed,  6  in- 
jured. Destructive  floods  in  Georgia.  Severe  earth- 
quake shocks  in  Greece. 

12.  Bailwa^r :  train  derailed  by  cattle  near  Pocatel- 
b,  Idaho,  3  killed,  11  injured.    Cyclone  in  Mexico. 

18.  Shipwreck :  collision,  Steamers  Sud  America 


and  La  France  off  Canary  Islands,  40  lives  lost  (re- 
ported). Cyclone:  Cuba,  1,000  lives  lost  (estimated). 
Volcanic  eruptlcn  and  floods  in  the  Philippme  Islands^ 
several  hunared  lives  reported  lost. 

14.  Bailway  :  derailment,  collision,  and  explosion^ 
two  trains  wrecked  near  Ankenytown',  Ohio,  8  killed, 
86  iinured  (several  fatally).  Destructive  floods  in  the 
Carolines. 

17.  Floods :  Tyrol,  Switzerland,  28  lives  lost  (esti- 
mated). 

19.  Kailwa^:  coUision  near  East  Winona,  Wis.,  18- 
injured ;  accident  in  Hanover,  4  soldier?  killed,  many 
iigured.    Fire  in  Queensland,  alle^d  loss,  $2,000,000. 

26.  Fire:  prairie  flres  consume  many  houses  and 
hundreds  of  acres  of  firrain  in  Dakota.  Destructive 
storm  on  the  North  Atlantic  coast. 

27.  Fire  in  Kronstadt,  14  lives  lost 

29.  Destructive  hurricane  in  the  West  Indies. 

Bailway :  summary  for  the  month,  total  number  of 
aoddents  128.  killed  46,  injured  228. 

Ootober  2.  Severe  storm  on  the  Great  Lakes,  several 
lives  lost,  and  many  wrecks. 

5.  Shipwreck :  French  fishing-bark  Madeline  run 
down  by  steamship  Queen,  21  lives  lost. 

6.  Bailway :  collision  near  Dickerson*s  Station,  Md.» 
8  killed,  6  ii^jured. 

7.  Platform  gives  way  at  a  church  celebration  in 
Beading  Pa.,  158  Injured. 

10.  Kailway :  collision^  excursion  train,  near  Mud 
Bun,  Pa.,  68  Killed,  28  iinured ;  Amphitheatre  Falls  at 
Quincev,  111.,  800  iiyured. 

16.  Kailway :  collision  near  Tamanend  Switch,  Pa.,. 
10  kiUed,  28  injured. 

17.  Explosion  and  wreck :  steamer  Ville  de  Calais,, 
25  lives  lost 

19.  Bailway :  train  derailed  owing  to  a  misplaced 
switch  near  Washington,  Pa.,  2  killed,  28  injured. 

27.  Bailwav  :  train  denuled  near  Alexander  City, 
Ala., "2  killea«  10  iinured. 

29.  Bailway :  collision  near  Pulaski,  Ky.,  8  killed, 
several  ii\)ured. 

Bailway :  summary  for  the  month,  total  number  of 
accidents  146,  killed  120,  injured  223. 

HoTflmber  2.  Explosion:  a  thrashing-machine  in 
Bucks  County,  Pa.,  6  killed. 

8.  Explosion  in  a  coal-mine  in  Aveyron,  France, 
80  killed. 

4.  Bailway :  collision  near  Marshall.  Tex.,  8  killed,. 
2  izyured;  train  derailed  near  Vicksourg,  Miss.,  8^ 
killed,  2  injured.  Fire:  at  Qodfroj,  111.,  young  la- 
dies* seminary  burned,  loss  $250,000.  Explosion  in 
a  mine  in  Clinton  County,  Pa.,  17  killed.  Shipwreck : 
steamer  Saxmundian  off  Cowes,  22  lives  lost 

6.  Explosion:  in  a  mine  near  Frontenac,  Ean.,. 
89  killed. 

7.  Shipwreck :  steam  ferry-boat  sunk  near  Calcut- 
ta, 60  lives  lost. 

9.  Fire :  at  Bochester,  N.  Y.,  88  lives  lost.  Ex- 
plosion :  in  a  mine  near  Pittsburg,  Kan.,  150  killed. 

10.  Shipwreck:  collision  off  New  York,  steamer 
Iberia  simk  by  the  Umbria. 

12.  Bailway  :  collision  near  Bock  Station,  Wyo- 
ming, 2  killed,  10  injured. 

•  14.  Explosion :  flre  -  damp  in  a  mine  near  Dour, 
Belgium,  32  lives  lost  Bailway :  collision  near  Val- 
ley Falls.  W.  Va.,  5  killed,  4  injured. 

16.  Shipwreck:  steamer  off  the  coast  of  India,  sup- 
posed loss  of  900  lives.  Destructive  storms  on  the 
coast  of  Great  Britain. 

20.  Explosion :  steam-boiler  in  Montana,  4  killed,. 
4  injured. 

23.  Fire :  business  part  of  Eureka  Springs,  Ark.» 
estimated  loss  |200,000. 

24.  Fire :  Judson  Female  College,  Madison,  Ala. 

26.  Bailway :  collision  near  Husted,  Col.,  wreck 
caught  flre,  2  killed,  4  injured. 

27.  Wreck  :  a  life-  boat  upsets  off  the  English  coast^ 
12  lives  lost 

30.  Fire :  in  Calumet  and  Heda  mine,  Michigan,  B 
lives  lost 


272         DISCIPLES  OF  CHRIST.  .  ^                DISSECTION. 

Bail  way :  suinmtfry  Tot  the  month,  total  number  of  era,  nnder  wliose  efforts  107  chnroh^  bad  b^n 

aoddentel^,  killed 88,  irnured  179.  visited  and  assisted,  61  nev  and  unorganized 

juJ^^tfilyl!"    *^ ''               """^           '      ""  P>*«««  ^i^i^  10  churches  organized,  lid  808 

6.   Shipwreck:    Britiah    steamer  Hartlepoole,   at  persons  baptized. 

Egersund,  Norway,  17  lives  lost  The  State  boards  had  altogether  employed 

8.  Fire:  steam tenr-biMit  Maryland,  with  a  number  in  1887,  200  missionaries,  who  had  organized 

of  passenger  caw  on  boaid^  123  churches,  assisted  68  places  in  building, 

aeil  J^iSu^            ^                    ^'             '  ^>«ited  and  assisted  1,878  churches,  visited  326 

.    12.  Fire:  Chicago  Opera  House  partly  burned,  loss  new  and  unorganized  places,  and  who  returned 

$50,000.  8,970  baptisms. 

18.  Explosion  of  a  gun  on  a  French  man-of-war,  a  committee  that  had  been  appointed  in  the 

^  19"  D'estructive  storm  in  eastern  Canada.  PT«^i?°«  y^%  ^  Tl^'nu'^^  *  cou.mittee  of 

28.  Fire:  steamboat  Kate  Adams  burned  on  the  *"©  Free-Will  Baptist  Church  with  reference 

Mississippi,  between  80  and  40  lives  lost.  to  union,  reported  that  union  would  involve 

'24.  Fire:  steamboat  John  J.  Hanna  burned  near  four  fundamental  points:  The  adoption  of  a 

Plaqucmine,  on  the  lower  MiasissipnL  more  than  80  n^^  honoring  Christ  as  the  sole  head  of  the 

lives  lost.    Explosion  of  powder  at  Mount  Fleasant,  /^,        ,      ..      ^      j,      .     -i^t          nu  •  j.  • 

Ohio.  1  killed,  many  injuiSd.                                   '  Church ;  the  creed  basis  that  Jesus  Ohnst  is 

95.  Fires:  at  Marblehead,  Mass.,  and  at  Cincinnati,  the  Son  of  God;   conformity  of  the  work  to 

Ohio^  estimated   losses  $800,000  and  $200,000  rt»-  the  model  of  the  New  Testament ;  and  recog- 

spectively.           ^     ,  „      ,,     .      «,.,,-,  nition  of  the  independence  of  the  congregations 

,.28-  Explosion  of  a  sheU  at  Messma,  Sicilv,  16  sol-  j    j  ^  ^  j         ^j^    committee  recommended 

diers  killed.    Earthquake  shock  felt  m  England.  1*1  iv^cw  o«o**o      xuv  wiuuit^b^v  i^wruji^^uvk^ 

80.  Fire :   steamer  Bristol  burned  at  her  wharf,  co-operative  local  union,  so  far  as  practicable, 

Newport,  B.  I.  to  begin  at  once.    A  committee  was  appointed 

Bflilway :  summary  of  the  month,  total  number  of  to  continue  the  correspondence, 

accidents  142,  killed  87,  injured  168.  The  income  of  the  Foreign  Christian  Mis- 

DlSaPLiS  OF  CHRIST.  The  ''  Year-Book  "  sionary  Society  for  the  year  had  been  $62,767. 
of  the  Disciples  of  Christ  for  1888  gives  the  The  receipts  had  increased  regularly  each  year, 
number  of  churches  as  6,487,  with  620,000  except  one,  from  the  first,  and  the  increase  in 
communicants;  and  of  Sunday-schools  as 4,500,  the  last  six  years  had  been  fivefold.  The  so- 
with  which  are  connected  88,340  officers  and  ciety  sustained  24  mission  stations  in  England, 
teachers,  and  818,000  pupils.  The  number  of  Scandinavia,  Turkey,  India,  Japan,  and  China^ 
preachers  is  8,262 ;  value  of  church  property,  with  which  were  connected  87  misaonaries  and 
$10,868,361.  The  estimated  annual  increase  22  helpers,  2,478  converts,  2,689  children  in 
of  members  is  47,600.  Twenty-nine  institu-  Sunday-schools,  and  880  in  day-schools,  and  in 
tions  of  learning — including  6  universities,  19  which798additionsofmembers  were  returned, 
colleges,  and  5  institutes — are  represented  in  The  Christian  Woman's  Board  of  Missions 
the  *^  Year-Book  " ;  besides  which  several  are  comprised  1,161  auxiliary  societies  in  the  local 
mentioned  from  which  no  report  had  been  re-  churches,  having  14,000  members,  and  had  re- 
ceived. The  Annual  Missionary  Conventions  ceived,  in  contributions  obtained  by  their  aa- 
of  the  Disciples  of  Christ,  including  the  con-  sistance,  $22,884.  It  sustained  home  missions, 
ventions  of  the  General  Christian  Missionary  a  mission  in  India,  and  missions  in  Jamaica, 
Society,  the  Foreign  Christian  Missionary  So-  which  last  returned  17  stations,  1,251  mem- 
ciety,  and  the  Christian  Woman's  Board  of  hers,  and  700  pupils  in  the  schools.  The  chil- 
Missions,  were  held  in  Springfield,  Ohio,  Octo-  dren's  bands,  of  which  there  were  415,  117 
ber  28  to  26.  The  first  of  these  bodies  pro-  having  been  organized  during  the  year,  had 
motes  the  extension  and  work  of  domestic  contributed  $4,068  to  the  funds  of  the  society, 
missions  and  church  extension  in  the  United  DI8SECTIOII9  an  operation  by  which  the 
States  and  Territories,  and  besides  applying  its  different  parts  of  a  body  are  exposed  for  study 
own  special  funds  and  directing  its  own  work-  of  their  structure  and  arrangement.  Various 
lug  organization,  co  operates  with  the  various  names  are  given  to  dissection,  depending  upon 
State  boards,  which  represent  in  tlie  aggregate  the  purpose  and  the  organ  concerned  in  the 
a  scale  of  operations  much  larger  than  its  own.  o|>eration.  Osteotomy  has  for  its  purpose  the 
Its  receipts  for  the  year  had  been  $28,884.  be-  exposure  of  bones;  neurotomy,  the  laying  bare 
sides  which  it  had  a  balance  from  the  previous  of  nerves;  angiotomy,  the  exhibition  of  blood- 
year  of  $1,871.  Its  expenditures  had  been  vessels;  and  desmotomy,  the  disclosure  oflig- 
$25,766.  The  receipts  for  the  church  exten-  aments.  The  history  of  dissection  is  blended 
siun  fand  had  been  $7,028  in  cash  and  $20,821  with  that  of  anatomy.  Its  value  in  the  study 
in  pledges.  Pledges  were  also  made  during  of  medicine  was  recognized  by  the  ancients, 
the  meeting  of  the  convention  to  the  amount  and  five  centuries  before  the  Christian  era 
of  $60,281.  Loans  ore  made  from  the  fund  Democritus  and  Hippocrates  are  said  to  have 
for  no  longer  period  than  five  years,  for  no  examined  the  bodies  of  the  inferior  animals, 
larger  an  amount  than  $500,  to  churches  whose  Aristotle,  Syennesls  of  Cyprus,  and  Diogenes 
building  shall  not  cost  more  than  $5,000.  It  of  Appollonia  are  among  the  eminent  men  of 
was  decided  to  establish  a  branch  Board  of  science  who  dissected  the  lower  animals  for 
Church  Extennon  at  Kansas  City,  Mo.  The  anatomical  purposes.  Alexandria  was  the  seat 
society  had  employed  during  the  year  85  labor-  of  the  first  dissection   of  the  human  body. 


DISSECTION.  273 

Iliroagh  the  liberaHtj  of  the  Ptolemies,  dis-  sectiDg  outside  of  Barber- Sargeon's  Hall.  Will- 
section  became  a  regular  part  of  the  study  of  lam  Honter  was  the  first  to  overstep  these  lim- 
medicine.     HerophUos  and  Erisistratus   here  its,  and,  following  his  example,  hundreds  of 
became  eminent  as  the  first  haman  anatomists ;  men  in  the  profession  had  their  private  dis- 
and  the  latter  is  reported  to  have  been  so  zeal-  secting-rooms.    In  1752,   George  II  decreed 
oits  in  his  porsuit  that  he  dissected  not  onlj  that  all  marderers  executed    in  London  and 
the  dead  bodj,  but  the  living  as  well.    Of  him  Westminster  should  be  delivered  to  the  medi- 
Tertollian  writes:  *^He  was  a  butcher,  who  cal  schools.    Executions  were  not  numerous 
diflseoted  six  hundred  men  to  discover  nature,  enough  to  supply  the  needs  of  the  colleges,  and 
tnd  hated  man  to  learn  the  structure  of  his  a  class  of  men  arose,  known  as  resurrection- 
frame.^^     Alexandria  became  the  medical  cen-  ists,  who  rified  the  grave-jards,  and  who  mul- 
ter  of  the  world,  and  Galen  is  said  to  have  tiplied  so  rapidly  that  in  1828  there  were  over 
traveled    thither  from    Pergamus   to   see   a  one  hundred  regular  resurrectionists  in  Lon- 
skeleton.     With  the  dark  ages,  came  a  decline  don.    The  evil  grew  so  monstrous  that  in  1829 
io  the  study  of  medicine.    The  Mohammedans,  Parliament  appointed  a  committee  to  frame  a 
into  whose  hands  Alexandria  had  passed,  for-  law  that  would  remedy  existing  troubles  and 
bade  dissection,  since  it  was  inhibited  by  the  provide  an  adequate  supply  for  the  medical 
Koran.    Abdallatiff  was  the  only  exception  to  schools.    This  committee  called  in  as  witnesses 
this  role,  and  was  obliged  to  study  the  bones  most  of  the  eminent  anatomists  of  the  United 
of  the  body  in  cemeteries.    The  cremation  of  Kingdom,  and  the  testimony  of  Sir  Astley 
the  corpse  in  Rome  prevented  the  practice  of  Cooper  is  interesting  for  its  incidental  state- 
dlMection  in  that  city,  and  Marius  and  Galen  ment   of  the  value   of  dissection :  ^^  Without 
were  content  to  dissect  apes.  dissection  there  can  be  no  anatomy,  and  anato- 
In  1315,  Mondini  dissected  two  female  sub-  my  is  our  polar  star ;  for  without  anatomy  a 
jects  in  ^e  University  of  Bologna,  and  dis-  surgeon  can   do   nothing,  certainly    nothing 
sected  and  demonstrated  one  in  the  following  wefi.  ...  I  would  not  remain  in  a  room  with 
year.  He  was  followed  by  Leonardo  da  Yinci,  a  man  who  attempted  to  perform  an  operation 
Matthew  de  Gradibus,  Achillini,  and  Gabriel  in  surgery  who  was  unacquainted  with  anat- 
de  ZerbJA,  all  of  whom  dissected  the  human  omy ;  he  can  not  mangle  the  living  if  he  has 
body,  privately  and  publicly.   Jacobus  Sylvius  not  operated  on  the  dead."    The  committee 
taught  in  Paris  in  the  sixteenth  century,  dem-  recommended  that    **all  persons  throughout 
oQstrating  his  lectures  on  the  lower  animals,  the  kingdom,  of  every  rank  and  degree,  who 
The  greatest  practical  anatomist  of  early  mod-  die  without  kindred  or  friends,  or   who  are 
em  times,  however,  was  Andrew  Yesalius,  who  unclaimed  by  kindred  or  friends  within  a  cer- 
freed  the  medical  world  from  the  authority  of  tain  period,  be  appropriated  to  dissection,  the 
Galen's  ape-anatomy,  and  was  the  founder  of  a  body  after  dissection  being  buried  with  funeral 
new  school,  that  which  prevails  at  the  present  rites."     Three   years   later    the    Warburton 
day.    His  investigations  on  the  human  cada-  anatomy  act   was  passed,   which  practically 
vergave  a  new  impetus  to  the  study  of  anato-  embodies  these  suggestions,  and  which  gov- 
mj,  and  it  was  only  the  dearth  of  bodies  and  ems  the  disposition  of  the  unclaimed  dead  in 
the  lingering  prejudice  against  dissection  that  the  United  Kingdom  at  the  present  day.     As  a 
retrained  the  enthusiasm  of  his  many  follow-  preamble  the  bUl  has  the  following  paragraph : 
&%.     Snch   names  as    Eustachius,  Fallopius,  Whereag.A  knowledge  of  the  causes  of  diseases, 
Arantius,  Variolus,  and  Yidius,  multiply  with  and  meUioos  for  treating  and  curing  them,  can  not  be 
the  beginnings  of  the  new  science.  acquired  without  anatomical  examination ;  and  wker&- 
Even  at  this  time,  when  dissection  was  fre-  «,  crimes  are  committed  to  secure  bodies,  which  are 
A»«««iw  ^^.^^J%  ^«  >;-  ♦i*^  4^A««k^^  ^t  «n»4^rv.«^«  not   numerous  enough,  for  the  prevention  of  such 
jaently  earned  on  by  the  teachers  of  anatomy,  ^^mes  and  for  the  prbt^on  of  the  etudy  of  anatomy 
tt  was  never  practiced  by  medical  students.  In  it  shall  be  legal  for  the  Secretary  of  State  and  the 
the  progress  of  time,  however,  practical  anat-  Chief  Secretary  of  Ireland  to  grant  a  license  to  prac- 
mj  gained  in  favor,  and  the  thousands  of  stu-  tice  anatomy  to  any  professor  or  teacher  of  anatomy, 
dents  from  all  parts  of  Europe  who  attended  medicine,  or  suigery. 
t:;^  I  the  Italian  schools  of  medical  learning,  carried  Inspectors  of  schools  of  anatomy  are  provided 
"       tbdr  enthusiasm  back  to  their  native  lands,  for,  whose  duties  consist  in  keeping  as  full  re- 
Fi^ic  feeling  on  the  subject  did  not  diminish,  turns  as  possible  of  subjects  dissected,  and  who 
bwever,  and  was  wrought  still  higher  by  re-  are  required  to  see  that  the  law  is  rigidly  en- 
peited  graTe-robberies,  especially  in  England,  forced.    Executed  murderers  are  exempt  from 
Beeognizing  the  necessity  of  laws  to  govern  dissection  under  this  act.    According  to  a  law 
diaertion,  Henry  YHI,  in  1540,  granted  to  the  passed  by  Parliament  in  1871,  a  body  must  be 
College  of  Surgeons  and  Barbers  four  felons  interred  within  two  months  after  it  has  been 
ttfio^Qy  for  dissection ;  and,  in  1565,  Queen  secured,  except  when  it  is  obtained  in  October, 
BBzabeth  gave  the  same  privilege  to  the  Ool-  when  six  months  are  allowed, 
jefe  of  Physicians.    These  are  the   first  two  In  the  United  States,  the  first  law  on  the 
iBAances  in  history  of  legislation  on  this  troub-  subject  of  dissection  was  passed  by  New  York 
Inome  subject     General  dissection  did  not  State  in  1789.    A  more  comprehensive  law 
ioori^  yet,  and  as  late  as  the  middle  of  the  was  enacted  in  1854,  which,  with  its  various 
Ag^Eteenth  century,  a  fine  was  imposed  for  dis-  amendments,  stands  to-day  as  follows : 
VOL.  xxvin. — 18  A 


274  DISSECTION. 

It  shall  be  lawftil  for  the  govemorSf  ke^ro,  war-  supplies  its  medical  colleges  in  a  simil 

dens,  manageni,  and  perBons  having  lawful  control  ner,  imposing  but  few  restrictions.     ' 

and  management  of  all  public  hoapitals,  pnsons,  gectionJaws  of  Canada,  similar  to  thw 

almshouses,  wylums    morgues,  and  other  pu^hc  re-  ^["^  gfRte^  were  m^eled  after  the 

oeptacles  for  deceased  persons,  to  dehver,  under  the  unicea  CMayes,  were  moaeiea  aixer  ine 

conditions  hereinafter  mentioned  and  in  proportion  '    The  facilities  for  dissection  at  the  pre 

to  the  number  of  matriculated  students,  the  bodies  of  are   vast  improvements  npon  those   < 

deceased  persons  therein  to  the  professors  and  trus-  ^^^  ^^     ^^^  instruments  are  fine] 

toes  m  all  the  medical  oolleffes  of  the  State  authorized  •  ^  ,  «il.,«4.«^      tu^  -^«,v  <^rx»»  «>«  ««*>, 

by  law  to  confer  the  deg^  of  doctor  of  medicine,  f^^  adjusted.     The  soap-stone  or  gra 

And  it  shall  be  lawful  for  said  professors  and  teachers  has  replaced  the  wooden  plank  on  wl 

to  receive  such  bodies  and  use  them  for  the  purposes  cadaver  was  laid,  and  the  architecture  i 

of  medical  study.    Medical  colleges  which  desire  to  tilation  of  the  dissecting-room  are  now 

avail  themselves  of  the  provisions  of  this  ac^  shall  ^      j  ^       cheerful   aspect  to   the  ot 

notify  said  governors,  keepers,  wardens,  and  man-  ,    "'"^  "   w«v^**«*   fw^^^i.   "^    "*«  ^■ 

agers  of  pubfic  hospitals,  penitentiaries,  almshouses,  gloomy  atmosphere.     A  large  sky-hght 

asylums,   morgues,   and    other   public    receptacles  covers  the   room,  which  is  without  i 

for  the  Dodies  of  aeoeased  persons  in  the  counties  and   is   lighted   at   night    by   electric 

where  the  colleges  are  situated.  Mid  in  counties  a4ja-  Cleanliness  abounds,  and  no  unneceesa 

cent  thereto,  of  such  desire,  and  it  shall  be  obligatory  ^.   ^  v^^„  «««  i^ft  :«  ♦u^  »^^^      tk^ 

upon  said  governors,  keepere,  wjudens,  and  manage™  J^  »  body  are  left  m  the  room.     Th< 

to  notify  Uie  proper  officers  of  said  medical  colleg^ee  from  dissection  wounds  is  greatly  dir 

whenever  there  are  dead  bodies  in  their  possession  by  the   use  of  collodion,  carbolated  "^ 

that  come  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  to  do-  carbolic  acid,  and  kindred  antiseptics 

^jZ?^^4  ^*^®*  ^  SS"*.*^^^!*^  *'°.*^® VRP^?^i''°  •  are  used  by  the  students  whUe  thei 

/Vor»<i<j</,  Aoer«><r,  That  such  remains  shall  not  have  "^'^  ""^^    ^J    «"^  "•'"^'^"vo   t.    **«       «j 

been  desired  for  interment  by  any  relative  or  friend  worK. 

of  such  deceased  person  within*  forty-eight  hours  The  difficulty  of  making  the  vessels  s 

after  death :  JYoviaed^  cUso^  That  the  remains  of  no  distinctly  was  early  recognized  by  am 

persons  who  may  be  known  to  have  relatives  or  j^  ^^^  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centn 

mends  shall  be  so  delivered  or  received  without  the  „«*^«  i„i,  »„;iu  -«^„««:«r.o^r*irv../w^  «« 

assent  of  such  relatives  or  Mends:  And  provided,  water,  ink,  milk,  and  various  colored  flu 

That  the  remains  of  no  person  detained  for  debt,  or  a  ii8©d.     It  soon  became  evident  that  sc 

witneas,  or  on  suspicion  of  a  crime,  or  of  any  traveler,  stance  must  be  employed  that  would 

or  of  any  person  who  shall  have  expressed  a  desire  in  in  the  vessels  after  mjection,  and  suet  i 

*^i?'vi®Ir    ^5®'**^*'?^i?''^®''^^**^-i*^i®T?i'  were  next  called  into  requisition.   Impr 

shall  be  delivered  or  received  as  aforesaid,  but  shall  «  n        j   •                      ▲        ^  •   •     x* 

be  buried  in  the  usual  manner:  And  proiided,  also,  lollowed  improvement,  and  iiyections 

That  in  case  the  remains  of  any  person  so  delivered  ter  of  Pans,  rubber,    glue,  and    eth< 

or  received  shall  be  subsequently  claimed  by  any  adherents.     But  none  of  these  methoc 


Health  in  said  localities  where  such  medical  colleges  almost  universally  used ;  but  chloride 

are  situated,  after  the  remains  have  served  the  pur-  common  salt,  hyposulphite  of  soda,  anc 

pose  of  8tudy  aforesaid.    And  for  Miy  neglect  or  vio-  ^f  alumina  still  find  favor.     The  usual 

lation  of  the  provisions  ofthis  act, the  party  so  neglect-  ^-  :„,'«^4.:^«  :„  *^  «a».a-  fi.«  ^^«»,»^« 

ing  shall  foi¥eit  and  pay  a  penalty  of  not  lesTthan  ^^  injection  is,  to  sever  the  common 

twenty  five  dollars,  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars,  to  be  artery  near  the  root  of  the  neck,  an< 

sued  for  and  recovered  by  the  health-officer  of  said  the  peripheral  end  to  the  syringe.     . 

cities  and  places  for  the  benefit  of  their  department,  mass  of  a  saturated  solution  of  arse 

Twenty-three  other  States  of  the  Union  have  soda  and  plaster  of  Paris  is  then  prepa 

declared    dissection    to    be  legal :    Alabama,  is  forced  through  the  arteries  at  sbo 

Arkansas,   California,  Colorado,   Connecticut,  vals  of  time,  so  as  not  to  rupture  an; 

Georgia,    Illinois,     Indiana,     Iowa,    Kansas,  more  delicate  vessels.      The    prepar 

Maine,   Massachusetts,    Michigan,   Minnesota,  usually  tinted  with  some  aniline  dye. 

Missouri,    Nebraska,   New    Hampshire,   New  the  veins  are  iiyected  for  any  purpos 

Jersey,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Tennessee,  Ver-  color  is  used.    About  three  quarts  of  t 

mont,  and  Wisconsin.    In  all  these  States  the  ure  suffices  for  the  average  body.    Foi 

law  is  similar  in  its  conditions  and  provisions  in  operative  sargery,  and  for  lecture 

to  that  of  New  York.     Most  of  tne  States  various  systems,  as  the  vascular,  nerv 

have  also  declared  disinterment  of  bodies  to  muscular,  other  methods  are  employe 

be  a  misdemeanor,   while  some  States  have  times  more  complicated  than  that  d( 

made  no  provision  but  the  gallows  for  the  In    Berlin,    Vienna,   Paris,  and    He; 

supply  of  bodies  for  the  dissecting-room.    The  where  the  supply  of  bodies  from  the 

tendency  at  the  present  day,  however,  is  strong-  sources    exceeds    the    demand,    no 

ly  toward  liberal  laws.  allowed  in  the    dissecting-room  ove 

In  Paris  and  Vienna  all  bodies  from  the  days,  and  no  injections  or  antiseptic 

public  hospitals  and  workhouses  are  given  to  tions  are  made  use  of.    See  HyrtPs  *^  I 

the  medical  schools.    In  Gdttingen  the  supply  der  Anatomic  des  Menschen  *'  (8th  e< 

is  maintained  by  the  dead  from  the  public  na,1863);  ^*  The  Gold-headed  Cane " ; 

institutions,  and  by  the  poor  that  are  supported  Hunter^s  Introductory  Lectures;    am 

at  the  expense  of  the  state.    The  same  condi-  Eeen^s  ^^  Early  History  of  Practical  Ai 

tions  exist    throughout    Germany.      Holland  (Philadelphia,  1874). 


I 


DOMINION  OP  CANADA. 


27B 


f  OF  CWIDA.  The  rear  ISBS  waa 
marked  b;  an  aDuanal  nnmbar  of  ohangea  in 
Ibe  GoTerDinent  of  tlie  Dominion.  Lord  Laos- 
dotrae'B  term  of  uffioe  aa  Govern  or-Oenerol  ei- 

Cired,  and  he  was  ^pointed  Tioeroj  of  India, 
ATiDg  Canada  in  Haj.  (For  biograpbioal 
■ketch  and  portrait  of  Lord  Lanedowne,  see 
the  "  Annoal  Cyoloptedia  "  Tor  1988,  page  468.) 
He  «a8  sacoeeded  at  Ottawa  b;  Lord  Stanley  of 
PrestoD,  who  on  June  11  iaeaed  the  proolama- 


faeretofore  existing  in  the  Honse  of  Conunons. 
Parliament  met  on  Febmarj-  28,  and  nas  pro- 
rogned  on  Haj  22. 

Parliament  was  opened  on  February  24  by 
Lord  Lansdowne,  who  delivered  the  following 
opeech  from  the  throne: 

BonorabU  Gmtltmenof  the  Smalt. • 
OeniUmtn  of  tiie  Snai  of  Camtnont  ; 
It  offbrda  me  mucb  gTB^<stioD  to  meet  you  onoe 
more  at  the  commencement  of  the  parliamenlai;  bcb- 
BioD,  mnd  lo  oongraCuliite  you  upon  Ihfl  eenera)  rroa- 

fjiity  of  the  country.  Althou^''  the  labors  or  the 
oabandmaD  hare  Dot  been  rewarded  in  some  por- 
Ijooe  of  the  Dominion  by  an  adequate  return,  thebaic 
veat  of  last  year  baa  on  ibe  whole  been  plenteous, 
while  in  Manitoba  and  the  Northwest  Territorica  it 
WW  one  of  rcmarlcable  attundatice. 

Tlie  nejjotiaticma  between  her  Mnjeiitj'a  Govem- 
meot  and  that  of  the  United  States  for  tbs  a^juatment 
of  what  ia  known  aa  "The  fiahery  Queation"  have, 
I  am  pleased  to  iafonnyou,  ret-ulted  in  a  treaty  whioh 
will,  I  ventUTe  to  hope,  be  considered  by  yoQ  aa  hon- 
orable and  satiatoctory  to  )>otb  nations.  The  treaty, 
with  the  papers  and  oorreapondence  relating  thetelo. 


'ffifr. 


-  JlaiileT,  E 

P.  C  O.  C.  B..  wai  bom  In  iMl,  ■ 

daugbtar  at  Ihe  Ear]  et ' 

am  >aa  craated  a  peer  la  1660.  aod  waa  ^tpolntad 

fitunl  gf  Canada  In  ia§8.    B*  haa  npreuiitiid  Pi 

:!onli  lADcaiblre  In  Iha  Honae  of  Commi 

IR  UielDiHrial 


jaewanlTelr  ..  a  L. 

Admlnll^  Financial  Secnury  for  War.  iHnUKsial  I 
■IT  lo  tba  TWaory.  ftmrolary  of  aiila  for  W»'  i"' 
koMaiy,  and  Presidrnl        ' 


k  tka  GrIBadlw  Quwdi  from 


Lord  Btacltj 


tirin  annoDDcing  his  appointment  to  the  Gov- 
emor-G«Deralsbip.  The  death  of  the  Hem. 
Thomas  White,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  de- 
prived the  Dominion  Cabinet  of  one  of  its  ablest 
tnd  most  respected  members.  Mr.  White  was 
ncceeded  in  the  ministry  by  the  Bon.  Edgar 
Itewdney,  who  retired  from  the  Lientenant- 
Govemorship  of  the  Northwest  Territories.  Sir 
CbarlesTnpper  resigned  the  portfolio  of  Minister 
of  Finance  to  retnm  to  London  as  High  Com- 
nisaioner  for  Canada,  and  was  succeeded  by  the 
Boo.  G.  E.  Foster,  Minister  of  Marine  and  Fish- 
triea.  The  Hon.  Charles  Tupper  (son  of  Sir 
Charles)  entered  the  Cabinet  as  Minister  of  Ma- 
rine and  Fiaheries.  The  Hon.  A.  W.  McLelsn, 
Postmaster-General,  accepted  the  Lieutenant- 
Governorship  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  his  portfolio 
(tU  to  the  Hon.  John  Haggart.  The  Hon.  J.  B. 
Plomb,  Spealcer  of  the  Senate,  died  dnring  the 
■Mon  of  Parliament  on  March  12. 

hffaacst. — Twenty- four  by-elections  took 
pUee  daring  the  year,  but  without  effecting 

T  material  change  in  the  balance  of  parties 


will  be  laid  before  you,  and  you  will  be  invited  t< 
adopt  a  measure  to  give  effect  Ui  its  proviaions. 

The  eitansLon  and  development  of  our  ayateni  of 
railways  have  not  only  rendered  neccstan  additional 
aafeguorda  for  lifb  aod  property,  but  have  given 
greater  frequency  to  queabona  in  which  the  interests 
of  rival  oompanies  are  found  Co  be  in  confliot,  and  to 

!__  jntdoritotivB  adjaatment.     As  ftirther  legisla- 

-  —  •    •-    needed  for  these  parpoaes,  a  meaa- 

:ted  to  yon  for  the  comoiidation  and 

improvement  of  "  the  Railway  act." 

Eiperienoe  having  shown  that  amendmenla  ore  re- 
quired to  make  the  prDvisiona  of  the  act  reapecUng 
Klectiooa  of  the  Membem  of  the  House  of  Commona 
more  effective  and  more  convenient  In  their  opera- 
tion, you  will  be  aakcd  to  consider  a  mcaanre  for  the 
amendment  of  that  aWtute.  The  act  respecting  Con- 
troverted Elections  may  likewise  require  attention 

terpretation  wbich  have  arisen  and  which  should  be 
gtt  at  rest.  My  Government  has  avuled  itself  of  UiO 
opporlunily  aflorded  by  the  reoeag  to  consider  the  nn- 
meroua  Eu^rgeatlons  which  have  been  mode  for  im- 

f  roving  the  detajla  of  the  Act  renpecting  the  Glectten 
raochiso,  and  a  measure  will  be  submitted  to  you 
for  the  purpose  of  eimplifying  the  law  and  greatly 
leaseninif  the  cost  of  ita  operation. 

The  growth  of  the  Northwest  Territories  renden 
eipedient  an  Improvement  in  the  system  of  govern- 
ment and  l^alation  affeodng  these  portions  of  the 
Dominion,  and  a  hill  for  that  purpose  wilt  be  laid 
before  you.  A  bill  will  be  submitted  to  you  to  make 
a  iarcer  portion  of  the  modem  laWa  of  England  ap- 
plicable to  the  Province  of  Manitoba  and  to  l£e  North- 
west Territories  in  regard  to  mattera  which  aie  within 
the  control  of  the  rarliament  of  Canada,  hut  which 


Among  other  meosarca,  bills  will  be  presented  to 
you  TKlating  to  the  judicinrv,  to  the  Civil-8arvice  act, 
and  to  the  audit  of  the  publio  aooounta. 
Oenilemtn  of  Iht  Haute  of  Conaaont: 

The  accouota  for  the  post  year  will  be  laid  twibrByou 
as  well  aa  Ihe  esrimatea  for  the  enaulng  year.    Tliey 
have  been  prepared  with  a  due  regard  to  eoonomy  and 
the  rcquirementa  of  the  public  service. 
Bonorablt  Qtntlimtn  of  tkt  Smatt: 

Gentltmen  of  the  HoaH  of  Commatu  ; 

I  commend  these  Important  subjects  and  all  mat- 
ters affeatinK  the  public  intercitH  which  may  be  brought 
befom  you  to  your  beet  consideralioD,  and  I  feel  ns- 
Bured  that  you  will  addreas  youieelveM  !>>  them  with 
and  aaaldulty. 


276  DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 

Hm  Bidg«t — Sir  Oharles  Tapper,  Minister  of        With  regard  to  tbe  working  of  the  iron  and 

Finance,  in  moving  the  Hoase  into  Committee  steel  tariff,  the  trade  retans  showed  that  the 

of  Ways  and  Means,  on  April  27,  said  that  the  average  datj  levied  by  the  United  Stales  on 

revenue  of  tbe  Dominion  for  the  year  ending  imports  of  iron  and  steel  for  the  year  ending 

Jane  80,  1887,  amounted  to $35,754,998,  an  in-  Jane  80,  1887,  was  41  per  cent,  ad  valorem; 

crease  of  $454,998  over  the  estimate.    The  act-  the  average  rate  for  the  same  articles  imported 

aal  expenditure  was  $85,657,860,  an  excess  of  into  Canada  for  the  nine  months  ending  March 

$57,860  over  the  estimates,  thus  leaving  a  sar-  81,  under  the  new  tariff^  was  231-  per  cent,  ad 

plus  in  place  of  the  expected  deficit.    He  esti-  valorem.   Comparing  the  United  States  costoms 

mated  the  revenue  for  the  year  1887-'88  at  tariff  on  all  goods  imported  for  home  consomp- 

$86,900,000,  and  the  expenditure  at  about  $87,-  tion  with  the  Canadian  tariff  on  similar  im- 

000,000,  tbe  estimates  to  be  laid  before  Parlia-  ports,  the  trade  returns  show  this  result  for  the 

ment  amounting  to  $85,421,440.22:    and  the  year  ended  June  80,  1887:  Average  rate  on 

supplementary  estimates  would  include  amounts  United  States  imports,  81^  per  cent,  ad  valorem, 

for  mail  subsidies  and  steamship  subventions.  Average  rate  on  Canadian  imports,   2l{  per 

He  said  tbe  Dominion  had  incurred  a  debt  of  cent,  ad  valorem.    Comparing  dutiable  aitioles 

£1,000,000  in  England  for  temporary  accom-  under  the  United  States  customs  tariff  with  the 

modation.    Since  May  last  the  country  had  ex-  same  articles  under  tbe  Canadian  tariff,  the 

perienced  a  certain  amount  of  financial  strin-  trade  returns  for  1886-^87  show  the  average 

gency,  and  one  of  the  results  had  been  that  duty  on  United  States  imports  for  home  con- 

tiiree  banks  had  ceased  to  transact  business,  sumption  to  be  47  per  cent,  ad  valorem  against 

The  past  summer  was  one  of  unusual  heat  and  an  average  of  28|  per  cent,  ad  valorem  on  Ca- 

drought  in  tbe  province  of  Ontario,  and  the  nadian  imports  for  the  same  period.   Under  tbe 

harvest  was  not  up  to  the  average.    The  same  Mills  Bill  the  average  customs  rates  on  dutiable 

cause  had  operated  against  the  extensive  lum-  articles,  based  on  United  States  imports  for 

ber  industry,  and  on  account  of  the  lowness  of  home  consumption  for  1886-'87,  is  estimated 

the  water,  timber  that  had  been  cut  and  lay  in  to  be  484  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  while  under  the 

the  streams  could  not  be  made  marketable,  amended  Canadian  tariff  for  the  nine  months 

This  had  caused  a  certain  drain  on  the  resources  ended  March  81,   1888,  the  average  customs 

of  the  banks,  in  order  that  the  legitimate  re-  rates  on  dutiable  articles  entered  for  home  oon- 

quirements  of  those  engaged  in  the  industry  sumption  has  been  81  f^  per  cent,  ad  valorem, 

snould  be  provided  for.    But  against  this  they  The  effect  of  the  tariff  on  the  market  prices 

had  occasion  to  be  gratified  by  the  splendid  had  been  to  make  a  small  increase,  but  not  to 

harvest  in  Manitoba  and  the  Northwest.    Still  the  full  extent  of  the  increased  duty.     He  took, 

it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  we  were  going  by  way  of  illustration,  the  value  of  warrants  in 

ahead  rather  too  quickly.    In  our  cities,  and  Glasgow,  that  being  the  best  gauge  of  the  gen- 

especially  in  Toronto,  there  had  been  a  certain  eral  level  of  the  iron  market,  and  as  at  Olas- 

amount  of  speculation  in  real  estate.    In  the  gow  prices  were  pretty  even  during  February 

end,  the  short  crop  in  Ontario  and  these  other  and  December,  1887.     Taking  pig-iron,  the 

attendant  circumstances,  would  prove  a  bless-  price  in  Canada  was  only  from  $1  to  $1.25  per 

ing  in  disguise  by  the  curtailment  of  importa-  gross  ton  higher  in  December  than  in  Febni- 

tions.    However,  by  the  exercise  of  economy  ary,  1887,  while  the  additional  duty,  which 

and  prudence,  Canada  would  soon  recover  from  took  effect  July  1,  was  $2.24  per  gross  ton,  in- 

the  present  stringency,  her  trade  being  sound  dicating  that  tbe  foreign  maker,  carriers,  and 

at  the  core,  and  would  soon  return  to  its  nor-  importers,  etc.,  had  made  a  concession  of  about 

mal  condition.    At  the  beginning  of  tbe  fiscal  $1  to  $1.25  per  ton  to  retain  the  trade.    In 

year  the  Government,  chiefly  in  deference  to  other  words,  the  consumer  paid  fully  one  half 

the  banking  community,  lowered  the  limit  of  the  amount  of  duty  contributed  to  tbe  revenue, 

deposits  in  the  savings-banks,  and  fixed  the  As  to  bar-iron,  the  price  was  as  follows :  In 

amount  to  be  received  from  any  depositor  to  February,  1887,  $1.60  to  $1.65  per  100  pounds; 

be  $800  in  any  one  year,  and  $1,000  in  all.  in   December,  1887,  $1.85  to  $1.90  per  100 

Originally,  the  savings-bank  deposits  were  nn-  pounds,  showing  an  advance  of  only  25  cents 

limited;  a  reduction  was  then  made  to  $10,000,  per  100  pounds,  while  the  extra  duty  was  46 

and  afterward  this  was  again  brought  down  to  cents  per  100  pounds.    As  to  cast-iron  water- 

$8,000 ;  now  the  limit  is  $1,000.    The  effect  on  pipes,  the  contract  prices  for  the  corporation  of 

the  Government  savings-bank   deposits   had  Montreal  averaged  as  foUows:  For  1885,  $18.50 

been  that  some  of  the  larger  deposits  held  by  per  gross  ton ;  for  1886,  $26.21  per  gross  ton; 

the  (Government  had  been  withdrawn,  and  bad  for  1887,  $88.14  per  gross  ton;  for  1888,  only 

gone  to  swell  the  general  business  of  the  conn-  $82.10  per  gross  ton ;  although  the  increase  in 

try  by  transfers  to  the  banks  where  higher  rates  duty  has  been  $8  per  ton.    The  Montreal  wa- 

of  interest  were  offered.    The  million  pounds  ter-pipes  for  1888,  above  referred  to,  are  to  be 

sterling  borrowed  in  England  represented  an  made  in  Canada  from  Canadian  ore.    The  in- 

amount  that  was  expected  to  have  been  received  crease  of  price  over  the  average  for  1885-^86 

from  Canadian  depositors,  the  capital  expendi-  is  thus  about  half  the  increase  in  duty, 
ture  of  the  country  having  had  to  be  met  out        After  referring  in  detail  to  the  effect  of  tbe 

of  ordinary  revenue.  tariff  in  promoting  the  exploration  of  new  fielda 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 


277 


in  the  iron  indnstrj,  and  to  the  improved  bnsi- 
nesB  of  the  old  iron  and  steel  industries,  Sir 
Charles  took  np  the  aaestion  of  trade  with  the 
West  Indies.  This  trade,  on  the  whole,  had  been 
good ;  the  price  of  Canadian  fish  in  the  West 
Indies  had  been  satisfactory  to  fishermen  and 
merchant  shippers.  An  important  factor  in  this 
trade  was  the  return  cargoes  of  sugar  and  the 
recent  change  in  the  sugar  duties,  rutting  the 
same  duty  upon  all  sugars  for  refining,  accord- 
ing to  their  polariscopic  test,  had  had  the  effect 
of  enooaragmg  the  importation  of  West  Indian 
sugar,  especially  into  Nova  Scotia.  In  1878 
the  total  value  of  imports  entered  for  consump- 
tion from  all  the  West  Indies  was  $1,181,728, 
and  in  1886  this  had  increased  to  $8,249,642. 

Passing  to  the  cotton  industry,  there  are 
now  about  60,000  bales  of  raw  cotton,  in  value 
about  $3,000,000,  used  annually  in  the  Domin- 
ion, being  an  increase  in  ten  years  of  nearly 
50,000  bales.  In  the  Dominion  there  are  now 
about  half  a  million  spindles,  employing  about 
9,000  bands,  with  an  invested  capital  of  about 
$8,000,000.  To  show  how  steadily  interpro- 
Tincial  trade  has  developed  in  Canada,  returns 
furnished  by  the  Intercolonial  Railway  show 
^t  the  following  movements  took  place  in 
1878  and  in  1887  in  passengers  and  articles  car- 
ried both  ways: 


Federal  gross  debt,  with  assets,  for  years  ended 
80th  June  was  as  follows  : 


TBAR& 


FTEMS. 

1878. 

1887. 

Floor,  barrels. 

687,778 

88U70 

46,498 

06,600,000 

140,858) 

880,7411 

028,710 

618,957 

758,480 

ftffai^  hath«l9. . .  r 

1,016384 
80,788 

Iivi6-9tock.  number 

Lumber,  feet  

16L100.000 

Mwinflwtnret,  toos 

Otber  artiel««  (not  including 
flre-wood),  tons. 

880,000 

• 

Total  IMclit,  tons 

1,181,884 

PMUfinrcis.  number 

940,144 

In  both  years  fiour,  live-stock,  and  lum- 
ber were  local,  as  distinguished  from  through 
freight  for  export.  As  regards  grain,  there 
were  440,454  bushels  local  freight  in  1887, 
i^nst  331,470  in  1878.  The  total  increase  of 
freight  in  1887,  as  compared  with  1878,  was 
608,000  tons ;  and,  speaking  of  the  proportions 
between  local  and  through  freight,  the  general 
manager  says  that  the  increase  is  about  equally 
divided,  lliis  would  give  an  increase  of  local 
tnfSc  eqaal  to  over  300,000  tons  in  1887,  as 
eoinpare<l  with  1878,  or  an  increase  of  67  per 
e»t.  The  increase  in  the  movement  of  pas- 
sengers was  indicative  also  of  increased  inter- 
i^rovincial  trade.  Taking  some  of  the  articles 
earned  westward,  the  growth  of  this  trade  he 
regarded  as  indicated  by  the  quantity  of  coal 
yearly  transported  by  rail  from  Nova  Scotia. 
For  the  several  years  from  1879  to  1886  the  fol- 
lowing quantities  were  carried  west  by  the  In- 
tercolonial Railway:  1879,  570  tons;  1880, 
10.S46  tons;  1881,  80,629  tons;  1882,  85,089 
tons;  1883,  54,891  tons;  1884,  112,898  tons; 
1885,  165,791  tons;  1886,  175,512  tons. 

Sir  Charles  submitted  to  Parliament  a  series 
of  tables  showing  comparative  statistics  for 
«aeh  year  since  confederation.    The  Canada 


867  (Confedentioii  created). 
,c68 


860  (Better  terme  to  KoTft  Sootia). 

870  (Manitoba  created  a  Prorliice, 
debt  $478,090) 

871  (British   ColumbU  admitted, 
debt  $1,666,800) 

872 

878  (Prince  Edward  islimd  admlV 

ted,  debt  4,987,060) 

874 


875 

876  (Intercolonial  Ballway  opened) 

877 

878 

879 

880  (Intercolonial  Railway  finished) 

881  (C.  P.  B.  begun) 

888 

884  (ProTlneial  debts  assumed, 
$7,178,a$7) 

886  (C.  P.  R.  finished,  last  spike 
Not.  7) 

886  (Temporary  loan  to  0.  P.  B.  of 
$80,000,000.  Manitoba  debt  aa- 
sumed,  $8,817,286) 

887  ($10,189,681  added  to  debt,  be- 
ing porohaBe-moneT  of  6.798,014 
acres  of  land  fK>m  0.  P.  B.) 


OroM  I>»bt. 


$98,046,061 

96,896,666 

118,861,998 

116,998,706 

116,498,688 
182,400,179 

189,748,488 
141,168,661 
161,668,401 
161,804,687 
174,67^884 
174.957,868 
179,488,871 
194,684,440 
199,861,687 
806,866.251 
808,169,104 

848,488,416 

864,708,607 


878,164,841 


878,187,686 


$17,817,410 
81,189,581 
86,608,679 

87,788,964 

87,786,166 
40,818,107 

89.894,970 
88,888,686 
8^666,088 
86,668,178 
41,440,686 
84,696,199 
86,498,688 
42,182,868 
44,46^757 
61,708,601 
48,692,889 

60,880,&06 

68,296,916 


60,005^284 
46,878,611 


Canada  taxation,  being  customs  and  excise 
duties  collected,  during  years  ended  30th  June : 


TEABS. 


1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1878. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 

isn. 

1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1888. 
1884. 
1886. 
1886. 
1887. 


KzdM. 


$8,002,688 
8,710,088 
8,619.688 
4,295,946 
4,786,662 
4,460,688 
6,604,904 
6,069.687 
6,668,487 
4,941,898 
4,868,678 
6,890,768 
4,282,427 
6,848,022 
^884,860 
6,260,116 
6,469,809 
6,449,108 
^862,906 
6,808,801 


Ciutoau. 


$8,678380 
8,878,880 
9,884,218 
11,841,104 
18,787,988 
12,964,164 
14,886.198 
16,861,011 
18,888,888 
18,646.988 
12,782,884 
12,900,669 
14,071,848 
18,406,099 
81,661,670 
88,009,688 
80,028,890 
18,98^4^8 
19,878,668 
88,878,801 


Canada  imports  for  home  consumption,  di- 
vided into  free  and  dutiable,  during  years  ended 
80th  June: 


TKARA. 

DutkbU 

FrM. 

1868 

$48,666,696 
41,069,848 
46,127.428 
60,094,868 
68,546,718 
71,409,196 
76,285,858 
78,141,488 
60,248,846 
60,919,960 
69,776,689 
66,480,012 
64,182,967 
71,620,726 
8^767,488 
91,588,889 
80,010.498 
78,269,618 
70,658,819 
78,120,679 

$28329,610 

1869 

1870 

26,882,928 
26,110,181 

1871 

26,858,180 

1872 

89,168,898 

1878 

56,105.898 

1874 

51,168,816 

1875 

1876 

18n 

1879 

41,477,229 
84,489,872 
85,880,628 
81,422,988 
24,911,596 

18S0  

17,699,882 

1881 

19,990,879 

1882 

26,891,494 

1888 

81,548,680 

1884 

1S86 

28,170,146 
29,440,401 

1886 

28,948,876 

1887  

27,618,749 

278 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 


Imports  of  iron  and  steel  and  mann  fact  ores 
thereof  into  the  Dominion  for  home  consump- 
tion for  years : 


1868. $6,866,866 

1869 7,886,780 

1870 7,760,867 

1871 10,803,646 

1872 16,918,179 

1878 25,486,020 

1874 20,700,887 

1876 18,199,198 

1876 ...  12,966,117 

1877 11,082,821 


1878. .......   ....  $9,898,806 

1879 .  7,962,296 

1880 10,128,660 

1881 12,966,856 

1882 17,499,488 

1888 20,080,274 

1884 14,790,727 

1886 ll,41^718 

1886 11,058,866 

1887 18,696,046 


Relative  value  of  ten  principal  exports  (home 
production)  from  Dominion  of  Canada,  fiscal 
year  1887: 


Wood  and  numa- 

ikctores $21,166,680 

CksiiM,      barley, 

peue,  and  floor,    16,001 ,897 

Animals 10,461,442 

Gheeae 7,108,978 


ilah $6,87^810 

Furs  and  hides. . .  2,828,91 8 

Kgga 1,826,669 

CoaL 1,622,272 

Meats  1,094,076 

Gold 1,017,401 


The  number  of  post-offices  in  the  successive 
years  has  been  as  follow :  In  1868,  8,638 ;  io 
1869,3,756;  in  1870,  3,820;  in  1871,  3,943; 
in  1872,  4,135  ;  in  1873,4^518;  in  1874,  4,706; 
in  1875,  4,892;  in  1876,  5,016;  in  1877,  5,161 ; 
in  1878,  5,378;  in  1879,5,696;  in  1880,5,773; 
in  1881,  5,936 ;  in  1882,  6,171 ;  in  1883,  6,396 ; 
in  1884,  6,837 ;  in  1885,  7,084 ;  in  1886,  7,295 ; 
in  1887,  7,634. 

The  postal  revenue  in  1868  was  $1,024,710  ; 
and  the  expenditure,  $1,053,570.  Id  1887  the 
revenue  was  $2,603,256,  and  the  expenditure, 
$3,458,101. 

The  total  Canadian  debt  payable  in  London, 
July  1,  1887,  was  as  follows : 

Rat*  of  taitWMl.  Ainoimt 

81  per  cent $24,888,888 

4    *•    140,866,599 

6    *»    2,488,888 

6    •*    4,052,478 


Total $171,676,786 

Interest  paid $6,850,746 

Other  statistical  tables  were  submitted,  simi- 
lar to  those  presented  at  the  previous  session, 
and  published  in  the  *^  Annual  Cyclopsddia  ^* 
for  1887,  which  contained  statistics  from  1868 
to  1886.    The  figures  for  1887  are  as  follow  : 

Deposits  by  the  people  in  the  chartered  banks  of 
Canada,  $107,154,483. 

Deposits  in  the  savinffs-banks,  $50,944,785. 

Disooonts  given  by  the  chartered  banks,  $169,857,- 
825 

Total  exports  of  Canada,  $89,515,811. 

Shipping  employed,  not  including  ooaBting-vessels, 
14,817,099  tons  register. 

Coasting-trade  tonnage  employed,  17,518,677  tons 
register. 

Kailway,  mileage,  in  Canada,  12,292. 

Life  insurance  in  Canada,  net  amount  in  force, 
$191,566,168. 

Fire  in^iuranoe  in  Canada,  amount  at  risk  in  1887, 
$688,528,697 ;  in  1886  (omitted  last  session),  $586,- 
788,022. 

Business  failures  in  Canada,  $16,811,745. 

After  referring  to  the  failure  of  Erastus 
Wiman*s  attempt  to  promote  unrestricted  reci- 
procity sentiment  in  Canada,  and  deprecating 
the  idea  of  driving  the  protected  industries  into 
the  United  States,  Sir  Charles  said  : 


I  have  used  a  strong  term ;  I  have  said  this  scheme 
of  unrestricted  reciprocity  is  a  folly,  a  mad  folly ;  and 
1  say  so  for  this  reason,  that  if  every  man  in  thi& 
House  was  of  opinion  that  Canada  should  commit  sui- 
cide, as  it  would  have  to  do  by  adoptinjif  unrestricted 
reciprocity — I  say  if  that  was  the  position  of  every 
man  of  lx>th  sides  of  the  House,  we  would  have  no 
more  chance  oi  obtaining  unrestricted  reciprocity  with 
the  United  States  than  we  would  have  of  dictating  to 
the  Imperial  Parliament  who  should  advise  Her  Maj- 
esty's ministers.  Not  a  bit  more.  I  can  scwoeiy 
flna  any  simile  or  langua^  that  would  show  the  help- 
lessness and  the  utter  futility  of  adopting  such  a  pou- 
cy.  This  subject  has  been  discussed  now  for  many 
months,  it  has  been  put  forth  in  the  most  captivating 
form  by  the  ablest  men  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
House,  both  in  this  House  and  abroad  through  the 
country,  and  they  have  found  papers  so  wanting  in 
information  and  so  blindly  subservient  to  party  in- 
fluences as  to  advocate  their  scheme — and  what  has 
been  tiie  result  ?  Why,  point  me  to  a  paper  in  the 
United  States,  Republican  or  Democratic,  Mugwump 
or  anything  else — show  me  a  single  paper  poeseasing 
the  slightest  influence  in  that  country  that  would  ever 
eive  support  to  a  scheme  which  would  take  away  the 
barriers  between  the  trade  of  Canada  and  the  trade  of 
the  United  States,  and  leave  Canada  free  to  admit  the 
products  of  England. 

Sir,  we  have  the  most  abundant  evidence  that  it  is 
only  necessary  for  us  to  have  confldence  in  ourselves, 
and  to  devote  ourselves  unsparingly  in  the  future  to 
the  great  task  of  developing  the  inexhaustible  re- 
sources of  this  country.  Then,  whenever  the  time 
comes  that  we  shall  have  the  management  of  theee 
mattere  entirely  in  our  own  hands,  we  shall  be  able 
to  enter  upon  even  terms  into  negotiations  with  other 
countries  for  the  extension  of  our  commercial  rela- 
tions. I  say,  sir,  that  we  not  only  have  the  advan- 
tage of  this  greaX  domain,  with  its  inexhaustible  re- 
sources, but  we  have  over  us  the  flag  of  the  mightest 
empire  in  the  world,  and  under  its  egis  we  can  go 
forth  with  greater  confidence  than  any  man  can  pos- 
sess, representing  a  community  of  only  five  millions  of 
people,  we  can  go  forth  knowing  that  in  the  remotest 
section  or  the  world  that  flag  is  waving  over  our  heads, 
thi^  there  are  behind  us  an  army,  a  navy,  and  a  moral 
force  of  a  great  empire  that  wUl  flrive  Canada  all  the 
protection  that  she  can  desire.  Sir,  under  these  cir- 
cumstances, to  throw  away  our  birthright  for  a  mew 
of  pottage,  to  go  looking  for  commercial  reciprocity 
witn  a  foreign  country — even  if  we  could  obtam  it,  i 
say  a  policy  of  that  kind  would  be,  in  my  opinion,  to 
make  us  forget  what  Canadians  never  wul  foiveL  the 
gratitude  they  owe  to  the  great  empire  of  wnicn  we 
form  a  part,  and  the  duty  of  building  up  on  this 
northern  portion  of  the  continent  of  America,  a  power 
to  which  every  Canadian  will  feel  proud  to  belong. 

Umstrlcted  Redprtdty.— The  principal  debate 
of  the  session  was  on  the  question  of  nnrestrict> 
ed  reciprocity  between  Canada  and  the  United 
States. 

Sir  Richard  Cartwright  (Liberal)  moved,  on 

March  14: 

That  it  is  highly  desirable  that  the  lareest  possible 
freedom  of  commercial  intercourse  should  obtun  be- 
tween the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  the  United  States, 
and  that  it  is  expedient  that  aU  articles  maiiufaoturea 
in,  or  the  natural  products  of  either  of  the  said  coun- 
tries should  be  admitted  free  of  duty  into  the  ports  of 
the  other  (articles  subject  to  duties  of  excise  or  of  in- 
ternal revenue  alone  excepted).  That  it  is  further  ex- 
pedient that  the  Government  of  the  Dominion  should 
take  steps  at  an  early  date  to  ascertain  on  what  terms 
and  conoitions  arrangements  can  be  efifocted  witii  the 
United  States  for  tiie  purpose  of  securing  f^  and  \ut- 
restricted  redprodty  of  trade  therewith. 

Hon.  Mr.  Foster  (Minister  of  Marine  and  Fish- 
eries) moved  in  amendment : 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA.  279 

.lut  CftoadA  in  the  Ajtore.  as  in  the  past,  is  denr-  will  find  evidence  which  oaght  to  convince  this 

I  of  caJtivating  and  ertending  trade  reiationa  with  H^Qge  that  within  the  last  fourteen  or  fifteen 

t  United  States  in  so  far  as  they  may  not  conflict  „^„«„   «i*u^««i»  4-\^^^^  v»o«  i*-^w»   «  ^^'^»ia^^^u\^ 

h  the  policy  of  fostering  the  va^ous Interests  and  7^^^  although  there  has  heen  a  considerable 

nstriea  of  the  Dominion  which  was  adopted  in  1879  increase  of  population — but  far  inferior  to  that 

I  has  since  received  in  so  marked  a  manner  the  we  ought  to  have  had — there  has  been,  and  it 

cdon  and  approval  of  ita  people.  ia  a  noteworthy  fact,  a  very  large  reduction  in 

tfr.  Jones  of  Halifax  (Liberal)  moved  an  the  total  volume  of  trade.    Here  is  the  hop- 

endment :  orable  gentleman's  own  blue  book  laid  withm 

these  last  few  days  on  the  table  of  the  House, 

?^S-f°^  arrawment  between  Canada  and  the  g^^j^  f^^^^^  ^^^1;  j  ^^  ^hat  in  1878,  fifteen  years 

uuited  States  providing  for  the  free  importation  mto  ^u    i.  *  i       i             r  *     j              <kni^  enn 

each  country  oTthenaSral  and  manufactured  prodnc-  ^^^  ^9®  ^^  volume  of  trade  was  $217,500,- 

tkms  of  the  other,  it  is  highly  desirable  that  it  should  000,  with  a  population  of  8,750,000;  that,  to-day, 

be  provided  that  aurin^  uio  continuance  of  any  such  with  a  population  which  honorable  gentlemen 

inaoj^eiDent  the  coasting-trade  of  Canada  and  of  the  opposite  estimate,  though  incorrectly,  at  4,800,- 

Unitcd  States  should  be  thrown  open  to  vessels  of  ^          ^^    "^J          »f  ^^     and  exports  is 

both  countries  on  a  footing  ot  complete  reciprocal  a«X«  Vwv/v  «^!^  L  •        a^  *.  X/xA  ^^^i    ^'^r^'"'*'  t^ 

Mmlity,  and  that  vessels  of  all  kinds  built  in  the  $202,000,000,  bemg  $16,000,000  less   than   it 

Doited  States  or  Canada  may  be  owned  and  sailed  by  was  fifteen  years  ago,  although  we  have  1,000,- 

the  citixena  of  the  other  and  be  entitled  to  registry  in  000  people  or  thereabout  more.     Apply   an- 

^er  ooun^  and  to  aU  the  benefits  thereto  apper-  Q^jjer  test.     I  find    in  1878  the  average  per 

"^'  head  of  exports  and  imports  amounted  to  $58 

Sir  Richard  Oartwright,  in  supporting  his  odd;  according  to  the  honorable  gentleman's 

motion,  said :  own  statement,  the  average  per  head  of  ex- 

"  I  will  take  two  facts  alone,  which  ap-  ports  and  imports  to-day  is  $41.50. 
pear  to  me,  and  I  think  will  appear  to  this  In  twenty  years  the  Government  have  tre- 
Hoose,  to  be  of  very  great  importance  in  this  bled  our  debt,  in  twenty  years  they  have  trebled 
eoonection ;  and  of  which  I  have  here  as  ab-  our  taxes,  and  when  the  budget  comes  to  be 
solute  evidence  as  it  is  possible  for  any  man  brought  down  I  think  the  House  will  find  that 
to  have.  I  will  take  the  movement  of  the  the  liabilities  of  the  people  of  this  country  are 
population  in  this  country  in  the  last  quarter  very  far  indeed  from  being  fully  discharged  or 
of  a  century,  beginning  in  the  year  1861  and  measured  even  by  our  present  enormous  debt, 
going  down  to  the  year  1886,  which  is  the  last  Again  I  say  for  the  moment  I  suspend  my  re- 
moment  for  which  I  have  absolutely  accurate  marks  on 'their  failure  to  create  an  impor- 
lUtisdcal  information.  What  are  these  facts?  tant  interprovincial  trade.  That  is  a  question 
Sir,  they  are  facts  which  I  state  with  pain,  which  requires  a  little  more  discussion  than  it 
But  I  say  that  we  have  here  incontestable  evi-  suits  me  to  give  it  at  the  moment ;  and  here 
denoe  that  in  these  twenty-five  years,  one  in  again  I  ask  my  friends  from  the  maritime  prov- 
every  foar  of  the  native  -  bom  population  of  inces,  when  the  time  comes,  to  contribute  for 
Canada  has  been  compelled  to  seek  a  home  in  the  information  of  the  House  their  views  as  to 
s  foreign  country,  and  that  of  all  the  immi-  the  success  which  has  attended  our  efforts  to 
grants  whom  we  have  imported  at  great  cost,  create  a  trade  in  that  direction.  Nor  will  I 
three  out  of  four  have  been  compeUed  to  fol-  dwell  just  now  further  on  the  lamentable  fail- 
low  in  the  track  of  that  fraction  of  the  native-  ure  after  the  expenditure  of  over  $100,000,000 
bom  population.  of  public  money,  to  produce  or  obtain  any  ade- 
"  The  formal  reports  of  the  United  States  quate  settlement  of  the  Northwest.  But  I 
show  that  in  the  year  1860  there  were  249,000  will  say  a  word  or  two  as  to  the  utter  failure 
loen  of  Canadian  birth  in  the  United  States ;  to  obtain  any  adequate  return  from  our  great 
tiiat  in  ten  years  they  had  grown  to  490,000  public  works.  The  public  accounts  are  here, 
tools,  and  that  in  1880,  there  were  707,000  Ca-  and  those  public  accounts  show  that  the 
oadiana  in  the  United  States.  It  must  be  re-  people  of  Canada  have  expended  well  nigh 
i&embered  that  that  by  no  means  represents  the  $200,000,000  in  the  construction  of  railways 
total  exodas  of  our  people,  because,  when  you  and  canals  and  divers  other  improvements, 
eome  to  deal  with  such  large  numbers  as  these,  Time  was  when  we  hoped  those  would  give  us 
;oQ  most  allow  for  the  death- rate  which  pre-  something  like  an  adequate  return,  directly  or 
Tailed  in  the  twenty  years  from  1860  to  1880.  indirectly,  but  the  time  has  now  arrived  when 
That  deatii-rate,  after  careful  examination,  I  we  find  these  expectations  very  bitterly  disap- 
believe  to  have  been  about  74,000  in  the  first  pointed.  How  now  stands  the  case?  I  take 
decade,  and  120,000  in  the  second,  in  all  equal  the  public  accounts  for  1887,  and  I  find,  all 
to  194,000.  It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  between  told,  a  charge  of  $8,970,000  for  the  expenses  of 
1860  and  1880,  for  some  cause  or  other,  which  operating  those  public  works,  and  that  is  the 
it  is  not  my  present  purpose  to  analyze,  at  least  nominal  charge.  The  real  charge,  if  our  ac- 
(50,000  Canadians  found  homes  in  the  United  counts  were  kept  as  any  other  country  on  earth 
States.  would  keep  them,  would  be  nearer  $4,500,000, 
"Apply  another  test.  If  you  choose  to  turn  or,  at  aU  events,  $4,250,000  than  $8,970,000. 
to  the  report  of  Trade  and  Navigation,  which  What  do  we  get  as  a  return  ?  We  get  a  total 
tke  Minister  of  Customs  with  commendable  income  of  $8,270,000.  Not  only  do  we  not 
promptitode  has  laid  on  the  table,  there  you  receive  one  farthing  of  interest  on  the  outlay 


280  DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 

of  $200,000,000,  but  there  is  a  dead  annaal  loss  $88,000,000.     Ont  of  $81,000,000  of  export 

of  $700,000  a  jear,  not  to  speak  of  the  Tarioas  of  our  own  prodace,  we  sell  to  the  Unitei 

important  items  whioh  under  our  most  vicioas  States,  or  sold  last  year  over  $36,000,000,  o 

system  of  book-keeping  are  charged,  to  capital  very  nearly  half.    Oat  of  a  total  of  goods  en 

account.  tered  for  consumption  of  $106,000,000,   w 

^^  What  possible  available  remedies  are  there  bought  $45,000,000  from  the  United  States 
for  such  a  state  of  things?  So  far  as  I  can  see.  We  find  that,  of  18,779  horses  which  we  sold 
these  remedies  are  four.  In  the  first  place,  I  the  United  States  bought  18,215.  We  fin< 
think  that  a  very  great  improvement  might  be  that,  of  443,000  sheep,  the  United  States  bough 
made  by  reforming  our  present  most  oppress-  from  us  368,000.  We  find  that,  of  116,000  cat 
ive  and  unjust  system  of  taxation.  I  say  that  tie,  in  spite  of  all  tariff  restrictions,  they  bough 
an  immense  improvement  might  be  made  by  so  from  us  45,000  head.  Of  $107,000  worth  o 
revising  our  Constitution  in  the  manner  which  poultry,  the  United  States  bought  $99,00< 
we  have  pressed  from  this  side  of  the  House  worth.  Of  about  $2,000,000  worth  of  eggs- 
time  and  again,  and  in  the  manner  which  we  $1,826,000,  to  be  accurate — the  United  State 
have  seen  our  friends — not  our  friends  but  the  bought  all.  Of  $693,000  worth  of  hides,  th« 
friends  of  the  Government — ^in  conference  as-  United  States  bought  $418,000  worth.  0 
sembled  have  lately  likewise  proposed ;  and  by  527,000  tons  of  cosl,  the  United  States  bough 
so  altering  the  Constitution  that  this  tyrannical  404,000.  Of  140,000  tons  of  gypsum,  ih* 
conduct  on  the  part  of  the  Federal  authorities  United  States  bought  all.  Of  iron-ore,  th< 
toward  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  local  United  States  bought  all.  Of  salt,  all  that  wi 
legislatures  should  be  put  an  end  to  forever,  sold  the  United  States  bought  from  us.  O 
On  the  other  hand,  that  which  is  equally  im-  stone  and  marble,  all  that  we  sold  the  Unite< 
portant  is  that  this  system  of  bribes,  and  all  States  bought  from  us.  In  spite  of  fishery  dis 
those  frequent  and  incessant  forays,  by  various  putes,  and  taxes  I  suppose,  of  $6,875,000  wort] 
provincial  governments  on  the  Dominion  treas-  of  fish  that  we  sold,  tne  United  States  was  ou 
ury,  whenever  they  have  been  extravagant  and  best  customer  and  bought  $2,717,000  wortli 
got  into  a  scrape,  may  likewise  be  put  a  stop  to ;  Of  $20,485,000  worth  of  lumber,  the  Unites 
and  for  a  third  remedy,  sir,  that  tnis  most  mis-  States  bought  as  nearly  as  possible  half,  $9,853, 
chievous  railway  monopoly  which  has  barred  000  worth.  Of  1,416,000  pounds  of  wool,  th 
our  progress  up  to  the  present  time,  and  which  United  States  bought  1,800,000  pounds.  0 
has  barred  the  settlement  and  prosperity  of  9,456,000  bushels  of  barley,  the  United  State 
northwestern  Manitoba,  should  likewise  be  put  again  bought  all.  Of  $743,000  worth  of  hay 
an  end  to.  But  most  of  all  and  most  impor-  the  United  States  bought  $670,000.  Of  $439, 
tant  of  all,  do  I  believe  would  be  the  success  000  worth  of  potatoes,  the  United  States  bough 
in  the  obtaining  of  the  proposition  which  I  $328,000.  Of  $88,000  worth  of  general  vege 
ask  the  Government  to  try  and  obtain  in  the  tables,  they  bought  $75,000  worth.  Of  $254, 
resolution  now  in  your  hands,  the  obtaining  000  worth  of  miscellaneous  agricultural  prod 
of  perfect  free  trade  with  the  people  of  the  ucts,  the  United  States  bought  $249,000  worth 
United  States.  I  say,  sir,  that  that  is  worth  all  without  speaking  of  innumerable  smaller  arti 
the  rest.  Give  us  that,  and  railway  monopo-  cles,  such  as  apples,  fiax,  and  a  great  variet] 
lies  will  cease  to  vex  and  harass  you  ;  give  us  of  other  things ;  and,  if  the  duties  were  ono 
that,  and  the  Federal  relations  will  speedily  ad-  removed,  no  one  who  has  ever  been  in  Mani 
just  themselves  as  Federal  relations  ouffht  to  toba  and  the  Northwest  but  knows  that  tb( 
do  and  as  Federal  relations  were  intended  to  United  States  would  become  by  all  odds  ooi 
do;  give  us  that,  and  the  sting  would  be  taken  best  customer  for  a  great  deal  of  our  high- 
out  of  those  tariff  combines,  more  particularly  class  wheat.  Why,  in  the  mere  article  of 
if  the  United  States,  as  there  is  now  a  good  manufactures,  the  United  States,  out  of  a  total 
hope  that  it  will  do,  proceeds  to  emancipate  of  $3,079,000,  bought  $1,289,000  worth,  and 
itself  from  the  trade  fetters  it  most  foolishly  of  miscellaneous  articles  the  United  States 
put  on.  It  may  be  said  that  this  is  a  heroic  bought  $569,000  worth  out  of  a  total  of  $644,- 
remedy.  Well,  all  I  can  say  is  that  if  it  be,  000.  There  are  two  things  to  which  I  want 
never  in  the  history  of  this  country,  at  any  to  call  the  attention  of  all  the  members  of  this 
rate,  was  a  heroic  remedy  more  needed.  House.     One  is  that,  for  very  obvious  reasons, 

^^  I  contend  that  for  almost  everything  our  our  exports  to  the  United  States  are  largely 
farmers  have  to  sell  the  United  States,  if  only  undervalued.  They  do  not  at  all  fairly  repre- 
we  had  free  and  unrestricted  trade  with  them,  sent  the  amount  we  sell.  So  long  as  they  main- 
would  afford  us  absolutely  the  best  market ;  tain  a  high  tariff,  it  Is  the  obvious  interest  of 
and  I  contend  further  that,  besides  being  the  every  Canadian  seller  to  underestimate  the 
best  market,  it  is  literally  the  only  market  for  value  of  the  articles  he  has  to  sell,  and,  as 
a  great  many  important  articles  which  we  pro-  every  one  knows,  the  thing  is  habitually  and 
duce.  See,  in  spite  of  all  artificial  obstacles,  bow  constantly  done.  In  another  respect  it  is  very 
huge  a  percentage  of  the  total  volume  of  our  important  that  the  House  should  know  that  in 
trade  is  the  volume  of  our  trade  with  the  United  the  case  of  an  enormous  number  of  the  arti- 
States.  Out  of  a  total  volume  of  trade  of  $202,-  cles  to  which  I  have  called  specific  attention^ 
000,000,  the  United  States  supply  the  trade  of  there  is  room  for  well-nigh  unlimited  expan* 


DOMINION   OF  CANADA.  281 

fioQ.  Given  free  trade,  giyen  nnrestrioted  in-  with  the  northern  portion  of  it.  There  can 
terconrse,  and  that  trade  might  assume  nearly  be  no  doubt,  I  think,  that  if  we  succeed  in  get- 
unlimited  proportions  in  regard  to  a  great  many  ting  unrestricted  trade  we  shall  become  much 
of  these  articles.  richer,  and  if  we  become  much  richer  there  is 
^*  It  has  been  made  a  grave  ground,  it  has  no  doubt  that  we  shall  buy  a  much  larger 
been  attempted  to  be  set  up  as  an  insoperable  quantity  of  English  goods  than  we  do  at  pre&- 
gronnd  of  objection,  that,  when  you  propose  ent^  though  perhaps  not  in  the  same  line.  I 
to  enter  into  a  treaty  for  unrestricted  trade  believe  that  the  result  of  England  giving  us  a 
with  the  United  States,  you  must  thereby,  of  free  hand  in  this  matter  would  be  simply  to 
neoeesity,  discriminate  against  English  manu-  make  some  little  alteration  in  the  character  but 
factures  and  the  manufactures  of  all  other  not  in  the  quantity  of  the  goods  she  sells, 
countries  except  the  United  States.  Now,  **  I  do  not  say,  and  it  is  false  to  assert  that  I 
that  is  true.  I  admit  that.  More  than  that,  I  have  ever  said,  that  Canada  has  not  made  any 
will  admit  that,  prima  facie^  what  we  propose  progress  during  the  past  twenty  years.  I  ad- 
to-day  is  a  very  unusual  thing.  I  will  admit —  mit  considerable  progress  has  been  made  in 
I  am  in  nowise  disposed  to  shrink  from  any  certain  directions.  But  what  I  contend  for 
argument  which  can  be  fairly  advanced — I  now  is  this,  that  the  progress  has  been  partial, 
admit  frankly  that,  when  a  semi-dependent  inadequate,  far  below  what  the  natural  re- 
state, when  a  colony  proposes  in  one  breath  sources  of  our  country  would  warrant.  It  is 
to  tax  the  goods  of  the  parent  state  and  admit  also  far  below  what  we  made  ourselves  in  the 
the  goods  of  a  foreign  state  free,  while  at  the  twenty  years  before  1861,  and  infinitely  below 
lime  time  the  parent  state  admits  our  goods  and  what  the  United  States  made  in  the  first  twenty 
the  goods  of  other  countries  free,  and  the  for-  years  of  their  existence,  when  their  population 
eign  state  taxes  those  goods  very  heavily,  it  was  equal  to  ours.  I  am  quite  willing  to  grant 
is  a  very  unusual  thing  indeed.  I  grant  that  that  a  few  towns  have  grown  and  prospered 
it  is  clean  against  all  formulas.  I  do  not  deny  within  the  past  few  years,  but  I  say  it  was 
that  I  admit  that  it  appears  to  be  reversing  none  the  less  true  that  over  many  wide  areas 
the  action  of  one  hundred  jears  ago  when  £ng-  of  this  country  our  population  is  stationary 
land  lost  half  of  this  continent  because  she  en-  and  even  retrograde.  It  is  none  the  less  true 
deavored  to  tax  their  goods  without  giving  that  from  one  end  of  Canada  to  the  other,  the 
them  representation,  and  I  admit  that  we  are  value  of  farm  lands  is  less  to-day  than  it  was 
going  a  little  far  in  taxing  her  goods  and  not  six,  seven,  or  eight  years  ago ;  it  is  none  the 
the  goods  of  the  people  of  the  United  States,  less  true  that  the  value  of  farm  products  is 
I  grant  that  this  needs  explanation,  and  I  am  enormously  lowered,  and  that  our  farmers  are 
prepared  to  say  that  I  can  give  a  full  explana-  exposed  to  a  far  more  intense  competition  than 
tion  why  in  the  interests  of  Endand  itself  this  they  hitherto  experienced.  Great  new  forces 
thing  should  be  done.  I  think  I  have  stated  the  are  coming  into  existence,  the  full  effect  of 
easeas  strongly  as  honorable  gentlemen  can  well  which  we  are  only  beginning  to  feel.  There 
desire.  Now,  let  us  first  of  all  look  at  the  ma-  is  danger  lest  Canada,  so  far  as  regards  our  na- 
terial  results  which  will  flow  to  England  should  tive-bom  population,  should  sink  into  a  mere 
tills  discrimination  take  place,  and  here  let  me  residuum,  a  country  from  which  the  best  and 
ttj,  what  is  obvious  to  every  one  who  has  most  intelligent  of  our  people  are  fleeing,  not 
given  the  subject  a  second  thought,  that,  in  our  by  hundreds  or  by  thousands,  but  by  millions, 
peculiar  geographical  position  toward  the  Then  as  to  foreign  immigrants,  if  these  statis- 
United  States,  it  is  perfectly  apparent  that  we  tics  can  be  relicMi  upon,  it  is  clear  that  we  are 
can  not  hope  to  gain  free  intercourse  and  un-  becoming  a  mere  dumping-ground  for  the  ref- 
restricted  reciprocity  with  them  without  dis-  use  of  those  whom  we  import  into  this  coun- 
eriminating  against  the  goods  of  other  coun-  try.  No  one  supposed,  when  we  came  together 
tries,  unless  and  until  the  United  States  are  in  this  Confederation,  stretching  over  half  a 
prepared  to  go  in  for  free  trade  with  all  the  continent,  that  we  were  to  remain  semi-de- 
world,  in  which  case  our  proposition  would  pendent  forever.  We  are  growing  in  stature, 
not  be  necessary.  The  thing,  I  grant,  is  of  the  not  as  fast  as  honorable  gentlemen  say,  but  still 
essence  of  the  bargain.  I  am  not  in  the  least  we  are  growing,  and  we  are  entitled  to  a  larger 
degree  desirous  of  concealing  that  fact,  but,  measure  of  responsibilities  and  to  a  larger 
so  far  as  the  material  side  is  concerned,  the  measure  of  rights.  One  thing  is  clear,  that  every 
practical  results  of  assimilating  our  tariff  in  one,  as  I  have  said,  who  thinks  twice  on  the 
certain  points  to  the  American  tariff  as  against  subject  knows  and  feels  that  things  are  not 
England  have  been  immensely  and,  I  suspect,  satisfactory  for  us  in  many  ways.  I  see  no 
purposely  exaggerated.  In  the  flrst  place,  the  way  of  our  becoming  a  valuable  member  of  a 
House  ought  to  remember  that  at  this  very  British  federation  save  only  on  one  considera- 
day  our  tariff  is  pretty  nearly  as  hostile  to  tion,  and  that  is  that  you  broaden  your  base 
English  fnanufactures  as  that  of  the  United  and  take  care  that  you  unite  yourselves  with 
Stflies.  Then  it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that,  the  United  States  in  the  bonds  of  a  firm  and 
the  tariff  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding,  Eng-  friendly  alliance  which  is  not  likely  to  be  bro- 
land  has  always  managed  to  carry  on  a  large  ken,  and  there  is  no  way  in  which  that  is  more 
trade  with  the  United  States,  and  especially  likely  to  be  done  than  by  greatly  increasing 


282  DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 

fmd   promoting  the  trade  between  the  two  land,  but  colonies  have  interests  of  their  own 

ooantries."  also ;  and  to-daj  we  levy  a  heavy  toll  on  all  im- 

Hon.  Wilfrid  Laurier  (lo^^^i*  o^  the  Oppo-  ports  from  Great  Britain.     We  have  done  that 

sition),  in  supporting  Sir  Richard  Gartwright^s  not  only  for  the  sake  of  collecting  revenue,  bat 

motion,  said  :  also  for  the  pnrpose  of  protection,  to  enable  us 

**  The  national  policy  has  not  developed  our  to  mannfactare  ourselves  what  we  had  formerly 
native  industry,  and  has  not  created  the  home  purchased  from  £ngland,  and  to  that  extent  to 
market  for  our  agricultural  products,  as  we  destroy  British  trade.  There  was  a  time  when 
were  promised.  But  the  necessity  of  widening  this  would  not  have  been  tolerated ;  there  was 
the  area  of  our  trade  and  commerce  is  so  great  a  time  when  England  would  have  disallowed 
that  we  have  been  looking  around  in  this  di-  such  a  policy ;  but  now  we  adopt  it  as  a  mat- 
rection  and  in  the  other  direction  to  find  new  ter  of  course ;  now  our  policy  is  never  qnes- 
outlets  and  new  channels  for  our  trade.  In  tioned  —  why  ?  Because  England  has  long 
the  debate  on  the  address  during  the  present  ago  admitted  the  principle  that  colonies  have 
session,  the  mover  of  the  address  told  us  with  interests  of  their  own,  and  that  it  is  within 
pride  that  the  Government  had  sent  a  com-  their  eight  and  power  to  develop  and  foster 
missioner  to  Australia  in  order  to  obtain  the  and  promote  those  interests,  even  to  the  point 
trade  of  that  country ;  he  told  us  that  they  had  of  clashing  with  British  interests.^' 
opened  communication  with  the  Argentine  Re-  Hon.  Mr.  Ghaplean  (Secretary  of  StateX 
pablic  in  order  to  establish  a  trade  with  that  in  supporting  Mr.  Foster^s  ameudment,  said: 
country.  What  will  come  of  these  efforts?  **  On  some  abstract  questions  men  can  dictate 
What  has  come  of  all  similar  efforts?  What  to  the  people,  they  can  state  certain  opinions 
has  come  of  our  sending  commissioners  to  Bra-  and  impose  them  on  the  people ;  but  on  a 
zil,  to  the  West  Indies,  and  to  Spain?  Nothing,  question  of  policy  like  this  it  is  the  voice  of 
for  the  very  obvious  reason  that,  burdened  as  tne  people  that  decides ;  and  the  voice  of  the 
we  are  by  oar  protective  tariff,  we  can  not  people  is  against  you.  Your  statistics  maj  be 
meet  free-trade  England  in  those  markets ;  so  good,  and  you  may  be  able  to  make  tbem 
that  the  conclusion  is  inevitable  that  all  the  prove  anything  you  want,  but  the  only  stads- 
efforts  we  have  made  so  far  to  develop  our  tics  I  want  are  statistics  of  the  sentiments  and 
trade  and  commerce,  and  to  broaden  their  area,  feelings  of  the  people ;  and  those  are  against 
ever  since  1867,  have  been  a  succession  of  fail-  you.  The  people  themselves  have  their  say, 
ures.  We  are  a  colony  of  England,  it  is  true ;  and  in  discussing  questions  of  this  kind  abstract 
but  we  are  a  colony  not  by  force  but  by  choice;  theories  of  men  have  no  influence  over  them, 
and  if  we  are  a  colony  to-day,  it  is  because  we  Free  trade  is  in  the  hearts  of  the  people  of  £og- 
are  convinced  that  at  the  present  day  our  colo-  land ;  and  why  ?  Because  in  England  after 
nial  independence  is  quite  compatible  with  all  long  years,  I  might  say,  after  centuries,  of  well- 
kinds  of  national  advancement  and  material  digested,  of  weU-guided,  of  well-applied  pro- 
prosperity.  If  you  on  the  other  side  pretend  tection,  the  manufacturing  genius  of  the  Eng- 
that  our  colonial  relation  curtails  ana  limits  lish  people  has  acquired  a  perfection  that  can 
our  possibilities,  that  England  would  allow  us  not  be  surpassed  or  equaled.  Manufacturers  in 
to  reach  a  certain  altitude  and  not  go  higher,  I  England  challenge  and  defy  all  competition, 
say  you  slander  England ;  and  if  any  man  were  and  in  a  country  like  England,  where  the 
to  rise  on  the  other  side  and  tell  us  that  Eng-  largest  possibilities  of  production  have  been 
land  would  be  jealous  at  whatever  we  could  do  attained,  cheap  living  is  the  desideratum  of  the 
to  improve  our  condition,  I  would  say  that  working-classes.  Free  trade  is  in  the  hearts  of 
man  does  not  know  England ;  he  mistakes  the  the  people  of  England,  whatever  might  be  the 
England  of  to-day  for  the  England  of  one  hun-  difficulties  which  at  the  present  moment  it 
dred  years  ago.  I  commend  to  the  considera-  might  entail  on  the  financial  condition  of  the 
tion  of  these  fervent  loyalists  on  the  other  side,  country.  On  the  other  hand,  protection  is  in 
whose  mouths  are  ever  full  of  the  word  loyalty,  the  hearts  of  the  people  of  the  United  States; 
the  following  words  spoken  by  Lord  Palmerston  and  why  ?  Is  it  because  the  genius  for  mano- 
twenty  years  ago  in  reference  to  the  British  facturing  industries  has  not  developed  there  ? 
North  American  provinces:  ^  If  these  provinces  It  has  to  an  immense  extent;  it  has  so  much 
felt  themselves  strong  enough  to  stand  upon  that  American  manufacturers  are  the  rivals  of 
their  own  ground,  and  if  they  desire  no  longer  Great  Britain  in  almost  all  the  markets  of  the 
to  maintain  their  connection  with  us,  we  should  world.  Why  is  protection  still  in  the  hearts  of 
say,  **  God  speed  yon,  and  give  you  the  means  the  people  of  the  United  States?  It  is,  and  will 
to  maintain  yourselves  as  a  nation  !  ^^  *  These  be  so  long  as  there  is  a  productive  South,  an 
are  the  sentiments  of  British  statesmen.  They  extensive  West,  affording  opportunities  for  the 
tell  us  that  whenever  we  want  our  political  activity  and  intelligence  of  the  sons  of  work- 
liberty,  we  are  free  to  have  it.  But  what  we  ingmen  to  progress  under  the  protective  policy 
ask  is  not  political  independence;  we  want  to  which  has  done  great  benefit  in  the  past.  But 
keep  the  fiag  of  England  over  our  heads ;  but  it  is  still  more  in  the  hearts  of  the  people  of  the 
we  affirm  that  we  are  economically  independ-  United  States,  because  the  structure  they  have 
ent  as  we  are  legislatively  independent.  Oolo-  built  necessarily  requires  further  time  to  be- 
oies  have  interests  in  conmion  with  the  mother-  come  consolidated  so  as  to  be  able  to  defy  the 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA.  288 

world.     Agdn,  why  is  it  in  the  hearts  of  the  Any  or  all  of  the  following  things,  that  is  to  say, 

people  of  the  United  States?     It  is  because,  in  ammala  of  all  kinds,  hay,  straw,  vegetables  (includ- 

^  view  of  developing  mannfactoring  indus-  1^  ^St^eroiCb^c^;:?^^^^^ 

tnea,  they  look  to  this  northern  part  of  the  buckwheat-flour,  butter,  cheese,  fish  of  all  kmds.fish- 

ooQtinent  as  being  very  soon  or  in  the  future,  oil,  products  of  nsh  and  of  all  other  creatures  living 

or  in  the  near  future,  to  become  one  of  the  hi  toe  water,  fresh  meats,  poultry,  stone  or  marble  in 

««e«ories  of  the  great  republic  not  by  w«-,  '^  ^«  Z^^X'A'Ti^^:^^  Zt^tl 
not  by  coercion,  but  by  the  good  pohcy  they  ^  wrought  ot  unwrought  bwr  and  grindstones,  and 

hare  impreaaed  npon  the  minds  of  their  people  timber  and  lumber  of  all  kinds  vmmannfactured  in 

and  which  our  Government  are  trying  to  im-  in  whole  or  in  part,  including  shingles,  clapboardB, 

pnm  on  the  minds  of  the  people  of  this  country.  5°?  wood-pulp,  may  be  imported  into  CaiM^  free  of 

ei./<niyi  «»  .%«*  nnmin/>  tht^  „^^a  >^„n><>  .knnM  duty,  or  at  a  less  rate  of  duty  than  is  provided  for  by 

Should  we  not  pursue  the  same  course,  should  ^^^^  ^^  t^,  ^^^  .^  force,  upon  proSamation  of  thi 

we  not  bmld  up  our  own  prosperity,  our  own  Governor-General,  which  may  be  issued  whenever  it 

national  spirit,  and  our  own  nation  t     We  are  appears  to  bis  satisfaction  that  similar  articles  from 

doing  it."  Cfanada  may  l>e  imported  into  the  United  States  tree 

On  AprU  6  the  House  divided  on  Mr.  Jones's  o""'?'  °f  "  »  "^f  «*"»{■ "»»  ei^oeeding  that  j»y- 

iDendment    to  the  amendment,   which   was  «bleo«J^the^3e^der  suet  procUmation  when  im- 

M^tiyed  by  yeas,  67 ;  nays,  124.    Hon.  Mr,  RKk^fltop  eMMig.-One  of  the  most  in- 

Ws  amendment  was  earned  on  the  same  t^,^^^5„g  J^  ^^^^  ^1,;^  ^„^  ^^^  ^^^^ 

FMU  ledprtdty—On  March  28,  the  Hon.  introduced  by  the  Hon.  Senator  Abbott,  a 

Peter  MitSdJ^e  of  the  opponente  of  the  S'^llr!^!  **, Jn^tSn^fnl 'S1"*rJIZ'".„°/ 

Govemnient,  Called  attention'^^o  complaints  J^SiL^    Grfa    effo^were  mSe  iS 

made  in  Washington  of  bad  fkith  on  the  part  E^*of  ^'rtain  "  bucketUbons  '•  to  defeS 

:L'on?t?^tJL^orXtlStwf;S?tb*°e  ^Kelr^^d  it  wt^chdmeTu  J?he'p?S! 

^ndrng-Jffe^crus:  ":?1he  custoZ"  t  of  -""^  coac^-and-four  could  be  driven  tUgh 

m»,  whfch  reads  as  follows:  Sr^^-^Jp^^^rih^SsilX^^^S 

Any  or  all  of  the  following  things,  that  is  to  say,  **  bucket-shop  '^  gambliug.  But  several  con- 
animals  of  all  kinds,  green  nruit.  hay,  straw,  bran,  victions  were  secured  under  the  act.  The 
seeds  of^  kinds  vegetables  (including  potat^  penalty  prescribed  is  imprisonment  for  any 
2rh^iih^i;i^1:.r ITl^,^^^^^^  ^rm  n>\xceeding  five  yLs,  and  a  fine  nJt 
Indian  com,  buckwheat  and  all  other  mm,  flour  of  exceeding  $500. 

▼best  and  floor  of  lye,  Indian  meal  ana  oatmeal  and  TeaperaiM* — On  motion  to  go  into  supply, 

flour  and  meal  of  Mv  other  grain,  butter,  cheese,  flsh  Hon.  Mr.  Mills  (Liberal)   moved  an  amend- 

(salted  or  smoked),  lard,  tallow,  meats  (fresh,  salted,  w»gnt  • 

or  tmoked),  and   lumber,  may  be  imported   into  ''^^°^* 

Canada  trve  of  duty,  or  at  a  less  rate  of  duty  than  is  That,  in  the  opinion  of  this  House,  it  is  the  duty  of 
ROTided  by  this  act,  upon  the  proclamation  of  the  the  ministrv  to  submit  to  Parliament  a  measure  em- 
Governor  in  Council,  which  may  oe  issued  whenever  bracing  bvlcd.  provisions  as  will  remove  all  legal  im- 
it  appears  to  his  satisfaction  that  similar  articles  from  pediments  to  the  efficient  working  of  the  Canada 
Canada  may  be  imported  into  the  United  States  free  Temperance  Act. 

<rf  duty,  or  at  a  rate  of  duty  not  exceeding  that  pay-  gir  John  Macdonald  denied  the  existence  of 

jStS'iSS  cISTdi^                prodamation  when  im-  ^^^  impediment  to  the  workings  of  the  act. 

^^  The  object  of  the  motion  was  simply  to  force 

Certain  of  these  articles  have  been  put  upon  the  Government  to  adopt  a  policy  on  the  tem- 

tbe  free  list  by  Congress,  but  the  Canadian  perance  question.    This  the  Government,  as  a 

Government  has  fiuled  to  reciprocate  in  ac-  Government,  has  always  declined  to  do,  mem- 

eordance  wi^  the  terms  of  the  clause.    Sir  hers  of  the  Cabinet  voting,  according  to  their 

John  Macdonald  insisted  that  the  clause  was  individual  inclinations,  for  or  against  temper* 

permissive  and  not  obligatory,  and  that  the  ance  legislation.    The  amendment  was  nega- 

Canadian  free  list  was  much  more  liberal  than  tived  by  57  yeas  to  109  nays, 

the  American  free  list.    The  Premier  also  took  SUp-duuiML — The  progress  of  the  port  of 

the  ground  that  it  was  not  in  the  interest  of  Montreal  has  been  seriously  hampered  by  the 

certain  classes  of  Canadians  to  put  the  clause  heavy  tonnage-dues  levied  on  shipping  by  the 

into  operation.    On  April  4,  the  debate  being  Harbor  Commission  to  meet  the  interest  on 

reeamed,   Sir    Charles  Tupper   declared    the  the  amount  advanced  by  the  Dominion  Gov- 

policy  of  the  Government  to  be  to  obtain  a  free  ernment  for  the  wideniug  and  deepening  of 

interchange  of  the  natural  products  of  the  two  the  ship-channel  in  Lake  St.  Peter  and  the  river 

eoontries,  and  said  that  all  the  articles  to  which  St.  Lawrence  between  Montreal  and  Quebec, 

the  attention  of  the  Government  had  been  This  year  the  Government  agreed  to  assume 

drawn  by  the  United  States  Government  as  the  debt,  and  an  act  was  passed  releasing  the 

having  been  placed  on  the  American  free  list  Harbor  Commission  from  the  obligation  to  pay 

woold  be  put  upon  the  Canadian  free  list.  either  interest  or  principal  of  the  debt,  and 

An  act  was  passed  repealing  section  9  of  authorizing  the  Government  to  expend  in  com- 

the  cnstoms  act,  and  substituting  the  follow-  pleting  the  channel  any  sums  remaining  unex- 

ing  clanae :  pended  of  those  authorized  to  be  advanced  to 


284  DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 

the  Harbor  Oommission  for  the  work.     The  tried  for  libel  ia  the  provinces  in  which  they  reside 

condition  on  which  the  debt  is  assumed  is,  that  or  publish  their  papers. 

k^-»«^».   «^   4^^»»«»^  ^.m^o   «-^   f^   K^   il^^^/i  Amending  the  Sunixnary  Convictions  act. 

hereafter  do  tonnage-dues  are  to  be  levied  AmendiM  the  act  respecting  Punisbmente,  Par- 

upon  shipping  at  the  port  of  Montreal.  dons,  and  the  Commutation  of  ^ntences. 

A  similar  act  was  passed  making  the  grav-  Amending  the  Dominion  Elections  act. 

ing-dock  at  L6vis,  opposite  Quebec,  a  public  Imposing  new  customs  regulations, 

work,  and  assuming  the  debt  of  the  Quebec  th^^X^v^^     '^* 

YY     V.       /^           •     •  X  no  rauwftjr  aCv« 

Harbor  Commission.  Ratifying  an  agreement  between  the  Government 

PiUlc  AetB.— The  following  public  acts,  which  and  the  CanadianTacific  RaUway  Companjr,  by  which 

are  not  referred  to  in  detail,  were  passed  :  the  latter  relinquishes  its   monopoly  privileges  in 

Authorizing  a  loan  of  $25,000,000,  to  pay  the  float-  Manitoba,  and  the  Government  guarantees  the  inter- 

mg  debt  andto  carry  on  public  worts.  ^  ^  f^^PV^X  «>"^P^y  »  ^°^  *^  «♦  P«'  <»^^  ^  ^  «** 

Granting  certain  iaway  subsidies.  tent  of  ^en  million  dollMS. 

Extending  the  time  for  the  completion  of  the  Chigw  Two  acto  amendmg  the  Canada  Temperance  act 

neoto  Marine  Transport  RaUway.  Imposing  severe  penalties  for  the  use  of  fhiudulent 

Imposing  regulations  on  the  Auditor-General.  """^  ^^  merchandise,  imitation  of  trade-marks,  etc. 

Restricting  the  rate  of  interest  pavable  in  the  Poet-  The  St  LawreMe  CiWdSi — In  1816  a  joint  com- 

Offioe  and  Government  savings-banks  to  a  maximum  of  mission  of  both  Houses  of  Parliament  of  Upper 

t^Ln^tt^rvTrlrGrn^Af  rc-JS^'dT""  "^  Canada  reported  on  the  sabject  of  connecting 
Continumg  the  existing  voters-lists  until  the  com-  I^^®  I^"®  ^^^  I^ake  Ontario.     In  1821  a  com- 
pletion of  the  revision  m  1889  under  the  Electoral-  mission  was  appointed  to  consider  the  subject, 
ti^chise  act.  and  two  years  later  it  reported  in  favor  of  con- 
Providing  tor  the  holding  of  elections  in  the  North-  gtructiDg  the  WeUand  Canal  of  such  dimensions 
C^Jl         "^  °°        same  day  as  m  other  parte  of  ^^  ^^^j^  accommodate  the  class  of  vessels  then 
Providing  rules  for  civil-service  examinations,  and  navigating  the  lakes.     The  result  of  this  report 
for  inquiries  as  to  irregularitiea  at  examinations.  was  the  incorporation  of  the  Wellaud  Canal 
Providing  for  the  employment  of  clerks  in  the  oflftoe  Company,  which  proposed  to  establish  the  ne- 

"'MakSf t^^^Z'the  Department  of  PubUo  S^^  communication  by  a  canal  and  railway 

Printing  and  Stationery.  The  work  was  begun  m  1826  (the  year  m  which 

Authorizing  the  appointment  of  a  Deputy  Commis-  the  Erie  Canal  was  finished  and  opened),  and 

sioner  of  Patente.  was  completed  in   1829.     In  that  year  two 

Providmg  for  a  LegisUture  for  the  Northwest  Ter-  gchoooers,  one  of  eighty-five  tons,   ascended 

Amending  the  Territories  Real  Property  act.  *^®  ^^^^S^  [^'"'^  Lake  Ontario  to  the  Welland 

Vesting  certain  powers  in  the  crofters'  colonization  nver.     oubsequently  the  main  hue  of  the  canal 

commissioners  to  be  appointed.  was  extended  over  the  Welland  river  to  Port 

Amending  the  Indian  act  Colbome.     In  1861  the  Government  approved 

vi3fe?n^es    °*'^''^^  ^^™                     "^  <^^«  project  and  granted  a  loan  of  $200,000; 

^'Sndin^Uir'adulteration  act.  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  completed  in  1863.    In  1878 

Amending  the  weights-and-measures  act  as  re-  &  new   enlargement  was  begun,  making  the 

gards  the  contents  of  packages  of  salt.    Every  barrel  locks  270  feet  long,  46  feet  wide,  and  12  feet 

of  salt  offered  for  sale  to  contain  280  pounds  of  salt,  deep.     From  AUanburg  to  Port  Dalhousie,  11 

miwt'?het?r  "'  "^  "'•«^'  ^"'""""'^  J?a-1»  n?J  e^fl  was  bnilt;  and  since  that 

Amending  the  steamboat-inspection  act.  "™®  ^"^  old  canal,  although  kept  in  repair  and 

Amending  the  banking  act  by   providing  that  well  maintained,  has  been  chiefly  used  as  a  wa- 

whenever  a  person  grantmg  a  warehouse  receipt  or  ter-power.     But  even  with  12  feet  of  water 

bill  of  lading,  and  carrying  on  certain  businesses,  is  the  caoal  was  not  deep  enough.     Grain-laden 

also  the  owner  of  the  goods  mentioned  in  the  receipt,  „^„„^i„  ^*  t>^,»  n^iK^J™,^  k«^  *^  i:»k4.^.  ^...^k 

such  receipt  and  the  right  and  tiUe  of  the  bank  to  &e  vessels  »*  ^OTt  Colbome  had  to  lighter  much 

goods  shall  be  as  valid  as  though  the  person  making  of  their  cargoes  to  the  Welland  Railroad,  which 

the  receipt  and  the  owner  of  the  goods  were  different  hauled  the  grain  to  Port  Dalhousie,  where  it 

persons.  ...                             .  was  again  loaded,  and  the  cost  of  this  lighter- 

Authonzmg  any  insurance  company  uioorporated  ^  ^     .            the  income  of  the 

by  the  Legislature  of  the  late  Provmce  of  Caiiada,  or  ^*     i      t*.    '^      X     :  ?  j  ^       .      «xiw.uc  vi  vu« 

by  any  of  the  Provincial  LegUlatures,  to  avail  itoelf  of  canal.     It  was  decided  to  give  the  canal  for 

the  provisions  of  the  Insurance  act  its  entire  length  a  draught  of  14  feet,  not  by 

Assenting  to  the  Treaty  of  Washington,  1888.  dredging,  but  by  building  up  the  locks  and 

^,^^*3^"«^c*^f  ^"^'•'^i?^"**  ^^?1^®^^^^^^  banks  30  inches  higher.    Up  to  the  time  this 

ervationof  Submarine  Telegraph  Cables.  i«.^«i,  «,««  i.»»»,»  *k«  nr^ii-r^  n«««i   "u^a  ^^^ 

To  remove  doubts  respecting  the  laws  of  England.  '^^^\  ^^f,  ^T^.^^®  ^u^"^^  9*°*^  ^®?.  ^^ 

as  they  existed  on  July,  15, 1870,  being  in  force  iii  about   $18,000,000.      The   total   expenditures 

Manitoba.  upon  this  canal  down  to  June  80,  1887  (when 

Eespectmg  defective  letters  patent.  the  enlargement  had  been  completed),  were 

^To  amena  the   Supreme  and   Exchequer  Courto  |28,062,615.     As  soon  as  the  latest  improve- 

To  authorize  the  appointment  of  a  new  puisne  judge  ™®^^s  ^ad  been  made,  it  was  apparent  that  the 

at  Montreal  or  Quebec.  vast  expenditure  on  the  Welland  Canal  must  re- 

To  extend  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Maritime  Court  of  main  of  little  direct  benefit  until  the  St.  Law- 
Ontario.         ^,      ,    _^.  .       -        .  _x. ..  rence  canals  were  made  of  corresponding  cap- 

Prohibiting  the  advertising  of  counterfeit  money.  „«:«.».      Tk««/i  v»«a  k«^«  •.^  ,v.<>«4.  :»  ^».-^n» 

Enacting  tWt  there  shall  Se  no  appeal  in  criminal  ^^^^7\    iS®"^®.    ^  ^f  °  no  profit  m  carijinff 

cases  to  any  court  in  the  United  Kingdom.  gram  to  Kingston  for  transshipment  to  Montreal 

Providing  that  publishers  and  editors  shall  only  be  by  the  barge  lines.     The  cost  of  handling  at 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA.  285 

and  transshipment,  practically  de-  Oanal,  which  is  the  next  in  order  np  the  stream, 
e  natural  advantages  of  the  Cana-  begins  on  the  sonth  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
But  the  appropriation  dow  made  15^  miles  from  the  head  of  the  Lachine  Canal, 
adian  GoverDment  to  deepen  the  St.  It  connects  Lakes  St.  Louis  and  St.  Francis, 
canals  to  fourteen  feet  will  enable  and  passes  the  three  rapids  known  respectively 
ty  of  lake  yessels  to  engage  cargoes  as  the  Cascades,  the  Cedars,  and  the  Coteau. 
Chicago,  or  other  ports  of  the  upper  The  locks  are  200  feet  by  46  feet.  The  total 
bring  their  loads  through  to  Mon-  rise  is  82^  feet ;  and  the  number  of  locks  is 
16  Atlantic  Ocean  without  breaking  nine.  The  depth  of  water  on  the  sills  is  12 
lerefore,  the  Government  of  the  Do-  feet.  Nothing  has  been  done  toward  the  en- 
Canada  began  the  work  of  deepen-  largement  of  the  canal.  Still  proceeding  up 
are  known  as  the  St.  Lawrence  the  channel  of  the  river  from  the  hei^  of 
;he  artificial  ways  that  make  naviga-  the  Beauharnois  to  the  foot  of  the  Comwdl 
ble  around  the  rapids  and  shallow  Canal,  there  is  a  navigable  stretch  through 
It  abound  in  the  St.  Lawrence  river  Lake  St.  Francis  of  82}  miles.  The  Cornwall 
'gdensburg  and  Montreal.  In  1841,  Canal  extends  past  l^e  Long  Sault  Rapids, 
system  of  canals  between  Montreal  Two  locks  at  the  new  lower  entrance  (taking 
Ontario  was  designed,  it  was  in  con-  the  place  of  three  on  the  old  line),  were  in 
to  afford  a  depth,  at  all  stages  of  constant  use  during  the  season  of  navigation, 
iwrence  waters,  of  nine  feet.  But  The  dimensions  of  the  new  locks  are  those  of 
wrence,  from  various  causes,  is  sub-  the  general  enlargement  scheme.  The  basin 
stuations,  the  extent  of  which  it  was  between  these  two  locks  is  825  feet  long.  Of 
,  when  those  canals  were  constructed,  the  four  locks  still  to  be  dealt  with,  one  is  al- 
it  with  precision,  and  the  observa-  ready  under  contract,  together  with  works  for 
experience  of  subsequent  years  the  improvement  of  the  upper  entrance,  and 
n  that  while  the  intermediate  river  arrangements  are  being  made  for  further  works 
all  times  afford  ample  depth  for  ves-  either  on  the  summit  level  or  above  the  town 
le  feet  draught,  in  the  canals  them-  of  Cornwall.  The  proposed  channel  will  be 
certain  periods  of  low  water,  this  sunk  to  such  depth  as  to  admit  of  the  passage 
not  be  maintained,  the  bottom  not  of  vessels  of  fourteen  feet  draught.  The  total 
n  sunk  enough.  In  1871  it  was  de-  rise  is  48  feet  The  highest  grade  of  canals 
ilarge  the  canals  on  the  St.  Lawrence  is  known  by  the  name  of  Williamsburg ;  which 
as  to  afford  a  navigable  depth  of  includes  the  Farran^s  Point,  Rapide  Plat,  and 
i  throughout.  Subsequently  it  was  Galops  Canals.  Much  trouble  has  been  expe- 
lat  the  depth  should  ultimately  be  rienced  in  this  group  of  canals,  owing  to  low 
lo  as  to  accommodate  vessels  of  four-  water.  The  Farran^s  Point  Canal  is  three 
draught;  and  accordingly  in  the  quarters  of  a  mile  long,  with  one  lock,  the 
enlargement  that  has  so  far  been  navigable  depth  being  nine  feet.  No  work  has 
:,  a  channel  in  the  canals  is  provided  been  done  at  this  point.  The  Rapide  Plat 
drawing  twelve  feet  only,  while  all  Canal  is  4  miles  long,  with  two  locks,  each 
structures,  locks,  bridges,  etc.,  are  200  feet  by  45.  The  total  rise  is  11|-  feet 
t  of  such  proportions  as  to  aocom-  and  the  depth  of  water  on  the  sills  is  nine 
flsels  of  fourteen  feet  draught,  t^e  feet.  One  of  the  two  new  locks  is  practi- 
g  270  feet  long  between  the  gates,  cally  completed,  giving  a  depth  for  naviga- 
t  in  width,  with  a  clear  depth  of  14  tion  of  fourteen  feet.  The  new  works  include 
iter  on  the  sills.  The  lower  of  the  the  enlargement  of  the  channel  above  and  for 
nee  canals  is  the  Lachine.  This  some  distance  below  the  present  guard- lock  at 
Qds  from  Montreal  to  the  village  of  the  head  of  the  canal,  ana  the  construction  of 
•vercoming  the  Lachine  Rapids,  the  a  new  lock  and  a  supply-weir  in  connection 
e  series  of  rapids  that  bars  the  as-  with  the  old  lock.  The  oottom  of  the  channel, 
»  river.  The  full  scheme  for  the  en-  for  a  distance  of  about  one  thousand  feet  below, 
of  this,  in  common  with  the  other  and  out  into  deep  water,  above  the  lock,  about 
the  St.  Lawrence,  contemplated  af-  seven  hundred  feet,  wiU  be  excavated  to  afford 
navigable  depth  of  fourteen  feet  a  navigable  depth  of  fourteen  feet.  The  Gal- 
t ;  but  the  improvement  immediately  ops  Canal  enables  vessels  to  overcome  the  rap- 
as  only  intended  to  furnish  a  navi-  ios  at  Pointe  Aux  Iroquois,  Pointe  Cardinal, 
b  of  twelve  feet  in  the  canal  proper ;  and  the  Galops.  The  work  under  contract  is 
lingly  on  the  reaches  between  La-  the  excavation  and  deepening  of  a  channel  at 
36te  St.  Paul,  between  C6te  St.  Paul  the  upper  end  leading  to  deep  water,  so  as  to 
ibriel,  and  between  St.  Gabriel  and  give  a  depth  available  for  vessels  of  fourteen 
I  Basin,  the  channel  has  been  adapted  feet  draught.  The  work  is  practically  com- 
on  by  vessels  of  twelve  feet  draught  pleted,  and  access  to  this  canal  is  found  to  be 
permanent  works  on  the  canal  have  greatly  facilitated.  Preparations  are  being 
o  afford  a  navigable  depth  of  fourteen  made  with  a  view  to  extend  the  fourteen-foot 
total  rise  of  lockage  is  45  feet,  and  navigation  down  to  deep  water  below  the  rap- 
r  of  locks  ia  five.    The  Beauharnois  ids,  and  to  place  a  guard-lock  at  that  point. 


i 


286 


ECUADOR. 


The  Galops  Rapids,  about  seyen  miles  below 
Presoott,  the  most  shallow  of  the  three  passed 
by  the  Galops  Canal,  are  being  improved  bj 
certain  works  of  snb-mariDe  blasting  and 
dredging,  begun  in  1880.  These  consist  of  the 
excavation  of  a  straight  channel  through  the 
rapids,  3,800  feet  long,  200  feet  wide,  and  of 
sach  depth  as  to  afford  safe  passage  at  low 
water  to  vessels  of  fourteen  feet  draught.  This 
implies  affording  a  depth  of  seventeen  feet  of 
water.  The  whole  of  the  work  of  drilling 
and  blasting  is  completed,  but  the  broken  rock 
has  to  be  removed  by  the  dredging- machine, 
and  this  work  is  in  progress.  It  is  one  of  con- 
siderable difficulty,  owing  to  the  rapidity  of 
the  current  and  the  necessity  of  avoiding  inter- 
ruption to  navigation.  Above  the  Galops  Rap- 
ids there  is  unobstructed  navigation  to  the 
foot  of  the  Welland  Canal  at  the  head  of  Lake 
Ontario.  Much  anxiety  has  been  expressed  at 
the  various  ports  on  Lake  Ontario,  over  the 
fact  that  such  an  increased  volume  of  water 
would  pass  over  the  Galops  Rapids,  owing  to 
the  heavy  blasting  at  that  point,  and  also 
through  the  enlarged  St.  Lawrence  canals. 
Should  the  quantity  of  water  be  largely  in- 
creased, it  is  thought  that  the  depth  in  the 
several  ports  of  Lake  Ontario  may  be  consid- 
erably reduced,  to  the  great  ii^'ury  of  the  re- 
spective cities  belonging  to  such  ports.  As  a 
part  of  the  scheme  for  enlarging  the  water- 
ways through  Canada,  the  great  work  of  deep- 
ening the  channel  of  the  St.  Lawrence  river, 


from  Montreal  to  Quebec,  was  completed  in 
1888.  This  work  was  first  agitated  over  sixty 
years  ago,  and  was  begun  in  1844;  and  the 
result  is  that  where  there  was  formerly  only 
eleven  feet  of  water  there  is  now  twenty-seven 
and  a  half  feet,  and  large  ocean  steamers  can 
enter  the  docks  at  Montreal,  six  hundred  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  There 
are  now  twenty- two  lines  of  ocean  steamers 
that  sail  to  and  from  Montreal.  Engineers  say 
that  the  commerce  of  a  port  increases  accord- 
ing to  the  cube  of  the  increase  in  the  depth  of 
the  channel,  and  statistics  show  that  this  law 
of  increase  has  been  fulfiUed  at  Montreal  as  the 
channel  has  been  gradually  deepened.  Some 
idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  work  which  has 
been  done  can  be  gained  from  the  fact  that  in 
Lake  St.  Peter,  eight  million  cubic  yards  of 
clay  were  removed,  an  amount  of  excavating 
equal  to  what  was  done  in  building  eight  hun- 
dred miles  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad. 
In  some  places  solid  rock  has  been  ^*  scooped 
out  '*  to  a  depth  of  several  feet,  and  altogether 
it  was  quite  fitting  that  the  engineers  in  charge, 
and  the  Montre^,  Provincial,  and  Dominion 
governments  should  rejoice  together  over  what 
has  been  accomplished.  Montreal  now  has  a 
population  of  260,000,  and  with  her  deep-water 
outlet  on  the  one  side,  and  the  Canadian  Pa- 
cific Railroad  on  the  other,  she  looks  hopefnllj 
to  the  future,  and  pictures  for  herself  a  day 
when  she  shall  have  many  times  her  present 
population  and  commerce. 


E 


ECUADOR,  an  independent  republic  in  South 
America,  covering  an  area  on  the  mainland  of 
648,295  square  kilometres,  while  the  Gal&pagos 
Islands  measure  7,648  square  kilometres.  Ac- 
cording to  the  census  taken  in  1885,  the  popu- 
lation was  distributed  as  follows : 


PROVINCES.           InbabHuita. 

CapHali. 

InbiMteBti. 

Oarchi 

Imbabnra    

29,888 
56,476 

187,844 
80,028 
79,526 
90,782 
81,827 
82,041 
^,850 
95,640 
64,284 
11,146 
21,606 
43,265 

104,869 

60,8S0 

204 

1,004,651 

Tolcan 

Ibarra 

4,000 
10,000 
80,000 

Pichincha 

Qaito 

Leon 

Ambato 

Riobamba 

Quaranda 

Babahoyo  

Qaayaouil 

Portonielo 

Esmeraloaa 

15,000 

Tungur4hiia 

Obimborazo 

BolWar 

12,000 

18,000 

6,000 

ElOB 

Oriente    

Qnayaa 

6,000 

40*666 

Manabi 

10,000 

Esmeraldaa 

Oro 

8,000 
5,000 

AnMni<4  .    .    ,    .          r    .    r    .    . 

Azof^ea 

Ouenca 

4^000 

Aznar 

80,000 

Lola 

Loja 

10,000 
— 

OM^pagos 

Total 

252,000 

The  population  given  in  detail  above  does  not 
include  the  wild  Indians  of  the  eastern  provinces 
and  eastern  slopes  of  the  Andes,  supposed  to 
number  in  the  aggregate  some  600,000  souls. 


GfTcniBeit — The  President  is  Dr.  Antonio 
Flores,  whose  term  of  office  will  expire  on 
June  80,  1892.    His  Cabinet  was  composed  as 
foUows:    Interior  and  Foreign  Affairs,  Gen. 
Don  Francisco  J.  Salazar ;  Public  Instrucdon, 
Worship,  and  Charity,  Don  Elias  Laso;  Fi- 
nance, Don  Jos6  Toribio  Noboa;   War  and 
Navy,  Gen.  S4enz.     The  Consul  of  Ecuador  at 
Washington  is  the  Marquis  de  Chambrun ;  the 
Consul-General  at  New  York,  Don  Domingo 
L.  Ruiz ;  and  the  Consul  at  Philadelphia,  Ed- 
ward Shippen.    The  American  Consul-General 
at  Guayaquil  is  Owen  McGarr. 

FtiaMCBt — According  to  the  statement  made 
by  the  Minister  of  Finance,  the  indebtednesB 
was  $18,196,095  capital  and  $1,152,487  inter- 
est due  thereon  on  June  10,  1887,  constituting 
an  aggregate  debt  of  $14,848,582.  Thisincladea  " 
the  sterling  debt,  the  principal  of  which  is 
£1,824,000,  and  the  accumulated  unpaid  inter- 
est was  £873,920  on  June  10,  1888,  thus  in- 
creasing the  amount  due  in  Europe  to  £2,197,- 
920.    This  sterling  debt  had  its  origin  at  the  " 
time  Colombia  was  dissolved  into  three  inde-  - 
pendent  states,  viz..  New  Granada  (now  called 
Colombia),  Venezuela,  and  Ecuador,  in  1880,  '- 
and  represents  the  portion  of  the  old  Coloin- 


ECUADOR.  287 

bian  debt  assumed  by  Eonador.     Up  to  the  negotiated  a  new  treaty  of  commerce  and 

year  1867  the  interest  was  regalarly  paid  on  it,  navigation  between  bis  ooantry  and  France, 

bat  since  then  it  is  in  default,  although  the  together  with  a  consular  convention,  to  take 

bondholders  were  content  to  receive  only  1  the  place  of  th^  treaty  concluded  at  Quito  on 

per  cent,  per  annum  till  the  customs  receipts  June  6,  1848.    The  new  treaty  is  to  remain 

at  Guayaquil  should  begin  to  exceed  $400,000  operative  to  February,  1892,  and  the  consular 

per  annum,  25  per  cent,  of  the  surplus  to  go  convention  for  ten  years,  dating  from  May  12, 

toward  increasing  the  interest  till  it  reached  6  1888,  when  both  agreements  were  signed.    A 

per  oent.     Although  since  the  pacification  of  separate  agreement  covered  literary,  artistic, 

the  country  the  customs  receipts  at  Guayaquil  and  industrial   property,   guaranteeing  it  to 

have  swelled  to  an  amount  warranting  4^  per  citizens  of  either  country, 

cent  per  annum  on  the  sterling  debt,  this  clause  Eallwadfli — On  March  27,  1888,  a  company 

af  the  engagement  has  not  been  enforced  hith-  was  incorporated  at  Guayaquil,  having  for  its 

erto,  for  political  reasons ;  but  since  the  ac-  obiect  the  construction  of  railroads  and  other 

cession  to  power  of  Dr.  Antonio  Flores,  the  public  works  in  the  republic.    It  acquired  by 

new  President^  matters  are  taking  a  turn  more  purchase  from  the  original  contractor,  Mark 

fivorable  to  the  bondholders.  Thus  the  Execu-  J.  Kelly,  the  control  over  the  Taguachi-Duran 

tive  issued,  under  date  of  September  10,  a  de-  railway,  then  about  finished,  together  with 

cree  inviting  the  council  of  foreign  bondhold-  that  of  the  line  from  Yaguachi  to  Ghimbo,  and 

ere  to  appoint  a  commissioner  with  full  power  the  one  from   Ghimbo  to  Si  bam  be,  both  in 

to  negotiate  with  the  Government  a  reorgan-  course  of  construction.     The  company  will 

ization  of  the  debt  on  a  mutually  acceptable  issue  8-per-cent.  bonds,  the  interest  to  be  paid 

basis.     The  outstanding  internal  and  external  out  of  the  salt  monopoly  secured,  the  first 

indebtedness  is  trifling,  considering  the  re-  bond  issue  beinff  subscribed  for  beforehand, 

sources  of  the  country,  which  requires  the  CMiHerw. — Tne  exports  in  1886  amounted 

carrying  out  of  public  works,  notably  rail-  to  $8,014,409,  including  $408,988  specie  and 

roads,  ^  of  which  would  be  facilitated  by  an  bullion,  and  87,172,676  pounds  of  cocoa,  worth 

opright,  prompt  financial  policy.    In  response  $6,606,201 ;  2,978,846  pounds  of  cofiTee,  worth 

to  the  decree  named,  the  council  of  bondhold-  $821,121 ;    India  -  rubber,    $282,897;     hides, 

ere  in  London  will  delegate  one  of  its  members  $280,066 ;    vegetable    ivory,   $89,020 ;    straw 

to  go  to  Quito  and  arrange  matters  if  possible,  hats,  $28,680,   the  rest  being    made  up  by 

The  actual  income  of  the  state  in  1886  was  oranges,  pine-apples,  and  quinine-bark.     The 

15,107,992,  and  sufiSced  to  meet  the  outlay.  American  trade  presents  the  following  figures : 


In  April,  1888,  the  Bank  of  Ecuador  ad- 
Taoced  the  Government  $900,000  at  9  per  cent.  fiscal  year. 

interest  per  an n um,  th e  net  income  of  the  Gnay-    

aquil  cnatom-house  being  pledged.    Banks  are    J^ 

in  a  flourishing  condition.    Thus,  the  Bank  of 


Import  into  th*  Donmttc  •sport 


United  StatM. 


$1,181,169 
1,118,087 


to  Ecuador. 


$1,049,809 
810,567 


Ecuador  declared  20  per  cent,  dividend  in  1886  The  number  of  vessels  that  entered  Ecuado- 

and  in  1887,  the  International  Bank  respect-  rian  ports  in  1886  was  876,  of  which  186  en- 

ifely  10  and  12  per  cent.,  the  Anglo-Equato-  tered  at  Guayaquil  alone  (117  thereof  being 

rian  8  and  12,  and  the  Banco  Hipotecario  1&|  steamers),  without  counting  small  coasters, 

and  16  per  cent.  Partial  Turlff  ]lfdiicatlM& — Dating  from  Jan. 

Amy. — The  strength  of  the  regular  army  in  1,  1888,  the  following  changes  in  the  rates  of 

1888  was  4,730  file,  8,820  thereof  being  foot,  import  duties  became  operative :  Almanacho 

1,060  artillery,  and  860  horse ;  there  being  four  and  green  plants  to  enter  duty  free :  an  addi- 

baUaUons  of  infantry,  two  companies  of  artil-  tional  cent  per  kilogramme  to  be  laid  on  pota- 

lery,   and  one  regiment  of  cavalry,  all  fully  toes,  rice,  large  stoneware  vessels,  timber,  and 

armed  and  equipped,  and  the  arsenals  at  Guay-  lumber ;  two  cents  additional  per  kilogramme 

aquil  and  Quito  well  stocked  with  ammunition  on  soda  for  washing,  hand-pumps,  iron  and 

and  everything  necessary,  in  addition  to  which  steel  rails  and  sleepers,  iron  tubes  less  than 

there  were  ordered  from  the  United  States  0*12  metre  in  diameter  if  forming  part  of  ma- 

700  Remington  rifles,  and  100,000  cartridges.  chinery,  dye-woods,  printing-paper;  ten  cents 

The  National  Guard  was  composed,  in  1888,  per  kilogramme :  crude  stearme,  fancy  water- 

of  76  battalions,  68  being  foot,  2  artillery,  and  mugs,  twine  for  sewing  bags,  marble ;   fifty 

6  horse,  completely  organized.  cents  per  kilogramme :  imitation  silver  or  gold 

Kavy. — In  1887  Ecuador  had  only  two  men-  plated  jewelry,  hats,  caps ;  one  dollar  per  kilo- 

of-war,  the  "  Ootopaxi "  and  the  "  Nueve  de  gramme :  all  other  jewelry. 

Julio  *' ;  both  are  steamers,  the  former  having  Cocmu — There  arrived  at  Guayaquil  from  the 

cost  £11,600,  and  the  latter  £19,800.    They  interior  for  shipment  abroad,  in  1887,  884,267 

are  new,   unexceptionable  in  every  respect,  quintuls  of  cocoa,   against  884,752  in  1886; 

In  January,  1888,  the  new  gun-boat  "Tun-  244,724  in  1886,  and  176,956  in  1884.    From 

gnrihua'^  arrived  from  England.  Jan.  1  to  Oct.  28,  1888,  264,000  quintals  were 

Ttaaty. — Prior  to  his  return  from  Europe  received  at  Guayaquil,  against  805,000  in  1887. 

Dr.  Antonio  Flores,  then  President-elect  of  Ivary-Nitk — There  had  been  shipped  abroad 

Ecuador,  but  at  the  time  still  minister  at  Paris,  from  Guayaquil,  in  1887,  258,126  quintals  of 


288 


EGYPT. 


lYorj-natB,  against  197,808  in   1886,  169,000 
in  1886,  and  107,769  in  1884. 

Eartlitiakefl. — On  September  26  a  sharp  shock 
of  earthquake  was  felt  at  £len#  at  eight  o'clock 
in  the  evening,  and  simultaneoaslj  at  Gaaja- 
qoil,  lasting  about  two  minutes.  The  shocks 
were  followed  by  flashes  of  lightning.  At  that 
time  of  year  lightning  has  been  anknown  here- 
tofore in  the  localities  named.  Another  very 
heavy  shock  was  experienced  at  Guayaquil  on 
November  16,  at  twenty-five  minntes  to  three 
p.  M. ;  the  people  fled  from  their  houses  thor- 
oughly panic-stricken. 

RMcdlcttne  MmIu  for  Eciadfr.— On  July  20 
seven  Benedictines  from  St.  Mary's  Abbey, 
Newark,  N.  J.,  left  New  York  for  Ecuador, 
to  establish  a  church  in  the  republic.  Three  of 
them  were  Americans  and  four  Germans,  the 
latter,  however,  being  citizens  of  the  United 
States.  They  took  with  them  a  large  quan- 
tity of  the  most  improved  farm  and  garden 
implements,  the  whole  forming  three  wagon- 
loads  of  cases,  more  machinery  and  tools  to  be 
sent  for  as  the  occasion  may  demand.  They 
emigrated  to  Ecuador  at  the  solicitation  of  the 
bishop  of  that  country. 

EfiTPT,  a  principcJity  in  Northern  Africa, 
tributary  to  Turkey.  The  reigning  sovereign, 
called  the  Khedive,  is  Mohammed  Tewflk,  bom 
Nov.  19,  1862,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne  on 
the  abdication  of  his  father,  the  Khedive  Ismail, 
June  26,  1879.  He  is  the  sixth  ruler  of  the 
dynasty  of  Mehemet  Ali,  who  was  appointed 
Governor  of  Egypt  in  1806.  The  administra- 
tion of  Egypt  is  carried  on  by  native  ministers, 
subject  to  the  rulings  of  the  Khedive,  and  un- 
der the  supervision  of  England.  There  is  a 
legislative  council  of  thirty  members,  of  whom 
sixteen  are  elected  and  fourteen  appointed  by 
the  Khedive,  but  it  has  only  advisory  powers. 

Area  ai4  Pvpilattoi. — The  area  of  Egypt  prop- 
er, the  southern  boundary  of  which  was  pro- 
visionally fixed  at  Wady  Haifa,  about  8t)0  miles 
south  of  Cairo,  in  January,  1887,  is  estimated 
at  1 1 ,000  square  miles.  The  country  is  divided 
into  El  Said  or  Upper  Egypt  and  Masr-el-6ahri 
or  Lower  Egypt.  The  population  in  1882  was 
6,806,381,  composed  of  6,716,496  Egyptians 
and  90,886  foreigners.  Of  the  Egyptians,  6,469,- 
71*6  had  fixed  abodes  and  246,779  were  nomads. 
The  bulk  of  the  foreigners  are  Greeks,  Ital- 
ians, French,  Austrians,  English,  and  Germans. 
Ninety  per  cent,  of  the  foreign  population  re- 
side in  Lower  Egypt.  The  average  annual  in- 
crease in  the  population  since  1846  has  been 
1*26  per  cent.  The  inhabitable  land  in  Egypt 
comprises  6,216,680  acres,  of  which  8,746,971 
acres  are  in  Lower  and  2,470,669  acres  in  Up- 
per Egypt. 

CMiHerce. — The  total  exterior  commerce  of 
Egypt  for  1886  amounted  to  17,977,861  Egyp- 
tian  pounds,  in  which  sum  the  imports  are  rep- 
resented by  7,848,281  pounds,  and  the  exports 
by  10,129,620  pounds.  The  imports  of  specie 
for  the  same  year  were  1,888,797  pounds,  and 
the  exports,  2,972,620  pounds.    The  commer- 


cial intercourse  with  different  foreign  conntriee 
for  1886  was  as  foUows,  the  value  being  given 
in  Egyptian  pounds  (£E1=$6) : 


OOUVTRBS. 


Oreftt  Britain 

Turkey 

Frmnoe  and  Algetii. 

AuBtrtft 

Italy 

BuBsia 

India,  China,  etc  . . . 

Greece 

America 

Other  countries  . . . . 


Total 


Export* 

Importi 

40—             from— 

«,418.2e9   8,063,680 

866,S60    1,808,44S 

906,767 

888,010 

008,048 

909vS28 

601,762 

970,488 

1,04&,M0 

440,869 

S^MS 

491,009 

87,418 

90,046 

S1,8M 

62,565 

141,878 

824,144 

10,189,690 

7,848^1 

1^*0. 


9,481.889 
1,668,699 
1,789,777 
1,5U7^6 

862,9(M 
1,480,»» 

499,429 

187,438 
88,981 

46^017 

17,9n,851 


The  values  of  the  principal  articles  of  com- 
merce for  the  year  1886  were,  in  Egyptian 
pounds,  as  follow : 


EXPORTS. 

ValoM. 

IMPORTS. 

ValMi. 

Cotton 

Gotton-aeed 

7,120,818 

1,881,948 

467,958 

78,912 

458,817 

18,488 

116,»W 

108,808 

14,850 

1,865 

65,868 

Cotton  gooda 

Coal 

1,478,876 
864^886 

Beans .... 

Clothinff 

1,046,000 
180.160 

Wheat 

Indigo 

8qMr 

Timber 

Wines  and  spirito. 

Colfee 

Tobacco 

890.000 

LenUlB        

Bice 

868,114 
176,086 
946^ 

Oom 

Maize 

Wool 

Beflned  sugar 

Machinery 

Wheat 

118,981 
188,008 
90&,UO 

The  increase  in  the  tobacco  receipts  for  the 
year  1886  was  £80,000,  due  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  Greek  tobacco  nnder  the  new  commer- 
cial treaty. 

The  decrease  in  the  value  of  the  imports  for 
1886  from  those  of  1886,  was  1,140,811  Egyp- 
tian pounds,  and  the  decrease  in  the  value  of 
the  exports  was  1,296,360  pounds. 

igrlcittune. — The  report  of  the  statistical  bu- 
reau in  Cairo  for  1887  makes  the  cultivated 
area  4,961,462  feddans,  showing  an  increase  of 
247,066  feddans  in  three  years.  The  area  plan^ 
ed  to  cotton  was  874,646  feddans  in  1886,  866,- 
626  in  1887,  and  1,067,613  in  1888.  The  cot- 
ton product  in  1887  was  3,026,966  cantars,  or 
878,246,000  pounds.  The  cultivation  of  cotton 
is  extending  rapidly  in  Upper  Egypt,  where  the 
fellahs  find  it  a  more  profitable  crop,  and  one 
requiring  less  care  and  outlay,  than  sngar-cane. 
The  cultivation  of  bersim,  a  kind  of  clover,  oc- 
cupied 941,222  feddans  in  1888,  and  there  were 
617,606  feddans  in  Lower  and  623,496  in  Up- 
per Egypt  under  wheat.  Although  sugar  cult- 
ure is  declining,  the  product  in  1887  was  1,090,- 
424  cantars,  worth  673,869  Egyptian  pounds, 
inclusive  of  the  rum  and  molasses  products. 
The  chief  crops  of  lesser  importance  are  beans, 
lentils,  Indian  corn,  oats,  rice,  and  durra. 
The  farm  animals  have  greatly  decreased,  ow- 
ing to  contagious  diseases  and  the  impoverish- 
ment of  the  people.  There  are  at  present,  to 
every  100  feddans  or  acres,  9  buffaloes,  6  ani- 
mals of  other  kinds,  including  camels,  horses, 
asses,  mules,  and  cattle,  and  20  sheep. 

Eallwaya,  Tetograpte,  and  Pssts.— In  1886  there 
were  900  miles  of  railway  in  operation.    The 


EGYPT.  289 

telegraph  lines  belonging  to  the  Goyemment  the  next  four  to  the  position  of  belligerents  in 

at  the  end  of  1887  had  a  total  length  of  8,172  the  canal  and  its  ports  of  access.    The  canal  is 

miles.     The  Governnient  has  established  a  tele-  declared  free  for  the  transportation  of  war  ma- 

pbone  line  140  miles  long,  extending  from  Oai-  terial  and  the  passage  of  ships  of  war  in  war 

ro  to  the  petroleum- wells  on  the  Red  Sea,  con-  times  as  well  as  in  times  of  peace.    The  eighth 

sisting  of  a  bare  iron  wire,  running  along  the  article  specifies  the  duties  of  foreign  diplomatic 

saod  without  poles  or  insulators.  agents  in  Egypt,  and  confers  on  the  Porte  the 

The  post-office  carried  7,620,000  inland  and  presidency  at  the  annual  meetings.     The  ninth 

5,075,000  foreign  letters  during  1886.    In  1887  and  tenth  articles  establish  the  responsibility  of 

the  number  of  internal  lettei*s  was  8,174,000,  the  Khedive,  and  define  the  conditions  under 

aod  the  total  correspondence  12,916,000.  which  he  will  have  to  appeal  to  the  the  Sultan 

The  Smi  CuaL — The  number  of  vessels  that  and  the  right  of  Turkey  to  provide  for  the  de- 
passed  through  the  Suez  Canal  in  1886  was  fense  of  the  eastern  coast  of  the  Red  Sea.  The 
3,100,  with  a  gross  tonnage  of  8,183,818.  Of  next  three  articles  sanction  the  territorial 
these  2,331,  of  6,254,417  tons,  were  British;  rights  of  Turkey  and  the  sovereign  prerogatives 
227,  of  699,194  tons,  French;  161,  of  314,715  of  the  Sultan  and  of  the  Khedive  ontside  of 
tons,  German ;  127,  of  312,964  tons,  Dutch ;  the  obligations  of  the  treaty.  The  remaining 
77,  of  191,833  tons,  Austrian ;  69,  of  184,960  articles  declare  that  the  treaty  is  not  limited 
tons,  Italian;  25,  of  88,076  tons,  Spanish;  24,  to  the  duration  of  the  Saez  Canal  concessions, 
of  58,288  tons,  Russian ;  28,  of  47,991  tons,  and  provide  for  the  exchange  of  ratifications 
Korw^ian ;  6,  of  8,863  tons,  Turkish ;  4,  of  within  a  month  of  the  date  of  signature. 
3,056  tons,  Egyptian ;  and  1,  of  1,292  tons,  Fbuncc* — The  English  have  been  unable  to 
Belgian.  The  deepening  of  the  canal  to  8^  ingraft  on  Egypt  the  Indian  methods  of  ad- 
metres  has  been  completed.  ministration,  and  have  been  compelled  to  aban- 

The  gross  receipts  of  the  company  in  1886  don  their  efibrts  to  govern  the  people  in  their 

were  £2,241,095,  as  compared  with  £2,601,998  own  way.     Their  general  direction  of  the  in- 

in  1885 ;    £2,576,083  in  1884 ;  £2,645,506  in  ternal  policy  of  the  Central  Government  has 

1883  ;  and  £2,536,343  in  1882.     The  net  profits  resulted  in  important  reforms,  yet  these  have 

in  1885  were  £1,361,150,  yielding  a  dividend  failed  to  win  the  affection  of  the  people,  and 

to  the  shareholders,  after  providing  for  the  have  been  attended   with  increased  burdens, 

sinking-fund,  of  17*08  per  cent.    The  statutes  English  reformers  have  improved  the  irrigation 

provide  that  of  all  net  earnings  over  5  per  works,  abolished  the  corvee,  reformed  the  pris- 

oent.,  71  per  cent,  shall  go  to  the  general  share-  ons,  and  to  a  large  extent  done  away  with  arbi- 

bolders,  15  per  cent,  to  the  Egyptian  Govern-  trary  imprisonment  and  the  use  of  the  kour- 

ment,  10  per  cent,  to  the  founders'  shares,  2  bash,  and  have  introduced  ameliorations  in  the 

per  cent,  to  the  employes,  and  2  per  cent,  to  railroad  service  and   throughout  the  judicial 

the  managing  directors.     Of  the  395,840  shares  and  civil  admiuistration ;  and  yet  anarchy  and 

that  were  issued,  176,602  were  taken  by  the  impoverishmentareworsethanever  before,  and 

Khedive  of  Egypt,  and  were  by  him  transferred  the  financial  situation  is  still  critical,  although 

to  the  British  Government  in  1875  for  the  sum  there  has  been  an  improvement  of  public  credit, 

of  £3,976,582.    The  dividends  on  these  shares  as  compared  with  the  period  of  bankruptcy  and 

np  to  the  year  1894  he  had  already  alienated,  disorganization  that  followed  the  burning  of 

signing  them  over  to  the  Suez  Canal  Company.  Alexandria  and  the  British  war  of  occupation. 

The  share  capital  of  the  canal  amounts  to  197,-  During  1882  and  1883  a  floating  debt  of  nearly 

920,000  francs,  and  the  bonded  debt  of  various  £6,000,000  was  contracted.     The  debt  in  1884 

descriptions  to  177,292,426  francs.  stood  at  £101,000.000.      Since  then    it   has 

A  convention  defining  the  status  of  the  Suez  grown  to  £103,028,000,  but  nearly  the  whole 
Canal  was  arranged  in  the  early  part  of  1888  of  the  increase  was  still  available  in  the  begin- 
between  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Turkey,  niiig  of  1888,  when  there  remained  unexpended. 
ind  agreed  to  by  all  the  powers.  Turkey  oh-  of  the  international  loan  £1,251,000,  with  a 
tained  modifications  giving  her  the  presidency  cash  reserve  of  £416,000  in  the  coffers  of  the 
st  the  annual  meetings  and  permitting  the  Caisse  de  la  Dette,  and  £76,000  of  cash  in  the 
transportation  at  all  times  of  troops  to  the  Government  treasury.  Excepting  more  rigor- 
esiitem  shore  of  the  Red  Sea.  When  the  time  ous  exactions  of  the  land  or  irrigation  taxes,  the 
came  to  ratify  the  convention,  the  Porte  asked  only  increase  of  taxation  in  four  years  have  been 
permission  to  add  an  explanatory  protocol  de-  taxes  on  Europeans  previously  exempt  and  an 
Dying  the  view  expressed  by  the  Italian  Gov-  increase  in  the  tobacco  duties.  The  annual  in- 
ernment  as  to  its  bearing  on  the  dispute  be-  terest  on  the  debt,  amounting  to  £4,250,000, 
tween  Turkey  and  Italy  with  regard  to  Mas-  has  been  paid  without  any  deduction  from  the 
%owah  and  other  Italian  posts  on  the  African  coupon.  The  interest  payable  abroad,  with  the 
Red  Sea  coast,  but  the  powers  would  not  as-  Turkish  tribute  of  nearly  £700,000,  makes  a 
tent  to  the  Turkish  view.  The  convention  was  sum  of  £4,750,000  that  the  country  has  to  pro- 
finally  signed  at  the  Porte  on  October  29.  The  vide  annually  to  meet  foreign  claims.  The 
first  three  articles  are  devoted  to  the  subjects  average  gross  value  of  the  exports  of  cotton, 
of  the  neutrality  of  the  canal  and  the  security  sugar,  beans,  and  wheat  between  1880  and  1884 
of  the  works  and  material  of  the  company,  and  was  £11,367,000  per  annum,  not  counting  the 
VOL.  xxvin. — 19  A 


290  EGYPT. 

war  year  of  1882.    Id  1885  and  1886,  owing  £8,102,661.     A  redaction  in  the  price  ( 

to  a  fall  in  prices,  the  value  was  only  £9,986,-  tary  exemption  was  expected  to  incre^ 

600  per  aDnum.  revenue  from  this  source  hy  £150,00( 

The  accounts  of  the  treasury  are  full  of  arbi-  troubles  in  the  Soudan  have  led  to  an  L 

trary  chaoges,  adopted  for  the  purpose  of  show-  in  the  army  and  gendarmerie,  which  ha 

ing  each  year  a  favorable  result.    The  rev-  reduced  in  order  to  lighten  the  expense 

enue  for  1887  is  given  as  £8,010, 749«  against  final  estimate  of  the  results  of  the  low 

£7,896,654  in  1886,  and  £7,980,233  in  1885.  that  260,000  acres  between  Cairo  and  A 

The  expenditure  is  said  to  have  amounted  to  will  be  thrown  out  of  cultivation,  cai 

£7,987,067,  against  £8,089,980  in  1886,  and  loss  of  revenue  for  1889  of  £300,000.    1 

£7,884,379  in  1885.     This  shows  a  surplus  of  to  the  country   will  amount    to  mor 

£23,682  in  1887,  as  compared  with  a  deficit  of  £1,000,000. 

£143,326  in  1886.  and  a  surplus  of  £145,854  in        The  Egyptian  convention  placed  to  th 

1885.    The  deficit  in  1886  is  accounted  for  by  of  the  Government,  to  be  expended  for 

the  expenditure  for  eorvee  abolition  and  dimin-  specified  extraordinary  purposes,  the 

ished  railroad  receipts.    There  were,  however,  £10,129,074,  being  the  proceeds  of  the  i 

in  that  year  extraordinary  and  nonrecurring  tional  guaranteed  loan  of  £9,000,000  aD< 

receipts,  under  a  new  law  granting  perpetual  sales  of  Government  lands  and  old  i 

exemption  from  military  service,  amounting  to  and   the  recovery  of  arrears.    Of  thi 

£249,900,  whereas  the  payments  for  temporary  £4,148,956  were  paid  out.  for  Alexan< 

exemption  in   the  previous  year   were    only  demnities,   £100,000    for    a   court-hou 

£17,300.    The  revenue  for  1885  was  swelled  custom-house,  and  £78,118  for  the  emit 

to  a  nearly  equal  amount  by  abnormal  railroad  the  loan.    Of  £2,757,000  that  were  a\) 

receipts  paid  for  the  transportation  of  English  ated  to  covering  past  deficits,  there  re 

troops.     The  corvee  charge  was  continued  in  £73,680  unexpended  at  the  close  of  18( 

1887 ;    but   the  deficit  was   changed   into   a  £1,000,000  that  were  assigned  to  the  i 

surplus  by  manipulation  of  the  accounts  in  to  meet  the  cost  of  evacuation,  there  hi 

transferring  the  estimated  deficit  in  the  receipts  paid  out  £884,182,  and  out  of  an  equal  t 

of  the  domains  and   Daira    administrations,  aside  for  irrigation  works  the  expenditu 

which  is  £140,000  and  the  salaries  of  employes  been  £479,715.    Of  the  fund  assigned 

of  the  Government  for  the  last  month  of  the  commutation  of    pensions,   only  £41, 

year,  amounting  to  £200,000,  to  the  budget  of  mained,  so  that  the  saving  in  the  o 

1888.    This  jugglery  was  necessary  to  avoid  a  budget  under  this  head  ceased  with  188 

deficit,  notwithstanding  the  new  tax  on  for-  total  balance  remaining  from  the  extrao 

eigners,  which  yielded  £65,000,  and  that  on  fund  was  £1,250,945,  including  £500,0i 

tobacco-culture,  producing  £8,000.    The  rev-  is  held  as  a  reserve  for  general  treasu 

enue  from  direct  taxes  in  1887  was  £5,468,931;  poses.    Of  the  balance,   only   £740, 1( 

from  indirect  taxes,  £1,545,950;  from  remn-  actually  disposable,  the  remainder  consi 

nerative  administrations,  £884,095 ;  and  from  public  lands  that  had  not  yet  been  sole 

other  sources,  £111,778.     The  receipts  from  charges  upon  the  revenue  on  account  o 

the  land-tax  in  1887  show  a  slight  increase,  of  all  descriptions  are  estimated  for 

owing  to  an  extension  of  the  cultivated  area.  £4,306,000,  divided   as  follows :    Nen 

In  years  of  a  good  Nile  a  continue<f  improve-  anteed  loan,  redeemable  by  a  fixed  a 

ment  can  be  counted  on  in  the  future,  owing  £307,000;  privileged  debt,  bearing  5  p< 

to  the  public  works  that  the  English  have  con-  interest,  £1,087,000  ;  4  per  cent,  intei 

structed.     But  in  1888  they  have  had,  for  the  the  unified  debt,  £2,184.000;  estimated 

first  time,  to  confront  a  situation  caused  by  a  of  interest  on  the  domains  and  Daira 

bad  Nile  and,  at  the  same  time,  an  increase  in  loans,  £850,000;  interest  payable  to  £ 

military  expenditures,  due  to  their  selfish  and  on  Suez  Canal  shares,  £194,000;  payn 

mistaken  policy  on  the  Red  Sea  coast.  Daira   Sanieh    loan  commissioners,  £i 

The  expenditure  for  1887  under  the  differ-  Morfkabala  annuity,  £50,000.     In  1888 

ent  heads  was  as  follows :  Debt  and  tribute,  4^per-cent.  loan  was  contracted  for  tl 

£4,899,220 ;  civil  list  and  pensions,  £701,818 ;  version  of  the  Daira  Sanieh  debt,  and  1 

remunerative  expenditure,   £698,275 ;   public  ther  commutjition  of  pensions  by  the 

security,  £652,848;  admmistration,  £753,219.  land  belonging  to  the  Daira  and  the  don 
Under  the  head  of  remunerative  expenditure        The  Government  made  in  1888  a  seti 

is  included  the  item  of  £32,874  for  the  fruitless  of  the  ex-Khedive  IsmaiPs  claims,  whic 

search  for  petroleum  on  the  coast  of  the  Red  been  presented  annually  since  the  Eng 

Sea,  in  which  enterprise  the  Government  has  cupation,  but  were  never  before  exam 

sunk  £169,164  altogether.    A  comparison  with  adjudicated  upon.    He  claimed  that  th< 

former  years  shows  some  saving  in  administra-  national  Commission  of  Inquiry  had  tak 

tive  expenses,  due  to  economies,  and  a  reduc-  that  he  had  never  conceded,  and  also  tl 

tion  in  the  civil  list  and  pensions,  owing  to  the  and  crops  on  the  domains,  which  ha^ 

commutation  of  pensions.  been  accounted  for  to  him,  and  that  the 

The  budget  estimates  for  1888  make  the  nity  of  £260,000  a  year  that  he  had  beei 

net  revenue  £8,126,661,  and  the  expenditure  ised  had  never  been  paid.     He  recko: 


EGYPT.  291 

total  claim   on  the  Egyptian  Government  at  t^eir  crops,  and  made  to  work  at  mending  the 
sboat  £5,000,000.  canals  in  the  most  inefficient  and  wasteful  man- 
The  Gi>vernment  made  a  settlement  with  ner.      If  they   brought  no  tools,   tbey  were 
him  and  his  sons,  by  which  the  portion  of  the  made  to  dredge  ont  the  mud  with  their  bare 
dfii  list  payable  to  the  family,  amounting  at  hands.    Their  families  brought  them  food,  car- 
their  estimate  to  £116,000  was  capitalized  at  rying  it  sometimes  a  great  distance.     In  1883 
fourteen  years*  purchase,  and  paid  over  in  the  there   were  202,650  men  thus  employed  for 
form  of  32,000  acres  to  be  selected  from  the  one  hundred  days  each.    In  1884  the  number 
domain    lands,   valued  at    £1,630,000.      The  was  reduced  to  165,000.     In  1885  there  were 
Egyptian  Government  claimed  that  the  pen-  125,936  men  employed  at  forced  labor,  while 
flODs  paid  to  the  princes  ceased  at  their  deaths,  116,536  Egyptian  pounds  were  paid  for  substi- 
and  in  agreeing  to  convert  them  into  property  tuted  hired  labor.     In  1886  the  corvee  laborers 
it  conceded  Ismail^s  claim  to  dispose  of  his  civil  numbered  95,093,  and  265,066  Egyptian  pounds 
liflt  on  his  death.    In  lieu  of  otner  claims  that  were  expended  on  paid  labor.     In  1887  the 
he  had  brought  he  agreed  to  accept  £100,000  number  of  fellaheen  called  out  for  the  eorvee  was 
in  cash,  while  the  Government  restored  the  reduced  to  87,120,  and  the  cost  of  substituted 
two  palaces  in  Cairo  that  formerly  belonged  free  labor  was  233,561  Egyptian  pounds, 
to  him  and  the  one  in  Constantinople,  which  The  Miistry  9f  Nnliar  Pului. — In  1884  Sherif 
he  has  made  his  residence.  Pasha  resigned  the  post  of  Prime  Minister  be- 
IrrlptiM  WurkSt — The  most  important  work  cause  he  was  unable  to  approve  the  policy  of 
done  by  English  engineers  in  Egypt  is  the  evacuating  the  Soudan,  on  which  the  British 
completion  of  the  barrage,  which  is  a  great  Government  insisted.     Riaz  Pasha,   the  ex- 
weir  extending  across  both  branches  of  the  Premier,  a  3iohammedan  of  Turkish  origin, 
Nile.    It  was  begun  by  French  engineers,  but  who  was  greatly  respected  by  the  Egyptians 
abandoned  as  useless.    As  soon  as  it  was  con-  for  patriotism  and  integrity,  declined  the  office 
itructedf   Sir  Colin  Moncrieff  determined  to  because  he  held  the  same  views.   Nubar  Pasha, 
Qtilize  it>,  in  the  face  of  the  criticisms  of  En-  an  Armenian  Christian  of  European  educa- 
fiish  as  well  as  of  French  engineers.    Dur-  tion,  though  equally  convinced  of  the  folly  of 
ing  the  first  six  months  of  1887  the  Rosetta  abandoning  the  Soudan,  accepted  the  post,  and 
aqueduct  was  completed.     Next  in  importance  was  supposed  to  be  a  willing  instrument  of 
to  the  barrage  is  the  Canal  Tewfiki,  which  will  English  policy.     He  was  not  popular,  but  was 
be  opened  in  1889.     Starting  from  the  apex  of  known  as  a  statesman  of  great  experience  and 
the  delta,  it  runs  east  of  the  eastern  branch  to  ability.     He  applied  himself  to  the  task  of 
the  pea.     Irrigating  siphons,  regulating  bridges  smoothing  the  way  for  the  English  projects, 
and  locks,  distributing  sluices,  and  drainage  and  opposed  only  those  that  were  totally  im- 
«anals  have  been  constructed  within  the  delta  practicable.    When  Sir  Colin  Scott  Moncrieff 
and  on  both  sides  of  the  river.    Drainage  is  had  built  the  barrage  and  cleaned  out  the 
at  present  a  greater  desideratum  in  Lower  canals,  he  proposed  that  his  engineers  should 
Efnrpt  than  water-supply.     The  Mahmoudieh  direct  the  irrigation,  as  well  as  provide  the 
Canal,  which  supplies  Alexandria  with  water  water,  assuming  that  the  provincial  officials 
and  furnishes  water  communication  between  were  all  corrupt.     Nubar  Pasha,  however,  in- 
tlie  port  and  the  river,  has  been  dredged.    Im-  sisted  on  preserving  the  power  of  the  mudirs, 
proved  irrigation  and  the  reclamation  of  sub-  who  were  the  visible  representatives  of  au- 
merged  lands  have  caused  an  extension  of  cot-  thority.     With   less  success,  he  opposed  the 
ton  cultivation  in  the  Fayonm  district.    A  be-  sweeping  changes  that  Clifford  Lloyd  intro- 
^ning  baa  been  made  of  cotton-planting  in  duced  in  the  Interior  Department.    Under  the 
the  province  of  Beni  Souef,  and  in  that  and  old  system  the  mudirs  exercised  and  abused 
the  neighboring  provinces  of  Assiout,  Minieh,  the  right  to  arrest  and  transport  without  trial 
aod  Girgeh  the  cleaning  of  the  Ibrahimish  Ca-  persons  suspected  of  crime.    During  the  for- 
oal  and  other  works  have  increased  the  pro-  roer  ministry  of  Riaz  Paslia,  1,300  suspicious 
doetion  of  sugar  by  one  third.  persons  were  sent  to  work  in  the  quarries. 
The  expenditure  of  Sir  Colin   Moncrieff's  Local  sheikhs  procured  the  imprisonment  of 
department    in    1887  was   800,366   Egyptian  their  enemies  or  of  individuals  who  would  pay 
pounds,  of  which  one  half  was  spent  on  new  money  to  regain  their  liberty.     Yet,   when 
works  and  one  half  in  repairing  and  maintain-  Clifford  Lloyd  emptied  the  prisons,  setting  free 
iogtheold.     Of  the  total  sum,  213,726  Egyp-  thousands  of  prisoners,  some  of  whom   had 
tiao  pounds  came  from  the  ordinary  budget,  been  detained   six  years  without   trial,   and 
549,023  pounds  from  a  fund  of  one  million  placed  the  prison  system  and  the  power  of 
poimds  sterling  that  was  raised  for    public  commitment  under  the  direction  of  English 
▼orka,  and  237,607  pounds  from  a  special  fund  officials,  charging  police  officers  with  the  ox- 
applicable  to  the  abolition  of  the  corvee.     The  ecutive  functions  of  the  mudirs,  the  prestige 
inost  beneficial  reform  of  the  British  adminis-  of  the  latter  was  destroyed,  and  brigandage 
tntion  has  been   the  substitution  of  free  for  and  crimes  of  violence   became  so  rife  that 
forced  labor  on  the  canals.     Under  the  old  sys-  Nubar's  views  were  finally  accepted,  and  the 
te  men  were  compelled  to  leave  their  homes,  old  system  was  re-established,  with  safeguards 
<^n.when  their  labor  was  most  needed  for  against  abuses.    The  power  to  arrest  ^*8us- 


292  EGYPT. 

pects^*  was  restored  to  the  mndirs,  bat  ar-  change  would  necessitate  the  aboliti 

rested  persons  coald  only  be  committed  to  post  held  by  a  Frenchman,  and  M.  d^j 

prison  after  a  judieial  examination  before  a  the  French  agent,  therefore  objecte 

Gonrt  consisting  of  the  mndir,  a  judge,  a  rep-  Khedive  then  called  upon  Nabar  Pasha 

resentative  of  the  Interior  Department,  and  draw  his  recommendation,  and  he  obe 

two  or  three  sheikhs  of  the  proviDce.    When  at  the  same  time  called  his  master^s  i 

the    English   determined    on   abolishing    the  to  the  hostile  report,  and  asked  the 

corvSe,  the  Public  Works  and  Finance  depart-  either  to  defend  his  minister  or  allo^ 

ments  both   suggested  the   imposition  of  a  reply  to  his  accusers.    The  Khedive 

water-tax  for  the  purpose ;  but  Nnbar  Pasha  reply,  and  Nubar  went  on  to  say  that 

pointed  out  that  the  Khedive  Ismail  had  raised  between  two  fires,  and  had  been  u 

the  taxes  ten  per  cent,  on  the  ground  of  in-  scapegoat  of  both  the  native  party 

creased  irrigation,   and    that    the   peasantry  English,  and  concluded  with  the  w< 

would  not  submit  to  an  arbitrary  increase,  be-  owe  too  much  to  your  Highness  ever  t 

cause  they  look  upon  the  tax  as  an  equivalent  but  it  is  within  your  Highnesses  pow€ 

for  the  water  furnished.    The  Egyption  Cou-  miss  me  when  you  will."     On  the  t- 

vention  set  free  an  annual  sum  of  £450,000  for  day,  June  8,  his  dismissal  was  publishe 

the  reduction  of  the  land-tax,  which  the  Fi-  action  was  taken  by  the  Khedive  with 

nance  Ministry  wished  to  apply  to  taxes  that  sultation  with  Sir  Evelyn  Baring,  who 

could  not  be  collected,  while  Sir  Colin  S.  Mon-  sent  at  Cairo. 

crieff  needed  as  much  for  the  abolition  of  forced        The  New  MinlBtryt — Tewfik  Pasha  i 

labor.     At  Kubar^s  suggestion,   the  amount  dismissed  his  Cabinet,  but  summon 

was  divided,  £250,000  a  year  being  applied  to  Pasha  to  foi*m  a  new  one,  without  cc 

a  gradual  abolition  of  the  corvee,  and  £200,000  with  his  English  advisers.     He  had  nc 

to  offset  taxes  that  could  not  be  collected.  such  independence  before  since  the  b 

To  provide  means  for  their  projected  re-  of  the  English  occupation.    His  cho 

forms,  or  to  escape  from  the  danger  of  a  de-  new  minister  was  generally  interpret 

fault  of  interest,   the  English  were  always  triumph  of  the  anti-English  party  and  • 

ready  to  increase  the  land-tax  or  resort  to  new  Mukhtar   Pasha,   the   Turkish    comm 

imposts,  notwithstanding  the  evident  signs  of  whose  recall  the  English  had  been  u 

overtaxation    and    impoverishment.      Nubar  bring  about,  and  who  exercised  an  un^ 

Pasha  resisted  this  destructive  policy,  and  sug-  influence  and  authority  in  the  country 

gested  economy  of  expenditure  and  the  ex-  grew  stronger  with  every  fresh  blund 

tension  of  the  taxable  area  by  bringing  fresh  mitted  by  the  English  administrators, 

lands  under  culture  as  the  best  means  of  pre-  tar  had  two  months  before  predicted 

serving  the  financial  equilibrium.     He  insti-  date  of  the  fall  of  Nubar.    He  conferi 

tuted  a  finance  committee  to  examine  every  the  Khedive  on  the  evening  of  the  d 

proposed  change  that  involved  increased  ex-  received  an  ovation  on  the  streets  vi 

penditure.    To  promote  the  second  object  he  turning  from  the  palace,  and  Riaz  c- 

gave  away  large  tracts  of  uncultivated  public  him  before  accepting  oflice  and  raakini 

land,  with  exemption  from   taxes  for  three,  new  Cabinet.     The  Turkish  Governm< 

six,  or  ten  years.     To  supply  with  water  250,-  since  the  early  period  of  Mukh tar's  r 

000  feddans  that  were  thus  taken  up,  the  Nu-  in  Egypt,  maintained  a  diplomatic  att 

barieh  Canal  was  built  by  a  private  company,  observation  till  January,   1888,   whei 

Nubar's  efforts  to  keep  down  expenses  and  structed  its  commissioner  to  warn  the  I 

simplify  the  administration  finally  brought  him  Government  against  entering  into  con 

into  collision  with  Sir  Evelyn  Baring  in  the  treaties  with  foreign  powers,  as  insta 

summer  of  1887,  and  from  that  time  their  re-  the  tobacco  convention  with  Greece 

lations  were  never  cordial.     The  Prime  Minis-  prejudice  of  Turkish  produce,  and  to  a< 

ter  objected,  not  so  much  to  the  employment  the  Khedive  against  overstepping  the 

of  Europeans  in  the  Government  departments  in  respect  to  overtaxation  of  his  peop 

as  to  the  complication  of  the  administrative  the  removal  of  Nubar  Pasha,  Sir  Evel 

machinery  by  the  creation  of  new  departments,  ing  hastened  to  Alexandria.     He  did 

bureaus,  sections,  and  subsections.    In  a  report  tempt  to  alter  the  composition  of  t 

that  was  sijtned   by  Sir  Edgar  Vincent,  Sir  Cabinet,  except  to  secure  the  withdr 

Colin  Scott  Moncrieff,  Yakub  Artin  Pasha,  and  Omnr  Lutfi's  name  as  Minister  of  War 

Blum  Pasha  on  May  24.  1888,  the  Prime  Min-  transfer  of  Ali  Mubarek  Pasha,  who  li 

ister  was  charged  with  having  obstructed  many  offered  the  post  of  Minister  of  Public 

economies  that  the  financial  authorities  had  The  Cabinet  was  finally  constituted  as 

proposed.     Later,  the  question  of  reforming  Riaz  Pasha,  President  of  the  Council, 

the  octroi  administration   came  up.      Nubar  ofthe  Interior,  and  Minister  of  Finance 

Pasha,   following  a  report  of  Yakub  Artin  Pasha,    Minister  of  Justice;   Zulfikar 

Pasha,  proposed  that  the  octrois  and  the  indi-  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs:  Mustaph 

rect  taxes  should  be  placed  under  the  direction  Pasha,  Minister  of  War;  Zeki  Pasha, 

of  the  Ministry  of  Finance  instead  of  being  of  Public  Works;  Ali  Mubarek  Pasha, 

administered  by  a  sepai'ate  department.    The  of  Public  Instruction. 


EGYPT.  2p3 

f%hfteg  bk  tht  S«i4aM. — In  September,  1886,  of  troops  from  point  to  point.     The  English 
ifter  the  Egyptians  had  taken  Tamai,  Osman  opened  negotiations   with  Osman  Digma  and 
Digma  retired  from  the  neighborhood  of  Sua-  Abu  Girgeh,  who  expressed  a  willingness  to 
hn.    The  Goyemor-General  of  the  Red  Sea  allow  trade,   but  declared   that  they   would 
Littoral  then  urged  the  friendly  tribe  of  Am-  attack  every  armed  force  that  they  found  in 
baras  to  capture  Tokar,  and  refused  to  let  them  the  country.    Egyptian  steamers  and  coast- 
trade  until  they  had  accomplished  that  task,  guard  dhows  that  patrolled  the  coast  were 
They  made  the  attempt,  and  so  harassed  the  unable  to  stop  the  slave  and  contraband  trade 
tribes  of  the  neighborhood  that  the  latter  caUed  with  Jeddah,  yet  the  hostile  Arabs  effectually 
u[)on  Osman  Bigma  to  return  from  Kassala  blockaded  the  trade  that  was  begun   under 
and  drive   away  their  persecutors.     He  came  English  protection  at  Agig.    Rumors  that  ar- 
with  a  considerable  army,  and  after  inflicting  rived  from  Khartoum  indicated  that  the  Mididi^s 
puniahment  on  the  Amharas,  laid  regular  siege  successor,  the  Khalifa  Abdullah,  lived  in  fear 
toSuakin  in  the  beginning  of  January,  1888.  of  his  enemies,  and  that  dissensions  had  sprung 
On  the  night  of  the  2d  the  Arabs  began  to  fire  up  among  his  supporters.    In  February  Osman 
OD  the  redoubts,  but  were  dispersed  by  shots  Janoo,  one  of  his  emirs,  was  defeated  by  Zaid, 
from  the  gun-boats  in  the  harbor.    The  Am-  a  slave  of  the  Sultan  of  Darfour ;  but  the  Mah- 
haras  and  other  friendly  natives,  with  freed  dist  forces  put  down  the  rebellion  two  months 
davea  and    deserters  from    Osman   Digma^s  later,  and  sent  the  Sultanas  head  to  Khartoum, 
forces,  attacked  the  enemy,  with  varying  sue-  Another  uprising  between  Suakin  and  Berber 
cess.     On  January  17  a  party  of  these  allies  was  likewise  suppressed.     Slatin  Bey,  one  of 
advanced  against  Osman  Digma^s  camp  at  Han-  the  European  prisoners  at  Khartoum  was  sub- 
doub,   while  Col.    Kitchener,  the  Governor-  jected  to  ignominious  treatment. 
General  of  the  Red  Sea  Coast,  followed  with  The  former  Governor  of  Bahr-el-Ghazelle, 
tbe  regular  cavalry.    The  camp  was  surprised  Lupton  Bey,  an  English  officer,  who  was  held 
and  captured,  but  the  enemy  retook  it  from  as  a  prisoner  by  the  Khalifa,  and  whose  tech- 
tbe  rear,  and  received  Col.  Kitchener^s  force,  nical  knowledge  was  made  use  of  in  the  arsenal, 
aa  it  came  up  to  join  in  the  pursuit,  with  a  hot  died  at  Khartoum  in  July. 
fire,  wounding  him  and  another  English  officer.  In  June,  rumors  reached  Europe  from  Khar- 
Tbe  garrison  of  Suakin  was  compelled  to  take  toum  and  other  parts  of  the  Soudan  of  the  vio- 
the  oflTensive,  because  the  "rebels"  or  "der-  torious  march  of  a  "white  pasha,"  who  had 
Tisbes "  had  pashed  their  trenches  close  under  entered  the  province  of  Bahr-el-Ghazelie  at 
tbe  walls  and  fired  frequently  on  the  forts,  and  the  head  of  a  large  military  force  and  estab- 
bad  succeeded  in  driving  oflf  cattle  from  under  lished  his  rule  over  a  wide  region.    He  was  at 
tbe  protection  of  the  guns.    A  large  number  first  supposed  to  be  Henry  M.   Stanley,  and 
of  slaves  that  Osman  Digma  had  collected  to  afterward  seemed  more  likely  to  be  Emin  Bey 
export  to  Arabia  were  released  by  the  expedi-  retreating  from  the  Equatorial  Province.    The 
tioo  to  Handoub,  and  about  180  of  his  followers  Khalifa  sent  a  large  force  to  Fashoda  against 
were  killed.     He  retired  northward  with  more  the  stranger.    This  and  two  later  expeditions 
than  2,000  men«  and  attacked  and  defeated  the  returned  unsuccessful.    At  Gallabat  the  Sou- 
Ambara  tribe  at  Darah.    Soon  the  rebels  re-  danese  gained  a  signal  victory  over  the  Abys- 
tnrned  to  Handoub,  and  resumed  plundering,  sinians  in  July.    The  fighting  near  Wady  Haifa 
Oq  March  4  they  took  a  position  in  force  in  an  continued  during  the  summer.     On  August  27  a 
Abandoned  fort,  and  opened  fire  on  one  of  the  force  of  600  dervishes  drove  250  Egyptian 
cbief  redoubts.     A  detachment  of  Egyptian  soldiers  out  of  Fort  Khormoussa,  but  the  posi- 
troops  w&<«  beaten  back  by  a  furious  counter-  tion  was  regained  by  Col.  Wodehonse,  who  sent 
charge  of  Baggara  horsemen,  who  were  armed  a  re-enforcement  of  150  Soudanese,  supported 
only  with  spears.    Among  the  killed  was  Col.  by  a  gun-boat.    On  September  17  the  besiegers 
Tapp,  one  of  the  principal  English   officers,  of  Suakin  took  up  a  position  within  a  thousand 
The  enemy,  whose  losses  were  severe,  aban-  yards  of  the  outer  forts,  where  tliey  strongly 
doned  their  intrenchments.    The  dervishes  also  intrenched   themselves.     They  enlarged   and 
jBiare  trouble  in  Upper  Egypt  by  raiding  the  strengthened  their  position,  where  about  1,500 
country   between  Wady  Haifa  and  Assouan,  men  were  posted,  supported  by  a  large  force  in 
which  necessitated  the  strengthening  of  the  the  wood  near  by.    On  September  25  they  made 
frontier  force.    On  April  27  Osman   Digma  an  attack  on  one  of  the  forts.    They  accom- 
was  joined  by  Abu  Girgeh,  with  8,000  Bag-  plished  their  object  in  closely  investing  the 
gara  warriors.     The  railroad  between  Suakin  town,  which  was  to  cut  off  the  water-supply, 
and  Handoub,  had  been  torn  up  to  build  a  Some  of  their  f^hells  fell  inside  the  town,  but  on 
^(tockade  at  Handoub,  but  the  prospect  of  capt-  September  30,  after  mining  to  within  500  yards 
tiring  Suakin  was  diminishing  as  the  English  of  the  Water  Fort  in  preparation  for  an  assault, 
completed  their  fortifications.     A  high  stone  tkey  were  driven  from  the  nearer  trenches  by 
wan  with  bastions  mounted  with  heavy  cannon  a  heavy  fire  from  the  forts  and  a  war-vessel 
was  surrounded  with  a  chain  of  detached  forts  Col.  Kitchener,  by  maintaining  the  embargo 
that  were  provided  with  Krupp  and  Gardner  on  trade  and   fomenting  war    between    the 
paa  and  with  electric  lights,  and  connected  friendly  tribes  and  the  rebels,  was  directly  re- 
witb  a  railroad  for  the   rapid   transference  sponsible  for  the  renewal  of  disturbances  in 


294  EGYPT. 

the  Saakin  district.    He  aggravated  the  situa-  Bnccessfal  attempt   to   enfilade    the    euemy^s 
tioD  by  enconragiDg  and  subsidizing  predatory  trenches.    As  the  result  of  this  reconnoissance 
raids  against  hostile  tribes  and  sending  piratical  he  returned  to  Cairo  to  dispatch  re-enforoe- 
ezpeditions  down  the  coast.    The  naval  force  ments,  for  he  foond  the  enemy  strongly  in- 
was  employed  in  maintaining  the  trade  block-  trenched  and  well  snpplie^l  with  cavalry,  infan- 
ade.     Several    vessels   were    captured    when  try,  and  six  rifled  gnns  firing  Armstrong  shells^ 
landing  goods.     Permission  was  given  in  Be-  which  were  served  with  remarkable  skill, 
cember,   1887,  to  the  friendly  inhabitants  of        The  military  situation  on  the  Nile  was  equal- 
Agig  to  trade  with  foreign  merchants  nnder  ly  critical.     The  Egyptian  garrisons  were  re- 
stringent  restrictions  and  Government  super-  enforced ;  but  the  raids  of  the  enemy  grew 
vision ;  but  the  Governor  was  soon  afterward  bolder  and  more  frequent,  and  in  the  begin- 
displaced   and  a  personal   enemy  of  Osman  ning  of  November  their  commander  at  Dongo- 
Digma  appointed,  which  led  to  the  blockade  la,  Walad-el-Njumi,  was  engaged  in  collecting 
of  the  roads  by  the  latter.     Ool.  Kitchener's  an  army  for  the  invasion  of  Upper  Egypt.  The 
policy  of  denying  trade,  which  was  generally  Egyptian  Government  decided  to  increase  the 
condemned  in  England  and  finally  resulted  in  army  by  2,000  men,  costing  £51.000  per  annum, 
his  transfer  to  the  appointment  of  Adjutant-        The  EqiatorUl  Proflnces*  —  The   position  of 
General  of  the  Egyptian  Array,  was  adopted  Emin  Pasha  at  Wadelai  after  the  abandonment 
for  the  purpose  of  coeVcing  the  Mabdists  to  of  the  Soudan  was  entirely  analogous  to  that 
remove  their  own  fanatical  inhibition  of  com-  of  Gen.  Gordon  at  Khartoum,  and  Emin,  who 
merce  with  infidels.     The  export  of  gum  ara-  had   been  made  Governor  of  the  Equatorial 
bio  from  Suakin  in  1879  amounted  to  207,084  Provinces  by  Gordon,  was  as  determined  as 
Egyptian  pounds,  and  coffee  from  Abyssinia  his  chief  to  maintain  the  government  that  he 
and  ivory   were  exported  to  the  amount  of  had  established,  although  retreat  was  open  to 
20,000  Egyptian  pounds  each.     The    Mahdi  him  by  way  of  Zanzibar.    He  has  kept  to- 
prohibited  the  gathering  of  the  gum  of  Kordo-  gether  a  well-organized  army  of  blacks  and 
fan,  and  for  five  years  there  has  been  little  aided  in  preserving  peace  and  order,  for  which 
trade  with  the  interior.     The  Mahdist  govern-  services  the  inhabitants  paid  the  taxes  that 
ment  is  based  on  ascetic  religious  .principles,  were  necessary  to  support  his  command  long 
and,  where  the  authority  of  the  Khalifa  is  su-  after  they  had  thrown  off  the  absolute  author- 
preme,  the  possession  of  riches  is  discouraged,  ity  that  he  had  exercised  when  the  power  and 
half  of  each  man^s  property  is  counted  as  be-  prestige  of  the  Khedive's  Government  stood 
longing  to  state,  and  eiy  oyment  of  luxuries  or  behind  him ;  and,  when  support  was  withheld, 
display  of  wealth  is  treated  as  a  crime.     The  he  sustained  his  troops  by  means  of  a  trade  in 
coast  Arabs,  on   the  other  hand,  are  eager  ivory  through  Uganda  and  by  planting  cotton, 
traders,  and,  by  holding  out  the  promise  of  In  letters  that  from  time  to  time  reached  Eo- 
trade  as  a  reward,  the  Governor- General  ex-  rope,  he  expressed  the  hope  that  Great  Britain 
pected  to  gain  their  loyalty  and  the  sooner  would  send  an  expedition  to  annex  the  rich 
open  up  the  trade  in  gum  and  other  valuable  country   that    he    had    saved    from    anarchy, 
products  of  the  Soudan ;  but,  instead  of  that.  When  his  position   began   to   be  precarioos, 
he  only  brought  back  the  miseries  of  war  and  Henry  M.  Stanley  started  up  the  Congo  with  a 
stimulated  the  clandestine  exchange  of  slaves  relief  expedition  that  was  fitted  out  under  the 
for  arms  and  ammunition.     His  troublesome  ansipices  of  the  British  East  African  Associa- 
restrictions  and  irritating  policy  sent  many  tion,  a  rival  to  the  similarly  named  German 
recruits  to  Osman  Digma's  banner  even  from  organization.     Tippoo    Tib,   an    Arab   slave- 
the  friendly  Arahara  tribes.     The  English  offi-  dealer,  who  maintains  a  strong  military  organ- 
cera  affect  a  stringent  military  regime  because  ization  in  the  region  of  the  Upper  Congo, 
they  hope  thereby  to  succeed  to  the  authority  promised  to  assist  the  expedition.     (See  Euff 
of  the  Mahdi  throughout  the  Soudan.     The  Pasha.) 

power  exercised  by  the  Khalifa  over  the  re-        On  April  4  Emin  Pasha  received  a  message 

motest  tribes  of  the  desert  is  attributed  to  the  from  the  Khalifa,  ordering  him  to  surrender 

fear  of  the  black  regiments  that  were  enrolled  and  to  disband  his  troops.     A  few  weeks  later 

and  drilled  by  Gordon  Pasha  and  of  the  Bag-  his  scouts  on  the  Nile  beyond  Lado  reported 

garas  and  other  fierce  tribes  from  beyond  the  that  an  army  was  approaching.     Emin  Pasha 

Nile  and  also  to  the  exaction  of  hostages.  then  determined  to  advance  with  the  bulk  of 

The  rebel  forces  that  laid  close  siege  to  the  his  troops  in  order  to  surprise  the  enemy,  and 

town  in  September  were  those  commanded  by  defeat  him  by  a  sudden  blow,  if  possible,  for 

Abu   Girgeh.     Shells   were   cast   within   the  money  and  provisions  were  lacking  for  a  reg- 

Water  Fort  every  night,  and  some  burst  in  the  ular  campaign.    The  army  sent  against  Emin 

town.     On  October  30  the  enemy  attempted  Pasha  was  said   to  be  4,000  strong,  and  to 

to  storm  that  fort,  but  were  driven  back  by  a  be  ascending  the  Nile  in  four  steamers  and 

heavy  fire  from  the  guns  of  the  forts  and  ships,  many  boats.     In  the  south,  Kabrega,  King  of 

Gen.  Grenfell,  the  commander-in-chief,  arrived  Unyoro,   had   been   beaten   by   tlie    ferocious 

in  the  beginning  of  November  with  re-enforce-  young  King  of  the  Waganda,  who  now  held 

ments.    On  the  8th  he  led  out  the  mounted  both  shores  of  Albert  Nyanza.     Emin   had 

infantry  and  horse  artillery  and  made  an  un-  lived  on  nominally  good  terms  with  M'tesa,  the 


EMIN  PASHA.  295 

g  of  Uganda,  whereas  his  son  and  snc-  £min  by  Stanley ;  hot  whether  the  letter  was 

if  janga,  was  avowedly  hostile.     This  taken  from  £min  himself  or  from  Stanley,  or 

ween  the  two  powerful  neighboring  wa6  captured  from  some  runner,  it  is  impossible 

IS  in  the  south  interrupted  Emin's  com-  to  determine. 

ions  with  Zanzibar,  and  cut  off  the  Stanley  (see  "  Annual  Cyclopiedia  "  for  1887, 
route  by  which  a  relief  expedition  page  260)  left  Bolombo,  May  11,  1887.  It  is 
iach  him  from  the  Congo.  When  it  known  that  he  encountered  great  hardships  in 
certain  that  Stanley^s  purpose  of  sue-  arriving  at  this  point,  892  miles  from  the  At- 
!lmin  Pasha  had  miscarried,  Major  lantic.  Scarcity  of  provisions,  difficulties  of 
i,  his  lieutenant,  who  bad  remained  obtaining  transportation,  and  obstructions  on 
s  of  the  supplies  in  camp  at  Yambu-  the  route,  rendered  it,  in  his  own  words,  ^^a 
bie  Aruwimi,  in  May,  1888,  set  out  in  period  of  great  anxiety;  and  whether  we  shall 
*  bis  chief  at  the  head  of  100  Soudan-  be  able  to  tide  over,  without  breach  of  order, 
ers  that  were  left  by  Stanley,  and  640  I  know  not."  After  he  passed  Bolombo  the 
i  and  Manyema  bearers  that  Tippoo  conditions  improved,  the  natives  were  more 
d  for  him.  The  latter  proved  unruly,  friendly,  and  sufficient  rations  were  obtained, 
telot  employed  harsh  means  to  reduce  On  June  18  the  mouth  of  the  Aruwimi  river 
obedience,  but  before  he  had  gone  far  was  reached,  and  a  camp  established,  which 
fema  bearers  mutinied  against  his  se-  Stanley  left  on  the  23d  with  an  advance-guard, 
ishments,  and  assassinated  the  leader,  and  instructions  that  the  porters  promised  by 
»nd  in  command,  J.  S.  Jameson,  re-  Tippoo  Tib  should  follow  with  stores.  A  note 
>  organize  another  expedition,  but  was  was  received  from  him,  July  2,  which  is  thus 
with  a  fatal  fever.  After  the  failure  far  the  last  direct  communication,  and  all 
expedition^  Dr.  Carl  Peters  and  other  knowledge  of  his  movements  and  whereabouts 
interested  in  German  colonial  enter-  has  since  been  derived  from  rumor  alone.  Ex- 
East  Africa  obtained  subscriptions  of  plorers  have  been  almost  unanimous  in  opinion 
)  marks  for  an  expedition  to  rescue  as  to  his  safety.  Stories  have  been  afloat  of  a 
isha^who  is  a  German  by  birth,  and  mysterious  white  pasha  carrying  all  before 
wn  OS  Dr.  Schnitzer  before  he  received  liim  in, the  Bahrel  Ghazel  district,  supposed  to 
in  the  Egyptian  service,  under  the  be  Stanley,  or,  perhaps,  Emin ;  and  Arabs  ar- 
of  Dr.  Peters,  Lieut.  Wissmann,  and  rivingatEinshassa  at  one  time  said  that  Stanley 
oker.  The  object  of  the  enterprise  had  been  wounded  in  a  fight  with  natives,  and 
•e  plainly  political  than  was  that  of  that  half  of  his  escort  had  deserted.  The  first 
trous  English  expeditions.  The  route  intelligence  of  import  was  received  from  cou- 
uns  for  1,500  kilometres,  or  more  than  Hers  from  Tabora,  reaching  Zanzibar  on  Nov.  1, 
arters  of  the  distance,  through  terri-  1888.  Their  tidings  were  a  year  old,  but  they 
r  which  Germany  claims  jurisdiction,  reported  that  at  the  close  of  November,  1887, 
ntansige,  where  the  German  posses-  detachments  of  Arabs  trading  from  Tabora  in 
I,  to  Wadelai,  the  distance  in  a  straight  the  regions  between  Lakes  Albert  Nyanza  and 
aly  400  kilometres.  The  plan  was  to  Muta  Nzige  encountered  the  rear-guard  of 
permanent  stations  along  the  route.  Stanley^s  expedition  at  a  point  west  of  the  Al- 
^ition  was  delayed  by  the  troubles  bert  Nyanza,  and  southeast  of  Sanga.  Stanley 
nrred  in  the  German  possessions  (see  himself  was  not  seen,  being  two  days  in  ad- 
R).  vance,  but  tales  of  hardships  endured  on  the 
PASHA.  The  close  of  the  year  1888  way  were  told  by  this  party  of  thirty.  There 
le  fate  of  Emin  Pasha  and  of  his  res-  had  been  fighting  with  the  natives  for  provis- 
nry  M.  Stanley,  involved  in  mystery,  ions,  one  of  the  white  men  of  the  party  bad 
iring  its  course  but  few,  and  for  the  died,  forty  had  been  drowned  in  crossing  a 
rt  unauthentic,  tidings  have  been  re-  great  river,  and  Stanley  with  others  had  been 
•om  either.  That  the  expedition  was  ill  with  fever.  This  had  delayed  the  march, 
il  in  arriving  at  its  point  of  destination  already  slow,  three  weeks.  The  total  force, 
I  by  the  official  report  received  on  De-  deducting  all  losses,  was  estimated  by  the 
3,  from  the  Congo  Free  State,  of  the  re-  Arabs  at  250,  but  they  were  believed  to  be 
Hanley  to  Aruwimi  river,  in  company  able  to  accomplish  the  journey.  The  north- 
in,  in  August  of  the  present  year;  but  easterly  direction  of  the  line  of  march  had  been 
3  meeting  took  place,  and  whether  the  abandoned  to  avoid  the  swamps,  and  Stanley 
of  one  or  both  on  the  Congo  in  that  was  then  proceeding  north,  intending  to  strike 
onfiicts  with  the  assertion  of  Osman  afterward  to  the  east  toward  Wadelai,  distant, 
Suakin,  December  14,  that  Emin  Pasha  it  was  estimated,  a  journey  of  forty  or  fifty  days, 
bite  traveler,  who  had  been  sent  to  his  The  reports  of  combats  with  the  natives  are 
arrendered  to  the  troops  of  the  Khalifa  substantiated  by  accounts  from  reconnoitring 
>er  11,  is  matter  of  conjecture.  The  parties  from  the  Aruwimi  camp,  who  passed 
i  proof  of  the  latter  story  is  the  accora-  quantities  of  bones,  supposed  to  be  those  of 
copy  of  a  letter,  recognized  by  Gen.  victims  fallen  in  battles  between  the  expedition 
as  the  one  written  by  Iiimself  for  the  and  native  tribes,  and  also  by  dispatches  from 
of  Egypt^  which  was  forwarded  to  Emin,  dated  at  the  beginning  of  1888.    Emin 


296  EMIN  PASHA. 

was  at  that  time  in  difficnlt  straits,  owing  to  Camperio  from  the  latter,  of  date  Sept.  1  and 
the  non-arrival  of  the  promised  stores,  and  bad  24,  1887,  say  that  he  had  been  taken  prisoDer 
received  reports  of  Stanley,  stripped  of  men  by  King  Traxiore,  whom  he  finaUy  persuaded 
and  supplies,  hemmed  in  between  the  Maboda  to  become  friendly  to  £min,  and  who  evento- 
conntry  and  the  Albert  Nyanza,  as  also  of  his  ally  charged  him  with  a  mission  to  negotiate 
change  of  march  in  an  unknown  direction,  an  alliance.  Emin*s  position  in  the  beginoing 
owing  to  conflicts  with  *tbe  Matongora  and  of  April  was  reported  hazardous.  Two  native 
Mino  tribes.  Advices  from  Emin,  bearing  date  messengers,  who  had  been  delayed  by  captare 
September  and  November,  1887,  gave  no  ti-  by  Ugarda  tribes,  said,  on  August  1,  at  Zan- 
dings  whatever  of  Stanley,  though  he  himself  zibar,  that  a  summons  to  surrender  had  been 
headed  in  November  a  reconnoitring  party  to  received  from  the  Mahdi  at  Khartoum,  threat- 
find  him.  In  a  letter  to  Dr.  Felkio,  published  ening  attack,  as  also  a  letter  from  Sufton  Bej 
in  the  '* Scotchman"  of  April  11,  which  bore  (which  Emin  considered  a  forgery),  urging  aa- 
date  Sept.  3,  1887,  in  allusion  to  the  Congo  sent  to  the  surrender,  in  order  to  avert  a  massa- 
route,  Emin  said :  *^  I  know  the  almost  impass-  ere  of  Europeans  at  Khartoum  and  WadelaL 
able  swamps,  the  number  of  rivers  with  float-  Outposts  confirmed  reports  of  the  Mahdi^s  ad- 
ing  vegetation,  from  personal  observation,  and  vance,  alleging  appearance  of  armed  vessels  at 
I  know  well  enough  the  difficulties  which  a  the  confluence  of  the  Nile  and  Sobat,  and  Eum 
traveler  will  have  to  surmount  in  marching  had  decided  to  advance  with  the  bulk  of  bis 
from  the  Congo  here.^^  And  yet  this  route  troops  by  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile,  and  en- 
through  unexplored  territory  was  deemed  safer  deavor  tu  surprise  the  Mahdi,  compensating  for 
by  the  explorer  than  the  more  direct  one  lack  of  provisions  by  the  rapidity  of  his  attack, 
through  hostile  Uganda.  He  was  sorely  troubled  by  the  non-arrival  of 

Whether,  as  was  asserted  by  Mr.  Jameson,  Stanley.      Provisions    were   scarce,   and  the 
second  to  Maj.  Barttelot  in  command,  Tippoo  troops  beginning  to  become  discouraged.   There 
Tib  awaited  news  of  the  arrival  of  the  advance-  have  been  reports  of  the  arrival  of  Stanley  at 
guard  before  sending  carriers,  or  it  arose  from  Wadelai  early  in  January  and  of  the  concerted 
remissness  in  fulfllling  his  contract,   a  whole  action  of  him  and  Emin,  but  the^e  are  deniei 
year  was  consumed  in  collecting  the  porters.  In  reply  to  a  request  of  Gen.  Grenfell  for 
who  finally  did  not  reach  the  appointed  num*  news  of  Stanley,  Osman  Digma  furnished  at 
ber.    The  severity  of  M^j.  Barttelot  had  been  Suakin  the  news  received  in  a  letter  from  the 
severely  commented  on ;  officers  and  men  were  Khalifa  Abdulla,  of  the  surrender  of  Emin  and 
alike  dissatisfied.    Tippoo,  it  is  said,  vainly  re-  a  white  traveler  in  chains  by  the  officers  and 
monstrated  against  his  treatment  of  the  men.  troops  of  the  former  to  Oman  Saleh,  command- 
On  June  10  he  left  the  camp  with  a  force  of  22  ing  a  steamer  expedition  to  the  equator,  which 
Soudanese,  110  Zanzibaris,  and  430  Many emas,  reached  Lado  on  October  11.     Oman  Saleh 
under  command  of  a  native  Arab  chief.  Muni  found  a  quantity  of  feathers  and  ivory.    He 
Somai.     His  intention,  expressed  in  a  letter  to  reported  that  a  white  traveler  sent  to  Emin, 
Mr.  Maokinnon,  was  to  follow  Stanley,  and,  if  named  Stanley,  brought  orders  from  the  Klie- 
possible,  to  find  him,  and,  failing  this,  to  reach  dive  to  accompany  him,  oflfering  the  remainder 
Emin  Pasha ;  and,  if  further  search  by  them  of  the  force  the  option   of  going  to  Cairo  or 
both  were  deemed  futile,  to  place  his  forces  at  remaining.      They  refused  to  enter  Turkish 
Emin^s  disposal.    On  July  19  he  was  assassi-  service,  and  welcomed  Oman.    Another  trav- 
nated  by  the  Manyema  force,  who  deserted,  eler  had  visited  Emin  and  was  gone,  but  be 
and  on  return  to  camp,  Maj.  Jameson   pro-  was  making  search  for  him.     In  proof  of  the 
ceeded  to  Stanley  Falls,  to  organize  another  ex-  capture,  Osman  Digma  sent  Snider  cartridges, 
pedition.    But  his  death  at  Bangala,  August  17,  alleged  to  have  been  taken  from  Emin,  and  Dr. 
put  an  end  to  all  hopes  of  the  kind.     Capt.  Junker  says  that  Emin   was   provided  with 
Van  G^le,  a  Belgian  officer  of  the  Congo,  de-  Snider  arms.      But  the  date  on   these    was 
nies  that  Tippoo  Tib   was  accessory   to  the  twenty  years  old,  and  tlie  weight  of  evidence 
death  of  Barttelot,  and  that  chief,  who  was  lies  with  the  letter  of  the  Khedive,  the  exist- 
absent  on  an  exploring  party  with  Lieut.  Baert,  ence  of  which,  being  a  state  secret,  is  with 
Belgian  resident  at  Stanley  Falls,  south  of  Kas-  difficulty  explained,  and  renders  it  impossible 
songo,   expressed   great  regret,   declaring  he  to  regard  the  whole  as  a  strategem  to  secure 
would  have  given  half  his  fortune  to  avert  the  the  surrender  of  Suakin  in  exchange  for  the 
catastrophe,  and  repeated  that  he  had  warned  lives  of  the  white  prisoners.     If  Stanley  re- 
Ma  j.  Barttelot.   These  details  are  all  that  so  far  turned  alone  to  Bongala,  as  is  said  in  advices 
has  been  learned  of  the  relief  expedition.    M^'.  of  December  21,  leaving  Emin  in  possession  of 
Bonny  is  in  command  of  the  Aruwimi  camp,  plentiful  stores  of  ivory,  with  numerous  oxen, 
and  it  is  said  tie  was  lately  reached  by  a  rumor  and  in  health  but  for  a  slight  affection  of  the 
that  Stanley  was  proceeding  at  the  back  of  the  eyes,  he  may  have  escaped  the  fate  of  Emin, 
great  oil  rivers,  under  the  British  flag,  and  that  should  the  latter  prove  indeed  a  captive. 
the  natives  were  friendly.  A  second  expedition  for  the  relief  of  Emin 

As  regards  Emin  and  his  companion,  Casati,  has  been  for  some  time  under  discussion  at 

who  was  left  in  November,  1886,  with  a  de-  Berlin,  to  be  commanded  by  Lieut.  Wissman, 

tachment  of  soldiers  at  Unyoro,  letters  to  Capt.  and  it  is  expected  to  set  out  in  February,  1889. 


ENQIKEERING.  2ff7 

is  partly  doe  to  the  impoasibilit;  of    The  banhs  at  this  point  are  quite  high  sod 

the  passage  of  the  East  African  bill    precipitoDs,  those  on  the  islaad  or  west  shore 

ichstag  before  that  date.    The  expe-    rising  directlj  from  the  water,  while  those  on 

idvocated  by  the  German 

<iit  as  asaiBtiiig  the  anti- 

«ratioDS  iu  Africa. 

r  written  by  Mr,  Stanley 

rtJMelson  January  16.    It 

St  Boma  of  Bonalj'a  Hu- 
□at  IT,  and  waa  addressed 
Tib.  UesayH;  "Ireached 
rooming  with  130  Wang- 
>ldiers,  and  66  natives  be- 

>  Emin  Pasha.    It  is  now 

>  days  since  I  left  Emin 
the  Nyanza.     I  only  lost 

all  the  way.  Two  were 
and  the  other  decamped, 
he  white  men  who  were 
r  Emin  Pasha  quite  well, 
white  man,  Caseati,  is  also 
nin  Paaha  has  irory  id 
I,  thousands  of  cattle  and 
tB  and  fowls,  and  food  of 

I  found  him  a  very  good 

man.  fie  gave  all  onr 
1  black  men  oninbers  of 
[is  liberality  could  not  be 

His  soldiers  blessed  our 
Q  for  their  kindness  in 

>  far  to  show  them  the 
ny  of  them  were  ready  to 

out  of  the  country,  but 
hem  to  stay  quiet  a  few 
)at  I  might  return  and 
jther  men  and  goods  left 

TL  If  yon  go  with  me 
leave  it  to  you.    1  will 

ten  days,  and  will  then 
3wly.  I  will  move  heni^ 
land,  two  hours'  march 

shove  this  place.  There 
plenty  of  houses,  and 
food  for  the  men.  What- 
lave  to  say  to  me,  my  ears 
•en  with  a  good  heart  as 
ways  been  toward  you. 

if  you  come,  come  quick- 
he  eleventh  morning  from 
1  move  on.  All  my  white 
ell,  but  I  left  them  all  be- 
ipt  my  servant  William, 

muifi.    BrMgeaTCrBaiha 

le  insignificant  estuary 
rates  Manhattan  Island 
mainland  promises  to  be- 
itself  a  com  pen  dim  n  of 
-liitectare.  It  is  already 
)y  nnnierong  Btmctnres 
ng  nearly  all  the  types  of 
lding,from  solid  masonry 
teel.  The  latest  addition, 
in  Fig.  1,  is  a  good  apeci- 
Dodern  enf^neering.  It 
le  river  at  ISlat  Street 


ENGINEERrao. 


the  mainland  are   now  separated  from  the 
water  by  flats  on  which  are  wharves,  railway 

tracks,  etc.    The  new  bridge  is  for  a  liighwa;. 

The  Btructnre  ib  combined  masonry,  steel, 
and  wrought-iroD,  carrying  foot  and  road-ways. 
The  approaches  are  each  080  feet  long,  and  the 
remainmg  l.OflO  feet— the  bridge  proper — ^con- 
sists of  two  steel  arches  and  a  central  stone 
pier.  The  carriage-way  is  60  feet  wide,  with 
a  16-foot  side-walk  on  either  hand.  The  car- 
riage-way is  laid  with  granite  blocks,  and  is 
161  feet  above  the  river.  The  intradoB  of  the 
arch  is  13S  feet  above  the  river. 

One  of  the  most  intercBting  engineering  feat- 
ores  of  the  structure  is  the  bearing  of  the  aroh 
ribs,  OS  illustrated  in  Fig.  2.  At  the  end  of 
each  rib  the  top  and  bottom  chords  converge, 
and  a  second  bearing  or  bed  is  formed,  which 
receives  the  projecting  surface  of  the  pin,  a  free 
space  being  left  between  the  skewback  bearing 
and  terminal  ot  the  rib.  Thus  a  sort  of  hinge- 
joint  is  formed  that  secures  a  true  thrust  undis- 
turbed by  varying  loader  by  changes  of  temper- 
ature.   Aa  the  rib  can  oscillate  freely  in  such  a 


^1 


FlQ.  3— PlTOT-BlARnQ  AND  SUVBICK,  HlRLEH 


bearing,  no  destructive  atrain  ispoasihle.  Each 
rib  thus  ends,  constructionally  speaking,  in  a 
sort  of  point.  As  h  concession  to  the  public 
the  general  linos  of  the  rib  are  carried  ont  as 
shown  in  outline,  but  these  outlined  parts  do 
none  of  the  work.  It  is  rather  a  pity  that  these 
superfluoDS  plates  were  added.  They  detract 
from  the  character  of  the  atructare,  and  the 
public  should  he  educated  up  to  such  devices. 
With  an  extreme  ranfre  of  temperature,  a  rise 
and  fall  of  the  crown  of  the  arch  through  a  space 
of  three  inches  may  occur,  and  many  times  this 
amount  is  providedfor  by  the  pivotal  bearing. 
Each  arch  consists  of  six  ribs  thus  ood- 
stracted  and  supported.  They  are  spaced  lat- 
erally 14  feet  from  center  tu  center.  Their  rise 
is  90  feet.    They  are  connected  by  bracing  that 


has  two  distinct  Auctions,  namely,  wind  brae 
ing,  in  the  line  of  upper  and  lower  flang«s  o: 
chords  of  the  ribs;  and  sway  bracing,  wbici 
extends  from  rib  to  rib  at  each  jnnction  of  thi 
voussoirs  or  panels.  From  the  upper  surfacei 
of  the  arch  rise  vertical  colnmns,  upon  whicl 
rest  the  cross  floor-beams.  These  columns  an 
16  feet  from  center  to  center,  and  they  de 
termine  the  varying  length  of  the  rib  panels 
already  alluded  to,  as  each  column  starts  from 
the  termination  of  a  joint  between  the  vous- 
soirs. The  two  main  arches,  one  spanning  tbe 
river,  the  other  the  railroads,  streets,  and  low 
ground  on  the  east  bank,  are  identical  in  con- 
struction. They  contain  about  7,600  loos  of 
iron  and  steel. 

The  skewbacks,  pins,  and  hearings  are  oF 
forged  steel.  The  arch-ribs  are  of  steel.  Both 
open-hearth  and  Bessemer  steel  are  used,  but 
the  testa  call  for  an  ultimate  tensile  atreuglb 
of  62,000  to  70,000  pounds  to  the  square  inch, 
an  elastic  limit  of  not  less  than  33,000  poundi, 
with  a  minimum  elongation  of  18  per  cent 
The  bracing,  vertical  posts,  and  floor-beims 
are  of  wrought-iron.  Must  of  the  riveting  i» 
done  by  machine,  air  riveters  being  used  for 
work  in  situ.  Before  being  riveted  togetber. 
all  abutting  surfaces  were  painted.  Bivelaol 
seven-eighths- inch  diameter  are  used  tbroogb- 
out  William  R.  Button  is  the  ohief-ec^neer, 
with  Theodore  Cooper  as  assietanL 

PMtMB  BrMse  tt  NebrMka  Otf.  —  Pontoon 
bridges  are  generally  used  for  temporary  pur- 
poses, but  there  are  some  notable  exceptions. 
At  Nebraska  City  the  Missouri  river  has  I** 
arms,  and  the  main  branch  baa  a  very  svift 
current,  often  bearing  large  quantities  of  drift- 
wood. The  lesser  arm  is  crossed  by  a  perma- 
nent crib-work,  1,050  feet  long.  The  ponlwn 
section  is  1,0T4  feet  long.  A  central  spin  of 
629  teet  is  closed  by  two  swinging  sectioiu. 
which  form  a  V-shaped  junction,  with  the  sn- 
gle  pointing  down  stream.  When  it  is  desired 
to  open  the  draw,  the  fasts  at  the  apei  *n 
cast  off,  and  the  two  halves  at  once  awingapart, 
the  current  doing  all  the  work.  The  operstioD 
of  closing  is  also  uded  by  the  cnrrent,  and  (h» 
whole,  it  is  said,  can  be  effected  by  one  nun. 
The  floats  are  constrncted  so  that  the  ordinsi? 
"flood  trash"  of  the  river  is  carried  under 
them  by  the  force  of  the  cnrrent.  The  cod- 
structing  engineer  was  Colonel  8.  N.  Stewift, 
of  Philadelphia,  and  the  success  of  the  bridge 
has  been  such  that  others  are  already  propo^ 
for  the  great  Western  rivers.  The  cost  of  the 
structure  was  {18,000,  and  it  was  built  in  ■ 
suntrisingly  short  time. 

Just  above  the  pontoon  is  a  second  bridge, 
bnilt  for  the  nse  of  the  railroads.  This  also  is 
a  recently  completed  structure.  It  was  built 
by  the  Union  Bridge  Worka,  and  is  of  Steal 
througliouf.  The  CAissons  were  sunk  in  ^ 
cember,  1887,  and  January  and  February,  188*. 
The  first  piece  of  metal  was  put  in  podlii" 
February  18,  and  on  June  8  the  last  piece  «w 
in  place.    The  through  spans  are  400  feet,  li* 


ENGINEERING.  299 

deck  span  325  feet  long.    The  entire  length  of  Bridge  al  BcBares,  bdia* — An  important  link 

^e  bridge  is  1,128  feet,  and  its  weight  is  1,489  in  the  Indian  system  of  railroads  was  finished 

Urns.    The  stone  piers  are  85  feet  high,  and  and  opened  for  traffic  early  in  Febraary.    The 

are  18  by  46  feet  at  the  base.  structure  is  named  for  Lord  Dufferin,  Yice- 

The  Arthv  KIH  Bridge. — The  history  of  this  roy  of  India,  who  took  part  in  the  opening 

bridge  involves  some  interesting  problems  in  ceremonies.    The  bridge  was  constructed  for 

UfT  as  well  as  in  mechanics.    Arthur,  or  more  the  Oudh  and  Kohilcund  Railway  Company, 

properly  Anthur  (that  is  **  farther  ")  Kill  is  a  under  the  superintendence  of  H.  B.  Hedersedt, 

tidal  river  separating  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  from  chief  engineer,  and  F.  T.  G.  Walton,  executive 

New  Jersey.     It  is,  therefore,   an  interstate  engineer.    The  river  Ganges  at  this  point  is 

bridge,  and  the  sanction  of  the  General  Gov-  more  than  3,000  feet  wide,  and  the  total  length 

eniment   bad  to  be  secured  for  its  erection,  of  the  bridge  is  3,568  feet.  The  work  has  been 

The   Secretary  of  War  held  the  plans  under  more  than  eight  years  under  construction.  The 

consideration  for  nine  months,  and  finally  ap-  shifting  sand-bed  and  the  rapid  current,  with 

proved  them  without  modification.    Then  fol-  great  fluctuations  in  the  depth  of  water,  have 

lowed  an   injunction  procured   by  the  State  presented  obstacles  to  rapid  work.    The  main 

of  New  Jersey,  which  checked  the  work  for  stream  is  crossed  by  seven  spans  of  iron  gird- 

lix  months  longer,  and  was  finally  disposed  of  ers  of  356  feet,  each  supported  on  brick  piers, 

bj  Justice  Bradley,  of  the  United  States  Oir-  But  less  than  half  the  brickwork  of  these  great 

eoit  Court,  who  decided  against  the  injunction,  piers  is  visible,  no  less  than  120  feet  of  the 

holding  that  Congress  had  the  right  to  regu-  masonry  being  below  water,  and  82  feet  repre- 

late  interstate  commerce  even  though  the  States  sen  ting  foundations  carried  into  the  sandy  bed 

themselves  were  opposed  to  its  action.  of  the  river,  which  here,  in  the  rainy  season. 

The  great  importance  of  securing  railroad  has  a  depth  of  92  feet,  with  a  velocity  of  20  feet 
communication  with  the  mainland  is  obvious  a  second.  The  total  cost  of  the  bridge,  not  in- 
at  a  glance,  since  the  shores  of  Staten  Island  eluding  the  approaches,  was  about  $3,000,000. 
are  admirably  adapted  for  purposes  of  com-  Since  1881  Mr.  Walton  has  had  the  personal 
merce.  Five  or  ten  miles  of  additional  wharf-  superintendence  of  the  work,  and  his  services 
age  will  be  opened  on  New  York  harbor,  and  were  recognized  by  the  Einnress,  who  created 
the  facilities  of  shipment  will  thus  be  very  him  a  Commander  of  the  Inaian  Empire.  The 
largely  increased.  The  bridge  was  authorized  city  of  Benares  is  one  of  the  most  important, 
bj  act  of  Congress  of  16  June,  1886,  and  two  historically  and  commercially,  in  India,  and  is 
years  were  allowed  for  its  completion.  On  13  regarded  as  sacred  by  the  Hindus.  The  open- 
Jooe,  1888,  the'  great  draw  was  pronounced  ing  of  direct  railroad  communication  with  the 
in  working  order.  The  bridge  is  owned  by  sea-coast  will  vastly  increase  its  commercial 
an  independent  organization,  the  Staten  Is-  facilities,  and  will  no  doubt  radically  change 
land  Rapiid  Transit  Company,  and  is  open  to  its  character  before  many  years, 
the  use  of  all  railroads  on  payment  of  the  Foot-Bridge,  RiTer  Oiue. — The  city  of  Bedford, 
regular  tolls.  This  removes  it  from  the  suspi-  England,  lies  on  the  north  side  of  the  river 
cion  of  monopoly,  since  it  is  practically  a  pub-  Ouse,  about  forty-five  miles  from  its  mouth, 
lie  highway.  The  Kills  at  this  point  are  about  The  corporation  of  the  city  acquired  land  on 
600  feet  wide  for  navigable  purposes,  and  the  the  south  side  of  the  stream  for  a  public  recrea- 
entire  length  of  the  bridge,  exclusive  of  ap-  tion-ground,  and  it  became  necessary  to  span 
proaches,  is  800  feet.  It  consists  of  two  shore-  the  river  with  a  foot-bridge  of  such  construc- 
vpansof  150  feet  each,  covered  by  fixed  trusses,  tion  that  it  would  not  obstruct  the  view,  for 
and  two  draw- spans  of  206  and  204  feet  each  public  gardens  already  existed  on  the  north 
in  the  clear.  The  draw-bridge  is  the  largest  side  of  the  stream.  It  was  deemed  necessary 
now  in  existence,  the  total  length  being  500  also  to  insist  upon  a  clear  waterway  of  fifteen 
feet,  but  it  can  be  opened  or  closed  in  about  feet  in  mid-channel.  There  was  practically  no 
two  minutes.  The  lower  chords  of  the  draw-  place  for  abutments.  The  conditions  were  met 
tmsaes  are  30  feet  above  mean  high  water,  by  means  of  the  double  arch  shown  in  the  illus- 
The  iron  work  was  pushed  with  great  rapidity,  tration,  the  upper  one  consisting  of  two  arched 
and  under  apprehensions  at  times  of  delay  on  ribs  by  which  the  lower  arch  bearing  the  foot- 
account  of  strikes.  In  four  weeks  the  draw-  way  is  supported.  The  clear  span  is  100  feet, 
span  was  put  together.  Two  weeks  more  were  and  the  footway  is  7  feet  wide.  The  arched 
required  for  the  a^ustment  of  the  machinery,  ribs  each  consist  of  four  angles  4  inches  by  3 
The  draw  contains  656  tons,  and  each  of  the  inches  by  ^^^  inch,  braced  together  by  angle 
approaches  contains  85  tons  of  metal.  The  irons  3  inches  by  3  inches  by  ^V  i"^^  ^^^ 
total  cost  of  the  bridge  was  $450,000.  The  2^  inches  by  2j^  inches  by  i^  inch,  and  fiat 
ironwork  was  supplied  by  the  Kingston  Bridge  bars  3  inches  by  i^  inch,  and  2^  inches  by 
Company,  and  Charles  Ackenheil  was  the  su-  ^  inch  ;  the  ribs  are  1  foot  6  inches  deep 
periutending  engineer.  In  modern  engineer-  by  1  foot  wide  at  the  center,  increasing  in 
ing  works,  specially  where  they  are  pushed  width  to  the  abutments,  where  they  are  also 
forward  with  rapidity,  there  is  often  a  culpable  splayed  out  horizontally  to  withstand  the  wind 
carelessness.  The  Arthur  Kill  bridge  was  com-  prea<»ure.  The  suspension  rods  are  f  inch  di- 
pleted  without  any  fatal  accident.  ameter  attached  to  the  vertical  members  of 


300 


ENGINEERING. 


the  rib  by  l-inoh  pim  at  intervals  of  6  faet,  and 
to  tbe  angle-iron  atringer  b«amB,  whicb  carry 
the  roadway.    Tbe  roadway  oondsts  of  corru- 
gated flooring  platwi  inch  thick,  8  inobes  deep,    cent  work  near  St.  Otuer  on  t£e  Nenf-Foasl  Ci- 
aad  1  foot  pitch.    Ilie  plates  are  covered  with    nal,  whicb  connects  the  ports  of  CaJaia,  Grave- 
concrete  of  cement  and  granite  cbippings,  and    lines,  and  Dunkerque  witb  tbe  canal  system  lo 


HidruHt  ChsI  lift  at  Us  FMtlMltM,  Aum.— 

On  tbe  8th  of  Jnly  took  place  the  official  oere- 
moniea  attending  the  opening  of  this  magoifi- 


as  the  first  part 
rather  steep,  it 
inches  treads,  w 
er  beams,  to  wh 
eted,  are  of  sngli 
^  inch,  bent  to 
versed  sine  of  1 
meatal  rolled  in 
tersank  rivets, 
pillars  are  fixed 


of  the  roadway  is  Decessarily 

is  stepped  oat  into  2-feet-6- 
itb  a  3-mch  rise.  Tbe  atring- 
icb  tbe  flooring  plates  are  riv- 
irona  8  incljea  by  3  inches  by 
.  radios  of  114  feet,  having  a 
feet  B  inches;  and  an  orna- 
is  riveted  to  each  with  conn- 
Two  ornamental  cast-iron 
t  each  approach,  and  tenni- 


the  southward.  It  was  begun  by  Louis  XIV, 
and  all  the  barge  traffic  from  the  porta  in  tli« 
vicinity  of  Calais,  are  obliged  to  pass  throDgh 
tliis  aeotioQ  on  their  way  to  Paris  or  Liale. 
The  annnal  traffic  amounts  to  800,000  tons,  and 
will  become  greater  with  increased  faoiJilies. 
Hitherto  tbe  change  of  level  at  Les  FontioetM 
baa  been  overcome  by  means  of  locks,  and  boiti 
were  oft«n  detained  for  several  days  a»uting 
their  tarn.    While  contemplating  the  conBlruc- 


[c  Canal  Liit  at  Lis  Fosmorr™.  Fujjici. 


Date  tbe  band  railing.    Tbe  total  weight  of  tbe  tion  of  a  second  series  of  locks,  tbe  attention  of 

iron  work  id  this  remarkable  stmctore,  incind-  the  administration  was  directed  to  a  hydranfe 

ing  the  flooring  platens  bolts,  omamentnl  pillars,  canal  lift  that  bad  been  constructed  on  tfa« 

etc.,  it.  less  than  28^  tons.     The  bridge  was  Trent  and  Mersey  Canal  in    England.     Tbe 

designed  by  John  J.  Webster,  and  was  erected  result  was  that  a  contract  was  made  with 

under  his  superintendence.  Messrs.  Clark  and  Cail,  an  English  firm,  for 


ENGINEERING.  301 

ition  of  a  lift  at  Lea  FoDtinettes.  width  of  720  feet    The  total  area  of  the  dock 

ve  view  of  the  completed  work  is  258,460  square  yards.    The  entrance-lock  is 

he  illustration.    It  consists  of  two  98  feet  wide  and  is  provided  with  tide-gates, 

onghs  of  plate  -  iron — sections  of  the  leaves  of  which  are  of  rolled  iron,  64  feet 

hey  may  be  termed— capable  of  wide  and  86  feet  high,  arranged  with  air  and 

d  floating  boats  of  800  tons.    Each  water  chambers,  so  that  the  weight  nf>on  the 

ighs  rests  upon  the  head  of  a  pis-  hinges  can  be  varied  between  the  extremes  of 

rorks  in  the  cylinder  of  a  hydraulic  25  tons  and  165  tons.    The  sluiceways,  also  98 

ie  presses  are  in  deep  wells  sunk  feet  wide,  are  spanned  by  revolving  bridges 

)  towers  in  the  foreground.    The  operated  by  powerful  hydraulic  machinery,  as 

connected  by  a  pipe  with  a  sliding  are  also  the  gates,  sluiceways,  and  capstans  of 

when  this  is  open   a  hydrostatic  the  whole  basin. 

tablished.    If  one  of  the  troughs  is  The  construction  of  the  beton  work  was  very 

r  loaded  than  the  other,  it  descends  difficult,  owing  to  the  exposed  nature  of  the 

le  other  to  ascend,  and  the  prepon-  shore,  liable  to  be  swept  by  severe  storms, 

lifting  force  may  be  turned  one  The  excavations  had  to  be  kept  dry  by  pump- 

)ther  by  the  usual  hydrostatic  ap-  ing  at  every  rise  of  the  tide,  and  in  some  cases 

he  stroke  of  the  pistons  is  equal  to  the  pumps  had  to  be  hoisted  as  the  tide  rose. 

:e  between  the  water-levels,  about  The  blocks  used  for  the  foundations  were  22 

eet.    The  weight  of  a  trough  or  feet  wide  by  83  feet  long,  each  with  a  central 

aer,"  as  they  are  technically  called,  aperture,  to  allow  excavation  from  within  the 

rhen  full  of  water.  block.     Thirty  days  were  allowed  for  the  set- 

the  two  lock-chambers  to  be  in  ting  of  the  beton.  When  the  masonry  was 
)  at  the  upper  and  the  other  at  the  complete  the  central  space  was  filled  in  with 
:  if  the  communicating  valve  is  beton.  A  barge  carrying  a  boiler,  which  fur- 
upper  chamber  will  descend,  and  nished  steam  for  the  pumping  machinery,  was 
le  will  rise,  and  after  a  few  oscil-  moored  between  two  of  the  blocks,  so  that  the 

will  stop  midway  in  equilibrio,  pumping  was  effected  with  great  rapidity.     By 

this,  the  upper  chamber  is  super-  this  process  87  blocks  were  sunk,  representing 

1  a  weight  of  water  equal'  to  that  1,576,000  cubic  feet. 

1  a  press,  so  that  it  continues  its  DonMe-ender   Screw  Ferry-BMt. — The  use  of 

it  reaches  the  lower  level  of  the  the  double-ender  paddle-wheel  ferry-boat  has 

i  each  chamber  in  alternation  lifts  been  carried  to  greater  perfection  in  America 

th  the  least  possible  waste  of  water,  than  elsewhere.    Indeed,  it  is  only  recently 

rs  are  metfdlic  frames  constructed  that  they  have  been  at  all  used  abroad.    A  new 

the  accepted  rules  of  resistances,  type  of  boat  has  recently  been   launched  at 

are  the  largest  in  existence,  56  feet  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  for  use  on  the  New  York  and 

feet  in  diameter,  and  calculated  to  Hoboken  Ferry.     She  is  a  double-ender,  with 

>ernal  pressure  of  27  atmospheres,  a  screw  at  each  end.    The  shaft  runs  the  entire 

no  precedents,  as  smaller  cast-iron  length  of  the  boat,  and  the  screws  always  ro- 

collapsed  under  less  strain.    It  was  tate  together,  being  incapable  of  independent 

[;ided  to  use  rolled-steel  rings  super-  movement, 

et  in  a  groove  to  prevent  lateral  Many  advantages  are  claimed  for  this  system. 

To  secure  absolute  tightness  the  All  the  machinery  is  below  decks,  enlarging 

Hinder  thus  formed  was  lined  with  the  deck-room  about  20  per  cent.    The  absence 

single  sheet  f^  of  an  inch  thick,  of  paddle-wheels,  of  course,  largely  increases 

ental  section  constructed  on  this  the  cabin-room.    The  engines  are  of  the  ordi- 

stained  a  pressure  of  176  atmos-  nary  triple-expansion  type,  but  the  crank-pins 

jut  distortion..  are  of  uniform  diameter,  because  the  engine 

;e  of  a  boat,  which  formerly  required  will  be  worked  in  one  direction  quite  as  much 

is  now  effected  in  three  minutes,  as  in  the  other.     For  the  same  reason  the 

bus  Is  the  largest  of  the  kind  in  screw-propeller  blades  have  both  faces  alike, 

id  reflects  much  credit  upon  Mr.  A.  since  they  will  be  required  to  work  both  ways, 

engineer  of  the  contracting  estab-  One  of  the  obstacles  to  ferry-boat  navigation 

\.  similar  lift  has  more  recently  been  is  the  liability  of  the  slips  to  become  fllled  with 

I  Belgium.  ice.     Ordinary  tug-boats  have  been  found  very 

lavre. — The  Bellot  Basin,  the  latest  effectual  in  clearing  the  slips  by  simply  revolv- 

•rovement  to  the  important  French  ing  their  screws.     Paddle-wheels  have  merely 

re,  is  constructed  upon  made  land  a  surface  effect.     It  is  thought,  therefore,  that 

of  the  Tancarville  Canal.     It  is  the  new  type  of  boat  will  be  able  to  clear 

the  south    by   a  masonry  dike  ferry-slips  of  ice  with  great  ease.     It  has  been 

1  length  and  a  stockade  1,790  feet  suggested  by  Capt.  Zalinsky,  inventor  of  the 

[ts  total  length,  including  that  of  dynamite  gun,  that  the  ordinary  type  of  ferry- 

i-lock,  is  8,762  feet.    Its  two  di-  boat  could  be  easily  made  available  for  harbor 

nown  as  the  east  and  west  docks,  defense   by  mounting  pneumatic  guns  upon 

*  unequal  length,  but  of  a  uniform  them.     It  is  evident  that  a  vessel  of  the  type  of 


1 


302  ENGINEERING. 

the  ^^  Bergen,^^  as  the  new  hoat  is  named,  woald  six  hundred  feet  to  a  place  of  safety,  a 

have  many  advantages  over  side- wheelers  for  of  no  small  magnitude,  since  the  huil< 

war  service,  since  her  screws  and  the  most  wooden  structure,  was  465  feet  long,  II 

vulnerable  parts  of  her  machinery  are  nnder  deep,  and  three  stories  high.    The  est 

water.    The  "Bergen's"  builders  are  Thomas  weight  was  5,000   tons.    The   contra^ 

C.  Marvel  &  Sons,  of  Newburg,  N.  Y.  awarded  to  B.  C.  Miller  &  Son,  of  Brc 

Ferry  at  Greenwich,  England* — More  than  two  who  agreed  to  do  the  work  for  $12,000. 
centuries  and  a  half  have  passed  since  a  ferry        The  first  operation  was  to  lay  tweni 

was  first  established  at  Greenwich,   on  the  parallel  tracks  underneath  the  buildii 

Thames,  below  London,  but  no  attempt  has  extending  landward  about  three  hundre 

been  made  until  the  present  .year  to  introduce  A  mile  and  a  half  of  rails  and  10,000  tie 

modern  methods.     The  peculiar  difficulties  of  used,  the  ties  resting  upon  planks.     The 

the  situation  include  a  sloping  river-bottom  ing  was  then  jacked  up,  and  112  ordinal 

and  a  tidal  rise  and  fall  of  20  feet.    At  high  form  cars,  hired  for  the  purpose,  were 

water,  therefore,  the  boat  can  land  at  the  bulk-  nnder  the  building,  havinsr  transverse  t 

head  line,  but  at  low  tide  she  can  not  approach  laid  across  them  for  the  sills  to  rest  up( 

it  within  three  or  fonr  times  her  length.    To  twenty-foot  section  of  the  hotel   was 

overcome  this,  an  inclined   railway,  348  feet  enough  to  admit  the  passage  of  the  car 

long,  has  been  laid  on  the  bottom,  the  whole  an  inch  or  two  to  spare,  and  when  the  c 

securely  bedded  in  concrete.    Up  and  down  in  place  the  section  was  lowered,  care 

this  incline  a  landing-stage  is  moved  by  means  taken  to  adjust  the  bearing  so  as  to  se< 

of  suitable  machinery,  and  two  platforms  are  even  a  distribution  of  weight  as  possible 

made  to  travel  back  and  forth  between  the  cars  were  jack«d  apart  before  the  weigl 

landward  side  of  the  stage  and  the  wharf,  what-  allowed  to  settle  upon  them.     Heavy 

ever  the  distance  may  be.     "On  each  side  of  blocks  and  falls   were  next  attached 

the  river,"  says  London  "Engineering,"  in  a  twenty-four  lines  of  cars  upon  wliich  the 

detailed  description  of  this  ferry,  "  close  behind  finally  rested,  and   the  running   parts 

the  abutment,  two  cast-iron  cylinders  are  sunk  attached,  as  shown  in  the  illustration,  t 

close  to  each  other  to  a  depth  of  145  feet  below  motives,  some  of  the  falls  crossing  one  ai 

the  level  of  the  roadway.    The  cylinders  are  so  that  each  gang  of  locomotives  had  it 

10  feet  diameter  on  top,  increasing  in  size  by  ing-strain  distributed  over  more  than  1 

varying  cones  to  11  feet  6  inches  in  diameter  the  building. 

at  the  bottom.    The  metal  varies  in  thickness        On  April  3  the  ropes  were  tightened 

from  i  inch  to  If  inch.     The  contractor  for  first  time,  and  the  building  was  moved  i 

this  work,  with  fine  old  English  crusted  con-  distance  without  difficulty.    The  next  da 

aervatism,  is  doing  the  sinking  of  the  cylinders  four  locomotives,  it  was  moved  to  the 

with  divers,  so  that  it  is  at  once  evident  that  the  rails.    The  track  already  passed  ov( 

speed  of  sinking  and  cost  are  matters  of  com-  then  taken  up  and  moved  in  front  of  th( 

paratively  small  importance.  motives  and  the  rest  of  the  journey  con 

"The  cylinders  are  for  the  purpose  of  wells,  without  the  least  difficulty.    Probably  ii 

in  which  weights  will  be  worked  to  act  as  most  considerable  feat  of  house-movin 

counterpoises  to  the  traveling  carriages  and  undertaken. 

landing-stage.     Sufficient   engine -power   has        Harbor  Unprovenient — Commercially  sp^ 

been  provided  to  overcome  the  inertia  in  mov-  one  of  the  most  important  works  receo 

ing  these  platforms,  and  also  any  additional  dertaken  by  the  United  States  Governi 

weight  of  traffic  which  they  may  carry.     As  the  deepening  of  the  channel  in  New 

the  slope  on  which  they  travel  is  1  in  10,  one  harbor.    In   view  of  the  greater  lengl 

tenth  of  the  weight  in  the  wells  will  balance  deeper  draft  of  ocean  steamers,  it  has  1 

that  of  the  platforms  and  landing-stage."  necessary  to  deepen  the  channels,  and 

It  seems  well  nigh  incredible  that  such  primi-  same  time  to  straighten  them,  because 

tive  methods  of  propulsion  should  be  used  in  turns  are  impossible  for  very  long  ships, 

the  greatest  capital  of  the  world,  and  there  is  steamers  are  obliged  to  fix  their  hours  < 

no  obvious  reason  why  the  double-ended  Amer-  ing  so  as  to  reach  the  bar  at  high  tide,  ; 

ican  ferry-boat  system  should  not  have  been  ward  bound  vessels  are  frequently  obli 

used  to  advantage  in  dredged  ferry-slips,  in-  anchor  outside  and  wait  for  high  wat 

stead  of  the  comparatively  complicated  stages  1884  an  appropriation  of  $200,000  wai 

and  platforms  here  described.  by  Congress  for  the  improvement  of  Gh 

Moving  the  Brighton-Betch  Hotel. — During  the  channel,  and  Col.  G.  L.  Gillespie,  of  the 

winter  of  1887-'88  the  ocean  made  such  en-  States  Corps  of  Engineers,  was  directed  t 

croacbments  along  the  beach  of  Coney  Island  a  survey  with  a  view  to  determining  t1 

that  the  foundations  of  the    Brighton-Beach  course  of  procedure.     The  result  of 

Hotel  were  undermined  and  the  entire  base-  soundings  showed  that  no  shoaling  wl 

ment  story  was  washed  away.    The  most  ap-  had  taken  place  since  the  first  accurate 

proved  devices  were  tried  in  vain  to  prevent  survey  of  1885,  a  channel  twenty-thn 

the  inroads  of  the  sea,  and  the  hotel  proprie-  deep  having  been  maintained  by  the  i 

tors  finally  decided  to  move  the  building  back  scour  of  the  tides.    It  was  held,  therefoi 


804 


ENGINEERrNQ. 


the  natural  forces  were  adeqaate  only  to  raun- 
tainiog  tbis  depth,  and  that  a  greater  deptli 
coald  be  Beonred  odIj  b;  contracting  the  tidal 
prism.  To  effect  this,  it  waa  recommended 
that  a  dike  be  bnilt  from  near  Coney  Island 
in  a  southwesterl;  direction  toward  Sandy 
Hook.  Such  a  dike  wonld  close  two  of  the 
least  osed  ohannelB,  but  would  increase  the 
natoral  Bcoarof  the  Main  and  Swasli  channels 
and  would  presnmitbly  deepen  them  to  thirty 
feet  at  mean  low  water. 

The   appropriation,  however,    was    specifl- 
cally  fbr  the  deepening  of  Gedney's  channel. 


wheels  near  the  deck.  The  scoop  b  lower 
to  the  bottom,  where  it  mns  on  wheels.  T 
steel  oooneoling  pipe  ountains  a  baD-aud-Bock 

{oint,  and  includes  also  a  short  length  of  hea- 
ndia-rabber  pipe  re-enforced  with  steel  bant 
in  order  to  prevent  breakage  when  the  vesi 
is  rolling  or  pitching  in  a  seaway.  By  mea 
of  a  steam  jet  connected  with  the  top  of  t 
centrifugal  pomp,  a  vacnum  is  produced  with 
the  pump  and  pipe,  under  the  effects  of  whi> 
vacuum  water  rises  through  the  pipes  on 
the  pnmp-chamber  is  completely  filled.  The 
on  starting  the  pump  and  opening  the  ontl 


FiQ.  8.— BoiT  AT  Work  Deepkhiwi  Chi 


and  hydraulic  excavators  were  employed,  which 
worked  by  means  of  centrifii^ral  pumps  and 
deepened  the  channel  two  feet  over  a  width 
of  1 .000  feet.  In  1888  a  further  appropriation 
of  |7S0,000  was  granted  for  the  general  im- 
provement of  the  harbor,  and  as  this  wa>i  in- 
EufBcient  for  the  proposed  dike  it  was  decided 
to  continne  dredging  operations. 

The  contract  wns  awarded  to  the  Joseph 
Edwards  Dredging  Company.  The  veBsels  em- 
plojeil  nnder  this  system  are  propellers,  fitted 
with  centrit'iigal  pumps  and  drediring  scoops. 
Each  vessel  is  divided  by  bnlkheads  into  tanks 
for  the  reception  of  the  dredged  materinl.  In 
the  bottom  of  the  tanks  are  valves  Operated  by 


Niw  York  Hakbor,  wrm  DaAWi 


valve  hitherto  closed,  it  at  once  befrins  to  drai 
up  material.  At  the  npper  surface  of  tb 
scoop,  a  foot  above  the  bottom  of  the  channel, 
water-valve  is  arranged,  which  may  be  opens 
or  closed  by  means  of  s  small  rope  or  lanyan 
This  is  done  from  the  deck  of  the  propelle 
and  regulates  the  proportions  of  water  an 
solid  ma'erial.  The  operative  can  tell  by  tl 
sound  of  the  pump  whether  it  is  receiving  tf 
touch  or  too  little  solid  material,  and  sets  tl 
valve  accordingly.  When  at  work,  the  boi 
steams  ahead  at  a  rate  not  to  exceed  two  mil< 
an  hour,  dragpng  the  scoops  slowly  over  tl 
bottom.  The  pnmps  are  driven  as  fast  as  po 
sible,  as  it  is  found  that  their  efficiency  is  ci 


ENGQTEGItlNa. 


in  proportioii  to  the  speed,  that  is, 
M  in  a  given  time  will  ao  more  than 
nnch  work  as  five  atrokeB  in  the  wme 
le  boata  are  very  wide,  so  that  the 
slight,  and  the  saction  pipes  are  at- 
nidships,  BO  that  the;  are  bat  little 
J  the  pitching. 

close  of  the  season  a  nearl;  uDiJbna 
i6  feet  had  been  secured  in  a  channel 
)  feet  wide.  Three  dredgers  aim  ar 
I  described  were  kept  constantlj  a 
lir  total  dail;  cspacit;  being  6,G00 
da  of  solid  matter.  All  the  maten&l 
at  to  sea  and  dumped  in  not  less  than 
IB  of  water. 

IT  observations  have  shown  that  n 
loaling  during  the  winter,  the  dredged 
lela  are  slightly  deepened  by  he 
winter,  and  there  is  some  reason  fo 
tat  the  dike  maj  not,  after  all,  pro  e 
wssrj. 

BalL^Tbe  laonching  of  a  great  Inm 
md  its  disperHioQ  while  en  route  o 
[,  in  1887,  were  recorded  in  the  "An 
)pndia"forthat;ear(page267).  The 
1  of  the  enterprise  were  not  discou 
ailnre,  but  began  preparations  fo  a 
of  the  experiment  on  a  still  large 
le  piort  of  Joggins,  on  the  Bay  of  Pan 
I  before  selected  for  the  building  and 
,  and  the  experience  gained  in  forme 
was  ntilizeu  to  the  best  advantage 
tmction  woa  begna  in  March,  and 
ibont  the  1st  of  July  in  anticipa  on 
(h  spring  tides  of  that  raontb.  The 
laid  together  in  a  great  cradle  con 
Tor  the  purpose.  A  massive  chain 
longitudinally  through  the  cen  e 
vere  11  inches  long  aud  7inchesn  de 
ich  Ihiok.  At  distances  of  10  fe 
ins  diverged  from  this  central  cab  e 
clamped  to  aross-pieces  on  the  on 
be  raft.  At  intervals  between  the 
ns.  the  raft  was  bound  by  girths  of 
.  It  is  evident  that  when  towed  by 
a  line  attached  to  the  central  cable 
incy  of  the  siress  must  be  to  bmd 
I  together  in  a  solid  uians. 
ft  was  cylindical,  with  the  ends  ta- 
t  was  G95  feet  long  aud  ISO  feet  in 
the  midship  section.  It  contained 
gs  avera^ng  40  feet  in  length,  and 
weight  was  estimated  at  10,000  to 
IS.  The  expected  high  tide  came  on 
rabmerging  the  seaward  end  of  the 
ay  opon  the  ways, 

b  slid  into  the  water  as  soon  aa  the 
re  knocked  away.  When  the  enor- 
;bt  and  dimensions  of  the  mass  ara 
:>  the  account,  it  is  highly  creditable 
'Signer,  Hugh  R.  Robertson,  an  old 
n,  that  the  launch  was  effected  with 
ect  success.  The  "  Great  Eastern," 
remembered,  was  only  launched  ail- 
months  of  hard  work  and  after  the 
of  English  engineers  had  been  well 
n.  ziviii.— !0  A 


ENaiNEERING. 


nigh  eibaDBted.     Sbe  exceeded  the  raft    in 
length  bj  lew  than  100  feet. 

Two  powerflil  sea-goin|i;  tng^  the  "Under- 
writer" and  the  "Ocean  Eioe,"  undertook  the 
work  of  towing  the  raft  to  New  York,  which 
waa  effected,  without  accident  or  material  de- 
lay, in  11  days,  a  distance  of  TOO  miles.    Heavy 


Erie  Baain  where,  after  being  visited  1 
sands,  it  was  broken  np  and  the  logs  i 
of  at  so  alleged  profit  of  |10,0OO  to  ) 
It  is  understood  that  the  anccess  of  the 
has  been  the  deatb-blow  to  farther  ent 
of  the  same  kind,  for  the  general  lamb 
ping  interests  woold  be  so  seriously 
and  tbe  danger 
igation  is  BO  ( 
case  the  raft  br 
at  sea,  that  t 
aothorii 
not  permit  aim 
dertakings  in  i 


tbe  shifting  pro 

)  were  enoountered  off  Cape  Ood,  and  the  ing  effected  through  independent  mec 

plank  sheathing  on  the  bow  was  carried  away.  Technically,  the  apparatns  is  of  tt 

Theraft  was  anchored  for  a  few  hoars  in  Vine-  known  as  the  oscillatiog  tripod.    It 

yard  Haven,  while  the  tags  procured  supplies,  of  two  lateral  iron-plate  aprigbta,  ( 

The  ionde  coarse  was  followed  tbroagh  Long  resting  upon  the  wharf  wall,  and  of  t 

Island  Sonnd.     Five  tags  were  necesaary  to  jointed  to  them  above  and  connected 

biing  the  raft  throngli  the  tortaoas  channels  of  with  the  head  of  the  piston  of  a  hj 

Hell  Qate  and  tbe  East  river  and  into  tbe  press.    This  latter  rests  npon  an  in 


ENGINEERING. 


807 


Ited  to  masonry.  The  piston  pulls 
toward  it  when  it  descends,  and 
>ng  in  the  same  motion  the  shears, 
the  load  suspended  from  their  point 
1,  and  the  load  is  thas  carried  to  a 
'  16  feet  from  the  edge  of  the  wharf 
be  placed  upon  a  car.  Conversely, 
n  rises,  it  poshes  before  it  the  entire 
,  as  well  as  the  lifting  apparatus,  so 
Iter  can  be  lowered  on  a  line  28  feet 
>  face  of  the  wharf, 
ng  apparatus  consists  likewise  of  a 
>re8s  suspended  from  the  summit  of 
but,  in  order  to  prevent  the  joints 
ider  from  working  under  the  action 
1,  which  would  tend  to  open  them 
leakages,  it  is  not  suspended  from 
axis  of  the  junction  of  the  shears, 
er  rests  directly  upon  a  huge  stirrup 
length,  the  arms  alone  of  which  are 
the  axis,  through  a  Cardan  joint, 
h  circumstances,  the  stress  of  the 
d  by  the  piston-rod  is  exerted  solely 
ranches  of  the  stirrup,  and  the  sides 
uder  work  only  under  the  pressure 
ive  water.    The  latter  is  introduced 


iCTOMATIC  Mui/nPLIER  (WTTH  ShBARS). 

of  the  press,  through  a  valve  oper- 
1  by  a  man  who  stands  upon  a  plat- 
ged  for  the  purpose. 

to  produce  the  three  powers  of  25, 
0  tons  called  for  by  the  specifica- 

at  the  same  time  expend  in  each 
responding  quantity  of  water  under 
i  is  of  course  necessary  to  cause  the 
•  the  motive  water  to  vary  in  pro- 
rhis  result  is  reached  by  calculating 
er  of  the  two  cylinders  so  as  to  ob- 
3an  power  of  75  tons,  in  making  the 
le  general  conduit  act  directly  under 


the  normal  pressure  of  50  atmospheres.  For 
the  powers  of  25  and  120  tons,  use  is  made  of 
an  automatic  multiplier,  which  consists  of  two 
cylinders  arranged  end  to  end,  in  which  move 
pistons  A  and  B  (Fig.  9)  of  different  diame- 
ters. When  it  is  a  question  of  lifting  120  tons, 
the  water  at  50  atmospheres  actuates  the  pis- 
ton A,  and  B  forces  water  into  the  lifting  cylin- 
der under  a  largely  increased  pressure.  If  the 
load  to  be  lifted  is  but  25  tons,  the  water  at  50 
atmospheres  actuates  the  piston  B,  and  A 
forces  the  water  into  the  same  cylinder  at  a 
much  lower  pressure.  The  same  operations 
are  effected  in  the  other  cylinder  when  the 
extreme  loads  of  25  and  120  tons  are  moved. 
The  shears  are  likewise  provided  with  a  hy- 
draulic cylinder  (Fig.  8),  placed  on  the  back 
of  the  beam,  and  serving  through  a  cable, 
to  bring  the  piston  of  the  large  cylinder  to  the 
end  of  its  upward  stroke,  and  for  certain  ac- 
cessory work.  Finally,  the  apparatus  as  a 
whole  is  completed  by  an  accumulator  con- 
taining in  reserve  a  lar^e  part  of  the  water 
necessary  for  each  operation. 

8leAH8lil|Mb— A  noteworthy  step  in  the  devel- 
opment of  steam  navigation  is  found  in  the 
sister-ships,  the  *'  City  of  New  York  "  and  the 
"City  of  Paris."  The  first  of  these  was  in 
active  service  during  the  summer,  and  the  last 
was  nearly  ready  for  her  trial  trip  at  the  end  of 
the  yeai".  Not  only  are  these  vessels  larger 
than  any  other  of  the  Atlantic  liners,  but  the 
twin-screw  principle  receives  in  them  its  first 
trial  on  a  large  scale  for  the  merchant  service. 

The  builders  are  Messrs.  James  and  George 
Thompson,  of  Clydebank,  near  Glasgow,  who 
have  turned  out  many  of  the  finest  vessels 
afloat.  The  particulars  of  the  design  were  left 
to  them,  the  only  conditions  specified  by  the 
Inraan  Company  being  that  the  vessels  were  to 
be  unsinkabJe,  as  comfortable  as  any  hotel,  and 
as  swift  as  possible  consistently  with  the  con- 
ditions first  named.  The  following  table  shows 
at  once  the  dimensions  of  these  latest  additions 
to  the  fieet,  and  the  development  of  first-class 
passenger  steamers  since  the  earliest  days  of 
regular  transatlantic  steam  navigation : 


TABLE  GIVING  CHIEF  DIMENSIONS  OF  NOTABLE  ATLANTIC  LINERS. 


8TEAMZRB. 


rn.. 
I... 

t)W. 


Etnuift. . 


York  and  City  of  Puis  ...   . 


Proportion  of 

Baflt. 

Tom. 

Lutgfh. 

BMm. 

Depth. 

boun  to 
I«agth. 

ft.       In. 

ft.      In. 

ft.    in. 

1885 

1,840 

812       4 

86-4 

28-2 

6M 

1841-'48 

8.600 

274-2 

48-2 

81-5 

5-68 

1860 

1,600 

227 

82 

24 

709 

1874 

6.004 

466 

46 

84 

989 

1876 

6,491 

488 

44 

m 

11-90 

1879 

4.609 

480 

44 

86 

9-77 

1879 

6,147 

460 

45       2 

87i 

9^6 

1881 

7,892 

616 

62 

401 

9-90 

1881 

6,983 

600 

60 

89      7 

10-0 

1881 

8,141 

646 

62 

68t 

10-6 

1882 

7,269 

470 

67 

89 

824 

1^^ 

7375 

600 

64 

89f 

9-25 

1884 

6,600 

482 

61 

87* 

8-47 

1884 

7,718 

601-6 

57-2 

88-2 

8-76 

1886 

6,881 

455 

48 

86      8 

9-47 

1887 

6,661 

466 

49 

86* 

9-48 

1888 

10,500 

660 

63 

48 

8-89 

Proportion  of 
dopth  to 
bngtb. 


915 
8-70 
9-45 
1888 
18-46 
11-94 
1200 
12-62 
12-68 
9-29 
12-05 
12-57 
11-62 
1818 
12-55 
12-88 
18-02 


NoTS.— Tbofte  marked  *  were  built  of  wood,  t  of  iron,  and  %  of  steel. 


808 


ENGINEERING. 


Tbrongboat,  the  vessels  were  oonstracted 
under  the  saryeillance  of  Lloyd^s  agents,  and 
according  to  the  best-approved  plans  of  mod- 
em marine  architectare.  When  nearly  ready 
for  laanching,  7,000  tons  of  material  had  gone 
to  the  constractioD  of  each  ship ;  the  heaviest 
steel  castings  for  the  halls  being  the  stern-posts 
(26  tons  each),  and  the  heaviest  for  the  engines 
(50  tons).  The  steel  was  all  sobjected  to  an 
anti-corrosive  process. 

The  hull  of  each  vessel  is  divided  by  perma- 
nent transverse  bulkheads  into  fifteen  water- 
tight compartments,  including  three  for  boilers 
and  two  for  macbiuery,  the  latter  being  sepa- 
rated by  a  longitudinal  bulkhead.  The  doors  in 
the  bulkheads  are  on  the  upper  deck  far  above 
the  load-water-line,  it  being  determined  not  to 
trust  to  the  doors  being  promptly  shut  in  case 
of  danger.  None  of  the  oompiu*tments  exceeds 
85  feet  long,  and  the  quantity  of  water  they 
hold  to  load- water-line  is  1,250  tons,  or  to 
upper  deck,  2,250  tons.  Even  were  two  or 
three  filled,  the  fiotation  of  tbe  vessel  would 
not  be  placed  in  danger,  and  her  buoyancy 
could  easily  be  trimmed.  As  an  additional  pre- 
caution, the  vessel  has  two  bottoms,  the  space 
between  them  being  four  feet.  They  serve 
a  double  purpose,  for  not  only  will  the  exist- 
ence of  an  inner  bottom  make  it  certain  that  no 
part  of  the  ship  will  be  flooded  by  a  fracture  of 
the  external  bottom,  but  the  space  can  be  util- 
ized for  carrying  water-ballast,  to  the  extent  of 
1,600  tons,  for  adding  to  the  stability  or  alter- 
ing the  trim  of  the  ship.  The  stability  of  tbe 
vessels  is  further  secured  by  ^'rolling  cham- 
bers,^' similar  to  those  that  have  been  success- 
fully tried  on  several  modern  war- vessels.  The 
chambers  in  this  case  are  35  feet  lone,  and  ex- 
tend athwart  ship.  When  partially  filled  with 
water,  the  greatest  weight  is  naturally  at  the 
lowermost  side,  and  tends  to  keep  that  side 
down  when  the  ship  rolls  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion. It  can  not,  however,  keep  it  down  alto- 
gether, and  a  considerable  portion  of  the  water 
finds  its  way  across  tbe  chamber  before  the  re- 
turn roll  takes  place.  Thus  there  is  a  constant 
tendency  of  the  water  toward  the  side  that  is 
about  to  roll  upward,  and  the  weight  being 
shifted  just  at  the  critical  moment,  the  equi- 
librium of  the  ship  is  partially  preserved,  and 
the  uncomfortable  rolling  motion  is  largely 
diminished. 

One  feature,  which  adds  greatly  to  the  luxu- 
riousness  of  the  appointments,  is  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  main  saloon,  which,  instead  of  be- 
ing of  the  proportions  ordinarily  dictated  by 
the  space  between  decks,  is  carried  up  through 
three  of  the  five  decks,  having  an  arched  roof 
22  feet  high,  58  feet  long,  and  25  feet  wide. 

The  steering-apparatus  has  been  designed 
specially  with  a  view  to  the  use  of  the  vessels 
as  armed  cruisers  in  case  of  war.  The  plan 
of  the  rudder  with  one  of  the  twin  screws  is 

given  in  Fig.  10.     The  rudders  have  a  super- 
cial  area  of  250  square  feet,  larger  than  has 
been  adopted  for  the  largest  war-vessels,  and 


the  power  of  the  hydraulic  steering  ma 
will  be  appreciated  when  it  is  known  1 
rudder  can  be  crowded  hard  over  w] 
ship  is  going  full  speed  ahead.  Of  com 
implies  a  tremendous  strain  upon  all  th 


Fio.  10.— Twin  Scrxw  on  Stkamkr. 

The  steering  is  effected  by  a  small  till( 
being  regarded  as  more  certain  of  adjc 
than  the  ordinary  wheel.  The  illustratic 
10)  sufficiently  shows  the  position  of 
the  twin  screws,  its  mate,  of  course,  b 
position  on  the  other  side  of  the  stei 
The  machinery  in  each  vessel  consists 
sets  of  engines  of  the  three-crank,  tri 
pansion  type.  Each  set  of  engines  is  < 
of  driving  the  vessel  at  a  good  rate  ol 
should  the  other  engines  break  down. 

The  full  complement  of  passengers  an 
is  in  round  numbers  2,000  souls,  and  tl 
amount  of  deck  area  is  about  150,000 
feet.  Duplicate  electric-light  systems  t 
ried  to  all  parts  of  the  ship. 

In  actual  performance  the  "  City  o 
York ''  is  said  to  have  fully  equaled  t 
pectations  of  her  builders,  though  she  1 
yet  "broken  the  record"  in  running 
She  encountered  several  very  severe  i 
however,  and  behaved  admirably. 

A  Laige  Cas-HMer. — A  conspicuous  ol 
passengers  on  the  East  river,  r^.  Y.,  is  tl 
tank  recently  constructed  for  the  C 
dated  Gas  Company  of  New  York  dnri 
summer  of  1888.  The  engineering  difi 
were  considerable,  since  the  available  la 
"  made  ground "  composed  of  city  dm 
and  below  this  was  quicksand.  The 
subterranean  brick  tank  was  dispensed  ^ 
being  too  expensive,  and  an  iron  tank  w 
stituted,  restmg  on  the  surface  of  the  ( 
To  prepare  for  this,  a  circle  of  heavy  pil 
driven,  corresponding  with  the  diametei 
tank,  and  the  inclosed  space  was  fille 
concrete  to  a  thickness  of  two  feet  C 
the  bottom  plates  of  the  tank  were  laid 


ENOINEERDTO. 


i  of  wronglit-irm.    The  plates  at  the 

COOTHe  are  i  inch  thick,  aod  are  laid 
,  flo  as  to  give  If  inch  thickness  of 
The  plated  are  arranged  to  break 
"Where  two  plat«s  shat,  a  straji  of 
iCb  six  rows  of  rivets  is  carried  over 
int.  Tor  each  of  these  hott  Joints 
s  one  Btrap,  eitlier  inaide  or  outHide 
alt,  according  to  the  tocalitv  of  the 

As  the  sides  rise  the;  diminish  in 
MS.  The  tank  is  192  feet  in  diaui- 
id  42  feet  9  inches  deep.     A  box 

is  carried  round  the  top  of  the 
and  upon  this  rest  the  24  stand- 
lat  xerve  as  gnides  for  the  holders, 
are  made  of  channel  bars,  and  are 
gether  with  lattice  girdera  In  lev- 
mnee.      The  holder  is  in   tliree 
IS,  each  abont  41  feet  high,  and 
nenil  constraction  is  similar  to 
dinaril;  followed  in  simitar  work. 
aioe-work  rises  about  ISO  feot 
the  street-level,  and  the  capacity 

holder  is  3,2SO,000  cubic  feet, 
ilet  and  oatlet  pipes  are  3~ 

in  diameter. 

Tniueuplu  RaHiray.  —  To 
can  engineers  the  length  of 
jnsnmed  in  constmcting  this 

railway  seeros  ■ 
f  recent  achievi 
estern  Continent,  bnt  the 
9  more  slowly  than 
st,  and  very  probably  the 

At  all  events,  it  has 
ihont  seven  and  a  half 
to  (Complete  the 
liles  destined 
iW  to  facili- 


tbe    Central 


laid  In  three  jeara,  lome  of  the  secrete  ot 
rapid  track-laying  having  been  learned  in 
the  mean  time.     When  the  line  is  in  com- 
plete working  order,  the  estimated  Rciied- 
nle  time  is  ten  days  from  Bt.  PeterabuTg 
ti)  Saniarcand.      Tlirough  passengers  to 
Central  Asia  will  travel  by  rail  as  Car 
as  the  foot  of  the  Caocasus  niountainai 
thence  cross  the  range  by  carriage  road, 
over  150  miles,  thence  by  rail  to  Bakn 
on  the  western  shore  of  the  Caspian 
Sea.      Otizonn  Ada,   the    western  ter- 
minus of  the  Transcaspian  Railway,  is 
reached   by  steamer,  and   thence  the' 
line  runs  direct  to  Saniarcand.    The 
engineering  difficulties  were  compara- 
tively trifling.     Three  rivers  had  to 
be  bridged,  namely,  the  Tejend,  the 
Murghab,  and   the   Oiub   or   AmttO 
Darya.     The  bridge  across  the  last 
niiined  stream  is  of  considerable  site. 
Some    difficulty    was    experienced 
with  the  shifting  sands  of  the  dm- 
er*,  but  a  preventive  and  restrict- 
ive agent  was  found  in  the  shmb 
'  saiaul,"   which    Sourisbes   with 
Diithing  belter  than  sand  to  grow 
upon,  and  eventually  forms  an    ' 
effectual  harrier.     Certain  parts 
uf  the  route,  it  was  found,  were 
liable  to  sudden  floods,   but  a 
of  conduits  was  coD- 
Btructed,  which  proved  efTeot- 
ual.     For  the  rest,  the  way 
was  for  the  most  part  a  dead 
level,  and   called   for  none 
of   the   ingenuily   wherein 
m.inoirs  delight 
1  III.   hoe   has  been   con 
structed  at  a  very 
low    cost,    ow  ing 
to   the   cheapneBi 
of  native  labor- 
about  $14  000  a 
-     eral 
had 
special     twO- 
ed    hung 
const  ruct- 
Gontammg 
'  the  eqiiip 

to 


.—The  Eutil  Towib. 


kotr.     The  line  pannoo  through  some  able  existence,  and  In  this  he  and  hia  staff 

moat  inhospitable  desert  regions  of  the  kept  constantly  near  the  treok-layers.    It  is 

The  progrera  of  the  work  was  com-  not  probable  that  the  line  will  prove  attractive 

ely  alow  at  tirst,  and  the  m^or  part  of  to  tourists,  since  the  scenery  is  monotonous  in 

e  eastward  from  Kial  Arrat  has  been  the  extreme,  and  the  romance  of  Eastern  travel 


810 


ENGINEERING. 


iargelj  diasppeare  when  th«  railroad  takes  the 
place  of  the  oaravon ;  but  as  a  stimulant  to 
native  indostries  it  most  in  the  coarse  of  time 
prove  highly  effective.  The  line  was  fonnallj 
opened  on  the  auniversar/  of  the  Ozar's  ooro- 
natioD,  May  27,  1888. 

Ite  EUH  Tsnr. — Tbis  eaperb  work  waa  so 
nearly  complete  at  the  end  of  the  year  that  its 
construction  may  bo  regarded  as  an  aceom- 
plished  fact.  As  a  feature  of  the  great  Paris 
Ezposition  of  1889,  it  is  certain  to  attract  a 
lat^  share  of  attention.  The  illnstration  ia 
from  a  perspective  drawing  made  by  M.  Hanin, 
of  Paris,  with  a  view  to  representinfc  the  tower 
exactly  as  it  will  look  when  finished.  Pho- 
tographs will  of  course  distort  tbe  propor- 
tions even  nnder  tbe  most  favorable  conditiooa. 
On  December  31  tbe  structure  was  about  800 
feet  high.  The  total  height  is  to  be  984  feeL 
It  is  intended  merely  as  an  ornamental  observa- 
tory, though  some  important  scientific  observa- 
tions roay  be  made  from  its  aommit.  The 
progress  during  the  latter  part  of  the  work 
averaged  36  feet  a  week.  In  comparuon  with 
the  EiS'el  Tower,  the  helgbts  of  other  lofty 
stmctnres  are  of  interest.  Waahington  Uonu- 
raent,  666  feet;  Cologne  Cathedral,  612  feet; 
Strasbarg  Cathedral,  466  feet;  St  Stephens, 
Vienna,  443  feet;  St.  Peter'a,  483  feet;  St. 
Paul's,  404  feet. 

The  Qanblt  Vladuti^ Among  engineers  M. 
Eiffel's  repntation  will  gwn  more  from  the  via- 
dnct  near  Garabit,  France,  than  from  tbe  Paris 
tower.  The  central  arch  of  the  viaduct  is  640 
feet  apan,  and  rests  upon  two  large  piers,  the 
metallic  part  of  which  is  196  feet  high.  Tbe 
total  weight  of  the  arch  is  2,608,540  ponnds. 
Cables  were,  of  coarse,  used  to  support  the 
two  parts  of  the  arch.  M.  Eiffel  found  by  ex- 
periment that  an  increase  of  half  au  inch  in 
tlie  length  of  the  cables  increased  the  tension 
2,aCM)  pounds.  By  introducing  a  half-inch 
wedee  under  the  end  of  one  of  tbe  cables,  the 
neighboring  cables  were  decreased  in  tension 
2,200  pounds,  distributed  over  tbe  other  cables 
as  a  whole.  These  latter,  therefore,  were  con- 
tracted to  an  extent  corresponding  to  encb 
diminution  of  tension,  and  they  consequently 
raiaed  the  arch.  The  totalization  of  the  slight 
liftings  due  to  the  repetition  of  this  maniBuvre 
on  each  of  tbe  cables  finally  effected  a  general 
lifting  of  foDr  inches.  When  it  was  desired  to 
lower  the  arch,  the  operation  was  just  tbe  con- 
trary, that  is  to  say,  Uie  wedgee  were  removed 


oision  that  the  key  of  the  extradoa  « 
home  with  a  few  hlowsof  the  hamm< 
derfnl  instance  of  aocnrate  calcniatio 
ering  the  enorraoos  size  of  the  parts. 
In  April,  before  the  viaduct  was  o 
travel,  two  tests  were  made,  one  w 


tionary  load  of  405  tons,  and  the  s 
moving  Tbe  deficLtion  in  the  first 
was  0  27  mch  and  m  tbe  second  0  46 
Sibwajs  ftr  Heetrk  Wlrei.— Tbe  mult 
of  overhead  electric  wires  in  the  str 


Alter  the  two  halves  of  the  arch  had  been 
brought  so  close  together  that  there  was  room 
only  for  the  insertion  of  the  center-piece,  the 

E recess  of  keying  was  begun.  As  the  two 
alves  had,  during  the  mounting,  been  held  e 
little  above  their  final  position,  there  was  a  f 
inches  more  space  between  them  than  i 
necessary  for  the  insertion  of  the  key,  and  it 
was  only  necessary  to  remove  progressively  a 
few  wedges  to  bring  the  parts  into  contact.  objectionable  that  meaanrea  have  be- 

This  operation  was  effected  with  such  pre-    in  most  of  tbe  world's  great  cities 


Fia.  IB.— UAnBoiJC.    XrtBOO  of  HiXDum 


ENGINEERING. 

them  nndergrouDd.  According  to  the  report 
of  Dr.  Scbnjler  8.  Wheeler,  of  the  New  York 
Board  of  Electrical  Control,  New  York  has 
4,453  miles  of  nodereround  wires;  Paris,  4,100; 
Brookl^D.  2,100;  Chicago,  200;  Boatoo,  400; 
and  Pittsborg,  1,000.  Ibeae  figDrea  probablj 
coosiderablj  Daderstate  the  mileage  in  opera- 
tion at  the  end  of  1B88,  but  ttief  are  the  latest 
available  for  Che  foreign  dtiea.  New  York 
city  hat  been  to  a  more  serious  extent  the  rio- 
tim  of  overhead  wires  thou  anj  other  large 
eiC7,  and  all  sorta  of  devices,  legal  and  other- 
wiie.  were  resoned  to  in  order  that  no  change 
ihoold  be  made.  After  long  delays,  laws 
were  pasMd  safQcienil; 
stringent  to  ci>nj|(i:l  tke 
lajicg  of  subway.-.,  aud  lie 
\  capacity  of  subway  c^n- 
itrnction  now  liaisheJ  is 
riven  by  the  report  as 
ibout  34,6fi5  miles. 

About  600  patents  aid 
plans  relating  to  under- 
ground systems  for  wires 
were  eianiined   before  a 
fioal  decision  was  reached. 
'   It  appeared  tiiaC  no  sya- 
em  as  jet  devised  could 
e  regarded  as  wholly  sat- 
isfaclorv,    the    nature   of 
itricity  being  such  that 
-le  wires  jre  bum  had 
^^  en  nriruno  another 


tbet 
fiufi< 

mutiull 

W   knuftn     . 
electricians 
'  induction," 
rcsolt  being  a  loss 
of  «&i,i«at,r 

Ti,»    ........  fl_«n-         ""  '*  — i-*"P-rom 

The    Bjstem  flnallf  Dmannmon 

adopted   is  shown  in 

the  illustrations  Fig  12  shows  a  conduit  with 
Its  pipes  partially  covered  in.  On  top  of  the 
main  conduit  is  shown  a  section  of  the  Edison 
incandescent  illnminating  system.  Fig.  IS 
shows  the  interior  of  a  manhole,  and  Fig.  14  the 
lamp-post  adopted  by  the  board  with  the  store 
and  honse  connections.  The  pipes  are  of  iron 
four  inches  in  diameter  and  in  lengths  of  twen- 
ty feet.  They  are  laid  in  hydraolic  concrete 
to  secure  insulation,  and  the  wires  separately 
insnlated  are  passed  through  them  by  means 
of  a  jointed  rod,  such  as  iH  used  by  chimney- 
■weepers,  and  may  be  taken  out  for  examina- 
tion or  repair. 

KallwRj  TumIs  !■  Ends. — It  is  woriiby  of  re- 
mark that,  notwithstanding  the  very  great  ex- 
tent of  the  Rnssion  Empire,  but  few  tunnels 
have  had  to  be  excavated  for  its  railroads. 
Till  recently  tonnels  have  been  used  only  in  the 
Polish  provinces  and  the  Ural ;  now  the  tim- 


EPIDEMICS. 


Sll 


nels  of  the  Cancasns  may  be  added  to  the  list. 
The  Novorossisk  branch  of  the  Caucasns  Rail- 
road passes  through  two  tunnels,  the  longer  of 
which  is  1,338  metres,  and  the  shorter  865 
metres  in  length.  The  Sonrom  Tunnel  oC  the 
Bakn-Batonm  Railway,  which  was  opened  on 
the  Slst  of  October,  is  the  largest  tonnel  in 
Russia,  being  4'4  kilometres,  or  a  mile  and 
three  quarters  long.  By  its  means  the  steep 
grades  of  the  Sonram  Pass  are  avoided,  and 
the  petroleum  trains,  which  formerly  had  to  be 
divided  at  this  point,  are  now  able  to  pass  to 
the  Black  Sea  nnbroken. 

EPIDEMICS.  At  certain  periods  in  the  his- 
tory of  mankind  certain  diseases  have  attained 
such  force  as  to  affect  large  areas  of  territory 
and  kill  great  nnmbers  of  men ;  and  have  then 
been  known  as  epidemics.  It  is  the  design  of 
this  article  to  sketch  the  general  history  of  the 
greatest  of  these  epidemics. 

Tbe  BUA-Dtaa>— One  of  the  moat  memor- 
able of  the  epidemics  of  tbe  middle  ages  was  a 
great  pestilence  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
which  devastated  Asia,  Europe,  and  Africa. 
It  was  an  Oriental  plagne,  marked  by  inSam- 
matory  boils  and  tumors  of  the  glands,  such  as 
break  out  in  no  other  febrile  disease.  On  ac- 
count of  these  boils  and  from  the  black  spots 
(indicalave  of  pntHd  decomposition)  which 
appeared  nnon  the  skin,  it  has  been  generally 
called  the  olaek-death.  The  symptoms  were 
many,  thotigh  not  all  were  found  in  every 
case  Tumors  and  abscesses  were  found  on 
the  arms  and  thighs  of  those  affected,  and 
smaller  boils  on  oil  parts  of  tbe  body ;  black 
spots  broke  out  on  aU  parts  of  the  skin,  either 
single  united,  or  confluent.  Symptoms  of 
cepnalic  affection  were  frequent;  many  pa- 
tients became  stupefied,  and  fell  into  a  deep 
sleep,  losing  also  their  speech  ft-om  palsy  of 
the  tongue ;  others  remained  sleepless,  without 
resL  The  faooei  and  tongue  were  black,  and 
as  if  suffused  with  blood.  No  beverage  would 
assuage  the  burning  thirst.  Contagion  was 
evident,  for  attehdants  caught  the  disease  from 
their  relatives  and  friends.  But  still  deeper 
auffermgs  were  connected  with  this  pestilence : 
tbe  organs  of  respiration  were  seized  with  a 
putrid  inflammation,  blood  was  expectorated, 
and  tbe  breath  diffused  a  pestiferous  odor. 
The  plague  spread  with  the  greater  fnry,  as  it 
commonicated  from  the  sick  to  the  healthy; 
contact  with  the  clothes  or  other  articles 
which  had  been  ased  by  the  infected  induced 
the  disease,  and  even  the  breath  of  the  sick, 
who  expectorated  blood,  caused  a  conta^on 
far  and  near.  As  It  advanced,  not  only  men, 
but  animals  also  fell  sick  and  expired. 

In  England  the  plagne  first  broke  out  in  the 
county  of  Dorset,  whence  it  advanced  through 
the  counties  of  Devon  and  Somerset  to  Bristol, 
and  thence  reached  Gloucester,  Oxford,  and 
London.  Probably  few  places  escaped,  per- 
haps not  any,  for  tbe  annals  of  contemporaries 
report  that  throughout  the  land  only  a  tenth 
piut  of  the  inhabitants  remained  alive.    From 


312  EPIDEMICS.    (Dancing  Mania.) 

England  the  contagion  was  carried  by  a  ship  In  Sweden  two  princes  died  (Haken  and 

to  Norway,  where  the  plagae  broke  oat  in  its  Enat,  half-brothers  of  King  Magnas),  and  in 

most  frightful  form,  with  vomiting  of  blood,  Westgothland  alone  466  priests.    The  iohab- 

and  in  the  whole  coontry  spared  not  one  third.-  itants  of  Iceland  and  Greenland  fonnd  in  the 

The  sailors  found  no  refuge  on  their  ships,  and  coldness  of  their  inhospitable  climes  no  protec- 

vesseld  were  often  seen  drifting  on  shore,  whose  tion  against  this  enemy  which  invaded  them, 

crews  had  perished  to  the  last  man.  In  Denmark  and  Norway  the  people  were  so 

It  is  hard  to  measure  the  mortality  of  the  occupied  with  their  own  misery  that  the  ac- 
black-death ;   some  numerical  statements  are  customed  voyages  to  Greenland  ceased,  and  at 
not,  indeed  wanting,   but  they  are  scarcely  the  same  time  great  icebergs  formed  on  tb« 
credible  when  we  consider  the  civilization  or  coast  of  East  Greenland,  and  no  mortal  from 
lack  of  civilization  of  the  fourteenth  century,  that  time,  even  to  the  present  day,  has  seen 
Rudeness  was  general.    Witches  and  heretics  that  shore  or  the  former  dweUers  thereon, 
were  burned  alive ;  wild  passions,  severi^,  and  It  may  be  assumed  that  Europe  lost  bj 
cruelty  everywhere    predominated.      Human  the  black-death  twenty-iive  million  people,  or 
life  was  but  little  regarded.    Cairo  lost  daily,  abont  one  fourth  of  her  inhabitants.    That  her 
when  the  plague  was  raging  with  its  greatest  nations  could  overcome,  as  quickly  as  they  did, 
violence,  from  10,000  to  15,000.    In  China  this  terrible  loss,  without  retrograding  more 
more  than  thirteen  millions  are  said  to  have  than  they  did,  is  a  most  convincing  proof  of  the 
died.    India  was  olmost  wholly  depopnlated.  indestructibility  of  human  society  as  a  whole. 
Tartary  and  the  Tartar  kingdom  of  Kaptschak,  The  Dtneliig  Mania. — ^The  effects  of  the  black- 
Mesopotamia,  Syria,    Armenia,  were  covered  death  had  not  yet  subsided,  and  the  graves  of 
with  dead  bodies.    Cyprus  lost  almost  all  its  millions  of  its  victims  were  scarcely  green, 
inhabitants,  and    ships  without  crews  were  when  a  strange  delusion  arose.    It  was  a  con- 
seen  driving  about  the  Mediterranean,  spread-  vnlsion  that  in  the  most  extraordinary  mail- 
ing the  plague  where  they  went  ashore.    It  ner  infuriated  the  human  frame  and  excited 
was  report^  to  Pope  Clement,  at  Avignon,  the  astonishment  of  contemporaries  for  more 
that  throughout  the  East  (probably  excepting  than  two  centuries.    It  was  called  in  some  po^ 
China)  28,840,000  people  had  fallen  victims  to  tions  of  Europe  the  Dance  of  St  John,  or  of 
the  plague.    In  Venice  100,000  died,  and  in  St.  Vitus,  on  account  of  the  strange  leaps  by 
London  at  least  the  same  number,  while  124,-  which  it  was  characterized  and  which  f^ve  to 
434  Franciscan  friars  died  in  Germany.    In  those  affected,   while  performing  their  wild 
Avignon  the  Pope  found  it  necessary  to  conse-  dance  and  screaming  and  foaming  with  fury, 
crate  the  Rhone,  that  bodies  might  be  thrown  all  the  appearance  of  persons  possessed.    It 
into  the  river  without  delay.     In  Vienna,  did  not  remain  confined  to  particular  localitiea, 
where  for  some  time  twelve  hundred  inhabit-  but  was  propagated  by  the  sight  of  the  suffer- 
ants  died  daily,  the  interment  of  corpses  in  ers  over  the  whole  of  Europe, 
the    church-y{u>ds    and    within  the  churches  As  early  as  1874  assemblages  of  men  and 
was  prohibited,  and  the  dead  were  arrange  in  women  were  seen  at  Aix-la-Chapelle  who  had 
layers  bv  thousands  in  large  pits  outside  the  come  out  from  Germany,  and,  united  by  one 
city,  as  had  been  already  done  at  Cairo  and  common   delusion,  exhibited    to  the  publit 
Paris  and  London.    The  palace  and  the  cot  both  in  the  streets  and  in  th^  churches,  % 
alike  felt  the  fury  of  the  plague.    One  king,  strange  spectacle.    They  formed  circles,  hand 
two  queens  (Alonso  XI;  Johanna,   Queen  of  in  hand,  and,  losing  all  control  over   their 
Navarre,  daughter  of  Louis  X;  and  Johanna  senses,  continued,  regardless  of  the  by-standera, 
of  Burffundy,  wife  of  King  Philip  de  Valois),  dancing  for  hours  together  in  wild  deliriutf 
one  bishop,  and  great  numbers  of  other  distin-  until  at  length  they  fell  to  the  ground  in  % 
guished  persons  fell  victims  to  it.    The  whole  state  of  e^austion.    Then  they  complained  of 
period  of  time  during  which  the  black  plague  extreme  oppression,  and  groaned  as  if  in  the 
raged   with   destructive   violence  in  Europe  agonies  of  death,  until    cloths  were    bound 
was  (with  the  exception  of  Russia,  where  it  tightly  around  their  waists,  when  they  recov- 
did  not  break  out  until  1851)  from  1847  to  ered  and  remained  free  from  complaint  until 
1850 ;  from  this  latter  date  to  1888  there  were  the  next  attack.    This  practice  of  swathing 
various  pestilences,  bad  enough  iudeed,  but  was  resorted  to  on  account  of  the  tympany 
not  so  violent  as  the  black-deani.  that  followed  these  spasmodic  ravings;   bat 

Ireland  was  much  less  heavily  visited  than  the  by-standers  frequently  relieved  patients  in 
England,  and  the  disease  seems  scarcely  to  a  less  artificial  manner  by  thumping  and 
have  reached  the  mountainous  regions  of  that  trampling  upon  the  parts  affecte<L  wMe 
land;  and  Scotland,  too,  would  perhaps  have  dancing,  they  neither  saw  nor  heard,  being 
remained  free  from  it,  had  not  the  Scotch  insensible  to  external  impressions  through  the 
availed  themselves  of  the  discomfiture  of  the  senses,  but  were  haunted  by  visions,  their  fan- 
English  to  make  an  irruption  into  England,  cies  conjuring  up  spirits,  whose  names  they 
which  terminated  in  the  destruction  of  their  shrieked  out,  and  some  of  them  afterward 
army  by  the  plague  and  the  sword,  and  the  asserted  they  felt  as  if  they  had  been  immersed 
extension  of  the  pestilence  through  those  who  in  a  stream  of  blood,  which  obliged  them  to 
escaped  over  the  whole  country.  leap  so  high.    Others  during  the  paroxysm 


EPIDEMICS.      (SWEATINO-SIOKNESS.)  313 

the  heavens  open  and  the  saints  and  Vir-  began  to  danoe,  and  wonld  not  desist  when  a 
gin  Mary,  according  as  the  religions  notions  of  priest  passed  by  carrying  the  host  to  a  person 
the  age  were  strangely  and  variously  reflected  who  was  sick,  npon  which,  as  if  in  punishment, 
in  their  imaginations.  When  the  disease  was  the  bridge  gave  way  and  they  were  all  drowned, 
completely  developed,  the  attack  began  with  A  similar  event  is  also  said  to  have  occurred  as 
epileptic  convulsions.  Those  affected  fell  early  as  the  year  1027.  Eighteen  peasants  are 
senseless,  panting  and  laboring  for  breath,  said  to  have  disturbed  divine  service  on  Christ- 
They  foamed  at  the  mouth,  and,  suddenly  mas  eve,  by  dancing  and  brawling  in  the  church- 
springing  up,  began  their  dance  with  strange  yard,  whereupon  the  priest  inflicted  a  curse 
contortions.  upon  them  that  they  should  dance  and  scream 

It  was  but  a  few  months  ere  this  disease  had  a  whole  year  without  ceasing. 
spread  from  Aix-la-Chapelle,  where  it  appeared  The  Sweatlng^ckocss. — After  the  fate  of  Eng- 
in  July,  over  the  neighboring  Netherlands.    In  land  had  been  decided  by  the  Battle  of  Bos- 
liege,  Utrecht,  Tongres,  and  many  other  towns  worth,  on  Aug.  22,  1485,  the  joy  of  the  nation 
the  dancers  appeard  with  garlands  in  their  hair  was  clouded  by  a  strange  disease,  which,  fol- 
aod  their  waists  girt  with  cloth  bandages,  that  lowing  in  the  rear  of  Henry's  victorious  army, 
they  might,  as  soon  as  the  paroxysm  was  over,  spread  in  a  few  weeks  from  the  distant  mount- 
receive  immediate  relief  from  the  attack  of  tym-  ains  of  Wales  to  the  metropolis  of  the  empire, 
piny.    This  bandage,  by  the  insertion  of  a  stick,  It  was  a  violent  inflammatory  fever,  which, 
easily  twisted  tight.     Many,  however,  obtained  after  a  short  rigor,*  prostrated  the  powers  as 
more  relief  from  kicks  and  blows,  which  they  by  a  blow,  and  amid  painful  oppression  of  the 
foand  numbers  of  persons  ready  to  administer,  stomach,  headache,  and  lethargic  stupor,  suf- 
fer wherever  the  dancers  appeared  the  people  fused  the  whole  body  with  a  fetid  perspiration, 
anembled  in  crowds  to  gratify  their  curiosity  All  this  took  place  in  a  few  hours,  and  the 
irith  the  frightful   spectacle.     Peasants  left  crisis  was  always  over  within  the  space  of  a 
their  plows,  mechanics  their  workshops,  house-  day  and  a  night.    The  internal  heat  that  the 
wives  their  domestic  duties^  to  join  in  the  wild  patient  suffered  was  intolerable,  yet  every  re- 
revels.     Girls  and  boys  quitted  their  parents,  frigeraift  was  certain  death.    At  flrst  the  new 
and  servants  their  masters,  to  arouse  themselves  foe  was  scarcely  heeded ;  citizens  and  peasants 
At  the  dances  of  those  possessed,  and  greedily  went  in  joyful  procession  to  meet  the  victori- 
imbibed  the  poison  of  mental  aberration.  ous  army,  for  the  nation,  after  its  many  years 
The  priests  and  the  authorities  took  an  inter-  of  civil  war,  looked  forward  to  happier  days  of 
est  in  the  afflicted,  who  were  numbered  by  peace.    Very  shortly,  however,  after  the  King's 
thousands.     They  divided  them  into  separate  entry  into  the  capital  on  the  28th  of  August, 
parties,  to  each  of  which  they  appointed  re-  the  sweating-sickness,  as  the  disease  was  cfdied, 
sponsible  superintendents  to  protect  them,  and  began  its  ravages  among  the  dense  population 
so  sent  them  on  pilgrimages  to  chapels  and  of  the  city.    Two  lord  mayors  and  six  alder- 
ahrin^  principally  to  those  of  St  Vitus,  near  men  died  within  one  week;  many  who  had 
Zabem  and  Rotestru6,  where  prieste  were  in  been  in  perfect  health  at  night  were  on  the 
ttendance  to  work  upon  the  misguided  minds,  following  morning  numbered  with  the  dead, 
^d  where  it  is  probable  that  many   were.  The  disease  for  the  most  part  marked  for  its 
through  the  influence  of  devotion,  cured  of  this  victims  robust  and  vigorous  men,  and,  as  many 
lamentable  afQiction.    Yet  in  most  cases  music  noble  families  lost  their  chiefs,  extensive  corn- 
afforded  the  sufferers  relief.     At  the  sound  of  mercial  houses  their  principals,  and  wards  their 
^he  flute  or  zithern  they  awoke  from  their  leth-  guardians,  the  festivities  were  soon  changed 
iigy,  opened  their  eyes,  and  moving  slowly  at  into  mourning  and  grief.    By  the  end  of  the 
first,  according  to  the  measure  of  the  music,  year  the  disease  had  spread  over  the  whole  of 
were,  as  the  time  quickened,  gradually  hurried  England.    Many  persons  of  rank,  of  the  eccle- 
00  to  a  most  passionate  dance.    Throughout  siastic  and  civil  classes,  became  its  victims,  and 
the  summer  season  cities  and  Tillages  resound-  great  was  the  consternation  when  it  broke  out 
ed  with  the  notes  of  musical  instruments,  and  in  Oxford.    Professors  and  students  fled  in  all 
patients  were  everywhere  met  with  who  looked  directions,  but  death  overtook  many  of  them, 
upon  dancing  as  their  only  remedy.  and  the  university  was  deserted  for  six  weeks. 
There  were  more  ancient  dancing  plagues.  The  accounts  that  have  been  handed  down  are 
In  the  year  1237  upward  of  a  hundr^  children  very  imperfect,  but  we  may  infer  from  the  gen- 
were  said  to  have  been  seized  suddenly  at  Er-  eral  grief  and  anxiety,  that  the  loss  of  life  was 
fint,  and  to  have  proceeded  dancing  and  jump-  very  considerable. 

ing  along  the  road  to  Amstadt.  When  they  In  the  summer  of  1506  the  sweating-sick- 
arrived  at  that  place  they  fell  exhausted  to  the  ness  visited  England  for  a  second  time.  The 
ground,  and,  according  to  an  old  chronicle,  renewed  eruption  of  the  epidemic  was  not  on 
many  of  them,  after  they  were  taken  home  to  this  occasion  connected  with  any  important 
their  parents,  died,  and  the  rest  remained  occurrence,  so  that  contemporaries  have  not 
affected  to  the  end  of  their  lives  with  a  per-  even  mentioned  the  month  woen  it  began ;  and 
manent  tremor.  Another  occurrence  is  related  in  the  autumn  it  disappeared. 
to  have  taken  place  at  the  Mosel  bridge  at  A  third  time,  in  1517,  the  sweating-sickness 
Utrecht  in  1278,  when  two  hundred  fanatics  broke  out,  and  was  so  violent  and  rapid  in  its 


314  EPlDEMIOa    (Yellow  Feveb.) 

coarse  that  it  carried  off  those  who  were  at-  ably  for  the  first  time  carried  bj  inyalid  offi- 

tacked  in  two  or  three  hoars,  so  that  the  first  cers  or  men  into  Great  Britain,  so  that  it  is 

sliiveriag  fit  was  regarded  as  the  commence-  not  sarprising  that  many  historians  shooJd  bare 

ment  of  certain  death.     Among  the  poorer  erred  in  saying  that  the  disease  first  appeared 

classes  the  deatlis  were  innamerable,  and  no  in  this  year ;  yet  there  are  ample  proofs  that 

precaations  averted  death  from  the  houses  of  it  was  an  epidemic  in  Havana  the  year  previ- 

the  rich.    This  time  the  sweating-sickness  last-  oas  (1761). 

ed  six  months,  and  reached  its  height  abont  six  From  1636  the  historical  record  of  the  visit-   I 

weeks  after  its  first  appearance.  ations  of  yellow  fever  becomes  more  and  more 

But  a  heavier  affliction  was  in  store.  In  authentic,  and  no  doubt  is  entertained  that  the 
May,  1528,  the  sweating-sickness  again  broke  first  European  settlers  in  Guadeloupe,  in  1635, 
oat  in  England,  and  fourteen  months  later  suffered  severely.  Duringtheensaingonehim- 
brought  a  scene  of  horror  upon  all  the  nations  dred  and  twenty-eight  years,  from  1635  to  1762, 
of  Northern  Europe  scarcely  equaled  during  history  records  208  invasions  of  yellow  fever  in 
any  other  epidemic.  It  appeared  at  once  with  eighty-six  of  these  years  in  43  different  loc4iIi- 
the  same  intensity  it  had  shown  before,  was  ties.  Among  these  there  were  in  what  are 
ushered  in  by  no  previous  indications,  and  be-  now  the  United  States,  from  1691  or  1693 
tween  health  and  death  there  lay  but  a  brief  (when  Boston  was  invaded  by  yellow  fever- 
term  of  five  or  six  hours.  Once  or  twice  again*  its  first  positive  appearance  in  this  country)  to 
this  fearful  epidemic  visited  localities  in  Europe,  1762,  not  fewer  than  44  epidemics  in  12  differ- 
but  by  the  autumn  of  1551  it  had  vanished  from  ent  places, 
the  earth.  It  is  contended  by  some  authorities  that  epi- 

Teltow  Fever. — The  New  World  has  contrib-  demies  of  yellow  fever  are  not  indigenoas  to 
nted  its  quota  to  the  epidemic  diseases  that  the  United  States,  but  due  wholly  to  itnporta- 
afflict  humanity.    There  is  reason  to  believe  tion  from  foreign  lands,  such  as  the  West  In- 
that  yellow  fever  existed  among  the  native  dies,  and  notably  from  Cuba,  between  which 
tribes  of  Central  America  and  the  West  Indies  and  the  United  States  about  2,000  vessels  ply 
for  many  years  prior  to  the  discoveries  of  Oo-  annually,  carrying  goods  amounting  to  more 
lumbus,  while  it  is  certain  that  before  that  than  seventy  million  dollars, 
date  it  was  unknown  in  Europe,  and  probably  Thus,  in  Florida  there  has  never  been  an 
unknown  in  Asia  and  Africa.    The  history  of  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  that  could  not  be  de- 
general  literature,  and  especially  of  medical  monstrably  trace<]  to  direct  importation  from 
science,  from  1492  till  a  comparatively  recent  abroad.    The  epidemic  of  1841,  at  St.  Augas- 
period  is  not  only  scanty  but  almost  buried  tine,  was  imported  from  Havana;  thatofl82S, 
under  a  mass  of  illiteracy  and  quackery.    It  is  at  Pensacola,  from  the  same  place ;   that  of 
therefore  hard  to  find  trustworthy  records  of  1825,  at  Pensacola,  from  the  West  Indies;  that 
the  appearance  of  yellow  fever  until  within  of  1834,  at  Pensacola,  was  imported  in  war- 
the  last  century  or  century  and  a  half.    There  vessels ;  that  of  1839,  at  St.  Augustine,  wa0 
is,  however,  reason  to  suspect  that  the  Span-  carried  thither  from  Charleston,  S.  C. ;  that  of 
iards  in  San  Domingo  suffered  from  yellow  1839,  at  Pensacola,  was  carried  from  Mobile 
fever  during  the  first  year  (1493)  they  passed  and  New  Orleans;  that  of  1841,  at  St.  Augu^ 
on  that  island ;  it  is  more  certain  that  they  tine,  was  imported  from   Havana ;    those  of 
did  suffer  in  1494,  the  year  that  is  usually  1842,    1843,   1844,  1845,  1846,  and  1847,  at 
given  as  the  first  when  white  men  were  at-  Pensacola,  were  imported  in  war- vessels ;  thuee 
tacked  with  the  disease.  of  1862  and  1865,  at  Key  West,  were  imported 

The  scanty  and  unsatisfactory  records  for  from  Havana ;  that  of  1867,  at  Pensacola,  was 

the  one  hundred  and  forty-four  years  from  1493  imported  from  Jamaica ;  that  of  1869,  at  Key 

to  1635  justify  the  belief  that  not  fewer  than  West,  was  imported  from  Cuba;  that  of  1871, 

nineteen  yellow-fever  epidemics  occurred  in  atCedar  Keys  and  Tampa,  from  Havana;  those 

Santo  Domingo,  Porto  Rico,  and  the  Isthmus  of  1873  and  1874,  at  Pensacola,  from  Havana, 

of  Darien,  while  it  is  probable  that  Mexico  as  was  also  the  scourge  that  devastated  tbe 

has  yearly  suffered  from  the  disease  since  the  little  seaport  town  of  Femaiidina  in  1877,  and 

foundation  of  Vera  Cruz  in  1519.  the  more  recent  epidemic  of  1888. 

One  of  the  curious  and  ridiculous  theories  at  The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  principal 

one  time  believed  by  the  credulous  attributed  localities  in  the  United  States  where  yellow 

the  yellow  fever  to  the  importation  of  slaves  fever  has  appeared,  with  their  elevations  above 

from  Africa.    The  first  three  hundred  Africans  sea-level,  dates  of  beginning  and  suspension  of 

were  brought  to  Cuba  in  1521  or  1523,  and  dur-  the  disease,  and  mortality  when  known : 

ing  the  succeeding  two  hundred  and  forty-two  Alabamiu-Blakely,  25  feet,  1822.    Cahawba,  175 

years  about  60,000  more  were  imported;  but  feet,  1821.   Citronelle,  66 feet,  1853.    Do^ River Fao- 

after  1763  the  importation  increased  so  en  or-  tory,  80  feet,  1868.    Demopolis,  126  feet,  1858.    Fort 

mously  that  in  1774  Cuba  had  a  colored  popu-  Claiborne,  75  feet,  from  Julv  4  to  Dec.  1, 1819.    Fort 

lation  of  75,180.   In  1762  Havana  was  besieged,  Mor^n   leland,  20  feet,  Aug.  18,  1867.    Fort  St 

caotured,  aid  held  by  a  force  of  30,000  Eng-  W;\'8ll'tob'ui^^ 

lish  soldiers  and  sailors.    During  that  year  the  1321 ;  1822;  1824;  1825 ;  1827 ;  1828:  Sept.  14, 1829, 

disease  claimed  many  victims,  and  was  prob-  mortality  180;  Sept.  20, 1887,  mortality  850;  18S8; 


EPIDEMICS.    (Yellow  Fbveb.)  816 

IMP.  11  to  Oct.  20, 1839,  mortality  650 ;  1841 ;  Aug.  20,  May  23, 1829,  mortality  215 ;  July  15, 1880,  mortality 

i^,  mortality  60  ;  Aug.  18  to  Nov.  6, 1848,  mortality  117  ;  June  9, 1881,  mortality  2;  Aug.  15,  1832,  mor- 

10 ;  1844;   1847,  mortality  76;  1848,  mortality  75;  tality  18;   July  12,  1838,  mortality,  210;   Aug.  28, 

849,  mortality  50 ;  1851 ;   July  18  to  Nov.  1,  1853,  1834,  mortality  95 ;  Aug.  23,  1835,  mortality  284 ; 

Bortality  1,161;  1854;  Sept.  to  Nov.,  1855,  mortality  Aug.  24,  1886,  mortality  5;  July  24,  1837,  mortality 

0  j  1858 ;  Au^.  18, 1867 ;  Sept.  4to  Nov.  10, 1873,  mor-  442  ;  Aug.  25,  1838,  mortality   17  ;   July  23,  1839, 

ality  102.     Montgomery,  Sept.  to  Nov.,  1853,  mor-  mortality  452;  Julv  25,  1840,  mortality  5;  July  27, 


135  feet,  June,  1853.    Fort  Smith,  460  feet,  1823.     mortality  737;  July  to  Oct.,  1850,  mortality  102;  1851, 


Hartford,  60  feet,  1798 ;  1800.    Knowlea  Lan<iing,  25  Aug.  to  Nov.,  1856,  mortality  74 ;  June  to  Deo.,  1857, 

iBct,  Aug.,  1796,  mortality  9.    Middletown,  40  feet,  mortality  199 ;  June  to  Oct.  10, 1858,  mortality  3,889 ; 

June,  1820.    New  Haven,  35  feet,  1743 ;  1794 ;  1808 ;  1862 ;  1863 ;  1864;  June  10  to  Dec.  22.  1867,  mortality 

18W;  1805 ;  1819.    New  London,  25  feet,  Aug.  26  to  3,063  ;  May  16  to  Dec,  1870,  mortality  587 ;  Aug.  4 

Nov.,  1798,  mortality  81.    Norwalk,  25  feet,  1798.  to  Oct.,  1871,  mortality  55;  Aug.  28  to  Nov.  30,  1872, 

Stamford,  20  feet,  1745.    Stonington,  20  feet,  1798.  mortality  225 ;  July  4  to  Nov.  18, 1873,  mortality  226. 

DelawiiB,— Christiana,  20  feet,  1798.    Duck  Creek,  Opelousas,  60  feet,  1829  ;  Oct.  20  to  Nov.,  1837 ;  Aug. 

»feet,  1798.    Newcastle,  25  feet,  1798.     Wilming-  to  Nov.,  1839;  1842;  1853;  1867.    Patterson ville,  20 

too.  45  feet,  1798,  mortality  250 ;  1802,  mortality  86.  feet,  Aug.  8  to  Dec.,  1853,  mortality  45 ;  Sept.,  1854 ; 

Pkrida^— Apalachioola,  15  feet,  1826.    Cedar  Keys,  Sept.,  1855.    Plaquemine,  6  feet,  1837;  1839;  1847; 

U  feet,  1871.    Gainesville,  160  feet,  Aug.,  1871.    Jack-  Sept.  to  Oct.,  1853 ;  1858.    Point  a  la  Hache,  8  feet, 

wiTille,  14  feet,  1857.   Key  West,  15  feet,  1824 ;  1829 ;  Oct.,  1854.    Port  Barre,  1870 ;  Port  Hudson,  75  feet, 

Jme,  1841,  mortality  26;  Aug.,  1853,  mortality  112;  1839 :  Oct.  18,  1841 ;  1848.    St  Francisville,  80  feet, 

1854 ;  June  20  to  Oct.,  1862,  mortality  71 ;  1864 ;  1865 ;  1811.  West  Feliciana  Parish,  1817 ;  1819 ;  1823 ;  1827 ; 

1D67;  1869.    Milton,   20   feet,    1853.    Pensacola,  15  Sept.  22, 1829;  Aug.  28,  1839;  Aug.  28, 1833;  1839; 

feet,  1764;  1765,  mortality  125;  1811 ;  Aug.  to  Oct.  1843;  1846;  1848;  1853.    St.  John  Baptiste,  20  feet, 

10.  1822,   mortality  257;   1825;  1827;   1834;  1839;  1853.     St.  Martinsville,  20  feet,  1839.     St.  Mary's 

Ml;  1843;  1844;  1845;  1846;  1847;  1848;  July  9,  Parish,  15  feet.  Sept.  to  Oct.,  1854;  Shreveport,  220 

"                                            ■  "                ^  "        -                                   Aug.  12  to  Nov.  10,  1873, 

15  feet,  1853,  mortality 

„ ,   *w  ,^«,  *«v,.  ,   *.««.,   *w-.*,   ».w»».»T   *^v,  *«^,  .^w^v.  *-.  ^  wx,v.,  *«.^.    Trenton,  80  feet,  1853. 

188 •  Aug.  15,  1839 ;   1841,   mortality  26.    St.  Jo-  Trinity,  175  feet,  Aug.  to  Oct.,  1865.    Vidalia,  175 

Kph^B,  15  feet,  1841.    Suwanee,  50  feet,  1886.    Tarn-  feet,  Aug.,  1853.    Ville  Platte,  50  feet,  1870.     Wash- 

Pi,  dO  ftet,  1889:   Sept.,  1853;   1871.    Tortugas,  12  ington,  65  feet,  1887;  1839;  1852;  Aug.  15,  1853; 

feet,  1862,  mortelity  4;   July  4,  1867,  mortaUty  88.  1854;  1867. 

Pensacola  Bay,  Aug.  14  to  Nov.  19, 1873,  62.  Maryland.— Baltimore,  60  feet,  1794 ;  1795  ;  Aug.  to 

flwigla.— Augusta,    185   feet,    1839;    1854.    Bain-  Nov.,  1797;  1798;  1799;  1800;  1801;  1802;  1805; 

bridge,  120  feet,  1873.    Columbus,  1854,  mortality,  3.  July  21  to  Oct.  30,  1819;  1820;  1821;  1822;  1868. 

St.  Mary's,  15  Ket,  Sept.  5  to  Oct.,  1808,  mortality  84.  West  River,  15  feet  (dates  not  recorded.) 

Sftvumah,  80  feet,  1807;    1808;   1819;   1820;  1827;  MasBaohnaetti.— Boston,  45  feet,  1691 ;  1693:  1795; 

1852,  mortality  19;   1858;    Aug.  6,  1854,  mortality  1796  ;  1798,  mortality,  200;  1800  ;  1802,  mortality.  60; 
i»K  1858.  1805  :  1819 ;  1858.    Holliston,  75  feet,  1741,  mortality, 

lUioflii.— Cairo,  822  feet,  Sept.  1  to  Sept.  25,  1878,  15.     Nantucket,  20  feet,  1741,  mortality  259.     New 

aortality  17.  Bedford,  25  feet.  1800 ;  1801.    Ncwburyport,  20  feet, 

Kstaokj*— Louisville,  450  feet,  Sept.  22  to  Oct.  15,  1796.    Salem,  20  feet,  1798. 

18:3,  mortality  6.  IGBiiaflippir— Biloxi,  10  feet,  1702 ;  1839 ;  1847 ;  1 853 ; 

Iioaiglaika.— Alexandria,  75  feet,  1819 ;  1822 ;  1827  ;  1858.    Brandon,  300  feet,  Sept.  15,  1853  ;  Sept.  23  to 

18«1;  1887;  1889;  1847;  1853;  1854;  Sept.  18,  1855.  Nov.  18,  1854.     Canton,  320  feet,  1858.    Clifton,  175 

Algiere,  10  feet,  1847 ;  1858;  1858.      Ascension,   25  feet,  Aug.  28  to  Oct.,  1853.    Cooper*8  Wells,  275  feet, 

feet,  1828.     Baton  Rouge,  50  feet,  1817 ;  1819 ;  1822,  Aug.  23,  1855,  mortality  18.    Grand  Gulf,  200  feet, 

laortality,  60;  1827;  1829;  1837;  Oct,  1848;  1847;  1858.    Greenwood.  140  feet,  1858.    Jackson,  275  feet, 

1858.    Bav  of  St.  Louis,  10  feet,  Aug.,  1820.     Bayou  1853;  1854.    Natchez,  150  feet,  Sept.  to  Nov.  9, 1817, 

8*a,  75  feet,  1847  ;  1853.     Burat  Settlement,  10  feet,  mortality  9 :  Sept.  to  Dec,  1819,  mortality  180 ;  Aug. 

Sept.  22,  1854.     CarroUton,  16  feet,  1847  ;  May  18,  10  to  Oct.  18,  1823,  mortality  312 ;  Aug.  20  to  Nov.  1, 

1855.    C«ntreville,  20  feet,  Sept.  18  to  Nov.  18, 1853 ;  1825,   mortality  150  ;  1827 ;   Sept.   1  to  Nov.   1829, 

8ept.  to  Oct.,  1855.    Clinton,  85  feet^  Sept.  1  to  Dec.,  mortality  90 ;  Sept.  8  to  Nov.  25,  1837,  mortality  280 ; 

1853.  mortahty,  75.  Cloutierville,  175  feet,  Aug.  14  Sept.  to  Nov.  1839,  mortality  235 ;  1844;  June  to  Nov. 
to  Dec.  14,  1858;  1854.  Covington,  25  feet,  1847.  1848;  July  17,  1858;  1855;  1858.  Pascagoula,  10 
Jooaldson ville,  30  feet,  1828;  1830,  mortality,  30.  feet,  1847;  1853.  Pass  Christian,  15  feet,  1847  ;  1853; 
PrmkHn,  15  feet,  Oct.  19  to  Nov.  24,  1853;  1854.  1855;  1858.  Petit  Gulf  HiUs,  200  feet,  1858.  Port 
GiHna,  1858.  Iberville,  28  feet,  (dates  not  recorded.)  Gibson,  200  feet.  1853.  Rodnev,  175  feet,  1829 ;  Sept. 
Jeann«Tett8,  15  feet,  Oct  7, 1854.  Jesuits  Bend,  10  6, 1848 ;  1847 ;  1853.  Shieldslwrough,  10  feet,  Aug. 
fot.  Sept  12,  1854.  La  Fayette,  12  feet.  June  22,  20,  1820 ;  Aug.  5,  1829 ;  1889.  Vicksburg,  175  feet, 
1^7.  Lake  Providence,  100  feet  1853.  Mandeville,  1839 ;  Sept.  to  Oct,  1841 ;  1847 ;  1858 ;  1871.  Wash- 
15  feet,  1847.  McDonoughville,  1858.  Natchitoches,  ington,  175  feet,  Aug.  to  Nov.,  1825,  mortality  52. 
150  feet,  1839.  New  Iberia,  20  feet,  1889 ;  1867 ;  1870.  WhitzelPs  Landing,  125  feet,  1817.  Woodville,  100 
Sew  Orleans,  10  feet,  1796;  1791;  1793;  1794;  1795;  feet,  1844;  1852;  Aug.  9,  1858;  Sept,  1855;  1858. 
1796;  1797;  1799;  1800;   1801;  1802;  1804;  1809;  Yazoo  City,  140  feet.  Sept  1,  1853. 

1811;  1812;  June  18  to  Dec.,  1817,  mortality  800;  Mi«ouri.— St.  Louis,  475  feet,  1854;  Aug.  14,  1855. 

Ifl8,  mortality  115;   July  1,  1819,  mortality  2,190;  New  Design,  420  feet,  1797,  mortality  57. 

Joly«  1820 ;  Sept  1,  1822,  mortality  239 ;   Aug.  23,  Hew  HampiUre.— Portsmouth,  40  feet,  Aug.  to  Oct 

1^ ;  Aug,  4,  1824,  mortality,  108 ;  June  23,  1825,  1798,  mortality  100. 

mortality,  49;  May  18.  1826,  mortaUty  6;  July  19,  Hew  Jeney.— Bridgeton,  50  feet,  1798.    Gloucester 

1827,  mortality,  109 ;  June  18,  1828,  mortality  130 ;  City,  20  feet,  1805.   Perth  Amboy,  20  feet,  1811,  mor- 


816  EPIDEMICS.    (Yellow  Fevbr) 

taliiy  6.    Port  Elizabeth,  20  feet,  Aug.   9  to  Sept.,  tality  184;  Aug.  to  Oct.,  1840,  mortality  ! 

1798.  Woodbury,  1798.  Aug.  to  Nov.,  1849,  mortality  126 ;  Aug. 
Hew  York.— Albany,  85  feet,  Aug.,  1746,  mortality  1852,  mortality  810 ;  Aug.  to  Nov.,  1864,  mort 

46;  1798.    Bay  Ridge,  20  feet,  July  18, 1956.   Brook-  Aue.  to  Nov.,  1856,  mortality  211  ;  Sept. 

lyn,  40  feet,  July  to  Sept.,  1809,  mortality  40 ;  1828 ;  1867,  mortality  18  ;  July  to  Dec,  1868,  mort 

July  14,  1856.    Catskill,  50  feet,  1748;   1794;  Aug.  1862:  1864;  July  19  to  Nov.,  1871,  mort 

10  to  Sept.  28, 1808,  mortality  8.     Govemor^s  Island,  Beaufort,  10  feet,  Aug.  6  to  Nov.  21, 1871, 

25  feet,  July  29,  1856;  Sept.  to  Oct.  26,  1870,  mor-  7.  Columbia,  200  feet,  1864.  Fort  Moultri 
tality  49.  Gowanus,  16  feet,  1866.  Greenfield,  150  1852;  Aug.  15,  1868.  Georgetown,  10  feet 
feet.  1798;  Huntington,  20  feet,  1796;  1798.  New  to  Oct.  28,  1864.  Hilton  Head,  10  feet,  Sept. 
York  city,  85  feet,  1668 ;  1702,  mortality  670 ;  1782 ;  25,  1862.  Mount  Pleasant,  10  feet,  1817  ;  18^ 
1741;  1742;  1748,  mortality  217;  1746;  1747;  1748;  1864;  1856;  1867. 

1762;    1790;    Aug.  to  Oct.  16,  1791;    1792;    1798;        Tenneiiee.— Memphis,  260  feet,  1868;  185 

1794;    July  19,  1795,   mortality   780;    1796;    1797;  Sept.  14  to  Nov.  9, 1878,  mortality  1,244. 
Aug.  to  Nov.,  1798,  mortality,  2.080;  Julv  to  Nov.,        Texas.— Alley  ton,  260  feet,  Sept.  4  to  D 

1799,  mortality  76 ;  Sept.  to  Oct.  14.  1800,  mor-  mortality  46.  Anderson,  200  feet«  1867.  A 
tality  21;  Sept.  to  Oct.,  1801,  mortality  16;  1802,  feet,  1867.  Bastrop.  260  feet,  1867.  Beau 
mortality  2;  July  18  to  Oct.,  1808,  mortality  700;  feet,  1868.  Belleville,  180  feet,  1866.  Bn 
JunetoOct.,  1806,  mortality  840;  June  to  Nov.,  1806;  feet,  1869.  Brenham,  860  feet.  Aug.  11  U 
1807,  mortelity  8 ;  1808,  mortality  1 ;  1809,  mortality  1867,  mortality  120.  Brownsville,  26  feet,  S 
2 ;  1810,  mortality  1  ;  1816,  mortality  7 ;  1816 ;  1817,  Dec  28, 1868,  mortality  60 ;  Auc.  to  Nov.,  1 
mortality  4;  1818,  mortality  4;  Aug.,  1829,  mortality  tality  41 ;  1862.  Calvert,  826  feet,  Oct.  12, 
87  ;  1820,  mortality  2 ;  1821,  mortality  16  :  July  10  to  Jan.  10, 1868,  mortality  250;  1878.  Chapel 
Nov.  5, 1822,  mortality  280 ;  1828,  mortality  6 :  1824,  feet,  Aug.  6  to  Dec,  1867,  mortality  123.  C 
mortality  8:  1826,  mortality  1;  1826,  mortdity  2;  260  feet,  1878.  Columbia,  25  toet,  1883, 
1827,  mortality  4 ;  1828 ;  1829 ;  1880,  mortality  1 ;  132.  Corsicana,  426  feet,  1878.  Corpus  C 
1882,  mortality  1 ;  1888,  mortality  2,  1884,  mortality  feet,  1862;  Aug.,  1867;  1878.  Cypress  Cit 
1;  1886,  mortality  2;  1888,  mortality  8;  1889,  mor-  1868:  1869.  Danville,  160  feet,  1867.  1 
tality  9  ;  1843,  mortality  6  ;  1844,  mortality  4;  1846  ;  100  feet,  July,  1869,  mortality  18.  Goliad 
1847  ;  Aug.  12, 1848,  mortality  12;  1862,  mortally  1 ;  July  12, 1867,  mortality  23.  Galveston,  6  f 
1868,  mortality  14;  1864,  mortality  20;  1865,  mor-  80  to  Oct.  11, 1839,  mortality  260  ;  July  6, 1 
tality  6:  1872:  May  28  to  Oct.,  80, 1878,  mortality  18.  tality  400  ;  Oct.  1  to  Nov.  25,  1847,  morti 
QueenRboroiigh,  1801.  Red  Hook,  30  feet,  1856.  Aug.  16  to  Nov.  28,  1858,  mortality  636 ; 
Staten  Island,  20  feet,  Aug.  23,  1848 ;  July  14  to  Oct.  Nov.  6,  1854,  mortality  404 ;  Aug.  27  to 
28,  1856,  mortality  25.  West  Neck,  18  feet,  1796.  1858,  mortality  844;  Sept.  17  to  Nov.  80,11 
West  Point,  25  feet,  1804.  Yellow  Hook,  20  feet,  tality  i82 ;  Sept.  1  to  Nov.  20, 1864.  mort 
1856.  1866  ;  June  26  to  Nov.,  1867,  mortality  1,1 

Horih  Oarolina.— Beaufort,  8  feet,  1864;  Sept.  24  to  risbui^,  66  feet,  1867.    Hempstead,  166  fe 

Nov.  17,  1864,  mortality  68;  1871.    Smith ville,  16  Aug.  9,  to  Nov.  26, 1867,  mortality  161.     H< 

feet,  1862.     Washington,  86  feet,  1800.    Wilmington,  feet,  1863.   Houston,  37  feet,  1839  ;  1844;  18 

26  feet,  1796 ;  1800,  Aug.  9, 1821 ;  Aug.  6  to  Nov.  27,  1858:  1854;  1858;  1869;  1864;  1870.  H 
1862.  mortality  446.  200  feet,  Aug.  9  to  Oct.  19,  1867,  mortality 

Ohio.— Cincinnati,  660  feet,  1871 ;  1878,  Gallipolis,  dependence,  2.50  feet,  1867.    Indianola,  10  fc 

520  feet,  1796.  1852;  1868  ;  1858;  1859;  1862:  June  20,  1( 

Tenniylvania.— Bald  Eagle  Valley,  660  feet,  1799.  tality  80.    La  Grange,  460  feet,  Aug.  to  N 

Chester,  25  feet,  1798,  mortality  50.    Chester  County,  mortality  200.    Liberty,  40  /eet,  1867.    Liv« 

1805.     Kensington,  16  feet,  1793;  Lisbum.  260  feet,  feet,  Aug.,   1868,  mortality  4.    Matagorda 

Aug.,  1803.  Marcus  Hook,  15  feet,  1798.  Nittany,  660  1862,  mortality  120  ;  1863.    Millican,  300  fi 

feet,  1799.    Philadelphia,  86  feet,  1696  ;  Aug.  1, 1699,  Oct  16  to  Nov.  12,  1867,  mortality  4,    Moi 

mortality  220 ;  1782  ;  1741,  mortality  260 ;  1742 ;  1748 ;  180  feet,  1859.     Navasota,  200  teet.  Aug.  IS 

1744;  1747;  Aug.  to  Nov.,  1762;  1791  ;  Aug.  16  to  1867,  mortality  164.    Oldtown,  20  feet,  Oct 

Dec,  1793,  mortality  4,041 ;  1794:   1796;  Aug.  1  to  Port  Lavaca,  15  feet,  July  8  to  Oct.,  1867.    R 

Oct.  16,  1797,   mortality,  1,300 ;  Aug.  1   to  Nov.  1,  126  feet,  1853 ;  1859.  Rio  Grande  City,  200  i 

1798,  mortality  8,600 ;  July  to  Nov.,  1799,  mortality  mortality  150.    Sabine  City,  10  feet,  July 

1,000;  1800;    1801;  1802,  mortality  307 ;  1808,  mor-  1863,  mortality  14.    Saluna,  10  feet,  1868, 

tality  195;  1806,  mortality  400;  1807,  mortality  3;  land,  100  feet,  1869.    Victoria,  50  feet,  Aug. 

1809  ;  1810,  mortality  3  ;  1811,  mortality  6  ;  1818,  mor-  25, 1867,  mortality  200. 
tality  6 ;  1814,  mortality  7  ;  1815,  mortality  2  ;  1816,        Vilgfaiia.— Alexandria,  26  feet,  Aug.  1,  II 

mortality  2  ;  1819,  mortality  13  ;  July  24,  1820,  mor-  tality  200.     City  Point,  16  feet,  1798.    Gc 

tality  88;  July  19  to  Oct.,  1868,  mortality  128;  1854;  feet,  1866.    Hampton  Roads,  1869.    Norfoll 

June  29,  1870.  mortaUtyl8.    Southwalk,  20  feet,  1793.  1H7;   1794;   1796;   1796:   1797;   1798;  17! 

Rhode  iBland.— Block  Island,  20  feet,  June  to  Dec,  26  to  Oct.  80, 1800,  mortality  260;  1801 ;  18( 

1801.     Bristol,  20  feet,  1796 ;  1796  ;  1797.     Newport,  1804;  1806 ;  Aug.  1, 1821 ;  Sept  1, 1826 ;  1& 

20  feet,  1806.    Providence,  86  feet,  1794  ;  1795,  mor-  ^,  1862;  Oct  to  Nov.  2. 1864,  mortality  8 ;  J 

tality  45  ;  Aug.  18, 1797,  mortality  45 ;  1800  ;  July  19  Oct.,  1866,  mortality  1,807.    Petersburg,  20  f 


1739  ;  1746 ;  1748 ;  1768  ;  1765 ;  1761 ;  1762 ;   1768 ;  700  feet,  July,  1804. 

♦Ik?  '  olI^.^ifi^®*'  i^ri  ]ll^  No^r  5  l!^?l  °l?J-        The  yellow-fever  epidemic  of  1888  i 

tahty  239     1800,  mortality  184;  1802,  mortality  96;  fs„^   fi.    jnr^^.la   on/  r^^^„  ^f   ai«k- 

1808 ;   1804,  mortality  148 ;   1805 ;   1807,  mortality  ^       -      ^/orida  and  parts  of  Alaba 

162 ;  1812;  July  to  Nov.,  1817,  mortality  272 ;  Aujr.  vJeorgia.     It  began  m  August  and  end« 

to  Oct,  1819.  mortality  177;  June  to  Aug.,  1822,  November;  the  mortality,  all  told,  beii 

lity  2 ;  Aug.  to  Nov.,  1824,  mortality  236 ;  Aug.  ably  not  more  than  one  thousand. 


mortal! 


Sii't7Ji^'l^.Ts^^;^'ikt^^^^^  ''Z^.l',  ^pp^-^^  ^r?-  \»--  '^^ 

Nov.,  1880,  mortality  30 ;  Ailg.  to  Oct,  1834,  mor-  ^^  methods  of  recording  the  nse,  p 

tality  49 ;  Aug.  to  Sept.,  1886,  mortality  25  ;  Aug.  to  aaration,  and  extent  of  epidemic  disc 

Nov.,  1888,  mortality  851 ;  June  to  Oct.,  1839,  mor-  as  yet  hj  no  means  perfect.     The  I 


EPIDEMICS.    (Smau^pox— Cholkra.)  817 

»hjBioiaD  alike  meet  with  this  obsta-  fatal  year  it  moved  from  Persia  to  Bokhara, 

sir  researches.    A  wise  and  enlight-  Tartary,  the  shores  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  ravaged 

lie  opinion,  recognizing  the  advantage  Siberia,  and  even  penetrated  into  Russia.    In 

•bservation  and  of  permanent  record,  1880  the  plagne  desolated  the  empire  of  the 

the  future  remove  this  obstacle  and  Czar,  entering  Moscow  on  the  20th  of  Septem- 

sntal  records  afford  the  student  more  ber.     The  ravages   were  frightful.     In  two 

1  therefore  more  facilities  to  learn  months  4,886   persons  died.      Still   creeping 

slowly  westward,  in  August,  1881,  the  plague 

n. — Small-pox  is  not  indigenous  to  invaded  Prussia  and  Austria,   slaying  1,400 

arope  or  America.    Into  the  former  in  Berlin  and  2,000  in  Vienna.     From  these 

;  it  was  introduced,  by  the  Saracens,  points  it  spread  widely.    The  Baltic  provinces 

ica,  about  622  and  710  a.  d.   Its  early  suffered  first,  after  which,  leaping  the  North 

I  shrouded  in  obscurity.     Of  its  origin  Sea,  it  entered  Great  Britain,  and  on  Jan.  27, 

nothing,  but  we  do  know  now  that  1882,  broke  out  in  Edinburgh,  and  on  Febrn- 

occurs  save  as  a  consequence  of  infec-  ary  10  in  London, 

'eyed  from  one  person  to  another.  This  epidemic  seems  to  have  entered  France 

first  introduction  it  ravaged  Spain,  from  England.     On  the  15th  of  March,  1882, 

ead  over  Europe,  sparing,  however,  it  was  at  Calais,  and  on  the  28th  of  the  same 

e  such  isolated  countries  as  Denmark,  month  at  Paris,  whence  it  extended  to  Holland, 

did  not  appear  until  1527.    It  was  and  in  1883  to  Portugal.    Spain  suffered  in 

>  the  West  Indies  in  1517,  and  reached  1884.    The  mortality  was  very  great.    During 

1  1520  and  Brazil  in  1563.    Farther  the  six  months  that  the  cholera  raged  in  Paris 

first  appeared  in  Maryland,  having  it  found  18,406  victims  out  of  a  total  popula- 

Dght  there  by  an  English  ship  in  the  tion  of  645,698,  or  28  deaths  for  1,000  of  in- 

t  of  the  seventeenth  century.    Thence  habitants.     Switzerland  alone  of  all  the  na- 

rapidly  through  Virginia,  the  Caro-  tions  escaped  its  visitations. 

w  England,  and  other  portions  of  the  On  June  8,  1882,  the  cholera  made  its  first 

appearance  in  Quebec,  Canada,  having  un- 
idemic  force  of  small-pox  was,  how-  doubtedly  been  transmitted  from  Great  Brit- 
ken  by  the  discoveries  of  inoculation  ain.  Thence  it  spread  rapidly  over  the  Ameri- 
ination.    Lady  Mary  Wortley  Monta-  can  continent. 

(dnced  inoculation  for  the  small-pox  The  second  visitation  of  cholera  was  no  less 

key,  her  son  having  been  successfully  deadly  than  the  first.     From  1887  to  1847 

d  in  1718.    She  was  allowed  by  way  Europe  had  been  tree  from  it,  but  India  had 

ment  to  inoculate  seven  convicts  who,  suffered  during  the  entire  decade.     In  1845, 

'^ery,   were  pardoned.     A  small-pox  however,  the  plague  appeared  in  Tartary  and 

was  opened  in  London  in  1746,  but  a  few  months  later  in  Persia,  whence  it  spread 

yn  had  not  been  universally  adopted  rapidly  to  Egypt  via  Bagdad  and  Mecca.    Li 

mer,  in  1796,  discovered  the  safe  and  1847  it  had  reached  the  shores  of  the  Cas- 

bod  of  vaccination  with  the  pus  from  pian  Sea,  and  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year 

The  last  notable  visitation  of  small-  appeared  almost  simultaneously  in  Moscow  and 

n  in  1870,  running  over  all  of  Europe  Constantinople.     Not  until  early  in  1848  did 

rica,  and  abating  in  1878.  it  appear  in  St.  Petersburg,  but  very  quickly 

, — After  the  discovery  of  vaccination  afterward  it  was  found  in  Poland,  Holland, 

r  had  quelled  the  ravages  of  small-  France,  Belgium,  and  England.    From  France 

rope  enjoyed  comparative  immunity  theepidemicspreadtoltaly  (Switzerland  being 

Jemics  until  the  appearance  of  a  new  again  spared)  and  to  the  Mediterranean  na- 

e    (^e   cholera)   before   unheard    of  tions.    It  reached  the  United  States  in  1849, 

x>ng  known  in  India,  this  disease  first  ravaging  various  portions  of  the  country  from 

attract  the  attention  of  Europeans  in  May  to  November,  and  was  particularly  severe 

o  slow,  so  steady,  so  even  in  its  prog-  in  the  Mississippi  valley. 

be  march  of  cholera,  that  it  has  been  The  third  visitation  of  cholera  differed  from 

verage  the  daily  journey  of  a  man.  the  two  preceding,  in  that  it  did  not  start  from 

monthof  August,  1817,  cholera  broke  India,  but  originated  in  the  Baltic  states,  ap- 

ndia  in  two  separate  places,  viz.,  at  pearing  at  Copenhagen  in  July  and  August, 

ng  and  Jessore.    In  1818  it  attacked  1858.    Upon  this  occasion  the  spread  of  the 

and  invaded  Hindustan.    Ceylon  and  plague  was  unusually  rapid,  and  nearly  all  of 

Burmah  and  Sumatra,  were  attacked  Europe  was  visited  by  it  before  the  end  of  the 

ming  year.    Java,  Borneo,  and  the  year.    By  July,  1854.  it  had  made  its  appear- 

les  were  attacked  in  1820,  and  in  1821  ance  in  Northern  Africa  and  Western  Asia, 

lyria,  and  China.    Not  until  1828  did  It  raged  with  violence  among  the  armies  in  the 

>ra  reach  the  frontier  of  Europe,  where  Crimea. 

spent  its  strength  along  the  shores  of  The  fourth  and  last  epidemic  came  from  the 

>ian  Sea.  East,  reaching  Europe  through  Persia,  Mecca, 

rt  respite  followed  this  first  invasion,  Suez,  and  Egypt,  and  entering  France  through 

plague  slept  until  1829 ;  but  in  this  the  port  of  Marseilles,  in  June,  1865.     It  rav- 


318    EVANGELICAL  ASSOCIATION.  EVENTS  OF  1888. 

aged  Europe  nntil  1867,  when  it  disappeared.        27.  House  of  Sepreeentatives  passefl  the  DeAcaauj 

The  epidemic  reached   the  United  States  in  ^PP^^S*?***^  ^^"  ^  amended  by  the  Senate  (ip- 

1865,  and  wa^  most  severe  in  the  West,  espe-  P'pebra^  S^^^tL  Germany:  Treaty  of  alliance  of- 

cially  at  Chicago,  St   Louis,  and  Nashville,  fldally  announced. 

The  mortality  in  the  East  was  comparatively        6.   Qermany :   Prince  Bismarck   explidns  to  the 

light,  the  deaths  in  New  York  heing  683,  and  Keichstag  the  nature  of  the  Austro-Germanic  alliance. 

in  Brooklyn  573.     An  epidemic  of  cholera  vis-  ^^^ifl^^^  ^  °®^  ^*^^®*  ^''™®'*'  "^'^^  ^  ^^^' " 

ited  the  Mississippi  valley  in  1873.  ^T*  Germany :  The  Reichstag  passes  a  new  militiiy   ^ 

EViNGELlCAL    ISSOCUTIOBr.     The    '*  Family  loan  bill,  authorizing  an  army  of  about  700,000  meo 

Christian  Almanac  "  of  the  Evangelical  Asso-  and  appropriating  280,000,000  marks  for  the  purpoee, 
oiation  gives  statistics  of  that  hody  for  1888,  of       ?•  %J?Jftnd :  Opening  of  Parliament. 
«,k:»u   Ti.^  #rxii^nr;*.<.  ;<>  «  anrv«r«-.A««. .  xrr..T«kA»        l^'  Fishciy  oom missioncrs  for  the  Umted  States, 

which  the  foUowing  is  a  summary :  Number  Canada,  andl&reat  Britain  sign  an  international  tmty 

of  coDfereDces  (including  those  of  (xermany,  at  Washington.    The  Senate  pas»esabill  toaidintiw 

Switzerland,  and  the  Japan  mission),  26 ;  whole  establishment  and  temporary  supportof  public  schools. 
number  of  members,  141,853 ;  number  of  bap-        17.  Germany :  The  Keichstag  continues  the  anti- 

tisms— 2,560  of  adults  and  9,528  of  infants ;  of  »^^^V*  «^'"'  ^"^"^  ^®*"*  kmi     ♦u    •  •      ♦u  q.w«.  i 

J  1  1  1  Krt     L*  1       1  u  29.  The  House  passes  a  bill  authorizing  the  Secre-  j 

Itinerant  preachers,  1,159 ;  of  local  preachers,  ^^  ^f  ^^^  Treasury  to  apply  the  Treasuir  surplus  to  ; 

647;  of  churches,  1,916,  having  a  total  proba-  the  purchase  of  United  States  bonds.    New  JerKy: 

ble   value  of   $4,561,862;    probable  value  of  County  Option  High  License  bill  passed  by  the  Ai- 

parsonages,   $723,251 ;  amount  of  collections  gmbly  over  the  Governor's  veto :  Senate  oon«ai 

For  the  Missionary  Society  $107,611;  for  the  ^^Xry^^^^^^o^^^J^^t!^  "^ 

Sunday-school  and  Tract   Uniou,  $2,671;  for       March  8.  The  House  passes  the  MiUtary  and  Postal 

the  Orphan  Home,  $4,614;  for  **  Conference  Telemph  bill. 

Claimants"  (worn-out  ministers  and  the  wid-        4.  JEgypt:  The  British-Egyptian  garriaon  of  Suakin 

ows  and  children  of  deceased  ministers),  $7,-  repuls^  an  attack  of  the  Arabs. 

AK1      «.,.«v«-  «r  a«,»,i««.  ««k^^io    o  Af\A   \^iX        8.  The  Senate  passes  the  Dependent  Pensions  buL 

25l.L°"^^®^  Of  Sunday-schools    2  404,  with        ^^   Germany :  Obsequies  ofthe  late  Emperor  at 

29,910  officers  and  teachers,  and  165,255  pupus ;  charlottenburg. 

number  of  catechetical  classes,  728,  with  9,858        17.  France :  Gen.  Boulanger  deprived  of  his  com- 

catechumens.  mand. 

EVOrre  OF  1888.    The  year  was,  upon  .the  ,,^^S^^A7^^.;f  cSS'mot^'Th'e'S'nitd 

whole,  remarkable  tor  an  absence  of  conspicu-  gt^tes  Supreme  Court  confirms  the  Bell  Telephone 

OQsly  noteworthy  events.    The  general  election  patent. 

in  the  United  States,  resulting  in .  a  peaceful       22.  Both  houses  of  Congress  adopt  the  Urgent  Dfr- 

revolution  in  political  affairs,  was  the  most  im-  flci«icies  bilHapproved  April  2).  ,.,,  ,^ 

^^^«n4.   4^^    AV»A..:^«»a.    «rT«;i/v   4-r^   'i?r.»^.xA».«o         24.  Costft  Bica-NicaraiTua !  The  President  of  toe 

portant  to  Amencans ;    while  to  Europeans,  United  States  announceAis  decision  as  arbitrator, 
the   sickness  and  death  of  the   two  Cxerman        27.  France :  Gen.  Boulanger  placed  on  the  retired 

Emperors  was  for  months  the  principal  subject  list. 
of  interest.     The  wars  that  have  been  waged        29.  New  York:  The  Assembly  passes  the  Crosby 

have  been  in  remote  comers  of  the  earth,  and  ^^  ^^°®°f®  ^1^^-  .  ,  , - ,      .^,   «  ««, 

.      «  . ,         •  X     •       J.X.  i.  I.         V  *     A        80.  Brazil :  A  new  ministry  formed,  with  Scnor 

most  of  the  victories  that  have  been  gained  Alfredo  as  Premier  and  Minister  of  Finance, 
have  been  in  the  way  of  scientific  or  com-       si.  Spain :  Trial  by  jurv  approved  by  the  Senste. 

mercial  progress.  Ecuador :  Gen.  Antonio  Flores  elected  President  (see 

June  10).    Roumania:  A  new  Cabinet  formed,  with 

Jannaiy  1.  Grand  Pontifical  high  mass  celebrated  in  M.  Bosetti  as  Premier. 
St.  Peters,  Rome,  in  honor  of  the  Pope's  Jubilee — the        April  1.  The  Mills   Tariff  bUl  introduced  in  th9 

fiftieth  anniversary  of  his  consecration  as  a  priest.  House  of  Representatives. 

5.  Committees  announced  in  the  House  of  Repre-        4.  France :  A  new  ministry  formed^  with  M.  Floquofr 

sentatives  by  Speaker  Carlisle.    France:  Senatorial  as  president.    Rhode  Island:  Royal  C.  Taft  elected 

elections ;  the  Republicans  lost  three  seats.  Governor. 

8.  Completion  of  the  Mexican  International  Rail-        5.  The  Senate  passes  Bond   Purchase   bill  with, 

way.    Lucius  Q.  C.  Lamar  resigns  the  Secretaryship  amendments. 

of  the  Interior  to  aocept  a  seat  in  the  United  States        15.  France :  Gen.  Boulanger  elected  to  the  Chamber 

Supreme  Court.  of  Deputies  fVom  the  Department  du  Nord  by  mor» 

11.  Kentucky :  J.  B.  Beck  re-elected  to  the  United  than  60,000  m^ority. 

Stetes  Senate.  16.  House  of  Representatives  passes  resolution  to» 

12.  Gen.  £.  S.  Bragg  nominated  to  be  United  Stetes  purchase  United  States  bonds  witn  Treasury  surplns. 
Minister  to  Mexico;  confirmed  by  the  Senate.     The        17.  Francis  TillonNicholls(  Democrat)  elected  Got- 
Senate  confirms  the  following  nominations :  Don  M.  emor  of  Louisiana,  85,786  minority.    Stete  ele(^oik^ 
Dickinson    to    be  Postmaster- General,   William    F.  in  Louisiana. 

Vilas  to  be  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  18.  Bill  to  legalize  marriage  with  deceased  wife*» 

16.  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar  confirmed  by  the  Senate  as  sister,  passed  bv  English  House  of  Commons.  Tb^ 
Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Pope  confirms  the  declaration  of  the  Supreme  Con^rre- 

17.  The  President  transmitted  to  Congress  the  re-  oration  of  the  Holy  Roman  and  Umveiaal  InquisitioD. 
ports  of  the  Pacific  Railway  Commission.  Mississip-  condemning  the  use  of  means  known  as  ^*  the  plan  o» 
pi:  E.  C.  Walthall  re-elected  United  States  Senator,  campai^ni''  and  "boycotting"  in  contests  betweei^ 

19.  The  Senate  ratified  the  extradition  treaty  with  lanolords  and  tenanto  in  Ireland  (see  April  20). 
the  Netherlands,  and  confirms  the  appointment  of        19.  Senate  passes  bill  for  the  admission  of  Dakota- 

Eugene  Semple  to  be  Governor  of  Wasnmgton  Terri-  as  a  State,  ana  for  the  organizatioi^of  Lincoln  tB  ^ 

tory.  Territory. 

25.  Iowa :  J.   F.  Wilson  re-eleoted  United  Stetes        20.  Papal  circular  condemniuff  "  boycotting,''  eto-  9 

Senator  from  Iowa.  issued  to  Irish  bishops  (see  April  18). 


EVENTS  OF  1888. 


319 


hj  High  LioeDse  bill  passed  by  New  York 

te  (see  May  9). 

loe :  Chamber  of  Deputies  passes  Panama 

oan  bill  (see  June  5).    The  United  States 

I'orkto wn  and  the  dynamite  cruiser  Vesuvius 

\X  Philadelphia. 

t  Land  Commission  bill  passed  by  £nglish 

Commons.    Melville  Weston  Fuller,  ofllli- 

nated  by  the  President  for  Chief-Justice  of 

ne  Court  of  the  United  States. 

New   York :    General  Conference   of  the 

Episoo^  Church  opens. 

York :  Fallot  Reform  bill  passed  by  State 

(see  May  10). 

I  ork :  Bill  to  provide  for  the  execution  of 

by  electricity  passed  by  the  Senate. 

York :  Crosby  High  License  bill  vetoed  by 

HUL 

'  York :  Ballot  Reform  bill  passed  by  the 

il :  Bill  to  abolish  slavery  approved  by  the 

?ention8  representing  United  Labor  and 
tor,  met  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio ;  representing 
hts.  in  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 
\!L  DTitain :  Irish  Catholic  members  formallv 
right  of  the  Holv  See  to  interfere  in  Irish 
United  States :  The  Senate  passes  Pension 
don  bill  (see  June  7). 
Senate  passes  bill  to  establish  a  Department 
see  June  13). 

iiana :  Randall  L.  Gibson  (Democrat)  elect- 
States  Senator. 

ed  States :  Houae  of  Representatives  passes 
!  Appropriation  bill  (see  June  14). 
tral  Asia :  First  train  passes  over  the  rail- 
narcand.  Ireland:  Tne  National  League 
e  action  of  their  representatives  in  Parua- 
May  17). 

lihition  party :  National  Convention  opened 
polls,  Ind. 

ot  Reform  bill  passed  by  the  Legislature  of 
etts.  Canada :  Lord  Stanley  succeeds  Lord 
e  as  Governor-General. 
Philip  H.  Sheridan  appointed  General  of 
I  States  Army  in  accordance  with  a  special 
Qgress.  The  Senate  confirms  Robert  B. 
as  Minister  to  the  Netherlands,  and  con- 
ip  H.  Sheridan  as  Cteneral  of  the  Army, 
'he  Chamber  of  Deputies  rejects  Gen.  Bou- 
otion  of  urgencv  on  revising  the  Constitution 
ving  the  Cnambers.  New  York :  Governor 
the  bill  for  executions  by  electricity.  Ore- 
tion  carried  by  Republicans,  7,408  plurality. 
Democratic  National  Convention  meets  at 
France :  The  Senate  passes  the  Panama 
oan  bill  (see  April  28). 
er  Cleveland  renominated  by  the  Democrats 
ent  of  the  United  States. 
I  G.  Thurman  nominated  for  Viee-Presi- 
le  Democrats.  Pension  Appropriation  bill 
by  the  President  (see  May  17). 
ador :  Gren.  Antonio  Flores  inaugurated  as 

r  York:   Governor  Hill  vetoes  the  Ballot 

11. 

de  Island :  Jonathan  Chace  elected  United 

lator. 

establishing  a  Department  of  Labor  ap- 

the  President  (see  May  22). 
!  Senate  passes  Post-Offlce  Appropriation 
lay  24). 

many:    The  Emperor  Friedrich  Wilhelm 
illiam  II  succeeds  to  the  imperial  throne, 
many  :    Obsequies   of  the   late   Emperor 

III,  at  Potsdam. 

rublicai)  National  Convention  meets  in  Chi- 
June  25). 

i  House  passes  the  Naval  Appropriation  bill 
andry  Civil  Appropriation  oul. 


24.  Ireland :  A  papal  encyclical  reiterated  the  for- 
mer decree  against  ooyoottmg  and  the  plan  of  cam- 
paign. 

25.  Benjamin  Harrison,  of  Indiana,  and  Levi  P. 
Morton,  of  New  York,  respectively  nominated  by  the 
Republicans  for  President  and  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States. 

27.  The  House  of  Representatives  passes  United 
States  Public  Land  bill. 

July  2.  The  Senate  passes  the  River  and  Harbor 
Appropriation  bill.  Reunion  of  Federal  and  Confed- 
erate veterans  at  Gettysburg — twenty-fifth  anniver- 
sary of  the  battle. 

8.  Prussia:  Herr  Herrfurth  appointed  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Ministerial  Council  and  Minister  of  the 
Interior. 

9.  Mexico :  Gen.  Porflrio  Diaz  re-elected  President. 

11.  United  States :  Census  bill  passed  by  the  House. 

12.  Diplomatic  and  Consular  Appropriation  bill 
signed  by  the  President.  France:  The  Chamber  of 
Deputies  rejects  Gen.  Boulanger's  motion  for  dissolu- 
tion ;  a  vote  of  censure  i>assed  upon  Boulanger. 

13.  France :  A  duel  with  swords  between  the  Prime 
Minister  and  Gen.  Boulanger,  the  latter  wounded. 

19.  Africa :  Mi^or  Edmund  M.  Barttelot,  Stanley's 
chief  lieutenant  m  the  expedition  for  the  relief  of 
Emin  Pasha,  was  murdered  by  natives.  Italy :  The 
Chamber  of  Deputies  passes  an  Electoral  Reform 
bill. 

20.  United  States:  The  Senate  confirms  Melville 
W.  Fuller  to  be  Chief- Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
the  vote  stood  41  to  20. 

21.  The  Mills  Tariff  bill  passes  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, 162  to  149.  The  Senate  passes  Freed- 
men's  Savings  and  Trust  bill. 

23.  France:  Gen.  Boulanger  defeated  in  an  elec- 
tion for  member  of  the  Cumber  of  Deputies  (see 
August  19.) 

25.  United  States  Senate  passes  Naval  Appropria- 
tion bill. 

26.  United  States  Senate  passes  Army  Appropria- 
tion bill. 

27.  England:  The  Local  Government  bill  passed 
its  third  reading  in  the  House  of  Commons. 

30.  Venezuela :  Dr.  Juan  Pablo  Rojas  Paul  assumes 
the  presidency. 

81.  Ital^  takes  formal  possession  of  Massowah  and 
the  adjoinmg  territory. 

AQ^;Qst  1.  The  Senate  passes  Sundry  Civil  Appro- 
priation bill. 

5.  Gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan  died,  at  Nonquit,  Mass. 

6.  A  train  runs  fVom  London  to  Edinburgh,  400 
miles,  in  seven  hours  and  twenty-five  minutes,  in- 
cluding stoppages. 

8.  Tne  Senate  passes  bUl  to  prohibit  the  immigra- 
tion of  Chinese  laborers.  England:  The  Pamell 
Commission  bill  passed  its  third  reading  in  the 
House  of  Commons. 

10.  Hayti:  Louis  Etienne  Felicity  Salomon  abdi- 
cated the  presidency,  a  war  of  factions  followed. 

18.  Germany :  Count  Von  Moltke  placed  on  the  re- 
tired list  of  the  army ;  Gen.  Van  Waldcrsee  succeeds 
him  as  Chief  of  Sta£^  United  States :  The  River  and 
Harbor  bill  became  a  law  without  the  President's 
signature. 

14.  Gen.  J.  M.  Schofield  succeeds  to  the  command 
of  the  army  of  the  United  States,  vice  Sheridan  de- 
ceased. 

16.  The  American  party  met  in  convention  at  Wash- 
ington and  nominated  Gen.  James. L.  Curtis,  of  New 
York,  for  President,  and  James  L.  Grier,  of  Ten- 
nessee, for  Vice-President. 

18.  Prussia :  Karl  Heinrich  von  Bdtticher  appointed 
Vice-President  of  the  Prussian  Ministerial  Council. 

19.  France  :  (^n.  Boulan^r  re-elected  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies. 

21.  United  States  Senate  rejects  the  fi.sheries  treaty 
by  a  voie  of  80  to  27. 

28.  The  President  in  a  message  asks  for  enlarged 
powers  under  the  retaliation  act. 


I 


320  EVENTS  OF  1888. 

29.  Hanoyer:  Budolph  von  BennigBeo,  leader  of  longer  aooeptable  aa'a  diplomatic  representalive,  on 

the  National  Liberal  part^,  appointed  Oovemor.  the  ground  that  he  had  criticiaed  the  action  of  the 

81.  China  refuses  to  ratify  tne  treaty  restricting  im-  United  States  Government, 
migration  to  the  United  States.    Alabama :  Thomus        Hovember  6.   Benjamin  Harrison,  the    Bepublicu 

Seay  (Democrat)  re-elected  Governor  by  about  75,000  candidate,  elected  President, 
plurality.  '  9.  Africa :  The  Mahdi  with  a  lai^  army  is  reported 

September  8.  Arkansas :  James  P.  Eagle  (Democrat)  to  have  attacked  and  captured  the  town  of  WadaL 
elected  Governor  by  l^^Sl  majority.  10.  Europe :  An  agreement  is  announced  amoof  the 

4.  Vermont :  W.  P.  Dillingham  (Republican)  elect-  great  rowers  to  exterminate  the  African  slave  trade, 
ed  Governor  by  27,647  miyonty.  13.  The  Knights  of  Labor  open  their  eleventh  an* 

8.  The  House  of  Kepresentatives  passes  the  bill  nual  meetinff  at  Indianapolis. 

carrying  out  the  President's  recommendations  regard-        14.  Brooklyn,  N.  T. :  Strike  of  car-drivers,  three 

ing  the  fisheries.    John  L.  M.  Curry  resigns  the  post  city  lines  ^^  tied  up  *'  (strike  ends  November  16). 
of  minister  to  Spain.  19.  The  Empress-Dowager  of  Germany  (widow  of 

9.  The  President  formally  accepts  the  Democratic  Frederick),  visits  England.    American  steamer  Us;^- 
nomination  for  re-election.                                             *  tien  Republic  confis^ited  at  Port-au-Prince,  despite 

10.  Maine :  Edwin  C.  Burleigh  (Republican)  elected  the  protest  of  the  American  minister. 

Governor  by  18,495  plurality.  28.  Knights  of  Labor  re-elect  Mr.   Powderiy  u 

11.  Beniamin  Harrison  formally  accepts  the  Repub>  grand  master  workman. 

lican  nomination  for  President.    The  Qrand  Army  of        24.  The  United  States  steamship  Boston  reaches 

the  Republic  meets  at  Columbus,  Ohio.  New  York  from  Port-au-Prince,  with  yellow  fever 

18.  Chinese   laborer's  immigration  bill  approved  on  board.     Several  deaths,  including  the  snrgeoo, 

by  the  President.  occur. 

14.  The  Senate  passes  bill  regulating  the  arbitration        27.  Florida :  For  the  first  time  in  112  days  then 
of  differences  between  railroads.  are  no  new  cases  of  yellow  fever  and  no  deaths  in 

22.  China  rejects  the  immigration  treaty.  Jacksonville. 

24.  India :  The  British  contingent  gained  a  decisive        29.   England  :    The   Asheboume    Extension  bill 

victory  over  the  Thibetans  at  JiuapUi  Pass.  passes  the  House  of  Commons. 

OotoW  1.  The  President  signs  the  bill  excluding        December  2.  France :  Great  popular  demonstntioo 

the  Chinese  from  the  United  States.     Confirmations  in  Paris  in  honor  of  Baudin. 

by  the  Senate :  Lambert  W.  Tree,  of  Illinois,  to  be        8.  The  Fiftieth  Congress  begins  its  second  seBsion. 
minister  to  Russia,  and  John  G.  Parkhurst,  of  Michi-        5.  The  American  Forestry  Congress  meets  in  At- 

gan,  to  be  minister  to  Belgium.  lanta,  Ghi. 

6.  The  steel  cruiser  Baltimore  launched  at  Phila-        7.  Maryland :  A  formidable  resistance  to  legal  aa- 
delphia.  thority  begins  among  the  oyster-dredgers  of  Chest- 

7.  France:  Concessions  of  territory  announced  from  peake  Bay. 

the  King  of  Annam.  8.  Alabama :  Serious  lynching  riot,  and  loss  of  life 

8.  Melville  W.  Fuller  takes  the  oath  as  Chief- J  us-  at  Birmingham. 

tioe  of  the  Supreme  Court.  11.  The  fHrst  National  Sabbath  Convention  meeU 

9.  The  Senate :  John  H.  Oberly.  of  Illinois^  con-  at  Washington. 

firmed  as  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs.    Chicago :        12.  United  States  steamere  Ghilena  and  Yantic  buI 

Strike  of  2,000  car-drivers.    Coiijgress  passes  supple-  for  Hayti  to  demand  the  release  of  an  American  pas- 

mentary  legislation  as  to  counting  the  presidential  senger  steamer.    The  House  of  Representatives  paseet 

vote.  the  Direct  Tax  bill,  178  to  96. 

12.  Germany-Italy:  Emperor  William  visits  Rome.        18.  Africa:  Dispatches  reach  the  coast  declaring 

15.  France:  TheChamberof  Deputies  reassembles,  that  Stanley  and  Emin  Pasha  are  prisoners  to  the 
and  M.  Floquet  introduces  his  bill  to  revise  the  Con-  Mahdi. 

stitution.  14.  France :  A  bill  introduced  in  the  Chamber  ol 

17.  Hayti :  Qen.  Francois  Dennis  Legitime  elected  Deputies  eriving  the  Panama  Canal  Company  more 

President.    Subsequeutlv  his  election  was  disputed,  time  to  fill  its  contract.     South  Carolina :  The  State 

and  a  war  of  factions  followed,  lasting  until  after  the  Assembly  favorably  reports  an  educational  qualifica- 

end  of  the  year.  tion  for  voters. 


negroes.    The  General  Deficiency  bill  approved  by  nies. 

the  President.  ^  Congress  adjourns  after  the  longest  20.  Congress  adjourns  till  Jan.  2,  1889.    Egypt: 

continuous  session  on  record.  Engagement  between  the  British  and  E^rptian  garri- 

22.  The  Supreme  Court  affirms  the  constitutionality  son  of  Suakin,  and  a  besieging  force  of  Arabs,  the 

of  the  law  against  liquor-selling  in  Iowa,  and  of  an  latter  defeated  with  lieavy  loss. 

Alabama  law  prescribing  tests   for  color-blindness  21.  Africa :  Dispatches  to  date  of  August  17  agree 

among  railroad  einployte.  that  Stanley  and  Emin  Bey  are  safe  and  at  liberU. 

28.  Scotland:    The  Pamell  libel  case  against  the  United  States:  Both  houses  of  Congress  adijoum  ror 

'*  London  Times,"  opens  at  Edinburgh.  the  holidays. 

27.^  Ha^ti :   The   American  steamer  Haytien  Re-  28.  Hayti :  The  confiscated  American  steamer  flay- 

public,  siezed  by  the   local  authorities  for   alleged  tien  Republic  surrendered  to  the  United  States  vessels 

Dlockade-running.  sent  to  Port-au-Prince  to  secure  her  release. 

80.  Lord  Sackville- West,  the  British  minister  resi-  24.  Great  Britain :  Parliament  ac^ ourns  till  Jan.  81, 

dent  at  Washington,  officially  notified  that  he  is  no  1889. 


FINANOIAL  REVIEW  OF  1888.  S2t 


F 

IL  BEVIEW  OF  1888.  This  year  was  passenger  and  freight  rates,  and  mismanage- 
ble  oue  in  very  many  respects.  Two  ment  of  these  roads  finally  became  so  atrocious 
of  Germany  died  within  an  interval  that  bankers  representing  large  interests  here 
e  more  than  three  months;  yet  these  and  abroad  were  called  upon  to  interfere  and 
d  the  saccession  of  the  jonthfol  demand  a  reformation.  The  country  was  gen- 
William  III  resulted  in  no  politi-  erally  prosperous ;  farmers  received  good  prices 
n  and  in  no  financial  disturbance,  for  their  crops ;  manufacturers  realized  fair 
i  great  European  monetary  centers  profits  while  labor  was  suitably  rewarded  ; 
a  demand  for  gold  with  which  to  merchants  in  almost  every  section  had  reason 
requirements  of  the  Argentine  Be-  to  be  satisfied  with  the  results  of  the  yearns 
of  Russia,  but  with  such  care  was  business,  and  losses  through  failures  in  trade 
cted  that  no  legitimate  business  in-  were  comparatively  limited.  Bat  while  the 
ectly  suffered.  At  home  there  was  industrial  and  mercantile  classes  enjoyed  a  good 
ly  excited  presidential  canvass  which  degree  of  prosperity  many  of  those  who  depend 
1  a  radical  change  in  the  administra-  upon  the  proceeds  of  investments  for  support 
while  the  campaign  was  mo^t  hotly  were  harrassed  by  the  fear  of  loss  if  they  did  not 
there  was  no  interruption  to  busi-  actually  suffer  from  reduction  of  revenue  caused 
although  the  question  of  the  tariff  by  smaller  dividends  from  share  properties, 
ly  involved,  manufacturing  of  goods  At  the  opening  of  the  year  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
e  affected  was  only  partially  checked,  land  had  a  stock  of  £20,164,214  bullion,  38  per 
he  market  value  of  silver  to  the  low-  cent,  of  reserve  to  liabilities,  and  a  4  per  cent, 
m  record  did  not  arouse  apprehen-  minimum  rate  of  discount.  The  highest  stock 
e  public  mind  concerning  the  stabil-  of  bullion  during  the  year  was  £28,460.624, 
cnrreiicy.  although  the  vaults  of  the  March  21,  and  then  the  proportion  of  reserve 
rere  full  to  overflowing  of  the  coined  was  44f ,  and  the  bank-rate  2  per  cent.  By 
d  the  only  effect  produced  by  the  de*  December  6  the  bullion  had  been  drawn  down 
ver  was  temporarily  to  limit  th6  out-  to  £18,808,478,  the  bank  minimum  had  ruled 
mines.  While  gold  was  at  intervals  at  5  per  cent,  since  October  8,  although  for 
o  Europe  none  went  forward  as  an  several  weeks  the  open  market  discount  rate 
>peration,  the  shipments  being  whol-  was  only  2f  per  cent.,  and  the  bank  had  ad- 
special  order.  Speculators  manipu-  vanced  the  price  of  gold  bars  to  the  highest  fig- 
otton  market  in  August  and  forced  ures,  77  shillings  10^  pence,  in  order  to  check 
o  high  that  the  staple  was  imported  withdrawals  of  bullion  for  export.  When  the 
irpool  at  a  profit,  and,  in  October  year  opened  the  Bank  of  France  had  £44,088,- 
i  advanced  to  figures  which,  could  104  gold.  The  highest  for  the  year  was  £46,- 
have  been  obtained  abroad,  would  488,652,  and  the  lowest  £40,668,482,  Novem- 
led  its  importation.  The  country  her  29.  On  January  7  the  estimated  amount 
ly  good  crop  of  winter  wheat  and  of  gold  in  the  Bank  of  Germany  was  £25,986,- 
a  partial  failure  of  spring  sowed  000.  The  greatest  sum  was  £88,782,000,  June 
former  maturing  under  very  favora-  28,  but  by  the  beginning  of  November  this 
ions,  while  the  latter  was  blighted  had  dwindled  to  £28,568,000.  Comparing  the 
)dentedly  early  frosts,  yet  the  com-  highest  and  the  lowest  amounts  of  bullion  in 
ed  injury.  Early  in  the  spring  the  each  of  the  three  banks,  it  is  seen  that  there  was 
visited  by  the  most  severe  storm  a  loss  of  £5,157,151  by  the  Bank  of  England, 
cperienced  in  many  years,  while  at  £4,775,220  by  that  of  France,  and  £5,169.000 
time  mild  weather  prevailed  in  the  by  that  of  Germany.  The  shipments  from  this 
forth  west,  and  when  the  wheat  in  country  to  Great  Britain  were  about  £2.250,- 
»n  was  being  blasted  by  frost  the  000,  and  to  Germany  £2,900,000,  and  all  this 
-e  was  genial  at  all  other  points  in  gold  was  drawn  for  indirect  shipment  to  South 
y.  While  the  great  transportation  America.  The  bankers  in  London  and  Berlin 
so  crowded  with  business  that  the  who  had  contracted  to  supply  the  Argentine 
3k  was  insuflScient  for  the  traffic  a  Bepublic  kept  the  open  markets  of  the  princi- 
jes  was  inaugnrated  by  one  of  the  pal  European  centers  bare  of  gold  during  the 
irvatively  managed  roads  in  the  East,  greater  part  of  the  year,  but  how  much  was 
lot  only  in  demoralization  of  tariffs  thus  obtained  it  is  impossible  to  say.  The 
>ttling  confidence  in  the  market  value  movement  to  South  America  was  doubtless 
ks  at  home  and  abroad.  Executive  nearly  equal  to  three  fourths  the  aggregate  of 
railroad  corporations,  responsible  for  all  the  withdrawals  from  the  European  banks 
'share  and  bond  property,  permitted  and  from  New  York,  or  not  far  from  £14,000,- 
»rdinates  to  aid  in  depreciating  its  000,  the  remainder  going  to  Russia,  which  took 
frequently  and  perristently  cutting  £5,000,000,  and  Holland,  £1,000,000.  The  Ar- 
a.,  zzvni. — 21  A 


822 


FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OF  1888. 


gentiDe  loan,  negotiated  earlj  in  the  year  in 
England  and  Germany  was  for  the  purpose  of 
enabling  the  free  banking  system  of  that  conn- 
try  to  be  carried  into  effect.  This  law  pro- 
vided for  the  issne  of  notes  of  banks  against  a 
4J-per-oent.  Government  stock  for  which  pay- 
ment could  be  made  only  in  gold,  which  metal 
was  required  to  be  lodged  in  the  National  Bank 
until  January  1,  1890,  after  which  it  might  be 
used  by  the  Government  for  the  redemption  of 
a  portion  of  the  foreign  debt.  After  the  drain 
of  gold  from  London  and  other  European  cen- 
ters had  become  so  great  as  to  absorb  the  open 
market  supply,  a  re^^ort  was  had  to  the  banks 
for  further  amounts,  and  then  it  was  that  the 
official  discount  rates  began  to  be  disturbed. 
Almost  simultaneously,  early  in  October,  the 
rates  at  the  Banks  of  England  and  France  were 
advanced,  the  former  to  5  and  the  latter  to  4}^ 
per  cent.,  and  at  the  same  time  there  was  an 
unexpected  shipment  of  £500,000  in  Bank  of 
England  notes  to  Russia,  supposed  to  be  for 
the  purpose  of  holding  in  lieu  of  gold  against 
a  new  issue  of  rubles.  The  condition  of  the 
European  markets  became  so  strained  by  rea- 
son of  this  movement  to  South  America  and  to 
Russia,  that  the  bankers  negotiating  with  the 
Argentine  Republic  notified  that  Government 
that  farther  shipments  thither  would  endan- 
ger the  success  of  the  loan,  and  thereupon  the 
banking  law  was  amended  so  as  to  permit  the 
gold  held  by  the  National  Bank  to  be  released. 
This  temporarily  relieved  the  pressure,  and  the 
gold  thereafter  sent  to  South  America  was 
ordered  out  from  New  York  by  London  and 
German  bankers.  Toward  the  end  of  Novem- 
ber a  London  and  Paris  syndicate  negotiated 
a  £20,000,000  conversion  loan  for  the  Russian 
Government,  and  this  tended  to  keep  the  rates 
for  money  high  at  all  the  European  centers  for 
the  remainder  of  the  year. 

Among  the  important  events  of  the  year  was 
the  successive  defeat  of  various  labor  organiza- 
tions. The  determined  stand  taken  by  the  Phila- 
delphia and  Reading  managers  in  January  re- 
sulted in  the  abandonment  by  the  Knights  of 
Labor  in  th&  mining  regions  of  all  efforts  to 
dictate  the  policy  of  the  company,  and  this  also 
caused  the  ending  of  the  miners'  strike  in  the 
Lehigh  valley  region.  The  next  movement  of 
importance  was  that  of  the  engineers  on  the 


were  more  clearly  manifested  this  year, 
the  annual  convention  in  November  the 
report  showed  a  decrease  of  800,000  in 
bership  during  the  year,  and  only  259,r 
the  rolls.    The  losses  were  heaviest  ii 
Eastern  States  and  in  the  large  cities, 
treasurer's  report  showed   that  the 
were  not  sufficient  to  meet  the  expenses 
retrenchment  became  necessary. 

The  silver  question  was  rarely  discussec^ 
ing  the  year.  The  United  States  Treasar^= 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  both  sugge^K 
Congress  the  advisability  of  suspending  c^=: 
of  the  standard  dollar  and  the  keeping  ^ 
purchases  of  silver  bullion  in  the  form  of 
but  no  action  was  taken  by  Congress 
suggestion.  The  order  of  the  Secretary  ^^ 
Treasury  directing  that  checks,  drawn  a  m 
deposits  of  gold  by  the  banks  in  the 
Treasury,  be  received  for  duties  at  th^ 
York  Custom -House  went  into  effect  J'^^ 
and  it  not  only  proved  of  great  convenie*^ 
the  mercantile  public,  but  it  tended  to  ^  ^ 
the  demand  for  currency,  including  silver* 
tificates. 

The  follawing  tabular  survey  of  the  ' 
nomical  conditions  and  results  of  1888  ^ 
trasted  with  these  of  the  preceding  yc^ 
from  the  '*  Commercial  and  Financial  (jtM^ 
icle  " : 


BcolfOMtcAL  coNDmoira 

AND  RESULTS. 

Cuin  and  curreney  in  the  Unit- 
ed States,  November  1 

Bank  clearings  in  the  United 
States...  

Business  fUlnres 

Imports  of  merchandise 

Exports  of  merchandise 

Gross  earnings,  108  railroads . . 

Railroad  construction,  miles. . . 

Wheat  raised,  bushels 

Com  raised,  bushels 

Cotton  raised,  bales 

Pig-iron  produced,  gross  tons. 

Steel  rails,  Bessemer,  net  tons. 

Anthracite  coal,  gross  tons. . . . 

Petroleum  (runs),  production, 
barrels 

Immigration  into  the  United 
States... 


$1,678,009,969 

61,t>50,7n&,S85 

167,560,944 

706,81M7S 

716,801,044 

874,569,865 

18,080 

466«829,000 

1,456,161.000 

7,017,707 

6,417,148 

S,290,197 

84,641,017 

31,819,037 

610,058 


188^- 


$1,694,71^ 

49,097,IM^ 
138.8!^' 
7«6,»4U- 
691.766^ 
886,e9fi^ 

T, 
414,66&' 

1,9S7,TW,* 

6.900,* 

6,499.: 

1,B2a,C 

88,146,1 

16,099sii 

518,1 


The  prices  of  leading  staples  on  or  about  Jt 
1, 1889,  compared  with  prices  at  the  same  da 
in  1888  and  1887,  were  as  follows: 


PRICES  OF  LEADING   STAPLES, 

Cotton,  middling  uplands,  per  pound 

Wool,  American  Xa,  per  pound 

Iron,  American  pig  No.  1.  per  ton 

Steel  rails  at  nUlls,  per  ton . ; 

WheatjNo.  2  red  winter,  per  bushel 

Gofn,  Western  mixed  No.  2,  per  bushel 

Pork,  mess,  per  barrel 


1887. 

1888. 

1880. 

$20  00  to  $21  00 
$86  00  to  $87  00 

98» 

48i 
$12  25  to  $12  75 

87 
$21  00  to  $21  60 
$82  00  to  $88  00 

92 

68 
$16  60  to  $16  00 

8? 

$18  00  to  $18  61 
$88  00 

$10H 
46 
$14  00  to  $14  8J 

Chicago,  BuHinfi^on  and  Quinoy.  The  defeat 
of  the  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engineers 
was  a  severe  blow  to  the  organization,  and  one 
from  which  it  did  not  recover.  The  indications 
of  disintegration  of  the  order  of  Knights  of  La- 
bor which  were. visible  at  the  close  of  last  year 


Mamfkclnlig  bABtifeeb — With  the  excepti 
of  the  strike  of  the  miners  in  the  Schuyli 
and  Lehigh  valley  coal  regions,  early  in  18C 
and  some  smaller  troubles  of  this  character 
other  branches  of  business,  at  intervals  darii 
the  year,  producers  and  manufacturers  w6 


FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OF  1888.  323 

Mratively  ondistorbed  by  the  demands  of  modation  io  the  call-loan  branch  of  the  market, 

organizations.     The  fact  was  early  rec-  where  the  rate  gradually  fell  to  an  average  of 

^  that   Congress  would  make  an    at-  2  per  cent.    In  May  the  exports  of  gold  en- 

t^  to  revise  the  tariff,  and  the  uncertainty  couraged  lenders  to  hope  that  they  could  do 

bi  existed  regarding  the  final  action  of  that  better  later  in  the  season   than  by  offering 

upon  this  sabject  induced  manufacturers  money  at  the  then  low  rates,  and  many  of 

Cycles  likely  to  be  affected  by  changes  in  them  withheld  their  offerings  on  time  and  em- 

ftjiff  to  restrict  their  operations  and  to  con-  ployed  their  funds  in  the  call-loan  market,  but 

i^e  production  so  far  as  was  possible  to  the  demand   was  comparatively  insignificant 

at  needs.   It  was  not  until  after  the  presi-  and  the  smaller  supply   had  no  effect  upon 

»J  election  that  there  was  any  important  rates.    Early  in  June  time-loans  were  quoted 

C;j  in  manufacturing  of  goods,  and  then  at  2^  per  cent,  for  ninety  days,  8  for  four 

ijQ  woolens.    The  production  of  cottons  months,  and,8i  for  the  remainder  of  the  year, 

ftjge  and  the  mills  generally  did  a  profit-  and  toward  the  middle  of  the  month  the  rate 

t^usiuess.     The  output  of  pig-iron  was  was  2  per  cent,  for  sixty  days.    In  July  some 

<  per  cent,  below  the  large  production  foreign    money   was    placed    for   about  four 

^7,  and  the  decrease  was  most  marked  in  months'  time  at  1|  to  2^  per  cent,  on  strictly 

rner  pig.    The  manufacture  of  structural  prime  collateral,  and  this  forced  domestic  lend- 

emd  steel,  however,  was  greater  than  in  ers  out  of  the  market  temporarily.    By  the 

or  in  1886.  The  product  of  the  Tennessee  close  of  the  month,  however,  quotations  were 

Llsbama  iron- manufacturing  districts  was  2^  to  3  per  cent,  for  sixty  days,  8  for  ninety 

^ing  feature,  as  also  was  the  new  process  days ;  8^  for  four  months,  and  4  to  4(  for  four 

e  petroleum  jet  blast  for  the  manufacture  to  six  months.    Early  in  August  there  was  a 

ron  and  steel,  which,  it  was  claimed,  would  slight  advance  in  the  call-loan  rate,  due  to 

itly  reduce  the  cost  of  production.     The  withdrawals  of  funds  for  the  West,  but  before 

put  of  anthracite  coal  was  the  largest  on  the  close  quotations  fell  off  again,  influenced 

ord,  and   schedule  prices  were   generally  by  the  light    inquiry  for    time-loans   which 

iU  maintained  until  December,   when   de-  caused  lenders  to  employ  their  money  on  call. 

Msed  consumption  and  an  accumulation  of  Then  quotations  were  2(  to  8  per  cent,  for 

xkscansed  a  slight  reduction.  sixty  to  ninety  days;  3  to  8j^  for  ninety  days 

'^  IbKy  Market* — Money   on  call,  repre-  to  four  months ;  and  81  to  4^  for  four  to  six 

Dted  by  bankers'  balances,  ranged  from  10  months.    By  the  middle  of  September  rates 

1  percent  during  the  year.    The  6  and  7  were  5  per  cent,  for  four,  ^yq,  and  six  months, 

f  cent,  rates  were  in  January,  on  March  2,  but  very  little  was  done  and  there  was  then  an 

d  on  October  8,  due,  on  the  last  named  day,  impression  that  rates  would  become  still  easier 

large  withdrawals  for  the  West  and  also  by  by  reason  of  a  return  of  funds  from  the  West. 

e  customary  demand  for  settlements.    In  the  During  the  firist  few  days  in  October  call-loans 

t  two  weeks  of  December,  8  per  cent,  was  advanced  to  7  per  cent.,  partly  in  consequence 

}orded,  and  on  the  last  day  of  the  year  of  withdrawals  for  the  monthly  settlements, 

mej  loaned  at  10  per  cent.,  but  then  the  but  mainly  because  of  a  drain  of  money  to  the 

Mnd  caine  from  belated  borrowers  in  the  West,  it  being  attracted  thither  by  the   wild 

leoce  of  representatives  of  lenders.    Scarce-  speculation  in  wheat.    Time-loans  were  then 

tnjtbing  was  done  in  time-loans  in  stock  quoted  at  41  to  5  per  cent  for  four,  five,  and 

lateral  until  toward  the  close  of  January  six  months,  but  they  were  not  in  demand,  and 

eo  there  were  a  few  transactions  at  4)  toward  the  close  of  the  month,  under  the  in- 

eent  for  six   months  and   4   for   sixty  fiuence  of  offerings  by  bankers  with  foreign 

s.    Rates  grew  easier  early  in  February  connections,  the  rate  fell  to  8  to  8j^  per  cent. 

contracts  were  made  at  8  per  cent  for  for  the  remainder  of  the  year  and  4  to  5  for 

J  days  to  four  months,   and   4   for   six  four,  ^ye^  and  six  months.    Call  money  had  by 

iths,  hot  towarrl   the  close  of  February  this  time  gradually  declined  to  an  average  of  2 

8  were  firmer  at  4  to  5  per  cent,  for  ninety  per  cent.    Early  in  November  many  of  the 

(  to  four  months  and   5   to  5^  for  six  banks  and  trust  companies,  finding  time-loans 

tlM,  the  expectation  then  being  that  bank  nnremunerative  and  commercial  paper  scarce, 

Tea  would  be  materially  reduced  by  Treas-  bought  freely  of  railroad  mortgages  taking 

operations.    These  rates  ruled  quite  uni-  anything  that  would  yield  above  4  per  cent., 

ly  throughout  March,  becoming  slightly  but  later  in  the  month  there  was  a  good  in- 

r  toward  the  close,  but  early  in   April,  quiry  from  almost   every  quarter  for  time- 

T  the  influence  of  offerings  of  foreign  loans,  based  upon  the  expectation  of  an  active 

ij  on  call  and  on  time,  rates  fell  to  8  to  demand  for    money  for    manufacturing    and 

ir  cent  for  sixty  days  to  four  months  and  business  enterprises,  and  rates  moved  up  to  3^ 

» 5  for  six  months  to  the  end  of  the  year,  per  cent  for  sixty  days ;  4  for  ninety  days  to 

r  the  Secretary  of  the    Treasury  com-  f  our  months;  and  4j^  to  6  for  four  to  six  months, 

ced  to  buy  bonds,  thus  insuring  ease  in  Call  money  ranged  from  4  to  2  per  cent.    In 

ey.  the  offerings  were  liberal  but  the  de-  December    lending  on  time   was  practically 

d  was  not  urgent,  borrowers  being  satis-  confined  to  a  few  of  the  city  trust  companies 

that  they  couM  procdre  all  needed  accom-  and  to  out-of-town  institutions  and  the  de- 


1 


824 


PINANOIAL  REVIEW  OF  1888. 


mand  was  Dot  very  argent  nntil  toward  the 
close  when  there  was  a  good  inquiry  for  loans 
for  sixty  days  at  4  per  cent.  Kates  early  in 
the  month  were  8  to  8^  per  cent  for  sixty 
days,  8}^  to  4  for  sixty  days  to  four  months, 
and  4^  to  6  for  four  to  six  months.  After  the 
middle  of  the  month  bank  reserves  fell  off, 
three  of  the  largest  city  institutions  held 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  surplus  reported  by 
all  the  banks,  call-money  ruled  at  an  average 
of  about  6  per  cent.,  and  the  supply  came 
chiefly  from  bankers  having  balances  and  a 
few  trust  companies. 

Early  in  the  year  mercantile  paper  was  in 
abundant  supply.  Rates  were  5  to  5^  per 
cent,  for  sixty  to  ninety  day  indorsed  bills  re- 
ceivable in  the  beginning  of  January,  grad- 
ually falling,  under  the  influence  of  a  better 
demand,  to  4f  to  5  by  the  end  of  the  month. 
In  February  the  range  was  from  4^  to  6,  and 
in  March  paper  sold  less  freely  with  rates  up 
to  5  to  5(  per  cent,  by  the  close.  In  April  the 
supply  was  small,  but  the  demand  was  good, 
and  rates  were  4}  to  5(  per  cent.  In  May 
Quotations  fell  off  to  4  to  4^,  and  in  June,  in- 
fluenced by  more  urgency  in  the  inquiry,  rates 
declined  to  3^^  to  4  per  cent.,  recovering  in  the 
next  month  to  4  to  4^,  and  in  August  to  4^  to 
6.  In  September  paper  was  abundant,  but 
none  of  the  banks  were  buying,  and  conse- 
quently rates  advanced  to  5}^  to  6 ;  but  in  Oc- 
tober the  demand  improved,  and  quotations 
fell  to  4|  to  6,  dropping  the  next  month  to  4 
per  cent.  In  December  the  inquiry  grew  light 
toward  the  close,  and  the  quotation  was  5^ 
per  cent. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  above  that  at  no  time 
during  the  year  was  there  any  real  scarcity  of 
money,  and  borrowers  on  call,  on  time,  and  on 
commercial  paper  found  a  comparatively  lib- 
eral supply  offering.  The  New  York  associ- 
ated banks  held  at  the  beginning  of  the  year 
$108,658,200  gold  and  legal-tender  notes,  con- 
sisting of  $75,235,400  of  the  former  and  $28,- 
417,800  of  the  latter.  By  the  end  of  March 
the  gold  had  been  reduced  to  $71,351,800,  but 
under  the  influence  of  bond  purchases  and 
other  accumulations  from  Treasury  operations, 
this  item  was  carried  to  $98,694,200  by  July  14, 
and  then,  by  resson  of  the  demand  for  the  in- 
terior for  crop  purposes,  it  fell  to  $78,862,400 
by  September  8,  rising  to  $94,281,800,  the 
maximum  of  the  year,  by  October  20,  showing 
the  effect  of  large  bond  purchases  and  the  re- 
turn movement  from  the  interior.  The  legal- 
tender  maximum  for  the  year  was  recorded 
August  4.  Then  the  drain  to  the  West  and 
South  caused  a  decline  to  the  minimum  of 
$26,700,900     by    November    10.       Deposits 


were  $371,305,900,  the  minimam  of 
January  7,  and  the  maximum,  $421 
was  reached  October  20,  meanwhi 
Irom  $418,234,000,  July  14,  to  $40( 
September  22.  Loans  and  discount 
the  minimum,  $354,767,900,  January 
at  the  maximum,  $897,243,200,  Oc 
The  surplus  reserve  was  $10,826,7S 
opening  of  the  year,  rising  to  $28, 2£ 
January  28,  falling  to  $8,620,875  Aj 
covering  to  $28,463,700,  the  maxim 
16,  declining  to  $10,314,550  October 
ly  reacting  to  $16,901,025  October  20, 
gradually  falling  to  $6,281,350  Decen 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  wii 
to  the  relief  of  the  money  market,  anc 
to  distribute  the  Treasury  holdings 
decided  early  in  the  year  further  to 
the  number  of  designated  depositorie 
pursuance  of  this  policy,  the  amount  • 
on  deposit  with  national  banks  throuf 
country  was  increased  from  $52,109,9 
ary  1,  to  $61,921,294  by  May  1.  T 
lowed  a  gradual  reduction  to  $59,09 
September  1,  and  afterward,  in  cod 
of  the  surrender  of  bonds  for  the  sc 
deposits,  the  amount  was  reduced  to 
078,  December  1,  and  at  the  end  of 
the  public  money,  held  by  the  desigi 
positories  was  $52,890,154.  Under  tb 
ity  of  the  act  of  October,  1882,  r 
April  17,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasurjf 
28  commenced  purchasing  4  and  4( 
United  States  bonds,  continuing  to 
the  end  of  the  year,  with  the  excep 
on  October  10,  after  taking  $51,394, 
chases  of  the  4-per-cents.  were  sc 
and  thereafter  buying  was  confined  tc 
The  bond-purchases  at  the  end  of 
amounted  to  $101,715,500,  and  the  f 
therefor,  including  premiums,  was  $ 
940.  The  bonds  came  chiefly  from  N 
and  vicinity,  and  payments  for  the  sa 
made  through  the  banks  in  this  sectii 
country,  thus  largely  accounting  foi 
crease  of  cash  and  of  reserves  in  oc 
But  to  the  extent  that  these  bonds  m 
by  the  Treasury  as  security  for  circnli 
amount  distributed  to  the  banks  wa 
per  cent,  of  the  par  value  and  the  p 
The  high  price  which  the  bonds  ooi 
in  the  market  by  reason  of  the  Treai 
chases  induced  liberal  surrenders  of 
tion  after  the  befnnning  of  Septen 
these  were  confined  by  law  to  $3,00( 
month. 

Appended  is  the  New  York  Clearii 
statement  of  totals  at  the  beginning 
quarter  of  1888  and  at  the  end  of  the 


DATE. 

Jtrnxuaj  7 

March  31 

Juno  80 

September  89 

December  29 


$8eo,070,fiOO 
8«8,68S.0Q0 
877,0«i,800 
890,707300 
88^798,700 


Sped*. 


$76,286,400 
71,861,800 
90,707,100 
86.828,400 
78,621,$00 


CimiUtioD. 


$8,089,900 
7.602,700 
7,887,600 
8,689,000 
4,888,800 


Dtpotlti. 


$871,806,900 
878318JH>0 
408380,700 
408.n4,900 
400314,800 


V 


FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OF  1888. 


325 


»nditfon  of  the  New  York  Clearing-Hoase  banks,  the  rates  for  money,  exchange,  and 
d  prices  for  United  States  bonds  on  or  about  Jan.  1,  1889,  compared  wi^  the  preced- 
rears,  are  shown  in  the  following  summary : 


BARK  RKTUKNS,  RTC. 

CiTT  Bahkb: 
Iduooonts 

D 

dta. 

iers. 

resenre 

eld 

OS  resenre. 

(WAMOB,  Silt  SB : 

«T,  W  days 

xmdcia.  per  ounee 

cling  bilb,  60  daya 

t.TB8  Bonds  : 

ey,1898 

L,  coupoQ 

, ooapon 


1887. 


$848,6S7.5(M) 

8^,718,100 

7,911,500 

859,268,600 

19,870,400 

89,817,150 

1 0^2,088,500 


$12,271,850 


1811 

iioi 

187i 


1888. 


$856,540,000 
71,189,800 
8,077,800 
859,859,800 
27,259,800 
89,689,950 
98,899,100 


$8,559,150 
5^6 

125 

108( 

126i 


1880. 


$88a798,700 

76,521,800 

4,862,800 

400,814,600 

29,888,700 

100,078,650 

10e,860,U00 


$6,281,850 
4  65 


127* 
108* 
126f 


» — ^The  imports  of  merchan- 
888  were  $16,405,675  above  those  for 
i  the  exports  of  domestic  and  foreign 
lise  for  the  same  time  were  $23,584,- 

The  excess  of  merchandise  imports 
^rts  for  the  year  was  $38,457,691, 
>6,482,566  exports  over  imports  in 
bere  was  an  excess  of  $37,199,619  ex- 
*,r  imports  of  specie  and  ballion  in 
inst  $24,872,499  imports  over  exports 

The  excess  of  exports  over  imports 
iodise  and  specie  in  1888  was  $3,741,- 
i8t  $18,389,983  imports  over  exports 

1  exchange  was  strong  early  in  Jann- 
»nseqnence  of  a  scarcity  of  commer- 

aud  the  low  rates  for  discoants  in 
acoarafred  purchases  of  long  sterling. 
he  middle  of  the  month  offerings  of 
drafts  and  a  reduction  ip  the  Bank 
id  minimum  to  three  per  cent,  from 
ed  a  decline  in  sight  bills,  and  the 
ie  market  was  heavy  at  the  close  of 
h.  At  the  beginning  of  February 
s  a  fall  of  one  cent  per  pound  ster- 
ily  due  to  the  offerings  of  bills  against 
ities  placed  abroad,  and  it  was  esti- 
at  over  $30,000,000  railroad  bonds 

so  disposed  of  since  the  commence- 
the  year,  money  in  Europe  being 
I  to  1^^  in  London  for  sixty  days'  to 
nths'  bank  bills,  2^  to  2|  in  the  open 
t  Paris,  and  If  to  If  at  Berlin.  By 
le  of  the  month,  however,  the  tone 
aer  in  consequence  of  a  scarcity  of 
lough  there  was  a  reduction  in  the 
Sngland  minimum  to  2^  per  cent.,  and 
:e  of  the  Bank  of  France  to  the  same 
Toward  the  end  of  the  month  and 
if  arch  there  was  a  farther  advance  in 
iue  to  a  limited  supply  of  commercial 
to  a  demand  to  remit  for  stocks  sold 
»pean  account,  confidence  abroad  in 
1  securities  being  unsettled  by  the 
I  ^e  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy, 


and  by  the  unfavorable  traffic  returns  of  the 
Erie  and  of  the  Reading.  About  the  middle 
of  March  the  Bank  of  England  minimum  was 
reduced  to  2  per  cent,  but  this  had  no  particu- 
lar effect  upon  exchange,  which  became  easier, 
mainly  because  of  offerings  of  bills  drawn 
against  purchases  of  stocks  for  European  ac- 
count. The  first  shipment  of  gold,  $300,000, 
was-  made  March  29,  but  this  went  out  on 
special  order,  and  not  as  the  result  of  an  ex- 
cnange  operation.  Early  in  April  the  rates 
fell  off  because  of  continued  offerings  of  bank- 
ers' bills,  although  commercial  sterling  con- 
tinued scarce,  but  before  the  close  of  the  month 
there  was  an  upward  reaction,  partly  <lue  to 
dearer  money  in  London,  which  early  in  May 
caused  an  advance  in  the  Bank  of  England 
minimum  to  8  per  cent.  There  were  other 
shipments  of  gold  May  9,  May  12,  and  dur- 
ing the  week  ending  May  26,  but  these  were 
also  sent  on  special  order,  and  indirectly  to 
the  Argentine  Republic,  London  bankers  then 
being  engaged  in  supplying  demands  for  that 
country,  which  gradually  grew  urgent.  At 
no  time  during  the  month  were  the  rates  of 
sterling  high  enough  to  justify  gold  exports 
as  an  exchange  operation.  The  Bank  of  Eng- 
land reduced  its  minimum  rate  to  2|  per  cent. 
June  6.  The  bills  drawn  against  the  negotia- 
tion of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  the  Reading, 
and  a  Canadian  loan  gradually  came  upon  the 
market  in  June,  but  additional  shipments  of 
gold  were  made,  also  on  special  order.  The 
rates  fell  off  in  July,  but  gold  continued  to  go 
forward  in  response  to  an  apparent  deterrai- 
nati<m  by  the  managers  of  the  Imperial  Bank 
of  Germany  still  furllier  to  augment  its  sup- 
plies of  the  metal.  Toward  the  close  of  the 
month  exports  of  grain  were  liberal,  and  these 
furnished  a  better  supply  of  commercial  bills, 
and  there  were  also  offerings  of  drafts  in  an- 
ticipation of  the  movement  of  cotton.  The 
pressure  of  this  exchange  caused  a  further  de- 
cline in  rates  early  in  Aueust,  but  the  tone 
soon  grew  firmer  under  the  influence  of  dearer 


326  FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OF  1888. 

money  in  London  and  an  advance  in  the  Bank  cember  were  made  because  the  bankers  aboT« 

of  England  minimum  to  8  per  cent.     On  the  referred  to,  being  parties  to  the  negotiation  of 

9th  the  corner  in  August  deliveries  of  cotton  the  Russian  conversion  loan  of  £20,000,000, 

not  only  stopped  the  export  of  that  staple  but  were  willing  to  pay  a  premium  for  bar- gold 

it  caused  the  import  of  cotton  from  Liverpool,  amounting  to  about  one  half  to  one  quarter  of 

to  the  value  of  about  $500,000,  thus  affecting  a  penny  per  ounce  below  the  price  demanded 

commercial  bills.     In  September  the  market  by  the  Bank  of  England.    The  movement  to 

was  in  an  anomalous  condition.     Rates  were  Germany  in  the  summer  was,  as  stated  above, 

near  the  gold  exporting  point,  because  com-  due  to  efforts  of  the  Imperial  Bank  to  augment 

mercial  bills  were  small  in  volume,  the  supply  its  stock  of  this  metal,  and,  having  obtained  a 

being  limited  in  consequence  of  the  scarcity  supply,  the  bank  sought  to  retain  it  by  advanc- 

of  freight-room  which  prevented  free  ship-  ing  its  rate  of  discount,  and  December  6  this 

ments  of  staples.    Discounts  were  so  high  in  rate  moved  up  to  4^  per  cent.,  thus  aiding  in 

London  that  bankers  did  not  care  to  anticipate  attracting  further  amounts  from  London  and 

a  decline  in  the  exchange  market  by  making  New  York. 

speculative  sales.  Sterling  was  directly  af-  Battrotds. — ^The  majority  of  managers  of  rail- 
fected  on  the  Idth  by  an  advance  in  the  Bank  roads  of  the  country  claimed,  in  those  of  tbe 
of  England  minimum  to  4  per  cent.,  and  a  rise  annual  reports  which  at  the  end  of  the  year 
in  the  Bank  of  France  to  8}.  Toward  the  end  were  made  public,  that  their  properties  had  felt 
of  the  month  rates  were  very  firm,  and  on  the  effect  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  sections  of  the 
October  4  the  Bank  of  England  minimum  Interstate  Commerce  Act,  and  partinnlarlj  of 
was  further  advanced  to  5  per  cent.,  the  Bank  the  latter,  which  prohibits  pooling,  more  se- 
of  France  to  4^,  and  that  of  Germany  to  4,  verely  than  they  did  during  that  portion  of  tbe 
forcing  a  rise  in  sight  sterling  very  near  to  the  previous  year  in  which  the  act  was  in  opera- 
gold  exporting  point,  and  on  the  9th  $6|)0,000  tion,  for  tiie  reason  that  the  competition  from 
was  sent  to  London  on  special  order.  The  new  lines  was  great,  and  also  because  agree- 
speculation  in  wheat  stopped  exports,  and  the  ments  for  the  maintenance  of  rates  were  not 
cotton  movement  was  late,  so  that  the  supply  generally  regarded.  The  Eastern  trunk  lines 
of  commercial  bills  was  insignificant.  About  suffered  to  some  extent  from  the  aggressive 
the  middle  of  the  month  sterling  fell  off  on  a  course  pursued  by  the  Canadian  roads,  bat  the 
better  offering  of  bankers*  bills  and  a  lighter  old  established  routes  felt  the  influence  of  corn- 
demand,  and  by  the  close  the  tone  was  de-  petition  by  more  recently  established  tmnk  ' 
cidedly  easier,  there  then  being  a  greater  sup-  lines  and  their  connections,  to  which  differeo- 
ply  of  cotton  drafts  and  cheaper  money  in  tials  had  to  be  given,  and  these  rates  were  bj 
London,  due  to  the  temporary  suspension  of  no  means  uniformly  maintained.  In  the  North- 
gold  exports  to  South  America.  In  November  west  the  old  roads  were  called  upon  to  meet 
commercial  and  bankers'  l)ills  were  scarce,  the  competition  of  newly  organizea  lines  which 
there  was  a  demand  to  cover  speculative  soles,  waged  a  guerilla  warfare  to  get  business,  and 
and  rates  were  firm  throughout  the  month,  succeeded  in  keeping  rates  in  an  unsettled  state 
Toward  the  close  about  $5,000,000  gold  went  throughout  nearly  the  whole  of  the  year.  Id 
to  London  and  Germany,  whoUy  on  special  the  Southwest  rates  were  forced  to  low  points 
order.  In  December  the  tone  of  the  market  by  excessive  competition  and  the  aggressive 
was  firm  for  short  bills  and  easy  for  long,  in  course  of  the  Missouri  Pacific,  and  the  result 
consequence  of  dearer  discounts  in  London,  was  reductions  of  dividends  to  points  never 
and  during  the  second  week  some  bankers  ad-  before  reached  in  the  history  of  the  roads, 
vanced  short  drafts  to  a  price  very  near  the  Southern  lines  enjoyed  a  greater  degree  of 
gold  exporting  point,  but  no  gold  was  sent  as  an  prosperity  by  reason  of  an  increase  of  traffic 
exchange  operation,  although  about  $3,000,000  and  comparative  immunity  from  competitioDi 
went  to  Germany  and  $2,000,000  to  London  on  but  some  of  the  Eastern  roads  suftered  severely 
special  order.  In  the  third  week  the  exchange  during  the  year,  although  mainly  from  local 
market  was  quiet  and  firm,  and  $1,000,000  gold  influences.  One  feature  was  the  action  of  the 
went  to  Berlin.  For  the  remainder  of  the  Iowa  railroad  commissioners  in  formulating  ft 
month  the  tone  was  barely  steady,  but  without  new  distance  tariff  of  rates  for  roads  in  that 
any  alteration  in  nominal  rates.  None  of  the  State  far  below  those  previously  ruling.  This 
gold  sent  abroad  this  year — $11,252,962  to  action  was  resisted  by  the  companies,  and 
London  and  $14,514,467  to  Berlin — went  for-  on  application  to  Judge  Brewer,  of  the  Unit- 
ward  as  an  exchange  operation.  The  metal  ed  States  Supreme  Court,  an  injunction  was 
was  flrst  attracted  to  Gr^at  Britain  by  a  desire  granted,  July  26,  restraining  the  commission- 
on  the  part  of  the  bankers — who  were  under  ers  from  enforcing  the  new  tariff,  the  judge 
engagement  to  supply  the  Argentine  Republic  taking  the  ground  that  rates  must  be  reason* 
— to  avoid  disturbing  the  London  money  mar-  able  and  just,  and  sufficiently  high  to  ena- 
ket  by  drawing  from  the  Bank  of  England,  ble  the  roads  to  meet  expenses  and  fixed 
On  October  9  the  news  of  the  shipment  hence  charges  and  leave  something  for  the  stockhold- 
of  $500,000  tended  immediately  to  ease  the  ers.  The  manner  in  which  the  railroad  com- 
open  market  discount  rate  in  London.  The  missioners  prepared  their  tariff  was  made  the 
exports  to  that  center  in  November  and  De-  subject  of  a  judicial  investigation  by  State 


FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OF  1888. 


327 


Fairall,  and  irregDlarities  were  disclosed 
ent  to  induce  bim  also  to  enjoin  the  exe- 
1  of  the  tariff.  These  decisions  served  to 
uce  the  commissioners  of  other  Western 
( to  be  more  conservative  in  their  action, 
^mplaints  of  injustice  were  confined  to 
>wa  commissioners.  The  coarse  taken  by 
irectors  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and 
aul  in  passing  the  dividend  on  the  com- 
stock  and  reducing  it  on  the  preferred 
mber  12,  aroused  the  European  stock- 
rs  of  the  company  to  that  extent  that 
almost  unanimously  agreed  to  deposit 
holdings  with  a  prominent  London  bank- 
[>u8e  with  a  view  to  securing  united  action 
If-protection  against  what  they  regarded 
skleas  management  on  the  part  of  the  di- 
rs.  Subsequently,  October  18,  the  Atohi- 
'opeka  and  Santa  F6  managers  themselves 
d  the  co-operation  of  an  American  bank- 
ouse  with  European  connections  with  a 

to  giving  assurance  to  stock  and  other 
ity  holders  that  the  financial  affairs  of  the 
any  would  be  conservatively  administered, 
ig  November  a  plan  was  made  public  for 
rganization  of  a  railroad  clearing-house, 
ded  primarily  to  embrace  only  the  Sontb- 
m  roads.    But  the  scheme  was  afterward 

to  include  all  lines  running  northwest, 
and  southwest  of  Chicago  and  St.  Louis. 
9  shape  in  which  it  was  presented  it  pro- 
l  the  opposition  of  some  of  the  Granger 
,  and  this  led  to  important  modifications, 
onsideration  of  the  plan  was  subsequently 
red,  and  early  in  December,  in  response  to 
3ral  demand  for  the  adoption  of  some  meas- 
which  would  result  in  ending  the  rate  wars 
n  restoring  and  maintaining  tariffs,  con- 
ces  were  held  in  Chicago  by  some  of  the 
3m  railroad  managers,  which  were  attend- 
r  Commissioners  Cooley  and  Morrison  of 
nt^rstate  Commission,  and  the  fact  was 
disclosed  that  the  unsettled  condition  of 
passenger  business  resulted  mainly  from 
ssae  of  tickets  to  brokers  who  were  al- 


came  aroused  to  such  an  extent  that  a  demand 
was  made  for  radical  reforms  in  railroad  man- 
agement. During  the  third  week  in  December 
there  was  a  conference  in  New  York  between 
the  presidents  of  the  leading  Western  roads  and 
bankers  with  European  connections,  which  re- 
sulted in  an  agreement  being  made  to  restore 
and  maintain  rates,  and  to  limit  the  authority 
of  subordinates  to  change  the  tarifil  Petitions 
were  in  circulation  at  the  close  of  the  year  for 
the  modification  of  the  Interstate  Act,  but 
the  commissioners  were  understood  to  be  op- 
posed to  any  essential  change  in  the  law,  and 
it  was  regarded  as  probable  that  nothing  would 
be  done  at  that  session  of  Congress.  The  South 
Carolina  Legislature  amended  the  State  law  so 
as  to  restore  the  power  of  the  railroad  com- 
mission to  regulate  rates  of  freight  and  pas- 
senger transportation.  Among  the  prominent 
events  of  the  year  were  the  placing  of  the  Mis- 
souri, Kansas  and  Texas  in  the  hands  of  re- 
ceivers ;  the  completion  of  the  reorganization 
of  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading,  the  Texas  and 
Pacific,  and  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio;  the 
financial  embarrassments  of  the  Atchison,  To- 
peka  and  Santa  F6,  resulting  from  the  Chicago 
extension  and  the  railroad  war  in  the  South- 
west ;  the  purchase  by  Mr.  Gould  of  a  control 
of  the  St.  Louis,  Arkansas  and  Texas;  the 
placing  of  the  Minneapolis  and  St.  Louis  in 
the  hands  of  a  receiver ;  the  changes  in  the 
management  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio ;  and 
the  lease  by  the  Louisville,  New  Albany  and 
Chicago  of  the  Louisville  Southern,  giving  it 
connection  with  Chattanooga  and  the  South. 
Railroad  construction  was  active  early  in  the 
year,  and  the  new  mileage  for  1888  was  about 
7,000  miles,  which,  at  $20,000  per  mile  for 
road  and  equipment,  would  call  for  an  outlay 
of  about  $140,000,000.  The  following  shows 
gross  and  net  earnings  of  the  principal  trunk 
roads,  the  reports,  except  for  the  Pennsylvania, 
being  made  for  fiscal  years,  and  the  returns  of 
the  New  York  Central  including  the  operation 
of  the  West  Shore  leased  line : 


R04D8. 

1882-*83. 

1883-*84. 

1884-'85. 

1885-*86. 

1886-*87. 

1887-*88. 

ri.TA7nA: 

ii  eamtnffs 

$51,088,252 
19,886,102 

88,n0,912 
18,020,127 

22,802,246 
7,85T,6«8 

19,787,887 
8,705,828 

$48,566,918 
18,089,902 

28.141^,669 
10,299,856 

21,687.486 
5,279,858 

19,486,607 
7,760,800 

$45,615,004 
16,18^269 

24,429,441 
8,110,069 

18,984,578 
4,567,056 

16,616l642 
^648,057 

$50,879,077 
17,759,482 

80,506,861 
11,895,984 

22,500,046 
6,111,408 

18,422,488 
6,986,695 

$55,671,818 
18,584,728 

85.297,056 
12,908,482 

24,210,858 
6,819,685 

20,659,086 
6,688,905 

$68,172,068 

esmings 

foBK  Ckittbal: 

s  earnings 

18,840,925 
86,182,920 

samingB 

8,872,299 

B  earnings 

24,882,819 

nmings . .          , 

6,829,850 

fORB  AKD  Ohio  : 

■  earnings 

20,858,492 

Muminn 

6,152,980 

1  an  excessive  commission,  which  course 
lecided,  by  Messrs.  Cooley  and  Morrison, 

in  violation  of  law.  Revelations  of  the 
odB  pursued  by  some  railroad  officials  for 
urpose  of  evading  the  Interstate  Act  called 

the  expression  by  the  commissioners  of  a 
mination  to  punish  such  violations  of  the 
a  could  be  proved,  and  public  feeling  be- 


The  Crops* — The  wheat-crop  for  the  season 
of  1888,  as  reported  by  the  Department  of  Ag- 
riculture, was  414,868,000  bushels,  while  that 
of  corn  was  1,987,790,000,  or  about  the  largest 
on  record.  Good  authorities  claim  that  the 
cotton  crop  will  be  not  far  from  6,900,000 
bales.  Conditions  for  winter  wheat  were  un- 
favorable throughout  the  entire  season,  and  the 


I 


328 


FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OF  1888. 


average  was  nniformly  low,  but  the  harvest  was 
better  than  was  expected,  the  average  yield 
being  aboat  twelve  bushels  to  the  acre.  Spring 
sowed  wheat  started  in  good  condition,  and  the 
highest  average  was  in  July.  During  the  fol- 
lowing month  there  was  a  material  reduction, 
and  in  September  there  came  frosts  in  the 
extreme  Northwest  which  caused  irreparable 
damage  in  some  sections,  the  extent  of  which 
was  not  fully  revealed  until  after  the  harvest. 
Corn  planting  was  delayed  in  the  northern  por- 
tion of  the  belt  by  reason  of  low  temperature, 
but  favoring  suns  and  rain  aided  in  a  rapid  de- 
velopment of  the  plant,  and  the  condition  was 
high  during  the  entire  season  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Kansas  where  hot  winds  and  local 
droughts  did  some  damage.  The  crop  was 
gathered  under  very  favorable  circumstances, 
and  the  bullc  of  it  was  out  of  the  way  of  frost 
before  the  advent  of  freezing  temperature.  The 
oat  crop  was  unprecedented,  being  estimated 
at  about  707,737,000  bushels,  that  of  barley  at 
60,000,000,  and  that  of  rye  at  25,000,000  bush- 
els. Cotton  was  late  in  comins;  to  maturity  by 
reason  of  heavy  rains  during  September.  The 
indications  early  in  the  season  pointed  to  defi- 
cient crops  of  wheat  in  all  the  importing  coun- 
tries of  Europe,  and  this  news  stimulated  a 
prompt  movement  of  the  grain  to  market,  and 
our  farmers  generally  obtained  good  prices  for 
their  product.  Toward  the  close  of  Septem- 
ber speculative  manipulation,  based  upon  evi- 
dence of  a  shortage  in  the  crop  of  spring  sowed 
grain  carried  the  price  to  two  dollars  for  the 
options  of  that  month  and  correspondingly 
affected  the  price  for  later  deliveries.  This 
checlced  exports  and  caused  a  sharp  advance 
in  the  price  of  flour.  Of  the  3,568,650  bush- 
els of  wheat  exported  during  October  only  303,- 
800  went  from  the  Atlantic  ports,  the  remain- 
der being  shipped  from  San  Francisco  and  oth- 
er Pacific  ports  from  whence  the  exports  for  the 
corresponding  month  in  1887,  were  only  668,- 
654  bushels.  Of  the  2,733,694  bushels  of  wheat 
exported  in  November,  2.382,522  were  shipped 
from  the  Pacific  coast.  For  six  months  ending 
December  31,  exports  of  wheat  were  28,220,770 
bushels,  of  which  17,584,316  went  from  Cali- 
fornia and  Oregon,  against  44,679,666,  of  which 
10,340,417  from  the  Pacific  ports,  for  the  same 
time  in  1887.  Wheat -flour  exports  for  six 
months  this  year  were  4,843,790  barrels  against 
6,235,926  for  the  corresponding  period  in  1887. 
Taking  the  prices  in  the  New  York  market 
on  or  about  January  1  in  each  year  and  the 
total  yield  for  the  previous  season,  we  have 
the  following  approximate  results : 


THE  CROPS.                       Yield. 

Price. 

ValM. 

1887. 

Wheat,  bushels 

Corn,  bushels 

Cotton,  bales 

45fi.  829,000 

l,45fi,161.nOO 

7,017,707 

10  92 
63 

1  Oli 
46 

H 

|419,822,flW 
917,281,480 
859,768,807 

1888. 

Wheat,  bnshels 

<  'orn,  bnshels 

Cotton,  bales. 

41 4.86a  000 

1.9$7,790,0<K) 

6,900,000 

421.091.020 
914,8aS,400 
880,006,250 

The  Stodc-Market  fw  1888. — During  the  whde 
of  April  and  July,  the  greater  part  of  January, 
June,  August,  and  September,  and  the  latter 
portion  of  December,  the  stock-market  was 
strong,  while  in  March,  May,  November,  and 
October  it  was  weak,  and  in  February  the 
tendency  was  generally  downward.    The  de- 
clines were  at  intervals  arrested  and  the  cur- 
rent of  prices  changed  by  favorable  news, 
manipulation  of  specialties,  and  the  temporarj 
removal  of  causes  of  depression.     The  cutting 
of  rates  by  Western,  Northwestern,  and  Sonth- 
western  roads  continued  almost  without  inter- 
ruption from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the 
year,  and  the  lower  revenues  resulting  there- 
from compelled  a  reduction  of  dividends  (o 
such  an  extent  that,  in  one  case — that  of  the 
St.    Paul — the   European    stockholders   were 
induced  to  unite  for  self- protection,  and  in 
December  prominent  banking-houses,  who  rep- 
resented large  investment  interests  here  and 
abroad,  felt  called  upon  to  interfere  and  insist 
upon  the  ending  of  the  disastrous  rate-war. 
Through  their  influence  a  pledge  to  restore 
tariffs  was  obtained,  and  the  railroad  sitnatioa 
improved  toward  the  close  of  the  year.    While 
the  principal  transportation  lines  were  unfa- 
vorably influenced  by  rate- wars,  the  stocks  of 
the  coal  companies  reflected   the  harmonious 
management  of  this  important   interest,  and 
the  market- values  of  these  properties  almost 
nniformly  improved.    There  was  a  more  con- 
fident feeling  at  the  opening  of  January  re- 
garding the  immediate  future.    This  was  based 
upon  the  expectation  of   continued  ease  ia 
money  and  upon  the  conviction  that  the  pub- 
lic would  soon  come  into  the  market,  first  as 
purchasers  of  bonds  and  then  of  stocks.    There 
was  a  good  demand  from  investors  at  honie 
and  abroad  for  railroad  mortgages  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  month,  but  it  was  not  until 
the  third  week  that  the  inquiry  for  stocks 
grew  important.     Then  the  market  became 
active,  and  it  continued  strong  to  the  close. 
Reading  was  unfavorably  infiuenced  early  in 
the  month  by  the  strike  of  miners  in  the 
Schuylkill  region  of  Pennsylvania,  these  men 
demanding  an  advance  in  wages  and  insisting 
upon  the  reinstatement  of  train  employes  who 
had  been  discharged  for  cause.    This  strike  re- 
sulted in  a  virtual  suspension  of  mining  by  the 
Reading  during  the  entire  month,  but  the  other 
coal  companies  were  not  unfavorably  affected, 
because  the  demand  for  coal  was  in  excess  of 
the  supply.    Later  in  the  montli  the  very  en- 
couraging  annual   reports  of  the  Delaware, 
Lackawanna  and  Western  and  of  the  Delaware 
and  Hudson  stimulated  good  buying  of  these 
properties.    Cutting  of  rates  by  some  of  the 
Granger  roads  encouraged  attacks  by  the  bears 
early  in  the  month,  and  later  there  was  an 
assault  upon  Reading  and  the  Gould  specialties, 
but  the  short  interest  was  so  largely  increased 
by  these  speculative  sales  that  the  bull  party 
were  enabled  to  turn  the  market  upward  dur- 
ing the  third  week  in  the  month,  the  prop- 


FINANOIAL  REVIEW  OF  1888.  829 

were  most  largely  oversold  were  ern  roads  to  cease  cntting  and  to  restore  rates; 
need,  and  the  tone  was  strong  to  but  before  the  close  of  that  week  Missonri  Pa- 
le  month.  In  Febrnary  the  coorse  citic  fell  heavily  on  a  rumor,  subsequently  con- 
s  downward,  influenced  by  vigor-  firmed,  that  the  dividend  would  be  reduced. 
»f  rates  byroads  in  the  Northwest,  During  the  last  week  of  the  month  Reading 
involved  all  the  Granger  lines,  was  attacked  on  the  news  that  the  statement 
the  close  of  the  mouth,  by  the  for  Febrnary  would  show  a  large  loss  in  net 
he  engineers  on  the  Chicago,  earnings,  and  the  market  was  more  or  less  un- 
and  Quincy,  caused  by  the  re-  settled  to  the  close  in  consequence  of  bearish 
iemand  for  increased  wages,  and  attacks  and  disquieting  rumors  regarding  the 
adherence  of  tiie  company  to  its  railroad  situation  in  the  West.  The  strike  on 
lassification  of  engineers  accord-  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  was  offi- 
;h  of  service  and  the  character  cially  declared  off  April  4,  the  attempt  to  in- 
c  they  performed.  Early  in  the  duce  the  switchmen  at  Chicago  to  assist  the 
f  the  month  the  pacific  tenor  of  engineers  by  refusing  to  handle  freight  of  the 
Prince  Bismarck  before  the  6er-  company  having  failed,  and  this  was  the  first 
lent  had  a  stimulating  effect  upon  signal  defeat  of  the  Brotherhood  of  Engineers 
n  markets,  and  the  improvement  since  the  strike  of  1877.  Another  important 
eflected  in  our  own.  This  was  event  affecting  the  stock-market  was  the  action 
selling  some  of  the  trunk-line  of  Congress  on  the  Bond  Purchase  measure, 
le  theory  that  the  fight  between  which  was  immediately  followed  by  an  order 
roads  would  involve  Eastern  con-  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  directing  pur- 
;  subsequently  the  action  of  the  chases  of  4  and  4^  per  cent,  bonds;  and  an- 
[ecutive  committee  in  settling  ex-  other  event  was  the  breaking  of  the  deadlock 
id  ignoring  cuts  by  Western  lines  in  the  House  of  Representatives  over  the  Di- 
ng about  a  reaction.  During  the  rect  Tax  Refund  Bill,  that  body  having  been 
the  Granger  war  was  less  vigor-  in  continuous  session  for  nine  days,  thereby 
ite<1,  and  the  strike  of  the  miners  obstructing  important  legislation.  The  move- 
Ikill  region  was  practically  ended,  ment  in  stocks  was  a  little  feverish  during 
ided  in  a  decided  recovery.  The  the  first  few  days  of  the  month  owing  to 
ras  irregular,  although  generally  disquieting  rumors  from  the  West,  but  it  soon 
the  third  week,  but  during  the  fell  the  influence  of  the  ending  of  the  Chi- 
of  the  month  the  engineers'  strike,  cago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  strike  and  of  the 
ocks  for  European  account,  and  other  events  above  noted «  and  there  was  a  sub- 
3nstrations  caused  the  market  to  stantial  recovery  in  the  market,  which  con- 
Rate  -  cutting  was  vigorously  tinned,  almost  uninterruptedly  to  the  close, 
>y  Western  roads  during  March,  large  purchases  of  bonds  by  the  Secretary  of 
le  end,  when  there  was  an  agree-  the  Treasury  after  the  28d  almost  daily  stimu- 
»re  rates;  but  while  the  war  was  in  lating  an  advance.  The  rise  in  some  of  the 
stocks  of  the  Granger  roads  were  properties  was  so  rapid  during  April,  that  in 
unsettled.  Reading  was  unfavor-  May  realizing  sales  and  bearish  attacks  were 
early  in  the  month  by  decreased  invited,  and  the  tendency  of  the  market  was 
for  January.  The  striking  engi-  downward.  The  course  of  prices  was,  how- 
Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  ever,  only  gradually  changed.  In  the  first 
g  against  the  road  in  every  con-  week  of  the  month  the  bears  sought  to  force 
iner,  endeavoring  to  prevent  its  declines,  but  their  efforts  appeared  to  be  re- 
eration  with  non-union  engineers,  sisted  by  purchases  for  European  and  domestic 
;hat  other  Western  lines  would  be  account.  The  Northern  Pacifies  were  favora- 
1  a  depressing  effect.  The  em-  bly  affected  by  reports  of  negotiations  for  the 
business  in  this  section,  and  the  purchase  of  a  large  tract  of  land;  and  Mis- 
f  trading  on  the  stock-exchange,  souri  Pacific  and  the  other  Gould  specialties 
n  the  blizzard  of  March  12,  did  not  advanced  in  consequence  of  speculative  ma- 
nnfavorably  infinence  the  market,  nipniation.  The  bears  first  attacked  New  Eng- 
is  business  was  resumed  purchases  land,  Reading,  and  Union  Pacific.  Then  ad- 
*  European  account  carried  prices  vantage  was  taken  of  unfavorable  weather  for 
ird,  but  toward  the  close  of  that  the  crops  to  assail  the  Grangers.  The  decline 
[>f  the  strike  on  the  Atchison,  To-  was  checked  on  the  16th  by  the  news  of  the 
ita  F6,  the  men  sympathizing  with  prompt  taking  in  London  of  the  Baltimore 
9  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  and  Ohio  loan  for  $10,000,000,  and  this  indi- 
rnmors  of  similar  trouble  on  the  cated  the  favorable  reception  of  the  Reading 
c,  brought  about  a  downward  re-  loan  when  that  should  be  offered,  but  in  the 
n  followed  a  recovery,  assisted  by  following  week  gold  exports  to  Germany  on 
on  that  the  strike  on  the  Chicago,  special  order  were  large,  the  liquidation  of  the 
nd  Quincy  was  practically  ended,  pools  in  Reading,  St.  Paul,  and  New  England 
'  securing  a  full  complement  of  was  discovered,  and  persistent  attacks  by  the 
d  also  by  the  agreement  of  West-  bears  carried  prices  downward  until  the  25th, 


830  FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OF  1888. 

when  news  that  a  syndicate  had  bonght  $24,-  lative  movement  in  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and 
686,000  of  the  Reading  4-per-cents,  and  $11,-  Western.     During  the  first  week  there  was  a 
946,880  of  the  first  preference  incomes  caused  sharp  fall  in  Central  New  Jersey,  caused  by  the 
a  rise  in  that  stock  in  which  the  whole  market  marketing  of  a  block  of  stock  owned  by  the 
sympathized.    During  the  last  few  days  of  the  Lehigh  Valley,  but  when  this  was  disposed  of 
month,  however,  the  bears  renewed  their  at-  there  was  a  rapid  recovery.    The  tendency  of 
tacks  upon  the  market,  assailing  Missouri  Pa-  the  market  was  downward  in  the  second  week, 
cific,  New  England,  Reading,  and  St.  Paul,  and  the  bulls  among  the  traders  having  sold  their 
the  fall  in  these  made  the  movement  more  or  stocks,  and  the  bears  being  encouraged  to  in- 
less  unsettled  to  the  close.    Stocks  were  un-  dulge  in  raids.     The  Grangers  were  affected 
favorably  affected  during  June  by  the  pro-  by  news  of  frosts,  and  there  was  some  selling 
longed  discussion  of  the    tariff  bill    in    the  of 'St.  Paul  in  expectation  of  reduced  dm- 
House ;  by  the  action  of  the  Iowa  railroad  dends.      Early  in  the  following  week  there 
commissioners  in  promulgating  rates   below  was  a  manipulated  advance  in  the  last-named 
those  formerly  rulmg ;  by  cuts  by  the  trunk  stock,  the  coal-shares  were  pushed  upward, 
lines;  and  by  reduced  dividends  on  some  of  the  and  later  the  Vanderbilt  specialities  took  the 
principal  Western  roads.    One  prominent  event  lead,  followed  by  the  Northern  Pacifies  and 
was  the  placing  of  the  Reading  4-per-cent.  the  Oregons,  the  two  latter  being  affected  bj 
fifty-year  loan  in  London  and  New  York,  and  the  news  that  the  remainder  of  the  North- 
another  was  the  purchase  by  the  Pullman  of  ern  Pacific  third  mortgage  had  been  sold  to  a 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  palace-car  outfit.    The  Frankfort  syndicate.    Toward  the  close  of  this 
course  of  the  market  was  irregularly  down-  week  the  Grangers  fell  off  in  consequence  of 
ward  until  about  the  middle  of  the  second  cutting  of  rates,  and  the  Canadian  stocks  were 
week,  when  there  was  a  reaction,  due  to  a  cov-  unfavorably  affected  by  the  message  of  the 
ering  of  short  contracts,  and  prices  were  not  President  on  the  relations  of  this  country  with 
affected  by  the  news,  on  the  16th,  of  the  death  Canada.    During  the  last  week  in  the  month 
of  the  Emperor  Frederick,  of  Germany,  as  the  there  was  a  further    advance  in  Delaware, 
foreign  markets  were  not  in  the  least  influ-  Lackawanna  and  Western,  and  in  the  other 
enced  thereby.     During  the  third  week  the  coal-shares,  in  the  Northern  Pacifies,  and  in 
tendency  was  generally  upward,  and  the  ez-  the  Oregons,  and  later  in  the  Grangers,  which 
istence  of  a  large  short  interest  not  only  aided  were  influenced  by  the  decision  of  State  Judge 
in   sustaining  prices,   but  it  encouraged  the  Fairall  in  the  Iowa  railroad  cases,  he  restrsin- 
bulls  to  advance  some  of  their  specialties.    The  ing  the  commissioners  from  putting  into  effect 
market  gradually  improved  in  tone  and  in  ac-  the  new  tariff.     The  market  closed  strong. 
tivity  during  July.    Crop-prospects  were  ex-  European  purchases  of  stocks,  manipulation  of 
cellent;    the    Iowa   railroad  managers  were  leading  Granger  and  coal  properties,  based 
looking  for  a  favorable  decision  in  their  suit  upon  a  prosperous  crop  and  coal  season,  and 
before  the  Uuited  States  Court  to  restrain  the  liberal  buying  of  stocks  by  domestic  investors 
Iowa  railroad  commissioners  from  enforcing  and  speculators  caused  prices  to  rise  rapidly 
the  new  distance  tariff  of  rates,  and  there  was  during  the  early  part  of  September.     Tbeo 
good  buying  of  stocks  for  European  account,  followed  a  sharp  fall  in  St.  Paul,  due  to  the 
The  Grangers,  the  coal-shares,  the  Gould  spe-  passing  of  the  diyidend  on  the  common  stock, 
oialties,  and  the  Northern  Pacific  properties,  succeeded  by  as  rapid  a  rise  od  news  that  the 
took  the  lead  early  in  the  month.    Then  came  foreign  stockholders  had  combined  for  motoal 
a  rise  in  Western  Union,  based  upon  the  fa-  protection  against  the  management,  and  one 
vorable  outlook  for  the  ending  of  the  cable- rate  prominent  feature  thereafter  was  a  well-sos- 
war,  and  later  there  was  an  advance  in  Louis-  tained  advance  in  New  England.    The  market 
ville  and  Nashville,   encouraged  by  the  ex-  was  generally  strong  to  the  close.    One  featore 
pectation  that  a  stock  dividend  would  soon  be  toward  the  end  of  the  month  was  a  heavy  fall 
declared.    New  York  and  New  England  and  in  Hocking  Valley  on  the  news  that  the  arhi- 
American  cotton-seed  oil  certificates  were  the  trators  in  the  suit  against  J.  S.  Burke  had  de- 
favorites  with  speculators  in  this  class  of  stocks,  cided  against  the  company.    Considering  the 
and  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western  and  fact  that  the  news  was  unfavorable  early  in 
Delaware  and  Hudson  were  directly  affected  October,    stocks    held    up    remarkably  well. 
by  the  improved  prospects  of  the  coal- trade.  There  were  unsettled  gram-markets  resulting 
Toward  the  close  of  the  month  the  Grangers  from  the  wheat  deal  at  Chicago,  a  good  in- 
were  favorably  influenced  by  the  decision  of  quiry  for  money  for  the  West,  a  suspension  on 
Judge  Brewer  in  the  Iowa  railroad  cases,  and  the  10th  of  purchases  of  4-per-cents.  by  the 
thereafter  for  the  remainder  of  the  montli  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the  financial  embar- 
market   was  active  and  strong.     In  the  first  rassment  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa 
few  days  of  August  the  leaders  were  New  Eng-  F6,  and  liquidation  by  some  of  the  pools  in 
land,  Lake  Shore,  Western  Union,  Reading,  the  the  specialities.    Early  in  the  second  week  the 
other  coal  properties,  and  Union  Pacific.    The  bears  indulged  in  frequent  raids,  but  the  effect 
Grangers  were  favorably  affected  by  news  from  of  these  was  to  some  extent  counteracted  by 
the  crops,  and  soon  after  the  opening  of  the  manipulation  of  New  York  and  New  England  - 
month  one  feature  was  a  well-sustained  specu-  the  Grangers,  Union  Pacific,  and  Heading,  and 


FINANCIAL  REVmW  OF  1888.  331 

>enl  purchases  of  bonds  by  the  See-  London,  and  this  again  encouraged  attacks  by 
he  Treasury.  Toward  the  end  of  the  the  bears,  bnt  later  the  declaration  of  the  usual 
msettled  market  in  Boston,  due  to  a  dividends  on  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern 
II  in  Atchison.  Topeka  and  Santa  F6,  and  a  confirmation  of  reports  that  an  agree- 
e  speculation  nere,  but  supporting  or-  ment  had  been  made  to  restore  rates  among 
d  the  nuirket  to  close  strong.  During  the  Southwestern  roads  brought  about  a  recov- 
veek  it  was  announced  that  the  finan-  ery,  and  the  market  closed  strong  for  all  except 
rrassments  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  New  England,  which  was  freely  sold  in  conse- 
F6  had  been  relieved  by  the  issue  of  quence  of  the  closing  of  the  transfer  books, 
'  notes  for  $7,000,000,  secured  by  a  thus  setting  at  rest  rumors  that  there  would  be 
3nd  mortgage,  but  this  had  only  a  a  contest  for  control.  The  tendency  was  gen- 
effect  upon  the  stock,  which  steadily  erally  downward  for  the  remainder  of  the 
infavorably  influencing  New  England  month,  with  a  sharp  fall  in  Rock  Island  as 
r  all  properties  owned  in  or  managed  the  feature  during  the  last  week,  but  the  trunk 
on.  An  abstract  of  the  annual  re-  lines  were  inclined  to  improve  on  news  that  a 
e  Missouri  Pacific  making  unsatis-  partial  agreement  had  been  made  to  restore 
^closures  caused  a  sharp  fall  in  that  rates  on  west  bound  business.  In  December 
and  about  the  only  strong  stocks  the  course  of  this  market  was  generally  down- 
3  remainder  of  the  week  were  the  ward  until  toward  the  close.  During  the  first 
t  specialties,  Union  Pacific  Rich-  week  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  F6  and 
minal,  and  the  East  Tennessees,  the  Missouri  Pacific  were  unsettled  and  lower,  and 
*  being  affected  by  the  lease  by  the  the  last-named  stock  sold  at  the  lowest  figures 
the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia,  and  recorded  since  1884,  but  there  was  subsequent- 
In  the  early  part  of  the  last  week  ly  a  recovery  on  the  announcement  that  at  a 
nth  one  feature  was  a  fall  in  Read-  meeting  of  the  executive  committee  an  order 
aes,  caused  by  doubts  as  to  the  had  been  issued  to  take  no  more  business  ex- 
the  company  to  meet  the  interest,  cept  at  remunerative  rates,  it  then  appearing 
lecline  affected  the  stock.  Another  that  the  tariff  had  been  cut  about  40  per  cent. 
IS  a  further  fall  in  Atchison,  Topeka  on  some  classes  below  the  published  schedule. 
F6  on  the  publication  of  the  annuaJ  Toward  the  close  of  the  week  the  whole  market 
hen  came  a  rise  in  the  Gould  special-  advanced  on  news  that  rates  would  be  restored 
/ed  by  a  rumor,  which  was  subse-  on  the  17th  on  the  trunk  lines.  In  the  second 
enied,  that  Mr.  Gould  had  obtained  week  the  tone  was  generally  stronger  under 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Sante  F6,  the  lead  of  the  coal-shares,  and  it  was  also 
as  followed  by  an  advance  in  New  favorably  influenced  by  the  declaration  of  the 
American  cotton  -  seed  oil,  and  in  usual  quarterly  dividend  on  Missouri  Pacific. 
-  priced  specialties.  There  was  a  Rock  Island  was,  however,  freely  sold  at  in- 
>ng  tone  to  the  market  during  the  tervals  in  expectation  that  the  dividend  would 
lays  of  November,  and  a  very  con-  be  reduced.  During  the  third  week  the  mar- 
ling that  no  matter  what  was  the  ket  was  favorably  affected  by  united  efforts  on 
he  presidential  election  there  would  the  part  of  Western  railroad  managers  to  put 
e  active  speculation.  On  the  day  an  end  to  the  demoralization  which  existed  in 
the  election  the  market  opened  very  that  section  and  in  the  Southwest.  Agreements 
t  there  was  an  immediate  selling  were  formulated  and  generally  signed  to  re- 
^  mainly  due  to  realizations,  assisted  store  rates  on  freight  on  January  1,  and  to  pre- 
of  rate  troubles  on  the  trunk  lines,  vent  further  cuts  in  passenger  tariffs  by  with- 
udency  was  generally  downward  for  drawing  tickets  in  the  hands  of  brokers.  To- 
uder  of  the  week.  On  .the  follow-  ward  the  close  of  the  week  an  important 
ly  the  announcement  was  made  that  conference  was  held  in  New  York,  at  which 
fork  Central  had  ordered  a  reduc-  were  present  the  presidents  of  all  Western 
B  third  in  the  rates  for  west  bound  lines,  except  the  Chicago  and  Alton,  and  rep- 
the  excuse  being  that  some  of  the  resentatives  of  three  leading  banking-houses 
ia  were  getting  traffic  by  cutting  with  foreign  connections,  and  at  this  meeting 
s  caused  free  selling  of  all  the  trunk-  it  was  agreed  that  the  rates  then  ordered  re- 
I,  confidence  in  the  future  of  the  mar-  stored  should  be  maintained.  This  action  was 
nsettled,  the  bears  were  encouraged  regarded  as  definitely  settling  the  railroad  situa- 
ading  properties,  and  the  tendency  tion,  the  market  responded  in  a  very  decided 
iward  for  the  remainder  of  the  week  rise,  which  was  assisted  by  a  manipulated  ad- 
about  the  middle  of  the  following  vance  in  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western, 
n  news  that  the  Southwestern  troub-  and  the  tone  was  strong  at  the  close  of  that 
ikely  soon  to  be  adjusted  and  that  week.  The  declaration  of  a  1-per-cent.  quar- 
is  had  been  opened  for  settlement  terly  dividend  on  Rock  Island  caused  a  further 
ik-line  differences  started  a  covering  fall  in  that  stock  to  the  lowest  figures  since 
contracts  which  carried  the  market  1877,  but  it  subsequently  reacted.  Early  in 
Then  came  news  of  large  withdraw-  the  last  week  of  the  month  the  market  was 
1  on  special  order  for  Berlin   and  favorably  influenced  by  the  declaration  of  the 


3a2 


FINE  ARTS  IN  1886.    (Pamb.) 


dividends  oo  the  Vanderbilt  specialties,  and 
by  a  further  improvement  in  the  Western  rail- 
road situation ;  but  it  was  a  little  irregular 
after  Wednesday  in  consequence  of  active 
money,  although  the  tone  was  generally  strong 
to  tlie  close.  Total  sales  of  all  stocks  for  the 
year  1888  were  65,179,206  shares  against  85,- 
291,028  in  1887;  100,802,050  in  1886 ;  93,184,- 
478  in  1885;  95,416,368  in  1884;  96,037,905 
in  1883;  113,720,665  in  1882;  118,892,685  in 
1881 ;  and  97,919,099  in  1880.  The  transac- 
tions in  Government  bonds  at  the  New  York 
Stock  Exchange  in  1888  were  $6,578,700,  and 
in  railroad  and  miscellaneous  bonds,  $345,214,- 
057.  The  following  table  shows  quotations  of 
leading  stocks  at  the  beginning  of  January, 
1887,  1888,  and  1889: 


LEADING  KTOCKS. 


New  York  Central 

Erie 

Lake  Shore 

Michigan  Central , 

Rock  Island  

Illinois  Central 

Northwest,  common 

St.  Paul,  common 

Dela.,  Lackawanna  and  Western 
Central  New  Jersey , 


1887. 

1888. 

84 

107* 
88 

9<^ 

w 

»ft 

8T> 

IdOi 

m 

188 

118 

116  . 
90 

107 
7ft 

186 
55| 

189i 
75 

1889. 

108 

io4 

87* 

97 
115 
105* 

M 

9^ 


The  following  table  shows  the  highest  and 
lowest  prices  of  a  few  of  the  speculative  stocks 
in  1888  and  the  highest  in  1887 : 


SPECULATIVE   AND  OTHER 
SHAllES. 

Canadian  Pacific 

Canada  Southern 

Central  New  Jersey 

Central  Pacific 

Chattanooga 

CleyeUnd.  Col ,  C^  and  Ind 

Consolidated  Qas 

Delaware  and  Hudson 

Dela.f  Lackawanna  and  Western . 

Erie 

Hocking  Valley 

Lake  Snore 

Louisville  and  Nashville 

Manhattan  Elevated  Consol 

Michigan  Central 

Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Texas  .... 

Missouri  Pacific 

New  York  Central 

New  York  and  New  England  . . . 

Northwestern    

Northern  Pacific 

Northern  Pacific,  preferred 

Omaha 

Omaha,  preferred 

Oregon  TransoontineDtal 

Pacific  Mail 

JBeading 

Blchmond  Terminal 

Bock  Island  

St.  Paul 

Texas  and  Pacific 

Union  Pacific 

Western  Union 


1887. 


1888. 


HIghMt. 


Highest. 


«2i 
671 


n 

IS 

68 

66 

89 

88i 

10« 

184 

146 
80 

89 

86 

98 

104 

70 

64 

161 

98 

96 
U 

18 

1X2 

80 

114f 

111 

66 

68i 

197t 

116 

84# 

29f 

68* 

64 

m 

m 

im 

1101 

86t 

83 

681 
71f- 

U 

68 

m 

140{ 

114i 

96 

78 

85» 

«6f 

68f 

•«i 

811 

86f 

LowMt. 


6U 
46* 

78* 

26* 

71 

42* 

68* 

108 

128* 
22* 
17 
86* 
60* 
77* 
72 
10 
66*s 

102*. 
29* 

102* 
19* 
42* 
81* 
98 

17* 

28* 

44* 

19 

94* 

SI 

48 
70* 


FINE  ARTS  DT  1888.  Under  this  title  are 
treated  the  principal  art  events  of  the  past 
year,  ending  with  December,  1888,  inclading 
especially  the  great  exhibitions  in  Europe  and 
the  United  States,  the  sales  and  acquisitions  of 
works  of  art,  and  the  erection  of  public  statues 
and  monuments. 


Purist  Salon.— The  exhibition  (May  1  to 
80)  comprised  6,523  numbers  (selected 
7,640  presented),  classified  as  follows:  I 
ings,  2,586;  cartoons,  water  -  colors,  pa 
porcelain  pictures,  etc.,  1,119  sculpture,  1 
engraving  in  medals  and  precious  stones 
architecture,  180;  engraving,  522. 

Section  of  painting :  Medal  of  honor  awi 
to  £douard  Detaille  by  108  votes  against 
Benjamin-Constant.  First-class  medals: 
Louis  Delance,  Nils  Forsberg.  Second 
medals :  Gustave  £douard  Le  S^ndchal,  G 
Latouohe,  Auguste  Joseph  Tmphdme,  Ni 
Berthon,  Aim^  Perret,  Louis  Victor  Wa 
Louis  Le  Poittevin,  Arsdne  Rivey,  Paul  L 
Auguste  Flameng,  Georges  Callot,  Ma 
Jeannin.  Third-class  medals:  £douardGi 
jean,  Jean  Brunet,  Joseph  Aubert,  Abel  B 
L^on  Boudot,  £mile  Isenbart,  Amand  Lar 
L^on  Riphet,  Franc  Lamj,  Alexis  VoUod 
f red  Smith,  Daniel  Ridgway  Knight,  Th6o 
Henri  D^canis,  Walter  Gay,  Jacques  1 
Odier,  Guignon,  Adrien  JourdeuO,  Wi 
Henry  Howe,  Panl  Lecomte,  Eugdne  Dan 
£tienne  Tourn^s,  Paul  Schmitt,  J.  Gari  1^ 
ers,  John  Lavery,  Eugene  Laurent  Yail,  M 
Matins,  Henry  Mosler,  Aymar  Pezant,  Fra 
Sidl6,  Gotth&rdt  Knehl,  Karl  Cartier,  Johs 
Grimelund,  Mile.  Maximilienne  Guyon. 

Section  of  sculpture :  Medal  of  honor  av 
ed  to  Jean  Tnrcan,  by  98  out  of  168  votes, 
first-class  medal  awarded.  Second-class 
als :  Henri  Ix)uis  Levasseur,  Eugene  Qaii 
Camille  Lef^vre,  Louis  Joseph  Enderlin,  Jc 
Gardet,  Pierre  Barbaroux.  Third  -class  me 
Louis  Dominique  Mathet,  Louis  Auguste  I 
lis,  L6on  Kinsburger,  Ringel  d'Hlzach,  Hi 
yte  Peyrol,  L6on  Pilet,  Oharles  Jacquot,  ] 
Holweck,  Eugene  Robert,  Panl  Francois  C 
pin,  Francois  Pompon,  Christian  Ericksoo 

Section  of  engraving:  Medal  of  honor  a^ 
ed  to  Edmond  H6douin,  by  99  votes  ag 
60  to  Achille  Jacqnet.  No  first-class  n 
awarded.  Second-class  medals :  L^n  Bo 
(line  engraving),  Auguste  Hilaire  La^ 
(wood).  Third-class  medals:  Messrs.  Eo 
Fomet,  Ricardo  de  los  Rios,  Paul  £mile  L 
rier,  Claude  Faivre,  and  Mrae.  Marie  Lou^ 
Rouveyre  (etching) ;  Charles  Theodore  Dc 
(line) ;  Hippolyte  Constant  Dutheil,  Th6( 
belangle,  Jean  Baptiste  Guillaume,  01 
Faivi^e  (wood);  Georges  William  Thor 
Hippolyte  Fauchon  (lithography). 

Section  of  architecture:  Medal  of  1 
awarded  to  Henri  Adolphe  Deglane,  u 
mously.  First-class  medal :  Charles  Loni 
rault.  Second-class  medals:  Jean  Hai 
Gabriel  Rupricht-Robert,  Jean  Br^asson, 
ton  Redon,  Charles  Georges  Roussi.  1 
class  medals:  !£^mile  Jay,  Arsene  Piern 
f argue,  Engdne  Rigault,  Paul  Laffollye,  1 
ard  Michel  Lewicki,  Augustin  Salleron. 

£douard  Detaille,  to  whom  was  awarde 
medal  of  honor,  exhibited  an  enormous 
scape  crowded  with  figures,  entitled  *^Le  R 
which  must  rank  as  his  masterpiece.    It  r 


FINE  ARTS  IN  1888.    (Pabjs.)  83a 

a  plain  last  after  dawn,  with  gently  rising  colorless  as  to  look  like  soolptores,  bDt  fall  of 

)ccopiea  by  a  host  of  French  infantry  biv-  dignity,  grace,  and  feeling.     Another  contri- 

ing  on  the  heather,  among  white  bowlders  bntiou  by  this  master,  entitled  *^  Baignense,**  is 

ild  flowers,  with  sentinels  guarding  piled  a  lite-size,  fnll-length,  node  figure  of  a  beautifnl 

and   watch-fires  with  drifting  smoke,  yoang  girl,  drying  one  foot  on  a  rock  while 

2,  in  a  cloady  sky  tinged  with  rosy  light,  steadying  herself  by  holding  a  hanging  bough, 

sion  of  innumerable  soldiers  of  the  First  *^  Fsclaves  &  Vendre,''  by  Gustave  Boulanger, 

-e,  infantry,  cavalry,  and  artillery,  with  represents  slaves  exposed  for  sale  in  Rome.    A 

and  shot^tom  banners,  moving  eastward  Gallic  maiden,  nude,  with  a  wooden  label  fast- 

seless  array.  ened  about  her  neck,  leans  wearily  against  the 

jamin-Constant,  who  stood  next  to  De-  wall,  while  a  huge  Numidian,  with  impassive 

in  the  contest  for  the  medal  of  honor,  features,  his  arms  embracing  bis  knees,  squata 

^presented  by  a  huge  decorative  triptych,  on  the  ground  beside  her. 

A  ^^L* Academic  de  Paris,  les  Lettres,  les  Jules   Lefebvre^s  *^  L^Orpheline  "  shows  a 

266,^'  destined  for  the  Salle  du  Conseil,  in  nobly-painted  church  interior,  with  an   old 

or  bonne.     In  the  middle  division,  seat-  woman  in  cloak  and  hood  kneeling  in  prayer 

a  semi-circle  of  columns,  are  the  rector  in  one  of  the  pews,  and  a  pale  child  clad  in 

Iders  of  the  Academy,  (all  portraits),  in  mourning  seated  beside  her,  looking  outward 

*n  costumes  under  amber,  red,  black,  and  with  sorrowful  eyes,  as  if  in  a  dream.    It  is  a 

gowns.     In  *^  Les  Lettres  ^'  a  muse  in  pathetic  work,  of  masterly  execution. 

and  black  is  addressing  the  muses  of  '^  La  Naissance  de  Benjamin,"  by  £mile  L6vy, 

poetry,  history,  and  tragedy,  grouped  on  is  an  interior  with  small,  full-length  figures.    A 

ble  bench  in  a  splendid  portico.    In  *^  Les  pallid  mother  lies  on  a  couch  covered  with  white 

>€&"  are  figures  typifying  astronomy,  en-  bed-linen,  while  an  attendant,  holding  the  child 

ing,  etc.,  one  of  whom  is  instructing  a  poised  on  one  hand,  turns  toward  her,  and  otb- 

nan.     The  work  is  distinguished,  like  all  er  women  stand  around.    It  is  a  broad,  massive 

tist's  ]>ictures,  for  vivid  coloring  and  rich  composition,  of  delicate  and  harmonious  tone. 

Dation.  Jules  Breton^s  *^  Jeunes  Filles  se  rendant  d  la 

il  Louis  Delance,  first-class  medalist,  illns-  Procession  "  is  a  village  scene  with  a  procession 

on  another  huge  canvas  *^La  L^nde  de  of  peasant  girls,  such  as  he  loves  to  paint. 

Denis.*'     In  a  landscape  of  ancient  Paris  Lhermitte's  *^  Le  Repos,"  shows  a  group  of 

B  environs,  with  a  summer  atmosphere  reapers,  more  robust  and  real  than  Breton's 

iy,  the  saint,  who  has  been  decapitated,  peasants,  and  firmly  and  broadly  treated. 

to  the  resting-place  which  bears  his  own  Philippe  Roll's  *^  Manda  Lam^trie,  Fermidre," 

carrying  his  own  head,  his  shoulders  a  milkmaid  with  filled  pail,  standing  beside  a 

eeding  neck  being  decorated  with  a  gild-  cow,  in  an  atmosphere  of  light  and  sunshine, 

abus.    The  peasants,  who  are  startl^  at  is  a  remarkable  work,  with  reminiscences  of 

og  the  apparition,  are  full  of  snirit,  and  Bastien-Lepage. 

^g  woman  is  very  pathetic.    Notwith-  "  The  Communion,"  of  Henry  LeroUe,  is  a 

ng  the  incongruous  subject,  the  artist  has  large  canvas,  with  life-size  figures  of  women 

a  noble  picture,  striking  in  massing  and  in  brown,  sray,  and  black  dresses,  listening  to 

Qg.  a  priest  addressing  the  communicants  kneeling 

enormons  composition  of  nude  figures,  at  the  altar-raU  of  a  vast  church.    It  is  in  the 

than  life-size,  is  Albert  Maignan's  ^^Les  simple,  flat  tones  characteristic  of  the  painter, 

in  Tocsin."    A  great  bell,  hung  in  a  lofty  so  noticeable  in  his  earlier  work,  **  Jeune  Fille 

,  is  rung  by  the  hands  of  spirits  who,  chantant  dans  une  £glise,"  now  in  the  Metro- 

ing  in  the  air,  tug  at  the  ropes  with  might  politan  Museimi,  New  York, 

lain.     Other  demons  hover  around  the  Henner  is  represented  by  a  Saint  S^bastien,  a 

ng  bell,  while  a  third  set  scream,  shout,  nearly  life-size  corpse  lying  among  rocks,  with 

eep  as  they  fly  out  from  beneath  it.    Be*  three  women,  one  of  whom  is  drawing  an  ar- 

9  a  conflagration  with  ruddy  glare  and  row  from  the  body ;  and  by  a  portrait,  a  girl 

ig  smoke.    The  conception  is  poetical,  and  with  heavy  masses  of  red  hair  flowing  over 

aughtmanship  and  coloring  excellent.  her  bosom,  which  is  partly  draped  with  a  light- 

K>site  it  hung  *^  L'Enldvement  de  Proser-  blue  robe  falling  from  the  shoulders. 

by  nipiano  Checa,  a  pupil  of  the  Acad-  Hubert's  ^^AuxH^rossansGloire,"  a  mournful 

f  Madrid.    Though  somewhat  theatrical  woman  with  impassive  features  and  dark  eyes 

tfl,  the  four  black  horses  of  Pluto,  with  set  in  an  olive  face,  her  unbound  black  tresses 

I  of  smoke  and  eyes  of  fire,  are  notable  crowned  with  laurel,  sits  in  a  mysterious  half- 

cellent  painting  and  good  foreshortening,  gloom— the  genius  of  heroic  Death.    She  wears 

iguereau's^**  Premier  Deuil "  represents  a  purple  robe  bound  with  a  black  girdle,  and 

and  Eve  mourning  over  the  corpse  of  leans  with  one  arm  on  a  marble  urn,  while  a 
Adam,  seated,  holding  across  his  knees  wreath  of  convolvulus  drops  from  her  hand. 
jdj  of  his  son,  stoops  to  kiss  the  head  Pictures  exhibited  by  American  artists :  J.  0. 
s  who,  kneeling  by  nis  side,  weeps  with  Arter,  **  Interieur-Picardie";  Edmond  Aubrey- 
clasped  to  her  face.    The  figures,  life-  Hunt,  '*  Honfieur " ;  Henry  Bacon,  ^*  Oonstruo- 
tre  magnificent  studies  of  the  nude,  so  tiond'un  Bateau";  William  Baird,  **  La  Seine"; 


334  FINE  ARTS  IN   1888.    (Paris.) 

ElleQ  K.  Baker,  "Reverie  "  and  "Un  Noums-  and  "  Sortie  de  Bal " ;  Walter  Mac  E  wen,  **l7ne 
son'*;  Edward  H.  Barnard,  Portrait;  Henry  HistoiredeRevenant*';  Ernest L.M%jor,Saint6- 
Bisbin^,  '*La  Sieste  sur  le  Rivage— Hollande  "  Genevieve  " ;  William  L.  Marcj,  Portrait ;  Ar- 
and  "Un  Coin  de  la  Ferme — Normandie" ;  Sa-  thur  F.  Matthews,  "  Pandore  "  and  "  En  HoJ- 
die  Blackstone  (Canada),  "Senlisse — Vall6e  de  lande  " ;  J.  G.Melchers, "  Les  Pilotes  ";  Willard 
Chevreuse'^;  Carl  Blenner,  Portrait;  Smile  Bog-  Leroj  Metoalf,  '^March^  de  *£oasse  Koosse' 
gio  (Venezuela),  **  Lecture  " ;  Frank  M.  Boggs  d  Tunis  "  ;  Arturo  Miohelena  (Venezuela), 
**Harflenr"  and  ^*Le  Havre";  DwightF.Boy-  '*  Oharit6  "  and  "  fitude  " ;  Henry  Moaler,  "La 
den,  " LaRoate de  Lafaux" and  "L' Antonine";  Captive  Blanche  "  and  " FAte  de  la  Moiason "; 
Amanda  Brewster,  Portraits  (2) ;  Frederick  A.  Albert  H.  Munsell,  '*Navire  Droit  Devant"; 
Bridgman,  ^*  Dans  une  Villa  de  Campagne — Al-  Carl  Newman,  ^'  Une  Religieuse  "  ;  Elizabeth 
ger"  and  *'  Soit  d'£t4— Alger  " ;  Blair  Bruce  Nourse,  "  Une  M^rel  "  ;  Stephen  Hills  Parker, 
^panada),  "  Le  Fant6me  de  la  Neige " ;  Edgar  "  Pandore  "  ;  Charles  Sprague  Pearce,  **  La 
Cameron,  "Dans r  Atelier";  Kate  Augusta  Karl,  Rentr6e  duTroupeau";  Clinton  Peters,  Por- 
"LeChoix  d'une  Romance";  Leslie  G.  Cauld-  trait;  William  L.  Picknell,  *' Novembre—Soll- 
well,  Portrait;  Francis  B.  Chadwick,  "  La  M^re  tude  ";  J.  A.  Prichard,  "  LaPri^re" ;  Robert  L 
Rabicotte  " ;  Murray  Ciinton-Smith  **  Dans  les  Reid,  **  La  Fuite  en  Egypte  " ;  Charles  S.  Rcin- 
Marais  de  Criqueboeuf  "  ;  * Maximilien  Colin,  hart,  *'L*Attentedes  Absents"  and ''La Mar^ 
"  Atelier  de  Dames  " ;  Irving  Conse,  "  Fleur  de  Montante  ";  Theodore  Robinson,  "Un  Apprenti 
Prison";  L.  H.Coyner,  "  Nature  Mort " ;  Alger  Forgeron  ";  Pedro  Rodriguez-Flyel  (Venezue- 
Corrier,  "  D^esse"  and  "  A  la  sant6 ! " ;  Ralph  la),  "  La  FAte  d'une  Jeune  Mdre  "  and  Portrait ; 
Curtis,  "Carmen";  George D.  Monfried,  "Che-  Cristobal  Rojas  (Venezuela),  "  Premiere  Com- 
min  en  Cerdagne"  and  **  fijrlise  d'Angous-  munion"  and  "Vente  par  Autorit6  de  Justice"; 
trine  " ;  Wilder  Darling,  "  La  Premiere  Visite  Julius  Rolshoven,  **  Hamlet " ;  Andre  Sauta- 
de  la  Grand'mdre" ;  Charles  H.  Davis,  " Un  Soir  Maria  (Colombia),  "  Un  Reftige  " ;  Frank  Scott, 
d'Hiver  "  and  "  Avril " ;  Louis  Paul  Dessar,  "  Retour  de  la  PAche  "  ;  Robert  V.  V.  Sewell, 
" L'Orphelin " ;  Henry  Patrice  Dillon,  "Mort  Portrait;  Edward  E.  Simmons,  "Le  Fils  du 
de  Paul  Bert " ;  WUliam  L.  Dodge,  "  David  " ;  Charpentier  "  and  "  Mdre  et  Enfant  " ;  Marie 
Pauline  Dohn,  "TAte d'Enfant " ;  J.  D.  P.Doug-  Simpson,  "  Le  D6jeuner  du  Pauvre  " ;  Edoard 
las,  "Brutality";  Julie  Dunn,  "Automne";  Sivori  (Buenos  Ayres),  **La  Mort  d'un  Pay- 
Frank  Duveneck«  Portrait ;  Josi6  Thomas  Erra-  san  "  and  "  Sans  FamiUe  " ;  Frank  Otis  Small, 
zuris  (Chili),  "  Sur  les  Dunes  "  and  Portrait ;  "  Ramsds  et  sa  Fille  jouant  aux  ftchecs" ;  Will- 
Charles  S.  Forbes,  Portrait ;  Jesse  Leach  iam  J.  Smedley,  "  Le  Bateau  du  Pdre " ;  Ellen 
France,  "Mar6e Basse — ^Bretagne";  Elizabeth  Starbuck,  Portrait;  Julius  L.  Stewart,  Por- 
Jane  Gardner,  "DeuxM^res  deFamille  " ;  Wal-  trait ;  Frank  W.  Stokes,  "  Les  Orphelines"  and 
terGay,"LeB6n6dicit6"and  "Un  Asile";  Ro-  "  Un  Bon  Sermon";  George  M.  Stone,  Por- 
salie  Gill,  Portrait ;  Abbott  Graves,  "  Pi-  trait ;  Charles  H.  Strickland,  Portrait ;  Eliza- 
voines  " ;  Clifford  Grayson,  "  £tnde  " ;  Eleanor  beth  Strong.  "  Les  Orphelines  " ;  Frances  Hunt 
Greatorex,  "Pasqua  Fiorita— Florence  ";  Kath-  Throop,  "  Le  R6veU  "  :  Georgette  Tirapkin, 
leen  Greatorex,  "Les  Fleurs  du  Vent— Flor-  "La  Moisson  " ;  Gaylord  S.  Tmesdell,  "Le 
ence  " ;  R.  Hewett  Green,  "  Marchande  de  Berger  et  Son  Troupean  " ;  Miss  Sydney  Tally 
Fleurs";  Charlotte  Gore  Greenough,  " Entr^^  (Canada),  "£tnde";  Miss  Jessie  B.  Tottle, 
de  la  Chiteau  de  la  Grand'  Cour,  prds  Dinan  " ;  "  Un  Coin  de  Village  " ;  Alfredo  Valenzuela- 
Edward  Grenet,  "  Ballade  &  la  Lune  " ;  Peter  Puelma  (Chili),  Portrait ;  Pierre  L.  L.  Van- 
Alfred  Gross,  "Place  de  la  Fontaine,  &  Ldver-  their  (Brazil),  "  Le  Port  de  Rouen";  Robert  W. 
dun,"  and  "Liverdun  sur  la  Moselle";  Philip  L.  Vonnoh.  Portrait;  Lionel  Walden,  "Sur  la 
Hale,  "  Petite  Fille  aux  Chrysanth^mes ";  Al-  Tamise  '* ;  Charles  T.  Webber,  Portraits  (2) ; 
exander  Harrison,  "  Mar^e  Haute  " ;  Birge  Har-  Cecilia  E.  Wentworth,  Portrait ;  Ogden  Wood, 
rison,  "  Depart  du  Mayflower  " ;  A.  Butler  Har-  "  Dans  les  Dunes  " ;  Percy  Woodcock  (Canada), 
rison,  " La  Lande  "  ;   Herman  Hartwich,  " Le  "Fin  du  Jour." 

Sieste  "  ;   Childe  Hassam,   "  Jour  du  Grand  The  Salon  receipts  for  the  season  were  400,- 

Prix  " ;  Herman  G.  Herkoraer,  Portrait;  Bertha  000  francs,  which  leaves,  after  deducting  240,- 

Hewit,  "LesSoBurs";  George  Hitchcock,  "L' An-  000  francs  for  expenses,  160,000  francs  to  be 

nonciation  " ;    S.   Francis  Holman,  Portrait ;  added  to  the  invested  capital  of  the  Soci6t^  des 

Samuel  Isham,  Portrait;  Louisa  Rogers  Je wett.  Artistes  Fran^ais.  As  Uiis  amounted  last  year  to 

Portrait;  John  Eavanagh,  "Le  Mattre  d'£cole  747,429  francs,  the  Soci^t^  now  has  a  capital  of 

de  Village  "  and   Portrait ;    Anna  Elizabeth  more  than  900,000  francs,  for  the  advancement 

EHumpke,  "A  laBuanderie"  and  Portrait;  Dan-  of  the  arts  and  to  the  aid  of  unfortunate  artists, 

iel  Ridgway  Knight,  "L'Appel  au  Passeur";  Piiti:  MbceHaBetifl. — ^The  National  Museums 

Eugene  Armand  La  Chaise,  Portrait ;  Lucy  Lee  of  France— the  Louvre,  the  Ijixembourg,  Ver- 

Robbins,  "  Nonchalance  "  and  Portrait ;  Pedro  saUles,  and  Saint-Germain — and  all  objects  of 

Francisco  Lira  (Chili),  "FemmeChilienneVou^e  art  in  state  buildings  are,  by  a  decree  of  last 

&   Notre-Dame-de*Merci "  and   "  Raccommq-  September,    placed    under  one  director,    ap- 

deuse  Chilienne " ;  Eurilda  Loomis,  "  Vie  Rus-  pomted  by  the  President  of  the  republic  on 

tique— Picardie";  Francis W.  Loring,  "LePont  the  nomination  of  the  Minister  of  Instrnctioo. 

&  Chiog^a  " ;  Albert  Lynch  (Peru),  "  L*Hiver  "  His  official  quarters  will  be  in  the  Louvre. 


FINE  ARTS  IN  1^88.    (London.)                                         335 

^ery  of  portraits   of  artists,  painted  crowned  by  a  groap  in  br6nze,  representing  a 

'  by  themselves,  similar  to  that  of  the  young  woman  seated  on  a  winged  lion — sym- 

Florence,  was  opened  in  the  Pavilion  bolizing  **  Triumphant  Democracy  " — with  oth- 

i,  at  the  Louvre,  in  February.    It  con-  er  symbolic  groups  at  the  base,  was  unveiled, 

8  already  a  very  valuable  collection,  made  July  13,  in  the  Place  du  Oarronsel,  Paris.    It  is 

works  from  Versailles,  the  Louvre,  the  the  work  of  MM.  Boileau,  architect,  and  Aub6, 

ibonrg,  the  £cole  des  Beaux- Arts,  and  sculptor,  and  was  erected  by  subscription, 

public  galleries.  A  bronze  statue  of  Shakespeare,  by  Paul  Four- 

Academic  des  Beaux-Arts,   section  of  nier,  presented  to  the  city  of  Paris  by  William 

ig,  elected  as  a  member,  in  place  of  Gus-  Knighton,   was  unveiled,  October   14,  at  the 

>otilang:er,  deceased,  Gustave  Moreau,  by  intersection  of  the  Boulevard  Haussmann  and 

ea,  against  10  for  Jules  Lefebvre,  5  for  the  Avenue  de  Messine.    The  figure  is  three 

acques  Henner,  and  1  for  £mile  L^vy.  metres  and  ten  centimetres  high,  on  a  pedestal 

ficole  des  Beaux- Arts  has  had  under  four  metres  and  fifty  centimetres. 

3tion  during  the  past  year  1,220  pupils,  LmuImi  E«yal  Acadea j. — The  nineteenth  win- 

>m  600  were  in  the  architecture  classes,  ter  exhibition  was  devoted,  as  usual,  to  works 

only  about  400  were  students  of  paint-  of  the  old  masters  and  deceased  British  artists, 

Daring  the  same  time  the  Royal  Acade-  gathered  from  public  and  private  collections, 

London  had  only  about  200  pupils.  with  the  additional  attraction  of  a  collection 

sale  of  the  Goldschmidt  collection  in  of  sculpture  and  Renaissance  bronzes  and  med- 

in  May,  produced  in  the  aggregate  1,067,-  als.    Only  about  160  pictures  were  shown,  but 

ancs,  of  which  the  fifty-three  pictures  among  them  were  Titian's  "Europa";  Ribera's 

idem    masters  brought    796,670  francs.  "  St.  Jerome  praying  in  the  Desert " ;   Velas^ 

ff  the  best  prices  obtained,  were:  Tro-  quez's  "Femme  &  Pfiventail '* and  "Don  Bal- 

Vall6e  de  la  Toucque,"  176,000  francs,  thazar  Carlos  " ;  Claude's  "Europa"and  "En- 

t  by  M.  Bischofsheim  ;  "  La  Barri^re,"  chanted  Castle  " ;  and  several  Rembrandts  and 

0  francs ;  *'  L'Abreuvoir,"  35,000  francs ;  Vandykes.  There  were  also  examples  of 
rres  et  Roses.''  16,000  francs.  Delacroix :  Hobbemo,  Ruysdael,  Jan  Steen,  Hals,  and  Van 
s  du  Maroc,"  30,000  francs ;  "  Herminie  et  de  Velde,  and  of  Reynolds,  Gainsborough,  and 
rgers,"  26,400  francs ;  '*  Christ  en  Croix,"  others  of  the  British  school. 

francs ;  ^*  Enlevement  de  Rebec<»,"  29,-  The  one  hundred  and  twentieth  annual  exhi- 

rncs;  '*  Joueurs  d*£checs,  12,200  francs;  bition  opened  in  May  with  2,077  numbers,  se- 

iierGrec,"  9,200  francs.  Dnpr^:  ^^  Moulin  lected  from  nearly  6,000  contributions,  includ- 

fc,"  20,100  francs;  "Sous  Bois,"  16,710.  ing  oil-paintings,  water-colors,  works  in  black 

or    Ronsseau  :    "  La    Riviere,"    26,000  and  white,  architectural  drawings,  and  sculpt- 

;  "  F6ret  de  Fontainebleau,"  7,000  francs,  ures.    The  total  attetidance  during  the  season 

ips:  "UneCourdeFerme,"  80,400 francs;  was  866,118  ;   total  receipts,  £23,346;    total 

san  Italien,"  12,000  francs ;  "  La  Por-  value  of  works  sold,  £21,699. 

"  19,200  francs;  "Boule  Dogue  et  Ter-  Of  first  importance  among  the  pictures  ex- 

16,000  francs  (Louvre).    Meissonier:  '*Le  hibited  is  Sir  Frederick  Leighton^s  "Captive 

ar,"  17,000  francs.    Ziem :  "  Vue  de  Ve-  Andromache,"  a  decorative  work  measuring 

26,000  francs.    G^ricault :  "  Amazone,"  seven  feet  by  fourteen,  illustrating  the  passage 

francs.  in  the  Iliad  where  Hector  tells  of  his  prevision 

collection  of  Comte  Duchatel,  ancient  of  her  fate,  when  she  shall  have  fallen  into  the 

Qodem  pictures,  sold  in  Paris,  May  14,  hands  of  the  Greeks.     The  scene  represents 

tit  176,260   francs.    The  highest  prices  the  farmyard  of  Pyrrhus,  in  Thessaly,  with 

d  were :  Jules  Breton,  "  Les  Vendanges  buildings  on  the  left ;  on  the  right  is  a  fount- 

kteau  -  Lagrange,"  29,100  francs;  Meis-  ain  pouring  from  a  lion^s  head  in  the  wall  into 

,  **  Un  PcM&te,"  40,000  francs ;  Ruysdael,  a  marble  basin,  and  between  them  a  long  vista 

lade,"  30,000  francs;  Van  der  Heyden,  of  trees  and  meadows,  with  an  intensely  blue 

§e  et  Place  de  Ville,"  (Holland),  19,600  sky  laden  with  white  thunder-clouds.    In  the 

middle,  Andromache,  clad  in  black,  forms  one 

Poidatz  collection^  sold    in   Paris  in  of  a  company  of  women  slaves  who,  at  decline 

1,  produced    in    the    aggregate   116,000  of  day,  have  gathered  at  the  fountain.    Stand- 

.  paubigny's  "  Pont  de  Mantes  "  and  Mil-  ing  with  her  chin  resting  in  one  hand,  while  the 

*Tonte  des  Moutons"  (sheep-shearing)  other  sustains  her  elbow,  she  is  half-aroused 

ht  each  13,000  franco.  from  her  sorrowful  memories  by  the  gambols 

1  GeUinard  collection,  sold  March  19,  of  an  infant,  the  center  of  a  group  in  the  fore- 
ced  199,916  francs.  Corot's  "  Diana  and  ground  at  the  right.  Near  the  front  three  stal- 
es" brought  12,000  franc?,  and  his  wart  peasants  look  toward  her  as  they  walk 
tyrdom  of  St.  Sebastian,"  16,000  francs,  quickly  past,  and  at  the  left,  behind  Androm- 
>  sale  of  the  works  of  the  late  Gustave  ache,  jsire  childrei^  and  another  group  of  dam- 
umet,  painter,  in  Paris,  realized  266,000  sels.  It  shows  all  ofSir  Frederick's  peculiarities, 
L  His  work  entited  "Le  D6sert,"  was  and  is  marked  by  fine  drawing,  learned  con ven- 
ited  by  the  family  to  the  state.  tionalism,  painstaking  care,  and  grace,  but  is 
lonoment  to  Gambetta,  a  pedestal  of  stone  rather  an  elaborate  bas-relief  than  a  scene  of  life. 


836                                        FINE  ARTS  IN  J888.    (London.) 

Alma-Tadema's  ^' Roses   of   Heliogabalus  *'  Among  the  more  oonapiouoiis  piotarea  were.* 

illustrates  one  of  the  boyish  pranks  of  the  Jacomb  Hood^s  *' Triumph  of  Spring,"  Joho 

emperor  of  nineteen,  who  has  overwhelmed  Reid^s  ^^  Smugglers,"  Arthur  Hacker's  **  By  the 

his  guests  at  a  banquet  by  a  shower  of  roses  Waters  of  Babylon,"  and  W.  F.  Britten^s  '*Ko- 

which  slaves  have  been  heaping  on  the  vela-  ble  Family  of  Huguenot  Refugees  shipwrecked 

riuni  overhead  as  the  feast  proceeded.     Helio-  od  the  Si^olk  Ooast."    One  of  the  best  por- 

gabalns,  his  lentil-shaped  eyes  suggesting  his  traits  as  well  as  one  of  the  best  pictures  in  the 

Syrian  origin,  reclines,  partly  covered  with  a  exhibition  was  £.  F.  Gregory's  ^*  Miss  Mabel 

mantle  of  cloth  of  gold,  on  a  silver  couch,  Galloway,"  a  young  ^rl  in  crimson,  seated  at 

holding  near  his  lips  a  cyliz,  from  which  he  a  table  amid  elaborately-painted   accessorie& 

delays  to  drink,  as  he  watches  the  struggles  of  Briton  Riviere's  ** Adonis's  Farewell,"  is  reallj 

his  guests.    In  technical  skill  and  in  richness  a  painting  of  dogs.    McWhirter,  Philip  R.  Mor- 

of  color  the  painter  has  never  excelled  this  ris,  Henry  Moore,  Keeley  Hallswell,  W.  J.  Heo- 

work,  but  its  want  of  composition  leads  one  to  nessey,  Mark  Fisher,  Ernest  Parton,  and  other 

regret  that  so  much  labor  has  been  spent  on  well-known  names,  were  represented  by  land* 

such  a  subject.  scapes  and  sea-pieces. 

Sir  John  Miilais's  "Cairnleeth  Moss,  Birnam"  LMdon  t  New  CUdterj. — This  gallery  opened  in 
(4^  X  7  feet),  may  serve  as  a  companion-piece  May,  in  Regent  Street,  under  the  management 
to  "Over  the  Hills  and  Far  Away."  All  the  of  Oomyns  Oarr  and  0.  E.  Hall6,  was  the  re- 
foreground  is  marsh  with  clumps  of  moss  and  suit  of  troubles  in  the  Grosvenor  Gallery  man- 
rushes  mirrored  in  tinted  pools ;  in  the  mid-  agement,  which  led  to  the  secession  of  a  nom- 
(distanoe  is  meadow-land  with  a  dark  belt  of  her  of  painters,  among  them  Alma-Tadema, 
pines,  and  in  the  background  rugged  hills.  His  Bume-Jones,  W.  B.  Richmond,  Hubert  Her- 
*'Murthly  Moss,  Perthshire"  (5  feet  square),  komer,  Holman  Hunt,  George  F.  Watts,  and 
represents  Murthly  Oastle  at  Christmas-eve,  Prof.  Legros. 

1887,  with  the  warm  light  of  late  afternoon  Among  the  most  noteworthy  contributions 

on  the  snow,  over  which  crows  are  skimming,  are  three  by  Burne-Jones  who,  though  elected 

Solomon  J.  SoIomon^s  "  Niobe,"  one  of  the  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1885, 
successes  of  the  year,  depicts  the  anguish-  seems  to  prefer  to  exhibit  elsewhere.  The  first 
stricken  mother  standing  upon  a  flight  of  of  these,  called  "The  Rock  of  Doom,"  is  a  node 
steps,  convulsively  clinging  to  the  dead  body  full-length  standing  Andromeda,  chained  to 
of  one  of  her  children,  with  the  dead  and  the  rock  in  the  sea,  just  discovered  by  the 
dying  forms  of  the  others  around  her.  The  winged^sandaled  Perseus,  who  is  soon  to  de- 
work  is  full  of  strength  and  vigor,  and  suggest-  liver  her.  '*  The  Doom  fulfilled  "  is  the  ae- 
ive  of  a  brilliant  future  for  the  artist.  quel,  showing  the  hero,  encircled  by  the  coils 

Orchardson's  **  Her  Mother's  Voice  "  repre-  of  the  slimy  sea-monster,  wielding  his  Hermes- 

sents  a  middle-aged  widower  listening  to  his  given  sword  with  fatal  effect.    '*  The  Tower  of 

daughter  as  she  sings,  attended  by  her  lover.  Brass,"  a  tall  canvaa  (7  feet  5  inches  x  S  feet 

The  exhibition  was  strong  in  portraits  and  10  inches)  hanging  between  these  two,  repre- 

in  landscapes,  but  want  of  space  will  not  per-  sents  the  story  of  DanaS,  who,  in  a  crimson 

mit  their  enumeration.  robe  over  a  violet  dress,  stands  watching  the 

The  new  associates  elected  by  the  Royal  building  of  King  Acrisins's  brazen  tower. 

Academy  are:  W.  B.  Richmond,  Onslow  Ford,  Alma-Tadema  sent  six  works,  two  portraits, 

and  Arthur  Blomfield.  a  study,  a  sketch  for  the  "  Heliogabalus  "  in  the 

The  pictures  purchased  for  the  Chantry  Be^  Royal  Academy,  a  small  canvas  entitled  "  Ve- 

quest  are :  Vicat  Oole's  "  Pool  of  London  " ;  nus  and  Mars,"  and  another  called  ^*  He  loves 

W.  LogsdaiPs  *^  St.   Martin's-in-the-Fields " ;  me,  he  loves  me  not,"  representing  a  girl  on 

Adrian    Stokes^s  *^  Upland  and  Sky  " ;    and  a  green  couch  beneath  a  window,  picking  the 

Frank  Bramley's  *^  A  Hopeless  Dawn."  petals  of  a  flower,  while  another  languidly 

h&Um :  Utmftm&t  GaOerj.— The  winter  exhi-  watches  her. 

bition,  called  "  A  Century  of  British  Art,"  con-  "  The  Angel  of  Death,"  by  G.  F.  Watts,  rep- 

sisted  of  pictures  by  British  painters  between  resents  a  figure  with  dark-gray  wings,  in  agr&y- 

1737  and  1837,  among  them  being  Hogarth,  green  robe  and  white  headdress,  soothing  a 

Reynolds,  Gainsborough,  Lawrence,  Mulready,  sleeping  babe  as  she  gently  draws  it  toward 

Wilkie,   Ramsay,   Raebum,   Opie,   Constable,  herself. 

Callcott,  Bonington,  Collins,  Linnell,  and  Wil-  Hubert  Herkomer«  W.  B.  Richmond,  and 

son.     Hogarth  was  represented  by  twenty-five  Frank  Holl  contributed  portraits ;  Sir  John 

canvases,  comprising  '"  Garrick  as  Richard  III,"  Everett  Millais,  two  works,  entitled  **  Forlorn" 

**  Garrick  and  his  Wife,"  **  Peg  Woffington,"  and  **  The  Last  Rose  of  Summer,"  both  female 

*^ The  Lady*s Last  Stake," and  *^Monamy  show-  figures;  Prof.  Legros,  a  "Dead  Christ"  and 

ing  a  Picture."  **Femmesen  Pri^re";  C.  E. Hall6,  a  ♦•Paoloand 

The  twelfth  summer  exhibition  of  the  Gros-  Francesca  " ;  and  J.  R.  Weguelin,  a  canvas,  4x9 

venor  Gallery,  opened  as  usual  in  May,  was  feet,  representing  "  Bacchus  and  the  Choir  of 

chiefly  noteworthy  for  the  absence  of  contri-  Nymphs,"  reclining  on  the  seashore, 

butions  by  many  artists  whose  names  have  here-  Lm^m  i  MbceHaBetifl. — At  the  sale  of  the  pict- 

tofore   been  the   fortune  of  the   enterprise,  nres  of  Charles  Waring,  deceased,  held  in  Lon- 


FINE  ARTS  IN  1888.    (Miboixlahjious.)  83T 

ril  28,  the  following  prices  were  ob-  Nasmyth,  "View  in  Hampshire"  (1826),  1,010 

Monkacsj,   '^Christ    before   Pilate^'  gnineas.    Rosa  Bonhear,  "Spanish  Muleteers 

stndy  for  the  large  pictore),  900  gain-  crossing  the  Pyrenees  "  (1867),  3,600  goinens 

nstant  Troyon,  "The  Ferry,"  8,500  (Agnew);  "Brittany  Shepherds"  (1864),  1,000 

"  Harrowing,"  1,830  guineas ;  "  The  guineas.  Landseer, "  The  Hunted  Stag  "  (1869), 

1^  Place,"  660  guineas.   Among  pictures  2,860  guineas. 

IS  owners,  sold  at  the  same  time,  were:  At  the  sale  of  the  Marquis  of  Exeter,  June 

tossetti,  "  Proserpina,"  710  guineas ;  7  and  8,  thirty-nine  pictures  brought  £9,224. 

of  Fiammetta,"  1,160  guineas.    Rosa  Among  them  were:  Jan  Van  Eyok,  "Madonna 

,  "Labourages  Nivemais"  (replica  of  with  St.  Margaret"  (1426),  2,600  guineas  (Mur- 

n  Luxembourg),  4,200  guineas.    Tur-  ray).    On  the  same  day  was  sold  a  Rubens, 

uming  of  Houses  of  Parliament  in  "Portrait  of  the  Artist  and  his  Wife,"  from 

600  guineas.   Thomas  Faed,  "  Reading  Packington  Hall  collection,  for  2,600  guineas 

I,"  1,760  guineas.    Hook,  "  Gold  of  the  (Agnew). 

►40  guineas.  Alma-Tadema^s  "  Vintage  Festival "  has  been 

[arton  Hall  collection  of  seventy-one  purchased  for  the  Melbourne  (Australia)  mu- 

formed  by  the  late  H.  W.  F.  Bolckow,  seum. 

»ld  May  6,  brought  in  the  aggregate  Lord  Lansdowne^s  "Cuyp"  and   his  two 

Among  them  were :  Rosa  Bonheur,  Rembrandt^s,  "  Portrait  of  a  Lady  "  and  "  Por- 

from  Pasture "(1862),  2,060  guineas;  trait  of  the  Painter,"  have  been  sold  to  Sir 

rossing  Rocks  in  Forest  of  Fontaine-  Edward  Guinness  for  £60,000. 

[866),  1,740  guineas;  "Denizens  of  the  A  statue  of  Sir  Bartle  Frere,  by  Brock,  has 

Is"  (1867),  6,660  guineas.     Constant  been  erected  on  the  Thames  Embankment. 

"The  Water-Cart"  (bought  from  the  Statues  of  Gen.  Gordon,  by  Stuart  Burnett, 

£40),  2,000  guineas  (Agnew).    Meis-  and  one  of  William  Wallace,  by  G.  Stevenson, 

Refreshment "  (1866),  1,970  guineas,  have  been  unveiled  at  Aberdeen. 

,   "Braemar"  (1867),  4,960  guineas  QaagQW. — The  International  Exhibition  was 

;  "Intruding  Puppies"  (1821^,  1,000  formally  opened  on  the  8th  of  May  by  the 

Colnaghi):   "Taking  a  Buck,"  1,960  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales.    There  were  ten 

Millaia,  "Northwest  Passage  "(1874),  fine-art  galleries,  of  which  two  were  devoted 

ueas  (Agnew).    Turner,  "  Old  London  to  loan  pictures  in  oil  by  British  artists ;  one 

2,800  guineas  (Oolnaghi).    W.  MtlUer,  by  sale  pictures  in  oil  by  British  artists ;  one 

t  Tombs  and  Dwelfings    in  Lycia "  by  loan  pictures  and  one  by  sale  pictures  in  oil 

,760  guineas.    F.  Goodiul,  "Subsiding  by  foreign  artists;  two  by  water-colors;  one 

le "  (1873),  1,460  guineas.    David  Cox,  by  sculpture ;   and  two  by  architecture  and 

3g  the  Flock"  (1862),  1,980  guineas;  photography.    The  exhibits  numbered  nearly 

;  Home  the  Flock,"   1,300  guineas.  2,700. 

Collins,  "The  Skittle  Players"  (1832),  8tnitf«d-M-AT«.— A  monument  to  Shake- 
ineas.  Thomas  Faed,  "The  Silken  speare  was  unveiled  in  September.  It  is  a 
1,460  guineas;  "Baith  Faither  and  bronze  statue  of  the  poet  seated,  reading  a 
1,360  guineas.  '  book,  on  a  granite  pedestal,  at  the  angles  of 
ittou  Park  collection,  formed  by  Lord  whicn  are  bronze  figures  of  Hamlet,  represent- 
early  in  the  present  century,  sold  ing  philosophy ;  Falstaff,  comedy ;  Prince  Hal, 
contained  twenty-one  pictures,  which  history ;  and  Lady  Macbeth,  tragedy. 
SI  1,439.  Among  t^em  were :  Leonar-  Bnsseb. — "  L'Homme  &  la  Houe  "  ("  The  Man 
nci  (or  Cesare  da  Cesto),  "  Vierge  an  with  a  Hoe  "),  Millet's  celebrated  picture,  has 
'"  (bought  from  Woodbum  at  4,000  been  sold  to  M.  Van  den  Eynde,  for  84,000 
2,100  guineas  (Davis).  Nicolas  Maas  francs.  It  was  bought  at  the  Salon  of  1863,  by 
Fabritius),  "The  Card  Players,"  1,310  M.  Blanc,  for  1,600  francs;  was  afterward  in 
[National  Gallery).  Sir  Joshua  Rey-  the  Defoer  collection,  Paris,  at  the  sale  of 
Pjck-a-back"  (Mrs.  Payne  Gallwey  which  it  brought  69,000  francs, 
ion),  4,100  guineas  (Agnew).  At  the  Copealiagen. — The  exhibition  illustrating  the 
le  were  sold:  Gainsborough,  "Hon.  art,  industries,  and  natural  products  of  Den- 
iry  Fane"  (1778;  sold  last  year  for  mark,  Sweden,  and  Norway,  and  of  the  art- 
neas),  2,900  guineas  (Davis);  "Eliza-  industries  of  foreign  nations,  was  held  in  the 
;hc»s  of  Grafton,"  970  guineas.  Rom-  Tivoli  Gardens.  Of  foreign  countries,  Russia 
dy  Hamilton  reading  the  *■  Gazette '  of  and  France  were  best  represented ;  Germany 
eison^s  Victories,"  1,260  guineas  (Ag-  and  Italy  also  made  a  good  show. 

Dnsden* — The  first  large  exhibition  of  paint- 
ion  of  the  late  T.  Walker,  sold  Juno  ings  in  water-color  opened  in  Germany,  held 
.  Cox,  "  Collecting  the  Flock,"  2,260  last  winter,  proved  a  great  success. 

John  Linnell,  "Hampstead  Heath,"  Hnnlcli. — ^ihe  collection  of  Count  Salm  Reif- 

neas.     Carl  Mailer,  "  Bay  of  Naples,"  ferscheid,  sold  in  September,  realized  384,980 

oeas ;  "  Salmon  Traps  on  the  Llede "  marks.     Some   of  the   best   prices   obtained 

600  guineas.    William  Collins,  "  Bar-  were :  Andreas  Achenbach,  "  A  Valley,"  27,- 

inds"  (1836),  1,000  guineas.    Patrick  100  marks;  "Chateau  on  the  Rhine,"  13,000 
3L.  xzviii. — 22  A 


338  FINE  ARTS  IN  1888.    (Unitkd  States.) 

marks ;  "  Chestnut  Forest,"  9,800  marks.    Con-  Evans,  for  the  hest  landscape  or  marine 

stant  Troyon,  '*  Passing  Cattle,"  22,700  marks,  in  this  country  by  an  American  painte 

Benjamin  Vautier,  "  The  Burial,"  13,500  marks,  awarded,  February  18,  by  vote  of  the  m< 

United  SUtest  ExhiUdens,  etc.— The  National  The  first  was  awarded  to  J.  Alden  W 

Academy  of  Design,  New  York,  held  its  sixty-  his  **  Preparing  for  Christmas  " ;  the  se 

third  annual  exhibition,  April  2  to  May  12,  Horatio   Walker,   for    his    ^^Landscap 

with  698  entries.    The  sales  amounted  to  $22,-  Pigs."    The  amount  of  sales  was  $24,0 
000,  for  eighty-four  works.  The  Philadelphia   Academy  of    Fin 

The  Clarke  prize  for  the  best  figure  corapo-  held  its  fifty-eighth  annual  exhibition,  Ft 

sition  was  awarded  to  H.  Siddons  Mowbray  16  to  March  29.  The  first  Tappan  prize 

for  his  ^^  Evening  Breeze."    The  first  Hallgar-  was  awarded  to  Benjamin  Fox,  for  his 

ten  prize,  $800,  Was  given  to  G.  De  Forest  entitled    *^ Sympathy";    the   second 

Brush,  for  "The  Sculptor  and  the  King";  the  prize  ($100)  to    K  H.   Bancroft,   foi 

second,    $200,    to    H.    R.    Poore,  for   "  Fox  News."    The  gold  medal  was  given  to 

Hounds" ;  the  third,  $100,  to  Charles  C.  Cur-  8.  Reinhart,  for  "  Washed  Ashore  " :  th 

ran,  for  "  A  Breezy  Day."    The  Norman  W.  medal  to  Howard  R.  Butler,  for  **  La 

Dodge  prize,  $300,  for  the  best  picture  painted  des  Yareches"  (Salon,  1886). 
in  the  United  States  by  a  woman,  was  award-        The  most  important  art  sale  of  the  y 

ed  to  Mrs.  Amanda  B.  Sewell,  for  her  "  Por-  that  of  the  Albert  Spencer  collection, 

trait  of  Dora  Wheeler."  evening  of  February  28,  at  Cbickerin 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  tBe  National  Acad-  New  York.     The  sixty-eight  pictures  « 

emy,  held  in  April,  the  officers  elected  were :  $284,025.    The  prices  of  some  of   tt 

Daniel  Huntington,  president;   T.  W.  Wood,  works  were  as  follow ;  Troyon," Drove 

vice-president ;    T.  Addison  Richards,  corre-  tie  and  Sheep,"  $26,000  (S.  P.  Avery), 

spending  secretary;   Albert  Jones,  treasurer.  Breton,  "LeSoir,"  $20,600  (Mrs.  W.  B.  < 

The  following  were  elected  academicians:  E.  G6r6me,  "Serpent  Charmer,"  $19,600, 

H.  Blashfield,  T.  W.  Dewing,  Walter  Shirlaw.  croix,  "  Entombment,"  $10,600;  **  Tigei 

Associate  academicians:    George   De   Forest  ing,"  $6,100.   J.  F.  Millet,  "The  Gle 

Brush,  Charles  C.  Curran,  Will  H.  Low,  H.  $10,400 ;"  Peasant  Woman  and  Child," ) 

Siddons  Mowbray,  H.  R.  Poore,  Augustus  St.  "  Diana  Reposing,"  $2,500 ;   "  Sheph< 

Gaudens,  Olin  L.  Warner,  Robert  Blum,  Will-  $7,500 ;  "  Sleeping  Woman,"  $2,500.   IJ 

iam  M.  Chase.  Robert  C.  Minor.  ier,  "  Standard  Bearer  of  the  FlemisI 

The  seventh  annual  autumn  exhibition  was  Guard,"  $9.200 ;  "  A  Musician,"  $8,80 

held  November  19  to  December  15.  rot,  "Mommg,"  $8,400 ;  "Farm  at  T 

At  the  fourth  annual  Prize  Fund  Exhibition  $7,000.    Daubigny,  "  Midsummer — ^Edj 

of  the  American  Art  Association,  held  in  New  Pond,"  $8,650.  Rousseau,  Theodore,  "S 

York  in  May,   the  catalogue  contained    838  $7,300;  "Autumn  Evening,"  $6,100;  " 

numbers,  including   pictures    and    sculpture,  in  a  Wood,"  $5,000 ;  "  Ravines  of  Apr€ 

But  one  prize,  of  $2,000,  was  awarded  to  J.  $4,300;  "  Cottage  at  Bern,"  $5,200;  "  P 

Alden  Weir,  for  his  "lale  Hours,"  a  large  Barbizon,"  $1,860 ;  "Lone  Tree  in  An 

genre  picture  which  is  to  go  to  the  Metropoli-  $1,200.  Fromentin,  "  Arab  Falconer,"  { 

tan  Museum.    Four  gold  medals  of  $100  each  "Arab  Women,"  $6,400;   "Horse-Tra 

were  given  as  follows :  Charles  Henry  Eaton,  the  Desert,"  $2,550;  "Boar  Hunt,"! 

best  landscape;    J.   C.   Nicoll,   best    marine,  "The  Fire,"  $1,050.   Diaz,  "In  the  T^ 

"  The  Sea  " ;  Percy  Moran,  best  figure  compo-  $6,900 ;    "  Assumption,"    $2,650 ;    "  ! 

sition,  " The  Forgotten  Strain";  0.  E.  Dallin,  Stoi-m,"  $4,100;  "Clearing  in  the  T 

best  statue,  "  The  Indian  Hunter."  $4,700.    Isabey,  "  FAte  at  H6tel  Rambc 

The  Society  of  American  Artists  held  its  $4,600.    Schreyer,  "  Advance  Guard," 
tenth  annual  exhibition  at  the  Yandell  Gallery,        A  collection  of  water-colors  by  W.  Hi 

New  York,  April  7  to  May  6.    The  Seward  Gibson,  and  of  oils  by  Kruseman  Van 

Webb  prize  for  the  best  landscape  painted  by  exhibited  at  the  American  Art  Gallerii 

an  American  artist  under  forty  years  of  age,  March  13,  was  sold  March  19.    The 

was  awarded  to  J.   H.  Twachtman,   for  his  brought  $12,259 ;  the  latter,  $8,032. 
"  Windmills."  The  Edward  Kearney  and  Jordan  I 

An  exhibition  of  historical  portraits,  most  of  collections,  exhibited  at   the   America 

them  of  Philadelphia  social  celebrities,  at  the  Galleries,  were  sold  March  28  and  29,  V 

Philadelphia  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  which  ures    bringing    $130,590.      Among  it 

closed  January  15,  contained  about  500  works,  prices  obtained  were :  Rosa  Bonheur,  " 

Several  were  attributed  to  Lely  and  Kneller ;  the  Forest,"  $5,500 ;  Bouguereau,  "  R€ 

others  were  by  Hesselius,  Robert  Feke,  Sully,  $4,800 ;  G6r6me,  "  Circassian  Slave,"  { 

Gilbert  Stuart,  the  Peales,  Otis,  and  Neagle.  Schreyer,    ^^  Teamster  in  the  Marshes 

The  American  Water-Color  Society's  twenty-  Danube,"  $4,000. 
first  annual  exhibition  was  held  in  New  York,        The  Christian  H.  Wolff  collection,  ex 

January  80  to  February  25.    Two  prizes,  of  at  the  American  Art  Galleries,  New 

$300  each,  one  given  by  Mrs.  Frank  Leslie,  for  from  March  26  to  April  2,  was  sold  foi 

the  best  figure  or  still-life ;  the  other  by  W.  T.  $27,000. 


IRTS  IN  1888.    (Unitbd  Statkb.)  FLORIDA.                      339 

Iward  F.  Rook  collection,  sold  April  Gen.  Israel  Patnam,  was  nnveiled  at  Brooklyn, 

ted  of  American  and  European  pict-  Conn.,  June  14. 

ong  the    latter    being    specimens  of  A  bronze  statue  of  Josiab  Bartlett,  the  first 

Morean,  Madrazo,  Hamon,  Yill^'as,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the 

Uecoor,    and    Lenort.     Eighty-three  work  of  Earl  Gerhardt,  was  dedicated  July  4, 

irought  $20,715.  at  Amesbury,  Mass. 

dfrey  Mannheimer  collection  of  sev-  The  monument  to  Francis  Scott  Key,  author 

minor  pictures,  by  good  masters,  was  of  the  *'  Star  Spangled  Banner,"  the  gift  of  the 

11  12,  for  $48,780.    Enaus's  *' Black-  late  James  Lick,  was  unveiled,  July  4,  at  San 

»p  "  brought  $7,000.  Francisco.    It  is  of  bronze,  executed  in  Rome 

iection  of  Henry  F.  Chapman,  Jr.,  by  W.  W.  Story. 

[  12,  consisted  chiefly  of  good  exam-  A  statue  of  Sergeant  William  Jasper,  the  hero 

)  French  schools.   Lerolle^s  "  End  of  of  Fort  Moultrie  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 

brought  $3,500 ;  Dnpr^'s  *^  Summer  the  work  of  Alexander  Doyle,  was  unveiled, 

225  ;  Rousseau's  *'  Sunshine  through  February  22,  at  Savannah,  Ga. 

|2,500;  a  drawing  by  Millet,  $3,000.  Among  many  statues  and  monuments  erected 

>rought  in  the  aggregate  $74,395.  at  Gettysburg  during  the  year  was  a  bronze 

lection  of  Herman  Herzog,  a  Grer-  figure  of  heroic  size,  of  Gen.  Warren,  by  Earl 

rican  painter,  residing  in   Philadel-  Gerhardt. 

isting  of  226  of  his  own  works,  land-  A  statue  of  Richard  Stockton,  in  marble,  and 

i  marines,  sold  April  25-27,  brought  of  Gen.  Philip  Eeamey,  in  bronze,  were  placed, 

August  21,  by  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  in  the 

S.  Clark  collection,  and  other  pict-  old  Hall  of  Representatives,  Washington, 

-three  in  all,  were  sold  May  3  and  4,  A  bronze  statue  of  William  H.  Seward  was 

:ht  in  the  aggregate  $39,866.     The  erected  at  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  in  October.    It  is 

ice  was  $3,400  for  Schreyer's  "  Walla-  by  Walter  G.  Robinson, 

listers  resting."  A  bronze  statue  of  Longfellow,  by  Frank- 

ston  Art  Club's  thirty-seventh  exhi-  lin  Simmons,  was  unveiled  at  Portland,  Me., 

nuary  13  to  February  11),  consisted  September  29. 

portraits  and  landscapes.  FU>RIDA,    Stale  G&ftnmtwL — The  following 

dio  properties  of  L6on  y  Escosura,  were  the  State  ofiScers  during  the  year :  Gov- 

y  pictures  by  himself,  and  some  at-  ernor,  Edward  A.  Perry,  Democrat;  Lieuten- 

'  old  masters,'*  sold  at  the  Buchen  ant-Governor,  Milton  H.  Mabry ;  Secretary  of 

ries,  New  York,  brought  in  the  ag-  State,  John  L.  Crawford ;  Treasurer,  Edward 

16,667.    Forty-one  pictures  by  the  S.  Crill;  Comptroller,  William  D.Barnes;  At- 

for  $29,145;  the**  old  masters'*  for  torney-Generiu,  Charles  M.  Cooper;  Superin- 

**'  St.  George  and  the  Dragon,'*  at-  tendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Albert  J.  Rus- 

)  Raphael,  was  withdrawn  for  want  sell ;  Commissioner  of  Lands  and  Immigration, 

K)  bid.  Charles  L.  Mitchell ;  Chief -Justice  of  the  Su- 

the  pictures  exhibited  in  New  York  preme  Court,  Augustus  E.  Maxwell ;  Associate 

)  past  year  were  twenty- one  large  Justices,  George  P.  Raney  and  R.  B.  Van  Yalk- 

y  the  French  painter  Paul  Philippo-  enburgh,  who  died  on  August  1,  and  was  suc- 

strative  of  the  civil  war  and  of  Gen.  ceeded  by  H.  L.  Mitchell  by  appointment  of 

reer;  "  The  Right  of  Way,"  and  sev*  the  Governor.     He  had  already  been  nomi- 

pieces,  by  Mrs.  Emily  J.  Lakey,  a  nated  to  succeed  Judge  Van  Valkenburgh,  by 

an  Marcke ;  about  a  hundred  pict-  the  Democratic  State  Convention  held  in  May, 

ie  Russian  painter  Yassili  Yerest-  and  was  elected  in  November, 

iefiy  of  subjects  connected  with  the  FIuuims* — At  the  beginning  of  1887  there 

kish  War  and  the  Indian  mutiny,  and  was  a  balance  in  the  State  treasury  of  $255,- 

n  Turkistan  (previously  exhibited  in  894.63.    The  receipts  during  the  year  from  all 

'aria,  London,  and  other  European  sources  were  $585,871.65,  and  the  expenditures 

elacroix's  ''  Les  Convnlsionnaires  de  $681,120.26,  leaving  a  balance  of  $110,646.02 

Sahfky  1838),  was  exhibited  by  Enoed-  at  the  close  of  the  year.    The  largest  receipts 

ind  sold  to  W.  T.  Walters,  Baltimore,  were  from  the  license  tax,  $180,420.28,  and 

s  "  Christ  on  Calvary,"  exhibited  the  State  tax  on  property,  $228,688.07.    The 

ork  last  year,  has  been  bought  by  expenditures  include  $149,470.43  for  jurors  and 

uamaker,  Philadelphia,  for  more  than  witnesses,  $79,954,   for  interest  on  the  public 

debt,  $70,000  for  legislative  expenses,  $34,581.- 

'A  statue  of  Garibaldi,  by  Giovanni  10  for  care  of  the  insane,  $86,689  for  judicial 

as  unveiled,  Jane  4,  in  Washington  salaries,  and  $21,875  for  executive  salaries, 

ew  York.    The  figure  is  8  feet  10  There  was  no  change  in  the  State  debt  dur- 

^h,  and  stands  on  a  granite  pedes-  ing  the  year,  but  about  $10,000  of  State  bonds 

t  6  inches  high.    It  was  erected  by  representing  the  debt  were  added  to  the  sink- 

ibscription  by  Italian  residents  at  a  ing-fund,  and  the  same  amount  to  the  school 

0,000.  fund.    The  amount  of  State  bonds  held  by  in- 

ze  equestrian  statue,  heroic  size,  of  dividuals  was  thus  reduced  from  $480,700  at 


840  FLORroA. 

the  beginniDg  of  1887,  to  $411,800  at  the  close,  threatened,  believiDg  that  the  epidemic  wotll^ 

The  assessed  valaatioQ  of  the  State  for  1887  coverthe  whole  State,  fled  to  the  North.   JacV 

was  $86,265,662,  against  $76,611,409  for  1886.  sonville  in  a  few  days  lost  nearly  half  of  its 

Gdmatloi* — The  following  statistics  exhibit  population  of  80,000,  and  business  was  almost 

the  condition  of  the  public  schools  during  the  entirely  suspended.    An  executive  committee  of 

school  year  1886-^87 :  the  citizens  was  chosen  to  aid  the  city  aathori- 

Whole  number  of  schools,  2,108  ;  iDcrcaae  over  the  ^.^  i°  suppressing  or  controlling  the  epidemic, 

year  1885-'86, 184.    Total  enrollment,  82,458 ;  aver-  diseased  persoDS  were  isolated  at  a  hospital  out- 

aore  daily  attendance,  51.059 ;  increase  in  daily  attend-  side  the  city,  infected  buildings  were  burned, 

uioe  over  1885-*86,  6,246;  number  of  white  teachere  cannon  were  fired,  a  refugee  camp  was  estab- 

;5S»9!''t^?i  Sr^?  of  Siri^d'eTrm"  ^^^^f  --^  other  measures  were  adopU.!  for 

ill  iou^es  for  school  purposes  and  raisedby  the  State  relief.     Nearly  all  important  centers  m  tb« 

and  counties,  $449,  299.15 ;  number  of  white  schools  South  quarantmed  against  the  city,  and  eu- 

operated,  1,590 ;  number  of  colored  schools  operated,  forced  their  regulations  strictly.     Up  to  and 

518 ;  value  of  school  property  owned  by  the  State  and  including  Saturday,  August  18,  33  cases  were 

counties,  and  used  m  the  school  work,  $521,500.  reported  in  the  city,  and  5  deaths.     From  thii 

The  State  normal  colleses  for  each  race,  time,  in  spite  of  repressive  measures,  the  epi- 

established  by  the  last  Legidature,  were  organ-  demic  obtained  a  firmer  hold,  the  number  ol 

ized  and  opened  in  October,  1887,  at  the  be-  cases    reported  each  day  rapidly  increasing, 

ginning  of  the  school  year.    The  one  for  white  Up  to  and  including  August  25  there  were  91 

students,  at  De  Funiak  Springs,  had  matricn-  cases  and  12  deaths  reported,  and  to  Septern- 

lated    fifty   students   during    the    first  three  ber  1,  284  cases  and  82  deaths.     On  August  28 

months ;  the  one  for  colored  students,  at  Tal-  the  General  Government,  through  the  Marine 

lahassee,  received  forty  students  during  the  Hospital  service,  took  more  open   and  direct 

same  time.    In  both  of  these  colleges  tuition  is  control  of  quarantine  regulations  than  before, 

entirely  free.     The  State  also  supports  a  flour-  by  means  of  an  order  of  Surgeon-General  Ham- 

isbing  agricultural  college  and  an  institute  for  ilton  establishing  a  refugee  camp,  to  be  known 

blind  and  deaf  mute  children,  in  which  there  as  Gamp  Perry,  at  which  all  persons  from  the 

were  twenty  at  the  beginning  of  the  year.  city  should  be  detained  ten  days  before  going 

lHaignttoi«— The  people  of  the  State  have  to  a  temporary  camp  at  Waycross,  Gia.,  from 
formed  a  State  Immigration  Association,  to  aid  which  they  might  proceed  northward.  So 
the  State  Immigration  Commissioner  in  his  trains  were  allowed  to  run  from  the  city,  ex- 
work.  This  association  holds  annual  meetings  cept  to  Camp  Perry,  and  a  rigid  inspection  and 
'  and  elects  executive  officers  for  the  year.  A  fumigation  of  the  mails  and  baggage  was  re- 
large  meeting  was  held  at  Jacksonville  in  May.  quired.     A  second  temporary  camp  at  lira 

ifeUow  Fever. — Isolated  cases  of  yellow  fever  Oaks  was  established,  and  those  at  Dupont 
in  a  mild  form  appear  to  have  been  found  at  and  on  the  Chattahoochee  nver  discontinued. 
Tampa  as  early  as  the  autumn  of  1887.  The  These  regulations  called  forth  a  protest  from 
disease  survived  the  winter  and  spring  at  that  the  citizens,  who  at  a  public  meeting  on  Au^st 
place,  and,  early  in  the  latter  season,  the  cases  81  passed  resolutions  denouncing  the  action  ol 
becoming  known  to  Surgeon-General  Hamilton  the  Surgeon-General.  The  latter,  in  a  public 
of  the  Marine  Hospital  corps,  he  notified  Gov.  letter,  justified  his  course  and  refused  to  re- 
Perry  of  the  fact«  and  also  publicly  announced  cede.  Hitherto  offers  of  assistance  from  oat- 
the  existence  of  the  disease  in  the  State.  But  side  sources  had  been  refused  ;  but  as  the  in- 
no  heed  was  paid  to  this  warning,  no  quaran-  fected  area  and  the  number  of  cases  increasedi 
tine  reflations  adopted,  and  the  statement  was  the  citizens  found  themselves  no  longer  able  t0 
generaJly  discredited.  Meanwhile,  during  the  meet  the  exigency,  and  on  September  6  the 
early  summer,  one  or  more  cases  were  always  city  authorities  issued  a  call  for  pecuniary  of 
to  be  found  at  Tampa,  and  before  August  1  the  other  assistance.  This  was  promptly  and  geH' 
disease  had  appeared  at  Plant  City,  Manatee,  erously  responded  to,  especially  in  the  Northern 
Palmetto,  and  other  small  places  in  the  State,  cities.  Before  October  1  more  than  $2O0,00C 
There  were,  however,  only  a  few  patients  at  had  been  sent  to  the  unfortunate  city.  Th4 
each  place,  and  the  facts  were  kept  from  the  progress  of  the  epidemic  after  September  1  li 
public  prints.  The  first  case  came  to  Jackson-  shown  by  the  following  figures:  Cases  up  ic 
ville  from  one  of  these  infected  localities  in  the  and  including  Septeml^r  8,  555,  deaths  66 ; 
last  week  of  July;  but  it  was  not  until  about  September  15,  cases  921,  deaths  117;  Septem- 
August  8  that  public  announcement  of  the  ex-  ber  22,  oases  1,878,  deaths  212;  September  %^ 
istence  of  several  cases  in  the  city  was  made,  cases  2,547,  deaths  248  ;  October  6,  casefl 
In  a  few  days  more  the  disease  had  become  epi-  8,118,  deaths  282;  October  13,  cases  8,526, 
demic,  twenty-six  cases  appearing  before  August  deaths  811 ;  October  20,  cases  3,767,  deaths 
15.  About  this  time  reports  from  Manatee  show-  827;  October  27,  cases  4,048,  deaths  346 ;  No- 
ing  that  there  had  been  twenty-three  cases  at  vember,  8,  cases  4,266,  deaths  361 ;  Novem- 
that  place,  from  Palmetto  showing  a  number  of  ber  10,  cases  4,469,  deaths  384;  November  17, 
cases,  and  from  other  places,  were  published,  cases  4,601,  deaths  892;  November  24,  casee 
There  was  great  excitement  throughout  the  4,674,  deaths  407;  December  1,  cases  4,697, 
State,  and  many  people  living  at  points  not  deaths  410 ;    December  8,  cases  4,704^  deathn 


FLORIDA.  a41 

)w  if  any  oases  occnrred  after  the  ]ast  That  the  remarkable  and  steady  growth  of  our  pop> 

i  by  December  15  refuirees  beiran  to  tihition,  and   the  enormoua  flow  ot  capitol  seeking 

^  ♦K*  «;♦«      a^„«-«i  -r J?i  u«^™  «.««  permanent  mvestment  m  our  State,  la  a  noteworthy 

3  the  city.     Several  well-known  men  Judication  of  the  proeperity  of  the  State,  and  that  we 

n  victiias  to  the  disease,  and  the  loss  invite  worthy  ana  industrious  people  fh>m  all  quar- 

isiness  and  material  growth  of  the  city  ters  to  come  and  settle  among  us,  with  the  conndent 

re  assurance  of  a  friendly  welcome,  and  an  equal  oppor- 

e  of  Jacksonville  cases  of  the  fever  tunity:  and  we  heartily  approve  the  recent  ^U&fish- 

-1    «'«»*'-^«v"»  •"«  vosrco  VM.    fcuw    \r  ment  of  a  State  Immigration  Association,  and  pledge 

ported,  about  September   7,   at    Mc-  it  our  coixlial  sympathy  and  earnest  support  in  its 

about  thirty  miles  west  of  the  city,  efforts  to  people  our  State  with  honest  citizens,  no 

namber  of  deaths  occurred.   Ten  days  matter  whence  they  come. 

es  were  found  at  Gainesville,  and  soon  ^  That  the  nominee  of  this  convention  for  Goveraor. 

^  4^1.^  ,v.^A»^o.    «^  ♦k*  #»»J.  «,—  ««  hy  the  acceptance  of  the  nomination,  stands  pledged 

i  the  presence    of  the  fever  was  ao-  to  reg»«i  tfie  recommendation  of  thi  different  coSn- 

?ea  at  demand  ma,  from  which  place  ties  of  this  State  as  expressed  by  the  Democrats  of 

:tion  had  been  brought  to  Gainesville,  the  several  counties  through  their  party  or^ization 

em  to  have  been  oases  at  Fernandina  for  ^hat  most  vital  and  important  of  all  positions,  their 

iveeks  before  this  time.     Late  in  the  ^^^^^  commissioners. 

ianderson  was  added  to  the  list  of  in-  President  Cleveland's  efforts  in  behalf  of  tariff 

aces.    In  the  latter  part  of  October  reform  and  civil  service  reform  were  approved, 

^ported  that  the  fever  had  existed  at  and  delegates  to  the  St  Louis  convention,  who 

se  for  several  months,   and  that  16  were  chosen  at  the  same  time,  were  instructed 

1 2  deaths  had  occurred.  to  vote  for  his  renomination. 

these  places  the  epidemic  raged  until  The   Republican   convention   was  held    at 

»f  November,  when  hard  frosts  stayed  Ocala,  on  July  81.    The  following  ticket  was 

resa,   although   some  cases   occurred  nominated:  For  Gt)vemor,   V.  J.   Shipman; 

t  date,  especially  at  Jacksonville.     Up  Secretary  of  State,  Henry  W.  Chandler ;  Attor- 

iber  1  there  had  been  at  Fernandina  ney-Generd,  John  Eagan ;  Comptroller,  0.  W. 

100  cases  and  88  deaths ;  at  McClenny,  Lewis :  State  Treasurer,  Walter  Bishop ;   Su- 

*  cases  and  22  deaths ;  at  Sanderson,  perintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  J.  E.  Rai- 

»  cases  and  2  deaths ;  at  Gainesville,  ney ;  Commissioner  of  Agrionlture,  John  P. 

K)  cases  and  about  12  deaths ;  at  Pal-  Apthorp ;  Supreme  Court  Judges,  £.  M.  Ran- 

>out  45  oases ;  at  Enterprise,  about  80  dall,  J.  H.  Goss,  Charles  Swayne. 

d  4  deaths.    Quarantine  restrictions  The  platform  adopted  contains  the  following 

lOved  at  Fernandina  on  December  1.  resolutions  upon  State  questions : 

■•—The  election  of  1888  was  the  first  ^hat  we  heartily  favor  a  protective  duty  on  oranges, 

e  new  Constitution.     Aside  from  the  lemons,  pineapples,  vegetables,  tobacco,  wool,  lum- 

.ial  contest,  there  was  to  be  chosen  a  ber,  cotton,  sugar,  rice,  and  other  products  of  our 

f  State  ofllcers,  including  three  judges  State,  that  shall  enable  our  fermers  to  compete  against 

inr^me  Conrt.  that  bodv  heini?  cho^n  *^®  underpaid  and  degraded  labor  of  Egypt,  Itoly, 

ipreme  oouri,  tnai  oouy  oeing  cnosen  g    .     B^rniuda,  and  other  foreign  countnes. 

tirst  time  by   popular  election.     Ihe  That  the  laws  for  the  assessment  and  collection  of 

tic  State  Convention  met  at  St.  An-  revenue  are  unequal  in  application,  and  utterly  un- 

on  May  29,  and  was  in  session  four  fitted  to  meet  the  wants  of  a  growing  and  prosperous 

here   were  four  candidates  for  the  ^^^'    ^^A""?;  V^^'^'^^r''^^-'''' ^fiflr*"?!® 

•  1            'i.*          /^         r>u-j.T>i  system,  so  that  the  burdens  of  taxation  shall  be  light- 

onal   nonoination :  Gen.  Robert  Bui-  ^^^  dualized,  and  brought  into  harmony  with  our 

incis  P.  Fleming,  Robert  W.  Davis,  advancing  civiliaition. 

.  Speer.     After  about  twenty  ballots  That  we  fevor  the  repeal  of  our  present  road  law, 

wo-named  withdrew,  but  a  choice  was  compelling  as  it  does  the  poor  settler  to  labor  six  davs 

hed  until  the  fortieth  ballot,  when  «^®^y  "PP"?  *?,?  ^^}  ""?  ^®  P"^*'*'  T^^'  ^^v     ^% 

J     ,      ^-"^   *"*''»^^"    "**Vir  X-  1    X  non-resident,  though  he  may  own  his  millions  of 

was  declared  the  nominee.    1  he  ticket  ^cres,  is  exempt ;  and  we  demand  the  enactment  of  a 

pleted   as  follows:  For   Secretary  of  law  nroviding  for  the  maintenance  of  the  road  out  of 

)hn  L.  Crawford ;    for    Comptroller,  the  fnnds  ndsed  by  general  taxation. 

D.   Barnes;  for  Treasurer,  Frank  J.  ,,That  we  favor  the  oublio^school  system,  which  is 

»    A4-^^»^^«    n^,.A..»i  T]ir:ii;I.n  n  i  ^  the  offspnng  of  the  Republican  party,  and  express 

r  Attorney  -  Generd,  William  B.  La-  ^^^  ^^^'^  ^^i t  it  can  be  fest  nourished  and  perfected 

Superintendent  of  Pubhc  Instruction,  ^y  its  natural  parent. 

Russell;  for  Commissioner  of  I  mmi-  'That  the  Republican  party  cordially  symnathizes 

Lucius  B.  Wombwell ;  for  Justices  of  with  all  wise  and  well-directed  eflForts  for  the  pro- 

Btne  Court,  A.  E.  Maxwell,  George  P.  JJ^^^^n  ^(  temperance  «°^^.  ™^™||2';SiiT^'?n''th^ 

J  TT   T    \r'^  u  11      fri-    ^11      •  the  pnnciples  of  local  option,  now  embodied  m  the 

nd  H.  L.  Mitchell.     The  following  are  Constitution  of  the  State. 

le  resolutions  adopted :  That,  true  to  the  spirit  of  retrogression,  which 

e  advocate  a  liberal  policy  on  the   part  of  characterizes  the  Democratic  partv,  it  has  discontinued 

al  Government  in  the  matter  of  public  im-  the  Bureau  of  Immigration,  which,  under  a  Repub- 

to,  and  hold  that  the  South  has  a  right  to  lican  administration,  nad  turned  into  our  State  a  tide 

lis  until  her  waterways  and  harbors  are  ad-  of  immicrration  that  brought  millions  of  wealth  within 

he  needs  of  commerce  to  the  same  extent  as  our  border,  and  changed  forests  into  fh]itf\il^  fields, 

ions  of  the  country.  That  the  Farmers'  Alliance,  Farmers'  Union,  State 

is  the  duty  of  the  State  to  educate  its  chil-  Horticultural  Societv,  Sub-Tropical  Exposition,  and 

1  that  we  favor  the  maintenance  of  the  labor  organizations  nave  our  full  and  hearty  sympa- 

benl  provisions  for  our  system  of  public  thy  and  support. 

That  we  clenounce  the  present  Democratic  Railroad 


j 


342  FRANOR 

CommiBsion.     Its  halting  inefflcienoy  has  annoyed  pflsdia'^  for  1887.)    The  President,  in  the 

and  exasjaeratod  the  transportation  companies^  and  ^igg  ^f  his  execative  functions,  makes  h 

WM^'cJ^lcT^  ^  acoomplisli  the  reform  lor  which  it  ^.^j^^g   -^  accordance  with  the  advice 

That  we  are  uncompromisingly  in  favor  of  free  ministers,  who  are  responsible  to  the  L< 

speech  and  the  unreetnoted  ri^t  of  all  citizens  to  tnre.    The  first  Cabinet  after  the  acceasi 

lawfully  meet  and  oonsult  together  upon  the  political  President  Camot  was  formed  on  Dec.  12, 

quwtions  of  the  day.  ^nd  consisted  of  the  following  members : 

.J^xr.^^r^^^T^^eT^^l^^  i^?\  of  the  OouncU  Minister  of  Fiaanc 

order,  and  that  we  favor  liberal  appropriations  for  its  Mmister  of  Posts  and  Telegraphs,  Fierr€ 

support  and  maintenanoe,  and  a  hearty  spirit  of  aid  roanuel  Tirard ;  Minister  of  Foreign  A 

and  sympathy  on  the  part  of  the  Sute  government.  Leopold  £mi1e  Flourens ;  Minister  of  the 

That  in  tiie  counties  of  Madison  J eflferson,  Gads.      .       j         j^^    Ferdinand  Sarrien;  Mi 

den,  and  Jackson  we  recognize  a  condition  of  anarchy  *      ♦  vv^t     *.      *;        Tn^^\.:^  ««^  jk^^ 

and  deEance  of  tiie  laws  oT  our  State  for  tiie  protection  of  Pubhc  Instruction,  Worship,  and  Fine 

of  the  citizen  in  his  constitutional  rights,  in  that  the  Etienne  Leopold  Faye ;  Minister  of  Jnsti 

citizens  of  those  counties  are  prevented  by  intimida-  ^,  Fallidres ;  Minister  of  War,  Gen.  Lo^ 

tion  and  force  from  holding  lawful  assemblies,  cast-  Minister  of  Marine  and  the  Colonies,  Fn 

Efvil^JS^Zr^reot'^r^dX^-SS^Thl  0.  de  Mahy  who  retired,  and  w«, 

attention  of  our  State  authorities  to  this  fact,  and  de-  on  Jan.  5,    1888,   by   Vice- Admiral   tLr 

mand  of  them  the  fiiithful  execution  of  their  trust  as  Minister  of  Commerce  and  Industry,  At 

a  government  of  the  whole  people  of  the  State.  Lncien  Dautresme ;  Minister  of  Public  ^ 

The  Prohibitionists  held  a  State  convention  £mile  Loubet ;  Minister  of  Agricnlture, 

at  Orlando  in  September,  and  nominated  presi-  gois  Yiette. 

dential  electors,  but  voted  not  to  present  a       Afm  and  P0p«latlM« — ^The  area  of  Frai 

State  ticket.    The  canvass,  which  promised  to  528,57'2  square  kilometres,  or  204,177  s 

be  of  exceptional  interest,  lost  in  a  Lfirge  degree  miles.    The  population  on  May  80,  188C 

its  importance  wheu  the  yellow-fever  epidemic  88,218,908,  or  187  to  the  square  mile.    F 

appeared  in  the  State.    Yet  the  total  vote  is  divided  into  87  departments,  subdivide 

polled  at  the  election  in  November  was  larger  862  arrondissements,  containing  2,871  ca 

than  in  any  previous  election.    Mr.  Cleveland  and  86,121  communes.    The  number  o 

received  89,561  votes ;  Harrison,  26,657 ;  and  communes  is  constantly  increasing. 
Fisk,  428  votes.    For  Governor,  Fleming  re-        The  number  of  marriages  in  1886  was 

oeived  40,256  votes,  and  Shipman  26,485.     All  198 ;  of  births,  912,782 ;   of  deaths,  86' 

the  Democratic  candidates  on  the  State  ticket  The  excess  of  births  over  deaths  was  51 

were  elected,  and  also  two  Democratic  Con-  as  compared  with  85,464  in  1885,  78,S 

gressmen.    But  few  Republicans  were  elected  1884,  96,803  in  1888,  97,027  in  1882,  1( 

to  the  Legislature.  in  1881,  61,840  in  1880,  96,667  in  1879,  f 

FRANCE,  a  republic  in  western  Europe.    The  in  1878,  and  142,620  in  1877.     In  Bouohi 

§  resent  form  of  government  was  proclaimed  Rh6ne  there  were  8,114  more  deaths 

ept.  4,   1871.     The  executive   authority  is  births  in  1886 ;  in  Manohe,  2,802 ;  in  Call 

vested  in  the  President  of  the  republic,  and  1,946;   in  Eure,   1,897;    in  Ome,   1,861 

the  legislative  power  in  an  assembly  of  two  Seine-et-Oise,  1,828 ;  in  Rh6ne,  1,779. 

houses — the  Senate  and  the  Chamber  of  Depu-  departments  altogether  there  was  a  surpl 

ties.    The  Senate  is  composed  of  800  members,  86,139  deaths,   while  in  the   remainde 

elected  for  nine  years.    They  are  divided  into  births  exceeded  the  deaths  by  88,699. 
three  classes,  one  class  retiring  by  rotation  ev-        The  census  of  1886  included  1,126,58! 

ery  three  years.    The  Chamber  of  Deputies  is  eigners  who  were  resident  in  France, 

composed  of  584  members,  one  to  every  70,-  foreigners  in   1881    numbered   1,001,011 

000  inhabitants,  elected  by  universal  suffrage  compared  with  801,754  in  1876.    The  nt 

under  the  serutin  de  liste,  which  was  adopted  of  Belgians  was  482,265 ;  of  Italians,  24< 

on  June  16,  1885.    The  term  of  service  is  four  against  165,313  in  1876 ;  of  Germans,  8 

years.    In  1885  there  were  10,181,095  electors,  against  59,028 ;  of  Spaniards,  78,781 ;  off 

of  whom  7,896,100  voted  in  the  election  of  66,281;  of  British  and  Irish,  37,006 ;  of! 

that  year.    The  senators  receive  a  salary  of  21,232;  of  Austro-Hungarians,  12,090;  ot 

15,000  francs,  and  the  deputies  9,000  francs  sians  and  Poles,  10,489 ;  of  Americans,  ii 

per  annum.    The  President  is  elected  for  a  ing  South  Americans,  9,816.    On  Oct.  2, 

term  of  seven  years  by  a  majority  of  votes  of  in  response  to  a  demand  from  the  woi 

the  Senate  and  Chamber  of  Deputies  united  people,  who  considered  themselves  injar 

in  a  National  Assembly.    He  receives  a  salary  the  free  ingress  of  foreign  competitors,  a 

of  600,000  francs,  with  600,000  francs  addi-  a  rejoinder  to  recent  regulations  of  the 

tional  for  expenses.    The  Senate  and  Chamber  man  authorities  respecting  the  presence  c 

of  Deputies  meet  every  year  on  the  second  eigners  in  Alsace-Lorraine,  the  Goven 

Tuesday  in  January,  and  must  remain  in  ses-  issued  a  decree  imposing  onerous  conditi< 

sion  at  least  five  months.  the  residence  of  citizens  of  foreign  sta 

The  President  of  the  republic  is  Marie-Fran-  France.    The  statistics  published  by  the 

^ois  Sadi  Carnot,  elected  Dec.  8,  1887.    (For  istry  of  Commerce  in  connection  witi 

biography  and  portrait,  see  **  Annual  Cyclo-  decree  show  that,  whereas  the  foreigners 


FRANOK  343 

Vance  conatitoted  little  more  than  1  estants ;  58,486  were  Jews ;  and  7,664,906  per- 
of  the  population  in  1851,  the  pro-  sons  refused  to  state  their  religions  belief.  All 
ras  more  than  doable  in  1876,  risking  religions  are  equal  by  law,  and  state  allow- 
cent.  in  1881,  and  in  1886  to  8  per  anoes  are  granted  to  those  sects  whose  ad- 
le  nomber  of  Italians  in  1886  was  herents  number  more  than  100,000.  In  the 
having  quadrupled  in  85  years.  In  budget  of  1888,  the  sum  of  45,748,568  francs 
irtment  of  Bouches-du-Rh6ne  tbey  was  devoted  to  these  allowances,  distributed 
welftb  part  of  tbe  population,  num-  as  follow :  Roman  Catholics,  48,503,728  francs ; 
,088,  while  in  the  Maritime  Alps,  the  Protestants,  1,551,600  francs;  Jews,  180,900 
Dt  that  has  Nice  for  its  chief  place,  francs;  Mussulmans,  216,840  francs;  admin- 
)  89,165,  and  in  Paris  28,851.  The  istration,  etc.,  291,000  francs, 
iber  of  Belgians  is  482,261,  of  whom  Public  education  is  under  the  supervision  of 
eside  in  the  department  of  the  Nord,  tbe  Central  Government.  In  1885-'86  there 
ey  constitute  one  eighteenth  of  the  were  85,887  elementary  schools,  63,207  of 
>pulation.  The  number  of  Germans  which  were  lay  schools,  and  22,680,  clerical 
ban  100,000,  but  before  the  war  there  scbools;  70,813  were  public  and  the  rest  pri- 
ible  that  number.  Nearly  one  third  vate  schools.  The  total  number  of  pupils  was 
are  in  Paris.  The  Spaniards  and  6,274,568,  of  whom  4,988,758  were  educated 
se  have  nearly  trebled  since  1851,  in  the  public  schools.  The  number  of  teach- 
ig  now  80,842,  nearly  all  of  whom  are  ers  in  the  elementary  schools  was  185,216  in 
the  departments  north  of  the  Pyre-  1886 — 88,668  in  the  lay,  and  46,548  in  the 
south  of  the  Garonne.  The  Swiss  clerical  schools.  In  November,  1884,  there 
r8,584,  of  whom  27,283  inhabit  the  were  881  secondary  schools,  with  98,495  pupils, 
nt  of  the  Seine.  The  number  of  There  were  87  normal  schools  for  males  and 
87,149,  of  whom  more  than  half  75  for  females  in  1886.  Education  is  provided 
kris.  The  English,  Scotch,  and  Irish  for  adult  males  in  6,667  communes,  and  for 
)6,184,  and  of  these  14,701  live  in  adult  females  in  1,135  communes,  the  total 
he  nnmber  of  natives  of  North  and  number  of  pupils  in  1885-^86  being  167,798 
aerica  is  only  10,258,  of  whom  6,915  males  and  80,086  females.  The  number  of 
aris.  These  figures  include  persons  graduates  at  the  state  universities  in  1884  was 
French  soil  who  have  acquired  citi-  12,195.  In  that  year  8,807  students  were  in 
1  foreign  countries,  constituting  about  attendance  at  the  faculty  or  University  of 
;b  of  the  total,  but  not  naturalized  Paris.  There  are  also  numerous  technical,  in- 
tizens,  who  number  108,886,  whereas  dnstrial,  and  other  special  schools.  In  the 
there  were  only  15,808  naturalized  budget  of  1886-^87,  the  total  sum  devoted  to 
m.  •  educational  purposes  was  94,497,000  francs,  of 
cree  of  the  President  of  the  republic  which  sum  81,460,000  francs  were  for  primary 
dvery  foreigner  settling  in  France  or  and  18,087,000  francs  for  intermediate  educa- 
I  prolonged  stay  to  make  a  declara-  tion.  For  the  16  schools  of  letters  and  phi- 
in  fifteen  days  of  his  arrival  at  the  losophy,  14  of  law,  and  6  of  medicine,  the  sura 
'  the  commune  where  he  intends  to  of  11,709,214  francs  was  assigned  in  the 
sidence,  or  at  the  prefecture,  if  it  is  budget.  The  state  faculties  of  theology  were 
or  Lyons,  setting  forth  (1)  his  name  abolished  in  1885.  The  Protestant  faculties  at 
I  of  his  father  and  mother,  (2)  his  na-  Montauban  and  Paris  have,  however,  been 
(8)  the  place  and  date  of  his  birth,  continued  by  annual  votes  of  the  Chambers, 
ace  of  his  last  domicile,  (5)  his  pro-  because  they  are  the  only  legal  training-ool- 
'  means  of  subsistence,  (6)  the  names  leges  for  the  pastors  of  the  two  Protestant 
)nality  of  his  wife  and  minor  chil-  state  churches,  whereas  the  Catholic  faculties 
ase  they  accompany  him.  When  the  were  not  recognized  by  the  bishops  as  training- 
foreigner  changes  his  residence  to  schools  for  priests, 
ommune,  he  must  there  make  a  sirai-  Coaneiw  and  btdistry* — The  total  special 
*ation  before  the  maire.  Foreigners  commerce  of  France  in  1887  amounted  to 
Q  France  at  the  time  when  the  decree  7,590,546,000  francs,  of  which  4,270,772,000 
ished  were  re(^uired  to  comply  with  francs  represent  imports,  and  8,819,774,000 
ions  within  thirty  days.  A  supple-  francs,  exports.  The  most  important  class  of 
Jecree  extended  the  period  to  Jan.  1,  commodities  is  that  of  alimentary  substances, 
nfractions  of  the  regulations  pre-  comprising  wines,  cereals,  fruits,  animals,  cof- 
i  the  decree  are  punishable  with  po-  fee,  sugar,  etc.,  which  were  imported  to  the 
Ities,  without  prejudice  to  the  right  amount  of  1,600,887,000  francs,  and  exported 
ion,  which  can  be  exercised  by  the  to  the  amount  of  721,175,000  francs.  Of  raw 
>f  the  Interior  by  virtue  of  the  law  of  products,  including  wool,  raw  silk,  oils,  skins 
^9.  and  hides,  cotton,  and  lumber,  the  imports 
MidEdicatlM.— In  the  census  of  1881,  were  valued  at  1.998,886,000  francs,  and  the 
cent  of  the  population,  or  29,201,703  exports  at  717,387,000  francs.  Of  manufact- 
belonged  to  the  Roman  Catholic  ured  articles,  including  woolen,  silk,  and  cot- 
1*8  per  cent,  or  692,800,  were  Prot-  ton  goods,  leather  and  leather  goods,  machin- 


344 


FRANCE. 


ery,  metal  goods,  arms,  etc.,  the  imports  were 
552,091,000  francs,  and  the  exports  1,693,567,- 
000  francs.  Of  miscellaneous  products,  the 
value  of  the  imports  was  119,458,000  francs, 
and  that  of  the  exports,  187,645,000  francs. 
In  the  total  foreign  commerce  of  France  for 
1886,  amounting  to  7,456,900,000  francs,  ex- 
clusive of  specie,  the  imports  amounted  to 
4,208,100,000  francs,  and  the  exports  to  8,248,- 
800,000  francs.  The  imports  of  coin  and 
hullion  were  valued  at  443,517,878  francs,  and 
the  exports  at  833,262,342  francs.  The  transit 
trade  amounted  to  585,000,000  francs  in  1886. 
The  trade  of  France  with  other  countries  in 
1886  was,  in  millions  of  francs,  as  follows: 


COUNTRIES. 


Great  Britain 

Belgiam 

Bpain 

Germany 

Italv 

United  States 

Argentine  Republic 

British  India 

Bossia 

Turkey 

Alireria 

China 

Switzerland 

Austria 

Portugal 

BnizU 


Import! 


Kxporta 


625 

856 

419 

448 

89S 

178 

885 

297 

809 

192 

298 

2S2 

228 

110 

192 

8 

no 

10 

124 

46 

124 

189 

119 

4 

109 

210 

107 

14 

74 

28 

52 

57 

The  number  of  silk-culturists  in  1887  was 
136,388,  against  136,706  in  1886.  In  1886  there 
was  imported  into  France  154,994,874  kilo- 
grammes of  sugar,  while  the  home  manufact- 
ured sugar  amounted  to  412,161,821  kilo- 
grammes. The  product  of  wheat  in  1886  was 
290,000,000  bushels,  and  in  1887  it  was  322,- 
000,000  bushels.  The  yield  of  wine  in  1886  was 
692,584,728  gallons;  in  1887,  536,000,000  gal- 
lons. In  1887  232,800,000  gallons  of  wine  were 
imported,  and  48,114,000  ^llons  exported.  In 
1886  the  live-stock  in  France  included  2,911,- 
392  horses,  13,104,970  cattle,  22,616,547  sheep, 
1,483,000  goats,  and  5,681,088  swine.  The  num- 
ber of  persons  who  were  gaining  their  liveli- 
hood by  agriculture  in  1882  was  6,913,000, 
which  was  four  per  cent,  less,  as  compared 
with  the  total  population,  than  in  1862.  The 
total  number  of  agricultural  holdings  was  5,- 
672,007,  of  which  2,167,667  were  under  2 J 
acres,  2,635,030  between  1  and  25  acres,  783,- 
641  from  25  to  125  acres,  56,866  from  125  to 
250  acres,  20,644  from  250  to  500  acres,  7,942 
from  500  to  1,250  acres,  and  only  217  larger 
than  1,250  acres.  The  number  of  owners  of 
land  was  4,835,246,  which  was  405,269  less  than 
in  1862,  a  part  of  the  decrease  being  accounted 
for  by  the  transfer  of  Alsace-Lorraine,  with 
187,000  land -owners  to  Germany.  Nearly  80 
per  cent,  of  the  cultivators  are  owners  of  their 
farms,  14  per  cent,  are  tenants,  and  6  per  cent, 
are  metayers^  dividing  the  profits  with  the  land- 
lord, who  furnishes  the  land  and  the  capital. 
The  number  of  proprietors  had  increased,  and 
the  number  of  tenants  and  metayers  had  de- 
creased in  twenty  years. 


Naflsatlra.— In  1886,  100,796  vessels 
descriptions  were  entered  at  French  ports 
ing  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  18,490,692 
this  number,  79,112,  of  9,994,889  tons, 
under  the  French  flag.  The  number  of  t 
cleared  during  the  same  year  was  102,3 
19,023,334  tons,  of  which  80,151,  of  10,8C 
tons,  sailed  under  the  French  flag. 

In  1885  there  were  engaged  in  the  F 
flsheries  85,915  men,  with  23,877  vessels, 
value  of  the  flshery  product  was  51,4^ 
francs.  In  January,  1887,  the  mercantile 
consisted  of  14, 1 00  sailing-vessels  and  951  s 
ers.  The  sailing-vessels  had  a  tonnage  of 
807,  and  their  crews  numbered  74,129 
The  steamers  had  an  aggregate  burden  of 
484  tons,  and  employed  12,790  men. 

RallmdSi — The  railroads  of  France  in 
ary,  1888,  had  a  total  length  of  32,248 
metres.  The  state  is  the  owner  of  only 
kilometres,  and  does  not  operate  more 
half  of  its  lines.  The  receipts  of  all  the 
roads  in  1887  were  1,021,424,230  francs,  aj 
1,007,137,227  francs  in  1886.  The  gro 
ceipts  of  the  state  lines  are  estimated  f 
084,000  francs,  and  the  expenses  at  25,2( 
francs.  During  the  fiscal  year  1887-'8 
Government  built  791  kilometres  of  addi 
railroads. 

Tetognpli  ud  Ptstal  Service.— On  Jan.  1, 
there  were  86,868  kilometres  of  telegraph 
with  258,202  kilometres  of  wire.  In  188£ 
sent  23,091,360  telegraph  messages,  21,1! 
of  which  were  inland,  and  1,940,916  fore 

The  number  of  letters  and  postal  car^ 
warded  in  1885  was  679,145,983;  ofjon 
413,981,338;  of  samples,  circulars,  etc, 
024,173. 

The  postal  and  telegraph  receipts  in 
were  166,578,653  francs,  and  the  expenses 
424,235  francs.  The  telegraphs  have 
worked  at  a  loss  to  the  treasury  ever  %m\ 
Government  telegraph  service  was  estab 
in  1851. 

FtuuiceSi-^The  estimated  revenue  for  th( 
1887  was  3,134,336,415  francs,  and  the  e 
ditnre  3,133,731,289  francs.  The  budgi 
1888,  presented  in  February,  1887,  calci 
the  ordinary  revenue  at  3,253,683,188  f 
derived  from  the  following  sources:  In 
taxes,  domains,  and  state  monopolies,  2 
829,689  francs ;  direct  taxes,  474,753,494  f 
The  estimated  ordinary  expenditure  is  8 
104,738  francs,  the  principal  heads  being; 
istry  of  War,  694,934,530  francs;  Minis 
Marine,  219,883,311  francs;  Ministry  of] 
Instruction,  133,048,190  francs;  Minisi 
Public  Works,  176,046,604  francs;  othei 
istries,  256,322,445  francs ;  expenditure  < 
public  debt,  1,337,275,671  francs;  admu 
tion  and  salaries  of  the  President,  senatoi 
deputies,  345,860,097  francs.  The  extr 
nary  expenditures,  balanced  by  receipts 
special  sources,  were  473,605,131  francs  f 
home  office,  treasury,  and  other  special 
and  83,796,200  francs  for  special  state  exp 


FRANCE.  845 

latter  amount  82,870,000  francs  went  gtS^*"®  ^'  troops.                   ookmudm^ 

acconnt  of  state  railways,  13,064,700  Bchoois* '.".'.".!!.'*'.'.!'.*.!!*.!!!!'.!!'.!. '!!.!!!'.    sim 

for  naval  invalids,  9,807,500  francs  for  Admlnlstortive "and  medical!  '.'!.*.*.'!.!.'.'!!.'      81898 

ionai  printing-office  16,897,100  francs  {sSSl?;iaiiiiit»«vV ::::::; ::::::::::::  "^Z 

legion  of  honor,  and  9,221,600  francs         Cavaiiy 70,8«4 

savings-bank.    In  June,  1887,  the  budg-         ^'2*®'^ • Ml 

1888  was  cut  down  by  182,205,000  TnS?.**!".. :::::.;::::::::. :::::::;:::::::  i?;^ 

leaving  the  corrected  expenditure,  or-         Gendarmerie !!'.*.   221726 

ind  extraordinary,  8,628,301,069  francs.         <^^*  B6pabUcaine _8^ 

otal  consolidated  debt  of  France  amount-  Total 526,711 

188  to  28,728,096,228 francs,  the  interest  The  territorial  army  numbers  87,000  officers 

rhich  is  826,241,181   francs  annually,  and  579,000  men.    The  total  war  force  of 

as  follows :  8-per-cent.  rente^  482,984,-  France  is  about  8,750,000  men,  of  which  number 

3C8 ;  4-per-cent.  rente^  446,096  francs ;  2,500,000  have  received  some  military  instruc- 

sent.  rente,   805,426,874  francs.    The  tion.    The  expenditure  for  the  army  in  1888 

able  debt,  life  annnities,  and  other  en-  was  694,984,580  francs, 

nta  of  the  treasury  swell  the  capital  of  The  Navy. — The  effective  navy  in  1888  con- 

t  to  about  82,500,000,000  francs.    All  8i8tedof898  vessels,  comprising  17  line-of-battle 

imnnes  and  departments  of  France  have  ironclads,  9  ironclad  cruisers,  10  ironclad  guar- 

vn  budgets  and  debts.    The  total  com-  da  eostasy  4  ironclad  gun-boats,  9  battery  cruis- 

*eceipts  in  1887  were  470,188,297  francs  ers,  9  first-class  cruisers,  15  of  the  second,  and 

e    departmental    receipts,    97,286,261  18  of  the  third  class,  2  torpedo  cmisers,  14 

In  the  budget  of  the  city  of  Paris  for  avisos  of  the  first,  26  of  the  second,  and  6  of 

e  revenue  and  expenditure  were  made  the  third  class,  18  transport  avisos,  6  torpedo 

Qce  at  804,169,794  francs.    The  prin-  avisos,  20  gun-boats,  40  sloop  gun-boats,  10  eea- 

>urce  of  revenue  of  Paris  is  from  the  going  torpedo-boats,  72  first-class  and  41  sec- 

?octroi  or  tolls  on  articles  of  consump-  end-class  torpedo-boats  for  coast  defense,  5 

bimated  to  amount  to  187,788,200  francs  pontoons,  25  transports,  and  22  sailing-vessels. 

.    The  interest  and  sinking- fund  of  the  The   "  Caiman  "  and   the    **  Terrible,"  sister- 

>al  debt,  amounted  to  106,189,058  francs  ships  to  the  ^*  Indomptable,"  belted  ships  with 

19f  inches  of  compound  armor  at  the  water- 

*der  to  snstain  the  increased  expendi-  h'ne,  carrying  75-ton  guns  mounted  en  larhette 

the  Government  in  recent  years  the  im-  in  two  fixed  towers,  are  practically  completed, 

ties  have  been  made  much  higher  than  and  the  *^  Requin  "  is  approaching  completion, 

ere  formerly,  the  stamp  duties  have  The  **  Admiral  Baudin,"  a  monster  ironclad  of 

ised,  and  taxes  on  sugar,  wine,  and  salt,  11,200  tons  displacement  with  21}-inch  plates 

t  on  railroad  transportation,  have  been  at  the  water-line,  armed  with  three  60-ton  aud 

id.    On  March  18,  1888,  the  Chamber  twelve  smaller  guns,  and  the  **  Formidable," 

to  take  away  the  privilege  that  wine  a  sister-ship,   were  completed  in  1888.    The 

)le  growers  have  enjoyed  of  distilling  "  Hoche  "  and  the  "  Neptune,"  of  10,500  tons, 

from  their  own  produce  free  of  duty,  and  the  "  Marceau,"  a  heavily  armored  st-eel 

position  of  new  duties  on  live  animals  cruiser  with  four  barbette  towers,  having  three 

a  large  falling  off  in  the  cattle  imports  full  decks,  and  fitted  with  four  torpedo  tubes, 

,  while  the  import  of  fresh  meat  in-  will  be  ready  for  service  by  1890.    Two  first- 

The  duty  on  wheat  was  raised  in  class  ironclad  squadron  vessels,  four  first-class 

1885,  and  again  on  April  1,  1887,  cans-  ironclad  gun-boats,  four  armored  gun-boats  of 

considerable  advance  in  the  price  of  the  second  class,  two  battery  cruisers,  two  tor- 

In  September,  1888,  the  bakers  at  St.  pedo  cruisers,  eleven  cruisers  of  various  classes, 

ad  St.  Denis  refused  to  make  bread  at  and  a  large  number  of  first-class  torpedo-boats 

)es  fixed  by  the  mnnicipai  authorities,  are  in  different  stages  of  construction.    An- 

Cabinet  met  to  consider  the  question  other  first-class  ironclad  and  two  torpedo  dis- 

ending  the  grain  duties,  as  it  is  em-  patch-boats  will  be  begun  in   1889.     Before 

d  to  do  when  the  price  of  bread  rises  the  end  of  that  year  one  first-class  and  four 

int  threatening  the  food-supply  of  the  third-class  cruisers  will  be  finished,  and  three 

One  effect  of  the  high  duty  on  wheat  first-class,  one  third-class,  and  the  two  torpedo 

it  Belgian  bread  was  imported  and  sold  cruisers  are  expected  to  be  done  the  year  after. 

)  in  kirge  quantities.  The  expenditure  on  the  navy  set  down  in  the 

nny.— The  peace  strength  of  the  French  budget  for  1888  is  219,888,311  francs.    The 

1 1888  was  499,789  officers  and  men,  and  valuation  of  the  fleet  given  in  the  budget  is 

horses.    This  does  not  include  the  gen-  502,000,000  franes. 

ie  and  the  Garde  R^pnblicaine,  which  Fall  •f  the  TImrd  Mlnlslry. — The  Cabinet  was 

r  amount  to  25,922  officers  and  men.  overturned  on  March  80  by  a  vote  of  268  to 

tiese  included,  the  effective,  deducting  284  on  a  motion  of  M.  Laguerre,  leader  of 

nber  absent  on  sick-leave  and  furloughs.  Gen.  Bonlanger^s  faction,  which  numbered  only 

5,588.     The  nominal  force  provided  for  18  in  the  Chamber,  in  favor  of  the  revision  of 

)odget  for  1888  was  divided  as  follows :  the  Constitution.    Royalists  and  Bonapartists 


J 


346  FRANCE. 

supported  the    motion    from    their  different        The  Premier  was  an  advocate  in  Paris  and 
standpoints,  and  were  joined  bj  the  followers  a  prominent   Republican  during  the  empire, 
of  M.  Cl^mencean,  now  an  opponent  of  his  joined  the  Commune,  was  a  deputy  in  1871, 
cousin  Boulanger,  whom  he  first  lifted  into  resigned  when  unable  to  effect  a  reconciJia- 
power,  yet  committed  to  the  principle  of  re-  tion  between  the  Government  and  the  Coin- 
vision.    The  changes  of  Government  have  in-  mune,   became    president    of    the    Municipal 
variably  been  produced  in  recent  years  by  such  Council,  re-entered  the  Chamber  in  1876,  am] 
a  temporary  combination  of  the  greater  part  acted  with  the  Extreme  Left ;  was  appointed 
of  both  the  Royalist  parties  with  the  Radicals  Prefect  of  the  Seine  by  Gambetta  in  1882,  aod 
for  the  sake  of  overturning  an  Opportunist  worked  in  complete  harmony  with  the  Miioici- 
Ministry,  or  with  the  Opportunists  in  order  to  pality  until  he  was  compelled  to  resign  becaase 
oust  one  that  is  dominated  by  the  Advanced  of  his  sympathy  with  the  autonomist  demands 
Left.    The  Chamber  in  1888  was  divided  into  of  the  Parisians,  was  elected  a  deputy  in  Octo- 
seventeen  separate  factions,  viz.,   the  Legiti-  ber,  1882,  and  was  chosen  President  of  the  • 
mists,  whose  Pretender  is  Don  Carlos  or  Don  Chamber  whenM.  Brisson  became  Premier  in 
Jaime ;  the  Fusion  Legitimists,  under  the  Dno  1885.    He  presided  over  the  Chamber  with 
de  la  Rochefoucauld ;    the  Philippists,   who  dignity  and  impartiality,  rebuking  the  Radicals 
have  accepted  the  manifesto  of  the  Comte  de  for  wishing  to  oppress  their  colleagues  when 
Paris ;  the  Compromise  Royalists,  represented  they  moved  to  hold  a  session  on  Good  Fridaj, 
by  Baron  de  Mackau  and  M.  Piou;  the  Vic-  and  openly  condemning  the  vote  in  favor  of 
torian  Bonapartists ;    the  Jeromist  Bonapart-  revision.    The  Cabinet  was  one  of  the  Radical 
ists ;  the  Bonapartists  pure  and  simple ;  the  Left,  to  which  group  MM.  Floquet,  De  Fre;- 
Letit  Center,  led  by  M.  Riband ;  the  Oppor-  cinet.  Goblet,  L^ckroy,  and  Viette  belonged, 
tunists,   whose  leader  was  Jules  Ferry ;  the  while  M.  Peytral  was  a  member  of  the  Ex- 
Advanced  Left,  under  M.  Brisson  and  M.  Gob-  treme  Left,  and  recently  the  sponsor  of  F^lix 
let ;  the  Radicals,  under  M.  Floquet  and  M.  Pyat  before  the  electors  of  Marseilles,  who  re- 
Cl^menceau ;  the  Extreme  Radicals,  of  whom  turned  that  Socialist  to  the  Chamber  by  a  largo 
M.  Millerand  was  the  chief;  the  Old  Conven-  msgority.    The  other  three  civilian  members 
tion  School,  led  by  M.  Madierde  Monljau;  the  were  Moderate  Liberals.     The  War  Ministry 
Possiblists,  under  M.  Basly  and  M.  Cam^linat;  was  given  to  M.  de  Freycinet  because  he  had 
the  Boulangists,  who  had  a  spokesman  in  M.  always  coveted  that  portfolio,  having  held  it 
Laguerre;   the  Rational  Radicals,  led  by  M.  in  the  Provisional  Government  of  1870,  and 
Maret ;    and  the  Anarchists,   who  had  now  having  fallen  out  with  Gambetta  because  it 
an  able  representative  in  Parliament,  F61ix  was  refused  him  by  the  latter.    The  selection 
Pyat,  elected  by  the  great  constituency  of  the  of  a  civilian,  and  especially  a  statesman  so 
Bouches-du-Rh6ne.  volatile  and  fond  of  innovation,  was  viewed 
The  Floqiet  Cabiiet — The  President  of  the  with  distrust,  as  was  also  the  appointment  to 
Chamber,  M.  Floquet,  who  had  undertaken  to  the  Foreign  Office  of  M.  Goblet,  who  when 
form  a  cabinet  in  May,  1887,  but  had  failed.  Premier  had  joined  Gen.  Boulanger  in  a  plan 
again  accepted  the  task  when  called  upon  by  for  a  military  demonstration  in   connection 
President  Carnot.    He  was  then  thought  to  with  the  Schnaebele  af&ir,  which  was  vetoed 
be  a  stumbling-block  in  the  way  of  the  coveted  by  President  Gr6vy. 

alliance  with  Russia,  because  he  once  shouted        ^*  Republican  concentration  ^*  was  the  wfUch- 

Vive  la  Pologne  in  the  presence  of  the  Czar  word  of  the  new  Government    The  ministe- 

Alexander  II,  but  a  show  of  courtesy  by  Baron  rial  declaration  was  non-committal  in  regard 

Mohrenheim,  the  Russian  minister,   had  re-  to  the  questions  of  separation  of  church  and 

moved  that  disqualification.    The  list  was  not  state,  Paris  self-government,  and  the  projErress- 

completed  till  April  8,   as  M.  Loubet,   who  ive  income  tax ;  and  in  regard  to  constitntional 

agreed  to  retain  the  portfolio  of  Public  Works,  revision  the  Government  asked  to  be  introsted 

and  M.  Ricard,  who  accepted  that  of  Justice,  with  the  duty  of  indicating  the  propitioQS 

found  that  they  could  not  agree  to  the  revis-  moment  to  begin  a  work  of  such  importance, 

ion  paragraph  of  the  ministerial  declaration,  which  was  destined  to  place  the  political  organi- 

and   withdrew.      As  finally  constituted,  the  zation  in  complete  harmony  with  republican 

Cabinet  was  composed  as  follows :  President  principles.    A  bill  was  promised  with  refe^ 

of  the  Council  and  Minister  of  the  Interior,  ence  to  associations  as  a  preliminary  to  the 

Charles  Floquet ;  Minis'ter  of  War,  Charles  de  definite  regulation  of  the  relations  of  church 

Freycinet;  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  M.Ren6  and  state.     Among  the  financial  measures  to 

Goblet ;  Minister  of  Marine  and  the  Colonies,  be  considered,  was  a  scheme  for  remodeling 

Admiral  Krantz;    Minister  of  Finance,  Posts  the  liquor  and  the  succession  duties.    ThebiH^ 

and  Telegraphs,  M.  Peytral ;  Minister  of  Public  to  augment  the  military  forces,  that  had  passed 

Instruction,  Fine  Arts,  and  Worship,  Edonard  the  Chamber  and  were  to  be  considered  by 

Lockroy ;  Minister  of  Public  Works,  M.  De-  the  Senate,  were  described  as  a  means  of  se- 

luns-Montaud ;   Minister  of  Justice,   M.  Fer-  curing  the  respect  due  to  the  nation,  and  aa  ft 

rouillat ;  Minister  of  Commerce  and  Industry,  guarantee  for  the  maintenance  of  peace,  calcu' 

Pierre  Legrand ;  Ministerof  Agriculture,  Fran-  lated  to  prepare  conditions  favorable  to  th^ 

vols  Viette.  celebration  of  the  centenary  of  1789. 


FRANCE.  347 

•f  the  CktukerSi — ^In  the  first  bal-  ond  ballot.    Appealing  to  the  Chamber,  the 

lot  for  a  President  of  the  Chamber  to  succeed  ministers  obtained  a  vote  of  confidence,  which 

M.  Floqaet,   M.   Brisson    received  the  most  was  passed  by  826  votes  against  173.    Charges 

votes,  the  others  being  divided  between  M.  against  the  monks  of  a  reformatory  at  Citeaux 

Cl^enceaa,  leader  of  the  Extreme  Left,  and  led  to  the  passing  of  a  bill  to  suppress  all  male 

M.  Andrieax,  ex-Prefect  of  Police.    The  latter  religions  orders,  which  was  defeated  in  the 

withdrew,  and  M.  Cl^mencean  led  on  the  sec-  Senate.    It  was  decided  to  improve  the  naval 

ond  ballot    On  the  following  morning,  when  defenses  of  Brest  and  Cherbourg.    The  army 

the  voting  was  resumed,  the  Moderates  put  bill,  reducing  the  term  of  military  service  to 

forward  M.  M^Iine,  ex- Minister  of  Agriculture  three  years,  while  making  the  obligation  uni- 

and  leader  of  the  Protectionists,  as  their  can-  versa!,  including  seminarists  and  students  of 

didate,  but  M.  Brisson  refused  to  retire,  which  the  liberal  professions,  who  have,  however,  to 

made  the  vote  a  tie  between  M^line  and  C16-  serve  only  one  year  with  the  colors,  has  been 

mencean,  giving  the  election  to  the  former  by  before  the  Chambers  for  several  years,   and 

right  of  seniority  in  age.  has  been  remodeled  by  difi^erent  ministers  of 

When    Parliament   re-assembled  after  the  war.    In  1888  it  finally  passed  the  Senate. 
Easter  holidays,  M.  Floquet  said  that  the  Gov-  The  session  closed  in  the  middle  of  July, 
eminent  desired  strength  to  deal  with  pre-  and  the  new  session  opened  on  October  15. 
tenders,  whether  draping  themselves  in  the  M.  Floquet  presented  his  revision  proposals, 
flag  or  speaking  in  plebiscitary  enigmas,  and  which  did  not  involve  the  abolition  of  the  Sen- 
on  being  challenged  to  say  whether  revision,  ate,  but  restricted  its  control  over  legislation 
that  is,  the  Radical  scheme  of  the  election  of  to  the  right  of  remonstrance  and  postpone- 
tbe  Senate  by  universal  sufirage,  were  post-  ment,  and    did   not   touch    the  presidential 
poned  indefinitely,  asked  the  Chamber  to  wait  power,  which  tha  extreme  Radicals  wished  to 
until  the  call  for  revision  ceased  to  be  a  Roy-  do  away  with  altogether, 
ilist  snare  or  a  cloak  for  conspiring  dictators.  The  revision  scheme  proposes  that  one  third 
The  order  of  the  day  was  then  carried  by  879  both  of  the  Senate  and  the  Chamber  shall  re- 
U)  177  votes.  tire  every  second  year,  the  two  sets  of  elec- 
The  sugar  bounties,  which  transfer  to  the  tions  being  held  simultaneously.    Between  the 
eoffers  of  the  sugar  manufactures  from  70,000,-  Radical  demand  of  direct  election  of  senators 
OOO  to  90,000,000  francs  annually  that  are  and  the  present  system  a  compromise  is  made 
raised  by  general  taxation  and  make  French  by  having  the  delegates  nominated  by  the  com- 
ragar  three  times  as  dear  in  France  as  in  Eng-  munes,  instead  of  by  the  municipalities,  which 
Und,  were  reduced  by  a  bill  that  passed  the  is  indirect  election  in  two  degrees,  in  the  place 
Senate  on  July  17.    The  surtax  of  forty  francs  of  three.    It  proposes  that  the    Council  of 
on  foreign  alcohol  wa9  continued  for  an  indefi-  State  shall  be  nominated  partly  by  Parliament 
Dite  period.    In  the  discussion  of  a  bill  to  ex-  and    partly  by  chambers  of  commerce  and 
act  compensation  for  accidents  to  workmen  it  trade-unions.    It  is  to  be  given  a  consultative 
was  proposed  that  the  family  of  a  foreign  voice  in  le^slation  from  a  judicial  point  of 
workman  should  not  be  entitled  to  compensa-  view,  and  be  divided  into  technical  sections, 
tion  from  employers  in  case  of  death  by  acci-  qualified  to  advise  on  questions  affecting  labor, 
dent  unless  resident  in  France,  until  it  was  commerce,   agriculture,   and    the  arts.     The 
pointed  out  that  this  would  make  the  labor  of  council  shall  frame  bills  at  the  instance  of  the 
foreigners  more  desirable  to  employers.    A  Government,  and  its  commissaries  will  take 
bill  was  parsed  regulating  the  employment  of  part  in  their  discussion  in  Parliament.    Bills 
women  and  children  in  factories.  will  be  first  introduced  in  the  Chamber,  and 
The  ministerial  budget  scheme  was  rejected  after  it  has  passed  them  the  Senate  will  have 
by  the  budget  committee,  the  majority  of  the  only  a  suspensive  veto,  leaving  the  question  to 
members  being  Moderate  Republicans,  owing  be  decided  by  the  next  biennial  election.    The 
to  the  practice  of  the  Reactionaries  of  aiding  Senate  can  send  back  to  the  Chamber  amend- 
in  the  election  of  a  committee  hostile  to  the  ments  to  the  budget,  but  the  vote  of  the 
Government  of  the  day.     The  Government  Chamber  on  these  shall  be  final.    The  power 
proposed  an  increase  of  60,000,000  francs  in  of  the  President  and  the  Senate  to  dissolve 
the  ordinary  expenditure  for   1889,   and  of  the  Chamber  is  to  be  abolished.    The  stabil- 
W,000,000  franco  in  special  military  and  naval  ity  of  ministries,  of  which  there  had  been 
expenditure.    M.  Peytral  expected  an  increase  twenty-three  since  the  foundation  of  the  re- 
of  12,000,000  francs  in  the  revenue  through  public,  was  promoted  by  providing  that  they 
tbe  Universal  Exposition  and  25,000,000  francs  can  only  be  removed  by  the  President  after  a 
^rom  the  readjustment  of  the  sugar  duties,  formal  vote  of  want  of  confidence. 
The  deficit  he  proposed  to  cover  by  issuing  Bwlanglm. — When  Gen.  Boulanger  was  pre- 
treasury  bonds  for  100,000,000  francs.  sented  for  the  first  time  as  a  candidate  for  the 
The  GoTemraent  was  censured  by  the  Sen-  Chamber  in  four  departments,  Gen.  Logerot, 
*te  on  July  1  for  not  dismissing  the  mairie  of  Minister  of  War,  sought  an  interview  with 
CtrcasBonne,  who  had  been  convicted  of  an  him,  and,  after  receiving  his  positive  denial 
Section  fraud  that  was  intended,  not  to  alter  that  he  had  taken  any  part  in  the  election 
^  result,  but  to  save  the  necessity  of  a  sec-  manoeuvres,  told  him  to  return  to  Clermont, 


348  FRANCE. 

the  headquarters  of  the  army  corps  that  he  Repablican   extremists  are  strong.     He  wiBs 
commanded,   and   take   care   that  his   name  elected  in  the  Dordogne  also,  but  took  his  seat 
should  not  be  improperly  used  bj  his  friends  as  deputy  for  the  Nord  department.     The  pro- 
in  the  future.    Not  mauy  days  afterward  he  gramme  on  which  he  was  elected,  chiefly  bj 
broke  his  parole  by  going  to  Paris  in  dis-  Bonapartist  votes,  was  dissolution,   revision, 
guise,  where  he  was  recognized  by  an  army  and  a  constituent  assembly.    He  made  his  ap- 
offioer,  and  on  investigation  it  was  found  that  pearance  in  the  Ghamber  on  June  4,  and  ar- 
he  had  personally  directed  the  electioneering  raigned  parliamentarism,  characterizing  cabi- 
campaign  by  means  of  cipher  telegrams.     For  nets  as  servile  tools  of  selfish  coalitions,  and 
these  acts  he  was  relieved  of  his  comn^and  and  the  President  as  a  mere  log.     Expressing  i 
placed  in  non-activity,  called  before  a  court-  Platonic  belief  in  the  Radical  plan  of  abolish- 
martial,  consisting  of  five  generals,  on  March  ing  both  the  Senate  and  the  presidency,  he 
26,  1888.    This  was  the  signal  for  demonstra-  proposed  as  a  practical  solution  the  election 
tions  for  and  against  Boulanger,  and,  while  his  of  the  Senate  by  universal  suffrage,  the  snb- 
trial  was  pending,  be  was  a  candidate  at  Mar-  mission  of  laws  to  a  referendum,  and  the  elee- 
seilles,  receiving  a  small  vote,  and  in  Aisne,  tion  of  the  President  directly  by  the  people, 
where  he  headed  the  poll  in  the  primary  elec-  who  desired  to  have  a  visible  head  of  the  Gior- 
tious,  although  as  an  officer  in  active  service  emment.    Then  a  national  policy  would  take 
he  was  ineligible,  and  then  withdrew  in  favor  the  place  of  intrigue,  and  France  would  enter 
of  one  of  his  partisans.    He  defended  himself  on  the  condition  of  having  fixed  and  r^lar 
before  the  military  court  by  saying  that  he  governments.     M.  Floqnet  in  his  reply  de- 
came  to  Paris  to  visit  his  sick  wife  and  deny-  scribed  the  scheme  as  veiled  Csesarism,  and 
ing  his  participation  in  the  electoral  canvass ;  alluded  to  one  of  Boulanger's  manifestoes,  in 
but   when   confronted  with   the   telegraphic  which  he  said  that  the  people  must  be  cared 
dispatches,  he  made  no  answer.    The  coart  for  like  a  child. 

voted  unanimously  against  him,  and  President       On  July  12  Gen.  Boulanger  appeared  in  the 

Camot  signed  the  decree  placing  him  on  the  Ghamber  again,  in  order  to  bring  forward  i 

retired  list.    Freed  thus  of  the  restraints  im-  motion  for  the  dissolution  of  the  Chamber, 

posed  by  his  military  duties,  he  openly  took  supporting  it  in  a  speech  denunciatory  of  the 

the  field  as  a  candidate  for  the  department  of  existing  Ghamber  and  of  the  Government  The 

the  Nord  with  an  address  in  which  he  accused  Prime  Minister  replied  in  caustic  terms,  de- 

the  Ghamber  of  suppressing  the  defenses  of  the  scribing  him  as  one  who,  having  passed  from 

nation,  and  the  Senate  of  checking  every  re-  vestibules    into  antechambers,  yet   had  the 

fonn,  and  his  judges  of  condemning  him  for  effrontery  to  insult  tried  Republicans,  the  least 

reasons  which  they  dared  not  avow.    His  con-  of  whom  had  done  the  republic  more  good 

demnation  gave  him  a  greater  prominence  than  than  he  could  do  it  harm ;  whereupon  Gen. 

he  had  before.    The  antagonists  of  the  third  Boulanger  declared  that  M.  Floquet  had  **im- 

republic — Imperialists,  Clericals,  Royalists,  and  pudently  lied  *'  in  speaking  of  him  as  a  fr^ 

many  extreme  Radicals  and  Socialists — sup-  quenter  of  antechambers,  and  announced  tbst 

ported  him,  openly  or  secretly,  as  the  repre-  he  resigned  his  seat,  his  letter  of  resignation 

sentative  of  dissatisfaction  with  the  existing  being  already  in  the  speaker^s  hands.    Bis 

order  of  things  and  with  the  men  who  con-  purpose  was  to  obtain  another  election  from 

trolled  the  policy  of  the  nation.    His  popularity  the  people.    He  at  once  presented  himself  ^ 

rested  chiefly  on  the  military  reforms  that  he  a  candidate  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  representa- 

had  effected  as  Minister  of  War.    He  was  re-  tion  of  the  Arddche,  but  was  defeated,  as  wa^ 

garded  among  the  common  soldiers  and  the  his  nominee,  Paul  D^rouldde,  the  apostle  of 

peasantry  as  the  creator  of  an  army  that  was  revenge,  in  the  Gharente.    His  revision  schefl^^ 

capable,  or  soon  would  be,  of  avenging  Sedan,  was  presented,  and  referred  to  the  committ^ 

and  in  his  speeches  he  hinted  vaguely  at  war.  on  revision  that  had  been  appointed  at  the  b^ 

The  rural  voters,  who  formerly  adhered  to  the  ginning  of  the  new  ministry.    During  the  fi^* 

empire,  at  the  beck  of  Bonapartist  leaders,  months  of  the  existence  of  his  party  o^  ^^ 

now  turned  to  Boulanger  as  the  embodiment  tional  Protest,  which  was  amply  supplied  wi^ 

of  the  idea  of  personal  government,  which  is  Bonapartist  funds,  he  had  received  in  the ' 

strong  among  the  French   peasantry.     Bou-  rious  by-elections  folly  half  a  million  vot 

langer  called  himself  a  democratic  Republican,  The  insult  to  the  Premier  resulted,  as  was  et 

although  his  political  friends  and  financial  sap-  pected,  in  a  duel.    Gen.  Boulanger^s  seconc^ 

porters  were  Bonapartists ;  and,  in  his  demand  were  M.  Laisant  and  Count  Dillon ;   M.  FlC^ 

for  a  revision  of  the  Constitution,  he  hinted  at  quet^s  were    MM.  G16menceau  and   Georg^^ 

a  system  resembling  that  of  the  United  States,  P6rin.    The  insulted  party  chose  swords  as  th 

in  which  the  President  should  be  chosen  by  a  weapons.    They  met  on  the  following  momin^^ 

plebiscite^  and  the  ministers  be  responsible  to  Gen.  Boulanger  showed  a  determination  t^ 

him,  and  not  to  Parliament.    The  Monarchist  make  the  duel  fatal,  rushing  into  close  quarter^ 

and  Socialist  factions  that  constituted  his  party  with  impetuosity,  and,  after  the  interchange 

each  hoped  to  shape  the  changes  after  their  of  slight  wounds  on  both  sides,  M.  Floquet,  ic^ 

own  ideas.    He  was  elected  by  a  majority  of  parrying  a  thrust,  pierced  him  in  the  throa^ 

100,000  in  the  Nord,  where  Bonapartists  and  inflicting  a  severe  wound  close  to  the  carotid 


FRANCE.  349 

The  result  was  hnmiliating  to  the  mnnist  insarrection  at  the  cemetery  of  Pdre 

particularly  so  becaose  M.  Floqnet  had  Lachaise  on  May  27.    Some  of  the  extreme  So- 

atation  of  not  knowing  how  to  handle  cialists,  onder  the  lead  of  Henri  Kochefort  and 

"d,  and  had  not  practiced  for  twenty  the  ^^  Intransigeant  ^*  newspaper,  had  attached 

ill  the  preceding  winter,  when  he  fenced  themselves  to  the  Boulangist  movement.     A 

)  benefit  of  his  health.    On  August  10  large  section  of  the  Possiblists,  led  by  Citizen 

a  candidate  in  elections  that  were  held  Jof&in,  had  joined  a  Society  of  the  Rights  of 

lepartment  of  the  Nord,  where  his  ma-  Man  hostile  to  Boulanger,  which   had  been 

ivas  only  27,000,  in  the  Charente-Inf(§ri-  founded  by  MM.  C16menceau  and  Ranc,  and 

here  he  received  57,000  votes  to  42,000,  had  for  jts  ostensible  object  the  defense  of  the 

the  Somrae,  where  he  bad  76,000  votes  republic  a^nst  attempts  at  reaction  or  dicta- 

00  for  his  Republican  opponent.  torship.  Orators  from  these  groups,  as  well 
r  this  elector^  triumph,  which  caused  as  Blanquists  and  Anarchists,  made  speeches 
alarm  throughout  Europe,  Gen.  Bou-  over  the  graves  of  Communards.  As  a  Bou- 
disappeared,  and  traveled  incognito  in  langist  wreath  was  being  deposited  at  the  foot 

1  lands,  not  returning  till  October.  On  of  the  wall  where  the  defenders  of  the  Com- 
ih  of  that  month  he  appeared  before  the  mune  were  shot  down  by  the  VersaiUais  troops, 
Q  committee  of  the  Chamber,  having  an  Anarchist  named  Lucas,  who  had  recently 
lys  before  taken  his  seat  as  a  member  been  tried  for  an  attempt  on  the  life  of  Louise 
)  department  of  the  Somme.  He  said  Michel  at  a  public  meeting  in  Havre,  fired 
Q  would  leave  the  question  of  revision  with  a  revolver  at  the  bearer,  whose  name 
lecided  entirely  by  the  Constituent  As-  was  Bouillon,  wounding  two  Blanquists  in  the 
,  and  declined  to  give  his  own  views  crowd.  A  fight  ensued  between  Anarchists 
'  than  that  he  desir^  an  Executive  that  and  Communists,  which  was  stopped  by  the 

not  be  responsible  to  the  Legislature,  police.  On  July  25  a  general  strike  of  the  la- 
was  a  renewal  of  disquieting  popular  borers  in  the  building  trades  began  in  Paris, 
>n.  Collisions  took  place  at  political  throwing  out  of  employment  a  great  number 
gs  between  Boulangists  and  anti-Bou-  of  other  workmen  of  the  class  most  addicted 
^  and  on  October  80  the  Government  to  Anarchist  sentiments.  The  strike  originated 
1  the  police  to  seize  pictures  that  were  among  the  laborers  employed  at  the  Exhibition 
the  streets  representing  Gen.  Boulanger  works  on  the  Champs  de  Mars,  who  demanded 
;  out  the  deputies  from  the  Chamber,  60  centimes  an  hour,  the  price  established  by 
ortraits,  likewise  in  uniform,  of  the  the  Municipal  Council  for  the  public  works  of 
de  Paris  and  Prince  Victor  Bonaparte,  the  city,  instead  of  45  or  60  centimes,  that  the 
M  and  tlw  Qorare  tf  the  Later  Exchaige. —  contractors  were  paying.  Men  throughout 
>urse  du  Travail  in  Paris  is  a  large  hall  Paris  who  continued  at  work  were  compelled 
)  use  of  workingmen^s  associations  and  by  the  strikers  to  throw  down  their  tools. 
,  and  was  built  with  municipal  subven-  Most  of  the  strikers  were  Belgians,  Italians, 
The  majority  of  the  Syndical  Chambers,  and  Germans.  The  police,  assisted  by  the 
have  their  offices  there,  belong  to  the  military,  attempted  to  prevent  disturbance  and 
ist  party,  which  aims  at  gradual  social  illegal  interference  with  workmen,  and  many 
3on    by  constitutional    and    peaceable  strikers  were  arrested,  but  let  go.    The  Mu- 

while  some  are  Anarchists,  others  are  nicipal  Council  rejected,  by  40  to  28  votes,  a 

lists,  and  some  style  themselves  Inde-  proposition  of  M.  Vaillant  to  aid  the  strikers 

it,  and  show  revolutionary  tendencies,  with  money.     By  July  31,   the  number  of 

f  the  objects  of  the  central  labor  hall  workmen  on  strike  who  had  inscribed  their 

maintain  an  open  register  where  em-  names  at  the  Syndical  Chamber  was  9,812. 

3  could  find  workmen  at  the  different  The  carters  joined  the  strike  in  the  beginning 

without  the  intervention  of  the  employ-  of  August.    M.  Floquet  received  a  deputation 

•ureaus,  which  charge  fees  that  are  often  of  strikers,  and  announced  that  the  Govern- 

tant.    This  feature  was  not  sufficiently  ment  would  permit  no  interference  with  com- 

ped,  because  hirers  of  labor  persisted  in  binations  to  strike  nor  intimidation  of  laborers 

izing  the  private  agencies.    In  the  sura-  who  wished  to  work.    Strikes  were  threatened 

1888  the  war  of  class  interests  broke  by  the  carpenters  and  in  other  trades  where 

a  series  of  strikes  in  Paris,  which  were  wages  were  lower  than  the  municipal  tarifi: 

ted  mostly  by  the  leaders  of  the  revoln-  The  agitation  and  strikes  spread  to  the  prov- 

f  minority.    The  specter  of  labor  poli-  inces.     Disturbances  were  made  by  strikers 

s  influenced  the  selection  of  cabinets  by  at  Amiens,  who  sacked  and  burned  a  velvet- 

'esidents  who  preceded  M.  Carnot,  and  factory  and  fought  the  police  behind  barri- 

ne  cause  of  their  instability,  for  they  cades.     At  Bess^ges  the  miners  struck  for  an 

sually  been  chosen  from  among  the  dis-  advance  of  50  per  cent.     At  Calais  demon- 

d  leaders  of  the  Opportunist  minority,  strations  of  the  unemployed  were  accompanied 

oquet  Cabinet  being  the  first  that  ap-  by  violence.    The  upsetting  of  carts  and  tak- 

lates  the  center  of  gravity  of  the  Repub-  ing  away  of  tools  went  on  in  Paris,  and  the 

arty.    The  labor  disturbances  of  the  year  public  prosecutor  could  find  no  law  directed 

at  the  annual  celebration  of  the  Com-  against  such  ofienses.  The  hair-dressers,  coffee- 


350  FRANCE. 

house  waiters,  cooks,  and  dairymen  took  re-  twelve  francs  fifty  centimes,  must  be  renewed 

venge  on  the  employment  agents  by  destroying  every  year.    Every  Frenchman  who  remains 

their  signs  and  windows.     The  funeral,  on  more  than  twenty-fonr  hours  in  the  commone 

Aagast  8,  of  Gen.  Endes,  ex-Oommnnard  and  of  Alsace-Lorraine,  arriving  by  any  of  the  froo- 

leader  of  the  Blanqoists,  who  fell  dead  while  tiers,  must  make  a  declaration  of  residence  and 

addressing  a  meeting  of  strikers,  gave  rise  to  establish  his  identity  by  a  passport  visaed  by 

two  serious  affrays  with  the  police,  who  capt-  the  German  embassador  at  Paris,  which  for- 

ured  some  red  flags  that  were  unfurled  in  the  mality  will  entitle  him  to  remain  eight  weeks, 

procession  after  a  struggle,  and,  after  a  bomb  at  the  end  of  which  he  must  obtain  permiadon 

was  thrown,  charged  on  a  mob,  making  ar-  to  prolong  his  stay  from  the  president  of  the 

rests,  and  repeated  the  charge  when  tne  crowd  district.    Before  giving  his  vita  in  such  cases 

besieged  and  stoned  the  police  station,  cutting  the  embassy  must  make  inquiries  of  the  pro- 

with  their  swords,  not  only  Anarchist  rioters,  vincial  authorities  whether  there  are  any  ob- 

but  many  spectators,  even  women  and  chil-  jections  to  the  sojourn  of  the  person  seeking 

dren.      The  funeral  procession  was  to  have  permission. 

started  from  the  Bourse  du  Travail,  but  in  The  regulations  proved  an  annoyance,  not 
compliance  with  a  clamor  for  the  closing  of  only  to  Frenchmen,  but  to  travelers  of  all  na- 
this  rallying-place,  where  strikers  had  been  en-  tionalities  who  enter  Germany  through  Alsaoe- 
couraged  and  inflamed  by  many  violent  speech-  Lorraine,  many  of  whom  were  stopped  at  the 
es,  the  Government  had  decided  to  take  pos-  frontier  because  their  passports  had  not  re- 
session  of  the  hall,  and  this  morning  sent  troops  ceived  the  requisite  visa  of  the  German  em- 
to  stop  all  the  approaches.  On  August  18  bassador.  Some  of  the  German  travelers  were 
the  jomers,  and  afterward  the  cabinet-makers  roughly  treated  by  the  exasperated  inhabitants 
struck  in  sympathy  with  the  laborers.  The  of  the  French  border  districts  which  led  to 
fund  that  was  raised  for  the  strikers  having  attacks  in  the  German  official  press  denouncing 
given  out,  at  the  end  of  twenty-flve  days,  France  as  a  '^  savage  country,*'  and  calling  on 
when  many  families  were  suffering  from  hun-  other  nations  to  aaopt  toward  her  the  policy 
ger,  the  strike  was  abandoned,  and  the  8,000  that  they  pursue  in  regard  to  uncivilized  conn- 
laborers  who  still  held  out  returned  to  work,  tries.  On  June  20  two  French  newspaper 
The  workmen  employed  on  the  Eiffel  tower,  correspondents  were  expelled  from  Berlin  for 
the  swaying  of  which  created  alarm  as  to  its  writing  and  telegraphing  to  Paris  matter  that 
security,  also  struck,  and  did  not  resume  till  was  insulting  to  nigh  personages, 
an  increase  was  granted.  Strikers  at  the  coal-  The  jealousy  that  has  existed  between 
mines  at  Treuil  attacked  miners  who  continued  France  and  Italy  since  the  occupation  of  Tunis, 
at  work  on  September  26,  and  fought  desper-  becoming  a  settled  condition  on  the  entrance 
ately  with  the  police  who  interfered.  of  Italy  into  the  Austro-G^rman  alliance,  the 

The  Wilson  Case* — Daniel  Wilson,  ex-President  terms  of  the  Triple  Alliance  were  made  known 
Gr6vy*s  son-in-law,  who  was  charged  with  com-  to  the  world  in  the  beginning  of  1888,  while 
plicity  in  the  swindling  operations  of  Mme.  Ra-  French  and  Italian  plenipotentiaries  were  en- 
tazzi  and  others  who  had  been  convicted  or  gaged  in  the  negotiation  of  a  new  commercial 
were  on  trial  for  obtaining  money  on  the  pre-  treaty  to  end  the  war  of  tariffs  which  added 
tense  of  procuring  decorations,  was  convicted  to  the  causes  of  tension.  The  sensitiveness 
by  the  Correctional  Tribunal  on  March  1,  and  shown  in  the  negotiations  prevented  a  aatis- 
sentenced  to  two  years'  imprisonment  and  a  factory  conclusion  by  mutual  ooncessions,  and 
fine  of  8,000  francs.  It  was  proved  that  he  in  January  the  negotiations  were  interrupted^ 
had  promised  the  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  to  be  resumed  again  in  June, 
for  a  bribe,  and  his  counsel  argued  that  this  In  the  summer  arose  the  incident  of  the  re- 
was  not  obtaining  money  on  false  pretenses  be-  fnsal  of  French  subjects  and  proUgii  to  pay 
cause  he  really  possessed  influence.  The  Court  communal  taxes  at  Massowab  on  the  advice  of 
of  Appeals  adopted  that  view,  and  quashed  the  the  French  Government,  and  the  resulting  cor- 
conviction.  respondence  in  regard  to  the  capitulations  (see 

Farelgn  Relatiaiis. — The  adoption  of  vexations  Abyssinia).  M.  Goblet^s  note  was  couched  in 
passport  regulations  by  the  German  Govern-  calm  diplomatic  language,  and  the  heated  and 
ment  for  the  purpose  of  making  the  entrance  provocative  tone  in  which  Signer  Crispi  replied 
into  Alsace-Lorraine  difficult  to  Frenchmen  and  his  visit  about  the  same  time  at  Friedrichs- 
caused  much  irritation  in  France,  and  led  to  ruhe  gave  rise  to  a  suspicion  of  German  prompt- 
retaliatory  restrictions.  The  regulations  were  ings.  "  The  powers,  having  before  them  all 
contained  in  an  administrative  decree  that  was  the  details  of  the  discussion,''  said  the  Italian 
published  in  May  ordering  that  every  foreign-  minister  in  his  reply  of  August  13  to  M.  Gob- 
er  arriving  in  Alsace-Lorraine  by  the  French  let's  second  note,  **  will  know  which  side  is  in 
frontier,  whether  he  is  simply  passing  through  the  wrong — whether  it  is  the  power  which 
the  country  or  desires  to  reside  there,  must  enforces  respect  for  the  law  assuring  public 
have  a  passport  furnished  by  his  Government  order  or  whether  it  is  the  one  which  excites  a 
or  its  diplomatic  representatives,  bearing  the  peaceful  population  to  disregard  the  law  and 
visa  of  the  German  embassy  in  Paris.  The  to  defy  the  authority  of  the  established  Gov- 
visa,  the  expense  of  which  is  fixed  in  all  cases  at  emment."    Italy  was  technically  in  the  wrong 


FRANCE. 


851 


in  treatiDg  the  capitulations  as  having  lapsed 
before  a  formal  notification  to  the  powers  of 
the  taking  possession  of  Massowah,  in  compli- 
ance with  the  Congo  treat j  that  was  made  at 
Berlin  in  1885,  and  in  his  first  circidar  Signor 
Orispi  made  such  notification.    This  was  treat- 
ed bj  the  French  Government  in  the  further 
correspondence  as  only  a  preliminary  to  nego- 
tiations respecting  the  abolition  of  the  capitu- 
lations by  consent  of  the  powers. 

The  Hungarian  Premier,  M«  Tisza,  in  an- 
nouncing in  May  that  the  Hungarian  Govern- 
ment would  not  only  take  no  official  part  in 
the  French  Exhibition  of  1889,  as  he  had  al- 
ready declared  a  year  before,  but  would  dis- 
coarage  Hongarians  from  exhibiting,  based  the 
decision  on  the  ground  that  the  French  Gov- 
ernment would  not  or  could  not  protect  for- 
eigners from  violence.  His  utterances  on  this 
subject  in  the  Hangarian  Chamber  conveyed 
an  admonition  that  the  days  of  Hangarian 
sjmpathy  for  France  were  over  in  a  tone  so 
provocative  that  explanations  were  asked. 

CaMes. — The  colonial  possessions  and  pro- 
tectorates of  France  have  a  total  area  of  2,267,- 
Od4  square  kilometres,  with  a  population  of 
26.003,995.  The  following  table  shows  the 
area  and  population  of  the  colonies  and  pro- 
tectorates, according  to  the  latest  estimates 
and  retarns : 


POSSESSIONS. 


Atta: 

PottMdons  in  IndU 

Cochin-Chlna 

Fi«Dch  TonqnlD 

A^Swto 

MDefimbto 

6«booD  and  Gold  Coaet 

Coofo  region 

fi^ion  

Bte.  Marie ( 

KoMiB^And  Mayotte { 

Obock 

A9«rica: 

Gnkiu 

Gttdekrape 

Miitfatiqne 

J^  Pierre  and  Mjqaeloo 

Jew  Caledonia  

■tfqneaas  Inlands 

TahMand  Moorea 

^Hal  and  Kairayal 

Tnunoto,  Gambler,  and  Bapa 
iabuula 


Sqou*  kilo- 
iiMirw. 


Total  ookmiea 

Timte 

Annam 

C^bodii! '...'.... 
Cooioros 


Total 
Omd  total. 


609 
69,458 
90,000 

667,000 
2fiO,000(T) 
180,000(r) 
480,000(7) 
8,612 

880  ] 

10,000 

191,418 

1,869 

99T 

285 

19,828 

1.244 

1,179 

209 

1,000 


1,788,268 


118,000 

27.\300 

88,860 

1,606 


478,766 


2,267,084 


Fopnutioiii 


276,261 

1,792,788 
9,000,000 

8,81T,465 

188,287 

186,188(?) 

600,000(?) 

179,689 

7,684 

21.848 

22,870 

26,602 

161,098 

169,282 

6,800 

66,468 

6,776 

10,689 

666 

8,600 


16,460,996 


2,000,000 

6,000,000 

1,600,000 

68,000 


9,668,000 


26,008,996 


The  budget  for  1888  estimates  41,841,881 
francs  for  the  colonies,  including  2,500,000 
frtncsfor  New  Caledonia,  6,838,000  francs  for 
Senegambia,  8,000,000  francs  for  Cochin-Ohina, 
«d  3,250,000  francs  for  Annam. 


By  a  decree  that  was  issued  on  Oct.  17, 1887, 
the  whole  of  the  possessions  of  France  in  Indo- 
China,  comprising  Cochin-China,  Tonquin,  An- 
nam, and  Cambodia,  were  united  under  one 
civil  governor-general  of  Indo-China,  with  a 
lieutenant-governor  in  Cochin-Qhina,  a  resi- 
dent-general in  Tonquin  and  Annam,  and  a 
resident-general  in  Cambodia.  M.  Constans, 
previouslj  resident  at  Hanoi,  was  nominated 
Governor-General,  but  in  the  beginning  of  « 
September,  1888,  he  was  dismissed  in  conse- 
quence of  a  dispute  between  himself  and  the 
under-secretarj  for  the  colonies,  and  M.  Rich- 
aud,  his  chief  subordinate,  was  appointed  to  suc- 
ceed him.  The  revenue  of  French  Indo-China 
for  1888  was  estimated  at  $13,656,000,  and  the 
expenditure  at  $18,756,126.  The  estimated 
revenue  of  Annam  and  Tonquin  for  1887-'88 
was  44,860,000  francs,  and  the  expenditure  44,- 
758,230  francs.  The  expenses  of  the  annexa- 
tion and  Government  of  Tonquin  up  to  the  end 
of  1887  were  299,000,000  francs.  For  1888  the 
ministry  asked  for  $20,000,000  francs,  and  was 
almost  defeated  by  the  vote  of  the  Chamber 
on  February  13.  The  number  of  troops  main- 
tained in  Indo-China  is  still  nearly  14,000. 
There  are  moreover  18,000  native  troops.  The 
King  of  Annam  has  ceded  to  France  the  towns 
of  Haiphong,  Hanoi,  and  Tourane,  and  the 
country  around  them,  and  has  decreed  that 
French  property  shall  be  subject  to  French 
laws  in  Tonquin  and  the  free  ports,  and  that 
Frenchmen  may  acquire  property  in  any  part 
of  his  kingdom,  subject  to  the  laws  of  Annam. 
Rebellion  against  French  authority,  or  "  pira- 
cy," as  it  is  called,  is  still  rife  in  Tonquin,  and 
the  conquerors  have  resorted  to  the  plan  of 
imposing  heavy  fines  on  villages  that  are 
suspected  of  aiding  or  harboring  pirates,  and 
distributing  one  half  of  the  proceeds  among 
villages  distinguished  for  loyalty,  while  the 
remainder  is  employed  in  maintaining  and  im- 
proving the  Tonquinese  militia,  which  has 
been  reorganized  under  the  name  of  the  civil 
native  guard,  and  is  no  longer  trusted  to  op- 
pose the  rebel  bands,  but  is  employed  for  po- 
lice duties  only.  In  October,  1888,  the  former 
King  of  Annam,  who,  with  his  minister  Thuyet, 
kept  up  a  vigorous  resistance  after  his  capital 
had  been  captured  and  another  king  in- 
stalled, was  made  a  prisoner  by  French  troops, 
Thnyet  being  slain.  For  protecive  and  fiscal 
purposes,  the  French  general  tariff  was  put  in 
force  in  Indo-China  on  July  1,  1887.  Although 
it  increased  the  revenue,  the  change  did  not 
stimulate  the  importation  of  French  goods,  and 
the  effect  on  commerce  and  production  was 
very  unfavorable. 

The  Senegambian  possessions  have  been  ex- 
tended in  the  past  four  years,  either  by  treaties 
with  native  chiefs  or  by  simple  assumption 
of  dominion,  until  they  include  the  whole 
of  the  upper  Niger  as  far  as  the  great  falls 
east  of  Timbuctoo.  The  territory  claimed 
by  France  embraces  all  the  country  behind 
British  Gambia  and  Portuguese  Senegambia 


352  FRANCE. 

• 

and  half  of  the  re^on  inclosed  in  the  great  resulted  in  closing  the  roads  to  Lagoi 

bend  of  the  Niger.    Between  ^)ierra  Leone  and  vertins  the  entire  trade  of  the  river  < 

Portuguese  Senegambia  the  French  have   a  Porto  Novo. 

strip  of  coast.    Their  possessions  in  this  region        The  French  possessions  in  the  Gab 

are  about  180,000  square  miles  in  extent,  not  Congo  regions  have  expanded  great 

counting  the  indefinite  claims  to  the  east  of  1884,  until  now  the  French  Congo,  tb< 

the  Niger.    The  trade  of  Senegambia,  which  is  and  the  Gaboon  colonies  have  an  area 

almost  exclusively  with  France,  now  amounts  000  square  miles  that  is  conceded  to 

to  50,000,000  francs  per  annum,  equally  divided  while  her  sphere  of  influence  on  the 

between  imports  and  exports.    On  the  Guinea  the  Congo  reaches  at  present  over 

coast  France  claims  about  10,000  square  miles  160,000  square  miles  more.    The  enti 

behind  the  stations  of  Grand  Bassam,  Assinie,  of  the  Ogow6,  and  the  Kwiln  with  ite 

Grand  Popo,  Porto  Novo,  and  Kotonere,  from  were  conceded  by  the  Berlin  Confereu" 

which  an  export  trade  in  cabinet- woods  and  her  claim  to  the  interior  as  far  as  the  ] 

palm  -  oil    is  carried  on.    The  exports  from  which  has  been  identified  as  the  We 

Porto  Novo  alone  are  estimated  at  1,000,000  prising  the  entire  north  bank  of  the  ri 

francs  a  year,  and  the  imports  at  an  equal  it  cuts  the  4th  parallel  of  north  latit 

amount.    The  practice  of  claiming  the  entire  been  virtually  admitted.    The  commen 

interior  back  of  occupied  sections  of  the  coast  of  these  acquisitions  has  been  very  sli^ 

has  led  to  a  rivalry  between  the  French,  whose  the  present  time.    The  entire  trade 

coast  line  faces  the  west,  except  the  limited  es-  Gaboon  is  estimated  not  to  exceed  1( 

tablishments  on  the  Ivory  and  Gold  Coasts,  francs  per  annum.    The  total  trade 

and  the  British,  whose    possessions  on    the  French  dominions  in  Africa  amounts  1 

Guinea  coast,  if  extended  into  the  interior,  500,000,000  francs.     Including   Alg< 

will  cut  off  the  French  from  the  regions  lying  Tunis,  about  700,000  square  miles,  c 

behind  Senegambia,  which  they  claim  to  in-  one  sixteenth  of  the  entire  surface  ol 

elude  in  their  sphere  of  influence,  and  over  a  are  subject  to  France,  with  a  popu 

part  of  which  they  assert,  but  have  not  yer  between  7,000,000  and  10,000,000  soul 
exercised,  a  protectorate.    In    this  race  the        The  Marquesas  Islands  have  been  a 

British  have  at  present  the  advantage  in  their  protectorate  since  1841.     In  Septemb 

possession  of  the  water-way  of  the  Niger.  the  French  flag  was  hoisted  and  th< 

The  activity  of  the  English  on  the  Niger  im-  were  taken  possession  of  after  severe 

pelled  the  French  to  push  more  vigorously  the  between  French  marines  and  the  natii 
project  of  extending  their  Senegambian  prov-         The    New    Hebrides   convention 

mces  so  as  to  embrace  the  upper  Niger  and  France  from  an  engagement,  made  in  1 

Timbuctoo.     When  this  scheme  was  first  enter-  to  annex  Raiatea,  Borabora,   and   1 

tained  several  expeditions  were  sent  from  St.  called  the  Isles  sous  le  Vent  or  the  '. 

Louis  to  penetrate  to  the  Niger,  and  60  miles  Islands,  of  the  Society  Archipelago, 

were  built  of  a  railroad  that  was  to  extend  the  French  took  possession  of  the  prin 

from  Medina,  on  the  middle  Senegal,  to  Ba-  of  the  group,   Raiatea,   and   since  1 

makou,  on  the  upper  Niger,  a  distance  of  over  French  flag  has  floated  over  the  isl 

800  miles.     After  sinking  much  capital  and  only  through  the  sufiTerance  of  Great 

losing  many  lives  in  fights  with  the  natives  and,  by  virtue  of  a  convention  that  h 

and  by  the  diseases  of  the  climate,  the  work  was  renewed  annually,  only  for  six  month: 

stopped.    In  1887  Lieut.  Caron  descended  the  year.    The  English    and    German   r 

Niger  in  a  gun-boat  from  Sansanding  to  Tim-  hoping  still  to  induce  the  British  Gov 

buctoo,   where  he  was  inhospitably  received,  to  revoke  its  decision  by  fomenting  m 

This  is  the  precursor  of  other  expeditions,  position  to  the  French  occupation,  stir 

which  will  result  in  the  annexation  of  Timbuc-  rebellion  against  King  Tamatoa,  the  ri 

too,  an  important  trading-center,  but  not  the  enjoyed  French  protection.     After  f 

only  town  in  the  western  Soudan  in  which  intimidate  the  rebels  with  cannon  si 

a  caravan  trade  is  carried  on  with  the  north,  officer  in  command  of  the  naval  force 

The  work  on  the  Senegal  railroad  is  to  be  re-  17,  1887  issued  an  ultimatum  calling  o 

sumed,  and  the  project  has  been  revived  of  habitants  to  submit  to  Tamatoa,  and 

extending  it  through  the  Sahara  so  as  to  con-  refusal  of  several  chiefs  the  gun-boa 

nect  Senegambia  with  Algeria.  pion  '*  bombarded  their  villages  anc 

The  French  have  lately  been  busy  in  extend-  troops.     On  March  16,  the  French 

ing  their  influence  over  the  tribes  of  the  inte-  raised  on  all  the  islands.     Five  days 

rior  behind  the  Gold  Coast.    One  of  the  chiefs  annexation  of  Huahine  the  natives  h 

near  Lagos  was  seized  and  transported  by  the  French  nile  attacked  a  patrol,  killing  { 

British  for  listening  to  overtures  of  French  and  two  sailors.    The  disturbance  was 

officers,   one  of  whom   subsequently   visited  and  did  not  recur.    In  June  the  hostil* 

Abeokuta,  a  populous  town  in  the  kingdom  of  of  Raiatea  sent  a  demand  that  the 

Agbas,  and  made  a  treaty  with  several  native  should  evacuate  the  island,  to  which  t 

chiefs,  which,  except  for  the  active  measures  commander  replied  by  landing  a  cou 

that  were  taken  by  the  British,  would  have  marines  and  a  cannon. 


FRANCE.  853 

(^allis  Islands,  lying  midway  between  IWSi — ^The  principality  of  Tunis  has  not 

md  Fiji,  were  declared  a  French  pro-  been  formally  annexed,  bat  is  ander  the  re- 

e  on  Dec  81, 1887.    French  inflaences  gency  of  France.    The  mling  Bey  is  Sidi  Ali, 

predominant  half  a  centary  ago,  bat  bom  Oct.  5,  1817,  who  succeeded  his  brother, 

for  British  susceptibilities  prevented  Sidi  Mobamed-es-Sadok,  Oct.  28,  1882.    The 

ion  at  that  time.    Unea,  the  principal  French  Resident-General,  M.  Massicaalt,  prac- 

9  only  7  miles  long,  but  contains  4,000  tically  administers  the  government  of  the  coon- 

ints,  belonging  to  the  finest  of  the  Pa-  try  nnder  the  Boreaa  des  Affaires  Tnnisiennes 

es,  a  large  majority  of  whom,  including  of  the  French  Foreign  Office. 

their  Queen,  are  Oatholics.  The  area  is  about  42,000  square  miles,  and 

u — ^The  Governor-General  of  Algeria  the  estimated  population  is  2,100,000,  of  which 

Tirman,  appointed  Nov.  26,  1881.  number  2,028,000  are  Mohammedans,  45,000 

)  census  of  1886,  the  population  was  Jews,   25,100    Roman  Oatholics,    400  Greek 

»5,  exclusive  of  wandering  Arab  tribes,  Oatholics,  and  100  Protestants.     The  capital 

Qg  an  area  of  122,867  square  miles.    Of  city,  Tunis,  has  a  population  of  about  145,000. 

I  population  the  department  of  Alters  The  estimated  revenne  for  1887-^88  was 

>d   1,380,641,    Oonstantine    1,666,419,  21,806,631  francs,  which  was  balanced  by  the 

m  869,505.    To  the  above  mast  be  expenditure.     The  main  sources  of  revenue 

le  Algerian  Sahara,  with  an  estimated  are  as  follow :  Direct  taxes,  7,454,562  francs ; 

135,000  square  miles,  and  an  estimated  monopolies,  4,855,625  francs;  customs,  2,020,- 

on  of  50,000.    In  1886,  of  the  total  000  francs.    The  charges  for  civil  government 

on,  261,591   were  of  French  origin,  that  are  borne  by  France  do  not  exceed  160,000 

latnralized  Jews,  8,274,864  French  in-  francs  per  annam.    In  1886,  5,752  vessels,  of 

9  subjects,  5,055  Tunisians,  and  288,721  1,801,695  tons,  entered,  and  5,592  vessels,  of 

rs,  including  Spaniards,  Italians,  Anglo-  1,292,275  tons,   cleared  the  ports  of  Tunis. 

and  Germans.    The  population  of  the  The  principal  articles  of  export  are  olive-oil, 

Ugiers  in  1886  was  71,199;  of  Oran,  wheat,  barley,  sponges,  and  woolen   goods. 

of  Oonstantine,  36,536.  The  imports  are  cotton  goods,  coffee,  sugar, 

x)tal  expenditure  of  the  Government  spirits,  silks,  etc.    Tunis  had  256  miles  of  rail- 

r  was  120,340,256  francs,  the  cost  of  way  and  2,000  miles  of  telegraph  in  operation 

1  government  being  89,205,285  francs;  in  1885. 

services,  6,127,206  francs  ;  military  Since  Tunis  was  made  a  French  protectorate 
,  54,048,968  francs;  extraordinary  ex-  European  farms  have  become  numerous,  the 
20,958,797  francs;  colonization,  2,815,-  cultivation  of  the  vine  has  been  introduced  and 
Qcs.  The  revenue  for  the  same  year  is  extending,  foreign  commerce  has  doubled, 
r34,803  francs.  The  number  of  troops  banks  have  been  established,  and  public  works 
ria  was  64,000.  have  been  constructed,  though  without  undue 
mports  in  1886  amounted  to  242,274,-  haste.  Much  attention  is  given  to  the  conser- 
1C8,  of  which  189,175,785  francs  came  vation  and  improvement  of  native  industries, 
ance,  and  53,098,494  from  other  coun-  and  some  new  branches  have  been  introduced. 
The  exports  were  182,255,122  francs.  There  has  been  much  progress  in  education. 
932  francs  to  France  and  56,667,191  primary  schools  having  been  established  in  all 
>  other  countries.  parts  of  the  country,  and  supplied  with  teach- 
nes  of  railway  open  for  traffic  in  1887  ers  from  a  normal  college  in  Tunis.  The  Gov- 
290  miles  in  length.  The  receipts  in  ernment  has  given  care  to  the  preservation 
loanted  to  21,174,400  francs.  and  encouragement  to  the  study  of  the  ancient 
•growins  is  an  indubtry  of  increasing  monuments  that  are  scattered  through  the 
nee.  The  area  planted  in  vineyards  in  country,  and  has  founded  libraries  and  muse- 
as  190,000  acres,  yielding  2,000,000  ums.  In  1888  the  first  steps  were  taken  to- 
-es  of  wine.  The  product  of  the  older  ward  the  establishment  of  a  uniform  system  of 
is  compares  favorably  with  the  best  education,  such  as  exists  in  France;  but  the 
wines.  The  phylloxera  has  appeared,  Italians,  who  have  schools  in  which  their  Ian- 
been  kept  in  check  by  stringent  meas-  guage  is  taught  and  formerly  received  conces- 
protection.  The  colonization  of  Al-  sions  and  encouragement  from  the  Bey,  object- 
uB  increased  rapidly  since  1871,  when  ed  to  having  the  continuance  or  the  character 
refugees  from   Alsace-Lorraine  were  of  these  schools  depend  on  the  wiU  of  French 

lands  and  the  means  of  beginning  as  officials.    They  therefore  invoked  the  capitu- 

urists.     During  the  past  eleven  years  lations,  which  were  originally  designed  for  the 

railies  have  been  settled  under  favor-  protection  of  subjects  of  the  Ohristian  powers 

iditions  on  lands  that  were  taken  from  of  Europe  against  arbitrary  acts  of  Mussulman 

bs  in  conspquence  of  revolts,  at  a  cost  governments.    The  French  Government,  while 

Government  of  15,000,000  francs,  not  insisting  that  the  capitulations  were  still  oper- 

ig  the  valae  of  the  land.     Grasshop-  ative  at  Massowah,  denied  the  Italian  conten- 

I  much  damage  to  the  growing  crops  tion  that  they  were  in  force  in  Tunis.    The 

.  and  in  1888  swarms  of  crickets  de-  Italian  residents  in  Tunis  objected  especially 

I  many  localities.  to  the  new  school-regulations  that  the  Bey  had 
VOL.  xxvm. — 28  A 


864                      FRANCE.  FRIEDRIOH  WELHELM. 

issaed,  introdacing  the  inspection  of  schools  by  colleagpies  resigned  their  posts  as  administn 

French  officials,  and  the  Italian  school-masters,  of  the  company  on  December  14,  wherei 

under  the  instructions  of  the  Oonsul-General,  the  Tribunal  of  the  Seine  appointed  jad 

refused  admittance  to  the  Bey's  inspectors,    liquidators.        

The  powers,  which  had  sustained  Italy  in  the  FRIEDRICH     WILHELH     NICOLAUS     K 

Massowah  question,  because  in  that  port  the  eighth  Kiug  of  Prussia  and  second  Empen 

authority  of  the  former  Mohammedan  Gov-  Qermany,  born  in  Potsdam,  Prussia,  Oct 

emment  had  been   openly  superseded,  as  in  1881 ;  died  there,  June  15,  1888.    He  was 

Cyprus  and  Bosnia,  joined  in  the  Italian  pro-  only  son  of  Emperor  Wilhelm  I  of  Germ 

test  in  respect  to  Tunis,  because,  although  the  who  at  the  time  his  son  was  bom  was  Ft 

autliority  of  France  is  supreme,  she  has  only  Wilhelm  of  Hohenzollern,  second  son  of  I 

accepted  a  protectorate,  and  ostensibly  main-  Friedrich  Wilhelm  III  of  Prussia.    The  I 

tains  the  rule  of  the  Bey.  of  the  prince  was  the  occasion  of  general 

The  PauHa  CteaL — The  affairs  of  the  Pan-  joicing  throughout  Prussia,  as  the  successic 

ama  Canal  Company  reached  a  crisis  in  De-  the  crown  devolved  upon  the  issue  of  Pr 

cember,  1888.     The  technical  committee  of  Wilhelm ;  the  Crown-Prince,  afterward  Fi 

the  Paris  Congress  of  1879  estimated  the  total  rich  Wilhelm  IV,  being  childless.    His  mot 

cost  of  a  sea-level  canal  of  73  Idlometres  at  Augusta,  daughter  of  the  Grand  Duke  1 

1,200,000,000  francs,  of  which  1,070,000,000  Friedrich  of  Saxe-Weimar,  a  woman  of 

francs  would  be  for  tunnel  construction.    The  attainments,  devoted  her  whole  time  and  en* 

company  has  had  to  contend  with  difficulties  to  his  education.     Col.  von  Unrah  was 

from  the  beginning.    The  first  attempt  to  float  pointed  his  military  instructor,  and  on 

the  shares  failed,  and  on  the  second  attempt  tenth  birthday  the  prince  officially  ent-ered 

the  subscription  was  barely  covered.    The  is-  army  as  second  lieutenant  of  the  Fu-st  Regii; 

sues  of  obligations  have  never  more  than  par-  of  the  Guards.    The  first  tutor  of  the  yc 

ti^y  succeeded.     The  company  has  labored  prince,  the  Rev.  W.  Gk>det,  was  succeede* 

under  the  disadvantage  of  having  to  pay  5-per-  1844  by  Dr.  Ernst  Curtius,  the  Greek  histoi 

cent,  dividends  out  of  the  capital.    The  engi-  who  directed  his  studies  till  1850.    Aocor 

neering  difficulties  were  greatly  underestimate;  to  a  custom  of  the  Hohenzollern  family,  w 

die  disadvantages  of  the  deadly  climate,  for  requires  every  prince  to  learn  a  trade,  Pr 

instance,  were  not  sufficiently  taken  into  ac-  Friederioh,  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  chose 

count.    The  company  had  money  enough  to  of  a  printer,  and,  in  Hoenels^  royal  print 

begin  work  in  1881,  and  by  1888  had  11,000  office  at  Berlin,  attained  such  proficiency  1 

men  employed.    After  three  years,  only  119,-  in  setting  up  the  type  for  a  book  in  Gen 

000,000  tons  of  the  estimated   8,600,000,000  Greek,  and  Latin,  one  of  the  oldest  com] 

tons  of  excavation  had  been  removed.    Many  tors  had  difficulty  in  keeping  pace  with 

millions  have  been  spent  in  constructing  a  dam.  Much  of  his  time  between  1841  and  1846 

more  than  a  mile  long  and  140  feet  high,  across  spent  in  traveling  throughout  Germany, 

the  Chagres  valley,  in  order  to  prevent  the  1846  he  entered  the  University  of  Bonn, 

river  in  times  of  fiood  from  sweeping  away  the  favorite   educational   institution    of  Ger 

canal  works ;  but  this  dam  is  still  far  from  be-  princes.    He  spent  four  semesters  at  the 

ing  completed.    The  company  had  expended  versity,  engaged  in  the  study  of  history, 

1,400,000,000  francs  by  1888.    After  repeated  and  criminal  law,  and  kindred  sciences, 

appeals,  the  French  Chamber  was  induced  to  vacations  were  spent  in  pedestrian  tours 

authorize  a  lottery  loan  on  June  8, 1888,  but  in  the  study  of  the  architecture  of  Colo 

the   subscriptions  were  disappointing.     The  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  other  German  cities, 

company  sold  only  860  of  these  bonds ;  yet  to  the  university  he  was  highly  popular,  in  i 

make  good  its  promise  as  to  prizes  it  was  com-  of  the  fact  that  the  name  of  Prussian  was 

pelled,  under  the  law,  to  invest  100,000,000  a  rebuke  in  the  Rhineland  province.    On 

francs  in  rentes,    A  final  effort  was  made  to  8,1849,  he  entered  the  First  Foot  Guards, 

raise  a  new  loan.    It  was  announced  that  un-  year  1850  was  spent  in  traveling  through  S^ 

less  400,000  obligations  were  taken  up  the  erland,  the  Tyrol,  the  north  of  Italy,  and 

Bubsoription  would  be  null  and  void.    Only  south  of  France.    The  opening  of  the  Loi 

125,000  were  subscribed,  and  on  December  14  Industrial  Exhibition  of    1861  took  hii 

the  company  suspended  payments.    The  Cham-  England  for  the  first  time,  where  he  be< 

ber  refused  to  authorize  the  company  to  defer  acquainted  with  his  future  bride,  the  Prii 

payments  for  three  months.    M.  de  Lesseps  Victoria,  then  a  girl  of  eleven  years.    Oi 

said  that  the  canal  could  be  finished  by  1891,  return  to  Berlin  he  was  promoted  to  the  rai 

not  on  the  level  plan  but  with  locks,  and  that  captain  in  the  Guards,  and  the  following  ye) 

857,000,000  francs  of  additional  capital  would  accompanied  the  Emperor  Nicholas  of  R 

be  required.    It  was  proposed  to  form  a  new  back  to  St.  Petersburg,  where  he  was  app 

company  to  complete  the  work,  which  should  ed  colonel  of  a  Russian  regiment.    He  sto 

assume  the  capital  obligations  of  the  old  com-  the  practical  workings  of  administrative 

pany,  but  pay  no  interest  on  the  existing  bonds  under  Herr  Flottwell  president  of  the  pro^ 

and  shares  until  it  can  be  defrayed  out  of  the  of  Brandenburg,  and  the  art  and  tactics  of 

profits  of  the  canal.    M.  de  Lesseps  and  his  under  Yon  Moltke.    Toward  the  close  of 


FRIEDRIOH  WILHELM  NI00LAU8  KARL.  366 

to  Italy,  where  he  spent  fonr  months  liis  retarn  to  Berlin  he  was  nominated  to  the 

>mpan  J  of  painters,  sculptors,  archse-  general  command  of  the  Second  Army  Gorps. 

ind  statesmen,  and  first  met  Pope  Pios  In  the  war  with  Austria  Prince  Friederich 

rhom  he  always  retained  a  feeling  of  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Second  Army 

»n.  Gorps,  forming  the  left  wing  of  the  force  in 

i  now  ordered  to  serve  with  the  dra-  Silesia.  He  was  also  appointed  generd  of  infant- 

d  his  conmiander,  Gol.  von  Griesheim,  ry  and  military  governor  of  Silesia  daring  the 

racted  to  sahject  him  to  the  actoal  condnnance  of  hostilities.    The  Second  Army 

id  daties  of  a  soldier^s  life.    In  1854  Gorps  was  intended  to  play  a  secondary  part, 

ppointed  a  member  of  a  commission  but  when  Saxony  was  occupied  without  opposi- 

he  Mini6  rifle,  and  shortly  afterward  tion,  and  the  armies  were  concentrated  K)rthe 

ominated  to  the  command  of  the  Sec-  invasion  of  Bohemia,  the  burden  on  the  Grown- 

Iwehr  Guards.  Princess  shoulders  was  largely  increased.    By 

>  Gol.  von  Moltke  became  adjutant  to  three  days^  fighting  he  successfully  carried  his 

e,  who  had  attained  the  rank  of  colo-  army  from  the  frontier  to  the  Elbe,  defeating 

in  September  of  that  vear,  in  company  four  of  the  six  army  corps  opposed  to  him.  He 

Itke,  he  visited  England,  and  before  fought  spirited  engagements  at  Trautenau  and 

1  he  became  betrothed  to  the  princess  Nachod,  coming  up  to  the  latter  place  at  a 

n  May,  1856,  he  again  visited  Eng-  critical  moment  in  support  of  Gen.  Steinmetz. 

in  August  of  this  year  went  to  Mos-  Fighting  continued  until  June  29,  when  the 

le  representative  of  the  Prussian  royal  prince  with  his  army  took  possession  of  Skal- 

the  coronation  of  the  Emperor  Alex-  itz.    During  this  brief  campaign,  the  soldiers 

The  following  December,  on  return-  under  the  Grown-Prince  had    captured    five 

a  visit  to  En^and,  he  visited  Paris  colors,  two  standards,  twenty  guns,  and  8,000 
rst  time.  The  Empress  Eugenie,  in  a  prisoners.  The  great  battle  of  Sadowa  or 
&  friend,  described  the  prince  as  tall  EdniggrStz  was  fought  on  July  8,  1866.  The 
some,  slim  and  fair,  and  commented :  opportune  arrival  of  the  Grown  Prince  with 
-e  an  imposing  race,  these  Germans,  his  army,  which  was  fifteen  miles  away  at  the 
la  them  the  race  of  the  future.  But  beginning  of  the  engagement,  gave  the  victory 
not  come  to  that.''  to  the  Prussians  a^er  one  of  the  most  san- 
irried  Princess  Victoria  on  Jan.  25,  guinary  battles  of  modem  times.  For  this 
n  becoming  Grown-Prince,  when  his  victory  the  prince  received  the  Order  of  Merit 
cceeded  to  the  throne  of  Prussia  on  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  shortly  after  the 
1  of  King  Friedrich  Wilhelm  IV,  he  close  of  the  war  was  appointed  president  of  a 
-n  in  a  member  of  the  King's  Gouncil,  military  commission  to  analyze  and  formulate 
appointed  on  the  commission  for  the  the  experiences  of  the  war.  The  prince  de- 
lation of  the  army.    After  the  disso-  scribed  his  recollections  of  the  war  in  a  pri- 

the  Ghamber  of  Deputies  and  the  vately  printed  work  entitled  ^^  Erinnerungen 

of  the  liberty  of  the  press  in  1868,  aus  dem  Eriege." 

^n-Prince  protested  against  the  meth-  In  October,  1869,  the  Grown-Prince,  accom- 

30  Bismarck  ministry,  which  he  de-  panied  by  Prince  Ludwig  of  Hesse,  journeyed 

be  '^  both  illegal  and  injurious  to  the  by  way  of  Vienna,  Venice,  Athens,  and  Gon- 

the  dynasty."    The  King  demanded  stantinople  to  Egypt,  to  attend  the  opening  of 

on  of  his  sentiments  on  pain  of  being  the  Suez  Ganal. 

;o  Berlin  and  deprived  of  his  military  The  outbreak  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war  in 

L    The  prince  replied  that  he  could  1870,  found  the  Grown-Prince  in  command  of 

ict  his  speech,  that  he  was  ready,  if  one  of  the  three  divisions  of  the  German  army, 

to  lay  down  his  commission  in  the  consisting  of  the  armies  of  Bavaria,  Wttrtemberg, 

[  resign  his  seat  in  the  Gouncil  of  State,  and  Baden,  and  the  Fifth,  Sixth,  and  Eleventh 

If  I  am  not  allowed  to  speak  my  mind.  North  German  Gorps,  numbering  in  all  about 

laturally  wish  to  dissever  myself  en-  200,000   men.    The  first  military  triumph  of 

m  the  sphere  of  politics."  the  war  was  his  victory  on  Aug.  4,  1870,  over 

tic  legislation  in  Prussia  was  over-  a  portion  of  Marshal  MacMahon's  forces  sta- 

1  in  1864  by  a  war  with  Denmark,  tioned    at    Weissenbourg.     Alsace  was  now 

ut  of  the  disputed  succession  to  the  open  to  the  prince,  the  roads  to  Strasburg  and 

f  SchleswigandHolstein.  The  Grown-  Bitsch  were  seized,  and  in  his  further  advance 

ad  at  this  time  attained  the  rank  of  toward  the  passes  of  the  Vosges  he  encoun- 

it-general  in  the  army  without  having  tered  the  main  body  of  the  army  of  MacMahon 

n  a  battle,  but  the  outbreak  of  the  at  Worth.    This   battle,  which  lasted   fifteen 

rar  sent  him  to  the  field  of  real  war-  hours,  terminated  in  a  decisive  victory  for  the 

Q  officer  on  the  staff  of  Field-Marshal  prince,  the  French  losses  being  10,000  killed 

He  was  engaged  at  the  battle  of  or  wounded,   and  6,000   prisoners.     By  the 

and  in  the  subsequent  operations  of  11th  of  August,  the  Grown-Prince  had  crossed 

flian  and  Austrian  forces  in  the  brief  the  Vosges  and  occupied  the  town  of  Nancy. 

1  that  resulted  in  the  defeat  of  Den-  He  detached  the  Baden  division  of  his  army^ 

splaying  courage  and  energy,  and  on  which  captured  Hagenau,  and  besieged  Stras- 


356  FBIEDBIOH  WILHELM  KIC0LAF8  EARL. 

burg.    The  Castle  of  lichtenbnrg  was  taken  the  Crown-Prince  thos  emphatioallj  ex] 

bj  the  Wflrtemberg  division,  and  Pfalsborg  himself:  ^*  To  the  soggestion  in  your  bo 

was  invested  by  the  Bavarians.    After  the  bat-  letter  that  the  laws  of  Pmssia  should 

ties  of  Mars-le-Tonr  and  Gravelotte,  between  modified  as  to  accord  with  the  statutes 

Prince  fViedrich  Karl  and  Marshal  Bazaine,  Roman  Chnrch,  no  Prussian  monarcli 

the  Crown-Prince  began  his   march  toward  listen  for  a  moment.     The  independc 

Paris,  and  laid  siese  to  the  fortresses  of  Toole  the  monarchy,  which,  as  a  patriot  and 

and    Verdun,  and  finally    reached    Chalons,  therms  heir,  I  am  bound  to  maintain,  w 

MacMahon  now  endeavored  to  make  a  circuit  once  be  compromised  if  its  freedom  of 

to  the  north,  and  by  forced  marches  to  reach  tion  were  subordinated  to  any  external  p 

and  relieve  Metz  in  an  attack  upon  Friedrich  During  his  temporary  occupancy  of  the 

EarL    The  Crown-Prince  set  out  in  pursuit,  he  was  called  upon  to  sign  the  death-n 

and  although  MacMahon  had  four  days*  start,  of  the  young  Anarchist,  Hoedel,  who  hai 

he  was  overtaken  at  the  fortified  town  of  Se-  an  attempt  upon  the  Emperor^s  life  ii 

dan,  which  he  had  occupied  with  110,000  men  1878,  and  it  is  said  that  he  went  throng 

and  230  guns.    The  Joint  forces  of  the  Crown-  of  mental  agony  before  he  felt  himse 

Prince  and  Prince  Friedrich  Karl  surrounded  ciently  steel^  to  put  his  name  to  the  w 

him  with   an  army  of  250,000  men  and  800  The  Treaty  of  Berlin  was  ratified  by  the  ( 

guDs,  and  on  September  1  the  battle  took  place  Prince  in  his  capacity  as  deputy  Emperc 

which  resulted  in  the  defeat  of  the  French  The  Emperor  Alexander  II  of  Rusa 

forces,  and  the  capture  of  the  Emperor  Napo-  assassinated  in  1881,  and  it  devolved  up 

leon  ni.    The  Crown-Prince  now  pushed  rap-  Crown-Prince  to  represent  Prussia  at 

idly  on  to  Paris,  and  on  September  19  his  army  neral  in  St  Petefsburg.    Anxiety  was 

occupied  Versailles,  and  laid  siege  to  the  capi-  Germany  for  his  safety,  in  conseque 

tal.    From  this  time  until  the  termination  of  the  threats  of  the  Nihilists,  and  the  £o 

the  siege,  the  prince  personally  directed  the  when  pressed  to  prevent  his  son  vmtiL 

operations  around  the  city,  including  the  repulse  sia,  replied,  *^  Cest  notre  metier,'''' 

of  the  French  under  Gen.  Vinoy,  on  Septem-  After  an   extended  tour  through  ¥ 

ber  80.    In  recognition  of  the  victories  that  he  Europe,  the  Crown-Prince  visited  Rome 

had  guned  at  Weissenbourg,  Wdrth,  and  Se-  nary,  1884,  where,  in  an  audience  wi 

dan,  the  King  rused  him  to  the  rank  of  field-  Pope,  the  differences  still  existing  betwf 

marshal,  which  was  the  first  instance  of  that  empire  and  the  Vatican  were  amicab 

rank  being  conferred  on  a  prince  of  the  reign-  cussed.     He  was  present  at  the  Jub 

ing  family.    On  March  7,  1871,  after  the  con-  Queen  Victoria's  reign,  in  London,  in 

elusion  of  peace,  the  prince  issued  his  farewell  1887. 

manifesto  to  his  soldiers  of  the  Third  Army  The  disease  that  eventually  proved  i 

Corps,  and,  rejoining  the  Emperor  at  Nancy,  the  Crown- Prince  was  first  noticed  in  Js 

returned  to  Berlin  in  a  blaze  of  triumph.    On  1887,  as  an  inflammatory  affection  of  the 

arriving  there  he  was  decorated  by  the  Empe-  accompanied  by  a  cough  and  slight  hoar 

ror  with  the  grand  cross  of  the  Iron  Cross.  These  symptoms  refusing  to  yield  to  ox 

^^Unser  Fritz,"  as    he  was    affectionately  treatment,  and  the  appearance  of  a  small  | 

called,  returned  unquestionably  the  most  popu-  upon  the  left  vocal  chord,  aroused  in  the 

lar  commander  of  the  war.     He  was  the  idol  of  the  attending  physicians  the  suspicic 

of  his  soldiers,  and  his  subsequent  triumphant  the  disease  was  malignant.    No  change 

reception  in  South  Germany,  as  Inspector-Gen-  condition  resulted  from  a  long  sojourn  a 

eral  of  the  Fourth  German  Army  Corps,  proved  and  in  May  several  German  specialists,  i 

how  complete  was  the  union  between  the  north  sultation,  decided  that  the  prince  was  su 

and  the  south,  which  his  military  achievements  from  cancer  of  the  larynx,  and  that  an 

had  helped  to  bring  about.  diate  operation  for  its  extirpation  was  ii 

The  Crown-Prince  manifested  keen  interest  tive.     Before  resorting  to  such  extreme 

in  the  development  of  Germany,  and  in  scien-  ures,  it  was  thought  advisable  to  set  th 

tiflo,  industrial,  and  patriotic  undertakings,  the  ion  of  some  other  specialist,  and  Dr. 

Kaiser- Wilhelm-Stiftung  for  invalid  soldiers,  Mackenzie  was  summoned  from  London 

and  the  excavations  at  Olympia,  being  notable  consultation  with  Profs.  G^rhardt,  Von 

instances  of  his  activity.    On  various  occasions  mann,  and  Tobold,  and  Drs.  Von  Lauer 

he  accompanied  or  represented  his  father,  as  ner,  and  Schrader.    As  the  result  of  his 

at  the  opening  of  the  Vienna  Exhibition  in  nation,  Dr.  Mackenzie  claimed  that,  al 

1873  and  the  funeral  of  Victor  Emmanuel  at  the  growth  might  possibly  be  cancero 

Rome  in  1878,  and  visited  Sweden  and  Den-  symptoms  did  not  warrant  a  positive  c 

mark  in  1873,  St.  Petersburg  in  1875,  and  Hoi-  sis,  and  he  consequently  declined  to  % 

land  and  Belgium  in   1876-'77.    When  the  opinion  as  to  the  exact  nature  of  the  • 

Emperor  was  wounded  by  Nobling  in  1878,  until  a  portion  of  the  growth  had  bee 

the  prince  was  recalled  from  England  to  carry  mi t ted  to  microscopical  examination, 

on  the  Government.  cordingly  removed,  on  May  21,  a  por 

The  conflict  between  Prussia  and  the  Vati-  the  diseased  tissue,  which  was  sent  t 

can  was  pending,  and  in  a  letter  to  the  Pope  Virchow  for  examination.    The  result 


FRIEDRIOH  WILHELM  NIOOLAUS  KARL.  857 

to  reveal    any  evidences   of   cancer  in    the  em  portions  of  Germany  aroused  his  sjmpa- 

^owtb,   and  Dr.  Mackenzie  advised  against  thies,  and  he  sent  the  Empress  to  inspect  the 

the  radical  operation  proposed  hy  the  German  relief  measures  institated  at  Poseo. 

sargeons,  favoring  intra-Iaryngeal  rather  than  A  fortnight  had  hardly  elapsed  after  his 

eztra-laryngeal  treatment.    The  case  having  accesion  to  the  throne  before  an  unfavorable 

been  placed  entirely  under  his  care,  Dr.  Mac-  change  took  place  in  the  progress  of  his  dis- 

kenzie  proceeded  to  remove  the  growth  by  ease,  and  on  March  21   lie  issued  a  decree, 

means  of  forceps  especially  devised  for  the  addressed  to  the  Crown-Prince,  expressing  the 

purpose.     The  portions  of  the  tumor  removed  wish  that  the  latter  should  make  himself  con- 

At  GBLch  operation  were  sent  to  Prof.  Virchow  versant  with  the  affairs  of  state.    The  prince 

for  microscopical  examination,   but   no  evi-  was  accordingly  intrusted  with  the  preparation 

fences  of  cancer  were  found  in  any  of  them,  and  discharge  of  such  business  as  the  Emperor 

fn  July  Dr.  Mackenzie  reported  that  the  growth  assigned  to  him,  and  empowered  to  afSx  all 

lad  been  entirely  removed  from  the  left  vocal  necessary  signatures  without  obtaining  special 

ihord.     However,  it  soon  reappeared  and,  de-  authorization. 

pite  aU  treatment,  gradually  increased  in  size.  A  serious  difficulty  arose  between  the  Em- 
w  several  months  after  the  princess  return  peror  and  Empress  and  Prince  Bismarck,  re- 
rom  the  Queen^s  Jubilee  there  was  very  little  garding  the  contemplated  marriage  between  the 
hang^  in  his  condition,  but  while  he  was  Princess  Victoria  and  Prince  Alexander   of 
t  San  Remo,  in  November,  the  disease  sud-  Battenburg,  ex-Prince  of  Bulgaria.     Prince 
enlj  assumed  a  more  serious  phase,  and  Dr.  Bismarck  threatened  to  resign,  and  the  pro- 
[ackenzie  was  summoned  from  London.    The  jected  alliance  was  abandoned. 
rowtb  was  found  to  be  very  much  increased  About  the  16th  of  April  the  Emperor^s  con- 
1  size,  and  other  portions  of  the  larynx  had  dition  became  critical,  bronchitis  having  super- 
•eoome  involved,  but  hopes  were  still  enter-  vened,  but  he  improved  in  condition,  and  on 
fdned  that  the  condition  would  ultimately  dis-  June  1  he  left  Gharlottenburg  for  Potsdam, 
ippear  under  appropriate  treatment    Contrary  A  few  days  later  a  ministerial  crisis  arose  in 
K>  these  expectations,  the  tumor  continued  to  consequence  of  the  disinclination  of  the  Em- 
increase  in  size,  and  by  the  beginning  of  the  peror  to  give  his  assent  to  the  quinquennial 
following  February,  it  had  become  so  large  as  election  bill  adopted  by  the  Prussian  Diet. 
to  encroach  considerably  upon  the  air- passages,  The  official  publication  of  the  bill  was  followed 
and  seriously  impede  respiration.    The  immi-  by  the  resignation  of  Herr  von  Puttkamer,  the 
nent  danger  of  suffocation  rendered  the  oper-  Minister  of  the  Interior  and  Vice-President  of 
ition  of  tracheotomy  necessary.   The  operation  the  Ministerial  Council. 
was  performed  on  Feb.  9,  1888,  by  Dr.  Bram-  Abscesses  began  to  form  in  the  Emperor's 
man,  Prof.  Bergmann's  assistant    The  benefi-  neck,  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  wouna  made 
dal  results  of  the  operation  were  immediately  in  performing  the  operation  of  tracheotomy, 
apparent  in  the  improvement  in  respiration,  and  the  patient  experienced  great  difficulty 
which  was  now  accomplished  through  a  silver  in  swallowing,  and  grew  rapidly  weaker.    The 
tracheotomy  tube,  inserted  into  the  wind-pipe  cancer  was  extending,  and  already  the  whole 
trough  an  opening  in  the  neck.    For  several  of  the  larynx  was  involved,  and  the  surround- 
weeks  after  the  operation  there  was  a  slight  ing  organs  were  invaded  to  such  an  extent 
improvement  in  the  patient's  condition.     On  that  an  opening  appeared  between  the  trachea 
March  4,  a  portion  of  necrosed  tissue,  which  and  the  oesophagus,  permitting  food  to  escape 
had  come  away  through  the  tracheotomy  tube,  through  the  tracheotomy  tube.    Artificial  feed- 
was  examined  microscopically  by  Prof.  Wal-  ing  had  to  be  resorted  to,  but  the  efforts  of  the 
dejer,  who  found  the  first  distinct  evidences  physicians  to  relieve  his  condition  were  of  no 
of  the  presence  of  cancer.  avail,  and  on  June  15  the  German  nation  was 
The  death  of  Emperor  William  I,  on  March  called  upon,  a  second  time  in  a  little  more  than 
9f  made  the  Crown-Prince  King  of  Prussia  and  three  months,  to  mourn  the  death  of  their 
Emperor  of  Germany  under  the  title  of  Fried-  sovereign. 

rich  III.     On  the  10th  he  left  San  Remo  for  Emperor  Friedrich  III  was  succeeded  on 

Berlin,  and  on  his  arrival  was  published,  si-  the  throne  by  his  eldest  son,  Friedrich  Wil- 

mnltaneously   with  his    proclamation  to  the  helm,  bom  Jan.  27,  1859,  who  reigns  under 

people,  a  letter  to  Prince  Bismarck  wannly  the  title  of  Emperor  William  II  of  Germany, 

acknowledging  the  services  of  the  Chancellor  The  other  surviving  children  are  Princess  Char- 

doring  the  reign  of  the  late  Emperor.    Among  lotte,  bom  July  24,  1860 ;  Prince  Heinrich, 

the  first  acts  of  the  new  Emperor's  reign  were  bom  May  20,  1862 ;   Princess  Victoria,  born 

the  promotion  of  General  von  Blumenthal  to  April  12,  1866 ;    Princess  Sophie   Dorothea, 

the  rank  of  field  ^marshal,  and  the  conferring  born  June  14,  1870;  and  Princess  Margarethe, 

of  the  order  of  the  Black  Eagle  on  Dr.  Fried-  bom  April  22,  1872. 

bwg,  the  Russian  Minister  of  Justice,  a  Jew  After  the  death  of  the  Emperor  the  Govern- 
by  descent.  His  proclamation  of  an  amnesty  ment  published  the  official  reports  of  the  Ger- 
decree  for  political  offenses  was  hailed  as  a  man  doctors  who  were  in  attendance  upon 
concession  to  Liberal  sentiment.  Early  in  his  him,  and  in  this  report  Sir  Morell  Mackenzie 
feign  the  inundations  in  the  eastern  and  north-  was  censured  both  for  his  opposition  to  the 


358  FRIENDS. 

operation  of  extirpation  of  the  larynx,  as  pro-  pamphlet  entitled  ^*  The  Ancient  Testimony 
posed  hj  the  German  physicians  at  the  begin-  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  commonly  call^ 
ning  of  the  disease,  and  for  his  treatment  of  Quakers,  respecting  some  of  their  Ohristiiin 
the  case  after  it  had  been  placed  nnder  his  Doctrines  and  Practices."     It  contained  ex- 
care.    Not  long  afterward  the  Scotch  specialist  tracts  from  the  declarations  and  writings  of 
published  a  book  entitled  *'The  Fatal  Illness  the  earlier  Friends,  concerning  the  one  true 
of  Frederick  the  Noble "  (London,  1888),  in  God,  divine  revelation,  the  fallen  state  of  mao, 
which  he  answered  the  charges  made  against  the  universality  of  the  light  of  Christ,  the  Holj 
him  by  the  Germans,  and  in  his  turn  made  Scriptures,  justification,  baptism  and  the  Snp- 
serioos  accasations  against  them,  alleging  that  per,   divine  worship,  ministry,   prayer,  war, 
the  diseased  growth  may  have  been  benisn  in  slavery,  trade  and  lying,  and  parents  and  chil- 
the  beginning,  and  cancer  have  been  induced  dren  and  urged  that  those  testimonies  be  main- 
by  frequent   electro-cauterization  before  he  tained.     In  1845,  the  advocates  of  the  later 
took  the  case,  and  that  death  was  hastened  by  views  had  obtained  the  preponderance  in  the 
the  clamsy  recklessness  of  Dr.  von  Bergmann,  New  England  Yearly  Meeting,  and  it  was  di- 
who  made  a  false  passage  in  inserting  a  tra-  vided.    In  1836  the  Ohio  Yearly  Meeting  in- 
cheotomy  tube.    For  a  portrait  of  the  Emperor  vited  the  attention  of  the  London  Yearlj  Meet* 
Friedrioh  Wilhelm,  see  ^^  Annual  Oydopsedia  "  ing  to  the  agitation,  and  urged  it  to  take  action 
for  1887,  frontispiece.  for  the  removal  of  the  '*  cause  of  complaint." 

FRIEN]>S*  The  namber  of  members  of  the  That  meeting  failing  to  respond  satisfactorily 
Society  of  Friends  in  America,  as  computed  to  its  request,  the  Ohio  Yearly  Meeting,  thoogb 
by  0.  W.  Pritchard,  editor  of  the  **  Ohnstian  not  without  objection,  adopted  a  pamphlet  that 
Worker,^'  from  the  minutes  of  the  yearly  meet-  had  been  issued  in  the  previous  year  hj  the 
ings  for  1887,  is  72,968.  This  shows  an  in-  Philadelphia  Yearly  Meeting— corresponding  in 
crease  in  two  years  of  3,493,  of  which  the  spirit  with  the  '^  Ancient  Testimony "  alreadj 
yearly  meetings  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mount-  mentioned — entitied  '*  An  Appeal  for  the  Att- 
ains are  credited  with  3,271,  and  the  Eastern  cient  Testimony  of  the  Society  of  Friends,"  to- 
yearly  meetings  with  222.  gether  with  the  testimony  that  had  been  adopted 

Stuidardg  9t  Faith. — ^Although  the  Society  of  in  1830  by  the  eight  yearly  meetings  then  exist- 

Friends  has,  as  a  body,  refused  to  adopt  a  ing  in  America.    The  Ohio  Yearly  Meeting  was 

formal  creed,  its  standards  of  faith  are  well  divided  in  1854,  the  party  adhering  to  the  old 

defined  and  frequently  promulgated.    Its  doc-  order  retaining  about  two  thirds  of  the  mem- 

trines  are  illustrated  in  the  writings  of  Robert  hers.    Upon  the  reception  of  the  usual  epistle 

Barclay,  George  Fox,  William  Penn,  and  other  from  this  body,  the  Indiana  Yearly  Meeting  de- 

early  Friends ;  and  for  more  than  two  hundred  clined  to  correspond  with  it,  and  gave  ita  fel- 

years  the  yearly  meetings  of  the  Society  have  lowship  to  the  other  meeting  bearing  the  same 

added  what  has  seemed  to  be  needed,  in  the  name.    The  latter  is  the  body  which  has  been 

way  of  exhortation,  reproof,  and  elucidation,  described  in  previous  volumes  of  the  '^  Annual 

The  views  of  American  Friends  who  most  Oydopffidia  '^  as  the  Ohio  Yearly  Meeting,  and 

closely  adhere  to  the  primitive  features  of  which,  in  1878,  changed  its  discipline  in  regard 

belief  and  practice  are  expressed,  with  state-  to  marriage  and  other  subjects,  and  refused  io 

ments  of  the  principles  and  arguments  on  1885  and  1886  to  reaffirm  the  testimony  of  the 

which  they  are  based,  in  epistles  and  special  society  against  the  outward  rites  of  baptism  and 

declarations  that  have  been  issued  from  time  the  Lord^s  Supper.    Divisions  have  also  taken 

to  time  by  the  Philadelphia  Yearly  Meeting.  place  in  Western,  Oanada,  Kansas,  and  Iowa 

CIrChMlfx  Dtvlslois. — Mention  has  been  made  i  early  Meetings,  one  branch  of  each  of  which, 
in  previous  volumes  of  the  "  Annual  OyclopsB-  together  with  the  Philadelphia  Yearly  Meeting, 
dia  ^'  of  the  growth  of  divisions  among  Friends  where  no  separation  has  occurred,  are  in  unison 
respecting  doctrines  and  forms  of  worship,  and  in  support  of  the  ancient  order.  None  of  these 
particularly  respecting  the  tolerance  of  certain  conservative  meetings  took  part  in  the  Gen- 
outward  forms  of  ritual,  such  as  vocal  prayer,  eral  Conference  of  Friends  that  was  held  in 
singing,  baptism,  and  the  observance  of  the  Richmond,  Ind.,  in  1887. 
Lord^s  Supper,  against  which  the  earlier  Friends  These  divisions  are  in  no  way  related  to 
bore  testimony.  The  origin  of  these  divisions  the  separation  that  resulted  about  1822  froni 
may  be  traced  back  to  the  year  1830,  when  the  preaching  of  Ehas  Hicks, 
doctrinal  views  were  first  preached  and  pub-  Dtctrlnal  Satennto.  —  The  declaration  of 
lished  in  England  by  members  of  the  Society  faith  that  was  adopted  by  the  General  Con- 
tending to  exalt  the  sacrifice  of  the  cross  rath-  ference  of  Friends  tnat  was  held  in  Richmond, 
er  than  the  inward  work  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  as  Indiana,  in  September,  1887  (see  **  Annual 
the  chief  element  of  the  covenant  of  sdvation.  Cyclopfisdia  "  for  1887),  was  considered,  but  not 
A  small  separation  took  place  in  England  on  approved,  in  the  Dublin  and  London  Yearly 
account  of  these  preachings;  and  the  doctrines  Meetings.  The  Dublin  Yearly  Meeting  adopted 

S reading  to  America,  the  Philadelphia  Yearly  a  minute  declaring  that  it  did  not  see  its  wa; 

eeting,  in  1836,  remonstrated  with  the  Lon-  formally  to  adopt  the  declaration ;  but  wtf 

don  Yearly  Meeting  upon  the   subject.      In  willing  to  receive  it  as  a  valuable  outcome  oi 

1848,  the  Philadelphia  Yearly  Meeting  issued  a  the  conference.    The  minute  of  the  London 


V     '    •  ,    » 


.■    I 


l>    t      : 


lot' Aiiiv  r-'.-i^ti'i    .'. 
rise  for  M»-  ]•:«•■•        •  ■• 
:  1^  left  <•;'•:>  ''•>*  '*;■• 
)t"  inen  aini  '■.  ,.!*•.  •.  .- 

M\!      Uwt     to     b-     "I'-' 

_::/i  Airi'.ricfti'  *'  -  ••-' 
r*  vv'HT-^.    The'  ii    -^  ^'■■.- 

..,     'r    T,;.]l.,i    M;-  ■  ■ 

. -  , ,ci-^: (" :  :■< i'  ; 

..;   ,)S:<  Hi-  "    ••  ■" 


!  • .  t  •  r  . . .  1 '  1 


I 


.,  ■«  ' 


FRIENDS.  FULLER,  MELVILLE  WESTON.     369 

fearly  MeetiDg,  which  was  adopted  at  the  close  torned  in  1888  an  enrollment  of  86  pnpils,  more 

vt  a  long  discnssioD,  after  expressing  the  cor-  than  half  of  whom  were  professed  Christians. 

lial  esteem  of  English  Friends  for  their  Ameri-  Three  day-schools  in  the  Indian  Territory  had 

sao  brethren,  and  conveying  to  them  a  fresh  64  pnpils.    Other  schools,  wholly  or  partly  nn- 

neflsage  of  love  and  encouragement,  reaffirmed  der  toe  care  of  individual   yearly  meetings, 

D  general  terms  the  belief  of  the  society  in  were  maintained  among  the  Eastern  Chero- 

be  fundamental  and  scriptnral  principles  of  kees  in  North  Carolina,  at  Tnnesassa,  N.  Y., 

be  Gospel  of  Christ,  but  with  respect  to  this  and  at  Douglass  Island,  Alaska ;  having  a  total 

Nirticular  article,  recorded  that  '*  this  meeting  enrollment  of  344  pupils.    The  expenditures  of 

strains  from  expressing  any  judgment  on  the  Friends  during  the  year  for  Indian  education, 

ODtents  of  the  declaration  now  produced."  including  buildings,  had  been  $9,222. 

Tbe  following  statement  of  the  doctrine  of  The  mission  in  Mexico  returns  42  members 

Dstification  by  faith  and  regeneration,  and  admitted,  and  a  total  enrollment  of  127  pupils 

•n  tbe  beginning  of  salvation,  has  been  adopted  in  the  schools.    Schools  for  boys  are  sustained 

jtbeln£ana  Yearly  Meeting,  with  the  reserva-  at  Matamoras  and  Victoria;  for  girls  at  Victo- 

ion  that  it  is  not  intended  to  cover  the  whole  ria  and  Quintero ;  and  a  boys*  and  girls*  school 

round  of  belief  on  any  other  point :  at  Santa  Barbara. 

Bt  repentance  toward  God  and  fidth  toward  our  A  mission  conference  of  Friends  was  held 

ord  Jesus  Christ,  the  sinner  experiences  iuetiflcation.  in  London,  in  April.     Mr.  Samuel  Southall,  of 

hisis  pardon,  forpvenew,  /emission,  absolution  for  Le^ds,  occupied  the  chair.     It  appeared  from 

Sx^S^'^hXTcXaiy^e^^^^^^                Sk^  the  reports  that  the  society  is  indSectly  repre- 

mj,  and  their  le^^  linalties  remitted.    Ee  expe-  sented  m  Japan  by  four  or  five  members.    Me- 

enoes  oonversion.    Tnis  implies  a  ohange  of  heart  chanical  ana  religious  labor  are  carried  on  in 

Id  becoming  a  new  creature  m  Clwist  Jesus.   He  ex-  South  Africa  by  Mr.  Elbert  Clarke.     A  num- 

jnences  regeneration-a  new  birth,  a  new  Ufe  in  ^  ^     f  missionaries  are  at  work  in  India,  and  a 

iil,abemg  bom  aeain  of  tbe  moorraptible  seed.  He  -      v*  »xi.ob*v«.m*«,  «  «^  av  <tv  ji.  «  ^^^^  axn*a 

perienoes  adoption ;  he  becomes  a  son.    He  expe-  favorable  openmg  was  recognized  m  Burmah. 

soces  the  witness  of  the  Spirit,  and  cries,  Abba,  Two  missionary  Friends  are  laboring  in  China, 

ither !  and  tben  Christ  does  dwell  in  his  heart  by  In  Madagascar,  Friends  have  many  thousand 

\th.    Sanctiflcation  begins  wntemiwraneously  with  native  Christians  under  their  care.     The  re- 

id  as  soon  as  a  man  is  lustmed.    'Therefore  being  „„!.    «p  ^iv^^  «»«^»»  a<„^»«a  i.«««.  «««.  k^^^ 

Bdfled  by  faith,  we  have  peace  with  God  through  8«Jts  of  effort  among  Syrians  have  not  been 

ir  Lord  Jesos  Christ :  by  whom,  abso,  we  have  access  wholly  satisfactory.     Ine  results  of  home  mis- 

'  faith  into  this  grace  wherein  we  stand,  and  rejoice  sion  work  were  encouraging, 

hope  of  the  glory  of  God.'  The  Friends'  Missionary  Station  at  Oonstan- 

MiiwISM. — The  Indiana  Yearly  Meeting  has  tinople  was  established  in  1881,  and  is  carried 

lopted  a  proposition  for  the  formation  of  a  on  in  harmony  with  the  work  of  the  American 

Board  of  AmerioanFriends^  Foreign  Missions,"  Board.    A  meeting  was  organized  in  1888, 

•  exercise  for  the  present  advisory  functions,  with  twenty  men  and  women  as  members, 

bile  it  is  left  optional  with  existing  associa-  The  mission  has  an  estate  valued  at  $8,000,  at 

3ns  of  men  and  women  Friends  whether  they  Stamboul,  with  a  dispensary,  which  is  resorted 

lall  surrender  the  control  of  their  work  to  it ;  to  by  Moslems  and  Armenians.    An  industiial 

le  board  not  to  be  organized  till  six  yearly  school  is  carried  on  at  Bal\jijig,  sixty  miles 

eetings  have  agreed  to  unite  in  it.  *  from  Constantinople,  with  which  thirty  pupils 

Several  American  Friends'  Women's  Societies  are  connected. 

rrMiflsionary  Work  have  been  established  with-  FCLLEB.  MQiTItLG  WiSTON,  eighth  Chief- 

i  recent  years.  The  first  was  formed  in  connec-  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 

on  with  the  Western  Yearly  Meeting,  in  1881.  States,  born  in  Augusta,  Me.,  Feb.  11,  1833. 

Others  have  been  organized,  in  connection  with  He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  College,  Maine, 

be  Philadelphia  Yearly   Meeting,   in   1882;  in  1853,  studied  law  in  Bangor  with  his  uncle, 

owa,  1883 ;   Indiana,   1883  ;   New  England,  George  M.  Weston,  and  then  at  Harvard  Law 

;B84 ;  Ohio,  1884 ;  Canada,  1885 ;  North  Caro-  School,  and  began  practice  in  1855  in  his  native 

iiUL  1885 ;  Kansas,  1885 ;  and  New  York,  1887.  city.    There  he  was  an  associate  editor  of  the 

I^oUege  Societies  have  been  formed  at  Earl-  **Age,"  served  as  President  of  the  Common 

^  College,  Indiana,  and  Wilmington  College,  Council,  and  became  City  Attorney  in  1856. 

Ohio.  In  1886  these  societies  had  8,892  mem-  He  resigned  that  office  in  June  of  the  same 

berg,  and  had  raised  $27,840.    The  '^Friends'  year  and  removed  to  Chicago,  BL,  where  he  was 

^(iasionary  Advocate  "  is  published  in  their  in-  in  practice  for  thirty -two  years.    He  rose  to  the 

terest,  at  Chicago.  highest  rank  in  his  profession,  and  was  con- 

The  American  Indian  Missions  are  under  the  cerned  in  many  important  cases,  among  which 

control  of  an  associated  committee,  which  re-  were  the  National  Bank  tax  -  cases,   one  of 

tamed  a  total  of  383  members  in  the  meetings  which  was  the  first  that  was  argued  before 

of  the  Indian  Territory,  showing  a  net  increase  Chief-Justice  Waite,  the  Cheney  ecclesiastical 

^  the  year  of  forty-six.    There  are  also  sta-  case,  the  South  Park  Commissioners'  cases, 

^ns  among  the  Mexican  Kickapoos  and  lowas.  and  the  Lake  Front  case.     He  was  a  member 

^bite's  Mannd  Labor  School,  in  Indiana,  oc-  of  the  Illinois  Constitutional  Convention  of 

^Pjing  an  estate  of  760  acres,  is  well  supplied  1862,  and  in  1863-65  of  the  lower  house  of 

^ith  buildings  and  mechaiucal  shops,  and  re-  the  Legislature,  where  he  was  a  leader  of  one 


360 


GEORGIA. 


branch  of  the  Democratic  party.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Democratic  National  Conven- 
tions of  1864,  1872, 1876,  and  1880.  On  April 
80,  1888,  he  was  nominated  bj  President 
Cleveland  to  be  Chief-Justice  of  the  United 
States,  and  on  Jnly  20  he  was  confirmed  by 
the  Senate.  On  October  8  he  took  the  oath 
of  oflSce  and  entered  npon  his  duties.  Judge 
Fuller  is,  with  one  exception,  the  youngest 


member  of  the  Supreme  Court.  He  has  at- 
tained repntation  as  a  public  speaker.  Among 
his  addresses  are  one  welcoming  Stephen  A. 
Dou^s  to  Chicago  in  1860,  and  one  on  Sid- 
ney Breese,  which  is  prefixed  to  Judge  Breese's 
** Early  History  of  Illinois"  (1884).  The  de- 
gree of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
Northwestern  University  and  by  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege in  1888. 


G 


dXHLCai.  State  UforuuBt— The  following 
were  the  State  ofScers  during  the  year :  Gov- 
ernor, John  B.  Gordon,  Democrat ;  Secretary 
of  State,  Nathan  C.  Bamett;  Treasurer,  R.  U. 
Hardeman;  Comptroller-General,  William  A. 
Wright ;  Attorney-General,  Clifford  Anderson ; 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  J.  T.  Henderson ; 
State  School  Commissioner,  James  S.  Hook; 
Railroad  Commissioners,  Alexander  S.  Irwin, 
C.  Wallace,  L.  N.  Trammell ;  Chief-Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  L.  E.  Bleckley ;  Associate 
Justices,  M.  H.  Blandford  and  T.  J.  Simmons. 

FlnaMCM. — ^For  the  two  years  ending  on  Sep- 
tember 30  the  report  of  the  State  Treasurer 
is  as  follows:  Balance  in  the  treasury  on  Sept. 
80, 1886,  $250,927.96 ;  receipts  during  the  sub- 
sequent year,  $1,682,662.89 ;  disbursements 
during  the  same  time,  $1,583,818.47 ;  balance 
on  Sept.  80,  1887,  $849,762.38 ;  receipts  dur- 
ing the  subsequent  year,  $1,900,692.21;  dis- 
bursements in  the  same  time,  $2,019,103.07; 
balance  on  Sent  30,  1888,  $231,351.52.  The 
State  receives  $300,000  each  year  for  rental  of 
the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  and  $25,- 
000  from  hire  of  convicts,  in  addition  to  the 
amounts  raised  by  State  taxation. 

The  bonded  debt  of  the  State  bearing  inter- 
est on  Sept.  80,  1887,  was  as  follows:  Bonds 
of  1884,  interest  4i  per  cent.,  $8,892,000 
bonds  of  1877,  interest  6  per  cent,  $2,141,000 
bonds  of  1870,  interest  7  per  cent.,  $2,098,000 
bonds  of  1872,  interest  7  per  cent.,  $807,500 
bonds  of  1876,  interest  7^er  cent.,  $542,000 
obligations  to  the  State  University,  $255,000 
total,  $8,735,500.  To  this  should  be  added 
$91,040  of  non-interest-bearing  bonds  not  can- 
celed, but  of  which  $74,285  were  canceled 
during  the  present  year,  leaving  the  total  debt 
on  September  80,  $8,752,305.  The  issue  of 
1877  will  become  due  on  Jan.  1,  1889,  and  for 
the  purpose  of  meeting  this  obligation  the 
Legislature  of  1887  authorized  the  issuance  of 
$1,900,000  of  new  bonds  at  a  rate  to  be  fixed 
by  the  Governor.  During  the  present  year  a 
sale  of  these  at  4)^  per  cent,  interest  was  ne- 
gotiated at  a  premium  of  ^  per  cent.  This  is 
the  highest  price  ever  paid  for  bonds  issued  by 
the  State,  and  indicates  an  increased  confi- 
dence in  its  credit.  On  October,  1890,  the 
bonds  of  1870  will  mature,  and  it  will  devolve 
upon  the  Legislature  chosen  this  year  to  pro- 
vide for  their  payment. 


Provision  was  made  by  the  Legislature  of 
1887  for  graduaUy  reducing  the  debt  by  creat- 
ing a  sinking-fund  for  the  years  1887  and  1888 
and  for  the  years  1897  to  1915,  inclusive,  thus 
carrying  into  effect  the  clause  of  the  State  Con- 
stitution requiring  that  $100,000  should  be 
raised  each  year  by  taxation,  and  held  as  a 
sinking-fund,  for  the  payment  of  State  bonds. 

inMmealB. — ^The  total  assessed  valuation  of 
property  for  1888  was  $857,167,458,  of  which 
$29,804,127  was  the  valuation  of  railroad 
property.  The  valuation  for  1887  was  $841,- 
504,921,  of  which  $24,899,592  was  raih^oad 
property.  The  following  table  gives  some  de- 
tails of  the  assessment  of  1888  compared  with 
that  of  1879 : 


PROPKBTY  TAXED. 


Improyed  landB 

aty  and  toim  property  . . 

Live-stock 

Farm  imnlements 

Houaehoid  ftumitare 

Cotton  manaikctorlea  . . . . 

Iron  worics 

Invested  in  mining 

Bank  stock 

Money,  solvent  notes,  etc. 
Merchandise 


i879. 


$88,699,168 

49,007,286 

21,017,684 

2,971379 

9,156,404 

1,640,000 

29&.640 

97,860 

4,667,567 

26,518,006 

12,012,755 


$107,788,641 

84,921,106 

25,745,018 

fi,MO,475 

18,682,614 

8,088.167 

560,801 

197,649 

7,609,886 

84,715,461 

18,657,7SK 


The  val  nation  of  property  held  by  colored 
persons  has  risen  from  $5,182,898  in  1879  to 
19,631,271  in  1888. 

Edicatkn. — The  following  statistics  of  the 
pnblic  schools  for  the  school-year  1887  were 
compiled  and  published  daring  1888:  Schools 
for  white  papils,  5,083;  schools  for  colored 
papils,  2,512;  schools  established  nnder  local 
laws,  201 ;  enrollment  of  white  pnpils,  208,865; 
enrollment  of  colored  pnpils,  138,429;  total, 
842,894;  average  attendance,  226,290. 

During  1888  a  census  of  persons  within 
school-age  was  taken,  showing  292,624  white 
and  267,657  colored  children,  or  a  total  of 
560,281.  Of  the  total,  61  per  cent,  were  en- 
rolled as  school- attendants  daring  1887,  but 
only  41  per  cent,  were  in  regular  attendance. 
The  average  length  of  the  school -year  is  not 
over  three  months.  During  1887  the  sum  of 
$498,509.52  was  raised  by  the  State  for  the 
schools,  and  $302,477.74  by  city  and  county 
taxation. 

An  act  to  establish  a  technological  school,  as 
a  branch  of  the  State  University,  and  forming 
one  of  its  departments  for  the  education  and 


GEORGIA.  861 

tramisf?  of  stadents  in  the  industrial  and  me-  as  a  common  carrier  in  this  State,  and  finally 
chanictd  arts  was  approved  on  Oct.  13,  1885.  disposes  of  a  litigation  which  has  heen  pend- 
Pnrsnant  to  this  act  a  commission,  charged  ing  in  the  courts  for  several  years.*' 
with  the  doty,  selected  a  site  in  the  city  of  At-  The  State  RaUrtaiL — The  report  of  the  com- 
lanta  and  erected  saitable  buildings  at  a  cost  of  mittee  appointed  by  the  Legislature  of  1887 
$101,062.98.     These  were  transferred  to  the  to   appraise  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Rail- 
State  by  the   commission  in  October,  1888,  road,  preparatory  to  making  some  disposition 
^hen  the  first  school-year  began.    The  insti-  of  it  at  tne  end  of  the  present  lease  m  1890, 
tntion  opened  under  favorable  conditions,  113  was  completed  and  published  in  August.    The 
students  being  enrolled  before  the  close  of  1888.  road  is  about  137  miles  in  length,  running 
Oiiltfcs. — ^The  State  Lunatic  Asylum  is  the  from  Augusta  to  Ghattanooga,   Tenn.      Tho 
largest  and  most  expensive  charity  of  the  State,  committee  estimates  its  present  value,  including 
On  Oct  1,  1887,  it  contamed  910  white  and  rolling-stock,  stations,   etc.,  at  $6,064,139.06. 
385  colored  patients,  a  total  of  1,295.    This  During  the  eighteen  years  that  the  present 
total  had  increased  on  Oct.  1,1888,  to  1,386,  lessees  have  held  it,  betterments  have  been  made 
of  whom  980  were  white  and  406  colored  pa-  by  them  upon  it  to  the  value  of  $750,889.74,  as 
tienta    The  cost  of  supporting  the  institution  estimated  by  the  committee.   For  these  better- 
is  about  $180,000  per  annum.  ments  the  lessees  demand  compensation.    The 
The  Georgia  Academy  for  the  Blind  had  91  general  condition  of  the  road  is  pronounced  by 
pupfls  in  attendance  during  the  year,  78  white  the  committee  to  be  good.    At  the  session  of 
and  13  colored.    Tlie  expenses  of  the  institu-  the  Legislature  in  November,  several  plans, 
tion  were  $17,580.62  for  the  year.    The  insti-  both  for  the  sale  and  lease  of  the  road,  were 
tation  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  has  an  average  fully  discussed  in  committee,  and  two  reports 
attendance  of  nearly  100  pupils.    For  1887  the  made  to  the  House.    The  sentiment  was  gener- 
disbursements  for  this  charity  amounted  to  ally  opposed  to  a  sale  of  the  property,  but  the 
$18,226.82 ;  for  1888,  $16,315.96.  matter  went  over  to  the  next  session  for  deter- 

FwltfUary, — ^There  were  on  Oct.  1,  1886,  in  mination. 

the  different  convict  camps,  1,526  prisoners,  of  CtsiMeimte  SoMknb — Under  the  act  of  1879, 

whom  1,377  were  colored  and  149  white  per-  and  acts  amendatory  thereto,  bounties  were 

sons.    At  the  same  date  in  1888  there  were  paid  triennially  to  soldiers  who  had  suffered 

1,537  prisoners,  1,388  colored  and  149  white,  amputation  of  a  limb  or  limbs  on  account  of 

Daring  the  two  years  there  were  81  deaths,  or  injuries  received  in  the  service  of  the  Oonfed- 

8i  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  on  the  rolls,  erate  States.    The  sum  thus  paid  from  the 

Inis  rate  of  mortality  could  hardly  happen  treasury  of  the  State  amounted  in  1879  to 

under  any  other  than  the  convict-lease  system.  $69,870;  in  1883  to  $61,605 ;  and  in  1886  to 

The  State  OiFital.— Up  to  October  24  of  this  $57,650.     The  act  approved  Oct   24,   1887, 

jear  the  total  sum  expended  by  the  Oapitol  provides  small  annual  bounties  for  a  number  of 

eommissioners  upon  the  new  Oapitol  building  classes  of  disabled  Confederate  soldiers  who 

vas  $851,064.75.     The  contract  for  its  con-  were  not  included  in  the  benefits  of  the  act  of 

stroction  calls  for  an  expenditure  of  $862,-  1879.    The  purpose  of  this  act  was  to  embrace 

756.75.    The  structure  was  completed,  accord-  and  relieve  all  who  had  been  permanently  dis- 

iog  to  the  contract,  at  the  end  of  the  year,  and  abled  by  wounds  or  disease  in  the  Confederate 

is  an  imposing  work  well  suited  to  the  needs  service.   From  the  large  number  of  applications 

of  the  State.    No  debt  was  incurred  in  its  erec-  filed  under  this  law,  nearly  eleven  hundred  were 

tioD,  the  requisite  funds  being  obtained  by  the  allowed ;  the  payments  made  up  to  and  includ- 

lery  of  a  special  tax.  ing  Nov.  2,  1888,  amounting  in  the  aggregate 

laOrMd  CtnaMM. — The  Governor  says  in  to  $27,525.    The  beneficiaries  under  this  act 

big  message  in   November:    *^The  Railroad  will  be  increased  in  1889,  without  change  in 

Commission  has  grown  in  importance  with  the  the  law,  by  the  number  of  those  who  have  been 

enormous  development  of  the  railroad  system  recognized  as  entitled  under  the  act  of  1879, 

of  the  State.    It  has  been  uniformly  conserva-  and  may  be  still  living  and  resident  in  the  State 

tive  in  its  policy  and  cautious  in  its  action  of  Georgia;  and  $65,000  is  estimated  as  the 

ppoD  the  very  delicate  questions  and  sensitive  amount  that  must  be  paid  to  them. 

Qiterests  with  which  it  has  to  deal.    The  re-  PrthibitlM. — During  the  year  there  has  been 

SQit  is  that  the  commission  has  grown  in  the  an    evident    reaction    from    the    prohibition 

confidence  of  the  people  and  in  the  respect  of  movement  of  the  two  years  preceding.    Under 

^corporations.  the  local-option  law  aU  but  88  of  the  138 

"The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  counties  of  the  State  had  declared  for  prohibi- 

^tbe  29th  of  October  last,  in  the  case  of  the  tion  before  the  last  of  September,  1887.    Be- 

^rgia  Railroad  and  Banking  Company  v$,  fore  the  close  of  1888,  however,  the  number 

Jimes  M.  Smith,  et  al.^  affirmed  the  decision  of  "  wet "  counties  had  increased  to  64. 

of  the  court  below.    This  decision  is  in  effect  LeglslitlTe  8c»Im. — The  Legislature  elected  in 

^  affirmance  of  the  right  of  the  Railroad  Com-  October  met  on  November  7,  and  remained  in 

^on  to  fix  rates  for  the  Georgia  Railroad  session  till  December  22,  adjourning  on  that 

«Dd  Banking  Company,  as  for  any  person  or  day  to  meet  on  the  first  Wednesday  of  July 

^pany  or  corporation  which  does  business  following.    It  elected  T.  J.  Simmons  to  be 


862  GEORGIA.  GERMANY. 

Jadge  of  the  Supreme  Ooart,  and  United  States  the  rising  and  not  the  setting  sun,"  and  invite  all  men 

Senator  Colquitt  to  be  his  own  successor  in  the  ^°j°^i  lil>Srty  regulated  by  law  to  mute  with  us  in 

TT^u^A  a»««.Ia  a^naf/k      T*i«A»A  ■»«<>  «-r.   ^«^.v..  efforts  sfteF  the  Jiiffhest  proffTeBS  of  OUT  State Eud  0000- 

United  States  Senate.    There  was  no  oppo-  ^^^  ^^^^^     ^  denou^  the  Republican  party  as 

sition  to  either  candidate.     Ine  appropriation  having  been  the  woret  and  meet  destructive  enemy  of 

bill  and  the  tax  bill  were  the  most  important  our  State. 

measures    passed.      Unusual    liberality    was       With  no  grudge  against  the  policy  or  the  people 

shown  in  these  toward  the  educational  inter-  ^^°  preserved  the  Union,  we  haU  with  pJeasure  the 

»A      ri.v^a«.4.        Tu^  T^^i.-.  1  -:     1   a  u     i  accession  to  Democratic  ranks  of  those  Kepubhcans 

ests  of  the  State.    The  Technological  School  ^ho  abandoned  that  party  when  convinced  that  ii. 

recently  established  obtained  an  appropriation  had  ceased  to  struggle  to  perpetuate  the  Union,  and 

of  $18,000 ;  the  branch  colleges  belonging  to  had  left  for  itB  mission  only  the  tasks  of  keeping 

the  Stote  University  received  a  separate  ap-  alive  feuds  ^  oppressing  the  poor,  and  who  hsTe 

propnationforthefirBttlme,andanad^tion.d  S^td^po'il?.°PpSSJ^^^^^°J%,'^ 
tax  of  one  half  of  one  per  cent,  for  1889,  and  ^  * 

of  1  per  cent,  for  1890  was  voted  for  the  pub-       There  was  no  opposition  ticket,  and  at  the 

lie  schools.   The  annual  session  of  these  schools  election  in  October  Governor  Gordon  received 

may  now  be  lengthened  from  three  months  to  the  entire  vote  cast.    A  State  Legislature  was 

four  months  in  1889  and  five  months  in  1890,  elected  at  the  same  time,  composed  almost  en- 

and  a  correspondiog  increase  in  their  eflSciency  tirely  of  Democrats.    The  people  also  voted 

is  expected.    The  act  of  Congress  providing  upon  a  constitutional  amendment  proposed  by 

for  esteblishing  agricultural  experiment  ste-  the  last  Legislature,  increasing  the  number  of 

tions  in  the  various  States  was  accepted,  but  Supreme  Court  judges  from  three  to  five.   This 

instead  of  establishing  such  a  station  in  con-  was  defeated  by  a  vote  of  87,688  votes  in  favor, 

nection  with  an  agricultural  college,  as  required  to  48,720  against,  four  counties  not  reporting, 

by  the  terms  of  the  actj  the  Legislature  appro-  At  the  November  election,  Cleveland  received 

priated  $6,000,  in  additoon  to  the  sum  payable  -_  according  to   unofficial   returns  — 100,473 

to  the  State  under  the  act,  for  the  construction  votes ;  HarrisoD,  40,448  votes ;  and  Fisk,  1,802 

of  a  new  Stote  institution  to  be  located  by  a  votes.    An  unbroken  Democratic  delegation  to 

board  of  commissioners.    The  sum  of  $85,000  Congress  was  chosen. 

was  appropriated  as  the  final  payment  for  the  GEKMANT,  an  empire  in  Central  Europe,  con- 
construction  of  the  new  Capitol,  and  $92,000  sisting  of  a  confederation  of  twenty-six  states, 
for  furnishing  it  and  for  ornamenting  the  united  under  the  Constitution  of  the  German 
grounds.  Provision  was  also  made  for  an  addi-  Empire,  which  went  into  force  on  May  4, 1871. 
tional  sinking-fund  to  meet  the  Stote  debt  Atthebeginningof  1888  the  reigning  sovereign 
when  it  shall  become  payable.  It  was  made  was  Emperor  Wilhelm  I,  bom  March  22,  1797, 
xmlawfril  for  corporations  or  other  employers  who  was  proclaimed  the  first  German  Emperor 
to  pav  their  employes  in  checks  or  orders  at  VersaiUes,  Jan.  18, 1871,  and  died  March  9, 
payable  in  merchandise  at  the  employer's  1888.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  and  only 
store ;  all  such  notes  or  checks  must  be  re-  surviving  son,  Friedrich,  bom  Oct  18,  1881, 
deemable  in  cash.  Banks  and  building  associ-  who  at  the  time  of  his  accession  to  the  throne 
ations  were  relieved  from  the  double  taxation  was  suffering  from  what  proved  to  be  cancer 
heretofore  imposed  upon  them.  of  the  larynx,  and  died,  after  a  reign  of  thr«e 

PMItfcaL— The  Democratic  Stote  Convention  months,  June  15,  1888.    (See  Fbiedrioh  Wa- 

met  at  Atlanta  on  August  8,  and  renominated  hblm.)    His  eldest  son,  the  present  Emperor, 

Governor  Gordon,  Secretary  Baraett,  Treas-  Wilhelm  II,  was  bom  Jan.  27,  1859.     The 

urer  Hardeman,  Comptroller  Wright,  and  At-  heir-apparent  is  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  bom  MbJ 

torney-General  Anderson.    It  adopted  the  fol-  6,  1882. 
lowing  resolutions:  The  legislative  functions  of  the  empire  are 

We  heartily  indorse  the  |)latfonn  of  principles  vested  in  two  bodies  of  representatives  of  the 

adopted  by  the  Democratic  National  Convention  at  St  people:  the  Bundesrath  or  Federal  Oonncll, 

dates  upon  the  principles  embodied  in  it.    Federal  "7  ^^^  mdividual  stetes  that  they  represent, 

taxation  can  only  be  rightAilly  imposed  to  provide  for  and  the  Reichstag,  or  Diet  of  the  Realm,  nam- 

the  necessary  and  proper  purpases  of  the  General  Gov-  bering  897  members,  elected  for  a  term  of  three 

«^'SS'!fn®i^°i?S'^^JJ?^™i^^'*'^  Luxuries  should  years  by  universal  suflfrage.    There  are  9,769,- 

not  be  unbndled  m  order  that  necessities  may  be  bur-  i^o  ^i^l^^r^.^.   ^^».»t«-»4.*»Ton.o  ^^^  «^«*  /i  thtt 

dened.    We  indorse  the  platform  of  the  National  ®^2  electors,  constituting  20*9  per  cent  of  U^ 

Democracy  of  1888,  and  the  recent  message  of  tiie  population.     In  the  general  election  of  lw'» 

President  as  the  proper  construction  of  the  platform  7,540,938,  or  77*5  per  cent,  of  the  electors 

^^  1^'  ^vanced  to  the  conditions  of  1888.  voted.     Both  the  Bundesrath  and  the  Reichs- 

•J^^r^^a^L^Xtot^isLte^p^o^'  Js^ rv? '"'""',  nT^  ^'o'rTT^u:! 

of  the  leaders  of  the  Republican  party  and  some  of  ^^  Reichstag  are  elected  from  897  districts,  ol 

their  misguided  followers.    We  seek  a  manly  fniter-  which  21  consist  wholly  of  towns,  98  of  ai»- 

nity  among  all  the  States  and  peoples  of  the  United  tricts  each  containing  a  town  of  at  least  20,000 

States^  and  declare  that  the  onhr  enemies  olDeri)etual  inhabitants,  and  288  of  districts  without  anf 

American  concord  are  those  Kepubhcans  who  insist  i„«««  «.^™^L      t«  oko  a:^^^*^  ♦u^  »».*^..;*«  of 

upon  reviving  and  nmntaining  the  passions  of  past  T^®  ^Vf:     ^°^62  districts  the  majonty  oi 

conflicts,  terminated  forever  and  honorably  adjusted,  ^he  population  is  Protestant     The  Bundesra*" 

Let  othere  deal  in  post-mortem  feuds.     "  We  face  is  presided  over  by  the  Chancellor  of  the  Ei^' 


GERMANY. 


863 


pire.    The  President  of  the  Reichstag  is  elected 
bj  the  deputies. 

Am  aad  Pifalitita. — ^The  area  of  Germany  is 
211,196  square  miles,  and  its  population,  on 
Dec.  1,  1885,  was  46,855,704,  of  whom  22,988, 
664  were  males,  and  28,922,040  females.    The 
average  density  of  the  population  was  221  per 
square  mile.    There  were  5,878,077  inhabited 
houses,  and  9,999,558  households  m  1885.    The 
bulk  of  the  population  is  Teutonic,  but  there 
were  8,205,000  non-Germanic  inhabitants,  in- 
cluding 2,454,000  Slavs;   2,800,000  Walloons 
and  French;    150,000  Lithuanians;    140,000 
Danes;   and  140,000  Wends,  Moravians,  and 
Bohemians.    In  1886,  76,687  persons  emigrated 
from  the  German  Empire  by  way  of  the  Ger- 
man ports  and  Antwerp,  41,898  of  whom  were 
males,  and  84,789  females ;  there  were  10,609 
families,  comprising  88,950  persons.    Of  the 
emigrants  in  1886,  Prussia  sent  50,461 ;  Bava- 
ria, 8,068;  Wurtemberg,  8,717;  Baden,  2,883; 
Saxony,  2,888;    Hesse,   1,725;   Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,   1,262 ;    Hamburg,   1,675 ;    Olden- 
burg, 990 ;  Bremen,  888  ;  and  Alsace-Lorraine, 
602.      The   United    States   received   72,408 
Brazil,  2,045;   British  North  America,  880 
other  American  countries,  1,068 ;  Africa,  191 
Ana,  116 ;  and  Australia,  584.    In  addition  to 
tlie  above  total,  8,188  Germans  left  the  empire 
by  way  of  Rotterdam,  Amsterdam,  and  Havre 
in  1886.     The  number  of  emigrants  from  the 
empire  in  1887  was  99,712.    On  Dec.  1,  1886, 
there  were  872,792  foreigners  in  Germany. 

CMUMm  and  Iitfistry. — The  total  export  trade 
of  the  empire  in  1887  was  valued  at  3,269,900,- 
675  marks,  against  3,127,655,275  marks  in  1886. 
The  imports  amounted  to  8,268,517,950  marks 
in  1887,  and  to  8,018,475,350  marks  in  1886. 

Protective  duties  on  grain  and  cattle  were 
imposed  in  1879,  which  had  the  effect  of  in- 
creasing the  receipts  of  the  treasury  from  the 
duties  on  cereals  from  14,300,000  to  30,600,000 
nurks,  and  from  the  cattle  duties  from  1,021,- 
50O  to  4,590,750  marks.  Nevertheless,  they 
b«d  failed  to  protect  German  agriculture  from 
the  competition  of  foreign  countries  where 
production  is  much  cheaper.  The  duties  were 
raised  in  1885  still  higher,  but  without  pro- 
dncing  the  desired  effect.  Wheat,  instead  of 
rising,  fell  to  a  price  unknown  for  a  century. 
Tbe  Central  Council  of  Agriculture,  therefore, 
called  for  a  further  measure  to  preserve  the 
agricaltural  interests  of  Germany,  both  large 
and  small,  from  the  ruin  with  which  they  were 
menaced.  The  Government  proposed  to  double 
the  existing  duties,  but  the  Reichstag,  in  the 
iQeasure  that  was  finally  passed,  slightly  re- 
dtioed  this  proposal.  The  new  tariff  fixes  the 
htj  on  wheat  and  rye  at  about  40  cents  a 
Wbel ;  on  oats  and  malt,  31  cents ;  on  barley, 
18  cents ;  on  buckwheat,  legumes,  and  Indian- 
^rn,  16  cents.  Farinaceous  preparations  pay 
kilties  from  30  to  50  per  cent,  higher  than 
formerly. 
Id  1886-'87  there  was  under  cultivation  a 
^  area  of  64,989,560  acres.     The  leading 


agricultural  products  were,  wheat,  2,933,065 
tons,  produced  from  4,791,583  acres ;  rye, 
6,702,134  tons,  from  14,596,255  acres ;  barley, 
2,570,921  tons,  from  4,328,600  acres;  oats, 
5,841,488  tons,  from  9,615,887  acres ;  potatoes, 
27,657,340  tons,  from  7,289,367  acres ;  clover, 
hay,  etc.,  28,242,258  tons,  from  21,367,500 
acres ;  wines,  33,066,594  gallons,  from  300,752 
acres;  tobacco,  81,166,000  pounds,  from 49,000 
acres.  The  product  of  raw  and  refined  sugar 
was  1,418,900  tons.  The  total  value  of  the 
mineral  products  in  1886  was  463,000,000 
marks.  The  value  of  the  coal  raised  was  300,- 
727,000  marks ;  lignite,  40,270,000  marks ;  iron- 
ore,  29,642,000  marks;  zinc-ore,  7,722,000 
marks;  lead-ore,  15,919,000  marks;  copper- 
ore,  14,415,000  marks ;  olver  and  gold,  3,977,- 
000  marks;  mineral  salts,  13,427,000  marks; 
other  salts,  35,024,000  marks.  In  1886  the 
value  of  the  pig-iron  produced  in  Germany  was 
140,388,000  marks,  229  furnaces  being  in  op- 
eration. The  finished  iron  was  valued  at  418,- 
727,000  marks,  and  the  total  value  of  the  pro- 
ductions of  foundries  of  all  kinds  was  690,000,- 
000  marks.  In  the  manufacture  of  iron  200,000 
men  are  employed. . 

NaTlgiti«i*  —  In  1887  the  mercantile  navy 
comprised  694  steamers,  of  453,914  tons,  and 
8,327  sailing-vessels,  of  830,789  tons,  making  a 
total  of  4,021  vessels,  of  1,284,703  tons.  Of 
these,  2,518  vessels,  of  412,417  tons,  belonged 
to  Prussian  ports.  The  total  number  of  sailors 
employed  in  the  merchant  service  in  1887  was 
89,021.  The  movement  of  shipping  at  all 
German  ports  in  1886  was  as  follows : 

ToUl 

todUUIgV. 

10,292,418 
10,889,421 


Entered . . 
Cleared... 


Wltll 
cargow. 

Tonnaga. 

IB  bal- 
lad. 

Tonnaga. 

Total 

No. 

49,819 
44,791 

9,428,804 
7,688,540 

9,485 
14,445 

889,109 
2,655,8S1 

59304 
60,286 

Of  the  total  tonnage  entered  and  cleared  10,- 
263,013  tons  were  under  the  German  and 
5,751,954  tons  under  the  British  flag. 

RatlriNidfl.— The  total  length  of  the  railroads 
open  to  traffic  in  1887  was  24,197  miles,  of 
which  21,112  miles  belonged  to  tbe  state.  The 
Government  is  rapidly  acquiring  all  the  re- 
maining lines  now  owned  and  operated  by 
private  companies.  The  total  amount  expend- 
ed in  the  construction  of  German  railways  to 
tbe  end  of  1886  was  9,472,606,000  marks.  The 
receipts  for  1886  were  998,698,000  marks,  and 
the  expenses  574,975,000  marks,  showing  a 
net  profit  of  4*42  per  cent,  on  the  capital. 

Megnplis  and  PMtal  Serflce.— At  the  end  of 
1886  the  length  of  telegraph  lines  in  the  empire 
was  53,874  miles,  having  191,272  miles  of  wire. 
The  number  of  messages  during  the  year  was 
20,510,294,  of  which  14,568,346  were  internal. 

The  receipts  of  the  post-office  during  1886- 
'87,  amounted  to  202,846,932  marks,  and  the 
expenditure  to  175,076,000  marks.  There 
were  18,688  post-offices,  employing  97,868 
persons,  at  the  end  of  1886.  During  the  year 
there  were  transmitted  858,587,550  letters, 
261,056,660   post-cards,  20,187,170    patterns, 


364 


GERMANY. 


245,618,870  btamped  wrappers,  578,611,143 
joomals,  and  180,492,148  registered  packets 
and  money-orders  of  the  totid  declared  value 
of  18,116,304,652  marks. 

Edncitlaik — Elementary  education  is  general 
and  compulsory  throughout  Germany.  In  1886 
only  1*06  per  cent,  of  the  recruits  of  the  army 
could  neither  read  nor  write.  Among  169,240 
recruits,  which  was  the  number  that  entered 
the  army  in  1887,  there  were  163,208  who  had 
received  an  education  in  Germany,  4,822  were 
educated  in  some  foreign  language,  and  1,215 
could  neither  read  nor  write.  In  1881  there 
were  57,000  elementary  schools,  with  7,100,000 
pupils,  in  Germany.  In  1885  there  were  847 
normal  schools,  with  26,281  pupils ;  858  gym- 
nasia, with  186,766  students;  and  270  Real- 
sohulen,  with  49,196  students.  In  addition 
there  were,  in  1887,  9  technical  high-schools, 
with  3,985  students ;  and  4,846  industrial  and 
special  schools.  There  are  21  universities  in 
Germany,  with  the  following  numbers  of  in- 
structors and  matriculated  students  in  1887-^88: 


Prafaf 
en  Mid 

tMClMn 

BTUDKMTS. 

UNiVEBsrms. 

TIlMl- 

Jaris- 

pru- 

dMee. 

PhQw- 
ophy. 

1,889 
497 
452 
114 
807 
148 
424 
180 
462 
828 
185 
164 
282 
940 
279 
653 
170 
106 
802 
178 
160 

TotaL 

BerUn 

898 

148 

184 
61 
88 
59 

121 
SO 

114 

106 
92 
84 
98 

186 
84 

170 
42 
89 

105 
87 
66 

660 
259 
847 
870 
124 

99 
255 
888 
610 

85 
154 

71 
848 
698 
256 
187 
844 

74 

95 
622 
168 

1,006 
273 
217 
119 
287 
147 
181 
74 
127 
290 
166 
40 
114 
685 
114 

1,261 

1,140 
871 
890 
262 
479 
141 
848 
528 
880 
240 
218 
292 
270 
718 
860 

1,211 

4,664 

Bonn 

1,400 

1,406 

865 

1,197 

Breslau 

Erkn^n 

Freiborg 

OiesMn 

580 

Odttingen 

OreifBwald 

Halle 

1,108 
1,116 
1.529 

Heldelbeiig: 

Jena 

983 
718 

Kiel 

567 

Kfinlgsberg 

Leipaic 

859 
8,08t 

Marbnrv 

1,009 

Manlch 

8,167 

MQn^ter 

514 

BoBtock 

42 
189 
802 
281 

121 
221 
278 
699 

848 

Btraasbarg 

TablDgen 

Wurzburg 

807 
1,464 
1,458 

Total 

2,251 

6,058 

5,955 

8,701 

7,965 

28,674 

In  fourteen  of  the  universities  the  faculties  are 
Protestant;  in  four,  viz.,  Freiburg,  Munich, 
Mtlnster,  and  Wurzburg,  they  are  Oatholic; 
and  in  three,  viz.,  Bonn,  Breslau,  and  Tubingen, 
they  are  mixed  Protestant  and  Oatholic. 

The  Aray* — The  peace  strength  of  the  Ger- 
man army  in  1887-'88  was  18,986  oflScers, 
471,007  rank  and  file,  90,492  horses,  and  1,374 
guns.  The  new  army  law  of  March  11,  1887, 
renewed  the  Septennate,  which  is  to  continue 
in  force  till  March  81,  1894,  and  added  50,000 
soldiers  to  the  regolar  military  establishment, 
fixing  the  peace  strength  of  the  ai*my  at  468,409 
rank  and  file,  and  23,991  officers,  surgeons, 
paymasters,  etc.  The  war  strength  of  the 
army  is  1,567,600  officers  and  men,  812,730 
horses,  and  2,958  guns.  To  these  numbers 
may  be  added  the  Landsturm  and  one-year 
volunteers,  together  numbering  1,082,400  offi- 
cers and  men,  and  the  untrained  men  capable 
of  serving  in  the  army,  numbering  3,020,000, 


making  the  total  available  force  in  time  of  war 
5,670,000  officers  and  men.  The  railway  and 
telegraph  service  in  time  of  war  numbers  1,288 
officers,  7,000  men,  and  5,400  horses. 

The  Prussian  contingent  of  the  German 
army  had  a  peace  strength  in  1887-^88  of 
861,902  officers  and  men. 

The  empire  is  divided  into  nine  fortress  dis- 
tricts, in  which  there  are  17  fortified  places  of 
the  first  class  and  26  other  fortresses. 

In  the  session  of  1887-^88  the  Grovernment 
introduced  an  army  reorganization  bill  for 
increasing  the  fighting  strength  of  the  nation 
in  war  time  by  700,000  men  or  more.  The 
Reichstag  passed  the  bill  on  the  third  reading 
without  much  opposition,  on  Feb.  8,  1888,  and 
approved  a  money  bill  to  provide  281,550,536 
marks  for  carrying  it  into  execution,  author- 
izing a  loan  of  278,885,562  marks,  while  the 
Federal  governments  furnished  the  remainder 
in  matricular  contributions.  The  new  army 
law  extends  the  period  of  service  in  the  Land- 
wehr,  and  provides  for  arming  and  equipping 
both  the  I^iandwehr  and  Landsturm  forces,  ana 
for  supplying  them  with  barracks,  artillery, 
munitions,  and  other  necessary  war  materials. 
The  organization  of  the  Landwehr  into  regi- 
ments and  battalions  is  to  be  replaced  by  a 
territorial  division  into  infantry  brigade  dis- 
tricts, and  the  subdivision  of  these  into  bat- 
talion districts,  which  will  be  extended  to 
Wdrtemberg  and  Bavaria. 

When  the  Orown-Prince  Friedrich  became 
Emperor,  he  announced  in  a  rescript,  dated 
March  26,  1888,  that,  like  his  father,  he  should 
devote  his  immediate  and  unremitting  atten- 
tion to  the  army,  and  gave  notice  of  intended 
changes  in  drill  tactics,  made  necessary  by  the 
introduction  of  improved  infantry  weapons, 
which  rendered  expedient  more  thorough  in- 
dividual drilling  and  stricter  training  in  disci- 
pline under  fire.  In  order  to  enable  the  army 
to  give  attention  to  these  matters,  he  suggested 
the  discontinuance  of  the  system  of  formation 
in  triple  ranks,  which  is  never  used  in  war. 
Wilhelm  II,  on  September  9,  published  an  order 
directing  that,  in  grateful  remembrance  of  his 
father,  the  new  infantry  drill  regulations  should 
be  put  in  force.  The  Gkrman  infantry  wear 
lighter  helmets  than  formerly,  and  no  longer 
march  with  their  overcoats  coiled  round  the 
back  and  chest,  but  strap  them  to  their  knap- 
sacks, in  the  French  fashion.  The  cuirassiers 
have  laid  aside  the  cuirass,  and  are  now  armed 
with  the  lance,  like  the  uhlans,  and  the  same 
weapon  is  being  adopted  for  the  hussars.  The 
new  magazine  rifies  of  the  infantry  are  fitted 
with  small  knife-like  bayonets.  In  the  autumn 
manoeuvres  a  captive  balloon  was  used  for  ob- 
servations. 

Gen.  Field-Marshal  Count  von  Moltke,  Chief 
of  the  General  Staff  of  the  German  Army  since 
Sept.  18, 1858,  on  August  3  asked  the  Emperor 
to  relieve  him  of  his  post  and  permit  him  to 
spend  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  rural  retire- 
ment, saying  that,  at  his  great  age,  he  is  no 


GERMANY.  805 

longer  able  to  mount  a  horse.  In  the  letter  the  British  and  French  eyolntions  in  the  sum- 
aecepting  his  resignation,  and  Id  an  ordinance,  mer  of  1888,  occnrred  daring  the  manoBnvres 
dated  August  10,  relieving  him  of  his  former  of  the  German  squadron.  When  Wilhelm  II 
post  and  appointing  him  to  the  presidency  of  the  succeeded  to  the  throne,  the  project  of  a 
National  Defense  Commission,  which  was  filled  further  development  of  the  ironclad  navy  by 
by  the  Emperor  Friedrich  when  Crown  Prince,  adding  to  the  number  of  armored  battle-ships 
Wilhelm  II  eulogized  the  services  of  the  retir-  and  replacing  with  modem  vessels  those  of 
ing  strategist,  who  had  attaine<l  the  age  of  obsolete  types  came  into  favor,  and  Gen.  von 
nearly  eighty-eight  years.  The  Emperor  ap-  Caprivi,  who  had  given  his  attention  chiefly  to 
pointed  as  Marshal  von  Moltke^s  successor  Gen.  coast  defenses  and  unarmored  fast  cruisers, 
Count  von  Waldersee,  who  w%s  bom  in  1882,  retired  from  the  naval  ofSce,  to  be  succeeded 
first  served  on  the  general  staff  in  1866,  was  by  Vice- Admiral  Count  von  Monts,  who  haa 
made  a  colonel  for  Ms  services  in  the  Franco-  undertaken  to  build  up  a  navy  that  shall  be 
Pmsrian  War,-  and  was  appointed  quartermas-  superior  to  that  of  any  of  the  second-rate 
ter-general  in  1882,  in  connection  with  which  naval  powers,  not  even  excepting  Italy,  for 
poflt  he  has  acted  as  deputy  chief  of  the  general  offensive  as  well  defensive  purposes.  Of  the 
ftiff  and  aide-de-camp  general  to  the  Emperor,  thirteen  squadron  ironclads  afloat  in  1888, 
The  Mavy. — The  naval  forces  of  the  Empire  only  the  broadside  frigate  "  K6nig  Wilhelm," 
in  1887  consisted  of  106  vessels  of  an  aggre-  the  central-battery  ships  the  *^  Kaiser "  and 
gate  displacement  of  201,521  tons,  mounting  '*  Deutschland,"  and  the  corvette  **01den- 
605  guns.  The  ironclad  navy  comprises  8  bur^"  are  regarded  as  satisfactory  by  naval 
frigates,  5  corvettes,  and  14  gun-boato,  11  of  critics.  The  four  corvette  cmisers,  of  the 
which  are  built  on  the  same  model,  and  armed  '*  Sachsen  "  type,  having  only  deck-armor  at 
each  with  a  single  d6-ton  gun.  Among  the  the  ends,  are  considered  weak.  The  broad- 
anarmored  vessels  are  the  cruisers  '^Zieten,"  side  ship  ^^Hansa,"  with  six-inch  armor,  was 
"Hohenzollern,"  "  Pfeil,"  and  "  Blitz,"  which  removed  from  the  navy  list  in  1888,  and  two 
are  built  for  offensive  ocean  warfare,  and  are  others,  the  **Eronprinz"  and  "Friedrich 
capable  of  steaming  16  miles  an  hour.  The  Earl "  are  to  go  out  of  commission  as  soon  as 
number  of  first  and  second  class  torpedo-boats  more  modern  ironclads  can  be  built  to  take 
that  were  completed  was  110,  and  others  were  their  places.  The  class  of  corvette  cruiser 
bnilding.  The  larger  vessels  in  course  of  now  approved  of,  which  was  under  construc- 
oonstruction  on  Jan.  1,  1888,  were  two  frigate  tion  in  the  beginning  of  1888,  is  a  vessel  of 
cmisers,  of  4,800  tons,  the  "  Prinzessin  Wil-  from  8,000  to  4,000  tons  displacement,  with  a 
helm  "  and  "  Irene  " ;  three  corvettes,  the  complete  belt  of  armor  at  the  water-line,  car- 
"  Eber,"  **  Schwalbe,"  and  *'  B  " ;  a  transport,  rying  a  few  heavy  guns  in  a  thickly  armored 
the  "Ersatz  Eider";  and  two  dispatch-boats,  central  battery.  It  is  proposed  to  constmct 
**  Wacbt "  and  "  Ersatz  Pommerania."  The  ten  such  vessels  altogetner,  of  which  five  are 
last  named  was  completed  in  July.  The  per-  to  be  begun  immediately.  For  the  defense  of 
wnnel  of  the  navy  on  Jan.  1,  1888,  consisted  the  North  Sea  and  Baltic  Ship-canal  twelve 
of  7  admirals;  800  ofScers,  including  en^eers  gun-boats  are  to  be  constructed  of  similar  de- 
and  snrgeons ;  and  14,487  non-commissioned  sign  to  the  existing  ones,  but  larger.  In  the 
officera,  marines,  and  sailors.  Germany  has  naval  budget  estimates  for  1889-^90  the  Gov- 
three  ports  of  war,  viz.,  Kiel  and  Dantzic  on  emment  proposes  the  expenditure,  in  the 
the  Baltic,  and  Wilhelmshaven  on  the  North  space  of  six  years,  of  116,800,000  marks  on 
Sea.  In  the  naval  manosuvres  the  last-named  the  construction  of  28  new  vessels,  4  of  which 
port  was  subjected  to  a  sham  attack,  which  will  be  first-class  ironclads  of  the  latest  design, 
was  repelled  in  a  way  to  prove  in  the  view  of  costing  9,800,000  marks  each ;  9  will  be  coast- 
tbe  umpires  that  the  place  is  impregnable.  In  guard  ironclads ;  7  are  to  be  protected  cruis- 
a  similar  attack  on  the  harbor  of  Aiel,  a  new  er  corvettes,  costing  5,500,000  marks  each ; 
m^hod  of  attacking  hostile  craft  and  explod-  and  of  the  others  4  will  be  unprotected  cruis- 
ing submarine  mines  was  tried  by  swimmers  in  ers,  2  avisos,  and  2  torpedo  division  boats, 
inflated  rubber  suits,  who  were  sent  out  with  The  Baltic  and  Nortn  Sea  Ship-canal,  which 
erplosives  from  vessels.  is  intended  primarily  for  strategical  purposes, 
Lieut. -Gen.  von  Caprivi,  who  succeeded  will  facilitate  navigation  and  commerce  in  this 
Herr  von  Stosch  as  Chief  of  the  German  Ad-  part  of  Europe  and  alter  the  course  of  trade 
miralty  in  1883,  besides  completing  the  con-  in  favor  of  Germany.  The  canal  will  run 
function  of  the  torpedo-flotilla,  and  building  from  Holtenau,  in  the  Gulf  of  Kiel,  in  a  south- 
tereral  fast  cruisers,  formed  a  training  squad-  westerly  direction,  by  way  of  Rendsburg,  to  a 
TO,  which  is  an  admirable  school  for  sailors,  point  on  the  Elbe  below  Hamburg,  about 
introduced  a  system  that  enables  Germany  to  naif- way  between  Brunsbtlttel  and  St.  Marga- 
pot  ships  in  commission  with  great  prompti-  rethan.  Its  length  will  be  61  miles;  its  breadth 
t&de,  organized  a  cruising  squadron  that  has  at  the  surface  of  the  water  196  feet,  and  at 
Wn  the  chief  instrument  in  the  formation  of  bottom  84  feet ;  and  its  depth  27  feet.  There 
^  German  colonial  empire,  and  raised  the  will  be  one  lock  at  each  end.  The  work  will  be 
^tlre  fleet  to  such  a  degree  of  effectiveness  completed  by  1895.  Dantzic  is  to  be  converted 
^  no  accidents  and  fiailures,  such  as  marked  into  a  second-class  naval  station  to  counter- 


366  GERMANY. 

balance  the  one  that  Rasda  has  created  at  tore  includes  a  deficit  of  22,157,246  marks  in 

Libau,  and  for  the  defense  of  the  southern  end  the  finances  of  1886-^87 ;  77,267,954  marks  of 

of  the  canal  Brnnsb&ttel  is  to  be  fortified  like-  ezpenditare  for  military  purposes ;  12,920,818 

wise.  It  is  intended  in  the  future  to  extend  the  marks   for   the   navj,  and  17,880,750  marks 

ship-canal  from  the  Elbe  across  the  northern  for  the  interior.     The  Federal  contributions 

part  of  Hanover  to  the  Jade  on  which  Wil-  toward  the  revenue  of  1887-'88  were  186,937,- 

nelmshaven    is  situated,    which    will    enable  815  marks. 

ships  of  war  to  pass  between  that  port  and  The  total  funded  debt  was  estimated  to  be 
Kiel  without  going  to  sea,  and  afford  means  of  576,872,000  marks  on  Oct  1,  1887.  The  whole 
communication  between  all  the  German  naval  debt  bears  interest  at  4  per  cent.  There  was 
ports  even  if  an  enemy  held  entire  command  also  an  unfunded  debt  of  138,868,475  marks 
of  the  German  Ocean.  on  April  1,  1887.  As  an  offset  to  the  public 
The  MiBlstry. — The  Imperial  Secretaries  of  debt  there  are  several  invested  funds,  amount- 
State  do  not  form  a  cabinet,  but  act  independ-  ing  to  666,241,100  marks.  These  include  the 
entlj  of  each  other  and  under  the  supervision  invalid  fnnd,  the  fortification  fund,  the  parlia- 
of  the  Chancellor,  Prince  Bismarck- SchOn-  mentary-buildings  fund,  and  the  war  treasure 
hausen.    The  departments  are  filled  as  follows :  of  120,000,000  marks. 

Ministry  for  Foreign  affairs,  Count  Herbert       The  Beigii  •f  FrMildi  I« — ^While  the  Emperor 

von  Bismarck ;    Imperial  Home  Office,  Herr  Wilhelm  I  was  gradually  sinking  under  the  in- 

von  BOtticher,  who  is  also  the  Representative  firmities  of  old  age,  the  Crown-Prince  Fried- 

of  the  Chancellor ;  Imperial  Admiralty,  Count  rich  Wilhelm  was  seized  with  the  disease  of 

von  Monts ;  Imperial  Ministry  of  Justice,  Dr.  which  he  eventually  died.    The  physicans  de- 

von  ScheUing ;  Imperial  Treasury,  Dr.  Jacobi ;  dared  it  to  be  cancer,   and   if  their  verdict 

Imperial  Post-office,  Dr.  Stephan;    Imperial  had  been  accepted  the  Crown-Prince   would 

Railroad   Bureau,   Herr    Maybach ;    Imperial  have  been  precluded  from  the  exercise  of  tbe 

Exchequer,  Herr  von  Sttlnzer ;  Bureau  of  the  royal  and  imperial  prerogatives  on  the  death 

Imperial  Invalid  Fund,  Dr.  Michaelis.  of  his  father,  according  to  the  Prussian  family 

The  Prussian  Ministry  of  State  consisted  in  law,  which  provides  for  a  regency  in  case  the 

the  beginning  of  1888  of  the  following  mem-  successor  to  the  throne  is  suffering  from  an 

hers:  President  of  the  Council,  Minister  of  incurable  malady.    Prince  Friedrich   was  an 

Foreign  Affairs,   and  Minister  of  Commerce  opponent  of  the  system  of  absolutism  and  mili- 

and  Industry,    Prince    Otto    von   Bismarck-  tary  rule  that  was  cultivated  by  his  father 

Schonhausen ;  Vice-President  of  the  Council  and  Prince  Bismarck,  and  a  sympathizer  with 

of  Ministers  and  Minister  of  the  Interior,  Rob-  the  advocates  of  parliamentary   government 

ert  Victor  von  Pnttkamer ;  Minister  of  State  and  of  personal  liberty,  but  after  some  una- 

and  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Interior,  Herr  vailing  conflicts  with  the  Chancellor  he  had 

von  Bdtticher ;  Minister  of  War,  Gren.  Bron-  not  raised  his  voice  in  public  affairs  for  many 

sart    von    Schellendorf ;   Minister  of    Public  years.    The  old  Emperor  endeavored  to  per- 

Works,  Dr.  August  von  Maybach ;  Minister  of  suade  the  Crown-Prince  to  abdicate  his  right 

Agriculture,  Domains,  and  Forests,  Dr.  Rob-  of  succession  to.  the  powers  of  royalty  by 

ert  Lucius ;  Minister  of  Justice,  Dr.  Friedberg ;  nominating  as  regent  his  son.  Prince  Friedrich 

Minister  of  Public  Worship,  Education,  and  Wilhelm,  who  was  on  bad  terms  with  both  his 

Medical  Affairs,  Herr  von  Gossler ;   Minister  parents,  but  was  a  favorite  of  his  grandfather, 

of  Finance,  Herr  Scholz.  whose  military  and  monarchical  ideas  of  govem- 

UnancM. — The  budget  for  the  year  ending  ment  he  shared.    The  Crown-Princess  Victoria. 

March  31,  1889,  estimates  tbe  receipts  of  the  would  have  been  cut  off,  not  only  from  the 

German  Empire  at  921,689,140  marks,  derived  dignity  of  Empress-Consort  during  her  bus- 

from  the  following  sources :  band's  reign,  but  from  the  privileges  and  allow- 

SOURCES  OF  RpENUE.  .  "f?*^..^  auccs  of  Emprcss-Dowagcr  after  his  death.  She 

sS^^"  "'^.^"?^/.::::::::::     *^So  tad  averts  the  legal  disqualification  of  the 

Posto  and 'toiegnphB 8o,'oe4,098  prince  for  the  succession  by  having  the  case 

£Jj^;«;°®^ V.   ikasJ^wo  committed  to  the  English  specialist  in  throat- 

Imperial  bank  ^*.. '.'.**... '.*.... '..'.'.. '.**.'..'     1,741,500  diseases.  Dr.  Morell  Mackenzie,  who  asserted 

Departmenui  reoeipts «J'!S'I?!  that  there  were  no  symptoms  of  cancer.    In 

Interest  of  Invalid  raud 26359,414  j.  -l'^al-is  ^i_» 

Interest  of  Imperial  iVindB Msjooo  Order  to  remove  him  from  the  mnuences  of  his 

Extraordinary  receipts 99,67«,56«  family  she  no w  Went  with  him  to  San  Remo, 

Federal  oontributtona ^2^o/w»  |,y  ^^  ^^^^  ^^  D^  Mackenzi^e,  who  declared 

Total 921,689,140  the  climate  of  Berlin  to  be  too  harsh.     After 

The  estimated  ordinary  expenditure  is  771,961,-  the  death  of  his  father  he  returned  from  Italy 

697  marks.    The  following  are  the  principal  to  assume  the  government  under  the  titles  of 

items:  Expenditure  for  the  army,  862,465,016  Emperor  Friedrich  I  of  Germany  and  King 

marks;  navy,  85,900,751  marks;  imperial  treas-  Friedrich  III  of  Prussia.    Arriving  in  Berlin 

ury,  271,266,826  marks ;  interest  on  tbe  na-  on  March  12,  he  issued  a  proclamation  to  the 

tional  debt,  27,808,000  marks ;  pension  fund,  people,  giving  praise  to  his  father  for  the  great 

28,717,888    marks;  invalid    fund,   26,859,414  achievements  of  his  reign  and  to  the  people  for 

marks.    The  estimated  extraordinary  expendi-  the  sacrifices  that  made  them  possible.    Be 


GERMANY.  867 

• 

promised  to  devote  all  his  efforts  to  carrTing  directions  to  rebnild  the  Dom-Eirche  in  Ber- 
on  the  work  of  making  Gennanj  a  shield  of  lin,  making  it  a  memorial  cathedral  of  the 
peace  and  attending  to  tlie  welfare  of  the  coon-  Evangelical  Ohoroh ;  the  conferring  of  titles  of 
try,  in  agreement  with  the  Federated  Govern-  honor  on  many  dignitaries,  parliamentarians, 
ments  and  with  the  constitutional  organs  of  and  industrialists ;   the  abolition  of  expensive 
the  empire  and  of  Prussia.    The  proclamation  and  irrational  military  exercises,  signs,  and  dis- 
was  accompanied  with  a  rescript  to  the  Chan-  tinctions ;  and  the  ftirtherance  of  the  scheme 
oellor,  in  which  he  foreshadowed  the  policy  of  insurance  for  aged  and  invalid  laborers, 
that  he  was  determioed  to  follow.   The  Consti-  which  became  law   while  he  was  Emperor, 
tution  and  laws  of  the  empire  and  of  Prussia  When  Posen  was  devastated  by  an  inuDdation 
should,  above  all,  be  based  on  the  reverence  he  gave  60,000  marks  from  his  private  purse 
and  the  conscience  of  the  nation,  and  there-  for  the  sufferers,  while  the  Empress  Victoria^ 
fore  frequent  changes  in  Government  institu-  leaving  his  sick-bed,  visited  the  flooded  district 
tions  and  the  laws  are  to  be  avoided.    In  the  and   inspected    the  arrangements  for   relief. 
«npire  the  constitutional  rights  of  the  Feder-  The  Emperor  labored  to  discharge  his  official 
ated  Governments  are  to  be  futhfcdly  respected,  duties,  notwithstanding  his  bodily  distress  and 
aa  well  as  those  of  the  Reichstag,  but  from  both  weakness,  but  a  relapse  compelled  him  to  dele- 
a  like  respect  for  the  rights  of  the  Emperor  gate  one  part  of  his  functions,  having  to  do 
is  due.    New  requirements  of  the  nation,  as  with  military  affairs,  to  his  son,  whom  he  had 
they  arise,  must  be  satisfied.    The  army  and  previously  empowered  by  a  rescript  that  was 
navy  should  be  kept  up  to  the  highest  perfec-  published  on  March  28  to  consider  and  settle 
tion  in  training  and  organization.    The  pro-  such  matters  of  Government  as  the  Emperor 
gramme  embraced  the  continuance  of  social  should  refer  to  him  and  append  his  signature 
legislation,  the  admission  of  a  wider  class  to  to  state  papers  as  the  Emperor's  substitute 
the  advantages  of  superior  education,  religious  without  special  order,  as  it  was  the  Emperor's 
tol^ntion  and  equal  protection  for  all  confes-  wish  that  the  Crown-Prince  should  make  him- 
aiona,  the  discouragement  of  private  and  the  self  acquainted  with  affairs  of  state  by  taking 
checking  of  public  extravagance,  the  reduction  an  immediate  part  therein. 
of  the  number  of  civU  officials  so  as  to  allow        Differences  between  the  Emperor  and  the  Im- 
an  increase  of  salaries,  the  control  of  munici-  perial  Chancellor,  if  they  had  not  yet  arisen, 
pial  taxation,  and  the  encouragement  of  art  and  were  inevitable,  owin^  to  the  great  diversity 
science.    Friedrioh's  deliverance  was  greeted  of  their  political  opinions,  although  the  Em- 
in  liberal  circles  as  the  presage  of  a  new  po-  peror  took  every  occasion  to  express  his  re- 
litical  era.     On  March  21  the  Emperor  issued  gard  for  Prince  Bismarck  and  to  treat  him  as 
a  decree  empowering  the  Crown-Prince  to  act  indispensable.    About  the  end  of  March  the 
in  his  place  and  to  sign  documents  whenever  Chancellor  was  informed  at  a  conference  with 
he  ahoald  be  unable  to  attend  to  business.    On  the  Emperor  at   Charlottenbnrg,  the   castle 
March  31  an  imperial  proclamation  of  amnesty  which  he  made  his  residence,  that  the  Em- 
extended  full  pardon  to  all  persons  who  had  peror  intended  within  a  few  days  to  summon 
been  sentenced  in  Prussia  for  Use  majestS^  in-  Prince  Alexander  of  Battenberg,  ex-Prince  of 
salting  members  of  the  royal  family,  offenses  Bulgaria,  whose  brother  had  married  the  Em- 
ooiinected  with  the  exercise  of  political  rights,  press's  sister,  to  Berlin,  in  order  to  confer  on 
resisting  the  authorities  or  disturbing  public  nim  the  order  of  the  Iron  Cross,  assign  him  to 
order,  and    offenses  against  the  press   laws,  the  command  of  an  army  corps,  and  raise  him 
Military  offenses  were  also  amnestied  by  an  to  the  dignity  of  FtLrst,  as  preliminaries  to  his 
imperial  decree,  dated  April  19,  granting  a  free  formal  betrothal  to  the  Princess  Victoria.   This 
pardon  to  soldiers  and  sailors  who  had  been  princess,  the  eldest  unmarried  daughter  of  the 
sentenced  for  resisting  officers  of  the  law  or  Emperor,  who  was  not  quite  twenty-two  years 
violating  pabUc  order,  to  those  undergoing  dis-  old,  had  formed  an  attachment  for  Alexander 
ciplinary  punishment,  and  to  those  who  had  before  he  was  called  to  the  Bulgarian  throne ; 
been    fonnd    guilty   of  absenting  themselves  but  the  Emperor  Wilhelm  disapproved  a  uuion 
withont  leave  or  of  deserting  for  the  first  time,  between  them,  and  had  exacted  from  him  a 
provided   that   no  charge  of  conspiracy  was  promise  that  he  would  not  press  his  suit.    The 
made  oat  against  them.    Another  decree  set  Chancellor,  when  he  heanl  of  the  intended 
at  liberty  all   who  had  been  convicted  of  po-  marriage,  protested  against  it  as  a  step  of  grave 
litleal   offenses   in  Alsace-Lorraine,  including  politick  moment,  which  would  be  likely  to 
infractions  of  the  special  laws  of  the  Keichs-  disturb  the  external  relations  of  Germany  and 
land  rc^rding  publications,  seditious  cries,  and  lead  to  difficulties  with  Russia,  in  view  of  the 
prohibited   banners  and  emblems.    This  and  prince's  continued  candidacy  for  the  Bulgarian 
other  conciliatory  acts  and   expressions  went  throne,  his  pledges  to  the  Bulgarian  people, 
farther     than    anything  that    had    occurred  and  his  connection  with  their  anti-Kus^ian 
ahice  the  war  to  disarm  the  feeling  of  revenge  aspirations.    The  Empress,  who  had  firmly  set 
in  France,  where  Friedrich  was  remembered  her  mind  on  securing  her  daughter's  happiness, 
w  the  most  chivalrous  and  considerate  com-  angrily  resented  the  Chancellor's  interference 
mander   among  the  conquerors.    Among  his  in  what  she  regarded  as  a  private  family  mat- 
otber  acta  of  government  may  be  mentioned  ter,  dthough  the  Emperor  was  inclined  to  de- 


868  GERMANY. 

fer  to  the  statesman's  objections  and  give  np,  was  not  chosen  from  their  ranks,  and  as  soon 
or  at  least  postpone,  the  intended  alliance,  as  Herr  Herrfarth,  nnder-secretary  iii  the  In- 
Prince  Bismarck  presented  his  reasons  in  a  terior  Department,  was  nominated,  thej  threat- 
written  memorial  and  announced  the  intention  ened  to  dissolve  the  **  cartel "  or  electoral  aUi- 
of  laying  down  his  office  if  the  Empress  did  ance  with  the  Conservatives  which  was  caUed 
not  abandon  her  design.    In  Russia  the  in-  into  existence  bj  Prince  Bismarck's  appeal  to 
tended  marriage  seemed  to  be  regarded  with  the  nation  after  the  rejection  of  the  armj  bill 
indifference  or  even  as  a  way  of  eliminating  and  the  dissolution  of  Parliament.     Herr  tod 
Prince  Alexander  from  the  Bulgarian  compli-  Puttkamer  was  succeeded  as  Vice- President  of 
cations,  since  it  would  not  be  fitting  for  a  son-  the  Prussian  Ministry  by  Herr  von  Botticher, 
in-law  of  the  German  Emperor  to  become  a  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Interior,  who  re- 
Tassal  of  The  Sultan,  nor  would  he  be  consid-  ceived  the  appointment  in  August. 
«red  an  acceptable  candidate  for  the  throne  of       The  Eaperar  Friedrlch's  Dlarj. — In  the  latter 
the  principality  in  view  of  the  article  of  the  part  of  September  the  **  Deutsche  Rundschaa'^ 
Berlin  Treaty  excluding  all  members  of  reigning  magazine,  published  extracts  from  the  diary  of 
dynasties.    Tet  Prince  Bismarck  held  nrraly  the  Emperor  Friedrich  covering  the  period  of 
to  his  opinions,  while  the  Empress  seemed  the  French  war.    The  editor  accompanied  the 
equdly  determined.    They  had  several  inter-  publication  with  a  note  to  the  effect  that  the 
views,  Prince  Alexander's  visit  to  Berlin  being  extracts  were  received  from  a  person  to  whom 
put  off  several  times  meanwhile.    The  Oban-  the  late  Emperor  had  communicated  the  diary, 
oellor  crisis,   as  it  was  called,  lasted  more  or  portions  of  it,  with  permission  to  publish  it 
than  a  week,  and  ended  with  the  sacrifice  of  when  three  months  had  passed  after  his  death, 
the  marriage  project  to  state  reasons  and  the  The  diary  shows  that  Friedrich  had  pressed 
continuance    of   Prince    Bismarck    in    office,  for  the  immediate  mobilization  of  the  whole 
Prince  Henry,  of  Prussia,  the  younger  son  of  army  and  navy  as  soon  as  Oount  Bismarck  in- 
the  Emperor,  married  his  cousin,  the  Princess  formed  him  that  the  negotiations  with  France 
Irene,  of  Hesse,  in  May ;  and  in  the  beginning  in  regard  to  the  candidacy  of  Prince  Hohen- 
of  Septeipber  the  Princess  Sophie,  Victoria's  zoUern  for  the  Spanish  throne  had  broken 
younger  sister,  was  betrothed  to  Oonstantine,  down  and  that  war  was  inevitable.     At  the 
the  Orown-Prince  of  Greece.  close  of  the  war,  when  the  question  of  Ger- 
Shortly  before  the  Emperor's  death  another  man  union  came  up,  it  wfts  Friedrich  who 
ministerial  crisis  arose  that  gave  proof  of  the  from  the  beginning  urged  the  creation  of  the 
strength  of  his  reformatory  purposes.     The  empire,  while  the  King  was  very  reluctant  to 
law  of  the  Reichstag  making  the  duration  of  take  such  a  step  until  he  was  persuaded  by  the 
parliaments  five  years  instead  of  three  was  Orown-Prince  and  the  Grand  Duke  of  Baden, 
promptly  signed  by  him;  but  when  a  bill  of  iden-  Bismarck  said  he  feared  that  the  proclama- 
tical  provisions  in  reference  to  the  period  of  the  tion  of  the  empire  would  cause  Bavaria  and 
Prussian  Diet  was  brought  to  him,  he  withheld  Wtlrtemberg  to  join  their  fortunes  with  the 
it  for  further  consideration  and  returned  it  to  Austrian  Empire,  and  wished   to   leave  the 
the  Vice-President  of  the  Ministry  of  State,  question  to  be  solved  by  time.    He  seems  to 
Robert  Victor  von  Puttkamer,  on  the  following  have  resented  the  interposition  of  the  prince 
day.  May  27,  with  his  signature  attached,  and  in  the  political  question,  even  going   to  the 
an  accompanying  letter,  saying  he  expected  length  of  threatening  to  resign,  while  seeking 
that  in  the  future  the  freedom  of  elections  to  bring  about  the  result  at  which  Friedrich 
would  not  be  impaired  by  the  interposition  of  aimed  at  his  own  time  and  in  his  own  way, 
official  influence.    Minister  von  Puttkamer,  an  having  the  demand  proceed  from  the  Reichstag 
extreme  Conservative,  whose  interpretation  of  instead  of  from  the  allied  German  princes ;  but 
the  remarkable  rescript  of  Jan.  4,  1882,  de-  he  finally  deferred  to  the  prince's  views,  sup- 
daring  that  officials  were  bound  by  their  oaths  ported  by  those  of  the  heads  of  the  states  of 
to  promote  the  policy  of  the  Government  at  Baden,  Oldenburg,  Weimar,  and  Ooburg,  and 
Sections  had  earned  for  him  the  nickname  of  composed  the  letter  which  the  King  of  Bavaria 
^*  electoral  patronage  chief,"  answered  the  Em-  was  induced  to  accept  as  his  own,  inviting 
peror  by  referring  to  this  command  of  his  King  Wilhelm  to  afasnrae  the  imperial  crown, 
predecessor  and  to  the  electoral  laws,  which  When  the  matter  was  finally  settled,  the  (>own- 
impose  but  sli^t  restraints  ou  official  activity  Prince  wrote  with  elation  of  the  realization 
at  elections.    The  Emperor  declared  that  the  of  long-deferred  hopes  of  the  German  people 
law  should  not  be  published  till  he  received  and  of  the  dreams  of  German  poets,  and  re- 
the  required  assurance,  and  this  the  Prussian  garded  it  as  the  result  of  Ids  own  persevering 
Minister  of  the  Interior  considered  to  be  equiv-  efforts.    When  the  title  of  "  German  Emperor  " 
alent  to  his  dismissal.     He  accordingly  ten-  was  fixed  upon,  since  the  Bavarian  plenipot^n- 
dered  his  resignation,  which  was  forthwith  ac-  tiaries  objected  to  that  of  "  Emperor  of  Ger- 
cepted.    Prince  Bismarck  manifested  surprise  many,"  which  was  proposed  by  the  Crown- 
at  the  retirement  of  his  colleague,  and  exhibited  Prince,  the  King  said:  "My  son  is  devoted 
his  regret  in  an  ostentatious  manner.     The  with  his  whole  soul  to  the  new  order  of  things, 
National   Liberals  were  disappointed   at  the  while  I  care  not  a  straw  about  it,  and  omy 
fact  that  the  successor  of  Herr  von  Puttkamer  cling  to  Prussia." 


GERMANY.  869 

Emperor  Friedrich  had  at  different  times  that  he  assumed  the  place  to  which  he  was 
pies  takeQ  of  parts  of  his  diary.  The  called  with  UDshakahle  confidence,  hecanse  he 
1  was  found  at  San  Keroo  after  his  de-  was  aware  of  the  enthusiastic  feeling  of  honor 
^  and  was  forwarded  to  his  wife,  in  and  duty  that  his  predecessors  had  implanted  in 
possession  it  remained  after  his  death,  the  army.  The  attachment  hetween  the  army 
w  Emperor  and  Prince  Bismarck  were  and  the  monarohs  of  the  Hohenzollem  dynas- 
et the  divulging  of  the  extracts  that  ap-  ty  had  grown  stronger  with  each  generation. 

in  the  ''"  Kundschan,^^  the  authenticity  **  Thus,^^  he  continued,  **we  helong  to  each  oth- 
ch  was  called  in  question  hy  the  chan-  er,  I  and  the  army.  Thus  were  we  horn  for 
who  declared  that  the  historical  state-  each  other.  And  firmly  and  inseparably  will 
were  untrue,  saying,  in  a  report  to  the  we  hold  togetlier,  whether  God's  will  gives  os 
or  Wilhelm,  that  his  father,  the  author  of  peace  or  storm.''  A  proclamation  to  the  Prns- 
ry,  was  not  allowed  to  be  made  privy  to  sian  people  was  issued  on  June  18,  in  which 
litical  negotiations  in  France,  for  fear  he  promised  to  he  a  Just  and  mild  prince,  to 
)  would  betraj  the  confidence  reposed  in  foster  piety  and  the  fear  of  God,  to  protect 
•  the  English  court.  In  this  report  he  peace,  to  promote  the  welfare  of  the  country, 
19  opinion  that  the  diary  in  the  form  in  and  to  be  a  helper  of  the  poor  and  the  op- 
it  was  published  was  a  forgery,  and  rec-  pressed,  and  a  true  guardian  of  the  right, 
ided  that  the  author  should  be  crimi-  counting  on  the  fidelity  of  his  people,  who  have 
rosecuted  on  the  charge  of  libeling  the  always  stood  faithfully  by  their  king,  in  good 
y  of  the  Emperor  Friedrich  in  declaring  and  in  evil  days. 

pable  of  menacing  Bavaria  and  Wttrtem-  The  ceremony  of  opening  the  Reichstag  in 

ith  threats  of  war  to  compel  them  to  the  Old  Palace  at  Berlin  on  June  25,  on  which 

be  empire  and  in  ascribing  to  the  Prus*  occasion  he  was  attended  by  most  of  the  80v- 

ovemment  intentions  such  as  were  in-  ereign  princes  of  Germany  and  by  the  dignita- 

<d  in  the  statement  of  the  diary  that  the  ries  of  the  empire,  was  a  pageant  of  unezam- 

illor  threatened  as  soon  as  the  French  pled  splendor.    Two  days  later  he  took  the  oath 

is  over  to  combat  the  doctrine  of  Papal  on  the  Prussian  Oonstitution  before  both  houses 

ility.     In  replying  to  a  passage  repre-  of  the  Diet  with  a  pomp  and  circumstance  that 

him  as  returning  to  Varzin  on  July  18,  were  equally  impressive  and  spectacular.    The 

nder  the  impression  that  peace  was  se-  father  had  chosen  to  reign  under  the  name  with 

the  Chancellor  exhibits  his  attitude  dur-  which  he  was  originally  christened  and    by 

negotiations  over  the  Hohenzollem  can-  which  he  was  best  known  throughout  his  life. 

'e  for  the  Spanish  throne  in  a  new  light  The  son,  who  also  bore  the  double  name  of 

ng  that,  far  from  considering  peace  se-  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  discarded  the  first  part  in 

he  was  convinced  that  war  was  neces-  order  to  follow  the  royal  style  of  his  grandfa- 

nd  that  he  intended  to  resign  his  minis-  ther,  whose  exandple  he  continually  extolled, 

i  to  return  to  Varzin  if  the  King's  re-  and   which,  he  said  in  his  speech  from  the 

e  to  engage  in  war  had  led  to  a  peace-  throne,  he  was  resolved  to  follow,  striving  to 

iclusion  of  the  diplomatic  controversy,  assure  the  military  and  political  safety  of  the 

rdance  with  the  Chancellor's  suggestion,  empire  abroad  and  watching  over  the  execu- 

lister  of  Justice  instituted  criminal  pro-  tion  of  the  laws  at  home.    He  adopted  the  first 

;8.     The  unsold  numbers  of  the  maga-  Wilhelm's  economical  policy  as  his  own  in  re- 

;re  confiscated  hy  the  Government,  and  gard  to  affording  to  the  working  population, 

^effcken,  who  furnished  the  diary  for  in  conformity  with  Christian  morality,  such 

tion,  was  arrested  on  the  charge  of  either  protection  as  legislative  measures  can  give  to 

ions  attacks  on  the  memory  of  the  dead  the  weak  and  distressed  in  the  struggle  for  ex- 

ivulging  state  secrets.    In  his  examina-  istence,  and  in  this  way  seeking  to  equalize 

the  judicial  authorities  he  repeated  the  unhealthy  social  contrasto;  but  all  efforts  hnv- 

»nt  that  he  had  received  the  diary  from  ing  an  aim  or  tendency  to  undermine  public 

peror,  but  the  authorities  in  their  inqui-  order  he  considered  it  necessary  to  suppress. 

ed  on  the  suspicion  tiiat  the  Empress  His  foreign  policy  he  declared  to  be  to  main- 

a  had  procured  the  publication.     She  tain  peace  with  every  one,  as  far  as  lies  in  his 

lied   upon,  but  refused  to  deliver  the  power,  and  not  to  use  the  strength  obtained 

t  diary  into  the  custody  of  the  state  to  through  the  new  military  law  for  aggressive 

ad  in  the  Prussian  archives.  purposes,  for  Germany  needs  no  fresh  military 

cwonlOB  ef  WllliaB  IL — The  young  Crown-  glory  nor  conquests  since  she  has  won  by  fight- 

during  his  father's  brief  reign  held  little  ing  the  right  to  exist  as  a  united  and  inde- 

nication  with  his  parents,  and   main-  pendent  nation. 

i  rival  court  in  Berlin,  consorting  with  In  his  opening  speech  the  Emperor  spoke  of 

lary  politicians  and  military  men,  and  the  existing  arrangements  with  Austna-Hun- 

z  in  toasts  and  speeches  a  dislike  for  gary  and  Italy  as  permitting  him  to  cultivate 

er's  pacific  and  progressive  policy.    His  his  personal  friendship  for  the  Emperor  of 

t  after  the  death  of  Friedrich  was  to  Russia  and  the  peaceful  relations  that  have 

ro  striking  addresses,  one  to  the  army  •  existed  with  the  neighboring  Russian  Empire 

)  to  the  navy.    In  the  former  he  said  for  a  hundred  years.    On  July  18  he  set  out 

VOL.  xxTin. — 24  A 


370  GERMANY. 

from  Potsdam  on  a  visit  to  his  friend  and  rela-  that  it  was  the  language  of  the  Liheral  press 

tive  the  Czar.     He  embarked  at  Kiel  in  the  to  which  the  Emperor  objected,  especially  to 

royal  steam-yacht ''  Holienzollern,^'  which  was  comparisons  between  himself  and  his  father, 

escorted  by  an  ironclad  squadron  under  the  The  Liberal  jonmals  criticised  his  desire  to 

command  of  his  brother,  Prince  Henry.     He  suppress  the  side  of  the  controversy  that  was 

was  met  at  sea  by  the  Russian  Emperor,  taken  unfavorable  to  himself,  while  giving  free  scope 

to  St.  Petersburg  on  the  yacht  ^^  Alexandria,"  to  comparisons  that  were  unfavorable  to  his 

and  there  entertained  with  a  military  spectacle  father^s  memory,  and  declared  that  the  inde- 

and  other  pageants.     From  there  he  went  to  pendent  press  of  Berlin  would  ^^  defend  its  io- 

8tockholm,  arriving  on  July  26,  and,  after  ex-  dependence  against  the  municipal  authorities 

changing  courtesies  with  King  Oscar,   sailed  as  well  as  against  every  one  else  who  threatens 

two  days  later  for  Copeniiagen,  where  he  was  it,"  and  that  it  would  '^render  unto  the  Kaiser 

the  guest  of  the  King  of  Denmark  for  a  few  the  things  that  are  his,  and  also  unto  the  free 

hours,  and  returned  to  Germany  after  an  ab-  Constitution  what  belongs  to  it." 
sence  of  eighteen  days.     He  next  manifested  his        On  November  22  the  Emperor  opened  the 

perfect  confidence  in  Prince  Bismarck  by  pay-  Reichstag  with  great  pomp  of  rank,  uniform, 

ing  him  a  visit  at  Friedrichsrube.     On  August  and  military  display.    In  the  speech  from  the 

16  the  Emperor  delivered  a  speech  at  a  dinner  of  throne  he  announced  a  measure  relating  to 

officers  of  the  Third  Army  Corps,  in  which  he  co-operative  societies  and  the  completion  of 

denied  the  imputation  that  his  father  was  willing  the  legislation  for  the  insurance  of  aged  and 

to  relinquish  a  part  of  the  conquered  territory  ailing  laborers.    He  expressed  satisfaction  at 

as  the  price  of  disarmament  and  lasting  peace,  the  «igns  of  sympathy  and  attachment  that 

and  said  that  in  the  army  there  is  but  one  had  been  shown  to  him  and  to  the  idea  of  the 

opinion,  and  that  is  ^*  that  we  would  leave  our  German  Empire  that  he  represented  by  the 

entire  eighteen  army  corps  and  42,000,000  in-  princes  and  peoples  of  the  Federated  States, 

habitants  lying  on  the  field  rather  than  aban-  The  alliance  with  Austria  and  Italy  he  declared 

don  one  single  stone  of  what  we  have  won."  to  have  no  other  object    but    peace.    *^  To 

After  the  trial  evolutions  of  the  fleet  and  plunge  Germany  needlessly  into  the  horrors  of 

the  autumnal  manoeuvres  of  the  army,  which  war,  even  if  it  were  a  victorious  one,"  he  said, 

were  arranged  on  an  unprecedented  scale,  the  *^  1  should  find  inconsistent  with  my  belief 

young  Kaiser  carried  out  his  intention  of  visit-  as  a  Christian  and  with  my  duties  as  Emperor 

ing  his  allies,  the  sovereigns  of  Austria-Hun-  toward  the  German  people.     Filled  with  this 

gary  and  Italy.    On  September  25  he  set  out  conviction,  I  thought  it  meet,  soon  after  ss- 

on  his  tour,  first  visiting  the  German  courts  of  oending  the  throne,  to  visit  in  person,  not  only 

Detmold,  Stuttgart,  and  Munich,  and  on  Octo-  my  allies  in  the  empire,  but  also  the  monarchs 

her  3  arrived  at  Vienna,  where  he  was  re-  who  are  my  neighbors  and  friends,  and  to 

ceived  with  festivities,  and*  afterward  spent  confer  with  them  regarding  the  task  of  secur- 

some  time  in  a  hunting  trip  with  the  Emperor  ing  peace  and  prosperity  for  our  peoples.  The 

Franz  Josef.     His  visit  at  the  Quirinal  with  confidence  that  was  shown  in  me  and  my  policy 

King  Umberto  occurred  in  October.     On  the  warrants  me  in  hoping  that  I  and  my  allies 

12th  he  was  the  guest  of  Pope  Leo  at  the  Vati-  and  friends  will,  with  God's  help,  succeed  in 

can,  after  which  he  inspected  a  parade  of  the  maintaining  the  peace  of  Europe." 
Italian  military,  and  on  the  21st  arrived  again        The  Aitl-Soclalist  Law. — The  repressive  lav 

in  Germany.  against  Socialists  and  Anarchists  was  originallj 

The  Emperor  was  offended  at  the  comments  passed  in  1878  for  a  limited  period,  and  bss 
and  insinuations  of  the  Liberal  press  touching  been  periodically  renewed  without  material 
the  friction  and  conflicting  purposes  which  the  alteration,  sometimes  for  two,  and  sometimes 
question  of  the  Battenberg  marriage,  the  con-  for  three  years.    In  January,  1888,  the  Gov- 
troversy  between  the  doctors  in  regard  to  the  ernment  proposed  n«»t  only  that  it  should  be 
treatment  of  his  father's  disease,  and  the  pro-  re-enacted  for  a  period  of  five  ye^ra,  but  that 
oeedings  in  relation  to  the  publication  of  Fried-  the  penal  provisions  should  be  strengthened, 
rich's  diary  proved  to  have  existed  between  The  punishment  for  printing  or   circulating 
members  of  the  royal  family  and  to  be  still  ex-  forbidden  publications  was  to  be  increased 
istent  between  himself  and  his  mother.     At  from  six  to  twelve  months'  imprisonment,  to- 
last  he  complained  of  the  attitude  of  the  press  gether  with  a  fine  of  1,000  marks,  and  in  other 
in  a  reply  to  an  address  of  the  municipal  an-  cases  the  penalties  were  rendered  more  severe* 
thorities  of  Berlin  that  he  made  to  the  burgo-  Certain  classes  of  offenders  would  be  liable* 
master.    That  oflicial  resented  the  inference  not  only  to  be  expelled  from  their  ordinary 
that  any  part  of  the  newspaper  press  was  sub-  domicile,  as  under  the  old  act,  but  to  be  baS^' 
ject  to  his  direction,  and  the  papers  vindicated  ished  from  the  empire  altogether,  and  deprive^ 
themselves    with    unwonted    boldness.      The  of  their  rights  of  citizenship.     The  bulk  of  tl*^ 
Liberal  and  the  Conservative  papers  at  first  Clerical  party,  under  the  lead  of  Dr.  Windhor^^ 
disputed  as  to  which  had  given  oflfense,  the  demanded  the  mitigation,  instead  of  the  a^' 
most  indiscreet  revelations  regarding  the  royal  centuation,  of  the  act,  and  were  seconded  t^S^ 
family  having  appeared  in  the  semi-official  jour-  the  Liberalists.    The  Nation^  Liberals  declin^^^ 
nals.    An  official  announcement  made  it  clear  to  prolong  the  act  for  more  than  two  y^sX^ 


GERMANY.  871 

3n  the  National  Conservative  party  ob-  and  managing  their  own  finanoea.    They  were 

to  the  expatriation  clauses.    The  meas-  divided  in  1886  into  866  sections.    The  asso- 

the  end  of  a  long  and  animated  dis-  ciation  of  marine  employers  is  divided  into  six 

^  was  referred  to  a  committee  of  twen-  sections.    The  Government  control  is  exercised 

t  members,  and  as  altered  in  their  hands  through  the  Imperial  Insorance  Department, 

ally  passed  by  the  House  and  signed  by  which  initiates  the  organization  of  the  associa- 

iperor  Friedrich,  it  is  simply  a  continu-  tions,  supervises  their  administration,  approves 

f  the  act  as  it  stood  before  for  two  more  their  statutes,  divides  such  of  them  as  become 

rom  the  autumn  of  1888.  unmanageable,  and  acts  as  a  last  court  of  ap- 

UM   •f  WtrUigaei. — The  last  install-  peal  in  disputes  on  the  subject  of  the  payment 

f  the  scheme  of  insurance  against  the  of  insurance  that  arise  between  the  employers 

consequences  of  poverty,   which   was  and  the  employed.     This  supervising  board, 

do  wed  in  the  imperial- message  of  Nov.  which  is  an  organ  of  the  state,  consists,  in 

4,  is  the  bill  making  provision  for  work-  part,  of  permanent  members,  who  are  appoint- 

incapacitated   by  age  or  chronic  ail-  ed  by  the  £mperor,  and,  in  part,  of  delegates 

which  was  elaborated  by  the  Federal  of  the  employers  and  the  workingmen,  who 

1  in  the  summer  of  1888.    The  measure  are  elected  for  four  years.     The  insurance  in- 

»  for  compulsory  insurance,  the  funds  demnities  to  be  paid  out  of  the  fund  consist  of 

ch  are  raised  in  three  parts,  one  of  them  the  expenses  of  the  cure  in  cases  of  disable- 

ontributed  by  the  Imperial  Government  ment,  where  there  is  no  legal  obligation  on 

ins  of  assessment,  one  part  by  employ-  others  to  bear  them;  of  a  fixed  allowance  dur- 

i  the  third  part  hy  the  laborers  them-  ing  the  disablement;  and  of  an  allowance  t<» 

the  men  paying  in  21  pfennige,  or  about  the  family  in  case  of  death.    The  allowance  in 

»  weekly,  and  the  women  14  pfennige.  each  case  is  calculated  according  to  a  scale 

man   who  becomes  invalided    will  re-  based  on  the  annual  wages.    The  assessments 

i    pension  of   120    marks,   and    every  are  made  by  specially  appointed  committees  or 

I  80  marks.    The  pension  for  superan-  by  the  boards  themselves.    Each  section  has 

working-people  begins  at  the  age  of  an  arbitration  committee,  which  is  presided 

r-one,  with  an  allowance  of  180  marks,  over  by  an  ofiicial,  while  the  assessors  are 

tributious  are  exacted  during  the  periods  elected  representatives  of  the  employers  and 

men  are  required  to  perform  military  the  employed.    The  members  of  the  association 

must  provide  the  expenses  of  administration 

first  part  of  BismarcVs  scheme  of  state  and  accumulate  a  reserve  fund.    The  share  of 

m  was  the  sick-insurance  law  that  was  each  member  of  the  association  depends  on 

1  in  1883,  which  compels  the  workman  the  number  of  workmen  that  he  employs,  and 

re  himself  against  sickness  by  contrib-  is  subject  to  increase  if  the  employment  is 

0  a  fund  insuring  him  medical  care  and  especially  dangerous.    The  indemnities  are  paid 

les  from  the  beginning  of  his  sickness,  by  post-oflSce  orders.    The  associations  are  re- 

Jf- wages  for  thirteen  weeks.     At  the  quired  to  consult  with  the  workmen  in  drawing 

this  time  he  falls  a  charge  on  another  up  regulations  for  tlie  avoidance  of  accidents, 

rhich  is  raised  from  employers  under  and  to  see  that  these  are  enforced,  which,  of 

r  that  was  passed  in  1884  for  insuring  course,  is  in  the  interest  of  members  of  the  as- 

accidents.    The  first  accident-insurance  sociation,  the  amount  of  whose  assessments 

}  a  tentative  measure,  and  was  made  to  depends  on  the  frequency  of  accidents, 

tnly  to  those  trades  and  occupations  in  The  boards  of  the  sixty-two  trade  associa- 

ac^^idents  are  most  frequent.     It  was  tions  organized  under  the  insurance  law  that 

3d  in  1885  to  a  much  larger  class,  and  was  in  force  in  1886  contained  742  members, 

to    cover  also   workingmen    employed  and  the  366  sectional  boards  were  composed  of 

Government  in   the  railway,  postal,  2,356  members.     There  were  6,501   officers, 

ph,  and  naval  and  military  administra-  39  salaried  inspecting  agents,  404  arbitration 

^y  a  supplementary  act  that  was  passed  courts,  and  2,445  representatives  of  the  work- 

r,  and  went  into  operation  on  Jan.  1,  men.    The  number  of  business  establishments 

ccident  insurance  was  extended  further  was  269,174;  the  number  of  work-people  in- 

>ersons  engaged  in  marine  occupations,  sured,  3,478,485 ;  and  the  total  amount  of  an- 

he  exception  of  fishermen  and  those  nual  wages   on  which  the   indemnities  were 

ed  on  small  craft,  who  are  to  be  dealt  calculated  was  2,276,250,000  marks,  or  $548,- 

a  a  later  act.     The  accident-insurance  157,600.      The  total   amount  of   indemnities 

s  raised  by  compulsory  assessments  on  pnid  out  during  1886  was  1,736,500  marks; 

rers,  who  are  grouped  for  the  purpose  thecostof  administration  was 2,374,000 marks; 

ssociations,  according   to  employments  and  the  cost  of  investigating  accidents,  fixing 

•cality,  and  these  are  divided  into  sec-  indemnities,  arbitrating,  and   taking  precau- 

Exclusive  of  the  one  that  was  created  tions  against  accidents  was  282,000  marks.     A 

d  execution  of  the  marine-inf&urance  act,  reserve  of  5,516,000  marks  was  formed,  and, 

are  sixty-two  associations  in  Germany,  including  this,  the  total  expenditure  was  10,- 

are,  to  a  large  extent,  self-governing,  621,500  marks,  while  the  total  receipts  were 

Dg  up  their  own  statutes  and  regulations,  12,646,000  marks.    Including  employes  of  the 


372  GERMANY. 

state,  the  total  number  of  workmen  insured  hut  ratified  the  convention  on  heing  appealed 

was  8,725,818.     There  were  10U,159  accidents  to  for  the  sacrifice  of  private  and  local  advan- 

daring  the  year,  of  which  2,716  were  fatal,  re-  tagein  the  interest  of  national  prosperitj.    The 

quiring  5,985  indemnities  to  be  paid  to  widows,  conditions  of  trade  bad  so  changed,  however, 

orphans,  and  other  relatives  of  the  deceased,  as  to  make  the  isolation  f^or  which  Hambarg 

The  total  expenditure  was  about  72  cents  per  had  stood  out  less  desirable  to  preserve  than  it 

head  of  the  persons  insured,  and  $1.15   on  was  when  the  city  entered  the  empire.    For- 

every  $250  of  wages;  but,  deducting  the  costs  merly  Hamburg  merchants  had  to  depend  on 

of  institution  and    the  contributions  to   the  British  products,  for  there  were  but  few  Ger- 

reserve  fund,  the  expenditure  was  18  cents  man  manufactures,  but  in  recent  years  many 

per  capita  and  48  cents  on  every  $250  of  of  the  manufactured  articles  that  are  in  most 

wages  paid.    The  cost  of  administration  largely  demand  in  neutral  markets  are  produced  in 

exceeded  the  amount  of  indemnities  paid,  but  Germany  more  cheaply  than  in  Great  Britain, 

the  expense  will  be  less  disproportionate  after  The  growth  in  the  trade  of  the  port  for  the 

the  system  is  established,  and  will  be  partly  past  ten  years  has  been  twice  as  great  in  Ger- 

covered  by  the  interest  on  the  reserve  fund,  man  as  it  has  in  British  manufactures.     The 

This  part  of  the  expenditure  is  large  because  German  Chancellor,  under  these  circumstances, 

the  associations  have  to  see  to  the  prevention  could  exact  the  acquiescence  of  the  most  an- 

of  accidents  and    the  investigation  of  their  willing  of  the  burghers  by  threatening  so  to 

natare  and  causes,  not  merely  to  pay  indem-  build  up  and  favor  Altona  and  GlQcksburg  that 

nities.     The  amount  paid  in  indemnities  will  the  German  trade  would  leave  Hamburg,  and 

increase  from  year  to  year  as  new  annual  pass  through  those  ports.    A  small  area  on  the 

allowances  are  made  to  injured  men  and  their  north  bank  of  the  Elbe,  with  the  small  islands 

families,  while  the  cost  of  administration  will  opposite,  was  still  reserved,  and  the  space  was 

remain  stationary,  or,  perhaps,  decrease,  and  subsequently  extended,  yet  it  only  afibrds  room 

therefore  the  report  is  considered  to  be,  under  for  mooring  vessels  to  the  wljarves,  and  for  the 

all  the  circumstances,  a  favorable  sliowing.  erection  of  warehouses  that  simply  correspond 

The  Ineorp«nUloB  of  HaHbug  and  BroMB. — The  to  the  bonded  warehouses  of  every  customs 

two  chief  seaports  of  Germany  remained  till  port.    In  order  to  carry  into  effect  the  resolu- 

1888  outside  the  customs  boundary  of  the  ZoU-  tion  of  the  Hamburg  Government,  of  June  15, 

verein,  which  had,  however,  absorbed  the  ter-  1881,  to  enter  the  German  customs  union,  time 

ritorial  districts  and  some  of  the  populous  sub-  was  required  to  build  warehouses  and  make 

nrbsof  theold  Uanse  towns.     In  October  these  quays  in  that  part  of  the  city  that  is  still  free 

cities  gave  up  their  ancient  privileges  as  free  from  customs,  in  order  that  the  important  tran- 

ports  and  entered  the  Zollverein,  thus  render-  sit  and  shipping  trade  might  not  be  lost.    It 

ing  complete  the  policy  of  the  commercial  union  was  therefore  decided  that  the  resolution  shonld 

of  the  German  states,  which  was  initiated  hj  not  go  into  effect  till  October,  1888.    The  seven 

Prussia  sixty  years  before  political  union  was  years  have  been  employed  in  making  a  great 

achieved.    Their  claim  to  remain  free  ports  transformation,  widening  canals,  building  docks 

was  conceded  in  1868,  and  was  ratified  in  the  and  quays,  and  erecting  in  the  place  of  the  poor 

Imperial  Constitution  of  1871,  although  the  buildings  that  formerly  stood  near  the  water 

privilege  was  in  the  case  of  Hamburg  restrict-  blocks  of  warehouses  that  are  as  large  and  fine 

ed  to  the  city  and  port,  and  withdrawn  from  as  can  be  found  in  any  seaport.    The  cost  of 

the  rest  of  the  »tate,  which  extends  to  the  the  improvements  has  been  about  160,000,000 

mouth  of    the  Elbe,   embracing    160  square  marks,  one  fourth  of  which  was  defrayed  by 

miles.     It  was  arranged  that  the  two  Hanse  the  Imperial  Government.     The  bill  to  incor- 

towns  should  remain  outside  the  common  cus-  porate  Hamburg  in  the  customs  union  was 

toms  boundary  until  they  should  themselves  passed  in  1882  by  the  Reichstag,  notwithstand- 

demand    admittance.     In    1880  the  German  ing  the  vehement  opposition  of  the  free-traders 

Government  brought  pressure  to  bear  to  se-  in  that  assembly.     The  city  of  Bremen  was  in 

cure  the  inclusion  of  Hamburg  in  the  customs  like  manner  induced  to  join  the  Zollverein,  and 

league,  which  was  desirable  to  Germany  for  the  German  authorities  began  the  collection  of 

political  reasons,  and  still  more  for  commercial  customs  duties  in  both  places  on  the  same  day, 

reasons,  because  the  7,000  ships  entering  the  Oct.  17, 1888.  A  great  number  of  ofiicials  visited 

port  every  year  and  taking  cargoes  to  the  most  the  citizens  and  received  their  declarations  as 

remote  countries  of  the  world,  carried,  besides  to  the  possession  of  dutiable  goods.     A  reason* 

German  goods,  large  quantities  of  the  manu-  able  amount  was  allowed  to  go  free,  but  on  all 

factnres  of  England  and  other  countries,  which  other  goods  liable  to  pay  duty  the  back  duties 

the  Chancellor  desired  to  see  displace<l  by  Ger-  were  levied,  which  were  turned  into  the  treas- 

man  products.     A  project  of  union  was  nego-  ury  of  the  Hamburg  state,  while  all  duties  ac- 

tiated  on  May  25,  1881,  subject  to  the  approval  cruing  subsequent  to  the  formal  incorporation 

of  the  Hamburg  Legislature.     There  was  much  into  the  Zollverein  belong  to  the  treanury  of  the 

opposition  among  the  citizens,  but  the  Senate  empire,  in  consideration  of  which  Hambnrg  is 

agreed  to  the  treaty,  which  it  thought  would  relieved  from  the  annual  military  subsidy  of 

be  beneficial  to  the  commerce  of  the  port.    The  5,000,000  marks  that  she  has  paid  heretofore. 

House  of  Burgesses  coulcl  not  accept  that  view.  The  part  of  the  city  on  the  left  bank  of  the 


GERMANY.  873 

Elbe,  for  which  the  free-port  privileges  are  re-  assnred  that  no  such  purpose  was  contemplated, 
tained,  was  made  into  an  island  by  digging  a  In  explaining  the  causes  that  led  to  the  alliance 
broad  canal.     Ships  are  permitted  to  pass  from  with  Austria,  he  ironically  declared  that  at  the 
the  sea  into  this  free  port  without  customs  in-  Berlin  Congress  he  had  acte<1  almost  like  a 
spection,  and  the  supervision  between  it  and  third  plenipotentiary  of  Russia  in  hip  desire  to 
the  customs- union  territory  is  left  to  Hamburg  serve  that  power,  but  that  his  intentions  were 
officials.     No  bridges  are  allowed  to  be  made  misinterpreted  by  the  Russian  press,  and  a  con- 
between  the  free-port  part  of  the  town  and  troversy  regarding  the  course  of  German  di- 
other  parts,  nor  will  any  one  be  permitted  to  plomacy  arose,  which  led  to  '^complete  threats 
reside  within  the  district  that  remains  open  to  of  war  from  the  most  competent  quarter.'* 
free  trade.     The  city  of  Hamburg  has  till  now  Hence  he  negotiated  at  Gastein  and  Vienna  the 
retained  the  system  of  taxation  that  was  preva-  treaty  of  alliance.     '^  We  shall  sue  for  love  no 
lent  in  the  middle  ages,  but  before  the  incor-  longer/*  he  said,  ^*  either  in  France  or  Russia, 
pomtion  in  the  ZoUverein  all  the  old  excise  The  Russian  press  and  Russian  public  opinion 
dudes  were  abolished,  and  its  fiscal  conditions  have  shown  to  the  door  an  old,  powerful,  and 
were  assimilate  to  those  of  the  rest  of  the  trustworthy  friend,  and  we  shall  not  seek  to 
empire.  push  our  way  in  again.     We  have  tried  to  re- 
He  Prurfin  EtoctiMUk — After  it.  had  passed  the  establish  our  old  intimate  relations,  but  we 
bill  making  the  electoral  period  five  years,  the  shall  run  after  no  one."    He  conceded,  to  the 
Prussian  IMet  was  dissolved,  and  new  elections  dismay  of  the  Anstrians  and  especially  of  the 
were  held  in  October.    In  the  new  quinquen-  Hungarians,  the  right  of  domination  that  Rus- 
nial  the  Government  majority,  as  made  up  of  sia  claimed  in  Bulgaria,  and  said  that  it  was  no 
the  ^^  Cartel  Brothers,*'  or  union  of  the  Con-  concern  of  Germany's  if  Russia  should  restore 
aervatives  and  National  Liberals,  was  strength-  by  force  the  supremacy  that  she  exercised  be- 
ened,  and  if  on  any  question  this  alliance  should  fore  1885.    In  any  case,  he  was  convinced  that 
be  broken,  the  Government  can  obtain  a  strong  *^  the  tiny  province  between  the  Balkans  and 
working  mtgority,  as  it  has  in  former  parlia-  the  Danube  is  not  an  object  of  Sufficient  im- 
menta,  by  attracting  the  support  of  the  Cleri-  portancc  to  involve  Europe  in  a  war  extending 
cals.    The  United  Conservatives  elected  199  from  Moscow  to  the  Pyrenees  and  from  the 
deputies,  losing  one  seat,  while  the  National  North  8ea  to  Palermo,  of  which  no  mortal  can 
Liberals  increased  their  representation  from  72  foresee  the  results,  and  yet  at  its  close  the  com- 
to  87.    The  Clericals  elected  97  members,  the  batants  would  scarcely  know   why  they  had 
same  number  as  in  1885.    The  Poles  kept  their  fought  at  all."    He  was  not  alarmed  at  exl^ibi- 
15  and  the  Danes  their  2  seats ;  but  the  Guelphs  tions  of  Russian  hatred,  ^^  for  no  wars  are  waged 
lost  a  seat,  electing  only  a  single  member,  and  for  mere  hatred."    He  did  not  believe  that 
the  Independents  decreased  from  5  to  8.    The  Russia  would  attack  Germany,  even  if  she  be- 
Fosinnige  or  Liberalist  party  lost  11  seats  to  came  involved  in  a  war  with  France;  but,  if  a 
the  National  Liberals,  electing  29  members,  war  with  Russia  should  break  out,  no  French 
against  40  in  the  last  Diet.  Government  could  be  strong  enough  to  restrain 
FOTdgi   KftatlMM. — On  Feb.  6,  1888,  Prince  the  French  people  from  a  war  against  Germany. 
Binnarck  reviewed  the  political  situation  in  a  The  new  military  bill  enables  Germany  to  place 
great  speech  that  he  made  in  the  Reichstag  in  an  army  of  1,000,000  men  on  each  frontier, 
connection  with  the  loan  bill  to  provide  the  ^^  When  we  undertake  a  war,"  said  the  Chan- 
money  for  adding  700,000  men  to  the  fighting  cellor,  *^it  must  be  a  people's  war,  which  all 
force  of  the  empire.    France,  he  said,  looked  approve.     If  we  are  attacked,  then  the  furor 
less  explosive  than  it  had  a  year  before,  for  the  leutonietis  will  flame  out,  and  against  that  no 
election  of  a  pacific  President  and  the  appoint-  one  can  make  head."     He  concluded  with  the 
ment  ofa  ministry  composed  of  men  who  subor-  proud   boast,    **We  Germans  tear  God,  and 
dinated  their  plans  to  the  peace  of  Europe  were  nothing  else  in  the  world." 
favorable  signs  that  the  French  Government  The  Austrian  Government  gave  no  indication 
did  not  wish  to  plunge  its  hand  into  Pandora's  of  willingness  to  permit  Russia  to  regain  by  an 
box.    The  apprehensions  that  had  arisen,  which  armed  intervention  the  supremacy  in  Bulgaria 
had  been  encouraged  in  order  to  further  the  that  Russian  arrogance  and  intrigue  had  lost, 
pnasage  of  the  military  bill,  were  caused  by  and  Tisza,  in  the   Hungarian  Chamber,  inti- 
the  massing  of  Russian  troops  near  the  Ger-  mated  the  contrary.     The  German  Kniser,  by 
man  and  Austrian  frontiers.    In  demanding  the  visiting  the  Czar  before  going  to  the  Austrian 
money  for  arming  and  equipping  the  Landwehr  and  Italian  courts,  showed  a  desire  to  conciliate 
the  Government  had  made  the  most  of  this  Russia,  which  was  partly  due  to  his  personal 
menacing  movement  of  troops,  and  encouraged  friendship  for  Alexander  HI.     In  August,  Oris* 
the   warlike   attitude  of  the  German    press,  pi,  the  Italian  Premier,  had  an  interview  with 
Now  that  the  passage  of  the  bill  was  certain.  Prince  Bismarck  at  Friedrichsruhe,  and  stopped 
the  Chancellor  sought  to  calm  the  public  mind,  at  Vienna  to  confer  with  Count  K^lnoky,  who 
saying  that  he  was  convinced  that  the  disloca-  also  had  his  annual  meeting  with  the  German 
^on  of  troops  proceeded  from  no  intention  to  Chancellor. 

fall  upon  Germany  unawares,  because  in  his  Besides  the  passport  regulations  for  Alsace- 
recent  interview  with  the  Czar  he  had  been  Lorraine  nothing  occurred  to  cause  ill-feeling 


374  GERMANY. 

between  France  and  Germany.     An  Alsatian  28,  1888,  the  German  Ea^t  African  Company 

Government  clerk  named  Dietz  was  tried,  with  has  acquired  a  fifty-years^  lease  of  the  entire 

bis  wife,  for  selling  information  to  the  French  strip  of  coast,  with  rights  to  all  duties  and 

authorities  regarding  the  German  railroads  in  tolls,  whereas  previously  the  possessions  of  the 

Alsace-  Lorraine,  and  was  sentenced  to  a  long  company  were  cut  off  from  the  sea,  and  it  had 

term  of  imprisonment.     In  November  a  Ger-  only  a  concurrent  right  to  use  the  two  harbors 

man  ex-ofiicer,  who  was  settled  in  France  as  a  of  Dar-es-Salam   and  Pangani.      The  region 

teacher  of  languages,  was  arrest-ed  in  the  act  south  of  Tana  is  inhabited  by  the  peaceful  Sua- 

of  mailing  a  Lebel  cartridge.    These  and  other  heli  tribes,  while  north  of  that  river,  in  the 

spy  incidents  caused  less  stir  than  the  expul-  Galla  country  and  on  the  Somali  coast,  dwell 

sion  from  Prussia,  on  November  17,  of  two  the  warlike  and  predatory  Galla  and  Somali 

French  journalists,  named  Latapieh  and  D'Ori-  tribes.      The  little  sultanate  of  Witu,  which 

ot,  for  publishing  obnoxious  statements  con-  lies  immediately  north  of  the  Tana,  is  admin- 

cerning  members  of  the  royal  family.  istered  by  a  company  connected  with  the  Ger- 

Colonlal  PMMflsioii& — Germany  had  no  depend-  man  Colonial  Association.    The  territory  that 
encies  beyond  the  seas  before  1884.    Since  that  came  under  German  dominion  by  arrangement 
date  she  has  established  protectorates  over  ex-  with  Great  Britain  is  bounded  by  a  line  pass- 
tensive  regions  in  Africa  and  many  inlands  in  ing  from  Witu  to  Fnngasombo,  and  Mknurobi, 
the  Pacific  Ocean.    In  1884,  Togoland,  on  the  and  then  running  to  the  ocean,  which  it  strikes 
Slave  Coast  of  West  Africa,  with  Porto  Segiiro  at  a  point  between  the  mouths  of  Mknumbi 
and  Little  Popo,  in  all  about  400  square  miles,  and  Osi  rivers.     The  boundary  on  the  other 
with  40,000  inhabitants  and  a  trade  of  $1,200,-  side  ascends  the  Osi  as  far  as  Kau,  and  then 
000  a  year,  was  annexed,  and  in  the  same  year  the  river  Magogoni  to  its  source,  whence  it 
the  German  flag  was  raised  over  the  Cameroon  follows  a  straight  line  to  Witu.     The  soil  is 
region,  extending  for  800  miles  along  the  coast,  fruitful  and  well-watered,  and  on  the  coast  are 
from  Rio  del  Bey  on  the  north  to  the  River  several  good  harbors.     The  Germans  expect 
Campo  on  the  south,  and  into  the  interior  to  to  find  a  rich  field  of  commerce  in  Somaliland. 
15°of  east  longitude,  comprising  120,000  square  The  country  produces  gum-arabic,  frankio- 
miles.    The  exports  of  Cameroons,  consisting  cense,  myrrh,  and  other  aromatic  resins  and 
mainly  of  oils,  are  valued  at  $8,750,000  per  herbs,  oofTee  of  the  finest  quality,  honey  and 
annum.      Daniaraland   and  Namaqualand,   in  wax,  ostrich-feathers,  ivory,  dye-woods,  pKar- 
South  Africa,  were  taken  under  German  pro-  maceutical  plants,  cloves,  cocoanuts,  sesame, 
tection  between  1884  and  1886,  embracing  a  earth-nuts,  palm-oil,  and  gum  copal,  and  on 
territory  of  280,000  square  miles,  with  200,000  the  plateau  that  foiTus  the  interior  the  Bed- 
native  inhabitants  (see  Cape  Colony).  ouins  and  pastoral  Somali  tribes  raise  herds  of 

In  East  Africa  the  territory  acquired  by  the  camels  that  they  count  by  thousands,  as  well  as 

German  East  African  Society  in  Usagora  and  sheep  and  goats,  cattle,  and  asses  in  vast  dueq- 

the  neighboring  districts,  comprising  20,700  hers,  and  all  ride  Arab  horses  of  purest  race, 

sqnare  miles,  was  made  a  German  protectorate  There  is  now  a  large  export  of  cattle,  hides, 

in  1885  by  the  Schutzbrief,  or  protecting  char-  and  butter.     In  the  Suaheli  country  the  Ger- 

ter  of  the  Emperor.    In  the  same  year  Witu-  mans  have  experimented  in  the  cultivation  of 

land,  5,200  sqnare  miles  in  extent,  was  added ;  cotton,  tobacco,  sugar,  which  is  already  raised 

and  in  1886,  by  virtue  of  an  agreement  with  and  manufactured  by  the  Arabs,  vaniUa,  pei>- 

Great  Britain  and  Zanzibar,  the  German  Gov-  per,  nutmeg,  and  indigo.     The  result  of  the 

ernraent  established  a  protectorate  over  122,-  trials  in  tobacco-culture  has  encouraged  them 

800  square  miles  of  territory  in  East  Africa,  to  undertake  planting  on  a  large  scale.    The 

The  German  acquisitions  extend  from  Kiliman-  specimens  of  cotton  proved  fair  in  quality,  an^ 

jaro  mountain  on  the  north  to  the  River  Ro-  much  is  expected  from  the  cultivation  of  coffee 

vuma  in  the  south.    The  total  area  in  Africa  in  a  country  that  is  the  natural  habitat  of  the 

that  has  heen  brought  under  German  domina-  plant.  The  German  East  African  Plantation So- 

tion  is  about  740,000  square  miles,  not  includ-  ciety  has  62,000  acres  planted,  and  has  adopted 

ing  200,000  square  miles  in  East  Africa,  over  a  system  of  modified  slavery,  contracting  with 

which  German  traders  claim  to  have  secured  Indiantraders,  who  furnish  gangs  of  150  negroes 

territorial  rights,  comprising  the  districts  of  for  terms  of  two  years,  the  contractors  feedin©) 

Khutu,  Usambara,  Pare,  Ugono,  Arusha,  Djag-  housing,  and  overseeing  the  laborers, 
ga,  Usavamo,  Ulena,  Wamatshonde,  Mahenge        The  northern  part    of  southeastern   K^^ 

Magindo,  Girijania,  Sabaki,  the  Galla  country,  Guinea,   lying    between   Humboldt  Bay  ao^ 

and  Ukamba  Gasi.      The  districts  that  were  Tluon  Gulf,  with  an  area  of  70,300  sqnare  mil^* 

included  in  the  protectorate  before  1888  are  and  an  estimated  population  of  109,000  soul^ 

Usagara,  Ukami,   Nguru,   and  Usegua.     The  was  made  a  German  possession  during  18^ 

entire  region  embraced  in  the  German  sphere  and  1886,  and  given  the  name  of  Kaiser  W^J' 

of  influence  has  a  coast  line  stretching  from  helm's  Land.     New  Britain  and  other  islaD^* 

Cape  Delgado  in  11**  of  south  latitude  to  the  lying  between  141°  and  154°  of  east  longita<^® 

harbor  of  Wanga  in  4°  30",  and  extends  inland  and    between   8°   of  south  latitude  and  t^^^ 

to  the  great  lakes.    In  accordance  with  a  treaty  equator,  having  a  land  surface  of  18,150  8<1^*J^ 

made  with  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  on  April  miles  and  188,000  inhabitants,  were  annex ^"^^ 


GILCHRIST,  ROBERT. 


GOVERNMENT  DEPARTMENTS.     875 


and  called  Bismarck  Archipelago.  In 
re  added  the  islands  of  Bougainville, 
[,  Isabel,  and  others  in  the  northern 
the  Solomon  gronp,  with  an  area  of 
aare  miles  and  a  population  of  80,000 
The  acquisitions  of  1885  included 
the  Marshall  Islands,  having  an  area 
tare  miles  and  about  10,000  inhabitants. 
>yidence  and  Crow  groups  have  also 
German  territory.  In  the  summer  of 
9  natives  for  the  first  time  attacked 
officials  in  the  Bismarck  Archipelago, 
^ilhelm^s  Land  is  the  field  of  operations 
ading  and  colonization  society  called 
Guinea  Company,  which  has  stations 
oast  at  Finsch-Uaven  and  Constantino 
Lzfeld  harbors.  There  is  much  land 
considered  suitable  for  settlement  by 
ns  and  adapted  for  the  cultivation  of 
and  food-plants,  but  no  progress  has 
1  made  in  colonization.  The  islands 
Msmarck  Archipelago  produce  copral, 
cocoanut,  of  which  1,500  tons  were 
I  in  1885,  mother-of-pearl,  and  trepang. 
ition  at  Blanche  Bay  is  producing  cot- 
le  Sea  Island  variety.  In  New  Guinea 
ive  been  several  collisions  with  the 
who  have  no  rifles,  but  use  the  speiir 
bow  with  dexterity.  The  first  serious 
curred  in  December,  1886,  in  Huon 
lere  a  boat  from  the  "  Samoa  "  gun-boat 
eked,  which  led  to  the  burning  of  their 
The  same  punishment  befell  the  as- 
who  killed  some  Malay  laborers  on  a 
)n  at  Hatzfeld  harbor  in  July,  1887. 
U8T,  ROBEBT,  an  American  lawyer, 
Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  Aug.  21, 1825 ;  died 
ily  6,  1888.  He  had  a  liberal  educa- 
private  schools,  studied  jurisprudence, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  New  Jer- 
praoticed  his  profession  till  the  time 
eath.  He  was  a  counselor  of  the  Su- 
bnrt  of  the  United  States,  and  was  a 
of  the  Assembly  of  New  Jersey  in 
n  1861  he  enlisted,  in  response  to  the 
i  by  the  State  for  troops,  and  went  to 
t  as  captain  in  the  Second  New  Jersey 
ers.  Until  the  close  of  the  war  he 
to  the  Republican  party,  but  he  left 
ty  on  the  question  of  the  reconstruc- 
;he  Southern  States,  and  in  1866  was 
ed  for  Congress  on  the  Democratic 
In  1869  he  was  appointed  Attomey- 
for  the  unexpired  part  of  the  official 
jated  by  the  resignation  of  Hon.  George 
son,  and  in  1873  was  reappointed  for 
iTTD,  In  1875  he  was  presented  as  a 
«  for  the  office  of  United  States  Sena- 
1873  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
iioners  to  revise  the  Constitution  of 
:e  of  New  Jersey,  but  resigned  before 
rk  was  completed;  and,  likewise,  his 
)ns  to  important  professional  engage- 
sqaired  him  to  decline  an  appointment 
ice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  as  also  the 
f  Chief-Justice  of  New  Jersey.    Mr. 


Gilchrist  was  endowed  with  a  bold  will  and 
intrepid  moral  courage;  he  was  faithful,  just, 
generous,  and  notably  non-partisan.  His  knowl- 
edge of  the  principles  of  jurisprudence,  espe- 
cially of  constitutional  law,  was  erudite  and 
accurate  and  profound,  and  few  have  been 
engaged  in  a  greater  number  of  celebrated 


x^' 


BOBKRT  GILCHRIST. 


causes.  As  Attorney- General  his  services  were 
acknowledged  to  be  valuable.  His  interpreta- 
tion of  the  fifteenth  amendment  peaceably 
secured  the  right  of  negro  suffrage  in  New 
Jersey,  and  he  was  the  author  of  the  Riparian 
Rights  act,  and  was  the  counsel  for  the  State 
in  the  suit  to  test  the  constitutionality  of  that 
statute.  From  this  source  the  fund  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  public  schools  of  New  Jer- 
sey is  chiefly  derived.  In  his  private  practice 
his  thoroughness  and  attention  to  minute  de- 
tail made  him  exceptionally  snccessful.  His 
skill  and  courage  secured  to  the  United  States 
the  half-million  dollars  left  by  Joseph  L.  Lewis 
to  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  the  national 
debt,  ana  he  brilliantly  won  many  other  im- 
portant suits.  Mr.  Gilchrist  was  not  only  an 
able  counselor  in  many  matters  relating  to  the 
most  difficult  portions  of  law-practice,  but  was 
an  effective  orator  before  a  jury.  He  con- 
tinued to  pursue  bis  profession  until  the  last 
year  of  his  life. 

GOVERNMENT  DEPARTMENTS  AT  WASHING- 
TON* The  administration  of  the  United  States 
Government  is  conducted  by  the  President 
through  nine  departments,  the  heads  of  which 
are  appointed  by  him,  and,  with  two  excep- 
tions, constitute  his  Cabinet  of  advisers.  These 
Departments  are  the  State,  Treasury,  War, 
Navy,  Interior,  Post-Office,  Justice,  Agricult- 
ure, and  Labor.  The  respective  Secretaries  of 
State,  Treasury,  "War,  Navy,  and  Interior,  and 
the  Postmaster  and  Attorney  Generals,  receive 
an  annual  salary  of  $8,000 ;  the  Commij^sion- 
ers  of  Agriculture  and  Labor,  $5,000.  Public 
business  in  these  departments  is  transacted  be- 


376         GOVERNMENT  DEPARTMENTS  AT  WASHINGTON. 

tween  the  hoars  of  9  a.  m.  and  4  p.  m.    UDtil  providing  for  a  committee  of  ftve  to  saperin- 

2  p.  M.  the  buildings  are  open  to  visitors,  bat  tend  finances.    The  Trea^nrj  was  successively 

at  that  hoar  they  are  closed  to  all  bat  official  extended  until  on  Sept.  2,  1789,  it  was  or- 

employ^s.     An  annual  report  to  Oongress,  in  ganized  as  a  department.     Subsequent  addi- 

detail,  is  made  by  each  head  of  a  department,  tions  have  been  made  to  its  officers.    The  total 

giving  the  expenditure  of  its  contingent  fund,  number  employed  in  the  Treasury  service  is 

together  with  the  number  and  name  of  all  15,228 ;  in  the  department  proper,  2,477.    The 

employes  and  the  salaries  paid  to  each.    The  duties  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  embrace 

total  number  of  persons  employed  in  the  sev-  the  collection  and  disbursement  of  the  national 

eral  branches  of  the  civil  service  is  182,072 ;  revenues,  plans  for  the  improvement  of  which 

total  number  in  the  departments  at  Washing-  he  devises  aud  the  support  of  the  public  credit, 

ton,  8,438.  He  annually  submits  to  Congress  estimates  and 

State  DeiNurtneBt. — This  occupies  the  south  accounts  of  expenditures  of  appropriations, 
pavilion  of  the  State,  War,  and  Navy  Depart-  warrants  for  payment  of  which  are  iss^ued  by 
ment  Building,  on  Seventeenth  Street,  south  of  him,  as  also  for  the  covering  in  of  funds.  Ue  also 
Pennsylvania  Avenue  and  immediately  west  of  superintends  the  coinage  and  printing  of  money, 
the  Executive  house.  The  structure  is  in  the  the  construction  of  public  buildings,  the  admin- 
style  of  the  Italian  Renaissance,  and  consists  istration  of  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  life- 
of  three  harmonious  buildings,  with  connect-  saving,  lighthouse,  revenue-cutter,  steamboat 
ing  wings.  This  department  was  established  inspection,  and  marine  hospital  branches  of  the 
July  27,  1789,  under  the  name  of  Department  public  service,  and  collection  of  statistics, 
of  Foreign  Affairs,  its  secretary  bearing  the  There  are  two  assistant  secretaries,  with  an- 
same  title.  On  Sept.  15,  1789,  it  received  its  nual  salaries  of  $4,000.  The  office  work  is  in 
present  denomination,  its  duties  being  also  10  divisions,  viz. :  warrants,  estimates,  and  ap- 
extended.  The  total  number  of  employes  propriations ;  appointments;  customs;  public 
of  this  department  is  1,845;  in  department  moneys;  loans  and  currency;  mercantile 
proper,  78.  All  diplomatic  intercourse  of  the  marine  and  internal  revenue;  revenue  marine; 
United  States  with  foreign  powers  is  conduct-  stationary,  printing,  and  bl.inks ;  captured 
ed  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  who  instructs  property,  claims  and  lands;  mails  and  files 
and  corresponds  with  all  ministers  and  con-  and  special  agents.  The  following  are  the 
suls  and  negotiates  with  foreign  ministers,  principal  officers  of  the  Treasury : 
He  holds  the  first  rank  among  members  of  the  First  Comptroller. — Office  established  Sept. 
Cabinet,  and,  by  act  of  Jan.  19,  1886,  is  desig-  2,  1789.  Countersigns  all  warrants  issued  by 
nated  to  succeed  to  the  presidency  in  the  event  the  secretary,  and  receives  accounts  from  First 
of  a  vacancy  in  both  Executive  offices.  He  is  and  Fifth  Auditors  (with  exception  of  cusroros 
custodian  of  the  Great  Seal  of  the  United  returns),  and  from  the  Commissioner  of  the 
States,  and  affixes  it  to  documents  and  com-  General  Land-Office ;  revises  them,  and  certi* 
missions.  He  also  preserves  the  originals  of  fies  balances.  Salary,  $5,000. 
treaties  nnd  of  all  laws  and  resolutions  of  Con-  Second  Comptroller,  —  Office  establi^ed 
gress.  and  directs  their  publication,  with  amend-  March  8, 1817.  Revises  accounts  from  Second, 
ments  to  the  Constitution  and  proclamations  of  Third,  and  Fourth  Auditors.  Salary,  $5,000. 
admission  of  new  States  into  the  Union.  He  Commimoner  of  Customs,  more  properly 
grants  and  issues  passports,  and  makes  annual  Third  Comptroller. — Office  created  March  8, 
report  to  Congress  of  commercial  information  1849.  Certifies  accounts  of  receipts  in  general 
received  from  diplomatic  and  consular  sources.  frr)m  customs,  and  disbursements  for  collection 
There  is  an  assistant  secretary,  salary,  $4,500;  of  tliem,  also  for  revenue-cutter,  life-saving, 
a  second  assistant  secretary,  salary,  $3,500;  and  shipping  services,  seal-fisheries  in  Alaska, 
and  a  third  assistant  secretary,  salary,  $3,500.  lighthouses,  marine  hospitals,  etc.  Commis- 
There  are  six  bureaus,  the  chiefs  of  which  re-  sions  customs  officers,  approves  bonds,  files 
ceive  $2,100  yearly,  viz. :  Bureau  of  Indexes  oaths,  etc.  Salary,  $4,000.  The  total  number 
and  Archives  ;  Diplomatic  Bureau,  in  three  employed  in  collection  of  customs  is  4,856 ;  in 
divisions  (total  number  employed  in  diplomatic  the  revenue  marine,  997. 
service  abroad,  63)  ;  Consular  Bureau,  in  three  Six  Auditors,  salary  $3,600  per  annum  each, 
divisions  (same  countries  allotted  to  each  as  in  receive  all  accounts  of  Government  expenses, 
Diplomatic  Bureau — total  number  employed  which  they  certify  in  following  order: 
in  consular  service  abroad,  1,204) ;  Bureaus  of  First  Auditor, — All  accounts  accruing  in  the 
AccountR,  of  Rolls  and  Library,  and  of  Statis-  Treasury  (except  those  of  internal  revenue),  in- 
tics.  The  appropriation  for  the  diplomatic  eluding  contingent  expenses  of  Congress,  Ju- 
and  consular  service  for  the  year  1888  was  diciary,  etc.  The  work  of  the  office  is  in  6 
$1,429,942.44.               .  divisions,    viz :    customs ;    judiciary ;    public 

Treasarj  DepaitBeot — The  building  is  of  Ionic  debt ;   warehouse   aud    bond ;    misoellaneoufi. 

architecture,  at  Fifteenth  Street  and  Pennsyl-  Office  established  Sept,  2,  1789. 

vania  Avenue,  582  x  300  feet.     This  depart-  Second  Auditor. — Accounts  in  part  of  War 

ment  has  existed  since  Feb.  11,  1776,  under  a  Department,  for  pay  of  army,  back  pay  and 

resolution  of  the  First  Congress  of  Delegates,  bounty.  Soldiers'  Home,  and  various  military 

assembled  in  Carpenter's  Hall,  Philadelphia,  institutions,  expenses  relating  to  Indians,  eta 


GOVERNMENT  DEPARTMENTS  AT  WASHINGTON.  377 

hing  accounts  of  the  army  are  adjusted  Superintendent  of  the  Life- Saving  Service' 

also  property  accoants  ot  Indian  agents.  — Service  reorganized  June  18,  1878.     Salary, 

stablished  March  3,  1817.  $4,000.    The  namber  of  life-saving  stations  is 

I  Auditor. — Remaining  accoants  of  the  213 ;  of  employ^  242. 

Apartment,  army  pension,  Military  Superintendent  of  Steamboat  Tnspeetion, — 
ly,  horse  claims,  claims  miscellaneous,  Salary,  $3,500.  He  presides  at  meetings  of 
ffice  established,  March  3,  1817.  Board  of  Supervising  Inspectors  on  the  third 
th  Auditor, — Accounts  of  the  navy,  in-  Wednesday  in  January.  The  number  of  era- 
pay,  pensions,  and  prize-money.   Office  ploy 6s  is  164. 

bed  March  3,  1817.  Supervising  Surgeon- General  of  Marine  Hoe- 
Auditor, — Accounts  of  the  State  De-  pital  Service, — Instituted   1799;    office,   No. 
3t  and  internal  revenue,  census.  Smith-  1421  G  Street,  N.  W.    Salary,  $4,000.    The 
nstitution.  National  Museum,  etc.  Office  number  of  employ^  is  406. 
bed  March  3,  1817.  Lights  House  Board, — Organized   Aug.   81, 

Auditor^  in  the  Post-Office  Depart-  1862 ;  employs  1,321  persons, 

lilding.     Adjusts  finally  all  accounts  for  The  following  bureaus  occupy  separate  build- 

ervice,  subject  to  appeal  to  the  First  ings,  viz. : 

oiler.    Collects  debts,  etc.,  of  the  Post-  Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing^  corner 

>epartment.    Office  established  July  2,  Fourteenth  and  B  Streets,  S.  W.     The  number 

of  employes  is  895.    The  number  of  sheets  of 

mrer  of  the  United  States, — Office  es-  securities  produced  in  1888  was  88,038,939; 

id  Sept.  2, 1789.    In  charge  of  all  public  cost,  $948,819.29.    The  chief  of  the  bureau  has 

on  deposit  in  the  Treasury  at  Washing-  a  salary  of  $4,000. 

nine  sub- treasuries  at  Boston,   New  Bureau    of  Statistics^   No.   407    Fifteenth 

Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  New  Orleans,  Street,  N.  W.     The  number  of  employ^  is 

ancisco,  St.  Louis,  Chicago,  an<l  Cincin-  35.    The  chief  of  the  bureau  has  a  salary  of 

id  in  the  national  bank  United  States  $3,000.     It  furnishes  annual  reports  on  com- 

aries.    Pays  the  interest  on  the  public  merce  and  navigation,  internal  commerce,  an- 

d  salaries  of  members  of  the  House  of  nual  statistical  abstract,  quarterly  reports  on 

sntatives.    Trustee  of  bonds  for  national  commerce,     navigation,     and      immigration, 

rculation  and  custodian  of  Indian  trust  monthly  statement  of  imports  and  exports,  re- 

mdd.     Salary,  $6,000.  ports  on  total  values  of  foreign  commerce  and 

iter  of  the  Treasury, — Office  established  immigration,  of  exports  of  breadstuffs,  of  pro- 

!,   1789.     Official  book-keeper  of  the  visions,  of  petroleum  and  cotton. 

States.    Prepares  an  annual  statement  CocLst  and  Geodetic  Survey, — Building  south 

^ss  of  all  receipts  and  disbursements  of  the  Capitol.     Reorganized  April  29,  1843. 

ic  funds,  signs  and  issues  all  bonds,  and  The  superintendent's  salary  is  $6,000.    Besides 

"8  warrants.    Salary,  $4,000.  annual  reports  to  Congress,  it  publishes  maps 

stroller  of  the  Currency, — Office  estab-  and  charts  of  our  coasts  and  harbors,  books  of 

June  3,  1864.    Under  direction  of  the  sailing-directions,  and  annual  tide-tables.    The 

ry,  he  controls  the  national  banks.    The  number  of  employ^  is  173. 

r  of  these  is  294.    Salary,  $5,000.  War  DepaiteMt— Established  Aug.  7,  1789 ; 

itor, — Chief  law-officer  of  the  Treasury,  occupies  the  north  wing  of  the  State,  War,  and 

ecial  cognizance  of  re  venue  frauds.   Ap-  Navy  Department  Building.    The  total  num- 

bonds,  etc.    Salary,  $4,000.  ber  in  the  service,  including  the  army  of  the 

nissioner  of  Internal  Bevenue, — Office  United  State,  Signal  Corps,  etc.,  is  81,958;  in 

bed  July  1,  1862.    Duties,  assessment  the  department  proper,  1.536.     All  duties  of 

lection  of  internal  taxes,  preparation  of  the  military  service,  purchase  of  supplies,  trans- 

tions  and  stamps.    The  work  of  the  portation,  etc.,  devolve  upon  tlie  Secretary  of 

I  in  8  divisions,  viz.,  appointments,  law,  War,  who  is  also  invested  with  affairs  of.  a 

»,  accounts,  distilled  spirits, •stamps,  as-  civil  nature.     He  provides  for  the  taking  of 

its,   revenue  agents.      Salary,   $6,000.  •  meteorological     observationn,     arranges     the 

tal  number  employed  in  the  service  is  course  of  studies  at   the  Military  Academy, 

A  laboratory,  with  chemist  and  micros-  supervises  the  work  and  expenditures  of  tlie 

for  tests  of  oleomargarine,  under  the  enprineer  corp?:,  and  purchases  real-estate  for 

1886,  is  attached  to  this  bureau.  national  cemeteries.     He  controls  the  appro- 

•^tor  of  the  Mint, — Salary,  $4,500.     The  priation  of  the  Mississippi  River  Commission, 

imber  of  employ^  in  the  3  mints  and  and  directs  the  con^ructiun  of  piers  or  cribs 

offices  in  the  United  States  i«*  948.    The  by  owners  of  saw-mills,  the  removal  of  sunken 

;  of  silver  required  to  be  coined  monthly,  vessels  obstructing  navigation,  etc.,  and  regu- 

9f  Feb.  28,  1878,  is  $2,000,000.  lates  bids  for  contracts.     The  headquarters  of 

rvifing  Architect  of  Treasury, — Office  the  army  are  in  the  War  Department.     The 

bed  1853.     Salary,  $4,500.    The  total  standing  army  of  the  United  States  numbers 

•  employed  on  public  buildings  is  655.  27,159  men.    The  army  appropriation  for  the 

wiwwn^o/'Aaw^atiow.— Salary, $3,600.  fiscal  year  1888  was  $23,724,718.69.     Salary 

r  of  employes,  46.  of  the'general,  $13,500.     Chiefs  of  bureaus  of 


378  GOVERNMENT  DEPARTMENTS  AT  WASHINGTON. 

War  Department  have  the  rank  of  brigadier-  the  United  States.    The  office  of  the  Admiral 

general.    Salary,  $5,500.    They  are :  of  the  Navy  is  in  Washington ;  salary,  13,000. 

Adjutant- General^   has  5   assistants.     Pro-  The  total  number  on  the  active  list  of  the  navy 

mulgates  orders  of  the  President  and  the  gen-  is  9,006 ;  on  the  active  list  of  the  Marine  Corps, 

eral  of  the  array,  conducts  correspondence,  has  1,992.     The  total  number  of  pay-clerks,  cadets, 

charge  of  enlistment,  recruiting  service  and  etc.,  at  navy  yards  and  stations  is  3,770.     The 

muster-rolls,   and  general  discipline.      Office  navy  appropriation  for  the  fiscal  y&ar  1888  was 

force,  690 ;  staff  corps,  17.  $26,767,348.19.    The  following  are  the  bureaus, 

Inspector- General^hBA one t^9\Bx\t,  Reports  organized  in  1862,  the  chiefs  of  which  receive 

upon  personnel  and  material  of  the  army,  in-  salaries  of  $5,000 :  Bureauof  Yard  sand  Docks; 

spects  posts,  stations,  depots,  etc.,  and  accounts  Navigation  (the  judge-advocate-general — sala- 

of  disbursing  officers.     Force  of  office,  5 ;  staff  ry,  $4,600 — is  attached  to  this  bureau) ;  Ord- 

corps,  7;  detailed  officers  of  the  line,  4.  nance;  Equipment  and  Recruiting ;  Provisions 

Quartermaster '  General^  has    5    assistants,  and  Clothing;  Medicine  and  Surgery;  Const^n^ 

Provides    transportation,    quarters,    clothmjf,  tion  and  Repair;   Steam-Engineering.    There 

etc  ,   for    the  army.     In  charge  of  national  are  also  the  Naval  Observatory  at  Washington, 

cemeteries.    Force  of  office,  164;  staff  corps.  Twenty-third  and  E  Streets,  N.  W.,  ;  superin- 

61.     Number  of  civilian  employes  at  military  tendent's  salary,  $6,000.     Hydrographic  Of-    . 

departments  outside  of  Washington,  1,663.  fice,  hydrographer*s  salary,  $3,000.     Office  of 

Commissary  -  General,  has  2  assistants.     In  the  Nautical  Almanac,  superiutendent^s  salary, 

charge  of  Subsistence  Department.    Force  of  $3,600. 
office,  40 ;  staff*  corps,  26.  Interior   Departnent — Established    March  3, 

Surgeon- General,  has  6  assistants.     Force  of  1849,  occupies  the  building  known  as  the  Pat-   ^ 

office,  487 ;  staff  corps,  196.     Number  of  civil-  ent-Office,  covering  two  squares  between  Sev- 

ian  employes  in  various  places,  313.  enth  and  Ninth  and  F  and  G  Streets,  N.  W. ;  style, 

Paymaster  -  General,  has  1  assistant.     Pays  Doric.    The  total  number  employ e<l  in  the  serv- 

the  army.     Force  of  office,  48 ;  staff  corps,  48.  ice  is  9,154;  number  appointed  by  the  President 

Number  of  army  paymasters,  rank  of  major,  and  secretary,  3,600.    The  legal  organization  of 

42.  the  department  places  under  the  supervision  of 

Chief  o/ Engineers,  has  3  assistants.  Has  di-  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  all  business  of  pnb- 
rection  of  all  fortifications,  survey,  and  improve-  lie  lands  and  surveys,  Indians,  pensions,  patents, 
ments  of  rivers  and  harbors,  engineers'  work  railroads,  education,  the  commissions  of  inter- 
in  the  field,  bridges,  etc.  Force  of  office,  64 ;  state  commerce  and  the  United  States  Pacific 
staff  corps ,  109 ;  engineer  battalion,  450.  Railway,  the  architect  of  the  Capitol,  and  cer- 

Chief  of  Ordinance,  has  3   assistants.     In  tain  hospitals  in  the  District  of  Columbia.    He  , 

care  of  arsenals,  artillery  service,  and  all  weap*  has  also  the  direction  of  the  census,  and  is 

ons  and  munitions  of  war.    Force  of  office,  40 ;  invested  with  certain  powers  and  duties  in  the 

staff  corps.  69.  Territories.    There  are  two  assistant  secreta- 

Judge- Advocate- General,  has  1  assistant.    He  ries;  salary,  $4,000  each.    The  following  offi- 

is  chief  of  the   Bureau   of  Military  Justice,  cers  are  heads  of  bureaus : 
Force  of  office,  13;  staff  corps,  8.  Commissioner  of  Patents,  salary, $6, 000,  has 

Chief  Signal  Officer.     Superintends  Signal  1  assistant.     Prior  to  the  organization  of  tlie 

Service.    Number  of  stations,  182;  force  of  of-  Interior  Department,  patents  were  issued  by 

fice,  227 ;  staff  corps,  17  ;  signal  corps  of  the  ar-  the  Secretaries  of  State  and  War  and  the  At- 

my,  487.    The  first  systematic  synchronous  me-  torney-General.    The  number  of  employ^  ia 

teoric  reports  were  taken  in  the  United  States  678.    The  receipts  of  the  office  in  six  months 

Nov.  1,  1870.     Cautionary  signals  on  the  At-  ending  June  30,  1888,  were  $508,091.26. 
Ian  tic  and  Gulf  coast  were  established  in  Octo-         Commissioner  of  Pensions,  salary  $5,000,  has 

ber,  1871.  2  deputies  and  1  medical  referee.     Office  estab- 

Office  of  Publication  of  War  Records,  corner  lished  March  2,  1833.  under  the  Secretary  of 

of  G  and  Twentieth  Streets,  N.  W.     Force  of  War ;  transferred  to  the  Interior  Department 

office,  26.  March  3,  1849.     The  Pension  building  is  in 

The  Army  Medical  Library  and  Museum,  in  Judiciary  Square.     The  number  of  employes  is 

the  National  Museum,  employs  46  persons.  1.554;*  number  of  pension  agencies,   18;  ap- 

The  appropriation  for  the  Military  Acade-  propriation  for  1888,  $83,152,500. 
my  at  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  for  1888,  was  $419,-         Commissioner  of  the    General   Land- Office 

936.93.  (in  the  Patent  Office  building),  salary  $4,000, 

Navy  UeptrtBeat— Established  April  30, 1798.  has  1  assistant;  office  established  April  25, 
It  occupies  the  south  half  of  the  east  connect-  1812,  in  the  Treasury  Department.  The  num- 
ing  wing  of  the  State,  War,  and  Navy  Depart-  ber  of  employes  is  468.  The  Land-Office  au- 
ment  Building.  Total  number  in  service,  in-  dits  its  own  accounts.  The  number  of  land- 
eluding  United  States  Navy  and  Marine  Corps,  offices,  is  111 ;  surveyor-generals,  15. 
15,429;  in  the  department  proper,  257.  The  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  (Second  Jftk- 
Secretary  of  the  Navy  has  general  direction  of  tional  Bank  building,  Seventh  Street,  N.  W.), 
the  construction,  equipment,  manning,  arma-  salary  4,000;  has  1  assistant.  Office  estab- 
ment,  and  employment  of  all  vessels  of  war  of  lished  July  9,  1832.    The  number  of  employes 


GOVERNMENT  DEPARTMENTS  AT  WASHINGTON.  379 

Indian  agents,  60;  Indian  appropria-  Departneit  of  Judce. — Established  Jane  22 

the  fiscal  year  1888,  $5,226,897.66.  1870.     Opposite  Treasury  building,  on  Ponn- 

Isiioner  of  Education  (corner  of  G  and  syl  vania  Avenue.     The  office  of  Attomey-Gen- 

itreets,  N.  W.),  salary,  $8,000.  Bureau  eral  was  created  Sept.  24,  1789.    The  total 

ed   March  2,   1867.     The  number  of  number  employed  in  the  service  is  1,800;  in 

» is  41.  the  department  proper,  89,      The  Attorney- 

Unoner  of  Railroads  (corner  G   and  GeneraJ,  as  chief  law-officer  of  the  Govern- 

»treets,  N.  W.),  salary,  $4,500.  Bureau  roent,  furnishes  advice  and   opinions  to  the 

ed  June  19,  1878.    The  force  of  the  President  and  heads  of  Executive  departments 

7.  npon  all  legal  questions  referred  to  him ;  repre- 
or  of  the  Geological  Survey  (Hooe  sents  the  United  States  in  the  Supreme  Court, 
,  F  Street,  N.  W.),  salary  $6,000.  Of-  the  Court  of  Claims,  and  any  other  court, 
blished  March  3,  1879.  The  number  when  deemed  necessary;  supervises  and  directs 
y6sis240.  United  States  attorneys  and  marshals  in  the 
lateComfneree  CommiBsion  (Sun  Build-  several  judicial  districts  of  the  States  and  Ter- 
ireet,  N.  W.),  appointed  Feb.  4, 1887.  ritories,  and  provides  special  counsel  for  the 
iber  of  Pacific  Railway  commissioners  United  States  when  required  by  any  depart- 
ment.    His  assistants  are:   Solicitor-General, 

fiScers  in  the  District  of  Columbia  salary,  $7,000;  two  Assistant  Attorney-Gen- 
e  Interior  Department,  are :  Recorder  erals,  salaries,  $6,000.  The  law-officers  of  the 
,  Register  of  Wills,  and  Inspector  of  Executive  Department,  allowed  by  the  act  of 
ers.  1870,  are  the  Solicitor  of  the  Treasury,  salary, 
Dec  DcfNurteMt,  established,  temporari-  $4,500 ;  Solicitor  of  Internal  Revenue,  salary, 
22,  1789,  and  permanently.  May  8,  $4,500 ;  Assistant  Attorney-General  for  De- 
:copies  the  Post-Office  building,  cover-  partment  of  the  Interior,  salary,  $5,000 ;  As- 
square  between  Seventh  and  Eighth  sistant  Attorney-General  for  Post-Office  De- 
id  F  Streets,  N.  W.    Style,  Corinthian,  partment,    salary,    $4,000  ;    Naval    Solicitor, 

iber  of  employes  in  the  department    salary,    ;    Examiner    of    Claims,    State 

&1  service  is  94,386  ;  in  the  department  Department,  salary,  $3,500. 

500.    The  appropriation  for  the  fiscal  The  number  of  United  States  district  attor- 

8,  was  $55,694,650.15.  ThePostmas-  ney8i8  70;  number  of  assistants,  65 ;  number 
ral  appoints  all  officers  and  employes  of  special  assistants,  39;  number  of  United 
apartment,  with  the  exception  of  his  States  marshals,  70 ;  number  of  deputies,  etc., 
sistiints,   and  all   postmasters  in  the  1,467. 

Uates  at  a  salary  less  than  $1,000.    He  DepaitneBt  of  Agrlciltire,  South  Washington, 

6stal  treaties,   awards  contracts,  and  opposite  Tliirteenth  Street;   established  May 

ie  foreign  and  domestic  mail  service.  15, 1862.     The  first  distribution  of  rare  grains. 

Assistant  Postmaster^ General^  salary,  seeds,  plants,  etc.,  under  the  Commissioner  of 

In  charge  of  Appointment  Office,  with  Patents,  was  made  on  July  4,  1836;  the  first 

ns.  propagating  garden  established  in  1858.    The 

I  Assistant  Postmaster-  General^  salary,  number  of  employes  is  408.    The  appropria- 

In  charge  of  Contract  Office,   with  tion  for  the  department  for  the  fiscal   year 

ns.  1888,  was  $1,028,730.     The  duty  of  the  Com- 

Assistant  Postmaster^ General^  salary,  missioner  of  Agriculture  is  to  acquire  and  dif- 

In  charge  of  Finance  Office,  with  4  fuse  among  the  people  of  the  United  States 

useful  information  connected  with  agriculture, 

her  officers  of  the  Post-Offioe  Depart-  and  to  procure,  propagate,  and  distribute  new 

'. :  and  valuable  seeds  and  plants.    The  following 

mtendent    of  Foreign    Mails    (comer  are  the  principal  officers :  Chief  of  Bureau  of 

ind  E  Streets,  N.  W.).  salary  $3,000.  Animal  Industry,  bureau  established  May  29, 

intendent  of  the  Money  Order  System^  1884,  for  investigation  of  diseases  among  ani- 

)f  Eighth  and  E  streets.  N.  W.),  salary,  mals.     Entomologist,  investigates  insect-rav- 

Work  of  office  in  6  divisions,  ages;  section  of  silk-culture  established  1884. 

Intendent  of  Dead-  Letter  Office, — The  Botanist,   section  of  vegetable   pathology  es- 

>f  employ^  is  110,  and  the  work  of  the  tablished  July   1,    1886.     Chemist,    analyzes 

in  6  divisions.    The  number  of  pieces  butter,  soils,  fertilizers,  etc. ;   experiments  in 

natter  created  in  the  office  during  the  manufacture  of  sugar.     Microscopist,  for  this 

7  was  5,578,965.  and  other  departments.     Statistician,  collects 

lumber  of  postmasters  in  the  United  statistics  from  domestic  and  foreign  sources. 

I  54,774;    assistant  postmasters,  384.  The  number  of  State  agents  is  23;  1  in  Eng- 

il>er of  employ^  in  Railway  Mail  Serv-  land.     The  divisions  are:   Forestry,  omithol- 

760.    The  number  of  pieces  of  mail  ogy,  pomology,  seeds,  propagating  garden,  li- 

andled  by  them  in  1887  was  5,851,394,-  brary. 

lere  are  foreign  agencies  of  the  Post-  DeVartoieiit  of  La^r,  Kellogg  Building,  No. 

apartment  at  Shanghai  and  Panama,  1416  F  Street,  N.  W.    By  act  of  June  13, 1888, 

e  of  the  consuls-general.  the  Bureau  of  Labor  of  the  Interior  Depart- 


380 


GRAY,  ASA. 


ment,  established  June  27,  1884,  was  erected 
into  a  department,  *Hbe  general  design  and 
duties  of  which  shall  be  to  acquire  and  diffuse 
among  the  people  of  the  United  States  useful 
information  on  subjects  connected  with  labor, 
in  the  most  genersd  and  comprehensive  sense 
of  that  word,  and  especially  upon  its  relations 
to  capital,  hours  of  labor,  the  earnings  of  la- 
boring men  and  women,  and  the  means  of  pro- 
moting their  material,  social,  intellectual,  and 
moral  prosperity."  Until  the  complete  organi- 
zation of  tlie  department  has  been  effected, 
the  condition  of  Uie  bureau  remains  the  same. 
The  number  of  employes  under  the  legal  or- 
ganization is  64. 

Closely  connected  with  the  above-named 
departments  are : 

The  United  States  aTU-fierrlce  CmaMra.— Offi- 
ces in  City  Hall  building;  established  Jan.  16, 
1883,  "  to  regulate  and  improve  the  civil -serv- 
ice of  the  United  States."  The  commissioners 
receive  salaries  of  $3,500  each ;  the  Chief  Ex- 
aminer, $3«000.  Examinations  are  held  fur 
places  in  the  departmental,  customs,  and  postnl 
services  in  every  State  and  Territory  of  the 
Union. 

GovenuMot  Priitfaig  -  CMBeet — This  establish- 
ment is  at  the  corner  of  North  Capitol  and  H 
Streets,  Washington.  The  total  number  of 
employes  is  2,038.  The  Public  Printer  has  a 
salary  of  $4,500. 

One  officer  of  the  Department  of  Justice,  and 
one  medical  officer  from  the  army,  navy,  and 
Marine  Hospilal  Service,  respectively,  are  de- 
tailed to  the  NHtional  Board  of  Health,  estab- 
lished March  8,  1879. 

GRAY,  ASA,  botanist,  born  in  Paris,  N.  T., 
Nov.  18, 1810;  died  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Jan. 
80,  1888.  He  was  descended  from  a  Scotch- 
Irish  family,  who  emigrated  to  this  country  in 
the  early  part  of  the  last  century,  and  in  1795 
his  grandfather  settled  in  the  Sanquoit  val- 
ley. When  4  boy  he  fed  the  bark-mill  and 
drove  the  horse  of  his  father's  tannery ;  but, 
as  he  showed  a  greatei^  fondness  for  study 
than  for  farm- work,  his  father  sent  him  to  the 
Clinton  Grammar  School.  In  1825  lie  entered 
Fairfield  Academy,  where  he  spent  four  years, 
and  his  first  interest  in  botany  was  aroused  by 
reading  on  that  subject  in  Brewster's  *^  Edin- 
burgh EncyclopflBdia."  A  story  is  told  of  his 
eager  watching  for  the  first  spring  beauty  in 
the  spring  of  1828,  which,  by  the  aid  of  Amos 
Eaton's  "  Manual  of  Botany,"  he  found  to  be 
the  Claytonia  Virginica.  Owing  to  the  wishes 
of  his  father,  and  probably  his  own  inclina- 
tion, he  entered  himself  as  a  student  at  the 
Medical  College  of  the  Western  District  of  New 
York  in  Fairfield,  Herkimer  County,  and  in 
1831  he  was  graduated  at  that  institution. 
The  sessions  were  short,  and  the  remainder  of 
bis  time  was  spent  in  study  with  physicians 
in  the  vicinity.  His  leisure  was  occupied  in 
gathering  an  herbarium,  and  he  began  a  cor- 
respondence with  Dr.  Lewis  C.  Beck  and  Dr. 
John  Torrey,  who  aided  him  in  the  determina- 


tion of  bis  planta.  He  never  entered  npoi 
practice  of  medicine,  but,  on  receiving  hi 
gree,  became  instructor  in  chemistry,  mis 
ogy,  and  botany  in  Bartletfs  High  Scho 
Utica,  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  an  instructor 
1831  till  1885.  In  1832  be  gave  a  cour 
lectures  on  botany  at  the  Fairfield  Me 
School,  and  in  1834  he  delivered  a  conn 
mineralogy  and  botany  at  Hamilton  Col 
Clinton,  N.  Y.  During  the  year  1833 
he  was  assistant  to  John  Torrey,  then 


ASA  OHAT. 


fessor  of  Chemistry  and  Botany  at  the 
lege   of    Physicians   and    Surgeons  .in 
York   city,    but    that   institution   could 
afford   to   retain  his  services,  and   in  '. 
through  the  efforts  of  Dr.  Torrey,  he 
made  curator  of  the  New  York  Lycem 
Natural  History.     Dr.  Gray's  earliest  pi 
in    botany — '*A    Monograph    of   the    ^ 
American  Rhyncosporce  "  and  '*  A  Noti< 
Some  New,  Rare,  or  Otherwise  Intere 
Plants  from  the  Northern  and  Western 
tions  of  the  State  of  New  York  " — were 
before  the  Lyceum  in  December,  1834, 
in   1836  his  first  text -book,   "  Elemem 
Botany,"  was  published  in  New  York, 
volume,  with   various  revisions,  was   w 
adopted  in  schools  and  academies,  and 
long  time  was  almost  the  only  text-boo 
botany  in  popular  use. 

In  1836  Dr.  Gray  was  appointed  botan 
the  exploring  expedition  to  the  South  Pi 
under  Capt.  Charles  Wilkes,  but,  owing  t 
delay  in  the  starting  of  the  expedition,  I 
signed  that  place  in  1838.  Meanwhile,  h 
came  actively  associated  with  Dr.  Torr 
the  preparation  of  the  "  Flora  of  North  A 
ca,"  Parts  I  and  II  of  the  first  volume  of  v 
were  issued  in  July  and  Octol>er,  1 83R ;  a 
November  of  that  year  he  sailed  for  Euro 
consult  the  various  herbaria  that  oont 
large  numbers  of  American  plants  mad 
foreign  collectors.  He  visited  England, 
land,  France,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Italy 


GRAY,  ASA.  881 

Lostria,  and  met  all  of  the  eminent  botanists  the  classification  of  species  on  the  nataral  basis 
f  the  day,  forming  life-long  friendships  with  of  affinity.  After  the  publication  of  the  two 
Mne  of  them.  In  1838  he  was  chosen  Pro-  volumes  of  the  "Flora  of  North  America," 
iSBOT  of  Botany  and  ZoOlogy  in  the  University  which  brought  it  down  to  the  end  of  the 
f  Michigan,  but  he  never  filled  that  chair,  CampositcB,  the  accumulation  of  fresh  material 
Ithougb  his  name  heads  the  list  of  the  fac-  had  so  increased  that  to  finish  the  great  under- 
Ity;  and  in  1842  he  resigned  that  appoint-  taking  wonld  require  an  appendix  larger  than 
nent  to  accept  the  Fisher  chair  of  Natural  the  original.  In  1878  he  again  took  np  this 
listory  in  Harvard  University,  which  place  he  work,  and  published  Part  II  of  Volume  II  on 
leld  until  his  death.  On  his  return  from  the  Gamopetalat  in  ^*  The  Synoptical  Flora  of 
^rope,  he  pashed  to  rapid  completion  Parts  III  North  America"  (New  York,  1878).  He  is- 
ind  IV  of  the  "Flora,"  which  were  issued  in  sued  Part  II  of  Volume  I — the  Caprifoliaeem 
Fnne,  1840,  and  completed  Volume  I.  Of  Vol-  eompoHtm — in  1884,  and  his  last  labors,  just 
ime  II,  heissue'd  Part  I  in  May,  1841,  and  Part  before  his  death,  were  on  the  grape-vines  of 
I  in  April,  1842,  while  Part  III  was  not  pub-  North  America.  The  valuable  acquisitions 
isbed  until  February,  1848,  when  he  had  ^et-  of  the  National  Government  exploring  expe- 
led  in  Cambridge.  His  energies  were  there-  ditions  were  referred  to  him,  and  the  results 
kfter  for  a  time  most  closely  directed  to  his  are  to  be  found  in  numerous  memoirs  pub- 
laties  at  Harvard,  where  the  botanical  depart-  lished  in  the  official  reports  and  as  separate 
neut  of  that  university  was  practically  created  monographs.  The  most  important  of  these 
>y  bim.  On  his  accession  there  no  herbarium  are  "  Plantffl  Lindheimeriauffi,"  an  account  of 
ras  in  existence;  there  was  no  library,  and  plants  collected  in  Western  Texas  by  Ferdi- 
nly  one  insignificant  greenhouse  in  a  garden  nandLindheimer  (Boston,  1849- '50);  "PlantsB 
hat  was  all  confusion,  containing  only  a  few  Fendlerianee  Novi  Mexicans,"  a  description  of 
slants  of  value.  He  soon  brought  together  an  plants  collected  in  New  Mexico  by  August 
lerbarium  and  library,  and  arranged  the  gar-  Fendler  (1849) ;  "  Plant®  Wrightianro  Texano- 
len  systematically ;  but  his  collection  of  plants  Neo  MexicansB,"  describing  the  extensive  col- 
hortly  overran  his  house  and  was  in  every  lections  made  by  Charles  Wright  (Washing- 
oom.  Dreading  their  destruction  by  fire,  he  ton,  1852-'53);  "Plantae  Novae  ThurberiansB," 
•ffered  to  present  his  collections  to  Harvard  being  those  gathered  by  George  Thurber,  bot- 
91  condition  that  a  suitable  building  be  erected  anist  to  the  Mexican  Boundary  Survey  (Bos- 
or  them,  and  accordingly,  in  1864,  through  ton,  1854);  "Genera  Floras  Americie  Boreali 
he  liberality  of  Nathaniel  Thayer,  of  Boston,  a  Orientalis  Illustrata"  (New  York,  1848-'49) ; 
)fick  building  was  provided  for  their  reception,  and  a  report  on  the  botanical  specimens 
!^t  that  time  (November,  1864),  the  herbarium  brought  back  by  Capt.  Charles  Wilkes  (1864). 
fiootained  at  least  200,000  specimens,  and  the  He  also  reported  on  the  plants  collected  in 
library  had  about  2,200  volumes,  and  when  Japan  by  the  Perry  expedition  in  1856,  and. 
Dr.  Gray  died  the  herbarium  had  nearly  doub-  in  one  of  his  more  important  papers  upon 
led  in  size,  and  become  by  far  the  largest  and  *^The  Botany  of  Japan"  (1859),  based  upon 
niost  valnable  of  its  kind  in  America.  The  the  collection  made  by  Charles  Wright,  of  the 
library,  at  the  same  time,  was  roughly  estimated  Rogers  Exploring  Expedition,  he  demonstrated 
to  contain  something  over  five  thousand  vol*  the  close  relationship  between  the  fioras  of 
im^  and  three  thousand  pamphlets.  The  Japan  and  Eastern  North  America.  Dr.  Gray^s 
botanic  garden  was  also  improved  during  his  relation  to  Darwinism  was  important.  Al- 
idministration  by  the  addition  of  several  green-  though  a  man  of  the  deepest  religious  convic- 
bnses,  in  which  were  cultivated  a  choice  se-  tions,  and  thoroughly  imbued  with  a  firm 
ection  of  exotics,  and  the  garden  itself  con-  belief  in  a  divine  Creator,  he  declared,  *^  I  am 
ained  good  representatives  of  the  temperate  scientifically,  and  in  my  own  fashion,  a  Dar- 
«giona,  the  collection  of  the  Componta  being  winian,  philosophically  a  convinced  theist,  and 
specially  important.  His  work  as  a  teacher  religiously  an  acceptor  of  the  '  creed '  com- 
QDtinu^  until  the  close  of  his  life,  and  under  monly  known  as  the  ^Nicene^  as  the  ex- 
its immediate  instruction  have  been  at  one  ponent  of  the  Christian  faith."  It  was  largely 
«riod  or  another  nearly  all  of  those  who  have  through  his  efforts  that  Darwin's  "  Origin  of 
(Dce  aided  in  the  development  of  botanical  Species "  was  published  in  America,  and  grace- 
todies  in  the  United  States.  Dr.  Gray  was  ful  tributes  to  his  influence  are  rendered  by 
^lieved  from  the  active  duties  of  his  chair  in  Darwin  in  his  **  Life  and  Letters."  Dr.  Gray's 
872  by  the  appointment  of  Prof.  George  L.  literary  works  consist  of  collections  of  papers 
roodale  to  be  his  associate,  and  in  1873  he  variously  published  and  of  lectures,  notably  a 
ras  still  further  relieved  by  the  call  of  Prof,  series  before  the  Divinity  School  of  Yale  in 
*bariefl  S.  Sargent  to  the  care  of  the  botanic  1880.  They  are  **  A  Free  Examination  of 
?tfden,  while  in  1874  Dr.  Sereno  Watson  be-  Darwin's  Treatise  on  the  *  Origin  of  Species,' 
ame  curator  of  the  herbarium.  and  of  its  American  Reviewers  "  (Cambridge, 
Dr.  Gray's  scientific  work  began  at  a  time  1861);  ^*  Darwiniana :  Essays  and  Reviews 
ffhen  the  old  artificial  systems  of  botany  were  pertaining  to  Darwinism  "  (New  York,  1876) ; 
giving  way  to  the  natural  system,  and  with  and  "Natural  Science  and  Religion"  (1880). 
Dr.  Twrey  he  was  among  the  first  to  attempt  The  degree  of  A.  M.  was  given  him  in  1844 


382                   GRAY,  ASA.  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELANJ 

by  Harvard,  while  that  of  LL.  D.  came  to  him  of  his  life,  that  by  Walter  Deane  (with 

from  Hamilton  in  1864,  from  Harvard  in  1875,  trait),  in  the  *•  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Bot 

and  from  McGill  in  1884.     In  1887,  on  the  Club"  for  March,  1888,  and  that  by  W 

occasion  of  bis  last  visit  to  Europe,  he  was  G.  Farlow,  in  the  *' Memorial  of  Asa  G 

every  where  received  with  distinguished  honors,  issued  by  the  American  Academy  of  Art 

Cambridge  gave  him  the  degree  of  Dr.  So.,  Sciences"  (Cambridge,   1888),   are  the 

Edinburgh  gave  him  her  LL.  D.,  and  Oxford  important.    See  also  a  ^^  List  of  the  Wr 

her  D.  C.  L.    In  1874  he  was  appointed  a  re>  of  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  chronologically  arran 

gent  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  succeed-  with  index,  in  the  '^American  Journal  o 

ing   Louis  Agassiz  in  that  office.      He  was  ence"  for  September  and  October,  1888. 

elected  a  fellow  of  the  American  Academy  of  fiEEAT  BEITAIN  ABTD  lEELAND,  UNITED  1 

Arts  and  Sciences  in  1841,  was  its  president  in  DOM  OF,  a  monarchy  in  western  Europe. 

1868-'73,  and  in  1871  presided  over  the  Aiiieri-  reigning  sovereign  is  Victoria  I,   Que< 

can  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Sci-  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and  Empress  c 

ence,  delivering  his  retiring  address  at  the  dia,  who  was  bom  on  May  24,  1819,  an< 

Dubuque  meeting  on  *^  Sequoia  and  its  His-  ceeded  to  the  throne  on  June  20,  1837. 

tory."   Dr.  Gray  was  one  of  the  original  mem-  heir -apparent  is  Albert  Edward,   Prin 

hers  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  but  Wales,  born  Nov.  9,  1841,  and  the  next  h 

afterward   passed   to  the  grade  of  honorary  cession  is  his  eldest  son,  Albert  Victor, 

membership.      Besides    his   connection   with  Jan.  8,  1864. 

societies  in  this  country,  he  was  either  corre-  The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  the  I 

sponding  or  honorary  member  of  the  Linnean  of  Lords  and  House  of  Commons,  constit 

Society  and  the  Royal  Society  in  London,  and  together  the  Parliament  of  the  British  £o 

of  the  Academies  of  Sciences  in  Berlin,  Munich,  which  holds  annual  sessions,  usually  h 

Paris,  St.  Petersburg,  Stockholm,  and  Upsala.  from  the  middle  of  February  to  the  end  o 

He  was  a  large  contributor  to  periodical  litera-  gust.    The  House  of  Lords,  in  the  sessi 

ture,  and  his  separate  papers  include  nearly  1887,  consisted  of  560  members,  made  up 

two  hundred  titles.    For  many  years  he  was  peers  of  the  blood  royal,  2  archbishop 

one  of  the  editors  of  the  *^  American  Journal  dukes,  20  marquises,  120  earls,  29  viscc 

of  Science,"  and  his  *^  Botanical  Contributions  "  24  bishops,  294  barons,  16  Scottish  repres 

were  long  published  in  the  ^^Proceedings  of  tive  peers,  and  28  Irish  representative  j 

the  AmericHU  Academy  of  Sciences  and  Arts."  Twelve  new  peerages  were  created  in 

He  also  wrote  biographical  sketches  of  many  The  reform  bill  of  1884,  with  the  redist 

who  have  achieved  eminence  in  science;  of  tion-of-seats  act  of  1885,  fixed  the  nurat 

these  the  more  important  American  subjects  seats  in  the  House  of  Commons  at  67 

were    Jacob    Bigelow,    George    Engelmann,  which  England  and  Wales  fill  495,  Irelan<] 

Joseph  Henry,  Thomas  P.  James,  John    A.  and  Scotland  72. 

Lowell,  William   B.   Sullivant,  John  Torrey,  The  total  number  of  re^stered  electo 

and  Jeffries  Wyman.     On  his  desk  at  the  time  1887  was  5,848,178,  of  whom  4,492,871 

of  his  death  was  left  the  unfinished  necrology  longed  to  England  and  Wales,  779,889  t 

for  1887  of  botanists.    Dr.  Gray's  series  of  land,  and  675,909  to  Scotland.    The  a 

text-books  are  used  throughout  the  United  electors  in  England  and  Wales  numbered  2 

States,  and  have  passed  through  many  editions.  610 ;  in  Ireland,  662,741 ;  and  in  Scotland, 

They   include  "Elements  of  Botany"  (New  055.     The  borough  electors  numbered  1 

York,  1836),  republished  as  **  Botanical  Text-  440  in  England  and  Wales,  112,556  in  In 

Book"   (1853),   and  now  called  "Structural  and  285,450  in  Scotland.     The  university 

and  Systematic  Botany  "  (1858) ;  *^  Manual  of  stituencies  furnished  14,825  electors  in  En 

the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States  "  and  Wales,  4,092  in  Ireland,  and  14.404  in 

(Cambridge,  1848;  5th  ed.,  New  York,  1867);  land.    The  members  of  Parliament  recei 

"  First    Lessons    in    Botany    and    Vegetable  compensation. 

Physiology  "  (New  York,  1857) ;  "  Botany  for  Most  of  the  members  of  the  present  Ct 

Young  People  and  Common  Schools,"  com-  were  appointed  on  Aug.  8,  1886.     It  is 

prising  "  How  Plants  Grow  "  (1858)  and  "  How  posed  as  follows :  Prime  Minister  and  Seci 

Plants  Behave"  (1872);  "Field,  Forest,  and  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs,  the  Marq 

Garden  Botany  "  (1868),  which  has  been  bound  Salisbury;  Lord  High  Chancellor,  Lord 

with  the  "  First  Lessons  in  Botany  "  under  the  bury,  formerly  Sir  Hardinge  S.  Giffard ; 

title  "  School-  and   Field-Book  of  Botany  "  President  of  the  Council,  Viscount  Cranl 

(1875);  " Structural  Botany  or  Organography,  formerly  Gathorne  Hardy;  Chancellor  i 

with  Basis  of  Morphology"  (1879),  being  the  Exchequer,  George  Joachim  Goschen;  I 

first  volume  of  the  series  called  "  Gray's  Bo-  tary  of  State  for  the  Home  Department,  1 

tunical  Text-Book  "  and  **  Elements  of  Botany  "  Matthews ;  Secretary  of  State  for  War,  Ec 

(1887),  which  is  a  revision  of  the  "  First  lies-  Stanhope;  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury,  W 

sons  in  Botany."    The  funeral  services  were  Henry  Smith ;  Secretary  of  State  for  th< 

held  on  February  2  in  Appleton  Chapel  of  onies.  Sir  Henry  Thurstan  Holland;  Seci 

Harvard,  and  his  remains  were  buried  in  Mount  of  State  for  India,  Viscount  Cross,  former 

Auburn  Cemetery.     Of  the  several  memoirs  Richard  Cross;  First  Lord  of  the  Admi 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF.  883 

Lord  George  Hamilton;  Lord  Chancellor  of  4,215,192;  Glasgow,  674.095;  Liverpool,  692,- 
IrelAod,  Lord    Ashbourne,  formerly   Edward  991 ;  Birmingham,  441,095 ;  Manchester,  877,- 
Gibflon ;  Chief  Secretary  to  the  Lord  Lieuteu-  529 ;  Dublin,  863,082  ;  Leeds,  845,080 ;  Shef- 
aot  of  Ireland,  Arthur  J.  Balfour;  Chancellor  Held,  816,288;   Edinburgh,  286,002;  Bristol, 
of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  Lord  John  Man-  228,696;  Bradford,  224,507;  Nottingham,  224,- 
Dere;  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  Lord  280;  Salford,  218,658;  Belfast,  208,122;  Hull, 
Stanley;    Lord    Privy    Seal,  Earl    Cadogan;  196,856;    Newcastle-on-Tyne,    157,048.     The 
President  of  the  Local  Government  Board,  mtist  densely  populated  cities  are  Liverpool, 
Charles  Thomas    Ritchie;    Minister  without  with  114  persons  to  the  acre;  Manchester,  with 
portfolio.  Sir  Michael  Hicks- Beach.  88 ;  Glasgow,  with  86 ;  London,  with  56 ;  Plym- 
AiM  ami  PvpilatlMb — The  area  of  the  United  outh  and  Birmingham,  with  68  ;  Bolton  and 
Kingdom  is  120,882  square  miles,  with  an  esti-  Brighton,  with  47 ;  and  Leicester,  with  45. 
mated  population  in  1887  of  87,091,564,  exclu-  RellgloB. — The  Protestant   Episcopal  is  the 
give  uf  the  army,  navy,  and  merchant  seamen  established  religion  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
abroad.     At  the  census  of  1881  the  population  though  all  forms  of  religious  observance  are 
was  35,241,482—17,264,109  males  and  17,987,-  freely  tolerated.    The  Established  Church  nnm- 
873  females.     The  totad  area  of  the  British  bered  18,600,000  members  in  England  and  Wales 
Empire  is  8.981,180  square    miles,   and  the  in  1888,  76,989  in  Scotland  in  1884,  and  620,- 
popolation  is  estimated  at  810,786,840  persons.  000  in  Ireland  in  1888.     There  are  2  archbish- 
In  1886  there  were  in  the  United  Kingdom  ops  and  81  bishops  in  England.     In  1882  the 
1,145,070  births,  697,990  deaths,  and  240,869  Church  of  England  possessed  14,678  churches 
tnarriages.    The  number  of  marriages  in  Ire-  and  chapels,  and  in  1881  there  were  24,000  cler- 
iand  in   1887  was  20,946,  against  20,694  in  gymen  of  aU  grades.    The  total  annual  income 
1886;  the  births  112,400,  against  118,927;  the  of  the  various  cathedral  establishments  and 
leatha  88,685,  against  87,292.    The  total  num-  benefices  of  the  Church  is  estimated  at  £10,- 
b«-  of  emigrants  from  the  United  Kingdom  000,000.    The  Church  of  Scotland  is  organized 
iras  396,702  in  1887,  of  whom  281,487  were  on  the  Presbyterian  system  of  government,  in 
sativefl  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.    The  im-  which  the  clergymen  are  all  equal.    There  are 
nigrants  numbered  119,018,  of  whom  86,476  in  all  84  presbyteries  grouped  into  16  synods, 
vere  natives  of  the  British  Islands.     Of  the  divided  into  1,820  parishes,  with  1,625  churches 
emigrants  296,881  went  to  the  United  States,  and  chapels,  and  1,700  clergymen  in  1887.    In 
U«424  to  British  North  America,  and  86,282  1886  there  were  671,029  members  or  commu- 
U>  Australasia.     In   1886   there  were  68,186  nicants.    The  Church  of  Ireland  in  1888  had 
Nnigrants  from  Ireland.    Emigration  from  the  2  archbishops,  11   bishops.  1,760  clergymen, 
United    Kingdom,   especially  to    the    United  1,500  churches,  and  620,000  members.    The 
States,  is  found  to  increase  whenevei*  the  gen-  Roman  Catholics  in  1887  numbered  1,854,000 
«ral  prospects  of  trade  improve.    From  the  in  England  and  Wales,  with  2,814  priests  and 
iBaximum  of  413,288  in  1882  emigration  de-  1,804  churches.     In  Scotland  there  were  826,- 
dined  to  264,386  in  1886,  and  then  showed  a  000  members,  884  priests,  and  827  churches. 
Isr^e  increase  in  1886  and  a  inrther  increase  in  In  Ireland  in  1881  the  Roman  Catholic  popu- 
lar.   The  Uritishand  Irish  emigrants  of  1887  lation  was  8,960,891.     The  Presbyterian  Dis- 
(iceeded  the  number  of  any  previous  year  since  senters  from  the  Church  of  Scotland  had  1,180 
the  nationalities  began  to  be  distinguished  ex-  ministers,  1,118  churches,  and  881,055  mem- 
cept  1883.     The  proportion  of  emigration  to  bersinl887.    The  United  Presbyterian  Church 
population  was  '76  per  cent.,  which  was  less  of  Scotland  in  1886  had  620  ministers,  566 
than  in  1882  and  1883,  when  it  was  *79  and  churches,  and  182,068  members.     In  1888  the 
"90  per  cent,  respectively,  but  was  greater  than  Jewish  population  of  Great  Britain  was  esti- 
in  any  other  year  since  1854.    The  net  eriiigra-  mated  at  70,000,  of  whom  40,000  resided  in 
tion  was  196,012  in  1887,  as  compared  with  London. 

152,882  in   1886,  and  122,176  in  1886.    The  Edicatlw.— A  royal  commission  on  educa- 

Insh  percentage  in  the  aggregate  etnigration  tion  that  was  appointed  in  1886  made  its  final 

since  1853  is  41,  the  Scotch  10.     Of  the  4,222,-  report  in  June,  1888.     The  commission  recom- 

3T7  emigrants  to  the  United  States  from  the  mended  that  school   accommodations  should 

United   Kingdom  during  86  years,  2,166,532  be  provided  for  one  sixth  of  the  population, 

were  Irish.     In  the  same  period  647,974  went  and   that  that  should   be  the  proportion   of 

to  British   North  America  from   the  United  daily  attendance.    The  minimum  space  for  each 

Kingdom,  but  the  Irish  contributed  only  168,-  child  in  school  buildings  should  be  ten  square 

U9  to  the  total;   of  1,228,176  emigrants  to  feet.     A  supply  of  secondary  schools  should  be 

Australasia  from  1863  to  1887,  the  Irish  con-  organized  adequate  for  the  wants  of  the  whole 

tingent  was  283,331 ;  and  of  271,600  who  went  country,  and  promising  children  of  poor  parents 

to  all  other  places,  19,639  were  Irish.     Of  the  should  be  enabled  to  take  advantage  of  them. 

Irish  emigrants  of  1887  no  less  than  87*6  per  The  classification  of  instruction  and  of  Govern- 

cent.  were  bound  for  the  United  States.  ment  examinations  should  be  more  elastic,  as 

The  population  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  the  present  methods  lead  to  cramming  and 

raited  Kingdom   in   1887,  computed  by  the  overpressure.    The  parliamentary  grant,  which 

Hegiatrar-General^  was  as  follows:   London,  is  distributed  on  the  principle  of  payment  by 


884  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF. 

resalts,   the  commissioD  do    not  propose  to  or  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  oth 

abolish,  but  the  income  of  the  .school  should  cieties.     In  Scotland  there  were  2,569 

not  be  wholly  dependent  thereon,  and  the  re-  schools,   96  connected   with    the   Chui 

suits  ought  to  be  more  thoroughly  tested,  since  Scotland,  and  154  Roman  Catholic,  an 

under  the  present  system   the  children   lose  belonging  to  other  religious  bodies  or 

with  extraordinary  rapidity  the  knowledge  that  nominational.    There  were  41  training  co 

has  been  so  laboriously  and  expensively  im-  with  8,259  students,  in  England  and  Wi 

parted  to  them.    In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  1886,  and  in  tiksotland  7,  with  859  stu 

training  of  teachers  is  now  mainly  conducted  In  Ireland  the  number  of  national  schc 

in  denominational  colleges,  the  minority  of  operation  in  1886  was   8,024,  with  41 

the  commission  proposed  that  secular  normal  children  in  average  attendance.    The  £ 

colleges  should  be  established  on  a  large  scale  schools  in  1886  received  £2.866,700  in  t 

by  the  state,  while  the  majority  thought  that  grants  from  Parliament,  and  £3,960,489 

such  schools  should  be  at  first  of  an  experi-  endowments,  school  fees,  local  rates,  an 

mental  character,  and  that  they  should  depend  untary  subscriptions ;   the  annual  gran 

on  private  liberality.    The  minority  thought  primary  schools  in  Scotland  amounted  to  J 

that  Sunday-schools    could   relieve  the  day-  217,  and  the  income  from  other  source 

schools  of  a  large  part  of  the  religious  and  £594,161 ;  in  Ireland  £851,978  of  annual] 

moral  instruction,  but  the  majority  reported  in  were  supplemented  by   £84,887  from 

favor  of  compulsory  religious  instruction.    The  sources.     The  education  estimates  for  Ee 

commissioners  were  unanimous  in  recommend-  and  Wales  for  1888-'89  are  £8,576,077. 

ing  that  the  minimum  age  at  which  a  child  can  increase  in  the  number  of  children  enrol 

be  taken  from  school  and  sent  to  work  should  in  1887  was  129,000,  and  the  increase  in 

be  eleven,  instead  of  ten,  as  under  the  act  of  attendance  over  the  preceding  year  was  8 

1876,  and  that  attendance  at  school  for  half  the  The  number  on  the  school  registers  an 

time  should  be  required  for  two  years  longer,  to  16*41  per  cent.,  or  nearly  one  sixth  < 

They  concurred,  too,  in  the  opinion  tliat  the  population,  having  increased  from   7*0! 

process  of  recovering  fines  for  non-attendance  cent,  in  1869.     The  average  cost  of  m 

by  distress,  instead  of  by  commitment,  has  en-  nance  for  each  scholar  in  daily  attendai 

oouraged  parents  to  defy  the  law.    They  rec-  £2  14«.  lUd.  in  the  board  schools,  and  £ 

ommend,  in  the  place  of  a  uniform  curriculum  4id,  in  the  voluntary  schools, 
for  all  schools  that  is  only  adapted  for  the  larg-        CtWMite  tad  Indwtry. — The  total  value 

est  and  best  equipped,  a  simplified  standard  ports  in  1887  was  £861,985,006,  against  i 

for  the  small  village  schools.    Reading-books  868,472  in  1886,  and  £870,967,955  in 

should  be  increased,  and  prepared  with  the  aim  The  exporta  of  British  produce  in  1887  1 

of  infusing  in  the  minds  of  the  scholars  a  con-  total  vcuue  of  £221,898,440,  against  £212 

firmed  taste  for  reading,  for  the  gratification  754  in  1886,  and  £218,044,500  in  1885. 

of  which  school  libraries  should  be  provided ;  exports  of  foreign  and  colonial  produce  an 

drawing  should  be  taught  as  an  aid  to  instruc-  ed  to  £59,106,598  in  1887,  against  £56,2£ 

tion  in  writing;  and  the  teaching  of  arithmetic  in  1886,  and  £57,859,194  in  1885.  The  in 

should  not  be  confined  to  dry  exercises  in  num-  of  gold  bullion  and  specie  inl887  were  £9 

hers,  but  ought  to  show  the  applications  of  the  984  and  the  exports  £9,828,614,  as  com 

science.    The  commission  recommended  the  with  £18,892,256  of  imports  and  £18,7^ 

extension  and  improvement  of  instruction  in  of  exports  in  1886,  and  £18,876,561  of  im 

English,  history,  geography,  and   elementary  and  £11,980,818  of  exports  in  1885.  The  in 

science.    Singing  should  be  taught  by  note,  as  in  1887  were  divided  among  the  different  c 

well  as  by  ear.     Boys  and  girls  should  receive  of  commodities  as  follows :   Articles  of 

some  physical  training,  and  the  girls  receive  and   drink,  £148,860,404;    tobacco,    £3 

instruction,  in  addition  to  their  needlework,  in  267 ;  metals,  £16,61^,148;  chemicals  and 

practical  cookery  and  elementary  physiology.  £7,728,884;  oils,    £6,088,246;  raw  mat 

The  commissioners  recommended  the  introduc-  £111,968,919;    manufactured    articles, 

tion  of  manual  and  technical  training  in  the  ele-  184,820 ;  miscellaneous,  £13,181,818.     Tl 

mentary  schools,  but  were  not  in  agreement  ports  of  domestic  products  were  divid 

as  to  the  method  and  extent.     The  number  of  follows :  Articles  of  food  and  drink,  £1C 

schools  inspected  in  1886  was  19,022  in  Eng-  817;  raw  materials,  £12,753,980;  textil 

land  and  Wales,  as  compared  with  18,895  in  rics   and  thread,   £108,060,714;  metals^ 

1885,  and  8,092  in  Scotland,  as  compared  with  and   worked,   £84,980,188;  machinery, 

8,081.     The  average  attendance  was  8,488,425  145,745 ;  apparel,  etc.,  £10,227,990 ;  chei 

in  En|2:land  and  Wales  and  476,890  in  Scotland  and  drugs,  £7,028,392 ;  all  other  mannfa< 

in  1886.     There  were  89,180  teachers  in  Eng-  or  partly  manufactured, £27, 158, 11 9.  The 

land  and  Wales,  and  11,389  in  Scotland.     Of  tityof  grain  and  fiour  imported />ercapi 

the  schools  in  England  and  Wales,  4,402  were  1886,  was  186*76   pounds,   as  comparec 

directly  under  school-boards;  11,798  were  con-  155-85  pounds  in  1869;  the  quantity  of  i 

nected  with  the  National  Society  or  Church  of  65*96  pounds,  as  compared  with  42*56  po 

England;  554  were  Wesleyan;  882  were  Ro-  of  butter,  7*17  pounds,  as  compared  wit! 

man  Catholic,  and  1,887  were  undenominational,  pounds;  of  bacon  and  hams,  11*95  poun 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF.  886 

'ed  with  2*68  pounds ;  of  cheese,  6*14  tons.    France  received  of  this  4,081,848  tons, 

,  as  compared  with  8*62  pounds.     The  valued  at£l,6d5,581;  Germauy,  2,857,819  tons, 

of  wheat  in  1887  was  11,156,980  quar-  valued  at  £1,009,560;    Italy,  2,852,204  tons, 

ainst  14,192,000  quarters  in  1885,  7,181,-  valued  at  £1,101,698.    The  total  consumption 

1870,  and  5,848.800  in   1866.     Of  the  of  iron-ore  in  the  United  Kingdom  during  1886 

of  1887,6,100,000  quarters  came  from  was  17,886,000  tons.    There  were  899  hlast- 

ited  States,  1,418,000  quarters  from  In-  furnaces  iu  operation,  and  6,566,451  tons  of 

K),800  quarters  from   Canada,   224,500  pig-iron  and    2,541,928    tons   of   steel  were 

-8    from  Australasia,   922,180  quarters  manufactured. 

Russia,  367,710  quarters  from  Chili,  and  In  1886, 1,715,044,800  pounds  of  cotton  were 

)  quarters  from  Germany.  imported,  of  which  1,517,186,720  pounds  were 

chief  articles  of  import  and  their  values  retained  for  home  consumption.    Wool  was  im- 

'  were  as  follow :  Grain  and  flour,  £47,-  ported  to  the  extent  of  596,470,995  pounds, 

r ;  raw  cotton,  £39,897,816 ;  wool,  £24,-  and  812,006,880  pounds  were  exported.    There 

) ;  metals,  £16,618,148;  sugar,  £16,412,-  were  7,465  factories  in  the  United  Kingdom  in 

rood   and  timber,  £11,989,159;  butter  1885,  employing  1,084,911  hands,  406,820  males 

eomargarine,   £11,886,717 ;  silk  manu-  and  629,248  females.    The  children  employed 

«,  £10.878,166;  tea,  £9,858,083  ;  bacon  in  the  factories  numbered  43,308  males  and  48,- 

ims,  £8,629,941 ;  flax,  hemp,   and  jute,  803  females. 

,822;chemicals,  £7,728,884;  seeds,  £6,-  Navlgatlw.— In  1886  the  mercantOe  marine 

);  animals,  £6,149,066.    The  following  of  Great  Britain  was  composed  of  17,917  ves- 

le  largest  exports :  Cotton  manufactures,  sels  of  all  kinds,  of  7,184,269  tons,  employing 

6,769;    iron  and    steel    manufactures,  204,584  men.    They  were  divided  as  follows: 

0,856 ;  woolen  and  worsted  mnnufact-  Engaged  in  foreign  trade — 3,018  steam-vessels, 

£24,138,407;    machinery,  £11,145,745;  of 8,491,880 tons, employing 97,602  men;  2,923 

iute  manufactures,   and  apparel,  £10,-  sailing-vessels,  of  2,526,117  tons,  with  crews  of 

);  coal,  £10,176,402.  50,590  men;   engaged  in  home  trade,  1,667 

area  under  cultivation   in  England  in  steam  -  vessels,  of  800,698,  tons,  with  18,082 

as  82,597,898  acres,  or  80  per  cent,  of  men  and  9,626  sailing-vessels,  of  646,697  tons, 

al  area;  4,721,828  acres,  or  60  per  cent,  with  82,696  men:  engaged  in  both  home  and 

»;  20,819,947  acres,  or  74  per  cent.,  in  foreign  traffic,  285  steam- vessels,  of  110,091 

t;  and   19,466.978  acres,   or    28*8  per  tons,  and  8,485  men;  and  448  sailing-vessels, 

n  Scotland.    The  wheat-crop  of  Great  of  59,436  tons,  and  2,129  men.    During  1886 

in  1887  was  74,322,747  bushels,  as  there  were  built  and  registered  in  the  United 
red  with  61,467,898  bushels  in  1886.  Kingdom,  808  steamers,  of  154,688  tons,  and 
^Id  per  acre  was  82*07  bushels,  against  868  ssiling-vessels,  of  188,862  tons.  At  the 
usheis  in  the  preceding  year,  and  against  end  of  1886,  the  total  number  of  vessels  of  all 
lal  average  of  28*80  bushels.  The  acre-  kinds  registered  as  belonging  to  the  United 
ider  wheat  was  1*37  per  cent,  greater  Kingdom  was  22,815,  with  a  tonnage  of 
I  1886.  The  barley-crop  was  65,800,994  7,927,818,  a  decrease  of  68,227  tons  from  the 
I  in  1887,  as  compared  with  72,090,269  preceding  year.  The  total  tonnage  of  vessels 
>  in  1886 ;  the  aggregate  yield  of  oats  of  all  kinds  which  entered  and  cleared  the 
)7,283,392  bushels,  against  116,596.481  ports  of  the  United  Kingdom  during  1886  was 
i;  the  produce  of  potatoes  was  3,564,-  62,841,077,  of  which  46,078,299  tons  were  Un- 
as, against  3,167,763  tons;  tlie  crop  of  der  the  British  flag,  and  16,762,778  under  for- 
t  was  19.747,726  tons,  against  29,982,940  eign  flags.  The  main  part  of  the  foreign  ton- 
In  Ireland  there  was  likewise  an  in-  nage  was  divided  among  the  chief  trading  coun- 
in  the  wheat  and  potato  crops,  and  a  tries  as  follows ;  Norway,  3,848.860 ;  Germany, 
off  in  barley,  oats,  and  turnips,  owing,  8,535,926;  France,  1,782,752;  Denmark,  1,468,- 
ngland,  to  the  dry  spring  and  summer.  675;  Sweden,  1,386,076;  Holland,  1,486,970; 
live  stork  in  1887  comprised  1,936,925  Spain,  952,066  ;  Italy,  537,845  ;  Belgium,  G20,- 
10,639,960  cattle,  29,401,750  sheep,  and  726;  Russia,  429,616;  United  States,  392,208; 
•57  «wine.  Austria,  112,492. 
product  of  the  fisheries  in  1887  was  val-  The  PtMMHBeeaid  Tetegraphs. — The  number  of 

£4,104,445  in  England,  £1,396,963  in  post-offices  in  the  United  Kingdom  on  March 
id,  and  £648.000  in  Ireland.  The  total  31,  1887,  was  17,191.  The  permanent  staff  of 
r  of  men  employed  was  125,764,  with  the  post-oflice  was  composed  of  50,033  males 
boats.  and  8,767  females.  The  total  number  of  letters 
total  value  of  the  mineral  products  of  sent  in  1887  was  1,460,000,000 ;  post-cards, 
ited  Kingdom  in  1886  was  £55,010,241.  180,000,000;  newspapers,  151,000,000;  par- 
were  mined  during  the  year  157,618,482  eels  and  book-packets,  402,000,000.  Foreign 
'coal,  valued  at  £38,145,930;  and  4,967,-  money  orders  were  issued  to  the  number  of 
wofiron-ore,  valued  at  £11,259,834.  The  10,813,034,  valued  at  £25,354,601.  The  inland 
r  of  persons  engaged  in  mining  in  1886  money  orders  numbered  9,762,562,  valued  at 
il,092,  of  whom  448,657  worked  under-  £22,262,708.  There  were  31,605,984  postal 
1.     The  export  of  ooal  was  28,283,389  orders  sent,  valued  at  £12,958,940.    During 

VOL.  xxvm. — 26  A 


386  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF. 

the  year  ending  Marcli  31, 1888,  there  were  de-  972,000.    The  freight  receipts  for  the 

livered  in  the  United  Kingdom  1,612,200,000  showed  a  considerable  improvement,  and 

letters,    188,800,000    post-cards,    889,500,000  passenger  receipts  were  also  larger,  enal 

books  and  circalars,  152,800,000  newspapers,  the  companies  to  pay  an  average  dividen 

and  86,782,000  parcels.     There   were  8,851  over  4  per  cent.,  whereas  in  1886  it  was  b^ 

post-office  savings-banks  in  1886,  with  8,731,-  4  per  cent.    The  first  and  second  class 

421  open  accounts,  amounting  to  £50,874,880.  senger  receipts  have  steadily  decreased  foi 

The  deposits  made  in  1886  were  £15,696,852,  years,  while  third-class  travel  has  increi 

against  £15,084,694  in  1885.    There  were  8,-  The  gross  receipts  of  the  railroads  in  1867  y 

643,161  open  accounts  in  England  and  Wales,  £70,900,000. 

189,681  in  Scotland,  and  158,848  in  Ireland  on  The  Amy* — The  army  estimates  for  1887 

Dec.  31,  1887.    The  total  amount  standing  to  called  for  an  expenditure  of  £18,898,90< 

the  credit  of  all  open  accounts  was  £58,974,-  provide  for  an  effective  of  149,391  men  o 

065.     The  regulations  of  the  savings-banks,  ranks,  exclusive  of  the  force  maintains 

which   were  twenty -seven  years  old,   were  India.     In  the  beginning  of  1887  the  1 

amended  by  an  act  of  Parliament  which  went  strength  of  the  regular  army  was  208,857 

into  force  in  1888.   The  main  purpose  of  the  act  cers  and  men,  of  whom  78,215  were  in  En^ 

was  originally  to  increase  the  limit  of  deposits  3,730  in  Scotland,  25,252  in  Ireland,  9,28 

allowed  in  a  single  year  from  £80  to  £50 ;  yet  Egypt,  70,790  in  India,  24,889  in  the  colo] 

this  provision  was  abandoned  on  account  of  the  and  1,192  on  passage.    The  force  in  the  Ui 

oppositionof  the  banking  element  in  the  House  Kingdom  was  102,197,  while  the  troops 

of  Commons.   The  transfer  of  deposits  from  the  tioned  abroad  numbered  106,160.    The  n 

name  of  one  depositor  to  that  of  another  is  ber  of  horses  was  24,242,  and  the  nnmbe 

made  easier,  restrictions  on  payments  to  cred-  field-cannon  624.    The  total  military  strei 

iters,  assignees,  or  relatives  of  deceased  depos-  of  the  nation  in  1877-'88,  according  to 

itors  are  removed,  aod  the  general  indenmity  returns  of  the  various  forces,  was  679,522 

enjojed  by  the  post-office  authorities  is  modi-  of  all  ranks,  comprised  of  188,765  men  on 

fied  and  the  Post-master  General  made  liable  regular  establishment   at   home    and  in 

for  payments  made  to  the  wrong  person  in  colonies,  52,000  in  the  first  class  of  the  a 

cases  of  fraud  in  which  the  depositor  is  not  reserve,  5,800  men  in  the  second  class,  1 

implicated.    Another  act  of  Parliament  passed  488  militia,  14,405  yeomanry,  255,928  vo 

during  the  session  does  practically  abolish  the  teers,  and  71,691  regular  troops  in  India, 

limit  of  £80,  for  it  permits  a  depositor  who  has  The  War  Office  has  settled  on  the  patter 

reached  that  limit  to  have  the  whole  or  a  part  a  magazine  rifle,  with  which  the  regular  tn 

of  the  £80  to  be  invested  in  consols,  which  pay  are  to  be  furnished.    The  artillery  has  1 

8  per  cent,  interest,  whereas  the  savings-banks  provided  with  a  new  twelve-pounder  field-j 

give  only  2^  per  cent.   The  depositor  is  not  al-  and  a  large  number  of  machine-^ns  are  t 

lowed,  however,  to  invest  more  than  £100  in  issued.    The  national  defense  bill,  which 

any  one  year  or  £800  in  all.    The  author  of  enacted  in  the  session  of  1888,  gives  the  ( 

the  bill  hopes  that  it  will  lead  to  millions  of  ernment  larger  and  more  stringent  powers 

people  becoming  interested  in  Government  se-  the  volunteer  organizations,  especially  in 

ourities,  as  in  France,  instead  of  the  few  thou-  gard  to  their  mobilization,  and  also  in  re\ 

sands  who  are  now  holders  of  consols.  to  the  mobilization  of  the  militia  in  pi 

The  revenue  from  the  post-office  in  1886-^87  emergencies.    A  sensation  was  caused  in 

was  £10,715,976;  expenditure,  £8,201,848.  cember,  1888,  by  the  peremptory  disbandi 

On  April  1, 1887,  there  were  29.895  miles  of  of  the  Ancient  and  Honorable  Artillery  C 

telegraph  lines  in  operation  in  the  United  King-  pany  of  the  Oity  of  London,  which  refuse 

dom,  with  178,539  miles  of  wire.   The  revenue  be  treated  on  the  same  same  footing  as 

for  1886-'87  was  £1,855,686,  and  the  ezpendi-  ordinary  militia,  and  would  not  submit  U 

ture  £1,989,768,  showing  a  deficit  of  £84,082.  regulations  issued  by  the  War  Office  to  sc 

The  total  number  of  messages  sent  was  50,-  discipline  and  efficiency. 

243,639—42,820,185  in  England  and  Wales,  5,-  Tlie  Ntfy.— The  naval  estimates  for  the 

106,774  in  Scotland,  and  2,816,680  in  Ireland.  1888-'89  call  for  an  expenditure  of  £12,082 

Ballways. — The  total  length  of  railroads  open  an  increase  of  £506,000  over  the  estimate 

for  traffic  in  the  British  Empire  in  1886  was  1887-^88.    This  increase  is  more  than  aocc 

55,599  miles,  of  which  the  United  Kingdom  ed  for  by  the  vote  of  £1,868,500  for  i 

had  19,332  miles;  India,  13,390  miles ;  Oana-  armaments,  an  item  that  formerly  appc 

da,  11,528  miles;  Australia,  8,891  miles;  Cape  in  the  army  estimates.    Attached  to  the  i 

Oolony  and  Natal,  1,995  miles ;  other  colonies,  are  62,400  officers  and  men,  against  62,5C 

468  miles.   The  19,382  miles  of  railroad  in  the  1887-'88.    The  government  of  the  navy 

United  Kingdom  in  1886,  carried  725,584,890  the  hands  of  the  Board  of  Admiralty,  in  w 

passengers;  the  total  receipts  for  the  year  were  the  First  Lord,  who  is  a  member  of  the  ( 

£69,591,958,  and  at  the  end  of  the  year  the  net,  has  supreme  authority.     In  Decen 

paid  up  capital  was  £828,844,254.  In  1887  the  1887,  there  were  400  vessels  of  all  kinc 

new  capital  invested  was  £17,628,000,  making  commission  in  the  British  navy,  besides 

the  total  capital  at  the  end  of  that  year  £845,-  engaged  in  harbor  service.    The  armored 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF.  387 

nben  48  vessels.  In  tbe  British  navy  there  mored  vessels  and  12  torpedo-boats,  command- 
five  vessels  capable  of  steaming  at  a  speed  ed  by  Admiral  Baird.  Mimic  war  was  de- 
ater  than  20  knots  an  hour,  and  87  capable  dared  on  July  28.  The  passage  of  the  fleets 
making  between  15  and  20  knots.  to  their  rendezvous  revealed  the  unseaworthi- 
'be  vessels  in  process  of  coDstmction  were  ness  both  of  the  torpedo-boats  and  the  torpedo- 
^  Blake  ''  and  ''*'  Blenheim,'*  each  of  9,000  catchers.  On  August  2  a  cruiser  escaped  un- 
s  displacement,  which  are  designed  for  a  observed  from  Lough  Swilly ;  on  the  following 
dmum  speed  of  22  knots ;  the  ^^  Vulcan/'  night  the  ^*  Warspite,"  a  powerful  steel-clad 
ich  is  calculated  to  attain  20  knots ;  and  cruiser,  the  ^*  Iris,''  and  the  "  Severn  "  passed 
sn  small  vessels  of  about  the  same  speed,  by  the  blockading  squadron  at  Berehaven  in 
)  armament  of  the  navy  in  1887-'88  in-  spite  of  electric  lights  and  rockets ;  and  on  the 
led  1,281  breech-loading  cannon,  790  quick-  night  of  the  4th  three  other  vessels  ran  the 
ig  guQs,  and  1,818  torpedoes.  In  1888-'89  blockade  at  Lough  Swilly.  Some  of  the  es- 
669,089  are  to  be  expended  on  new  vessels,  caped  vessels  attacked  Aberdeen,  Leith,  and 
Is,  and  machinery.  The  hull  of  the  *^  Sans  Edinburgh,  and  preyed  on  the  commercial 
eil,'*  a  sister  ship  to  the  *'  Victoria,"  which  shipping,  and  when  Admiral  Baird  sailed  in 
I  launched  in  April,  was  completed  in  Sep-  pursuit  Sir  George  Try  on  went  to  Liverpool 
iber,  1888.  She  has  a  displacement  of  10,-  and  took  possession  of  the  harbor  and  the  iron- 
tons,  armor  16  and  18  inches  thick,  a  clad  left  to  defend  it,  while  another  squadron 
;le  turret  constructed  of  compound  18-  levied  tribute  on  the  ports  of  the  east  coast  of 
I  plates,  mounting  a  10-ton  gun,  and  coal  England.  The  experiments  demonstrated  the 
3e  for  a  voyage  of  7,000  miles  at  10  knots,  difficulty  of  sealing  up  a  hostile  fleet  as  power- 
ile  her  maximum  speed  is  17  knots.  The  ful  as  that  of  France  in  its  own  harbors  with 
!edea "  and  the  ^^  Medusa,"  the  first  of  five  the  present  naval  force  of  Great  Britain,  and 
Q-ecrew  second-class  cruisers  of  identical  led  to  the  conclusion  that  in  the  event  of  war 
d,  were  launched  in  the  summer,  and  the  with  a  first-class  naval  power  the  entire  coast 
elpomene  "  in  September.  Of  2,800  tons  and  all  the  commerce  of  England  except  what 
ilacement,  they  have  engines  of  9,000  horse-  is  in  the  mouth  of  the  Thames  would  be  at  the 
rer,  capable  of  givins  a  speed  of  20  knots,  mercy  of  the  enemy's  fieet. 

will  be  armed  with  five  breech-loadine  nuuuM« — For  the  year  ending  March  81, 
s  of  6-inch  caliber,  besides  quick-firing  and  1888,  the  revenue  was  £88,185,000,  and  the 
^hine-gnns  and  torpedo  tnbes.  They  have  expenditure,  £87,846,295.  The  principal  items 
side-armor,  depending  on  the  position  of  of  expenditure  were  as  follow :  Charges  on  the 
ir  vital  parts,  their  speed,  and  th«  ease  with  consolidated  fund,  £27,928,000 ;  expenses  of 
ich  their  guns  can  be  manipulated.  the  army,  £18,898,900 ;  of  the  navy,  £12,261,- 
lie  Admiralty  are  spending  £750,000  on  508;  collection  of  customs  and  of  inland  rev- 
[M  and  guns  for  the  special  squadron  in  enue,  £2,715,727 ;  post-office,  £5,420,770 ;  tele- 
stralasia,  which  is  to  be  maintained  by  joint  graph  service,  £1,950,248;  packet  service, 
itributions  of  the  Imperial  and  the  Colonial  £699,841.  The  treasury  receipts  for  the  year 
remments.  During  the  years  1887-'88  there  ending  March  8 1 ,  1887,  were  £1 88,864,759,  and 
re  18  vessels  completed  and  made  ready  for  the  issues,  £182,414,652,  leaving  a  balance  of 
umission,  with  an  aggregate  of  64,650  tons,  £5,950,107.  Of  the  total  receipts  from  cus- 
which  41,000  tons  are  iron-clads;  and  in  toms  in  1887,  amounting  to  £20,812,886,  the 
l8-'89  tbe  new  vessels  number  29,  of  100,-  amount  realized  from  tobacco,  tea,  spirits,  and 
I  tons,  of  which  60,000  tons  are  iron-clads.  wines  was  £19,884,198,  leaving  less  than  a 
i  programme  laid  down  by  Lord  North-  million  pounds  for  the  other  articles  on  the 
ok  in  1885  has  been  completed  in  three  list.  During  the  ten  years  from  1878  to  1887, 
rs,  instead  of  in  five,  as  was  calculated,  the  total  expenditure  of  the  Government  ex- 
) ''  Nile  "  and  the  ''  Trafalgar,"  the  heaviest  oeeded  the  total  revenue  by  £9,102,185.  On 
ps  ever  built  in  England,  were  launched  March  81,  1887,  the  national  debt  was  £736,- 
hin  two  years  after  their  keels  were  laid,  278,688,  divided  as  follow:  Funded  debt,  £687,- 
[  were  nearly  completed  in  1888.  The  687,640;  terminable  annuities,  £81,128,148; 
icy  of  completing  as  rapidly  as  possible  the  unfunded  debt,  £17,517,900.  Tbe  annual 
»  that  are  begun  is  pursued,  but  the  efforts  charges  on  the  debt  are  £27,958,028.  A  treas- 
i»e  Admiralty  have  been  hampered  through  ury  minute  of  May  25,  1887,  proposes,  by  a 
slowness  of  the  War  Office  in  supplying  permanent  annual  charge  of  £26,000,000  to  re- 
ts. There  were  eight  finished  iron-clads  in  deem  the  funded  debt  in  about  fifty-six  years. 
8  that  were  useless  for  lack  of  ordnance.  A  large  scheme  of  conversion  was  succesisfully 
Uval  manoBuvres  were  conducted  in  the  carried  out  by  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
uner  of  1888  on  a  scale  of  unprecedented  Goschen  in  April,  1888.  The  new  8-per-cent. 
pitade.  A  supposititions  hostile  fleet,  con-  stock,  amounting  to  £166,000,000,  which  was 
iDg  of  9  armored  and  12  nnarmored  vessels  redeemable  without  notice  was  exchanged  for 
I  IS  torpedo-boata,  under  tbe  command  of  2f-per-cent.  consols,  and  consols  and  reduced 
odral  Sir  G^rge  Tryon,  was  blockaded  in  8-per-cent8.  were  converted  into  the  same 
J  two  Irish  ports  of  Berehaven  and  Lough  stock,  the  holders,  who  were  entitled  to  a 
iUy  by  a  fleet  of  18  armored  and  13  unar-  yearns  notice,  being  induced  to  take  it  by  a 


388  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF. 

bonus  of  }  of  1  per  cent,  and  the  continuance       Hie  PiriluMiitary  ScsbIm. — The  third  sessioD 

of  the  old  rate  of  interest  for  another  year,  of  the  present  Parliament  was  opened  bj  Royal 

The  scheme  effects  a  yearly  saving  on  the  Commission  on  February  9.     In  the  Queen's 

charge  of  the  public  debt  of  £1,400,000  from  speech  mention  was  made  of  the  completed 

the  beginning  of  1889  and  of  double  that  sum  Anglo  -  Russian  demarkation   of  the  Afghan 

from  1903,  when  the  rate  of  interest  will  de-  boundary,  the  unsuccessful  mission  to  the  King 

scend  to  2^  per  cent.,  which  is  guaranteed  for  of  Abyssinia  to  dissuade  him  from  engaging  in 

twenty  years  thereafter.  The  holders  of  £514,-  war  with  Italy,  the  pending  fisheries  negotia* 

000,000  out  of  £558,000,000  3-per-cent.  stocks  tions  at  Washington,  the  arrangement  con- 

of  all  descriptions  accepted  the  arrangement,  eluded  with  France  for  the  regulation  of  the 

and  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  was  an-  Suez  Canal,  tlie  New  Hebrides  convention  with 

thorizedto  pay  off  the  remainder  during  1889.  the  same  power,  and  the  sugar-bounty  confer* 

The  new  stock,  which  acquired  the  market  ence  in  London.    The  House  of  Commons  was 

name  of  ^^  Goschen's,''  stood  for  some  time  above  asked  to  consider  estimates  for  improvements 

par.    A  similar  scheme  of  conversion  was  con-  in  the  defense  of  the  ports  and  coaling-stations 

templated  by  Mr.  Gladstone,  when  at  the  head  and  for  providing  a  special  squadron  for  the 

of  the  Treasury,  and  was  attempted  by  Mr.  protection  of  Australasian  commerce,  the  cost 

Childers  without  success.  of  which  would  be  borne  partially  by  the  col- 

In  the  budget  for  1888-'89  the  ChanoeUor  of  onies.    The  result  of  measures  passed  at  the 

the  Exchequer  looked  for  a  surplus  on  existing  cost  of  great  labor  in  the  preceding  session  for 

taxation  of  £2,877,000 ;  but  he  had  to  make  the  benefit  of  Ireland  was  said  to  be  a  dimiDO- 

provision  for  the  promised  contribution  in  aid  tion  of  agrarian  crime  and  the  abatement  of 

of  the  rates  for  the  new  system  of  local  self-  the  power   of  coercive    conspiracies.     New 

government.    Grant<«  from  the  Imperial  Ex*  measures  tending  to  develop  the  resources  of 

chequer    to  the    locnl  bodies,   amounting  to  Ireland  and  to  facilitate  an  increase  in  the 

£2,600,000   were  to  be  withdrawn,  but  per-  number  of  proprietors  of  the  soil  were  prom- 

manent  resources  estimated  tp  bring  in  £5,-  ised.    The  principal  measure  in  the  legislative 

500,000  annually  were  promised  instead,  con-  programme  was  the  reform  of  local  govern- 

sisting  mainly  of  license  duties,  some  at  pres-  ment  in  England,  including  the  adjustment  of 

ent  operative  and  others  to  be  afterward  ere-  the  relations  between  local  and  imperiid  finance 

ated,  and,  in  addition,  the  Central  Government  and  the  mitigation  of  the  burdens  resting  on 

was  to  pay  over  to  the  county  council  one  half  the  rate-payers.    Other  legislative  proposals 

the  total    receipts  from  the  probate  duties,  relate  to  cheapening  land  transfers,  the  colleo- 

But  the  withdrawal  of  the  control  of  public-  tion  of  tithe  rent-charge,  the  promotion  of 

houses  from  the  cpunty  councils,  and  other  technical  education,  the  prevention  of  prefe^ 

important  changes  in  the  local  government  ences  in  railway  rates  on  foreign  and  domestic 

bill,  necessitated  considerable  modification  of  produce,  the  remed}ing  of  abuses  in  the  fonoa- 

this  financial  scheme.  tion  of  limited   liability  companies,  and  the 

The  immediate  obligation  on  the  Chancellor  amendment  of  the  law  as  to  the  liability  of  em- 
of  the  Exchequer  to  facilitate  the  changes  in  ployers  in  case  of  accidents ;  also  bills  for  im- 
local  government  was  met  by  a  grant  of  one  proving  Scottish  universities  and  regulating  the 
third  of  the  probate  duty,  distributed  in  Eng-  borough  police  in  Scotland,  and  proposals  for 
land  and  Wales  according  to  the  amount  of  diminishing  the  cost  of  private  bill  legislation, 
indoor  pauperism,  which,  with  the  abolition  of  The  debate  on  the  address  was  over  on  Febm* 
the    hawkers'  duty,  the  readjustment  of  the  ary  23.    Mr.  ParnelPs  motion  denouncing  the 
carriage  duty,  and  the  relief  from  income-tax  administration  of  the  crimes  act,  in  the  discus- 
of  lands  returning  no  agricultural  profit,  re-  sion  of  which  Mr.  Gladstone  inveighed  against 
duced  the  surplus  by  nearly  £1,500,000.     On  the  "cruel,  wanton,  and  disgraceful  bloodshed" 
the  other  hand,  the  withdrawal  of  local  grants  committed  by  the  Irish  constabulary  at  Mitch' 
was  to  come  into  operation  at  once,  though  to  elstown,  and  declared  exultantly  that  the  Gov- 
a  limited  extent,  the  succession  duty  was  in-  emment  had  been  unable  to  put  down  either 
creased  by  i  per  cent,  in  the  case  of  lineal  sue-  the  National  League  or  the  Plan  of  Campaign, 
cession  and  H  per  cent,  for  heirs  by  collateral  was  lost  by  a  vote  of  317  against  229.    Mr. 
descent,   heayier  taxation  was  exacted  from  Shaw-Lefevre  offered  an  amendment  demand- 
the  Stock  Exchange  in  the  form  of  an  addition-  ing  the  wiping  out  of  arrears  and  the  preven- 
al  stamp  on  contract  notes,  a  transfer  duty  on  tion  of  evictions,  which  was  rejected   by  a 
securities  to  bearer,  and  a  registration  duty  on  majority  of  261  against  186.    ^he  revision  of 
limited  liability  companies,  and  an  import  duty  the  procedure  rules  was  the  first  work  nnder- 
of  6s,  a  dozen  was  laid  on  bottled  wines.  Thus  taken  after  the  address  was  voted,  and  changes 
Mr.  Goschen  reconstructed  a  surplus  of  £1,762,-  of  considerable  importance  were  carried  almost 
000,  which  enabled  him  to  reduce  the  income-  without  resistance.    The  hour  of  meeting  on 
tax  from  7d.  to  6d.  in  the  pound.  The  proposed  ordinary  days  was  altered  from  4  oVlock  to 
duty  on  bottled  wines  was  modified  so  that  it  8  o^clock,  and  it  was  arranged  that,  while  the 
falls  only  on  expensive  champagnes,  while  in  sittings  were  to  end  normally  at  1  oVlock,  op- 
compensation  the  hawkers^  duty  was  not  abol-  posed  business  should  not  be  taken  without 
ished,  but  reduced  one  half.  special  permission  after  midnight.    The  closure 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OR  389 

rule  was  made  more  striDgent,  the  nambers  of  ing  and  race-courses,  establish  and  direct  lanatic 

the  maioritj  required  to  put  it  in  force  being  asylums  for  paupers,  establish  and  maintain 

reduced  from  200  to  100.    When  this  proposal  reformatory  and  industrial  schools,  erect  and 

was  pot  to  the  vote,  the  dissentients  mustered  repair  bridges,  keep  the  highways  in  repair, 

only  134  against  256.    The  Government  was  fix  the  tees  of  inspectors  and  analysts,  appoint 

also  supported  by  large  m^orities  in  the  pro-  the  county  treasurer,  county  surveyor,  public 

posal^  to  strengthen  the  rules  against  disorder-  analysts,  and  coroners  and  health  officers,  and 

iy  condurt,   irrelevance,   repetition,   dilatory  determine  their  salaries,  divide  the  county  into 

motions  for  actjoumment,  and  vexatious  divis-  polling  districts  for  parliamentary  elections, 

ions.    The  revival  of  the  standing  committees  execute  laws  relating  to  conta^ous  diseases  of 

provisionally  appointed  in  1883  1^  to  a  propo-  animals,  destructive  insects,  me  pollution  of 

fiitioQ  from  the  Home  Rulers  for  constituting  rivers,  the  keeping  and  sale  of  explosives,  fish 

the  representatives  of  Scotland  and  Wales  re-  conservancy,  wild  birds,  weights  and  measures, 

spectively  standing  committees  for  dealing  with  and  gas-meters,  assess  damages  for  riots,  and 

Scotch  and  Welsh  bills.     The  revised   rules  provide  for  the  registration  of  scientific  socie- 

were  made  standing  orders  on  the  7th  of  March,  ties,  places  of  worship,  charitable  gifts,  and 

The  resignation  of  Lord  Charles  Beresford,  loan  societies.    Appeals  against  the  amount  of 

Janior  Naval  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  shortly  rates  in  any  locality  can  be  made  to  the  Quar- 

before  the  meeting  of  Parliament,  weakened  ter    Sessions.     The   county  council  and  the 

the  party  in  power,  which  had  lately  lost  seats  Quarter  Sessions  have  joint  control  over  the 

to  the  Gladstonian  Liberals  in  by-elections.    He  police.    The  Local  Government  Board  can  at 

rested  because  the  First  Lord,  after  agreeing  any  time  confer  new  powers  on  the  county 

to  the  creation  of  a  regular  naval  intelligence  councils.     The  receipts    from  local  taxation 

department,  nullified  the  measure  by  reducing  licenses  are  to  be  paid  over  to  the  county 

the  pay  of  the  officers  detailed  for  this  service,  councils,  and  the  Government  is  empowered 

In  common  with  other  naval  men.  Lord  Charles  to  transfer  to  them  the  authority  to  levy  these 

Beresford  considered  the  system  of  administra-  duties.     The  county  councils  also  have  the 

tioD  of  the  navy  wastefiil  and  inefficient,  and  disposal  of  40  per  cent,  of  the  receipts  from 

iield  that  in  technical  matters  like  this  it  should  probate  duties,  but  are  required  to  pay  school 

be  made  the  duty  of  the  civilian  who  is  now  fees  for  pauper  children,  half  the  salaries  of 

the  sole  autocrat  of  the  navy  to  be  guided  by  health  officers,  the  maintenance  of  pauper  luna- 

the  opinion  of  the  naval  authorities.    Later  in  tics,  half  the  cost  of  the  police,  etc.    Any  of 

the  year.  Lord  Wolseley,  who  testified  before  the  powers  of  the  county  council,  except  that 

a  royal  commission  that  the  defenses  of  the  of  raising  money  by  taxation  or  loan,  may  be 

eoQDtry  were  in  an  unsatisfactory  condition,  delegated  to  committees.    Boroughs  contain- 

repeated   his  assertions  in  public,   and  was  ing  a  population  in  June,  1888,  of  over  50,000 

taken  to  task  by  the  Prime  Minister ;  where-  were  created  by  the  act  into  administrative 

upon  he  brought  the  matter  forward  again  in  counties,  and  are  called  county  boroughs.     In 

the  House  of  Lords,  reasserting  that  the  de-  these,   however,   the    mayor,    aldermen,   and 

Qands  of  military  and  naval  men  did  not  re-  burgesses,  who  occupy  the  place  of  the  chair- 

eeive   proper    attention.      The    Government,  man,  aldermen,  and  county  councilors  of  other 

although  the  financial  situation  was  critical,  counties,  do  not  have  the  appointment  of  county 

eoold  not  withstand  the  assaults  of  the  mihtary  officers,  but  can  appoint  the  coroner  when  his 

«nd  naval  experts.     Both  the  War  Office  and  district  does  not  extend  beyond  the  borough 

Admiralty  promised  amendment,  and  eventually  limits.    The  power  of  dividing  the  county  into 

large  expenditures  were  proposed.  election  districts  and  some  other  rights  of  the 

A  bill  to  reorganize  the  Irish  Land  Commis-  county  council  are  withheld.    A  borough  with 

j  son  met  with  little  favor  in  any  quarter.     A  10,000  inhabitants  or  upward  retains  its  muni- 

:  itankruptcy  bill  for  Ireland  became  law,  but  cipal  administrations,  but  is  assessable  by  the 

the  opposition  of  the  Parnellites  and  Liberals  county  council,  like  the  rest  of  the  county  in 

eaosed  the  abandonment  of  Mr.  Balfour*s  meas-  which  it  lies.    In  the  case  of  boroughs  of  fewer 

ve  for  the  arterial  drainage  of  the  basins  of  than  10,000  inhabitants  having  their  separate 

the  rivers  Bann,  Barrow,  and  Shannon.  courts  of  quarter  sessions,  the  county  council 

The  LMal  fi«feniBcnt  Act — The  government  assumes  the  administration  in  regard  to  luna- 

of  counties  in  England  and  Wales  is  entirely  tic  asylums,  reform  schools,  coroners,  and  some 

reconstituted  by  the  new  act,  which  was  signed  other  matters,  and  in  all  boroughs  of  fewer 

00  August  13,  and  the  functions  of  the  govern-  than  10,000  inhabitants  the  control  of  the  po- 

ing  bodies  have  been  much  enlarged.    A  great  lice,  the  appointment  of  analysts,  and  the  exe- 

part  of  the  powers  of  the  justices  of  Quarter  cution  of  the  laws  relating  to  contagious  dis- 

Sefldons  is  transferred  to  a  county  council,  eases  of  animals,  weights  and  measures,  and 

which  consists  of  county  councilors,  elected  gas-meters  is  transferred  to  the  county  council, 

for  three  years  by  the  freeholders,  and  county  The  metropolis  is  created  into  an  administra- 

tidermen,   elected    by    the    councilors.     The  tive  county,  in  which  the  sheriff  and  the  jus- 

coandl  has  power  to  levy  and  expend  all  rates,  tices  of  the  peace  and  of  quarter  sessions  are 

borrow  money,  pass  the  accounts  of  the  county  appointed  by  the  Crown.    The  city  of  London 

trtasurer,  license  houses  for  music  and  danc-  loses  the  privilege  of  electing  ttie  sheriff  of 


390  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF. 

Middlesex,  and  the  powers  and  doties  of  the  to  the  granting  of  music  and  dancing  lioi 

Court  of  Qaarter  Sessions  and  justices  of  the  The  elections  for  the  countj  councils  wei 

city  are  divided  between  the  Court  of  Common  pointed  for  January,  1889,  and  the  new  b 

Council  and  the  county  council.    The  Metro-  •  enter  on  their  functions  on  April  1,  1889. 
politan  Board  of  Works  is  extinguished,  and       The  A4|Mned  Sesdw. — The  House  of 

all  its  great  powers  and  responsibilities  devolve  mons  was  occupied  with  the  local  govera 

OD  the  county  council  of  London,  which  dso  bill  and  the  bill  for  the  investigation  of  cb 

has  charge  of  reformatory  schools,  industrial  and  allegations  against  members  of  Parlii 

schools,  pauper  lunatic  asylums,  and  the  licens-  tiU  the  usual  time  for  separation.    The 

ingof  places  for  music  and  dancing,  and  of  race-  way  rates  bill,  which  was  introduced  ii 

courses  within  Ibu  miles  of  Charing  Cross,  exter-  House  of  Lords,  re-establishes  the  ra 

miuation  of  cattle-disease,  prevention  of  fires,  commission  on  a  new  basis,  compels  comp 

inspection  of  food,  regulation  of  the  storage  to  frame  a  classified  schedule  of  charges 

of  explosives  and  petroleum,  and  matters  con-  prohibits  undue  preference  in  freight  ; 

nected  with  tramways,  railways,  and  gas  and  When  the  local  government  bill  had  £ 

water  supply,  besides  the  assessment  and  levy-  passed  through  all  the  stages,  and  the 

ing  of  county  rates.     The  commissioners  of  rent-charge  bill,  which  was  finally  aband 

sewers  remain  the  sanitary  authority,  and  in  the  employers*  liability  bill,  which  with  i 

other  matters  of  local  management  no  change  others  was  also  thrown  over,  and  other  i 

is  made  in  the  government  of  the  city,  whUe  ures  had  been  discussed  and  some  pro 

in  other  parts  of  the  metropolis  the  vestries  made  with  the  budget,  the  House  adjoi 

and  district  boards  will  still  have  the  direction  on  August  18  to  meet  again  on  Novemi 

of  branch  sewers,  street-cleaning,  lighting,  pav-  in  order  to  finish  the  votes  in  supply  and 

ing,  and  the  abatement  of  nuisances,  until  by  necessary  business.    The  proposed  emplc 

a  &ture  enactment  these  powers  are  transferred  liability  act  was  not  preasea  because  Mr.  B 

to  district  councils  elected  by  a  body  of  electors  hurst  and  other  workingmen  represent! 

corresponding  to  the  burgesses  of  a  municipal  declared  that  it  was  worthless.    The  ol 

borough.    The  county  council  of  London  con-  was  therefore  continued.    The  determio 

sists  of  nineteen  aldermen,  chosen  at  a  special  of  the  Pamellites  and  Gladstonians  to 

meeting  of  the  council,  and  one  hundred  and  forward  the  arrears  question  and  expos 

eighteen  councilors,  or  double  the  number  of  cruelties  and  abuses  of  coercion  was  the 

parliamentary  representatives,  who  are  elected,  cause  of  the  extraordinary  length  of  th< 

like  these,  by  direct  suffrage,  whereas  under  sion.    The  questions  raised  in  Mr.  Mo 

the  old  system  the  rate-payers  elected  the  vote  of  censure,  which  was  rejected  ii 

vestrymen,  the  vestry  the  members  of  the  dis-  latter  part  of  June  by  a  majority  of  98, 

trict  board,  and  each  district  board  a  member  gone  over  again  in  the  debate  on  the  estii 

of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works.     The  for  the  Irish  administration.    Mr.  Labouc 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  had  recently  who  was  one  of  the  most  pertinacious  i 

beeu  the  subject  of  an  investigation  by  a  royal  ants  of  the  ministry,  about  three  weeks  1 

commission,  and  the  revelations  of  bribery  and  the  close  of  the  session  moved  the  adj 

corruption  insured  a  smooth  passage  for  the  ment  of  the  House  in  order  to  call  att€ 

London  clauses  of  the  bill    In  the  elections  ironically  to  the  unsatisfactory  state  of  ] 

for  the  county  council,  even  members  of  the  business.    A  libel  law  amendment  biU, 

Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  against  whom  no  duced  by  Sir  Algernon  Borthwick,  rei 

charges  had  been  brought  shared  the  disgrace  some  of  the  hardships  to  which  ownc 

and  discredit  attaching  to  the  old  body  through  newspapers  are  subjected  by  vexatious  ] 

the  actions  of  the  culpable  members,  and  were  cution  on  account  of  statements  that  have 

invariably  defeated.  published  in  good  faith.    Mr.  Bradlaugh'f 

The  Government  intended  to  combine  the  liamentary  oaths  bill  was  a  compromise 

reform  of  local  government  with  temperance  the  ministry,  and  provides  that  memben 

reform  by  conferring  on  the  county  councils  desire  to  affirm  in  lieu  of  an  oath  must 

the  power  to  license  public-houses  and  to  abro-  beforehand  that  they  either  have  no  rel 

gate  licenses,  thus  introducing  the  principle  of  belief,  or  that  their  belief  forbids  them  t< 

local  option.    The  Liberals  approved  this  part  an  oath.     Mr.  Morley  and  some  of  the  ex 

of  the  bill,  but  opposed  the  proposition  to  com-  Radicals  objected  to  this  proviso,  and  Dr. 

pensate  liquor-sellers  whose  licenses  should  be  ter  and  Mr.  Picton  joined  with  the  ultra 

taken  away.    On  this  question  some  of  the  servatives  in  an  unsuccessful  effort  to  < 

supporters  of  the  Government  in  Parliament  the  bill.     Sir  Edward  Watkins^s  channel 

took  the  side  of  the  Opposition,  and  in  some  nel  scheme  was  again  defeated.     A  largi 

of  the  parliamentary  elections  many  votes  were  jority  voted  against  an  early  closing  bill 

lost.    The  ministry  could  not  strike  out  the  duced  by  Sir  John  Lubbock.     A  mer 

compensation  clause  without  sacrificing  the  shipping  bill  presented  by  Lord  Onslow 

powerful  support  of  the  licensed  victualers,  bill  offered  by  the  Lord  Chancellor  for  co 

and  therefore  abandoned  the  main  part  of  the  dating  the  mortradn  acts  were  passed  wi 

intended  reform,  and  restricted  the  judicial  opposition,  as  were  also  Lord  Herschell' 

powers  of  the  county  council  in  this  matter  to  exempt  tools  and  bedding  from  the  1 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF.  891 

s  and  Mr.  Stanbope^s  bill  to  facilitate  tbe  Secretary  Matthews  reprimanded  bim  for  pub- 
glebe  lands.  Parliament  was  not  pro-  lishing  matter  relating  to  tbe  police,  which  was 
till  December  24.  forbidden  by  a  regalatioD  issued  from  the  Home 
Md  Keftnu  ti  the  CeutltitlfB  cf  the  HoMe  Office.  Warren  replied  that  the  Metropolitan 
• — After  the  defeat  of  the  motion  of  Lord  police  is  governed  by  statute,  and  denied  the 
ry  for  a  committee  to  inquire  into  the  authority  of  the  Home  Secretary  to  regulate 
Qtion  of  the  House  of  Lords  with  a  view  the  force,  at  the  same  time  again  offering  bis 
nsive  reforms,  Lord  Danraven  presented  resignation,  which  was  accepted  on  Novem- 
bioh  was  withdrawn  after  eliciting  from  ber  10. 

remment  a  promise  to  introduce  at  some  The  Sweatfaif  Systea* — A  select  committee  of 

time  a  measure  for  facilitating  the  en-  tbe  House  of  Lords  was  appointed  to  inquire 

of  life  peers  into  the  House,  and  before  into  the  sweating  system  at  the  East  End  of 

I  of  the  session  he  brought  hi  a  tenta-  London,  and  the  scope  of  the  inquiry  wasafler- 

1,  which,  however,  found  little  support,  ward  extended  to  embrace  the  whole  country. 

;s  not  carried  beyond  a  second  reading.  Many  employers  made   concessions  to  their 

rime  Minister  also  approved  the  propo-  work-people  as  soon  as  the  investigation  was  set 

0  give  the  Upper  House  the  power  that  on  foot.  The  sweating  system  in  its  narrower 
)use  of  Commons  already  possessed  of  sense  is  understood  as  meaning  the  employ- 
ng  unworthy  members.  Lord  Gadogan  ment  of  labor  by  sub-contractors,  who,  being 
ed  a  committee  which  should  not  only  without  capital  or  commercial  standing,  can 
the  standing  orders  and  strike  out  such  practice  impositions  on  their  employes  with 
e  rules  as  that  requiring  the  members  impunity.  In  a  larger  sense  it  is  taken  to 
House  of  Gonmions  to  stand  uncovered  comprehend  all  the  methods  by  which,  in 
the  Lords  sit  covered  in  joint  session,  house-labor,  piece-work,  and  other  forms  of  em- 
ould  alKO  elaborate  substantial  changes  ployment  not  protected  by  the  regulations  of 

constitution — such  as  making  tbe  age  trade  unions  or  the  factory  acts,  the  hours  of 

*ance  twenty-five  instead  of  twenty-one  work  are  lengthened,  the  rate  of  production 

disqualifying  peers  who  do  not  attend  stimulated,  and  wages  cut  down  to  a  minimum, 

tings  of  the  House,  increasing  the  num-  The  sub-contractors  in  tbe  clothing  industry  of 

[uired  for  a  quorum,  which  is  at  present  the  East  End  of  London  are  accustomed  to  hire 

ind  allowing  peers  to  resign  their  seats,  unskilled  bands  at  a  shilling  a  day  for  sixteen 

wtfM  9i  S&  Charies  Warm.  —  In   the  hours*  work,  and  women  receive  only  seven 

1  of  1888  a  series  of  ghastly  murders  shillings  a  dozen  for  finishing  trousers,  each 
lace  in  London  and  its  environs,  at  inter-  pair  taking  four  hours  to  finish.  Tbe  merchants 
ually  of  a  few  days,  most  of  them  in  the  in  clothing,  furniture,  shoes,  and  other  articles 
r  poptdated  Whitecbapel  district.  The  produced  with  a  considerable  subdivision  of 
victims  were  all  women  of  degraded  labor  make  arrangements  for  their  supply  with 
md  their  bodies  were  mutilated  in  a  contractors,  who  sometimes  furnish  the  mate- 
r  indicating  that  the  murders  were  all  rials,  and  sometimes  receive  all  or  part  of  them 
rk  of  a  single  hand.    The  popular  indig-  from  the  merchants.    The  contractors  have 

at  tbe  inefficiency  of  the  police  was  the  articles  made,  either  complete  or  in  parts, 

its  chief  objects  being  the  Home  Secre-  by  sub-contractors,  who  carry  on  tbe  manu- 

[enry  Matthews,  and  tbe  Ohief  Oommis-  factnre  in  their  own  houses  or  in  ill- ventilated 

of  the  Police,  Sir  Charles  Warren,  who  workshops,  training  children,  youths,  women, 

itinguished  himself  as  tbe  leader  of  the  and  foreign  immigrants  to  perform  each  one 

inaland  expedition,  was  afterward  a  com-  some  minute  part  of  tbe  process.    In  so  far  as 

r  of  constabulary  in  Ireland,  and  was  women  and  children  are  employed,  these  sweat- 

•laced  at  the  b^  of  the  Metropolitan  ers'  dens  come  within  the  purview  of  tbe  fao- 

in  which  capacity  be  rendered  himself  tory  and  workshop  act  of  1878.  There  are, 
ons  to  the  London  democracy  by  taking  however,  such  legal  formalities  required  to  be 
OS  measures  to  prevent  a  meeting  of  the  gone  through  with  before  an  inspector  can  gain 
loyed  in  Trafalgar  Square.  He  had  dif-  entrance  that  when  he  arrives  all  evidence  of 
»  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Home  De-  evasions  of  the  law  can  be  removed.  Many  of 
mt  because  Sub-Commissioner  Monro,  tbe  contracting  tailors,  shoemakers,  and  cigar- 
id  charge  of  the  detective  force,  consulted  makers  are  Jews,  and  to  some  extent,  though 
y  with  the  Secretary,  and  tendered  bis  not  as  often  as  was  supposed,  their  victims  are 
ition,  but  withdrew  it  when  Mr.  Monro  immigrant  Jews  from  the  east  of  Europe.  One 
f  resigned.  Mr.  Matthews  continued,  effect  of  tbe  subdivision  of  labor  incident  to 
er,  to  advise  with  the  latter  regarding  the  contract  system  by  which  the  large  retailers 
al  matters  and  the  re-organization  of  the  of  London  obtain  their  stock  of  goods  is  that 
ive  bureau.  When  accused  of  incompe-  the  skilled  tailors,  shoemakers,  and  other  trades- 
because  tiie  police  failed  to  catch  the  men  have  been  forced  by  the  competition  of 
chapel  murderer.  Sir  Charles  Warren  sweaters  to  emigrate  to  other  places,  and  the 
led  himself  in  a  magazine  article  explain-  apprenticeship  system  has  disappeared.  Tbe 
at  he  was  in  no  wise  responsible  for  the  laborers  that  become  skilled  only  in  some  single 
izaUon  or  disciplme  of  the  detective  force,  mechanical  manipulation  are  not  only  reduced 


392  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF. 

to  starvation  wages,  bat  when  change  of  fash-  the  surface  has  been  leased  to  strangers  m 

ion  or  trade  depression  throws  them  out  of  a  deer-forest,  and  one  half  of  the  remainde 

work,  they  are  less  able  to  turn  to  other  em-  converted  into  sheep-farms.    There  is  ooose 

ployments  than  they  would  be  if  they  had  quently  roach  overcrowding,  and  the  crofter 

learned  their  trade  in  all  its  branches^  and  cottars  have  to  pay  twenty  and  thirt; 

Tithe  AgitatifB  lo  Wales* — ^The  land  troubles  in  shillings  rent  an  acre  for  land  that  is  so  poo 

Wales  chiefly  took  the  form  of  resistance  to  that  no  one  would  take  it  at  any  price  if  1 

the  tithe  rent-charge,  of  which  the  Established  were  in  England.    The  herring-fishery  enables 

Ohurch  and  the  English  universities  are  the  them  to  pay  the  rent  till  this   failed,  leav 

beneficiaries.  The  great  majority  of  the  Welsh  ing  them  destitute.    Commissioners  appointee 

are  Nonconformists,  and  in  many  ports  of  the  to  inquire  into  the  condition  of  the  people 

country  the  churches  are  empty,  and  the  Es-  found  them  suffering  already  for  lack  of  food, 

tablishment  is  a  heavy  and  a  useless  burden  and  threatened  with  starvation.    The  populs- 

for  the  people,  who,  as  was  the  case  in  Ireland,  tion  of  the  island  was  25,487  in  1881.    Seo- 

have  to  support  in  addition  their  separate  re-  tences  were  passed  at  Edinburgh,  on  February 

ligious  institutions.    The  present  agitation  is  3,  upon  sixteen  prisoners  concerned  in  disturb^ 

for  a  commutation  of  the  tithes  in  view  of  the  ances,  who  were  condemned  to  from  nine  to 

fall  in  the  prices  of  agricultural  produce,  with  fifteen  months^  imprisonment.    The  Groften 

the   ultimate  aim  of  the  disestablishment  of  Commission,  empowered  by  act  of  Parliament 

the  Church  of  England  in  Wales  and  complete  to  revise  rents  in  the  Highlands,  reduced  rents 

relief  from  the  tribute  exacted  of  the  Welsh  on  the  island  of  Sanday  nearly  49  per  cent,  and 

for  a  religion  the  English  have  vainly  sought  to  canceled  81  per  cent  of  the  arrears.    On  other 

impose  on  them,  most  of  the  ministers  of  which  estates  the  reductions  were  from  30  to  60  per 

are  strangers  to  the  people  and  their  language,  cent.,  and  arrears  were  wiped  out  to  the  ex- 

A  Welsh  Land  League  was  formed,  and  &e  tent  of  from  40  to  80  per  cent.     On  the  estate 

farmers  banded  together  to  compel  the  Church  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  who  participated  in  the 

Commissioners  to  resort  to  legal  compulsion  newspaper  controversy  over  the  crofter  quea- 

to  collect  the  tithes.    The  latter  attached  oat-  tion,  the  rents  were  largely  reduced, 
tie  and  movables  in  distraint  proceedings,  but       The  Plan  cf  CuiiMlgii* — The  Plan  of  Campaign 

wherever  the  law  officers  appeared  they  were  in  Ireland  was  organized  in  1886,  and  was  sos- 

confronted  by  crowds  of  farmers  with  stout  tained  and  encouraged  by  the  members  of  the 

sticks,  and  in  the  few  cases  in  which  property  National  League  chiefiy  on  the  Luggacurren, 

was  seized  there  were  disturbances,  as  at  Mei-  Mitchelstown,    Ponsonby,   O^Grady,    Brooke, 

fod,  Whitland,  and  Brynterifife.  and  Leader  estates.    In  each  case  the  tenants, 

CMd-Mlniiig  In  Wales. — Gold  has  recently  been  after  presenting  their  demands  regarding  a  re- 
discovered in  certain  parts  of  Wales,  associated  duction  of  rent,  the  amount  of  back-rent  the/ 
with  silver,  in  ledges  that  are  as  rich  as  are  are  willing  to  pay,  and  other  conditions,  if 
found  in  California  and  Australia.  The  claim  they  meet  with  a  refusal,  place  the  sum  that 
of  the  Crown  to  all  precious  metals  found  is  a  they  consider  due  in  a  common  purse,  which 
serious  hindrance  to  mining  in  the  United  King-  is  committed  i;o  the  custody  of  a  trustee,  asa- 
dom.  Alluvial  gold  was  discovered  in  the  south  ally  either  a  politician  or  a  priest.  The  tros- 
of  Ireland  during  the  political  disturbances  in  tee  notifies  his  willingness  to  settle  with  the 
the  latter  part  of  the  last  century,  and  many  landlord  on  the  terms  that  have  been  coocertedi 
hundreds  of  men  and  women  flocked  to  the  expressing  the  determination  otherwise  to  nse 
locality  and  washed  out  gold-dust  and  nuggets  the  fund  in  defending  the  tenants  against  evic- 
deposited  in  the  stream  beds ;  but  the  military  tions  or  vexatious  legal  proceedings,  and  in 
drove  them  away,  and  the  Government  a»>  supporting  the  evicted.  The  landlords  formed 
serted  its  right  to  the  gold,  and  for  some  time  a  corporation  or  league  for  the  purpose  of  corn- 
guarded  the  field,  which  has  not  been  worked  bating  the  Plan  of  Campaign,  by  advancinj^ 
to  this  day.  One  of  the  Welsh  mines  was  money  to  embarrassed  landlords  and  working 
opened  in  1887  at  great  expense,  and  when  a  vacant  farms  from  which  the  tenants  bad 
large  amount  of  gold  had  been  extracted  and  been  evicted.  They  also  organized  a  subsidiary 
the  value  of  the  mine  was  confirmed,  the  Gov-  emergency  committee,  which  undertook  to  fur- 
ernment  interposed,  demanding  a  royalty  of  nish  tenants  or  caretakers  for  evicted  farms, 
one  thirtieth  of  the  product  from  the  land-  and  sheriffs' deputies  to  enforce  writs  of  eject- 
holder,  who  had  already  leased  the  mining  ment.  In  some  cases  new  tenants  were  i^' 
rights  for  thirty  years  for  one  fortieth  royalty,  ported  from  the  Protestant  districts. 
The  lessee  found  that  he  had  no  redress  when  The  tenants  on  Lord  Lansdowne^s  property 
his  employes  stole  the  gold,  because,  if  the  at  Luggacurren  demanded  a  reduction  of  20 
Crown  did  not  assert  its  right  to  the  property,  per  cent.  I'he  holders  of  34  of  the  best  farms, 
it  belonged  to  nobody.  together  with  20  sub-tenants,  were  evicted,  and 

The  Crofters. — The  Lewis  island  in  the  Heb-  were  maintained  by  the  league  in  wooden  hntSr 

rides  was  the  scene  of  a  deer  raid,  forcible  while  their  land  was  worked  for  the  landlord 

seizures  of  lands,  and  collisions  with  the  mili-  by  the  Land  Corporation.    No  tenants  cool^ 

tary  and  police  toward  the  end  of  1 887.    The  be  found  willing  to  take  the  vacant  farms,  and 

land  belongs  to  Lady  Matheson.    One  half  of  a  large  force  of  emergency  men  and  police  wais 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF.  393 

be  estate  in  order  to  defend  the  prop-  a  struggle,  during  which  Major  Neild  was  fa- 

fo  ot  the  tenants  who  joined  the  Plan  tally  assaulted  hj  the  tenants  and  their  friends, 

ign  accepted  the  landlord's  terms,  and  who  mistook  him  for  a  process-server. 

'  rent  and  costs,  thereby  forfeiting  the  The  evictions   that   attracted   most   atten- 

had  paid  into  the  ^*  war  chest."    The  tion  in  1888  were  those  on  Lord  Massarene's 

the  Plan  of  Campaign  on  the  estate,  estate.    The  agent  had  recommended  in  1886, 

ide,  who  was  one  of  the  principal  ten-  after  the  heavy  fall  in  prices,  an  abatement  of 

the  companion  of  William  O'Brien  on  15  per  cent,  on  judicial,  or  20  per  cent,  on  non- 

rical  tour  in  Canada  and  the  United  judicial  rents,  but  Lord  Massarene  refused  to 

as  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  accept  bis  advice,  though  all  the  other  land- 

rry,  and  took  his  seat  at  the  beginning  lords  that  he  represented  bad  followed  his  sug- 

ssion  of  1888.    On  June  21  negotia-  gestions,  and  employed  other  agents,  whom  he 

a  settlement  on  the  basis  of  the  sale  of  instructed  to  adopt  every  means  to  break  up 

3  to  the  tenants  under  the  Land  Pur-  the  combination  that  was  formed  among  the 

^  on  condition  of  their  paying  a  year's  greater  part  of  the  tenants  to  secure  a  reduc- 

oh  was  half  the  arrears,  were  begun  tion  of  20  per  cent,  on  judicial,  and  25  per  cent. 

Father  Denipsey  in  behalf  of  the  ten-  on  non-judicial  rents.    After  the  Plan  of  Cam- 

Townsend  Trench,  Lord  Lansdowne's  paign  had  been  in  operation  on  the  estate  for 

1  were  continued  during  the  landlord's  eighteen  months,  the  Land  Oommissioners  in 

is  estate,  bnt  were  suddenly  broken  off  numerous  cases  made  the   reductions  in  the 

eft  in  August.  rents,  averaging  22^  per  cent.,  or  only  2(  per 

Ponsonby  estate  at  Youghal  the  ten-  cent,  less  than  the  tenants  demanded.    Then  the 

Dg  under  the  advice  of  Dr.  Tanner  and  landlord  offered  to  compromise,  bnt  excepted 

,  Irish  members  of  Parliament,  asked  three  of  the  tenants,  whom  he  considered  to  be 

ion  of  25  per  cent,  on  judicial  rents,  leaders  of  the  resistance,  and  his  proposition 

AS  more  than  double  the  average  re-,  was  therefore  rejected  by  the  tenants  as  a  body. 

;hat  was  subsequently  made  in  cases  The  Protestant  tenants  bad  not  joined  thecom- 

ed  by  the  Land  Commission.    Evic-  bination,  having  received  an  abatement.    The 

e  carried  ont  against  eight  tenants,  but  agents  instituted  proceedings  whereby  ten  of 

>erate  riots,  in  which  the  police  killed  the  tenants  were  evicted,  and  some  of  them 

med  Hanlon  with  a  bayonet,  the  au-  prosecuted  for  resistance, 

contented  themselves  with  holding  Landlord  Leader  of  the  Curass  estate  refused 

>f  the  tenants  in  a  state  of  siege.  an  abatement  of  25  per  cent.     He  evicted  eight 

nants  on  the  O'Grady  estate  at  Her-  tenants  in  February,  1887,  who  were  housed 

1  demanded  an  abatement  of  40  per  and  fed  by  their  friend?.    The  whole  district 

ile  the  landlord  offered  15  per  cent,  rose  against  the  landlord,  who  was  unable  to 

cipal  farms  were  taken  possession  of  cultivate  his  own  farm  of  8,000  acres,  as  bis 

thorities.    Thomas  Moroney,  a  tenant,  laborers  left,  and  no  smith,  butcher,  or  other 

mitted  to  jail  for  contempt  of  court,  tradesman  would  do  any  work  for  him.    When 

le  concealed  his  assets,  in  bankruptcy  some  of  the  tenants  showed  an  inclination  to 

igs  to  which  he  was  subjected.  come  to  terms,  they  were  visited  by  moon- 

iy  Kingston's  Mitchelstown  estate  the  lighters  and  beaten,  and  one  man  named  Cur- 

!)ampaign  was  adopted  in  December,  tin  was  shot  and  wounded.    Proceedings  were 

ten  the  tenants  demanded  an  abate-  taken  nnder  the  crimes  act,  and  several  per- 

20  per  cent.    The  farmers  and  the  sons  were  convicted  of  boycotting  Leader.    On 

ers  in  the  town  disposed  of  all  their  Sept.  6,  1888,  Mr.  Leader  suddenly  appeared 

property,  and  business  remained  at  a  on  the  estate,  with  20  bailiffs  and  100  police, 

till  a  settlement  was  effected  in  1888,  and  evicted  5  tenants,  some  of  whom  had  bar- 

the  decisions  of  the  Land  Commis-  ricaded  their  houses,  and  threw  stones,  and 

rho  made  an  average  reduction  of  20^  poured  boiling  water  on  the   heads  of  the 

in  the  rents.    The  owner's  husband  police. 

t,  Mr.  Webber,  agreed  to  apply  the  On  Lord  Clanricarde's  estate  a  demand  was 

i  of  reduction  to  arrearsdue  to  March,  made  for  an  abatement  of  40  per  cent.    The 

I  to  reinstate  evicted  tenants  and  for-  feeling  against  the  landlord  was  exceptionally 

a  all  costs,  that  they  might  have  their  bitter,  and  the  conflict  was  carried  on  without 

d  by  the  Land  Commission.  mercy  on  either  side.    Houses  were  burned 

an  of  Campaign  was  adopted  on  Mur-  and  blown  up,  woods  set  on  fire,  crops  and 

art's  estate,  near  Glen  ties,  the  tenants  cattle  destroyed,   telegraph  wires  cut,   roads 

ig  83  per  cent,  reduction  in  January,  torn  up  and  blockaded,   and  eight    persons 

lough  the  Land  Commission  had  only  killed.     Here  and  nearly  everywhere  the  oam- 

15  per  cent,  reduction  in  the  same  lo-  paigners  held  their  ground  at  the  opening  of 

the  season  of  1888,  and  in  some  cases  thev 

Ian  of  Campaign  was  a  failure  on  the  had  gained  their  point,  so  that  Mr.  Gladstone 

of  the  Skinner^s  Company;    yet  it  could  boast  that  the   plan  of  campaign  was 

essfhl  on  Lord  Dillon's  estate,  where  "  entire,  sucr^essful,  and  triumphant." 

Ads  of  the  tenants  were  gpranted  after  On  the  Coolgreany  estate  in  County  Wex- 


394  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF. 

ford,  near  the  border  of  Oonntj  Wioklow,  fected  an  entrance  into  the  barricaded  hooaea 
there  were  eighty  tenants,  and  of  these  all  by  means  of  a  battering-ram,  and  were  received 
but  ten  were  evicted.  One  of  these,  John  with  showers  of  missiles  and  boiling  wat^. 
Kinsella,  took  refuge  on  the  farm  of  a  man  The  men  who  defended  the  hooses  were  threat- 
named  Kavanagb,  and  some  days  afterward  18  ened  with  rifles  if  they  would  not  oome  out, 
emergency  men  with  Freeman,  the  bailiff  of  many  were  badly  beaten  with  dabs,  and  th€ 
the  estate,  made  a  raid  for  cattle  on  this  farm,  furniture  in  the  houses  was  destroyed  by  th^ 
They  were  warned  by  the  police  that  the  in-  police.  After  the  evictions  the  bouses  wer^i 
tended  seizure  was  illegal.    Eavanagh,  Kin-  demolished. 

sella,  and  many  others  of  the  evicted  tenants  The  Papal  Rescript — Since  the  nomination  a1 
were  in  the  court-yard,  and  as  the  emergency  Archbishop  Walsh  to  the  Irish  primacy  tti< 
men  came  up  Kavanagh  ridsed  a  pitchfork  in  hierarchy  as  well  as  the  local  clergy  have  been 
a  threatening  manner.    Upon  that  Freeman  practically  unanimous  in  the  National  cause, 
stepped  forward,  and,  taking  aim  with  a  pistol,  which  Oardinal  Manning  and  many  of  the  Eng^ 
shot  Kinsella  dead,  after  which  the  emergency  lish  Catholic  clergy  embraced  with  Mr.  Glad- 
men  entered  the  yard  and  drove  off  the  cattle,  stone  and  his  party.    The  Oatholic  landlord 
One  of  the  policemen  went  before  the  magis-  class,  headed  by  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  on  the 
trate,  Lord  Oourtown,  to  report  the  murder,  other  hand,  redoubled  their  efforts  to  secure 
but  he  refused  to  issue  a  warrant    At  the  in-  the  Ohurch's  condemnation  of  the  Irish  move- 

Suest  Ave  witnesses  swore  to  the  killing  of  ment,  especiaUy  the  agrarian  phase.   The  Duke 

Linsella  by  Freeman,  and  yet,  when  the  mat-  of  Norfolk  was  sent  as  the  representative  of 

ter  was  presented  to  the  grand  jury,  that  body  the  Catholic  Union  on  the  occasion  of  the 

ignored  the  bill.    An  indictment  against  Free-  Pope^s  sacerdotal  jubilee.     In  January  Pope 

man  was  nevertheless  tried,  but  the  prosecnt-  Leo,  in  replying  to  some  Irish  pilgrims,  said 

ing  attorney  seemed  to  act  in  collusion  with  that  no  occasion  can  arise  when  public  benefit 

the  defense,  a  pistol  was  produced  as  Free-  can  come  from  the  violation  of  justice,  which 

man^s  which  the  bullet  did  not  fit,  the  judge  is  the  foundation  of  order  and  the  common 

instructed  the  jury  that  Freeman  did  not  fire  good.    The  view  indicated  by  this  pronounoe- 

the  shot,  and  no  steps  were  taken  to  find  out  ment  was  called  in  question  by  Archbishop 

who  else  could  have  been  the  murderer.    The  Walsh  on  the  authority  of  private  declarations 

landlord  of  Coolgreany,  Mr.  Brooke,  gained  a  of  the  Pope.    On  April  18.  however,  the  Pope 

victory  by  compelling  the  managers  of  the  Plan  formally  condemned  the  Plan  of  Campaign  and 

to  pull  down  the  comfortable  houses  that  had  boycotting,  in  an  edict  addressed  to  the  Irish 

been  erected  for  the  evicted  tenants  in  order  clergy,  which  was  the  result  of  the  mission  of 

to  prevent  their  seizure  for  rent.  Monsignor  Persioo  to  Ireland,  and  of  the  de- 

The  Plan  of  Campaign  was  adopted  on  the  liberations  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Inquisi- 

Yandeleur  estate  in  West  Clare  more  recently  tion  on  his  report.    The  grounds  of  the  oon- 

than  in  the  other  cases.    The  reduction  asked  demnation  are  that  it  is  unlawful  to  break  a 

was  25  per  cent,  on  judicial,  and  35  per  cent,  voluntary  contract  that  has  been  freely  made 

on  non-judicial  rents.    Several  of  the  tenants  between  landlord  and  tenant;  that  the  land 

went  before  the  land  court  in  1888  and  ob-  law  has  opened  the  courts  to  tenants  who 

tained  reductions  averaging  82^  per  cent.    The  think  that  they  have  entered  into  inequitable 

rents  had  been  raised  25  per  cent,  in  1874,  contracts,  although  of  their  own  free  will ;  and 

out  of  revenge,  it  is  said,  for  the  landlord's  de-  that  the  ftinds  collected  for  the  prosecution  of 

feat  as  a  parliamentary  candidate,  and  a  con-  the  Plan  of  Campaign  are  in  many  cases  ex- 

siderable  rent  was  exacted  even  for  bog- land  torted  from  the  contributors.     Boycotting  ii 

that  the  tenants  had  reclaimed.    The  tenants  declared  to  be  opposed  to  the  principles  both 

had  taken  the  land  originally  in  the  wild  state,  of  justice  and  of  charity  when  it  is  used  against 

and  had  brought  it  under  cultivation  and  made  people  who  are  willing  to  pay  a  fair  rent  or 

all  the  improvements.    The  Plan  of  Campaign  who  are  desirous  of  exercising  the  legal  right 

was  adopted  in  the  beginning  of  1887,  when  to  take  vacant  farms.    The  Irish  clergy  and 

800  tenants  put  their  money  into  the  ''*'  war  laity  are  advised  and  exhorted  not  to  traiusgretf 

chest,"  100  otners  joined  the  combination,  and  the  bounds  of  Christian  charity  and  of  jastioe 

120  were  not  admitted  because  they  were  in-  while  endeavoring  to  secure  a  remedy  for  the 

solvent  and  unable  to  pay  their  rent  into  the  distress  of  the  people, 

fund.    The  agent  negotiated  with  the  nine  Mr.  Dillon,  Mr.  O'Brien,  and  other  leaders 

parish  priests  on  the  estate,  headed  by  the  in  the  Plan  of  Campaign  raised  their  voices  to 

Rev.  Dr.  M.  Dinan,  who  insisted  on  the  origi-  protest  against  the  conclusions  of  this  decree 

nal  demand.    Proceedings  were  taken  against  even  before  it  was  circulated  in  Ireland,  dwell- 

85  tenants,  and  writs  of  ejectment  were  pro-  ing  especially  on  the  point  that  the  contracts 

cured  in  24  cases,  and  carried  out  in  July,  18S8.  between  landlords  and  tenants  are  far  from  be^ 

The  alarm  was  sounded  with  the  church  bells  ing  voluntary  on  the  part  of  the  latter.    It  failed 

at  the  approach  of  the  evicting  party,  and  the  of  the  effect  that  the  Tories  expected,  and  even 

people  cut  all  the  bridges  on  the  road  to  Eil-  the  clergy  largely  disregarded  the  commands 

rush.     A  force  of  200  police  and  military  was  while  the  Irish  leaders  vehemently  protested 

employed  to  carry  out  the  executions,  who  ef-  against  the  Papal  interposition  in  politics.  Tba 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF.  395 

Msh  bishops  held  a  theological  ooDferenoe  re-  tificial  injunction,  be^nning  with  the  depre- 

gardiog  the  interpretation  of  the  rescript,  and  oatorj  announcement  that  it  was  given  *'in 

rBfrained  from  promulgating  it  till  they  had  obedience  to  the  commands  of  the  Holy  See," 

leamed  from  tlie  Pope  whether  the  condemna-  was  praised  by  the  Nationalist  press  for  its 

Mod  was  to  be  understood  as  conditional,  lim-  ^'  eloquent  silence  "  in  making  no  mention  of 

ited  by  the  reasons  given  by  Cardinal  Monaco  the  Plan  of  Campaign  or  boycotting, 

for  the  prohibition  of  the  Plan  of  Campaign.  At  a  general  meeting  of  the  archbishops  and 

The  answer  came  that  it  was  absolute.  bishops,  held  in  the  College  of  Maynooth  on 

A  meeting  of  Irish  members  of  Parliament  June  27  and  28,  the  following  statement  was 

to  protest  against  the  Papal  rescript  was  fol-  adopted :  (1)  The  demand  of  the  agricultural 

i    loved  on  May  20  by  a  popular  assemblage  in  tenants  in  the  matter  of  rent  is  in  substance 
Hjde  Park,  London,  which  numbered  6,000.  for  the  establishment  of  an  impartial  public 
Similar  demonstrations  took  place  all  over  Ire-  tribunal  to  adjudicate  between  landlord  and 
Iftod.    The  Bishop  of  Limerick,  Dr.  O'Dwyer,  tenant.     They  do  not  claim  the  right  to  fix 
was  the  only  prelate  who  gave  full  effect  to  the  rent  themselves,  but  object  to  its  being 
the  Papal  admonition  in  a  pastoral  letter,  and  determined  by  the  arbitrary  will  of  the  land- 
Tigorously  denounced  the  agitation  that  was  lord.    (2)  The  principle  that  tenants  should  be 
eirried  on  by  Roman  Catholics  against  their  protected  by  law  against  exorbitant  rents  and 
Holy  Father,  the  Pope.    In  his  and  some  other  eviction  has  been  recognized  by  the  British 
dioceses  the  parish  priests  refrained  from  tak-  Parliament  in  the  land  act  of  1881  and  snbse- 
iog  an  open  part  in  the  meetings,  yet  even  quent  statutes.    (8)  The  tenants  ask  the  effect- 
tben  they  sent  letters  of  regret  expressive  of  ive  application  of  this  principle  and  the  re- 
fjmpathy.      The  feeling  of  the  subordinate  moval  of  obstacles  that  nave  been  allowed  to 
dergy  was  so  rebellious  that  a  schism  was  remain,  even  where  the  right  to  have  a  fair 
fiaared  if  the  Vatican  adhered  to  the  position  rent  fixed  has  been  conferred  by  act  of  Pitrlia> 
it  bad  taken.    The  branches  of  the  league  and  ment.    (4)  The  most  serious  of  these  obti'tacles 
public  boards   throughout  the   country  pro-  is  the  accumulation  of  arrears  from  exorbitant 
tested  against  the  intervention  of  the  Pope,  rents,  which  the  courts  have  no  power  to  re- 
a  council  of  laymen  that  met  in  Dublin  con-  duce.    The  heavy  indebtedness  of  tenants  puts 
denmed  the  decree,  and  even  bishops  showed  it  in  the  power  of  harsh  landlords  to  u^e  the 
opposition  and  explained  away  its  plain  intent,  threat  of  eviction  as  a  means  of  keeping  back 
Tbe  Pope  listened  to  the  remonstrances  of  the  their  tenants  from  applying  to  the  Land  Com- 
Imh  hierarchy  and  the  arguments  of  Arch-  mission  to  Jiave  their  rents  adjusted.    (5)  Thou- 
biflhop  Walsh,  who  visited  Rome,  and,  with-  sands  of  tenants  have  been  deprived  of  the 
out  retracting  his  theological  position  regard-  right  of  recourse  to  the  courts  and  their  legal 
ing  property  rights  and  the  binding  force  of  status  as  tenants  by  having  had  notices  of  evic- 
eoDtraets,  while  declaring  his  condemnation  of  tion  served  upon  them.    (6)  No  difficulty  ex- 
boycotting  and  the  Plan  of  Campaign  to  be  ists  in  providing  a  remedy.    There  is  already 
onqualified  and  final,  he  was  satisfi^  to  see  an  act  in  operation  in  Scotland  applicable  to 
bis  decree  become  what  the  Irish  politicians  arrears,  under  which  rents  have  been  judicially 
tbreatened  to  make  it,  a  dead  letter,  and  sent  reduced  80  per  cent,  and  arrears  no  less  than 
explanations  which  modified   its  application.  61  per  cent.,  but  Parliament  has  refused  to  ex- 
At  a  meeting  of  the  archbishops  ana  bishops  tend  the  operation  of  the  act  to  Ireland.     (7) 
tbat  was  held  at  Conliffe  College  on  May  80  Unless  Parliament  at  once  applies  some  effect- 
rnolations  were  unanimously  adopted  declar-  ive  measure  for  the  protection  of  Irish  tenants 
ing  that  the  decree  was  intended  to  affect  the  from  oppressive  exactions  and  arbitrary  evic- 
doinain  of  morals  alone,  and  saying  that  assur-  tion,  consequences  disastrous  to  public  order 
ttees  had  just  been  received  from  the  Pope  and  to  the  safety  of  the  people  must  ensue, 
displaying  deep  and  paternal  interest  in  tne  Archbishop  Walsh,  in  an  address  to  the  dean 
temporal  welfare  of  the  country,  and  showing  and  chapter  of  his  diocese  in  the  early  part  of 
tbit,  so  far  from  intending  to  injure  the  Na-  July,  described  the  results  of   his  interviews 
tiooal  movement,  it  was  his  intention  to  re-  with  Pope  Leo,  whom  he  had  fully  informed 
iDOTc  things  that  he  feared  might  in  the  long  of  the  claims  and  aspirations  of  tbe  Irish  in  re- 
nin prove  obstacles  to  its  advancement.    The  gard  both  to  national  autonomy  and  the  re- 
solutions conveyed  a  warning  to  the  people  dress  of  agrarian  grievances,  and  said  that  the 
^linst  the  use  of  hasty  or  irreverent  language  people  of  Ireland  may  count  on  the  entire  sym- 
^ib  reference  to  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  or  the  pathy  of  the  Vatican  on  every  legitimate  ef- 
BKred  congregations,  and  a  reminder  to  the  fort,  and  that  the  foolish  fiction  that  recent 
Inders  of  the  National  movement  that  the  legislation  has  done  justice  to  the  people  or  to 
Roman  Pontiff  has  an  inalienable  and  divine  the  tenants  finds  no  footing  there.     The  Pope, 
%bt  to  speak  with  authority  on  questions  ap-  in  July,  addressed  an  encyclical  letter  to  the 
P^ftaimng  to  faith  and  morals,  which  was  ao-  Irish  bishops,  in  which  he  condemned  the  con- 
companied  with  an  expression  of  lasting  grati-  duct  of  the  men  who  put  themselves  forward 
^^  to  the  Nationalist  leaders  for  their  serv-  to  upset  his  authority  and  the  duties  of  religion. 
^  to  religion  and  morality.     This,  the  first  The  priests  absented   themselves  from  public 
fonnal  acceptance  by  the  prelates  of  the  Pon-  meetings  in  behalf  of  tbe  Plan  of  Campaign 


396  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF. 

only  for  a  few^  weeks.     After  the  retarn  of  advocating  the  Plan  of  Campaign,  and  on  his 

Archbishop  Walsh  from  Rome  they  took  as  release  was  tried  and  sentenced  to  a  month's 

active  a  part  as  ever  in  the  meetings.  confinement  for  conspiring,   with   others,  to 

Arrest  of  Menkers  of  PtriiaiieBt* — In  January,  induce  certain  persons  not  to  pay  a  levy  of 
1888,  Mr.  Oox,  member  of  Parliament  for  East  £1,000  that  the  grand  jury  of  Cork  Conntj 
Clare,  was  sentenced  to  four  months^  imprison-  ordered  to  be  paid  as  compensation  to  Con- 
ment  for  a  speech  inciting  his  hearers  to  join  stable  Leahy,  who  was  iigared  by  the  crowd 
the  league,  and  accusing  the  Government  of  in  the  Mitchelstown  riots.    J.  O'Brien,  mem- 
driving  the  Irish  people  to  commit  outrages,  ber  of  Parliament,  after  undergoing  a  sentence 
Commoners    Pyne  and  Gilhooly  were  com-  of  fonr  months  in  Tullamore  jail,  was  taken  at 
mitted  to  jail  about  the  beginning  of  the  par-  its  expiration  to  Kilkenny,  to  pass  through  s 
liaraentary  session.    English  Gladstonians  were  second   term  of   imprisonment  of  the  same 
inclined  to  go  into  Ireland  and  defy  the  Gov-  length.    James  O* Kelly  was  arrested  in  Loo- 
ernment  to  put  the  crimes  act  into  operation  don,  on  July  24,  when  leaving  the  Houses  of 
against  them,  but  concluded  to  leave  the  agita-  Parliament,  and  was  tried  at  Boyle  on  the 
tion  in  the  hands  of  Irishmen.    John  Morley  charge  of  inciting  his  constituents  not  to  give 
and  the  Marquis  of  Ripon  made  a  political  tour  evidence  under  the  *^  Star  Chamber  "  clauses  of 
in  Ireland  in  January  in  order  to  manifest  the  the  crimes  act,  and  sentenced  on  August  10  to 
sympathy  of  the  English  Liberal  party.    In  imprisonment  for  four  months.    John  E.  Red- 
April,  John  Dillon  and  William  O^Brien  went  mond,  member  of  Parliament,  with  Edward 
over  from  London  with  the  express  purpose  of  Walsh,  proprietor  of  the  "Wexford  People" 
braving  the  Government  by  taking  an  active  newspaper,  was  tried  and  convicted  of  uang 
part  ill  the  Plan  of  Campaign,  and  of  convening  intimidating  language  in  reference  to  a  land- 
meetings  in  proclaimed  districts.    Mr.  Dillon  lord  at  Scarawalsh,  a  proclaimed  district,  in 
met  the  tenants  of  Lord  Massarene^s  estate  at  saying  that  the  landlord  wonld  find  no  tenants 
Tully alien,  and  delivered  a  speech  intended  to  for  a  farm  from  which  he  had  evicted  the  oc- 
counteract  the  effect  produced  by  the  act  of  cupier,  and  that  he  could  not  afford  to  arouse 
thd  tenant  that  had  first  been  evicted  in  Octo-  the  ill-will  of  the  people  among  whom  he  lived, 
ber,  1887,  who  had  redeemed  his  farm,  saying  Mr.  Redmond  was  confined  in  Tullamore  jaU 
that  the  sympathies  of  Englishmen  did  not  go  five  weeks,  regaining  his  liberty  on  October 80. 
with  men  who  went  cringing  to  their  land-  William  Redmond  was  present  at  some  evio- 
lords.    For  this  speech  he  was  arrested,  and  tions    at    Cool  roe,   where    the    bailiffs  were 
tried  at  Mill,  County  Louth,  and  was  sentenced  resisted    desperately   and    several    constables 
on  May  10  to  six  months*  imprisonment  for  assaulted.    He  was  tried  for  inciting  people 
taking  part  in  an  illegal  conspiracy  to  induce  to  obstruct  ofiScers  of  the  law  in  the  discharge 
tenants  not  to  pay  and  with  having  taken  part  of  their  duties,  and  was  sentenced  to  prison 
in  an  unlawful  assembly  in  a  proclaimed  dis-  for  three  months.    Mr.  Sheehan,  member  of 
trict.    He  was  the  sixteenth  member  of  Parlia-  Parliament  for  East  Kerry,  was  committed  to 
ment  who,  up  to  that  time,  had  been  sentenced  Tralee  prison  for  a  month  in  November,  bav- 
under  the  crimes  act.    On3eptember  18  he  was  ing  been  convicted  of  using  threatening  and 
uncondilionally  released  by  order  of  the  Lord  abusive  language  to  the  district  inspector  of 
Lieutenant,  because  the  rigors  of  confinement  the  constabulary.    Near  the  end  of  the  year, 
had  seriously  impaired  his  health.     William  Edward   Harrington  was    condemned  to  six 
O'Brien  and  others  were  brought  to  trial  at  months'  imprisonment  in  Tullamore  jail  for 
Loughrea  on  April  19,  on  the  charge  of  hav-  publishing  in  his  paper,  the  "Kerry  Sentinel," 
ing  attempted  to  hold  an  illegal  meeting  on  the  reports  of  the  meetings  of  suppressed  branches 
8th  of  the  same  month.    The  crimes  act  was  of  the  National  League.    A  question  of  privi- 
applied  with  severity  to  boycotters.    Persons  lege  was  raised  in  Parliament,  near  the  close 
were  sentenced  to  three  and  four  months'  im-  of  the  session,  in  the  case  of  Mr.  Sheehan,  on 
prisonment  with  no  further  proof  of  conspira-  whom  a  summons  was  served  by  an  Irish  po- 
oy  than  that  they  had  individually  refused  to  liceman  within  the  precincts  of  the  House  of 
sell  their  merchandise  or  services  to  members  Commons. 

of  the  constabulary  force,  even  when  the  latter  The  Plan  of  Campaign  was  not  defeated  by 
had  made  a  demand  for  things  with  which  they  the  imprisonment  of  Irish  members,  and  after 
were  already  plentifully  supplied,  for  the  sole  the  Mandeville  inquest  the  Government  re- 
purpose  of  procuring  evidence  and  making  ar-  laxed  the  severities  to  which  the  prisoners 
rests.  One  of  the  anomalies  of  the  adminis-  were  subjected,  and  embraced  the  first  pretext 
tration  of  the  act  was  the  increase  of  sentences  they  could  find  for  releasing  the  leaders.  TbeT 
by  county  courts  on  appeal  from  the  courts  of  were  scornfully  dared,  across  the  benches  of 
summary  jurisdiction.  One  of  many  instances  Parliament,  to  apply  the  crimes  act  to  Romsn 
wasthatof  Mr.  Blane,  a  mem  ber  of  Parliament,  Catholic  priests,  and  visit  them  with  the  in- 
whose  sentence  the  Appellate  Court  raised  dignities  of  prison  garb,  association  with  felonSt 
from  four  to  six  months,  adding  the  penalty  of  oakum- picking,  and  stone-breaking.  Many  of 
hard  labor.  the  landlords  who  attempted  to  fight  the  Pla^ 

Thomas  Condon,  member  of  Parliament,  was  of  Campaign  were  glad  to  accept  in  the  end 

imprisoned  two  weeks  in  May  in  Cork  jail  for  the  terms  offered,  and  receive  their  rent  frolic 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF.  SW 

ees  of  the  Plan.  Among  these  were  cornmittee,  to  which  the  Government  would 
lion.  Lord  Westmeath,  and  Lord  De  not  consent.  In  Jnlj,  1888,  the  matter  was 
The  Maranis  of  ConTngbam,  Mr.  brought  before  the  public  again  in  a  suit  for 
the  landlord  of  Gweedore,  and  others,  defamation  of  character,  instituted  against  the 
1  their  agents  and  compromised  with  publishers  of  the  ^^ Times"  hj  Frank  Hugh 
ants.  It  was  impossible  to  find  ten-  O^Donnell.  In  the  trial  Attorney- General  Web- 
evicted  farms,  and  toward  the  close  ster,  who  acted  as  counsel  for  the  defendants, 
ar  5,000  farms  were  vacant.  brought  evidence  to  show  that  the  plaintiff  was 
Mtk  of  John  HaBdevDIe. — Mr.  Mande-  not  a  member  of  the  League,  and  thus  his  action 
Irish  member  of  Parliament,  was  failed,  and  instead  of  vindicating  the  reputation 
i  Cork  jail  with  William  O'Brien  in  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Irish  parliamentary  party, 
d  transferred  with  him  to  Tullamore  simply  afforded  counsel  for  the  '^Times'*  an 
Q  struggled  against  being  clothed  in  opportunity  to  reiterate  the  charges  of  com- 
ress,  though  less  pertinaciously  than  plicity  in  murder  and  outrage.  Mr.  Parnell,  in 
and  resisted  being  placed  in  com-  i^arliament,  repeated  his  request  for  an  invest!- 
ip  with  criminals  and  the  performance  gation  by  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Oom- 
il  prison  work.  In  consequence  he  mons.  The  Government  at  length  agreed  to 
iected  frequently  during  bis  confine-  an  inquiry  ioto  the  charges  against  members 
lisciplinary  punishment;  and  as  he  was  of  Parliament  and  other  persons  in  the  action 
f  renoarkable  strength  and  vigor,  the  of  O^Donnell  vs,  Walter  and  another  by  a 
ivere  more  severe  and  merciless  with  special  commission.  In  accordance  with  the 
I  with  his  fellow-prisoner.  The  pun-  proposition  of  W.  H.  Smith,  the  leader  of  the 
cell,  where  his  bed  was  a  bare  plank.  House,  a  commission  was  constituted  with 
bUl  and  damp  that  his  throat  became  powers  to  examine  witnesses  under  oath  and  to 
1  continued  so  during  the  whole  time  compel  full  disclosure  of  all  facts  and  docu- 
in  prison.  When  placed  on  punish-  ments,  and  grant  certificates  protecting  from 
t  he  was  unable  to  swallow  the  dry  all  proceedings,  except  for  perjury,  witnesses 
id  cold  water,  and  consequently  snf-  who  may  have  criminated  themselves  by  their 
m  starvation  to  such  a  degree  that  he  disclosures.  Mr.  Parnell  would  not  positive- 
.  rope  round  his  waist  to  ease  his  ly  accept  the  Government  proposition,  but 
id  at  times  felt  himself  to  be  on  the  left  it  for  the  House  of  Commons  to  de- 
'  madness.  A  scrap  of  meat  that  a  cide.  He  wished  to  have  the  inquiry  limited 
Dnce  threw  to  him,  as  to  a  dog,  gave  to  the  forged  letters  and  other  specific  libels 
e  pleasure  than  anything  that  he  had  and  to  the  actions  of  members  of  Parliament. 
m.  He  told  the  prison  doctor  that  he  After  an  excited  debate,  the  bill  was  passed 
>nt  the  latter.  Dr.  James  Ridley,  over-  under  application  of  the  closure  on  August  8, 
ig  the  strength  of  his  constitution,  every  amendment  offered  by  the  Parnellites 
;hat  he  could  stand  the  punishment,  and  Gladstonians  having  been  rejected.  Judges 
:eoD  had  been  reproved  for  bis  lenien-  Hannen,  Smith,  and  Day  were  appointed  by 
»rmer  prisoners,  and  feared  that  he  the  Government  as  members  of  the  comniis- 
jae  his  place  if  he  released  political  sion,  which  first  met  on  September  17.  Sir 
)  from  punishment  without  strong  Oharles  Russell  and  Henry  Asqnith  appeared 
Dr.  Moorhead,  the  visiting  lustice,  for  the  Parnellites,  and  Mr.  Graham  and  Attor- 
id  Mandeville  suffering  from  rhenma-  ney-General  Webster  for  the  *^  Times.'*  It 
exhausted  from  lack  of  nourishment,  was  decided  that  the  commission  had  author- 
"ote^ts  in  the  prison  journal,  and  com-  ity  to  order  the  production  of  the  originals  of 
;o  Dr.  Ridley,  but  the  latter  certified  the  letters  published  in  the  ^^  Times  *'  and 
was  healthy  and  fit  for  punishment,  other  documents,  but  would  decide  what  doc- 
ile came  out  of  prison  on  Dec.  24,  uments  Sir  Oharles  RnsselFs  clients  could  ex- 
le.  ansamic,  emaciated,  and  tremulous,  peot ;  also,  that  Mr.  Dillon  should  be  released 
ially  recovered  his  strength,  then  suf-  on  bail  in  order  to  appear  as  a  witness.  In- 
lapses,  and  on  July  8,  1888,  died  of  a  structions  were  given  to  the  publishers  of  the 
>-e  chill.  A  coroner's  inquest  was  ''  Times  "  to  formulate  the  definite  charges  that 
at  Mitchelstown  on  the  day  of  the  they  were  prepared  to  prove  as  well  as  the  al- 
which  was  attended  by  6,000  persons,  legations  faJling  short  of  definite  charges.  The 
ley  wrote  a  remorseful  letter  to  the  commission  then  adjourned  till  October  22, 
*  of  the  jail,  and  on  July  20,  the  day  after  issuing  an  order  for  an  inspection  of  the 
1  he  was  summoned  to  give  evidence  bank-books  of  the  Land  League.  William  Red- 
le  coroner's  jury,  committed  suicide.  mond  was  also  released  to  appear  before  the 
prtlM  0f  the  Chargts  agaimt  the  Panel-  commission. 

le  accnsations  against  the  Irish  I^nd  Dyiaaite  Plot — Thomas  Oallan  and  Michael 
eaders,  contained  in  a  series  of  articles  Harkins,  who  arrived  from  the  United  States 
"  Pamellism  and  Crime,"  published  in  in  June,  1887,  were  convicted  on  February  8, 
don  "Times"  in  April,  1887,  were  1888,  of  being  in  the  unlawful  possession  of 
i  demand  on  the  part  of  the  Irish  mem-  dynamite  and  of  a  conspiracy  to  cause  a  dan- 
Parliament  for  an  inquiry  by  a  select  gcrous  explosion,  and  were  sentenced  to  fifteen 


898  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF. 

years'  penal  servitade.  They  bad  associated  Si  per  cent,  oonstitnting  the  interest,  and  se^en 
in  London  with  a  suspected  Irish  revolntion-  eifirnthsof  1  per  cent,  a  sinking-fund  which  wifl 
ist  named  Melville,  and  received  money  from  eztingnish  the  debt  in  forty-Dine  years.  The 
him,  and  with  a  certain  Oohen,  who,  wlien  landlords  have  benefited  by  the  voluntary  sales 
taken  seriously  ill  iu  September,  1887,  before  through  the  eagerness  of  the  tenants  to  aoqaire 
he  died  gave  two  boxes  of  dynamite  into  the  land,  and  the  leaders  of  the  Land  League  h&ve 
charge  of  Harkins,  one  of  which  the  latter  left  advised  against  purchasing  under  the  act,  save 
with  Callan.  Harkins  was  apprehended  and  in  exceptional  cases.  Those  who  have  por- 
searched  by  the  police,  without  anything  suspi-  chased  in  the  north  have  usually  secured  fkir 
cious  being  found,  but  Callan  became  alarmed,  terms,  and  in  general  the  new  proprietors  hare 
and  clumsily  attempted  to  do  away  with  the  till  now  shown  little  dissatisfaction,  evincing  a 
dynamite  in  his  possession.  His  lodgings  were  disposition  to  work  harder  in  order  to  meet 
searched,  and  both  in  his  baggage  and  in  that  their  installments,  and  many  have  applied  for 
of  Harkins  experts  discovered  traces  of  dyna-  loans  under  the  land  improvement  act.  The 
mite.  They  asserted  that  they  had  taken  the  installments  are  less  than  the  old  rent,  the  por- 
explosive  from  Cohen  as  an  act  of  friendship  chaser  having  in  addition  to  assume  the  wLoIe 
in  order  to  shield  him  by  concealing  it,  but  the  of  the  poor  rate,  and  in  cases  where  the  por- 
jury  were  convinced  from  their  relations  with  chase  was  based  on  rents  fixed  since  1870  the 
Melville,  who  escaped  to  Paris,  as  well  as  with  county  taxes  also,  but  they  exceed  the  rents 
Cohen,  that  all  four  were  concerned  in  a  dy-  adjusted  under  the  last  land  act.  The  peasants 
namite  plot.  One  of  the  Irish  members  of  who  have  become  proprietors  nnder  the  act  are 
Parliament  had  introduced  the  two  Americans  for  the  most  part  large  farmers  who  were  well 
to  the  gallery  of  the  House  of  Commons,  a  off  before,  while  in  the  congested  and  impov- 
circumstance  which  afforded  a  fresh  opportu-  erished  districts  there  have  been  few  salet. 
nity  to  the  Unionists  to  accuse  the  Nationalists  The  most  important  business  of  the  adjourned 
of  being  in  league  with  Fenian  assassins  and  session  of  Parliament  was  the  continuance  of 
possibly  cognizant  of  a  plot  to  blow  up  the  Lord  Ashboume^s  act,  which  passed  the  third 
Houses  of  Parliament.  reading  on  November  29.  The  Irish  party  eo- 
Tbe  Laid  Pnrchaie  Act — Lord  Ashbourne's  act,  deavored  to  introduce  instructions  to  the  Land 
which  became  law  on  Aug.  14,  1885,  author-  Commission  to  consider  the  question  of  arrears 
ized  advances  of  the  aggregate  amount  of  £5,-  in  applying  the  act.  The  sum  of  jB5, 000,000 
000,000  to  Irish  tenants  to  enable  them  to  be-  was  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  commission- 
come  owners  of  their  farms.  At  the  end  of  ers  for  advances  to  purchanng  tenants  on  the 
three  years  this  sum  was  exhausted.  Under  same  conditions  as  under  the  original  act 
this  act  the  state  advimced  the  whole  purchase  Sigar  Bomticst — In  an  international  confer- 
money,  but  was  secured  by  a  deposit  of  cash  ence  held  in  London  in  November,  1887,  all 
equal  to  at  least  one  fifth  of  it,  which  the  pur-  the  chief  sugar-producing  nations  of  Europe, 
chasing  tenant  had  to  place  in  the  hanois  of  through  their  representatives,  agreed  in  prin- 
the  Land  Commission,  and  when  the  security  ciple  to  the  total  abolition  of  bounties  on  the 
seemed  insufficient  the  commissioners  called  export  of  sugar.  In  France,  Germany,  Austria, 
for  a  fourth,  and  in  some  cases  even  for  a  third  Belgium,  and  Holland  the  excise  duty  on  sugar 
of  the  amount  of  the  loan.  The  security  was  is  levied  on  the  beet-roots  as  they  are  taken  in 
usually  retained  from  the  purchase  money,  the  at  the  factory,  while  the  manufacturer  receives 
selling  landlord  receiving  8  per  cent,  interest  a  drawback  or  bounty  on  all  the  sugar  that  he 
for  it  or  causing  it  to  be  invested  under  the  exports,  which  was  intended  to  be  exactly 
laws  governing  the  investment  of  trust  moneys,  equal  to  the  duty  that  he  has  already  paid. 
Under  the  Ashbourne  act  about  12,000  tenants  After  the  saccharine  yield  had  been  fixed  hy 
have  acquired  the  freehold  of  their  farms,  more  law,  the  refiners  had  an  extraordinary  incentive 
than  half  of  them  being  Ulster  farmers,  where-  to  perfect  their  processes  and  machinery  and 
as  in  Connaught  the  sum  applied  for  was  only  the  growers  to  improve  the  culture,  in  order  to 
£412,687.  The  purchasing  tenants  have  paid  obtain  a  higher  yield  than  the  legal  standard, 
their  installments  with  promptness  and  regu-  There  was  a  rapid  development  of  the  methods 
larity,  except  in  very  few  cases.  Before  ad-  of  cultivation  and  extraction,  and  the  govern- 
vancing  the  money  for  the  purchase  of  a  hold-  ments  soon  found  themselves  paying  out  more 
ing,  the  Land  Commission  sends  an  inspector,  in  drawbacks  than  they  received  in  taxes.  Un- 
who  examines  the  property  and  reports  wheth-  der  this  stimulus  the  cultivation  of  the  Rlfra^ 
er  the  land  is  sufficient  security  for  the  price  beet  and  the  manufacture  of  sugar  outstripped 
stated  in  the  contract  of  sale  between  the  land-  the  demand.  A  glut  in  the  market,  a  great 
lord  and  the  tenant,  and  whether  the  install-  fall  in  prices,  and  a  universal  crisis  in  the  sugar 
ments  can  be  paid  out  of  the  profits  of  the  farm,  industry  resulted.  The  governments  had  hesi- 
leaving  a  fair  margin  for  the  cultivator  and  for  tated  to  lower  the  bounties  while  the  industry 
bad  seasons.  The  average  rate  of  purchase  has  was  prosperous,  because  none  could  move  in 
been  seventeen  or  eighteen  times  the  net  an-  the  matter  without  placing  its  own  producers 
nual  rent.  The  tenant  pays  back  the  entire  at  a  disadvantage.  To  take  away  the  bounties 
purchase  money  advanced  by  the  Government  now,  when  the  producers  were  embarrassed, 
in  annual  installments  of  4  per  cent  of  the  loan,  would  create  a  more  widespread  financial  crias- 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF.  899 

way  every  chance  for  the  indastry  mast  give  complete  and  ahsolnte  security  that 

A  conference  was  held  in  Paris  in  no  premiums  on  the  export  of  sagar,  direct  or 

Dnsider  the  question  of  abolishing  indirect,  should  be  granted,  and  a  system  of 

I  all  countries  simultaneously,  but  it  taking  manufactured  sugar  that  is  destined  for 

othing,  owing  to  the  opposition  of  consumption  is  the  only  method  of  abolishing 

id  the  Netherlands.    The  legal  yield  premiums,  the  taxes  being  extended  to  sirup 

in  Germany  at  8^  per  cent,  of  the  and  glucose.    The  conference  reassembled  in 

iie  roots,  but  with  improved  process-  London  on  April  6,  1888.    Germany,  Austria, 

sent  or  more  of  sogar  was  extracted,  Belgium,   Brazil,    Denmark,    Spain,    France, 

manufacturer  a  clear  bounty  of  $10  Great  Britain,  Italy,  the  Netherlands,  Russia, 

dl  the  sugar  that  he  exported.    In  and  Sweden,  were  officially  represented.   The 

lake  good  the  loss  to  the  treasury.  United  States  followed  the  proceedings  unoffi- 

21,000,000  marks  in  1884,  the  Gov-  cially,  and  is  expected  to  join  a  union  of  sugar- 

aised  the  tax  on  consumption  from  growing  countries  if  one  can  be  formed  that 

0  mark,  but  did  not  venture  to  dis-  shall  embrace  all  those  that  produce  beet- sugar 
export  bounty.  Accordmg  to  the  and  four  fifths  of  the  cane-producing  countries, 
sties,  bounties  cost  France  f  17,000,-  The  final  protocol,  with  a  draft  convention, 
:;  Germany,  $16,000,000;  Austria-  was  signed  by  the  plenipotentiaries  on  May  12, 
$5,000,000;  Belgium,  $4,000,000;  with  reservations  on  important  points.  Id 
id,  $3,000,000.  The  English,  who  France  the  producers  of  sugar  were  strongly 
>atest  consumers  of  sugar  in  Europe,  opposed  to  the  treaty,  as  tibey  consider  that 
sed  only  cane-sugar,  mainly  the  prod-  the  conditions  for  production  are  more  favor- 
)  British  West  Indies  and  Guiana,  able  in  Germany.  France  and  Spain  raised 
oot  sugar  gradually  displaced  cane-  the  objection  that  the  United  States  and  other 
^ther.  When  the  refiners,  whose  countries  holding  aloof  from  the  convention 
as  destroyed,  called  on  the  Govern-  would  swamp  the  countries  entering  into  the 

1  remedy,  they  were  told  that  the  treaty  with  their  bounty-fed  sugar.    In  order 
Cnsland  ought  to  be  well  content  if  to  remove  their  doubts,  a  clause  was  introduced 
lental   governments  chose  to  pay  a  whereby  the  contracting  powers  agreed  to  pro- 
price  of  their  sugar,  and  thus  make  hibit  the  importation  of  sugar  from  bounty -giv- 

l;  of  about  $26,000,000  a  year.    The  ing  countries.    This,  however,  did  not  satisfy 

an  planters  could  not  be  so  easily  France.    England,  Germany,  Belgium,  Spain, 

for  sugar  is  almost  the  only  product  Italy,  the  Netherlands,  and  Russia  signified 

ish  colonies  in  the  West  Indies,  and,  their  acceptance  of  the  treaty.   Austria  reserved 

ing  to  seek  for  them  a  new  market  its  adherence  until  all  European  countries  pro- 

otiation  of  a  reciprocity  treaty  wit^  ducing  or  consuming  sugar  should  also  adhere  to 

States,  the  British  Government  was  the  agreement.    Brazil  reserved  her  freedom ; 

1  to  open  negotiations  with  the  Con-  Denmark  refused  to  exclude  the  produce  of 

>vemment8  for  the  abolition  of  the  favored  nations  because  it  would  be  a  breach 

tem.    Belgium  ranks  fourth  among  of  treaties.    France  reserved  her  adherence 

)rodncing  nations  of  Europe,  and  is  until  all  sugar-producing  and  sugar-consuming 

chief  exporting  countries,  since  the  countries  adhere  and  frame  laws  with  which 

f  is  fixed  so  high  that  little  sugar  is  she  is  satisfied.    Sweden  refused  to  bind  her- 

in  the  country  and  four  fifths  of  the  self  in  any  way.    The  seven  countries  that 

es  abroad.    The  Belgian  representa-  signed  the  convention  a^eed  to  appoint  com- 

I  London  conference  did  not  oppose  missioners,  who  should  sit  at  London  and  report 

il  of  export  bounties,  but  would  not  what  countries  give  bounties  to  sugar  exporters, 

remedy  on  which  all  the  other  dele-  and  to  what  extent,  and  the  parties  to  the  treaty 

)  agreed,  viz.,  the  system  of  manu-  are  bound  to  exclude  from  their  markets  sugar 

n  bond.    The  Belgian  Government  that  a  majority  of  the  commission  decides  to 

machine  for  gauging  the  saccharine  be  bounty-fed.    Before  ratifying  the  conven- 

le  refineries,  and  proposed  Govern-  tion,  Belgium  reserved  the  right  of  withdrawing 

rol  of  the  legal  yield  and  a  system  of  her  adhesion  in  case  the  treaty  should  be  re- 

s  in  preference  to  the  more  trouble-  jected  by  any  of  the  signatory  powers, 

nquisicorial  bonding  system,  which,  it  (MmUcs* — The  colonial  possessions  of  Great 

sr  objected,  would  not  prevent  the  .  Britain  have  a  total  area  of  more  than  9,000,- 

joyment    of  bounties  by  means  of  000  square  miles  and  a  population  of  275, 000,- 

he  revenue.    The  other  governments  000,  but  of  this  number  256,000,000  are  found 

une  ground  in  condemning  the  Bel-  in  British  India  and  the  feudatory  states.    The 

•sals.    Before  the  second  meeting  of  possessions  in  Europe  are  Heligoland,  Gibral- 

ence  at  London,  Baron  de  Worms,  tar,  and  Malta.    The  Asiatic  dependencies  in- 

h  delegate,  made  a  tour  of  the  Euro-  elude  Cyprus,  Aden,  India,  Ceylon,  Perrin,  La- 

als,  seeking  to  bring  about  an  agree-  buan,  the  Straits  Settlements,  the  Keeling  Id- 

le  basis  of  a  treaty  on  which   the  ands,  the  Eurea  Murea  Islands,  and    Hong- 

tiaries  agreed  in  London  on  Nov.  24,  Kong,  which  have  an  ag^egate  area,  inclusive 

that  the  measures  to  be  adopted  of  the  feudatory  states  oflndia  and  the  Malayan 


400  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF. 

peninsula,  of  1,845,866  square  miles,  and  261,-  in  aid  was  £78,000  in  1882,^90,000  i 

201,491  iubabitants.    The  possessions  and  pro-  £30,000  in  1884,  £15,000  in  each  of 

tectorates  in  Africa  have  an  area  of  nearly  lowing  two  years,  and  £18,000  in  18S 

500,000  square  miles  and  a  population  of  about  imports  have  increased  from  £333,512 

3,000,000.     They  include  Gambia,  the  Niger  to  £355,795  in  1887,  and  the  expor 

Districts,  Sierra  Leone,  Lagos,  part  of  the  Gold  £276,129  to  £312,797.    The  revenue  i 

Coast,  St.  Helena  and  Ascension  Island,  Tris-  '87  was  £187,044  and  the  expenditure 

tan  d'Acunha,  Socotra,  Mauritius,  St.  Paul  and  044.    Of  the  total  expenditures  the 

Amsterdam,  Cape  Colony,  Hasutoland,  Bechu-  £66,171  was  for  salaries,  £10,723  for 

analand,  Zululand,  Nata],  and  Berbera  and  its  and  £10,024  for   public  works.     Th 

vicinity.    In  America  the  colonies  of  Great  sources  of  revenue  are  tithes,  yielding ; 

Britain  are  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  New-  and  Verghi  taxes,  yielding  £26,862.     1 

found  land,  the  Bahamas,  Bermudas,  and  Bar-  ute  to  the  Ottoman  Government  was  p 

badoes,  Jamaica  and  Turk's  Island,  Leeward  at  Constantinople  according  to  the  sti 

Islands,  Windward  Islands,  Trinidad,  Honduras,  as  long  as  Lord  Beaconsfield  remained  ii 

Guiana,  Falkland  Islands,  and  South  Georgia.  When  the  Liberal  Government  of  181 

Their  aggregate  area  is  3,648,140  square  miles,  in,  the  covenant  was  broken  and  the 

and  their  population,  according  to  the  latest  from  that  time  has  been  detained,  first 

enumerations,  is  6,215,000.    In  Australasia  and  advances  made  by  the  English  and 

Polynesia  the  colonies  of  Australia  and  New  governments  to  meet  the  interest  on  i 

Zealand,  with  the  Norfolk  Islands,  British  New  anteed  Ottoman  loan  of  £5,000,000  wl 

Guinea,  the  Eermadec  Islands,  and  Auckland,  raised  in  1855  and  on  which  the  Turk! 

Lord  Howe,  Caroline,  Starbuck,  Maiden,  and  ernment  defaulted  in  1875,  and,  aft( 

Fanning  islands,  have  a  total  area  of  3,270,232  were  cleared  off,  to  provide  the  annual 

square  miles,  and  contain  altogether  8,667,811  on  that  loan  in  excess  of  the  Egyptian 

inhabitants.  This  absorbs  £82,000  of  the  Cyprus 

The  islund  of  Cyprus,  in  the  northern  part  leaving  £10,800  which  is  also  detained 

of  the  Levant,  is  administered  by  Great  Brit-  meeting  the  sinking-fund  of  1  per  cent 

ain  in   behalf  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  hav-  guaranteed    loan.      In   1887  Cyprus 

ing  been  ceded  to  England  by  the  convention  from  drought  and  deficient  harvests, 

concluded  on  June  4,  1878.     Great   Britain  administration  was  compelled  to  resoi 

agreed  to  pay  a  perpetual  tribute  of  £92,800  traordinary  measures  to  relieve  famin* 

a  year,  which  was  calculated  on  the  net  reve-  expend  a  larger  sum  than  usual  on  tl 

nue  derived  from  the  island  by  the  Porte  at  the  in  order  to  check  agrarian  crime.    Con» 

time  of  the  cession.    The  present  High  Com-  the  surplus  revenue  for  1887-88  fell 

missioner  is  Sir  Henry  Ernest  Bulwer,  who  the  Governor  informed  the  Colonial  S 

carries  on  the  Government  with  the  aid  of  a  that  a  grant  in   aid  of  not  less  than 

Legislative  Council  of  eighteen  members,  of  would  be  required  to  restore  the  financ 

whom  six  are  appointed  by  the  Government,  librium.    The  Chancellor  of  the  Ex( 

nine  are  elected  by  tbe  Christian  inhabitants,  however,  refused  to  sanction  a  larger  v 

and  three  are  elected  by  the  Mohammedans.  £30,000,  and  suggested  a  temporary  n 

The  area  is  3,584  square  miles,  and  the  popu-  of  the  salaries  of  the  English  ofiicia 

lation  in  1881  was  186,173,  of  which  number  Legislative  Council  had  already  resolve 

45,458  were  Mohammedans  and  137,031  be-  down  some  of  the  higher  salaries,  but 

longed  to  the  Orthodox  Greek  Church.    When  ceedings  were  disallowe<l  by  Lord  En 

Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  took  possession  in  the  who  announced,  however,  that  when  t 

name  of  the  Queen  in  July,  1878,  he  issued  a  vacancy  occurs  the  salary  of  tihe  High  ( 

proclamation  promising  great  benefits  to  the  sioner  will  be  fixed  at  £2,000  instead  of 

people.     None  of  the  promised  blessings  have  and  the  salaries  of  other  superior  ofBc 

resulted  from  the  connection  with  England,  be  reduced.    The  people  of  Cyprus,  g 

except  a  reform  of  the  judiciary.     The  Gov-  under  the  load  of  oppressive  taxation, 

ernment  has  done  nothing  to  give  the  people  for  the  repudiation  of  the  Turkish 

improved  roads  and  harbors,  or  to  ameliorate  which  with  the  cost  of  the  British  ofli 

the  primitive  agriculture   of  the  country  or  tablishment  consumes  the  bulk  of  the  r 

promote  education,  while   collecting  £43.000  leaving  but  a  fraction  to  be  applied  t* 

more  taxes  on  the  average  than  were   paid  works  or  other  useful  objects.     The  i 

under  the  Ottomnn  administration,  and  since  ment  by  which  the  Turkish  tribute  hi 

there  has  been  no  intiux  of  English  capital  the  diverted  for  the  benefit  of  the   Rriti 

productive  resources  of  the  island  have  not  French  treasuries  does  not  rest  on  a 

improved.    The  expenses  of  British  administra-  understanding  with  France,  but  contini 

tion  are  so  much  greater  that  Parliament  has  during  the  good  pleasure  of  the  Britii 

been  compelled  ea(!h  year  to  vote  money  to  ernment.     The  total  sum  of  the  grants 

make  up  the  Turkish  tribute,  and  many  peo-  up  to  1888  is  £294,000,  which  is  less  I 

pie  in  Great  Britain  consider  Cyprus  a  useless  200  than  the  half  of  the  eight  years' 

incumbrance,  since  its  strategical  value  has  been  that  has  been  appropriated  by  the  Brit 

called  in  question  in  recent  years.    The  grant  chequer  since  1880. 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF.  401 

0]ve  works  at  Singapore  and  HoDg-  made.  Sontb  Australia  and  the  other  colo- 
jompleted  in  1888,  and  a  part  of  nies,  with  the  exception  of  Victoria,  likewise 
it  was  in  place,  though  the  10-inch  supported  Queensland  in  the  position  that  she 
ill  wanting.  The  fortifications  in  had  taken.  -  The  incident  was  closed  by  Sir 
e  to  be  completed  in  1889.  The  Henry  Blake^s  asking  to  be  relieved,  and  the 
rincomalee  and  St.  Helena  were  acceptance  of  his  resignation. 
3d  in  the  middle  of  1888,  and  those  In  Africa  Great  Britain  has  abandoned  to 
were  well  under  way.  The  Im-  Germany  her  claims  to  Damaraland  and  Great 
nment  has  co-operated  with  the  Namaqualand,  and  has  contracted  her  sphere 
lorities  in  fortifying  Gape  Town,  of  interests  in  the  region  where  the  Germans 
asian  colonies  have  constructed  have  founded  their  colony  of  the  Oamaroons. 
iselves,  and  armed  them  with  guns  In  Zanzibar  the  Germans  compete  for  the  su- 
hose  at  present  available  for  the  premacy  once  held  by  Great  Britain.  Berbera 
nglish  seaports.  The  imperial  de*  and  parts  of  the  Somali  coast  were  proclaimed 
t  was  passed  in  the  session  of  1888  British  territory  at  various  dates  between  July, 
the  expense  of  fortifying  the  ports  1884,  and  January,  1886,  and  the  powers  were 
itions  by  a  loan,  which  is  secured  notified,  in  compliance  with  the  general  act  of 
rsionary  increase  in  value  of  the  the  Berlin  Conference,  on  July  20, 1887.  The 
hares  held  by  the  Government,  to  annexation  of  Zululand  was  notified  on  July  8, 
I  the  existing  charge  is  paid  ofi\.  1887.  The  Gold  Coast  protectorate  has  been 
Is  on  these  shares,  106,702  in  num-  extended  so  far  eastward  as  to  include  the 
rere  purchased  from  the  Khedive  mouths  of  the  Niger  and  the  Calabar  oil  rivers. 
T5  for  the  sum  of  £8,976,682,  had  The  trade  of  the  colonies  of  Gambia,  Sierra 
I  by  him  to  the  company  till  1894.  Leone,  the  Gold  Coast,  and  Lagos  is  about 
island  ministry  in  1888  attempted  £8,000,000  annually.  The  area  of  the  Niger 
le  choice  of  a  Governor  for  the  protectorate,  extending  from  the  mouths  of  the 
thus  deprive  the  home  Govern-  river  to  Tola,  on  the  Binu6,  is  28,000  square 
lost  the  last  vestige  of  authority  miles,  while  the  Royal  Niger  Company  has  ob- 
lation in  the  government  of  the  tained  trade  rights  by  treaty  with  native  chiefs 
len  Sir  Anthony  Musgrave,  the  over  260,000  square  miles  more,  reaching  up 
9r,  died  suddenly  in  October,  the  the  Binu^  to  the  German  boundary,  and  up  the 
ministers  endeavored  to  obtain  a  Niger  as  far  as  the  rapids,  and  including  the 
t  the  name  of  the  proposed  new  kingdoms  of  Gandu  and  Sokoto.  The  protec- 
lould  be  communicated  to  them  torate  over  the  Niger  districts  was  notified  on 
ippointment  was  definitely  made.  June  5,  1885,  in  the  '^London  Gazette,''  and 
ford  declined  to  accede,  in  a  dis-  announced  in  diplomatic  form  six  days  later. 
October  19,  saying  that  it  is  ob-  The  recent  extension  northward  from  Cape 
le  ofiScer  charged  with  the  duty  of  Colony  into  Bechuanaland  and  the  Kalahari 
he  foreign  relations  of  the  Crown  desert  has  added  more  than  180,000  square 
Ing  the  Crown  when  any  question  miles  to  the  area  of  British  South  Africa,  of 
as  distinct  from  colonial,  interest  which  48,000  square  miles  form  a  Crown  colo- 
owe  his  appointment  and  be  re-  ny,  and  the  remainder  a  protectorate.  Accord- 
the  Crown  alone,  and  that  there-  ing  to  a  recent  treaty  with  Germany,  the  re- 
possible  for  the  responsible  min-  gion  north  of  German  East  Africa,  bounded 
colony  to  share  the  responsibility  by  a  line  following  the  Sana  river  northwest- 
g  the  Governor  or  to  have  a  veto  ward,  across  the  equator,  and  down  to  Vic- 
atment.  The  choice  of  the  Secre-  toria  Nyanza,  has  been  allotted  to  England  as 
«  for  the  colonies  fell  upon  Sir  her  sphere  of  influence.  The  coast  and  the 
,  Governor  of  Newfoundland,  who  right  of  collecting  transit  duties  have  been 
us  to  the  Queensland  colonists,  es-  leased  by  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  to  the  British 
ccount  of  his  position  on  the  Irish  East  Africa  Company.  This  acquisition  is  ex- 
[is  first  colonial  appointment,  that  pected  to  give  the  English  the  control  of  one 
'  of  the  Bahamas,  was  given  as  a  of  the  richest  regions  of  Central  Africa.  The 
is  services  to  the  Government  as  rainfall  is  deficient  in  the  territory  covered  by 
nagistrate  in  Ireland.  When  this  the  treaty,  although  there  is  good  grazing 
was  communicated  to  the  Queens-  country  both  on  the  coast  and  in  the  highlands 
P8,  they  telegraphed  a  strong  pro-  of  Masailand.  But  the  chief  value  of  the 
>vember  22  Sir  Henry  Parkes,  the  British  section  is  that  it  gives  access  to  the 
New  South  Wales,  moved  an  ad-  rich  and  populous  countries  around  Lake  Vic- 
Queen,  to  which  the  Legislative  toria  and  Lake  Albert,  including  the  Equato- 
reed  without  a  division,  expressing  rial  Provinces  of  Egypt.  The  total  area  oyer 
;bat  colonial  governors  should  be  which  Great  Britain  exercises  a  commanding 
D  men  who  have  held  high  office  influence  in  Africa,  exclusive  of  Egypt,  is  not 
the  Imperial  Parliament,  and  that  less  than  1,000,000  square  miles,  with  a  popu- 
ovemment  should  be  informed  of  lation  of  80,000,000,  and  a  commerce  of  about 
appointment  before  it  is  actually  £20,000,000  a  year, 
xxviii.— 26  A 


402  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND,  UNITED  KINGDOM  OF. 

The  island  of  Manritias,  lying  in  the  Indian  British  Government  acqaires  no  right  to  inter 

Ocean,  500  miles  east  of  Madagascar,  has  an  fere  in  the  internal  administration,  bat  will  b< 

area  of  708  square  miles,  and  a  population  of  the  arbiter  in  cases  of  disputed  succession  anc 

868,415.    The  present  Governor  is  Sir  John  in  all  disputes  with  foreign  states,  including 

Pope  Henessj.    The  Council  of  Grovernment  is  North  Borneo  and  Brunai,  and  no  cession  ol 

composed  of  10  elective,  8  ofScial,  and  9  ap-  territory  to  a  foreign  power  can  take  place 

pointed   members.     A  new  Constitution  was  without  its  consent 

adopted  in  1885,  introducing  the  elective  prin-  Labuan,  an  island  thirty  square  miles  in  ex- 
ciple.  But  few  votes  are  cast  by  the  Indians,  tent,  off  die  northwest  coast  of  Borneo,  is  a 
who  constitute  two  thirds  of  the  population,  Crown  colony.  It  is  peopled  by  about  6,000 
and  who  are  at  present  represented  in  the  Midays  from  Borneo,  with  some  Chinese  traders 
Grovernment  by  one  of  the  nominated  members  and  a  score  of  Europeans  who  carry  on  a  trade 
of  the  Council.  The  rest  of  the  population  in  sago,  gutta-percha,  India-rubber,  wax,  and 
comprises  natives  of  African  race,  Chinese,  other  products  of  the  main  island  with  Singa- 
French  Creoles,  a  few  English,  and  mixed  pore.  The  imports  of  1887  were  valued  at 
races.  The  imports  iu  1886  were  valued  at  $870,751,  and  the  exports  at  $417,551.  The 
28,946,967  rupees,  and  the  exports  at  82,888,-  state  of  North  Borneo  is  under  the  direction 
899  rupees,  of  which  sum  29,126,169  rupees  of  the  proprietary  British  North  Borneo  Corn- 
represent  the  export  of  raw  sugar.  pAny,    with  headquarters  in  London,   which 

In  the  beginning  of  1888  the  English,  by  pays  over  $50,000  in  salaries  in  the  colony, 
means  of  a  warlike  expedition,  imposed  their  The  area  is  27,500  square  miles,  and  the  popa- 
dominion  on  the  Yonnies  and  other  tribes  back  lation  175,000,  consisting  of  Mohammedan  set- 
of  Sierra  Leone.  The  Mendis  and  the  Lok-  tiers  on  the  coast  and  native  tribes  in  the 
kohs,  residing  within  the  frontiers  of  British  mountainous  interior,  with  a  few  Chinese  trad- 
Quiah,  made  an  attack  on  their  neighbors  out-  era  and  artisans.  Sandakan,  on  the  east  coast, 
side  of  the  British  protectorate.  These  in-  is  the  chief  port.  The  revenue  in  1886  from 
vited  the  aid  of  the  Yonnies,  who  in  October,  licenses,  duties,  royalties,  etc.,  was  $127,781, 
1887,  descended  on  the  town  of  Senneboo,  and  and  from  land  sales  $12,084 ;  the  expenditure, 
destroyed  this  and  other  places  belonging  to  a  $218,061.  The  value  of  the  exports  wa8$524)- 
female  chief  called  Madame  Yoko.  Sir  Francis  724;  of  imports,  $849,115.  The  convention 
de  Winton  was  then  appointed  the  head  of  an  with  Sarawak  is  of  the  same  form  as  those  con- 
expedition  into  the  Yonnie  country,  which  eluded  with  the  sultans  or  rajahs  of  Perak,  Se- 
captured  Robari,  the  chief  town,  and  subju-  langore,  Sungei  Ujong,  and  other  native  terri- 
gated  the  country,  which  was  then  placed  un-  tories  around  Singapore,  and  the  acquisitions 
der  a  chief  selected  by  the  conquerors.  in  Borneo  will  probably,  like  these,  be  placed 

The  state  of  Sarawak,  in  the  island  of  Borneo,  under  the  direction  of  the  Governor  ot  the 
was  founded  in  1841  by  Sir  James  Brooke,  who  Straits  Settlements.  The  last  protectorate  et- 
established  a  settled  and  peaceful  government  tablished  in  the  Malay  peninsula  was  over  the 
among  the  hostile  races  of  Sulus,  Malays,  and  dominions  of  the  Rigah  of  Pahang,  lying  to  the 
Dyaks,  who  had  previously  lived  by  piracy  and  east  of  Perak  and  Selangore.  The  rajah,  who 
rapine.  He  prayed  for  the  protection  of  the  is  invested  by  the  treaty  with  the  title  of  sultan, 
British  Government,  and  even  offered  to  trans-  agrees  to  make  no  concession  or  grant  of  any 
fer  the  dominion  that  he  had  established  to  the  kind  to  a  foreigner  unless  he  be  a  British  sab- 
British  Crown,  with  reservation  of  the  rights  of  ject  or  a  person  of  Chinese,  Malay,  or  other 
the  natives ;  but  was  unable  to  obtain  from  his  Oriental  race.  The  present  Governor  of  the 
own  Government  the  recognition  of  the  country  Straits  Settlements  is  Sir  Frederick  Aloysins 
as  an  independent  state  until  after  the  United  Weld,  who  received  his  appointment  in  1880. 
States  and  Italy  had  given  such  recognition.  The  colony  comprises  the  islands  of  Singapore 
After  he  had  relinquished  the  government  to  and  Penang,  with  small  a^acent  islands,  the 
his  successor,  and  returned  to  England  to  end  strips  of  coast  on  the  Malayan  peninsula  known 
his  days,  he  still  labored  to  secure  the  pro-  as  Province  Wellesley  and  the  Dindings,  newly 
tection  of  the  Imperial  Government  for  the  acquired  territory  south  of  Erian,  and  Malacca, 
state  that  he  had  created,  which  he  feared  on  the  western  coast  of  the  peninsula.  The 
would  pass  under  the  dominion  of  some  other  native  states  under  British  protection  occupy 
European  power,  and  in  1864  was  gratified  the  whole  coast  line  between  Malacca  and  Ptot- 
when  a  British  consul  was  appointed  to  Sara-  ince  Wellesley.  The  British  Resident  in  etch 
wak.  In  June,  1888,  the  Supreme  Council  of  native  state,  and  the  European  officers  on  his 
Sarawak  sanctioned  an  agreement  that  the  pres-  staff,  besides  discharging  executive  functions 
ent  Rigah  Brooke  had  concluded  with  the  reserved  to  them,  share  in  the  government  as 
British  Government,  which  has  at  last  decided  members  of  the  State  Council.  The  native 
to  establish  a  protectorate  over  Sarawak,  which  rulers  obtain  their  revenue  mainly  from  the  ex- 
will  probably  soon  be  extended  to  the  recently  port  duty  on  tin.  The  population  of  Singapore, 
founded  state  of  North  Borneo  and  the  inde-  Penang,  and  Malacca,  in  1881,  was  428,384. 
pendent  native  state  of  Brunai.  Sarawak  will  There  were  8,483  whites,  80,985  natives  of  In- 
continue  to  be  governed  as  an  independent  state  dia,  174,827  Chinese,  and  174,892  Malays.  Tbi 
by  the  Rajah  Brooke  and  his  successors,  and  the  chief  exports  are  tin,  sugar,  pepper,  nutmegs 


A.T  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.  GREECE.                      403 

go^  tapioca,  rice,  baffalohides,  rattan,  SCECE,  a  constitutional  monarchy  in  South- 
-cha.  India-rubber,  gambier,  gam,  cof-  eastern  Europe.  After  gaining  its  independ- 
tobacco.  These  are  mostly  the  prod-  ence  by  a  successful  rebellion  against  Tur- 
e  islands  of  the  Malaysian  Archipelago  key,  the  kingdom  was  constituted  in  1880 
le  peninsula  outside  of  the  Straits  Set-  under  the  protection  of  England,  France,  and 
The  total  imports  in  1886  amounted  Russia.  The  present  sovereign,  Georgios  I, 
76,714,  and  the  exports  to  £18,665,-  born  Dec.  24, 1845,  a  son  of  King  Christian  of 
)  largest  amount  of  trade  is  with  Neth-  Denmark,  was  elected  King  of  the  Hellenes  in 
ndia,  which  is  nearly  equaled  by  that  1868,  and  in  1867  married  Olga,  daughter  of 
ist  Britain,  the  Mahty  Peninsula,  and  the  Grand-Duke  Constantine,  brother  of  the 
ng  coming  next,  and  after  these  Siam,  Emperor  Alexander  II  of  Russia.  The  heir- 
d  British  Burmah.  apparent  is  Prince  Eonstantinos,  Duke  of  Spar- 
mi  8,  1888,  the  war-ship  ^^ Caroline"  ta,  bom  Aug.  2,  1868,  who  was  betrothed  in 
e  British  fiag  on  Fanning,  Christmas,  September,  1888,  to  the  Princess  Sophie  of  Prus- 
hyn  Islands  in  the  Micronesian  archi-  sia.  The  legislative  power  is  lodged  in  a  sin- 
The  first-named  was  discovered  in  gle  chamber.  The  members  of  the  Boul6  or 
an  American  sea-captain,  Edmund  Legislative  Assembly,  150  in  number,  are  elect- 
and  has  been  occupied  since  before  ed  for  four  years  by  universal  suffrage.  The 
m  Englishman  who,  with  native  labor,  ministry,  constituted  May  21,  1886,  was  com- 
I  the  cocoanut-paluL  Christmas  Isl-  posed  of  the  following  members :  President  of 
her  coral  lagoon  island,  lies  near  it,  to  the  Council  and  Minister  of  Finance  and  of 
beast,  in  2°  north  latitude  and  158°  War,  C.  Tricoupis;  Minister  of  the  Interior, 
ptude.  They  are  about  equidistant  C.  Lombardos;  Minister  of  Justice,  D.  S.  Youl- 
>  Samoan,  the  Hawaiian,  and  the  So-  piotis ;  Minister  of  Worship  and  Public  In- 
ups.  Large  quantities  of  guano  have  struction,  P.  Manetas ;  Minister  of  Foreign  Af- 
en  from  both  Fanning  and  Christmas  fairs,  E.Dragumis;  Minister  of  Marine,  G.Theo- 
but  the  old  deposits  are  nearly  ex-  tokis.  M.  Lombard os  died  on  Sept.  5,  1888, 
Penrhyn  Islimd,  likewise  of  coral  and  M.  Tricoupis  assumed  temporarily  the 
Q,  in  10°  south  latitude  and  158°  west  portfolio  of  the  Interior. 
>,  is  larger  than  the  others,  having  a  Area  and  PopilatiM* — ^The  area  of  Greece  is 
rence  of  thirty-five  miles,  and  may  25,014  square  miles,  including  5,078  square 
raluable  acquisition  commercially  and  miles  that  were  detached  from  Turkey  under 
illy,  as  it  has  a  large,  deep,  and  safe  pressure  of  the  great  powers  in  1881.  The 
nd  produces  considerable  quantities  of  population  probably  exceeds  2,200,000.  The 
mer  and  mother-of-pearl.  It  is  also  capital,  Athens,  had  84,908  inhabitants  in  1884. 
a  port  of  refuge,  as  it  lies  in  the  route  The  vital  statistics  for  1882,  the  last  year  re- 
Sydney  and  Panama,  and  near  the  ported,  were  as  follow  :  Births,  48,157;  deaths, 
iken  by  mail  steamers  between  Auck-  82,194 ;  excess  of  births,  10,963  ;  marriages, 
San  Francisco.  11,186.  The  Hellenes  constitute  only  about 
[ervey  or  Cook  Islands,  lying  south-  one  fourth  of  the  Greek  race,  as  there  are 
the  Society  group  and  southeast  of  nearly  6,000,000  Greeks  in  European  Turkey, 
in  20°  south  latitude  and  160°  west  Asia  Minor,  and  the  Ottoman  islands  of  the 
s,  were  made  a  British  protectorate  in  Levant,  and  considerable  trading  colonies  in 
nn  of  1888.  There  are  seven  islands,  Northern  Africa  and  various  parts  of  the  East. 
St  of  which  are  Rarotonga  and  Man-  CMMierce. — The  chief  exports  are  dried  cur- 
h  about  thirty  miles  in  circumference,  rants,  of  which  270,000,000  pounds  were  pro- 
Bseas  a  good  soil  and  rich  vegetation,  duced  in  1887;  olive-oil;  lead,  of  which  the 
ki,  one  of  the  smaller  islands,  iron-  mines  at  Laurium  yielded  10,147  metric  tons 
found  in  large  quantities.  Hervey  Isl-  in  1885;  silver-ore;  zinc;  dye-stnfi^;  wines, 
I  large  atoll,  covered  with  cocoanut-  the  export  of  which  is  increasing;  tobacco; 
The  Rarotongans  are  governed  by  a  wool ;  and  sponges.  The  annexed  province  of 
They  are  the  most  civilized,  well-con-  Thessaly  is  fertile  and  well  cultivated,  and  pro- 
jid  prosperous  of  all  the  Pacific  island-  duces  large  quantities  of  wheat  and  barley. 
le  English  Government  refused  their  A  large  part  of  the  carrying-trade  of  the 
»r  a  protectorate  in  1864.  Since  then  Black  Sea  and  the  eastern  parts  of  the  Mediter- 
ZeaJand  authorities  have  repeatedly  ranean  is  under  the  Greek  flag.  The  merchant 
^nded  the  annexation  of  the  group."  navy  at  the  beginning  of  1886  consisted  of  72 
^  has  twcsmall,  but  fairly  secure  bar-  steamers,  having  a  tonnage  of  86,272,  and 
L  its  annexation,  like  that  of  Fanning  8,141  sailing-vessels,  of  225,224  tons,  not  in- 
*hyn  Islands,  is  due  to  its  prospective  eluding  6,000  coasting- vessels, 
a  coaling  station  and  port  of  safety  in  There  were  320  miles  of  railroads  in  opera- 
Panama  Canal  is  completed.  The  tion  in  1887,  while  56  miles  were  building,  60 
m  of  the  Hervey  Islands  does  not  ex-  miles  more  had  been  authorized,  and  880  miles 
K).  The  protectorate  was  proclaimed  in  addition  were  projected.  In  the  session  of 
ritish  vice-consul  in  Rarotonga  on  Oc-  1888-'89  the  Government  proposed  a  network 
and  afterward  in  the  other  islands.  in  the  Peloponnesus  and  a  line  to  Larissa  unit- 


404 


GREECE. 


log  tb«  Greek  ajatem  with  tUe  great  Eoropean 
artery.  The  telegraph  lioes  had  in  18S6  a 
total  length  of  4,126  miles,  with  1,800  miles  of 
wires.  The  number  of  internal  telegrams  sent 
in  138S  was  544,556;  ot  international  t«le- 
grams  sent  and  received,  181,991.  The  Post- 
Offloo  forwarded  6,182.571  letters,  1S7,S21 
poBlal-cards,  and  4,792,522  jonrnalB,  circulars, 
etc.  The  receipts  were  964,477  drachmas  or 
francs,  and  the  eipenaea  802,120  drachmas. 

Tht  kimj»M4  NiTji — Universal  military  serv- 
ioe  was  introduced  by  an  act  that  was  passed 
in  1&7B.  ThelawB  of  1882  and  1686  make  the 
total  period  of  service  19  years,  namely,  2  years 
with  the  colors,  T  or  8  in  the  reserve,  and  the 
remidnder  in  the  militia.  The  term  of  active 
serviee  is  shortened  by  long  leaves  of  absence. 
The  estimates  for  1988  fix  the  strength  of  the 
army  at  S6,S40  oflioers  and  men. 

The  navy  in  1887  consisted  of  2  amall  iron 
olads,  1  unarmed  cruiser,  2  iron  gnn-boats,  8 
small  steamers  for  coast  -  service  that  were 
bnilt  in  England  in  1885,  1  corvette,  1  trans- 
port, 1  tor[>edo-ship,  14  small  gnn  boats,  and 
48  torpedo-boats.  The  Govemmenthasordered 
4  iron-oUds,  which  are  being  constructed  m 
France  at  a  cost  ot  26,000,000  drachmas.  In 
September,  1888,  a  squadron  lelt  the  Pinens  tu 
order  to  re-enforce  the  remonstrances  of  the 
Government  regarding  the  seiinre  of  Greek 
vessels  engaged  in  sponge  -  fishing  in  Chios 
and  Rhodes.  The  Ottoman  Government  ulti- 
mately released  the  captured  vessels  and  crews 

Iluieei.— The  revenue  in  1867  was  estimated 
at  94.656,907  drachmas,  and  the  expenditure 
at  94,269,186  drachmas.  There  was  a  deficit 
in  1885  that  was  estimated  at  61 0(}0,OOn 
drachmas,  and  one  of  30,000,000  drachmas  in 
1886,  not  reckoning  75,000,000  draohniaa  of 
extraordinary  expenditure  for  mobilizing  the 
army  at  the  time  of  the  Bnlgaro-Servian  war 
The9e  deficits  compelled  the  Government,  when 
it  had  jnst  resumed  specie  payments,  to  re-issue 
a  forced  paper  currency,  cauung  a  depreciation 
of  20  per  cent.  The  budget  for  1888  makes  the 
revenue  96,306,281  drachmas,  and  the  eipendi 
ture  92,009,705.  The  debt  absorbs  87,409  249 
drachmas  of  the  expenditure.  The  salt,  petro- 
leum, and  match  monopolies  have  been  pledged 
for  the  interest  on  a  new  loan  of  185,000,000 
drachmas,  wliich  is  applied  to  paying  off  old 
loans  bearing  7  and  9  per  cent,  interest,  funding 
the  floating  debt,  and  enlarging  the  navy.  The 
debt  on  Jan.  1,  1888,  amounted  to  039,921,220 
drachmas,  excluuve  of  104,800,800  drachmas 
of  paper  notes  and  6,600,000  drachmas  of 
treasury  bills. 

IV  HacedMlaa  QhsUh. — Renewed  activity 
of  the  Panslavist  committees  in  the  Bulgarian 
part  of  Macedonia,  impelled  the  leaders  of  the 
Greek  jpopulation  of  the  province  to  prepare 
for  a  rising  in  case  the  Bulgarian  agitation 
should  lead  to  rebellion.  Several  Greek  in- 
habitants of  the  district  of  Monastir  were  ar- 
rested on  the  charge  of  high  treason,  the  bishops 
of  Serres  and  Castoria  were  expelled  by  tlie 


GREEN,  8ETH. 

Turkish  autborilies,  and  the  Greek  O 
there,  H.  Pannria,  was  ordered  to  leavt 
oonntryin  April,  1888.  In  retaliation,  theC 
aothoritiee  gave  the  Turkish  Consul  at  Lc 
notice  to  qnit.  At  the  close  of  that  ni 
the  Turkish  minister  at  Athens,  Feridoun 
received  a  letter  of  recall ;  hot  mediatii 
Great  Britain.and  Austria  resulted  in  hial 
ordered  to  continue  at  bis  post,  and  th< 
prisoned  citizens  were  released.  The  dis 
ances  were  oontinned  by  Greek  brigands 
they  were  suppressed  by  the  energetic  a 
of  the  military.  On  Jnne  20  a  famons  ro 
named  Nico,  who  some  years  before  had  i 
nred  an  English  officer.  Col.  Singer,  and 
tained  a  ransom  of  t70,000,  was  killed  near 
toria,  with  nine  of  his  men,  and  thirteen  ( 
brigands  were  shot  atBlstza  in  the  same  « 
GftiXN,  BEIB,  pisciculturist,  bom  in  Ira 
qnoit,  N  T  ,  March  19,  1617 ,  died  m  Rm 
ter,  N  T ,  Aug  20,  1688.  He  attended 
distnot  school,  bat  q>ent  maob  of  his  tin 


hunting  and  fishing,  and  as  he  grew  older 
noted  for  bis  knowledge  of  natural  hisi 
In  pursuit  of  the  white  fish  he  became  fan 
with  all  the  great  northern  lakes,  and  Ion) 
fore  Northern  New  York  was  known  to  sp 
men,  lie  had  explored  its  woods,  and  in  pu 
of  trout  had  fished  in  the  streama  and  lak 
the  Adirondachs.  His  chief  businesa  for  t 
years  was  the  furnishing  of  fish  and  gan 
his  patrons.  In  1837  he  conceived  the  id< 
the  artificial  propagation  of  fish,  and  in  1 
while  on  a  trip  to  Canada,  studied  the  b 
of  salmon.  Finding  that  as  soon  aathe  sj 
was  oast,  the  male  salmon  and  other  fish  e 
he  devoted  bis  attention  to  methods  of  pro 


GREEN,  SETH.  GUATEMALA.                  405 

ing  it,  and  increased  the  yield  of  fish  until  he  '*  Tront  Oultore  "(Rochester,  1870),  and  '^  Fish- 
h^  raised  the  product  to  ninety-five  per  cent.  Hatching  and  Fish-Catching "'  (1879).    He  was 
HIb  main  principle  was,  that  in  proportion  as  called  the  father  of  American  fish-culture, 
the  milt  of  the  male  fish  was  separated  from  GUATEMILjI,  a  republic  of  Central  America ; 
water  mixed  with  it  in  a  natural  state,  a  large  area,  121, 140  square  kilometres;  population, 
percentage  of  eggs  would  become  impregnated  Jan.  1,  1887,  1,857,900.   The  number  of  deaths 
bj  it.    In  1864  he  purchased  property  in  Cale-  in  1887  was  28,401,  while  there  were  born 
donia,  N.Y.,  where  he  began  the  artificial  breed-  59,784  children,  18,020  of  whom  were  white 
ing  of  fish,  and  after  his  success  with  the  salmon  and  41,714  Indian.   On  Jan.  1,  1888,  the  popu- 
and  the  trout  fry,  continued  his  undertaking  un-  lation  had  increased  to  1,894,288. 
til  he  had  hatched  artificially  whitefish;  Ger-  Ci«TenuMiit. — The  President  is  Gen.  Manuel 
man,  California,  mountain,  rainbow,  brook,  Lisandro  Barillas.    The  Vice-President  is  Gen. 
lake,  and  salmon  trout ;  carp ;  salmon ;  striped  Calixto  Mendizdbal.    The  Cabinet  is  composed 
and  Otsego  bass ;  sturgeon;  muscalonge;  gray-  of  the  following  ministers:    Foreign  Affairs, 
ling;  herring;  wall-eyed  pike;  mullet;  creek  Don  Enrique  Martinez  Sobral ;  Public  Instruc- 
red-side  suckers;  and  shiners.    At  his  shad-  tion,  Don  Francisco  Mufioz;  Interior  and  Jus- 
batcberies,  on  Connecticut  river,  he  also  pro-  tice,  F.  Anguiano;  Public  Works,  S.  Barrutia; 
duced  frogs  and  lobsters.     By  invitation,  in  Finance,  Don  Mauricio  Rodriguez;    War,  C. 
1867,  of  the  fish  commissioners  of  four  of  the  Mendiz4bal.      The    Guatemalan    Minister    at 
New  England  States,  he  experimented  on  the  Washington  is  Don  Francisco  Lainfiesta;  the 
hatching  of  shad  at  Holyoke  on  Connecticut  Consul-General  at  New  York  is  Mr.  Jacob 
river,  and  by  his  method  he  produced  16,000,-  Baiz;  the  Consul  at  New  Orleans,  Don  Emiliano 
OOO  shad  fry  from  spawn  submitted  to  him,  Martinez ;  and  at  San  Francisco,  Don  Jos^  M. 
and  in  1868  40,000,000  shad  fry  were  hatched  Rom4.  TheU.  S.  Minister  for  all  Central  Amer 
by  his  improvements.    In  the  first-named  year  ica,  resident  at  Guatemala,  is  Henry  C.  Hall ; 
he  devised  the  form  of  floating  hatching- box,  and  the  Consul-General,  James  R.  Hosmer. 
with  a  wire  bottom,  that  tilted  at  an  inclina-  Amyt — ^The  regular  army  is  distributed  among 
tion  toward  the  current,  with  which  his  sue-  the  capitals  of  departments  and  a  few  larger 
cess  was  so  great.     On  the  establishment  of  towns;  it  varies  in  strength,  according  to  the 
the  New  York  Fish  Commission,  in  1868,  he  exigencies  of  the  times.     It  did  not  exceed 
was  made  a  member  of  it,  and  continued  so  2,000  in  number  in  1888,  whereas  the  militia, 
until  his  death,  having  been  made  superintend-  well  drilled  and  equipped  with   the  best  of 
ent  in  1870.     In  1869  he  began  shad-culture  in  modem  arms,  constitutes  a  force  of  50,000  men. 
Hudson  river,  and  in  1870  he  stocked  the  Sus-  FfBames. — On  Dec.  81,   1887,  the  national 
QQehanna,  Potomac,  and  Savannah  rivers  with  indebtedness  stood  as  follows :    Home  debt, 
uiad.    His  great  triumph  was  the  transporta-  $7,659,896;    foreign  debt,  £908,292  ($4,541,- 
tion,  in  1871,  of  10,000  young  shad  from  Hud-  460) ;  total,  $12,200,856.    The  outstanding  5- 
lOD  river  across  the  continent  to  Sacramento  per-cent.  loan  of  1856  and  the  6-per-cent.  loan 
river,  in  California,  as  a  result  of  which  this  of  1869  were  converted,  April  80,  1888,  into  a 
hh  is  now  found  in  almost  every  stream  en-  4-per-cent.  consolidated  bonded  sterling  debt 
teriDgtbe  Pacific  Ocean.    Upward  of  a  million  up  to  July  1,  1891,  from  which  date  tbe  inter- 
m&rketable  shad  are  now  annually  sold  on  the  est  will  be  4i  per  cent.,  but  tbe  arrears  of  in- 
Western  coast.    He  also  introduced  shad  into  terest  to  be  paid  only  at  the  rate  of  72  per  cent. 
the  tributaries  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  riv-  The  income  of  the  Government  in  1887  was 
m,  and  stocked  the  lakes  of  New  York  and  $6,898,727,  the  outlay  being  an  equal  amount. 
tbe  Great  Lakes.     In  1874  he  visited  Au  Sable  The  budget  for  1888  estimates  the  expenditure 
fiver,  Mich.,  in  search  of  the  grayling,  but  find-  at  $4,185,294.    During  the  summer  and  autumn 
ing  the  fish  had  spawned,  he  sought  for  fertil-  the  discount  rate  in  Guatemala  ruled  at  9  per 
i2«d  eggs  and  finally  succeeded  in  hatching  out  cent.,  and  only  a  fraction  over  that  for  ad- 
tbese  fish.     He  hybridized  striped  bass  with  vances  of  funds  on  cofi^ee. 
<l)ad;  shad  with  herrings;   brook  trout  with  Postal  Serrlce. — In  1887  the  home  mails  for- 
Salmon  trout ;    brook  trout  with  California  warded    4,528,885   items   of  mail-matter,   as 
fltlmon ;    salmon  trout  with   whitefish ;    and  compared  with  8,987,489  in  1886,  an  increase 
foropean   tront  with  American  brook  trout,  of  535,896  items.   The  foreign  mail-matter  dis- 
He  was  one  of  the  earliest  members  of  the  patched  consisted  in  1887  of  186,796  ordinary 
American   Fish  Culture  Association,  and  his  letters  and  postal-cards,  10,688  registered  let- 
same  appears  as  an  honorary  or  active  mem-  ters,  and  442,845  newspapers  and  packages ; 
beronthe  rolls  of  nearly  every  society  in  this  together,  640,824  items;  in  1886  there  were 
eoontry  that  has  for  its  object  fishing,  hunting,  198,168  letters  and  postal-cards,  8,877  regis- 
or  the  protection  of  fish  and  game.    His  great  tered  letters,  and  410,413  newspapers  and  pack- 
familiarity  with  trout- fishing  made  him  famous  ages,  aggregating  617,458  items — showing  an 
as  a  fiy-caater,  and  at  one  time  he  was  the  increase  of  22,866  items. 
champion  for  long  distances.     The   Soci6t6  Telegraphs. — The  length  of  wire  of  the  national 
d'Aoelimation   of  Paris  gave  him  two  gold  telegraphic  system,  early  in  1887,  was  2,082 
medals,  and  his  services  were  recognized  by  miles,  with  89  offices,  employing  259  teleg- 
rariona  foreign  governments.     He  published  raphers,  and  representing  an  investment  of 


406 


GUATEMALA. 


$240,516.  The  namber  of  messages  sent  in 
1887  was  406,688,  152,757  being  Government 
dispatches.  The  aggregate  receipts  were  $187,- 
712,  and  the  expenses  $180,802.  The  number 
of  cablegrams  sent  from  the  central  office  in 

1887  was  2,457. 

RaUrtadk — There  were  in  running  order  in 

1888  the  line  connecting  Guatemala  with  the 
port  of  San  Jos^,  and  the  one  between  Retal- 
hulen  and  the  port  of  Champerico ;  together, 
78  miles.  Work  was  begun  on  the  one  which, 
starting  from  Puerto  Barrios  on  the  Atlantic, 
in  the  department  of  Livingston,  is  to  join,  at 
Guatemala,  the  line  connecting  the  latter  with 
the  Pacific.  A  contract  had  been  made  for  a 
line  between  Quezaltenango  and  the  port  of 
Oc6s.  A  few  miles  were  in  operation  between 
Antigua,  Guatemala,  and  Palin,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Amatitlan,  as  well  as  the  branch  line 
between  Guatemala  and  £1  Guarda-Viejo. 

CMiaercet — The  imports  and  exports  for  five 
years  have  been  as  follow : 


this  fruit.  It  is  estimated  that  260,000  bi 
plants  were  set  out  in  1888.  The  profitt 
a  well-managed  banana-plantation  are 
mated  at  from  $75  to  $100  an  acre  each 
Bananas  will  come  to  perfection  in  thei 
duction  in  the  course  of  twelve  to  a 
months.  The  average  cost  per  acre, 
time  of  production,  is  $25.  The  price  p 
the  port  per  bunch  is  50  cents  during 
months,  and  37i  cents  during  five  mon 
the  year. 
The  American  trade  presents  these  figi 


YEAR.S. 

Imparted  Into  the 
UaitMl  StiOee. 

DonMrtJcexf 

the  United 

toGnalei 

1886 

$1,957,682 
2,648,718 
2,0i»6,467 

$M8,6 
058,1 
887,1 

1887 

1888 

YEARS. 

Inporta. 

Export!. 

1888 

1884 

$2,420,569 
8,829,651 
8,788,186 
8,587,899 
4,241,406 

$5,718,841 
4,987,941 

1835 

1886 

18S7 

6,069,646 
6,719,508 
9,089,891 

Total 

$17,817,162 

$82,484,822 

Ezoess  of  exDorts  over  imDortn. . . 

14,667,660 

China 48 

Belgium 89 

British  HoDdnras 84 

WestlDdles 26 

luly 28 

Mexico 19 


The  duties  collected  in  the  five  jears  aggre- 
gated $8,541,960.  The  countries  from  which 
the  goods  were  imported  in  1887  and  the 
amounts  in  thousands  of  dollars,  were  as  fol- 
low : 

EuglaDd 1,227 

United  SUtes 706 

South  America 6-^ 

France 876 

Germany 286 

Central  America 218 

Spain 61 

Switzerland 51  Total 8,742 

In  1887  the  coffee  production  in  Guatemala 
was  655,075  quintals,  and  there  were  ex- 
ported, between  Oct.  1,  1886,  and  Sept.  80, 
1887,  508,805  quintals.  The  sugar  production 
in  1886  was  20,773,516  quintals;  in  1887, 
19,266,578.  The  molasses  production  in  1886 
was  8,885,972  quintals;  in  1887,  8,898,001. 
Guatemala  consumed,  in  1887,  72,522  head  of. 
cattle,  and  85,415  hogs.  The  flour  consump- 
tion in  the  same  year  amounted  to  7,459  tons, 
of  which  there  were  ground  in  the  country 
4,207  tons,  and  8,252  tons  imported. 

The  banana  crop  excites  much  attention  on 
the  Atlantic  coast.  The  export  of  this  fruit 
during  1887  was  117,514  bunches.  Favorable 
decrees  on  the  part  of  the  Government,  by 
which  land  can  be  readily  purchased  at  a  low 
price  (30  to  85  cents  an  acre),  have  stimulated 
this  industry.  Many  Americans  have  settled 
in  the  section  referred  to,  and  either  bought 
plantations  already  producing  or  are  planting 
new  ones.  The  rich  alluvial  lands  lying  along 
the  Dulce  and  Sarstoon  rivers  and  on  the 
shores  of  Lake  Tzabal  are  well  adapted  for 


The  rise  in  coffee  and  growing  prospei 
Guatemala  cause  a  more  liberiu  consun 
of  American  goods.  There  entered  the 
of  the  republic,  in  1887,  400  steamers  i 
sailing-vessels,  of  an  aggregate  toona 
510,465.  Among  the  vessels  arrived,  84 
ried  the  American  flag,  89  the  British,  6 
the  German.  By  a  decree  of  Dec.  20,  181 
extra  duty  of  15  per  cent,  has  been  levj 
all  imported  merchandise,  dating  from  J 
1888.  The  Government  decreed  early  ir 
that  a  8 -per -cent,  rebate  on  import 
should  accrue  to  merchandise  shipped  to 
temalan  ports,  on  board  of  steamers  keepi 
a  regular  service  to  Atlantic  ports  of  the  r 
lie,  and  2-]^-per-cent.  rebate  on  goods  ar 
by  steamers  trading  regularly  to  Pacific 
Entire  freedom  in  all  commercial  transa 
between  Guatemala  and  Mexico  was 
lished  in  1888,  and  a  mixed  commission 
examine  and  adjudicate  upon  all  claims 
by  Guatemalan  citizens  against  Mexico. 

EdncAtlwi. — The  number  of  schools  i 
twenty- two  departments,  in  1887,  was 
and  the  number  of  pupils  attending,  5 
They  are  non-sectarian  and  compulsory. 

iHBlgratioi. — While  there  arrived  in 
through  the  ports  and  across  the  frontier, 
individuals,  4,061  left.  Among  those  tb 
rived  2,824  were  Central  Americans,  410 
cans,  177  from  the  United  States,  118  Fi 
men,  and  124  Germans.  The^Govemm 
about  to  appoint  a  commission  to  devise 
for  the  encouragement  of  immigration. 

H«qiitals.— On  Jan.  1,  1887,  there  wei 
der  treatment  in  the  hospitals  of  the  o( 
748  individuals;  there  were  admitted  < 
the  year  18,588  sick  persons,  and  dismie 
cured  12,212,  only  727  having  died, 
remained  under  treatment  on  Jan.  1, 
1,348  individuals.  The  total  expenditu 
the  hospital  service  in  1887  was  $108,57* 

Treatyt — The  treaty  of  commerce  and 
gation  and  consular  convention,  conolu< 
Sept.  20,  1887,  between  Guatemala  an^ 
many,  was  ratified  and  exchanged  at  i 
mala  on  June  22,  1888. 


HARRISON,  BENJAMIN.  *  4W 


H 

II8ON9  BEKJAMDI,  twenty-third    Presi-  given  by  the  Constitution  to  the  Executive  of  the 

:  the  United  States,  born  in  North  Bend,  United  States,  solely  as  a  conservative  power  to  be 

Kntr  90   1fta<l      Ha  ia  tha  ann  nf   Tnhn  ""®^  onlv  to  protect  the  Constitution  th)m  violation, 

^ug.  20,  1833.     Ue  18  the  son  w^  John  ^^e  people  ftom  the  effects  of  hasty  legislation,  where 

damson,  who  was  the  son  of  William  their  wiQ  has  been  probably  disres^ed  or  not  well 

Harrison  (ninth  President  of  the  United  understood,  and  to  prevent  the  effects  of  oombina- 

,  who  was  the  son  of  Benjamin  Harri-  tions,  violative  of  the  rights  of  minorities. 

signer  of  the  Declaration  of  lodepend-        William  Henry  Harrison,  at  the  age  of  twen- 

wbose  ancestor,  Thomas  Harrison,  be-  ty-two,  married  Miss  Anna  Symmes,  to  whose 

lieutenant-general  under  the  Protector  father.  Judge  Symmes,  had  been  deeded  a  large 

member  of  the  ParliameDt  that  tried  tract  of  Western  land.    He  carried  bis  young 

Charles  I.,  as  his  clearly  written  name  on  bride  to  the  post  of  Cincinnati,  and  later  built 

kth- warrant  attests,  opposite  to  which  is  her  a  house  at  North  Bend,  on  the  Ohio  river. 

I,  which  bears  an  eagle  like  that  on  our  The  third  son  bom  to  them  was  John  Scott 

loUar.     On  the  return  of  the  Royalists  Harrison,  father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 

rer,  Thomas   Harrison  was   executed.  John  Scott  was  the  boy  who  stayed  upoD  l^e 

[  Pepys  records  in  his  "  Diary  "  that  he  farm.    He  was  of  quiet  temperament,  indus- 

e  heart  removed  from  his  body  and  trious,  fond  of  reading,  determined  to  educate 

about  among  the  company.    It  is  be-  his  children,  overgenerous,  not  a  good  finan- 

that  the  family  of  the  murdered  Round-  cial  manager,  and  almost  devoid  of  ambition, 

jader  came  to  this  country  soon  after-  He  was  twice  elected  to  Congress.    In  the 

In  view  of  questions  that  have  recently  division  of  political  bodies  at  the  breaking  up 

rought  freshly  into  national  politics,  it  of  the  old  Whig  party  he  became  an  American, 

inent  to  quote  a  brief  paragraph  from  and  supported  Bell  and  Everett,  on  the  Oonsti- 

lugural  address  of  the  first  President  tution-and-Union  platform,  in  1860.    In  1861 

»n  :  the  Democratic  State  Convention  of  Ohio  nom- 

Teatest  danger  to  our  institutions  appears  to  inated  him  for  the  office  of  Lieutenant-Gov- 

e,  not  so  mudi  in  a  usurpation  bv  the  Gov-  emor.     In  his  letter  declining  the  nomination, 

collectively  of  jwwer  not  granted  by  the  peo-  v^  goj^ . 
Q  the  accumulation  in  one  of  the  departments 

n  which  were  assigned  to  others.    1  proceed  .  I  could  not  consent  to  be  a  party  candidate  for  office 

in  as  summary  a  manner  as  I  can  my  opin-  jn  the  present  condition  of  the  country.    Party  spirit, 

he  sources  of  the  evils  which  have  been  so  i^  my  opinion,  has  done  more  than  anything  else  to 

ely  complained  ofl  and  the  correctives  which  bring  about  the  late  calamities  which  now  so  seriousl v 

ftpplied.    Some  of  the  former  are  unquestion-  afflict  us,  and  the  poison  which  has   induced  this 

be  found  in  the  defects  of  the  Constitution,  national  paralvsis  would  not  prove  an  efficient  remedy 

in  my  judgment,  are  attributable  to  a  mis-  in  the  restoration  of  the  patient.    The  time  has  come 

tion  of  8o)ne  of  its  provisions.    Of  the  former  when  we  should  forget  party,  throw  off  its  trammels 

igibility  of  the  same  individual  to  a  second  and  obligations,  and  stand  up  for  the  country,  its 

the  presidency.    The  sagacious  mind  of  Mr.  union.  Constitution,  and  laws.    I  was  not,  as  you 

I  eariy  saw  and  lamented  this  error.    It  may  know,  a  supporter  of  Mr.  Lincoln  for  the  presidency, 

ved,  however,  as  a  general  truth,  that  no  re-  neither  do  1  approve  of  all  the  acts  of  his  administra- 

iQ  commit  a  greater  error  than  to  adopt  or  tion.    But  it  seems  to  me  that  this  is  not  the  proper 

any  feature  in  its  system  of  government  time  to  arraign  the  Administration  for  these  errors  of 

nay  be  <aUculated  to  create  or  increase  the  policy,  and  that  it  is  neither  the  part  of  wisdom  nor 

>ower  in  the  bosoms  of  those  to  whom  neces-  patriotism  to  assail  the  Government  when  the  enemy 

ges  it  to  commit  the  management  of  its  af-  u  thundering  at  the  gates  of  the  capital.    Let  us  flret 

id  surely  nothing  is  more  Rkely  to  produce  settle  the  great  question  of  country  or  no  country, 

ct  than  the  long  continuance  in  the  same  government  or  no  ^vemment,  union  or  disunion : 

r  an  office  of  high  trust.    Nothing  can  be  and  having  accomplished  this  great  work  of  duty  ana 

rupting,  nothing  more  dangerous  to  all  those  patriotism,  we  will  have  ample  time  to  inquire  into 

utimeuts  and  pnndples  which  form  the  char-  the  alleged  delinquencies  of  our  rulers,  and  if  we  find 

I  devoted  republican  patriot    When  this  in-  them  wanting  in  the  Jeffersonian  requirements  for 

passion  once  takes  possession  of  the  human  office,  let  them  be  condemned  by  a  verdict  of  the 

:e  the  love  of  gold,  it  becomes  insatiable.    It  is  people.    I  certainly  owe  the  Republicans,  as  a  part^, 

r-dyingworm  in  his  bosom,  which  grows  with  no  debt  of  political  obligation,  and  yet  1  do  not  hesi- 

th  and  strengthens  with  the  declining  years  of  tate  to  say  that  the  Administration  has  my  warmest 

1.    If  this  be  true,  it  is  the  part  of  wisdom  for  sympathy  in  its  effort  to  put  down  this  rebellion,  and 

ic  to  limit  the  service  of  that  officer  at  least  I  am  in  favor  of  doing  this  effectually  and  perma- 

1  she  has  intrusted  the  management  of  her  nently— in  peace  if  we  can,  in  war  if  we  must, 
relations,  the  execution  of  her  Uws,  and  the        johi^  g^ott  Harrison  married  Miss  Elizabeth 

itre'vlu?  Wo^^^^^^  Irwin  of  MercersbnrgPemi    and  U.ey  made 

e  agent,  not  the  principfd ;  the  servant,  not  their  home  on  a  farm  live  miles  below  that  or 

er^  the  people.    Until  an  amendment  to  the  the  widowed  mother,  at  North  Bend.     Mrs. 

tion  can  oe  effected,  public  opinion,  if  firm  Harrison  was  a  sweet-tempered,  devout  woman, 

it'^^li  Tf^L'I^Zi^ffhT'J^A^^Ll  who  looked  weU  to  the  wayb  of  her  home,  knit 
ly  second  it  by  renewing  the  pledge  hereto-  ,,  *     i  •  j  v         u^  •       •       i 

nthat  under  no  circumStanceswilfl  consent  endless  stockmgs,  and  brought  up  m  simple 

a  second  term.    I  consider  the  veto  power,  piety  her  siz  children.     Of  these,  Bei\jamin 


408 


HARRISON,  BENJAMIN. 


was  the  second.  When  he  was  sixteen  years 
old  he  was  sent  to  school  at  an  institation  on 
College  Hill,  a  subnrh  of  Cincinnati.  It  had 
been  called  Carey ^s  Academy,  bat  was  at  this 
time  enlarged  and  renamed  Farmer^s  College. 
Here  Harrison's  literary  tastes  were  fostered, 
and  history  and  political  science  became  his 
chief  delights.  He  entered  the  junior  class  at 
Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio;  joined  the 
literary  society,  and  very  soon  distinguished 
himself  in  debate.  The  drill  of  that  little  ros- 
trum was  of  incalculable  benefit  to  the  speaker, 
who  daring  a  political  canvass  of  intense  excite- 
ment  was  to  make  one,  two,  or  three  speeches 
a  day,  for  which  the  nation  was  listening. 

The  best  known  of  his  classmates  are  Hon. 
Milton  Sayler,  formerly  a  member  of  Congress, 
and  the  Rev.  David  Swing.  One  who  knew 
him  in  college  writes : 

Harrison,  as  I  remember,  was  an  mipretentious  but 
oourageous  student.  He  was  respectable  in  languages 
and  tne  sciences,  and  excelled  m  political  economy 
and  histoTv,  the  former  being  largely  due  to  the 
foundations  laid  under  the  instruction  of  Dr.  Bishop 
at  Farmer's  College.  Harrison  had  a  good  voice  and 
a  pure  diction.  He  talked  easUy  and  fluently.  His 
manner  was  indicative  of  much  earnestness  of  char- 
acter.   He  never  seemed  to  regard  life  as  a  joke,  nor 


appointed  crier  of  the  Federal  Court,  which 
during  term-time  brought  him  two  dollars  and 
a  half  a  day,  the  first  money  he  had  earned. 

In  August,  1854,  a  son,  Russell,  was  born  to 
them,  and*  Mr.  Harrison  removed  the  little 
honsehold  to  a  home  of  their  own.  It  was 
one  story  high,  and  had  three  rooms  and  a  lean* 
to  kitchen.     Sometimes    Mrs.   Harrison  em> 


MBS.  BKNJAIOV  HIBRIBON. 


ployed  a  servant,  bat  she  was  her  own  cook 

,  as  well  as   nurse.    Her  husband    filled  the 

the  opportunities  for  advancement  as  subjects  for  water-buckets  and  brought  in  the  wood  before 

sport.    During  the  four  years  that  I  was  with  h^^  he  left  for  the  oflBce.     Of  these  days  he  says: 

he  impressed  me  with  the  behef  that  he  was  ambitious.  .,  «,,  i         a-  t  *  n  a  at^ 

As  a  writer  and  speaker,  he  always  cUd  his  best    By  "  1,^®^,!!,^^®  ^^^^  *»™®^  L*®^^  ^^°-     ^       a 

this  I  mean  that  he,  as  a  rule,  made  special  prepara-  dollar  bill  was  an  event.     There  was  one  good 

tion.  giving  as  much  time  as  possible  to  the  matter  in  fnend  through  it  all — Robert  Browning,  the 

S*S?-  J^^®  l"^®^^  ^^J^}?  graduating  address  was  druggist.    I  shall  always  recollect  him  with 

Ztla^Zt  hi  i3«S;d^'A'riJr.ll'th':  ^a«tude^.  He  believed  in  ine.    When  thmg. 

causes  of  this  povertv.    He  was  a  protectionist  at  the  were  particularly  tight  1  could  go  mto  his  store 

age  of  nineteen.    He  is  a  protectionist  still.    His  and  borrow  five  dollars  from  the  drawer.    A 

whole  career  has  been  illustrative  of  his  desire  to  save  ticket  in  its  place  was  all  that  was  required." 

jus  oountrymen  from  the  poverty  which  oppresses  ^^^  j^^g  ^fter  this,  Harrison  formed  a  law 

The  Poor  of  England."  partnership  with  William  Walhice. 

He  decided  to  become  a  lawyer,  and  after       In  1868  a  daughter,  Mary,  was  bom.    In 
leaving  Oxford  was  received  into  the  ofiSce  of  1860  Mr.  Harrison  became  Repnblican  candi- 
Storer  and  Gwynne,  in  Cincinnati,  in  which  city  date  for  Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
he  found  a  home  with  his  half-sister,  wife  of  he  went  into  the  canvass  with  his  usual  energy 
Dr.  Eaton.     At  the  close  of  his  second  year  of  and  enthusiasm,  and  was  elected, 
study  he  brought  his  young  bride,  Caroline  La-        A  year  later  came  President  Lincoln^s  caB 
vinia  Scott  (whose  father  was  principal  of  a  for  troops.    Business  led  Harrison  to  call  upon 
seminary  in  Oxford),  to  the  homestead  at  North  Gov.  Morton,  who  was  found  pacing  gloomily 
Bend,  and  on  concluding  his  studies  he  settled  up  and  down  his  room.     When  the  matter  in 
in  Indianapolis,  Ind.    He  had  inherited  from  hand  was  disposed  of,  the  never-resting  sub- 
an  aunt  a  plot  of  ground  in  Cincinnati,  on  which  ject  of  the  state  of  the  country  was  broached, 
he  raised  the  $800  with  which  they  began  the  Gov.  Morton  expressed  deep  anxiety  and  bitter 
world.    John  Rea,  Clerk  of  the  United  States  mortification  that  there  had  been  no  response 
Court,  gave  him  desk- room.    There  Gen.  Lew  to  the  call  for  troops.    Pointing  to  a  building 
Wallace  (who  has  written  his  biography)  first  in  process  of  erection,  he  said:  ^'The  people 
met  him,  and  he  gives  this  description  of  his  are  following  their  own  private  affairs,  so  that 
personal  appearance :  ^^  He  was  small  in  statare,  it  has  come  to  be  a  serious  question  what  I 
of  slender  physique,  and  what  might  be  called  a  shall  do  next  to  arouse  them.**    To  the  man  at 
blonde.     His  eyes  were  gray,  tinged  with  blue,  his  side  this  was  the  final  and  irresistible  ap- 
his hair  light,  reminding  one  of  what  in  ancient  peal.    He  said,  simply :  *^  Governor,  if  I  can  be 
days  along  the  Wabash  was  more  truly  than  of  any  service,  I  will  go."    Gov.  Morton  re- 
poetically  described  as  ^  a  tow-head.*    He  was  plied  instantly :  ^^  Ton  can  raise  a  regiment,  but 
plainly  dressed,  and  in  that  respect  gave  tokens  it  is  asking  too  much  of  you  to  go  into  the 
of  indifference  to  the  canons  of  fashion.     He  field  with  it ;  you  have  just  been  elected  Re- 
was  modest  in  manner,  even  diffident ;  but  he  porter  of  the  Supreme  Court.    But  go  to  work 
had  a  pleasant  voice  and  look,  and  did  not  lack  and  raise  it,  and  we  will  find  somebody  to  com- 
for  words  to  express  himself.**    He  was  soon  mand  it.**    Harrison  replied  that  he  could  not; 


HARRISON,  BENJAMIN. 


409 


r  be  influenced  others  to  gOj  he  mast  be 
;hein.     *'  Very  well,  then,"  said  the  Gov- 

^*'  if  yon  want  to  go,  yon  can  command 
''  '*  I  do  not  know  that  I  want  to  com- 
them,"  replied  Harrison ;  ^^  I  do  not  know 
ing  about  military  tactics.  So,  if  yon  can 
ome  suitable  person  of  experience,  I  am 
all  anxious  to  take  the  command."  He 
e  court-house  and,  without  going  home, 
t  a  military  cap,  engaged  a  fifer  and  drum- 
returned  to  his  office,  flung  out  a  flag 
the  window,  and  began  recruiting  for 
any  A.  The  regiment  was  soon  full,  and 
oyernor,   without  solicitation,  commis- 

him  as  its  colonel.  It  was  designated 
I  Seventieth  Indiana,  and  was  brigaded 
^e  Seventy -ninth  Ohio,  the  One  Hun- 
uid  Second,  One  Hundred  and  Fifth, 
ne  Hundred  and  Twenty-nint^  Illinois, 
Brig.-Gen.  William  T.  Ward,  of  Ken- 

The  organization  of  the  brigade  re- 
I  unchanged  during  the  war,  Harrison 
g  the  right  wing,  as  he  held  the  older 
^on.  6en.  WiQlace  has  made  a  collec- 
f  letters  written  by  various  men  in  the 
»nt,  some  of  whom  are  now  well  known, 
llowing  extracts  are  from  these  letters : 

were  encaini)ed  near  Nashville,  and,  as  till  who 
lere  at  the  time  remember,  it  was  one  of  the 
winters  on  record.  I  remember  that  daring 
ihe  cold  nights  I  was  on  picket, -and  I  saw  a 
•proachin^  from  the  direction  of  the  officers' 
I.  I  halted  him.  and,  when  he  gave  the 
sign  and  advancea,  I  saw  it  was  Gen.  (then 
arrison.  He  had  a  laige  can  filled  with  hot 
tnd,  when  I  asked  him  what  he  was  doing,  he 

was  aftaid  that  some  of  the  pickets  would 
o  death,  and  he  knew  some  hot  coffee  would 
e  men  to  keep  alive.  He  was  the  most  wel- 
sitor  I  ever  met,  for  I  really  believe  I  would 
oxen  before  morning  had  not  the  coffee  been 
L  After  leaving  roe,  the  general  passed  on  to 
>ther  pickets." 

the  14th  of  May,  the  day  before  the  battle  of 
our  rmment  was  ordered  to  advance  throuffh 
)f  woodland,  which  ended  at  the  foot  of  a  hul. 
brow  of  an  opposite  hill  were  the  rebels,  and 
ition  we  were  ordered  to  take  put  us  in  direct 
f  their  guns.  We  were  subjected  to  a  terrific 
1,  aA  we  could  see  no  reason  why  we  should 
such  an  exposed  position,  many  of  us  wanted 
lack.  Oen.  Harrison  was  with  us,  on  foot,  at 
i  of  the  column^  and  he  said  we  would  obey 
and  stay  there  if  we  died.    Our  ranks  were 

by  the  bullets  of  the  enemy,  but  we  held  our 
^  and  Gen.  Harrison  never  left  his  advanced 

man  was  dearer  to  the  boys  in  the  line  than 
ftrrison,  and  it  rose  finom  one  single  element  in 
I's  character — his  determination  to  take  the 
part  in  whatever  he  asked  his  men  to  do.  I 
iver  forget  the  sight  I  had  of  him  waving  his 
nd  shouting,  in  that  shrill  voice  for  which  he 
ed,  *  Come  on,  boys ! '  One  scene  has  always 
my  memorv.  Our  old  chaplain,  Allen,  a  man 
B  beloved  oy  all  the  boys,  and  for  whom  al- 
ery  man  in  the  regiment  would  have  lost  his 
ducted  services  on  Sunday,  with  Gen.  Harri- 
m  colonel)  and  Lieut-Col.  Sam  Merrill  assist- 
liave  often  heard  Gen.  Harrison  offer  up  the 
for  the  bovs'  welfare  and  protection  aown 
those  Soutnem  fields,  so  far  away  from  home, 
DT  times  have  heard  him  address  the  boys  in 
tbe  chaplain." 


"  Going  out  a  civilian  and  without  any  military 
training  whatever,  he  became  one  of  the  closest  stu- 
dents of  the  science  and  art  of  war  there  was  in  the 
army.  As  he  does  in  evervthin^  else,  he  threw  his 
whole  heart  into  the  work  of  makmg  himself  a  profi- 
cient officer  and  his  regiment  a  well-disciplined  oody 
of  men.  And  he  sucoseded  in  an  eminent  degree  in 
both  instances.  He  was  a  very  sympathetic  man. 
Whenever  a  soldier  was  hurt  in  the  discharge  of  his 
duty,  none  was  readier  to  offer  sympathy  than  he. 
Ana  as  a  result  of  this  trait  of  his  character,  he  al- 
ways looked  after  the  welfare  of  his  regiment  with 
scrupulous  care.  He  never  went  to  bed  at  night  with- 
out Knowing  that  the  boys  were  going  to  have  as  good 
a  breakfast  as  could  be  secured  in  the  morning." 

^^On  the  Atalanta  campaign  Harrison's  regiment 
one  day  crossed  a  small  bridge  over  a  sluggish  stream 
and  aovanced  through  an  open  field  toward  a  neigh- 
boring crest.  While  they  were  in  the  field  the  pidcets 
just  over  the  hill  came  fiying  back,  beingdriven in 
Dy  the  advance  of  the  rebels  in  force.  Harrison's 
regiment,  and  the  others  making  up  the  brigade, 
pressed  rapidly  up  toward  the  crest,  and  when  they 
reached  the  top  they  met  the  enemy  &ce  to  face.  It 
was  a  fieroe  struggle  to  see  who  could  hold  the  com- 
manding position,  and  the  fight  became  fierce  and 
bloody,  a  nand-to-hand  encounter  in  which  soldiers 
on  eacn  side  thrust  bayonets  and  clubbed  each  other 
with  muskets.  Just  at  that  time  the  rebels  captured 
a  battery  on  the  Union  right,  and  turned  the  guns  on 
our  men.  It  looked  like  disaster,  indeed,  and  doubly 
BO  because  the  mule-trains,  close  in  the  rear  of  the 
troops,  were  filling  up  the  road  and  clogging  the 
bridge  in  a  way  that  made  a  stampede  immment 
Just  then  I  saw  Gen.  Harrison  riding  up  and  down 
in  front  of  the  line,  waving  his  sword  and  calling  on 
the  boys  to  stand  their  ground.  Nothing  but  such  an 
example  on  the  pan  of  the  commander  could  have 
held  the  troops.  They  retook  their  battery,  and  pre- 
vented what  looked  at  one  time  to  be  disaster  and 
complete  ruin." 

^^  At  Peach  Tree  Creek  our  regiment  chaiged  on  their 
[the  Confederates']  line  and  cleaned  it  out,  but  we  lost 
250  men  in  half  an  hour,  so  you  may  know  we  had  hot 
work.  In  this  fight  Harrison,  still  a  colonel,  took  the 
lead.  As  he  swung  himself  into  line  not  six  feet  irom 
me  he  said :  ^  Come  on^  boys ;  we've  never  been  licked 
yet,  and  we  won't  begm  now.  We  haven't  much  am 
munition,  but  if  necessary  we  can  give  them  the  cold 
steel,  and  before  we  get  licked  we  can  club  them  down ; 
so,  come  on.'  And  we  went,  glad  to  fight  by  the  side 
of  ^  Little  Ben,'  who  shirked  nothing,  and  took  just 
the  same  chance  of  getting  a  bullet  through  the  heart 
as  we  did.  Not  a  soldier  but  liked  Ben  Harrison.  We 
won  the  day  after  a  hard  fight.  For  his  bravery  on 
that  da^  Harrison  was  promoted  at  tlie  special  recom- 
mendation of  Gen.  Hooker." 

^*  I  believe  it  was  twenty- four  years  ago  that  Dr. 
Jones  and  myself  found  him  alone  taking  care  of  the 
poor  wounded  boys  of  his  regiment  that  suffered  so 
severely  that  day.  With  his  coat  off,  and  sleeves  rolled 
up,  he  worked  far  after  midnight,  until  every  wounded 
man  was  attended  to." 

The  following  is  the  official  letter  of  Harri- 
son^s  oommander,  Gen.  Joseph  Hooker,  which 
was  followed  by  his  promotion  : 

HbADQUAXTKBS  NoBTHKBN  DaPABTMEIfT, 

CiKOiHMATi,  Ohio,  Oct.  81, 18M. 
Hon.  E.  M.  Staktok,  Secretary  of  War : 

I  desire  to  call  the  attention  of  the  department  to 
the  claims  of  Col.  Benjamin  Harrison  of  the  Seventi- 
eth Indiana  Volunteers  for  the  promotion  to  the  rank 
of  Brigadier-General  Volunteers.  Col.  Harrison  first 
joined  me  in  command  of  a  brigade  of  Ward's  division 
in  Lookout  valley  preparative  to  entering  upon  what 
is  called  the  Campaign  of  Atlanta.  My  attention  was 
first  attmcted  to  tnis  young  officer  by  the  superior  ex- 
oellenoe  of  his  brigade  in  discipline  and  instruction. 


410                                              HARRISON,  BENJAMIN. 

the  result  of  his  labor,  skill,  and  devotion.    With  more  stitution  ffuaranteea  to  life,  person,  and  property.    It 

foresight  than  I  have  witnessed  in  any  officer  of  his  is  indeed  a  (i^rand  birthright  that  our  fiitheis  have 

expenence,  he  seemed  to  act  upon  the  principle  that  eiven  us :   but,  gentlemen,  it  was  a  l^Sf^J  handed 

success  depended  upon  the  thorough  preparation  in  down  to  tne  loyaland  the  law-abiding.    The  law oov- 

discipline  and  M^^rt^of  his  command  for  conflict,  more  ers  with  its  broad  and  impenetrable  shield  the  tme- 

than  on  any  influence  that  could  be  exerted  on  the  field  hearted  citizen,  not  the  traitor  and  the  law-breaker, 

itself,  and  when  collision  came  his  command  vindi-  Yet  the  gentleman  comes  to  make  appmls  Irom  a  Con- 

cated  his  wisdom  as  much  as  his  valor.     In  all  of  the  stitution  which  his  client  would  have  destroyed,  and 

achievements  of  the  Twentieth  Corps  in  that  campaign  in  behalf  of  a  liberty  which  would  have  been  exer- 

Col.  Harrison  bore  a  conspicuous  part.    At  Resaca  and  cised  for  the  destruction  of  our  Government.   He  com* 

Peach  Tree  Creek  the  conduct  of  himself  and  com-  plains  of  a  restraint  which  was  in  the  interests  of  pub- 

mand  was  especially  distinguished.    Col.  Harrison  is  tic  peace.    Listen  to  him^  then,  give  your  full  accord 

an  officer  of  superior  abilities,  and  of  great  professional  to  all  he  may  say  of  the  right  of  the  citizen  to  be  se- 

and  personal  worth.    It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  cure  in  person  and  property,  but  rememb^,  thoae 

commend  him  favorably  to  the  Honorable  Secretary,  guarantees  are  to  the  loyal  ana  the  law-abiding, 

with  the  assurance  thatnis  preferment  will  be  a  just  If  his  Honor  says  to  you  that  this  question  of  the 

recognition  of  his  services  and  martial  accomplish-  existence  of  war  in  the  State  is  one  for  you.  I  ask  yon 

ments.    Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant,  to  take  the  definition  of  war  given  by  Mr.  Hendricks, 

Joseph  Hookeb,  J£cffor- General  commanding.  and  tell  me  on  oath  whether,  in  the  summer  of  1864, 

there  was  not  a  confiict  of  oi^nized  forces  in  the  State 

When  Col.  Harrison  had  been  two  years  con-  of  Indiana— whether  Oen.  Hovey,  with  home  fbrosB 

tinuously  in  the  field,  the  War  Department  de-  *°d  ^e  ^^^  veterans  who  were  at  home,  was  not  ar- 

Uiled  bim  for  special  da^  in  Indiana.    In  ^t,^^A^^'A^^,  ^^t^  ^^ 

five  weeks  he  had  completed  this  duty,  and,  \^o^  of  armed  traitors,  were  not  organized  into  an 

hurrying  back  to  Chattanooga,  was  given  com-  army  within  the  State  for  the  destruction  of  our  Got- 

mand  of  a  brigade  and  transferred  to  Nashville,  emment.    There  was  not  more  truly  a  state  of  war  in 

After  Sherman  reached  Savannah,  Harrison  was  Charleston   harbor  before  the  gun  was  fired  thst 

r^-^A^^^A  *^  -:,»;«  \^\^   t^TxA  nr»<i  rv«  Kio  «ra^  «ri.A*.  hurlcd  thc  first  shot  against  Sumter,  than  existed  m 

ordered  to  join  bim,  and  was  on  his  way  when  ^j,e  State  of  Indiana  atthe  time  of  wiiich  I  have  been 

he  was  stricken  down  with  scarlet  fever,  and  speaking. 

lay  dangerously  ill  for  several  weeks,  and  then  And  what  less  shall  be  said  of  the  gentlemen  who 

rejoined  Sherman  at  Goldsboro,  N.  C,  in  com-  composed  the  commission  that  tried  the  plaintiff? 

mand  of  a  brigade,  where  he  remained  until  pneof ^em,nowthemar8Mofthisdiirtri 

♦Vi/»    nil  /%#  f^A  n'oi.  ^^^  "**»  drags  himself  about  disfigured  by  the  loss  of 

ine  ena  01  tne  ^ar.                           ^      ,          _x  a  left  arm.    Yonder,  on  the  bloody  sides  of  Kenesaw, 

Heiore  his  return  he  had  been  offered  a  part-  he  gave  an  arm,  almost  a  life,  for  the  countty  which 

nership  in  the  law-firm  in  Indianapolis  of  I'or-  he,  and  these  his  comrades,  loved  so  welL     while  he 

ter  &  Fishback,  which  he  immediately  entered,  l»y  upon  the  field  bleeding,  almost  dying,  here  in 

ti,e  name  being  Porter.  HarriBon,  &  Fishback  K^^S^.'^re^l^lol?^  t^T^^^ 

A  case  of  national  interest  was  one  in  which  geek  to  rob  him  of  the  little  savings  from  the  office 

Gen.  Harrison,  by  appointment  of  President  which  a  grateful  countrv  and  a  President  who  honors 

Grant,  appeared  against  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  his  valor  have  conferred  upon  him,  in  order  to  enrich 

Gov.  Hendricks  appeared  for  Lambdin  P.  Mil-  traitors. 

ligan,  who  sued  Gen.  Hovey  and  others  for  Gen.  Harrison  was  elected  United  StateB 
damages  sustained  while  working  in  the  paint-  Senator  from  Indiana  in  1880,  and  filled  that 
room  of  the  State  prison,  where  he  was  placed  pflSce  for  six  years.  His  views  on  the  political 
on  a  charge  of  conspiracy  against  the  United  issues  of  the  time  are  to  be  found  in  various 
States  Government.  Harrison  conducted  the  speeches,  some  delivered  from  the  platform 
defence.  The  arguments  by  which  he  proved  and  some  on  the  floor  of.  the  Senate.  On  tho 
the  fact  of  the  conspiracy  of  the  Sons  of  Lib-  subject  of  civil-service  reform  he  said,  in  1882 : 
erty,  or  Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle,  can  not  "  I  am  an  advocate  of  civil-service  reform- 
be  given  at  length,  but  the  closing  paragraphs  My  brief  experience  at  Washington  has  led  m© 
of  his  speech  will  suffice  to  illustrate  his  man-  to  utter  the  wish,  with  an  emphasis  I  do  not 
ner  of  treatment:  often  use,  that  I  might  be  forever  relieved  of 

any  connection  with  the  distribution  of  public 


the  heart,  I  am  not  to  wait  until  tne  blow  is  delivered,  gy  solely  to  the  public  affairs  that  legitimately 

The  law  acquits  me  if  I  strike  him  dead  at  my  feet,  relate  to  the  honorable  trust  which  you  have 

How  much  more  shall  these  defendante  stMid  acc^mt  committed  to  me.     It  is  easy  for  theorists  to 

before  the  courts  and  their  fellow-men  who,  seeing  ^^  """•'•^**  wv  »*i«.     *i»  «  «€»oj  »vi  i/u^T^tto^  ^ 

the  deadliness  of  the  peril,  struck  the  treason  before  make  suggestions  upon  this  subject  which  m 

it  could  strike  the  nation  ?    I  think  1  have  shown  you  their  opinion  would  cure  all  existing  evils.    I 

now^  not  merely  that  there  was  peril,  but  that,  from  assure  you  it  is  more  difficult  to  frame  a  law 

the  mformaUon  he  had.  Gen.  Hovey  was  justifted  in  that  shall  be  safe  and  practical  in   its  applioa- 

arrestmg  Milligan  and  bnngmg  him  to  tnal  before  the  4..  _  «      tt^   „:«^-^„«ii^  ^  ^^^^a    4.x.^    llS^^^ 

military  commission.    If  tHe  State  had  broken  out  in  ^^^V  ,    ?®   ^'g^rously   opposed    the    "groeO; 

rebellion  and  insurrection,  and  your  own  homes  been  oack      theory   and    the    demand   for    "  fiat 

invaded  by  these  ruthless  men,  your  families  out-  money,  holding  that  the  only  safe  and  stable 

raged,  insulted,  and  slam,  could  you  have  ever  for-  currency  was  one  based  on  gold  and  silver, 

given  the,  ^"J^t  commander  of  the  department,  j     jggg  discussing  the  tariff  question,  he  said : 

who,  apprised  of  the  danger,  failed  to  mterpose  his  .^xrr  j      oo"*^  ""^  ««**  *"  *i«wwvri*,  **^  °~ .  * 

mUitary  power?    Senator  Hendricks  will  have  a  great        We  need  not  have  any  fear  that  wages  will 

deal  to  say  to  you  about  the  security  which  the  Con-  anywhere  be  too  high.    We  have  a  common  in- 


HARRISON,  BENJAUIN. 


411 


ttrast  that  B  mar^  for  comfort  maj  be  added 
to  the  oetKssaries  of  life.  I  am  Bare  that  none 
at  m  are  ao  anxioss  for  cheap  goods  that  we 
vonid  be  williag  to  admit  'the  spoils  of  tbe 
poor 'into  oar  hoases.  It  seema  strange  that 
■«  Bhoaid  find  a  party  among  na  opposing  the 
protective  principle  when  even  the  provincea 
of  Great  Britain  are  adopting  it  and  finding  in- 
cre»fted  prosperity.  France  and  Germany  still 
embody  thia  idea  in  their  legislation.  There 
mtj  be  fair  groond  for  debate  a»  to  the  rate 
which  psrticalar  articles  of  import  shonld  bear, 
or  u  to  whether  this  or  that  u^icle  should  not 
b*  on  the  free  1  st  bnt  that  our  legislation 
thoold  discrim  nate  in  fsivor  of  onr  own  ounu 
try  her  indiistries  and  labormg  people  ought 
not  to  be  qaesboned  I  want  no  uther  ev 
dcnce  ttiat  wages  and  all  the  other  conditions 


firompt  payment  of  wages  in  money.  I  be- 
ieve  that  the  onmber  of  working-honrs  can, 
in  most  of  onr  iDdantriea,  be  reduced  without 
a  serions  loss  to  production,  and  with  great 
gain  to  tbe  health,  comfort,  and  contentment 
of  oar  working-classes.  I  advocated  and  voted 
for  tbe  law  of  Congress  prohibiting  the  im- 
portation of  laborers  under  ooatrscts  made 
abroad,  and  believe  that  such  legislation  is 
just  and  wise."  On  the  sabject  of  the  navy 
he  declared :  "  I  am  in  favor  of  patting 
upon  the  aea  enough  American  ships,  armed 
with  tbe  must  improved  ordnance,  to  en- 
force the  jast  rights  of  oar  people  against  any 
foreign  agressor  It  s  a  good  thing  in  the 
interests  of  peace  and  commerce  to  ^how  the 
flag  of  oar  navy  in  the  port«  where  tbe  flag 
of  commerce  is  unfiirled       On  the     Sontb 


of  labor  are  better  here  than  in  Europe  than 
tbs— the  laboring  men  and  women  of  Europe 
ire  coming  thia  way,  and  they  come  to  stay. 
IGQious  of  earnings  have  gone  back  to  the  old 
coontaries  to  pay  the  passage- money  of  friends 
irther,  bat  the  steerage  of  the  returning  ves^ 
sel  ia  empty."  On  the  labor  question  he  said: 
"If  any  railroad  or  other  business  enterprise 
can  not  earn  enongb  to  pay  the  labor  that 
operates  it  and  the  intereet  on  its  bonds,  no 
right-minded  man  can  hesitate  to  say  whicli 
ought  to  be  paid  first.  The  men  who  have  in- 
vested money  in  the  enterprise,  or  loaned 
money  on  its  secnrities,  oafiht  to  have  tlie 
right  to  stop  tbe  business  when  net  earnings 
fiul;  bnt  they  can  not  foirly  appropriate  tbe 
tmraiagm  of  the  engineer  or  brakeman  or  la- 
borer.    I  believe  tibe  law  shonld  reqoire  the 


em  question  he  as  d  in  Febmary  1S68 
The  truth  to-day  is,  that  the  colored  Repab- 
lioan  vote  of  the  Soath,  and  with  it  and  by 
conseqnence  tbe  white  Repnblican  vote  of  the 
South,  is  deprived  of  all  effective  influence  in 
the  administration  of  this  Government.  Tbe 
additional  power  given  by  tbe  colored  popula- 
tion of  the  South  in  the  Electoral  College,  and 
in  Congress,  was  more  than  enough  to  turn 
tbe  last  election  for  President,  and  more  than 
enough  to  reverse,  yes,  largely  more  than  re- 
verse, the  present  Democratic  majority  of  the 
House  of  Representatives.  Have  we  the  spirit 
to  insist  that  everywhere.  North  and  South,  in 
this  country  of  oors  no  man  shall  be  deprived 
of  his  ballot  by  reason  of  hia  politics!  There 
is  not  in  all  this  land  a  place  where  any  rebel 
soldier  is  subject  to  any  reatraiut,  or  is  denied 


412 


HAWAII 


the  f oUest  exercise  of  the  elective  franchise. 
Shall  we  not  insist  that  what  is  true  of  those 
who  fought  to  destroy  the  country  shall  he 
trae  of  every  man  who  foaght  for  it,  or  loved 
it,  as  the  hlack  man  of  the  South  did ;  that  to 
belong  to  Abraham  Lincoln's  party  shall  be 
respectable  and  reputable  everywhere  in  Amer- 
ica? "  In  a  speech  delivered  in  Indianapolis,  in 
June,  1884,  he  said :  '^  I  would  not  dispose  of 
an  acre  of  the  public  land  otherwise  than  under 
the  homestead  laws.''  Referring  to  ^'  trusts," 
he  said:  **We  must  find  some  way  to  stop 
such  combinations." 

In  the  Republican  National  Convention  held 
in  Chicago  in  June,  1888,  on  the  first  ballot 
fourteen  candidates  were  voted  for.  John 
Sherman  received  the  highest  number  of  votes, 
225;  Walter  Q.  Gresham,  111;  Ohauncey  M. 
Depew,  99;  Rnssel  A.  Aiger,  84;  Benjamin 
Harrison^  88.  On  the  eighth  ballot,  Sherman 
received  118 ;  Alger,  100 ;  Harrison,  644.  Gen. 
Harrison  accordingly  became  the  party's  can- 
didate for  President,  and  at  the  election  in 
November  he  was  elected,  carrying  every 
Northern  State  except  New  Jersey  and  Con- 
necticut, and  receiving  233  electoral  votes,  to 
168  for  Mr.  Cleveland  (see  Unitkd  States). 

President  Harrison  was  inaugurated  on  Mon- 
day, March  4,  1889,  in  the  midst  of  a  rain- 
storm, delivering  a  long  inaugural  address,  and 
the  next  day  sent  to  the  Senate  the  following 
nominations  for  Cabinet  officers :  Secretary  of 
State,  James  G.  Blaine,  of  Maine;  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  William  Windom,  of  Minne- 
sota; Secretary  of  War,  Redfield  Proctor,  of 
Vermont ;  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Benjamin  F. 
Tracy,  of  New  York ;  Attorney-General,  Will- 
iam U.  H.Miller,  of  Indiana;  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral, John  Wanamaker,  of  Pennsylvania;  Sec- 
retary of  the  Interior,  John  W.  Noble,  of  Mis- 
souri; Secretary  of  Agriculture,  Jeremiah  M. 
Rusk,  of  Wisconsin.  The  Senate  went  into 
executive  session,  and  within  ten  minutes  con- 
firmed all  the  nominations. 

(See  "  Life  of  Benjamin  Harrison,"  by  Lew 
Wallace,  Philadelphia,  1888.) 

HAWIII9  a  constitutional  Idngdom  occupying 
the  Hawaiian  or  Sandwich  Islands,  in  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean.  The  reigning  sovereign  is  Eala- 
kaua  I,  bom  Nov.  16,  1836,  who  was  elected 
by  the  people  in  1874.  The  heiress  presump- 
tive to  the  throne  is  the  King's  eldest  sister, 
Princess  Lydia  Eami^eha  Liliuokalani,  born 
Sept.  2,  1838,  whose  husband,  John  O.  Domi- 
nis,  is  Governor  of  Oahu  and  Maui.  The  Leg- 
islature consists  of  24  Representatives  and  24 
Nobles,  who  sit  together.  A  new  Constitu- 
tion was  proclaimed  on  July  6,  1887.  The 
nobles,  who  were  formerly  nominated  by  the 
King,  were  made  elective.  The  electoral  body 
consists  of  all  the  adult  male  citizens.  The 
nobles,  in  addition  to  the  educational  qualifi- 
cations required  in  the  representatives,  must 
possess  a  certain  amount  of  property.  Their 
term  is  six  years,  while  the  representatives  are 
elected  for  two  years.    The  Legislative  Assem- 


bly has  power  to  amend  the  Constitution.  The 
absolute  veto  formerly  exercised  by  the  King 
was  changed  into  a  conditional  veto,  which 
can  be  annulled  by  a  two-third  vote  of  the 
Assembly,  by  the  Constitution  of  1887,  which 
also  established  the  principle  of  ministerial  re- 
sponsibility. The  present  Cabinet  is  composed 
of  the  following  members :  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  J.  Auskin;  Minister  of  the  Interior,!. 
A.  Thurston;  Attorney-Greneral,  C.  W.  Ash- 
ford  ;  Minister  of  Finance,  W.  L.  Green. 

Am  tad  PipilatlM. — The  area  of  the  king- 
dom and  the  population  of  the  inhabited  islands 
on  Dec.  27,  1884,  when  the  last  census  was 
taken,  were  as  foUow : 


ISLANDS. 


OfthiL...  

Hawatt 

MaoL 

Kauai  and  Nilhau  . 
Molokai  and  Lanal. 
Kahulawe 


Total. 


SqwM  mikik 

Pb|Nll«thM. 

660 

28*068 

4,470 

HWl 

600 

15,9TO 

670 

8,985 

810 

8,614 

60 

6,670 

80,578 

1887., 
1886.. 
1885.. 


DooMaticcz- 

$9,485,000 

10,840,000 

8,959,000 

Total  nc- 
porU. 

14,944,000 
4,878,000 
8,881,000 

$9,689,000 

10,457.000 

9,069,000 

$595,000 
560,000 
502,000 


In  1862  the,  total  imports  were  only  $998,- 
000  in  value ;  the  exports  of  domestic  prodnoe, 
$587,000;  the  total  exports,  $888,000 ;  and  the 
customs  revenue,  $107,000.  The  commerce  of 
1887  was  distributed  among  the  countries  hav- 
ing commercial  relations  with  Hawaii  in  tbo 
foUowing  proportions : 


COUNTRIES. 

Import*. 

Ezpofta. 

United  Stotefl 

Great  Britain 

$8,048,000 
682,000 
862,000 
lf«V,000 
158,000 
29,000 

$9,491,000 

China  and  Japan 

Gorman  y 

6,000 

AuBtralia. 

^000 
27,000 

$9,529,000 

Total 

$4,944,000 

Honolulu,  the  capital,  on  the  island  of  Oaho^ 
had  20,487  inhabitants.  In  1884  the  natiyeo 
numbered  40,014,  a  decrease  of  4,084  since 
1878.  The  foreign  population  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing, and  the  soil  has  passed  in  a  large 
measure  into  the  hands  of  Americans  and  other 
foreigners,  who  cultivate  sugar-cane,  with  im- 

JOTt&l  labor,  Portuguese,  Ohineee,  and  latterij 
apanese.    The  number  of  arrivals  in  1886  was  j 
8,726 ;  departures,  2,189.    Of  the  arrivals,  1,766  ji 
came  from  Ohina  and  929  from  Japan. 

CHUMree.— The  totals  for  the  foreign  com-  ^ 
merce  of  the  past  three  years  are  given  in  the 
subjoined  table : 


YEARS. 


The  export  of  sugar  in  1887  was  valued  at 
$8,695,000 ;  of  rice,  $554,000 ;  of  skins,  $104,- 
000;  of  bananas,  $55,000;  of  molasses,  $11,- 
000 ;  of  wool,  $7,000 ;  of  other  products,  $103,- 
000.    The  imports  of  bullion  and  specie  were 


HAYTI. 


413 


in  1887,  and  the  exports  $21,276. 
cipal  seaport  is  Honolala,  where  in 
orts  of  the  value  of  $4,578,196  were 
Qd  exports^  of  the  value  of  $8,216,458 
»ped. 

ML — The  nnmber  of  merchant  ves- 
ed  in  1887  was  254,  of  210,703  tons, 
10,  of  222,872  tons,  in  1886,  and  258, 
8  tons  in  1885.  The  vessels  and  ton- 
ired  in  1887  were  as  to  nationality  in 
ring  proportions : 


FLAG. 

NnfnbT» 

174 

19 

8 

48 

10 

Ton*. 

118,847 

•   ••        ••••         .•••••• 

90,040 
4,950 

69,287 
7,599 

254 

210.708 

ercantile  marine  in  1887  counted  57 
acluding  15  steamers.  The  aggregate 
w^as  12,244. 

k  —  The  budget  is  voted  biennially, 
for  1886-^88  the  receipts  are  esti- 
s  follows:  Customs,  $982,066;  in- 
mmerce,  $226,842 ;  internal  imposts, 
;  fines,  fees,  etc,  $92,299;  sales  of 
ent  property,  $513,782;  loans,  $1,- 
Postal  savings-bank,  $319,988;  mis- 
s,  $149,482 ;  total,  $4,812,576. 
rpenditures  voted  under  the  various 
re  as  follow :  Oivil  list  and  appanages, 
;  Legislative  Assembly  and  Privy 
^60,284;  Justice,  $154,566;  Foreign  Af- 
7,996;  Interior,  $1,204,214;  Finances, 
;  police,  etc.,  $279,819;  instruction, 
;  Board  of  Health,  $247,907;  miscel- 
11,476,430 ;  total,  $4,712,285. 
;oe  of  a  law  signed  on  Sept.  1, 1886,  a 
^2,000,^000  was  contracted  in  London 
'/ent.  interest,  in  order  to  pay  off  an- 
ns.  The  capital  of  the  debt  on  April 
vas  $1,936,500. 

a  republic  in  the  West  Indies,  cover- 

vestem  third  of  the  island  of  Santo 

(For  details  relating  to  territorial 

see  '*  Annual  Cyclopaedia"  for  1883.) 

lation  was  estimated  in  1887  at  960,- 


. — The  provisional  President  of  the 
is  Gen.  Legitime.  His  Cabinet  was 
i  of  the  following  ministers :  Foreign 
id  Justice,  Eugdne  Margron ;  Interior, 
an  Piquant ;  Finance  and  Commerce, 
r  Rossignol;  War  and  Navy,  Gen. 
Prophdte;   Agriculture,    Dr.  Roche 

ited  States  Minister  at  Port-au-Prince, 
>hn  £.  W.  Thompson;  the  Haytian 
to  the  United  States  is  Stephen  Pres- 
American  Consul  at  Cape  Haytien  is 
Gk)utier ;  the  Haytian  Consul-General 
'ork,  Ebenezer  D.  Bassett. 
li  lliiv7. — ^The  army  is  recruited  par- 
>iigh  conscription,  and  in  part  by  vol- 
The   usual  exemptions  are  legally 


admitted,  the  conscripts  serving  seven  years 
and  the  volunteers  four.  The  strength  of  the 
permanent  army  is  6,828.  The  navy  consists  of 
four  war-steamers,  one  of  which  is  armored, 
mounting  four  guns. 

Tetographs. — In  1888,  cable  communication 
between  Hayti  and  Cuba  was  opened,  the  first 
message  having  been  received  at  Mole  Saint 
Nicolas  from  Aguadores,  Cuba,  on  April  15. 
Mole  Saint  Nicolas  is  the  Haytian  landing-point 
of  the  cable  with  which  all  the  towns  of  the 
republic  will  be  connected  by  land  wires. 

Pwtal  Service. — There  were  in  operation,  in 
1886,  81  post-offices,  which  forwarded  288,872 
letters  and  postal-cards,  and  181,520  newspapers 
and  sample  packages ;  the  receipts  being  69,200 
francs,  and  the  expenses  187,215. 

FluMM. — The  national  indebtedness  amount- 
ed in  1888  to  $18,500,000,  composed  of  a  for- 
eign debt,  the  loan  of  1875,  of  $4,820,000,  and 
the  home  debt  of  $9,180,000.  The  outlay  in 
1885-86,  amounting  to  $6,412,956,  was  met  by 
an  income  of  equal  amount,  while  in  1887-^88 
the  expenditure  was  limited  to  $4,066,236. 

Up  to  the  year  1881  hardly  any  coin  but  Mexi- 
can and  American  silver  was  to  be  met  with. 
The  latter  gradually  became  scarce,  and  in  its 
stead  the  country  was  invaded  by  Mexican  coin. 
The  American  silver  dollar  then  commanded  a 
premium  of  10  to  15  per  cent,  above  the  Mexi- 
can. When  subsequently,  in  1881,  the  Nation- 
al Bank  was  established  at  Port-au-Prince, 
with  branch  banks  at  Aux  Cayes,  Jacmel,  Petit 
Goave,  and  Gonalves,  a  newly  coined  H&ytian 
silver  dollar  began  to  circulate,  the  *'  gourde,*' 
which  was  not  worth  over  80  cents  in  Ameri- 
can gold.  In  spite  of  its  lower  intrinsic  value, 
captains  of  vessels  who  had  to  collect  freight 
in  Haytian  ports  were  frequently  paid  in  Hay- 
tian dollars,  which  were  charged  them  in  ac- 
count 4«.  4d.  English..  On  refusing  to  sub- 
mit to  this  unfavorable  exchange,  their  ships' 
papers  were  simply  retained.  This  proceed- 
ing has  since  become  generaUy  known,  and 
captains  usually  provide  themselves  for  ships' 
expenses  in  Hayti  with  the  necessary  silver 
coin  abroad,  and  take  good  care  to  stipu- 
late in  bills  of  lading  the  coin  in  which  they 
are  to  be  paid. 

CtHHem. — In  1887  there  were  imported 
into  Hayti  $6,854,597  worth  of  merchandise, 
while  the  export  of  Haytian  products  reached 
$10,185,366.  The  chief  exports  were :  Coffee, 
49,811,781  pounds;  logwood,  227,595,803 
pounds;  cocoa,  8,634,860  pounds;  cotton, 
2,255,540  pounds ;  and  besides  hides  and  skins, 
fustic,  lignum  vitao,  honey,  cotton-seed,  tor- 
toise-shell, mahogany,  wax,  old  copper,  and 
orange-peel.  The  American  trade  with  Hayti 
has  been  as  follows : 


FISCAL   YEAR. 

Import  into  Um 
Uaitod  SUtw. 

toHsTtL 

1885 

$2,471,486 
2,603,992 
l,7S2,ft«7 
2,918,820 

$8,227,000 

1886 

2,968,147 

1887 

8,059,818 
4,822,668 

1888 

414 


HAYTI. 


The  increase  both  in  imports  and  exports  was 
dae  to  the  rise  in  coffee,  which  enabled  Hajti- 
ans  to  import  American  goods  on  a  more  lib- 
end  scale.  From  similar  causes,  the  maritime 
movement  in  the  leading  ports  also  exhibited 
great  activity,  as  represented  by  these  figures, 
showing  the  record  of  vessels  entered  in  1887: 


PORTS. 

Vtnali. 

ToUMf*. 

OF  WHICH  WBRB 
BTBAMBB8. 

Vn— U.      Tonnag*. 

Gape  Hay  tien 

Port-au-Prince 

Qonalves 

266 

227 

184 

99 

289,857 

846,014 

111,244 

94,685 

168 

146 

88 

71 

180,651 
826,754 
100,116 

Aox  Oayea. 

87,777 

Total 

726 

691,160 

468 

594,898 

Erents  of  1888. — On  June  2,  President  Salo- 
mon, then  in  his  seventy-fifth  year  and  with 
failing  health,  apprehending  a  revolutionary 
outbreak  to  upset  his  severe  rSgime^  expelled 
Generals  Manigat  and  L^time.  The  capital 
had  meanwhile  been  put  under  martial  law, 
but  when  the  two  alleged  conspirators  de- 
parted, it  was  released  from  it  on  June  4.  On 
July  4  and  7,  incendiary  fires  occurred  at 
Port-au-Prince— the  usual  indication  in  Hayti 
that  a  revolution  is  at  hand^-causing  the  de- 
struction of  one  fifth  of  the  city  and  the  loss 
of  ten  lives.  Two  rebels  who  tried  to  set  fire 
to  another  quarter  were  summarily  shot.  As 
there  was  considerable  discontent  with  Gen. 
Salomon's  rSgime^  Gen.  Baibrond  Oanal  asked 
the  aid  of  the  North  to  make  an  end  of  his 
rule.  Gen,  Tb616maque,  commanding  the  De- 
partment of  the  North  at  Oape  Haytien,  re- 
sponded to  his  summons,  and  arranged  a  gen- 
eral uprising  there,  which  took  place  on  Aug- 
ust 5,  and  was  quickly  and  willingly  joined  by 
the  Departments  of  the  Northwest  and  Arti- 
bonite,  of  which  Gonalves  and  St.  Marc  are 
the  capitals.  Salomon,  seeing  that  resistance 
to  such  an  uprising  was  vain,  abdicated  and 
left  the  country.  Thereupon  a  general  elec- 
tion under  the  supervision  of  a  provisional 
government  was  held,  and  eighty-four  "  con- 
stituants,''  or  electors,  were  chosen.  Th616- 
maque,  Boisrond,  Legitime,  and  Hyppolite 
formed  a  part  of  the  supervisory  provisional 
government.  When  the  names  of  the  eighty- 
four  electors  became  known,  it  was  evident 
that  Th616maque  would  receive  a  majority  of 
their  votes.  But  before  they  could  assemble 
at  Port-au-Prince  a  riot  occurred  there  on 
September  28.  on  which  occasion  Th616maque 
met  his  deatn.  Immediately  thereafter,  and 
before  even  a  large  majority  of  the  electors 
could  arrive  at  Port-au-Prince,  Legitime  called 
upon  those  who  were  present  and  in  his  inter- 
est to  declare  themselves  a  regularly  consti- 
tuted assembly  and  to  vest  in  him  supreme 
power.  This  was  done  by  thirty  three  elect- 
ors, little  more  than  a  third  of  the  whole 
number.  Seizing  then  upon  the  treasury,  the 
arms  at  the  capital,  and  the  war-vessels  in  its 
harbor,  L^time  assumed  a  dictatorship.    But 


the  whole  country  was  shocked  at  the  sup- 
posed murder  of  Gen.  Th616maqne,  and  an- 
other general  uprising  of  the  northern  depart- 
ments instantly  took  place.  A  central  revolu- 
tionary committee  was  formed  by  the  three 
protesting  departments,  and  Jacmel,  too, 
raised  its  voice  in  their  favor.  Gen.  Florril 
Hyppolite  was  named  president  of  that  com- 
mittee. Thereupon  Legitime,  powerless  to  sab- 
jugate  his  adversaries  on  land,  initiated  % 
blockade,  maintained  only  by  two  vessels,  the 
"Dessalines"  and  **Toussaint  POuvertore," 
running  in  and  out  of  Port-au-Prince.  Finally 
he  got  himself  into  trouble  with  the  United 
States  by  capturing,  on  October  21,  the  Amer- 
ican steamship  ^'Haytian  Republic.^*  While 
she  was  coming  out  of  St.  Marc,  she  wss 
seized  by  the  cruiser  ^*  Dessalines,''  and  taken 
to  Port-au-Prince.  On  November  19,  the 
Department  of  State  at  Washington  received 
official  information  that  the  prize  court,  on 
November  8,  had  condemned  the  vessel.  The 
United  States  minister  immediately  protested 
against  the  proceedings,  alleging  that  the  prize 
court  was  Ulegally  constituted,  and  appealed 
to  a  higher  court  He  also  advised  the  cap- 
tain of  the  seized  vessel  to  refuse  to  surrender 
the  cri^.  The  United  States  man-of-war 
'*  Boston  "  arrived  on  the  same  day,  to  support 
the  protest  of  the  United  States  minister. 
The  President  of  the  United  States,  in  bis 
message  of  December  8,  made  the  following 
allusion  to  this  case  and  another  in  which  a 
sailing-vessel  had  been  seized: 

The  tenure  of  power  has  been  so  unstable  amid  tBe 
war  of  factions  that  has  ensued  since  the  expulsion  of 
President  SalomoD,  that  no  GovemmeDt  oonstjtoted 
by  the  will  of  the  Haytian  people  has  been  reoof^ 
nized  as  administering  responsibly  the  affairs  of  that 
country.    Our  representative  has  been  instructed  to 
abstain  iVom  interference  between  the  warrin^fto* 
tions,  and  a  vessel  of  our  navy  has  been  sent  to  nay- 
tian  waters  to  sustain  our  minister  and  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  persons  and  property  of  American  dtiieos. 
Due  precautions  have  been  taken  to  enforce  our  neo- 
tr^ity  laws  and  prevent  our  territory  from  becoming 
the  b«se  of  military  supplies  for  either  of  the  warring 
ffU3tioDB.    Under  color  ot  a  blockade,  of  which  no  rea- 
sonable notice  had  been  given,  ana  which  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  efBciently  maintained,  a  seizure 
of  vessels  under  the  American  flag  has  been  re- 
ported, and,  in  consequence,  measures  to  prevent  and 
redress  any  molestation  of  our  innocent  merchantmen 
have  been  adopted. 

A  week  later,  the  United  States  war-vessels 
"  Galena  "  and  *'  Yantic  "  were  dispatched  to 
Port-au-Prince,  arriving  there  on  December 
20,  and  demanding  the  surrender  of  the  seised 
steamer.  The  release  of  the  latter  to  Rear- 
Admiral  Luce  was  not  made  under  protest, 
but  Gen.  Legitime  reserved  the  right  to 
appeal  to  the  United  States  courts.  It  was 
thought  at  Port-au-Prince  that  this  reserva- 
tion was  made  principally  for  the  benefit  of 
his  followers,  who  were  led  by  him  and  the 
decision  of  the  Court  of  Claims  to  believe  the 
seizure  of  the  vessel  lawful,  and  that  the  ves- 
sel would  be  held  and  converted  into  a  man- 
of-war.    An  indenmity  was  also  to  be  claimed 


HONDURAS.  415 

mal  form  through  the  American  min-  GoverDment  of  HoDduras  to  W.  Allstrom,  who 

Gen.  Legitime,  the  amount  demanded  organized  the  Honduras  North  Coast  Railway 

t  of  the  owners  being  $200,000 ;  that  and  Improvement  Company  in  New  Orleans, 

passengers  and  crew,  $150,000.     The  The  concession  is  for  99  years,  and  grants  nine 

n  Republic "  was  to  be  formally  ac-  square  miles  of  land  for  each  mile  of  line  built, 

)y  Rear- Admiral  Luce  on  December  also  exemption  from  taxation  and  the  privilege 

December  81,  the  Secretary  of  State  of  importing  material  for  construction  free  of 

ington  received  the  copy  of  a  decree,  duty.    The  line  surveyed  is  150  miles  long,  the 

December  10,  issued  by  the  Legitime  termini  being  TrujUlo  and  Puerto  Cortez,  and 

nent,  closing  all  the  northern  ports —  it  passes  through  extensive  forests  of  mahoga- 

3,  Goniuves,  Port  de  Paix,  and  Cape  ny,  cedar,  and  iron-wood,  and  will  open  up  the 

to  foreign  commerce  provisionally.  Sierra  Madre  mountains  on  their   northern 

iSDm    See  Nethsslands.  slopes.    According  to  the  grant,  the  company 

URAS,  a  republic  in  Central  America ,  is  obliged  to  have  75  miles  of  road  in  operation 

,600  square  miles;  population  in  1887;  by  July,  1889.    The  only  railroad  in  Honduras 

at  present  is  a  line  of  88  miles  from  Puerto 

■cat — The  President  is  Gen.  Luis  Bo-  Cortez,  which  is  a  portion  of  a  projected  trans- 

iose  term  will  expire  on  Nov.  29, 1891.  isthmian  route  to  the  Bay  of  Fonseca.    The 

•inet  is  composed  of  the  following  min-  Honduras  Railway  Company  was  incorporated 

Toreign  Affairs,  Licenoiado  Don  Jer6-  in  London  in  May,  with  a  capital  of  £8,000,- 

laya ;  Justice,  Public  Works,  and  War,  000,  to  complete  this  enterprise,  and  a  New 

,  Alvarado ;  Interior,  Sefior  A.  Gomez ;  York  syndicate  has  been  found  to  construct 

Sefior  F.  Planas ;  Agriculture,  Sefior  another  line  from  Trujillo  to  the  Bay  of  Fon- 

a.     The  United  States  Minister  is  Hon.  seca,  passing  through  the  principal  mining  dis- 

&]],  resident  at  Guatemala ;  the  Ameri-  tricts,  and  connecting  with  the  capital,  Teguci- 

Bul  at  Ruatan  and  Trujillo  is  William  galpa.     tThe  London  concemonnaire  sent  in 

hard,  and   at  Tegucigalpa,  Daniel  W.  June  three  engineers  to  Puerto  Cortez,  for  the 

;  the  Consular  Agent  at  Tuscaran  is  purpose  of  completing  the  survey  of  the  road 

e  Koehnke.    The  Consul- General  at  over  a  track  of  40  miles  from  Ojos  de  Agua 

•rk  is  Jacob  Baiz;  at  San  Francisco,  toward  the  Atlantic,  and  they  began    their 

V.  Wells.  work  on  July  7. 

e. — The  outstanding  remiunder  of  the  New  SteaasUp  Lliie. — In  September  the  Gov- 

000  foreign  debt,  contracted  in  1869,  ernment  made  a  contract  with  F.  L.  Philips  & 
Edly  being  canceled  through  the  opera-  Co.  for  the  establishment  of  regular  steamship 
the  custom-houses,  where  40  per  cent,  communication  between  the  coast  and  bay  isl- 
nties  may  be  paid  with  such  old  bonds,  ands,  granting  them  certain  privileges, 
isolidated  internal  indebtedness  is  rep-  Malng. — Honduras  is  rapidly  becoming  an 

by  $700,000  bonds  in  circulation,  and  active  mining  country,  and  many  miners  are 
also  a  floating  debt  of  $200,000.  •  In  going  there  from  the  United  States.  The  pay 
y  the  Government  made  a  contract  for  is  usually  $50  a  month,  with  board  and  travel- 
ding  of  a  national  bank  at  Tegucigal-  ing  expenses,  for  **  hand-drill "  men,  as  little 
March  a  contract  was  made  with  Don  machinery  is  used,  and  about  $75  for  mill  en- 
Larios  for  the  establishment  at  Tegu-  gineers.  The  climate  in  the  interior  is  repre- 
>f  the  Banco  Centro- Americano,  with  sented  as  being  healthful.  To  mining  compa- 
[  of  $600,000,  and  the  privilege  to  in-  nies  Honduras  offers  the  advantages  of  surface 
;  to  $1,000,000.  mining,  cheap  labor,  and  unknown  but  cer- 
S8» — ^In  January  the  Congress  of  Hon-  tain  mineral  wealth.  The  Government  is  also 
atified  the  treaty  of  commerce  and  willing  to  make  liberal  concessions.  The  New 
on  signed  in  January,  1887,  at  Guate-  York  and  Honduras  Rosario  Mining  Company, 
etween  Honduras  and  Great  Britain,  at  San  Jacinto,  has  opened  tunnels  driven  di- 
'  with  the  one  made  with  Germany,  rect  on  the  vein  down  to  the  650-foot  level, 
&te  of  Dec.  12,  1887,  and  also  the  Cen-  and  is  producing  80  tons  of  ore  a  day.  The 
lerican  treaty  of  friendship  agreed  to  levels  are  100  feet  apart,  and  vary  in  length 

1  the  five  republics  on  Feb.  16,  1887.  from  600  to  1,400  feet  on  the  vein,  connected 
*  QMsdtBS. — In  January,  commissioners  by  winzes  at  eonvenient  distances  almost  to 
id  by  the  governments  of  Honduras  the  lowest  level.  The  ore  consists  of  the  de- 
;aragua  met  on  the  boundary-line  be-  composed  sulphnrets  of  copper,  iron,  and  some 
he  two  republics,  at  points  in  dispute  lead,  carrying  considerable  chloride  and  native 
I  the  departments  of  Choluteca  and  silver  in  a  quartz  gangue.  A  three-hearth 
^ovia,  in  order  to  make  the  necessary  roasting-furnace  has  been  erected  for  chlori- 
for  the  settlement  of  this  question.  dizing  the  concentrates,  which  consist  largely 
idb  —  Construction  on  the  Honduras  of  nndecomposed  sulphurets.  The  product  in 
)oa8t  Railway  was  begun  by  the  con-  the  summer  of  1888  was  from  40  to  50  bars  of 
George  £.  Mansfield,  of  Boston,  in  bullion  a  month,  weighing  100  to  110  pounds 
The  road  is  being  built  under  a  conces-  each,  and  running  from  600  to  800  fine  in  sil- 
ginaUy  granted  in  July,  1884,  by  the  ver  and  10  to  17  fine  in  gold.    The  Los  An- 


FISCAL  YEAR. 


Import  Into  tb« 
Unitwl  Siatm. 


1886   $780,650 


1837 

1888. 


857,919 
967,881 


416                    HONDURAS.  HOUSE-BOATS. 

geles  Mining  and  Smelting  Oompanj,  Yalle  A  Groyemment  decree,  dated  September  26, 

de  lo8  Angeles,  resumed  ore-extraction  at  the  amplifies  and  modifies  a  good  many  provisions 

Animas  mine  in  August.    The  works  consist  of  the  '^  C6digo  de  Minerfa ''  at  the  personal 

of  two  twenty-ton  water-jacket  furnaces.  The  instigation  of  the  President,  who,  daring  the 

ore  is  an  argentiferous  galena.    Many  other  summer,  paid  a  visit  to  the  mining  regions, 

companies  have  been  formed.  EdicittM. — On  September  15  was  founded 

Molybdate  of  lead,  or  wulfenite,  is  of  fre-  at  the  capital,  Tegucigalpa,  in  presence  of  the 

quent  occurrence  in  Honduras,  principally  in  President  of  the  Republic,  the  Academy  of 

the  mining  districts  of  Los  Angeles  and  San  Science  and  Literature  of  Honduras,  having 

Juancito,  where  limestone  and  slate  occur.  Dr.  Antonio  Ramirez  Fontecha  for  its  presi- 

€MWD»ce. — The  American   trade  shows  a  dent.     Premiums  of  from  $1,000  to  $100  are 

steady  increase,  and  has  developed  as  follows :  to  be  awarded  at  the  meeting  of  Sept.  14, 

1889,  to  the  best  works  in  Spamsh  on  primary 

DoDMtie  nport  instructloii,  ou  Central  American  history  from 

toHoiidwM.  ^jjQ  Conquest  to  1842,  with  special  reference 

1428,104  ^  Honduras,  and,  finally,  to  a  poem  in  praise 

426J41  of   Central  Union  and   the   illustrions   Gen. 

9ii%i96  Francisco  Morazan. 

^         i.    ,      ■,  H0US&B01T8.    It  is  not  to  be  denied  that 

Coidltion  of  the  CMmtry.— One  of  the  daily  the  world  owes  very  many  of  its  most  health- 
papers  of  Tegucigalpa  drew,  on  August  80,  the  foi  and  sensible  out-of-door  recreations  to  Eng- 
following  sketch  of  the  happy  change  in  the  land  and  Englishmen.  Even  base-ball,  now 
republic  nnder  the  present  administration :  justly  regarded  as  the  American  national  game, 

Formerly  the  sanguinary  ground  of  battles  and  pas-  is  merely  a  scientific  improvement  of  *'^  round- 
aions,  we  meet  to-day  in  the  new  Honduras,  a  busy  ers,*^  known  probably  to  English  boys  cento- 
camp  where  foreigners  and  natives  vie  with  each  rfes  aiTO.  Canoeinir  as  a  civilized  recreation 
other  to  advance  this  country,  m  as  short  a  tmie  as  T^«^iv«kiw  ^■mir^wx^^lA  ;«  n«,^^A^  k«4>  ;♦  \>^a  ♦« 
possible,  to  the  high  standing  which  Providence  and  Pr^^aWy  originated  m  Canada,  but  it  had  to 
Nature  have  destined  it  to  occupy  in  this  progressive  ^^^^  1^®  ocean  twice  before  it  became  firmly 
period.  There  are  over  eighteen  foreign  mining  com-  established  in  the  United  States.  In  like  man- 
panies  at  work  to  explore  the  rich  and  precious  veins  oer,  the  house-boat  has  become  so  thoroughly 
^efe^^rel^'numl^r ofl^'^^v*^^^  '°  ^^^  country ;  domesticated  that  it  has  ceased  to  be  an  ob- 
to^cultWate'tS  ^uSd^iSr^Tna^^teTe^n^;  J^^  0^  curiosity  on  the  little  rivers,  lakea,  est- 
and  there  are  at  present  three  important  railroad  lines  pftrids*  And  canals  of  the  British  Islands.  That 
partly  under  consideration  and  construction.  it  is  destined  to  a  greater  and  more  glorious 

When  the  subject  of  a  highway  to  the  coast  was  career  on  the  infinitely  varied  coastwise  and 

brought  to  the  attention  of  Oen.  Bo^ran,  he  was  found  j^j  ^^       ^       ^  Amenca.  may  be  taken  as  a 

equal  to  the  occasion.   Simple  as  this  need  will  appear  *"*""**   t»»i/«io  vj.  .ci.iuci*u«»,  uiaj  u^  mm.vu  w  • 

to  the  reader,  it  must  be  remembered  that  for  three  foregone  conclusion. 

hundred  years  this  country  had  found  in  the  pack-  We  are  not  without  onr  house-boats  in  Amer- 

mule  not  merely  its  only  means  of  transportation,  but  ica ;  but  we  have  not  passed  beyond  the  prac- 

thereby  ^1  the  reqmrements  of  the  producer,  mer-  tical  and  utilitarian  stage.     Every  raft  has  its 

chant,  and  householder  had  been  met     **  All  roads  n  u^„^  ,„^«u„  n   «„^^Tk««4^^-    »»»»ii»    «,i.«-^ 

lead  to  Rome,"  and  all  highways  started  from  the  ''head-works,     rude  shantiea,  usuaUy,  where 

Imperial  City,  and  thence  continued  to  the  projected  ^he  crew  have  their  bunks  and  where  the  cook 

point.    A  Latin  race  would  naturally  follow  such  does  his  cooking.     Oyster-men  often   keep  a 

teachings,  and  hence  Soto  had  a  boulevard  road  built  house- boat  anchored  over  the  beds,  for  protec- 

^Z.^:^^X..V^n'^7jftf^J7l^f^c  «-  -  convenience,  and  floating  boat-house, 

coast,  extending  it  twenty -five  miles ;  but  as  neither  *^®  common  wherever  boating-dubs  exist.  But 

a  wagon  nor  the  parts  of  a  wagon  could  well  be  car-  none  of  these  fulfill  the  idea  of  a  house-boat  as 

ried  by  the  pack-mule  over  the  intervening  mount-  developed  in  England  and  as  presented  in  Mr. 

ains  between  the  terminus  of  this  boulevard  and  the  Black's  recent  novel,  "The  Strange  Advent- 

Pnr^°btlftir5'rcSn'^{l?n"ter.^^e'4^  nres  of  a  Honse-bo.Jt.»  Such  isTe  preeent 
the  coast.  Bogran,  acting  under  the  advice  of  Ameri-  aemand  tor  this  type  of  craft  m  England  that 
can  engineers,  complete  a  wagon-road  from  the  there  are  in  London  several  builders  who  de- 
Pacific  road  of  San  Lorenzo  to  meet  this,  and  connect  vote  themselves  almost  exclusively  to  their 
the  capital  with  the  port.    A  force  of  176  men  was  construction 

employed  for  eleven  months  to  build  it  around  the  *  v           u'    ^  •            •    i        i.  x  'a. 

mountains  to  the  terminus  of  the  macadamized  boule-  ,A  hOUSe-boat  is  precisely  what  its  name  im- 

vard,  and  from  Tegucigalpa  thence  fifty  miles  to  Yus-  pnea — a  house  on  a  boat,  or  at  least  on  a  float; 

caran,  which  an  enthusiastic  expert  has  named  the  and  just  as  a  house  on  land  may  have  only  one 

*^Comstock  of  Central  America.'*    The  work  of  in-  room  or  a  score  of  rooms,  so  the  house-boat 

ternal  improvements  did  not  stop  here.      A  New     „„.,  v^  «,^»^i«.  «  .«».»^»-  r«K;«  ^i^v.  4.\. ^^ 

York  company  is  dredging  the  AguL  river  and  build-  ^^^  be  merely  a  narrow  cabin  with  the  mort 

ing  canals  to  connect  the  OlanSio  district  with  the  compact  arrangements  for  living,  eating,  and 

northern  ports.    One  of  our  great  railway  systems  sleeping,  or  it  may  be  a  floating  **  establisb- 

haa  recently  had  a  survey  made  to  determine  the  ment "  with  half  a  dozen  state-rooms,  diniog- 

feasibility  of  building  a  raUway  from  Puerto  Cortez  room,  parlor,  and  quarters  for  a  fnll  corps  of 

eastward,  near  the  coast,  in  the  mterest  ot  the  fruit  oflrvantQ         '           ^                                     ^«^  i~ 

trade;   other  important  internal  improvements  are  >« ^J^*  ,             .          ,         i.*      .        * 

being  made  in  Olancho,  and  carbonate  mines  are  being  ^  ^  the  lover  of  ont-door  Ufe,  the  advantages 

opened  at  La  Union.  of  the  house-boat  are  at  once  obvious.     It  can 


H0D8E-BOATS. 


41T 


d  in  aii.T  sheltered  [ilaoe  where  there 
inoagh  to  float  it ;  it  ia  readil;  anp- 
,h  provisioDa  and  other  itores  bj 
aioall  boats ;  it  is  easilj  kept  clean  b; 
e  prooeaa  of  throwing  waste  materiaJB 
1 ;  and  it  is  readily  moved  from  place 
ac«ordiDg  t«  the  fancy  of  its  owner. 
lo  fair  ground  of  oompariBOn  between 
Its  and  yachta,  dnce  they  are  intended 
y  dirt'erent  purposes ;  but  a  honsa-boat 
oilt  for  $1,000  with  better  aooommo- 
ban  conid  be  secured  for  $10,000  in 

St  thing  to  be  conddered  in  planning 
NMt  is  the  foundation  or  float.  This 
lerely  ft  raft  of  logs  or  a  frame  oon- 

ayatem  of  water-tight  pontoone,  or  a 
med  scow  of  any  dewred  dimensiotw 
^     Whichever   form    is    selected,   it 

oovered  with  a  slightly  convex  deck, 
rater  spilled  anycrliere  will  tend  to 
oard.    The  raft  is  the  cheaper  form, 
tage  is,  that 
'er  leak,  end 
itly  requires 
□g.    Ite  dis- 
)  is  that  it  ia 

tow.      The 

8yst«m  is 
rtly,  is 
tow,  and  is 
eakage;  hot 
BO  arranged 
|H>ntoon  at  a 
be  removed 
nation  or  re- 
!ie  pontiionB 
ooden  boxes 
■rs  or  empty 
i.  By  far  the 

bo^vever,  ia 
boat  of  some 
I  aa  any  car- 
amateur  can 
ce  none  of 
icsted  prob- 
ilving  wave- 

ries.  strains,  etc.,  need  be  taken  into 
tion.  The  only  eleraento  to  be  cod- 
■e  dimensions,  titrengtb,  and  tightness. 
ioity  of  seaports  it  is  often  powible  to 
at  a  reasonable  figure  flat-boats  that 
'er  every  purpose;  bat  if  it  is.desited 
and  economy  is  an  object,  the  follow- 

ia  BOggeated:  Having  decided  upon 
!i  and  breadth  and  depth  □(  the  boat, 

the  amoant  of  planking  necessary, 
:oranion  pine  matched  hoards  accord- 
f  tlie  boat  is  to  be  small,  two  thiok- 
e  enough;  but  if  large,  three  or  more 
red.  It  is  desirable  to  have  the  bot- 
loor  rockered  or  curved  slightly,  so 

will  take  the  gronnd  easUy  when 

bnt  this  is  not  absolutely  necessary. 
:faanjc  will  know  how  to  provide  for 
t  if  de^red.  The  floor  is  laid  Qrst  on 
OL.  zznu. — X  !T 


snpporta,  the  boards  running  croaHwise — or 
better,  diagonally.     When  laid   and  securely 

nailed  to  temporary  timbers,  the  ends  should 
be  sawed  olf  dong  a  line  marking  the  intended 
shape  of  the  bottom.  This  done,  prepare  a 
Feoond  course  of  boards  of  the  same  shape,  bat 
to  be  laid  breaking  joints  with  the  first  course, 
or,  if  diagonal,  to  be  laid  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion. In  Fig.  1  the  continuous  lines  represent 
the  first  or  lower  course  and  the  broken  lineC 
the  second  or  upper  course.  Before  laying 
the  second  coorse,  a  sufficient  Quantity  of  hot 

Eitch  should  be  prepared,  and  before  each 
oard  ia  driven  home  and  nniled,  a  bed  of  pitch 
should  be  prepared  to  receive  it,  so  that  all 
the  seams  and  even  the  grooven  in  the  edges  of 
the  boards  shall  be  filled  with  pitch.  Any 
number  of  courses  may  be  laid,  according  to 
the  size  of  the  beat,  bnt  three  are  enough  ft>r 
any  length  less  than  fifty  feet.  Copper  nails, 
clinched,  are  beet  but  iron  clinch-nails  will 
answer  very  well,  especially  for  fresh  water. 


In  driving  them,  it  is  desirable  to  set  them  at 
a  slight  angle  and  in  differing  directions,  and 
all  care  must  bo  taken  nut  to  split  the  wood. 
This  makes  a  very  strong  and  elastic  bottom, 
absolutely  water-tight. 

The  next  step  is  to  set  up  the  stem  and  stern- 
posts,  at  A  and  B.  C  shows  the  section  of  the 
post  having  a  rabbet  on  each  side  deep  enough 
to  nail  OD  the  side-courses.  These  posts  may 
be  natural  knees  worked  out  of  solid  pieces,  or 
thej  may  be  triangles  built  up  of  plank  bolted 
together  (see  D,  Fig.  1). 

At  intervals  of  about  ten  feet,  transverse 
frames,  as  shown  at  E,  should  be  set  up,  with 
the  top  piece  slightly  arched  to  make  the  deck 
shed  water.  The  side-posts,  F,  should  be  of 
light  stuff,  only  large  enough  to  receive  the 
nails  of  the  first  course  of  siding.  The  oross- 
hraoes,  Q,  may  be  still  lighter,  or  even  ordinary 


41d 


HOOBE-BOATS. 


boards.  The  deck  timbers,  H,  shoald  be  of 
two-inch  plonk  set  on  edge.  All  these  may  be 
Hmply  bolted  or  nailed  together,  no  framing 
or  mortising  being  neceaaary. 

When  the  bow  and  etarn  posts  and  the 
trftnaverse  frames  are  in  position  (and  there 
is  DO  reason  why  they  should  not  be  made 
flaring  ontward  to  eecnre  more  deck-room), 
tbe  first  coarse  of  matched  boards  is  nailed  un, 
all  abutting  aarfaces  and  edges  being  covered 
with  pitch.  When  the  siding  is  nailed  to  tbe 
edges  of  the  bottom  boards,  ase  wire  nails,  to 
avoid  splitting  and  to  secure  a  better  hoU'.. 
Oover  toe  first  coarse  of  riding  with  a  aeooud 
ooorse,  with  pitch  between,  the  same  rules 
being  followed  as  to  driTiog  nails.  Along  tbe 
onttude  angle  formed  by  tlie  meeting  or'  the 


able  to  mark  them  oat  before  driving 
nails,  as  the  saw  will  otherwise  he  pr 
t«  encounter  nails.  Of  coarse,  if  decl 
are  cut  throngb  for  the  hatohe!i,  st 
mast  be  set  to  take  the  strain  ;  but  a 
batch  is  generally  wide  enough. 

Towing-posta  or  bitta  will  be  require 
ends,  and  these  may  serve  also  to  mak 
cables  when  the  boat  is  at  anchor.  I 
he  placed  anywhere,  simply  strengths 
deck  by  meao!)  of  stout  plank  bolted  dc 
in  a  large  boat,  re-enforced  by  carrying 
through  the  deck,  down  to  a  step  on 
torn.  If  desired,  a  rudder  may  be  hni 
stem-post  in  the  nsnal  manner,  bnt 
oases  an  oar  or  sweep  will  answer  quit 

Large  vessels  have  b«en  built  on  tbi 


sides  and  the  bottom,  fasten  angle-irons  wide 
enongb  to  overreach  the  seams,  so  that  the 
screws  with  which  they  are  fitstened  will  not 
be  in  danger  of  striking  the  nails  previously 
driven. 

Deck-timbers  corre<ipoDding  with  the  one 
shown  at  E  must  be  placed  at  about  two-foot 
intervals  throughout  the  whole  length  of  tbe 
boat.  The  deck  may  be  laid  preoisely  as  was 
the  bottom  of  the  boat,  except  that  rare  should 
be  taken  not  to  allow  a  surplus  of  pitch  to  work 
up  to  the  surface.  Berore  laying  the  deck,  a 
stoDt  Strip  or  out-wale  should  be  spiked  or 
bolted  along  the  appcr  edge  of  the  siding,  on 
the  outside,  and  the  ends  of  the  deck-boards 
nailed  to  it.  This  out-wale  affords  protection 
to  tbe  siding,  and  if  payed  orer  wiih  pitch 
makes  a  perfectly  tight  line  of  junction  be- 
tween deck  and  sides. 

Hatches  to  afford  access  to  the  hold  may  be 
cut  through  the  deck  anywhere,  but  it  isdesir- 


wonderfolly  strong  and  aeaworthy,  ev 
out  any  interior  timbers  whatever. 
tern  has  never  fonnd  favor  with  pro 
builders,  but  for  a  shallow,  flat-botton 
such  as  ia  required  for  a  house-boat,  It 
cellent  method  of  oonstraction,  and 
strong  for  smooth  water. 

The  hull  being  finished,  nothing  ran 
to  build  a  house  upon  it,  leaving  a  ole 
fore  and  aft  and  making  the  roof  avai 
a  promenade  or  a  post  of  observatio 
carpenter  or  amateur  can  build  such 
It  may  have  only  one  room,  with 
rsngeraents  of  bunks  and  tables  as 
owner,  or  it  may  have  a  sitting -rt 
kitchen  and  separate  sleep! ng-roomc 
either  the  most  economical  ideas  of  I 
or  the  more  Inxnrioua  notions  of 
whom  money  is  no  object 

The  illustration  (Fig.  2),  from  a  'de« 


IDAHO. 


419 


in  *^  Forest  and  Stream/*  represents  oDe 
larger  and  more  loxorioos  class  of  boats, 

long  by  17  feet  beam.  The  masts. are, 
rse,  saperfloous,  merely  lending  a  some- 
ij9CUticai  air  to  the  general  appearance. 

be  said,  however,  that  a  mast  and  sail 
lerate  size  may  often  prove  of  great  con- 
ce  in  changing  anchorage.  To  effect 
change  re^nires  some  practical  knowl- 
r  seamanship.  In  a  tidal  river  one  may 
f>rogress  np  stream  by  the  aid  of  a  pair 
dps  or  a  skiff  to  tow  the  hoase-boat  out 
le  carrent  and  to  regain  anchorage- 
[  jast  before  the  tide  tarns  ebb.    In  a 

an  inland  river  some  outside  means  of 
don  is  necessary,  and  a  sail  might  often 
Dseful.  Tugs  are  generally  available  on 
>le  streams,  and  for  a  few  dollars  they 
able  the  house-boat  owner  to  shitt  his 
.  score  of  miles  in  two  or  three  houra. 

bodies  of  water  as  Lake  George  or 
I/bamplain,  or  indeed  any  of  the  ten 


thousand  inland  lakes  and  rivers  of  North 
America,  are  lined  with  sheltered  coves  where 
a  house-boat  may  lie  secure  from  storms  the 
summer  through.  She  may  oiten  be  moored 
so  near  the  shore  that  a  gang-plank  will  afford 
ready  passage  to  the  land.  Small  boats  for 
sails  or  oars  or  both,  are,  of  course,  an  indis- 
pensable adjunct  for  fishing,  for  exercise,  and 
for  the  various  errands  necessary  to  a  company 
that  must  depend  more  or  less  on  the  markets 
for  supplies.  For  a  large  house-boat  a  naphtha- 
launch  would  be  a  great  convenience.  (See 
Naphtha-Motobs,  in  '*  Annual  CyclopiBdia" 
for  1887.) 

In  many  respects  life  on  a  house- boat  is  to 
be  preferred  to  ordinary  camp  or  cottage  life 
on  shore.  These  house-boats,  with  their  wide 
variety  in  structure  and  cost,  will  prove  a 
welcome  addition  to  our  American  resources 
for  out-of-door  existence  during  the  summer 
months,  and  indeed  for  the  whole  year  round 
in  some  of  the  Southern  States. 


to.  Territorial  CtreruMiit— The  follow- 
are  the  Territorial  officers  during  the 
Grovemor,  Edward  A.  Stevenson,  Demo- 
ecretary,  Edward  J.  Curtis ;  Comptroller 
iditor,  James  H.  Wickersham;  Treasurer, 
s  Himrod;  Attorney-Greneral,  Ricbard 
ason ;  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
»ilas  W.  Moody ;  Chief-Justice  of  the 
ae  6ourt,  James  B.  Hays,  who  died  on 
[,  and  was  succeeded  by  Hugh  W.  Weir ; 
ate  Justices,  Norman  Buck  and  Case 
ick,  succeeded  by  John  Lee  Logan  and 
9  H.  Berry. 

bitiaB. — The  following  estimate  of  popu- 
by  coun fries  is  given  by  the  Governor 
mnoal  report : 


son  of  the  condition  of  the  public  schools  for 
1886  and  1888  is  given: 


ITEMS. 

1886. 

1888. 

School  districts 

818 

288 

884 

9,878 

18,&&5 
$78,006  05 

48,184  76 
160,172  67 

86,457  97 

887 

School-bouses 

968 

Schools 

865 

PoDils  enrolled 

10,488 
12 

Libraries 

Children  of  school  aire 

20,180 

Amount  received  from  county  tax. . 

Amount  received  from  district 

Amount  received  from  all  sources.. 
Paid  teachers^  salaries 

$101,002  58 

88,810  74 

164,782  55 

92,910  81 

Estimated  value  of  school  property  . 

279,500  00 

IC. 


Popolatfcm. 

....  11,000 

..    .  16,250 

. . . .  5,750 

....  12,000 

....  4,250 

...  4,500 

. . . .  4,000 

. . . .  4,000 

....  1,480 


COUNmS.  PofmlaUon. 

Latah 9,680 

L<»mhi 4.600 

Nci  PercA 5,000 

Oneida 6^ 

Ovryhee. 8,860 

Shoshone 8,000 

Washington 5.000 


Total 105,260 

his  list,  Latah  Oounty  appears  for  the 
me,  having  been  created  out  of  the 
m  part  of  Nez  Perc6  County,  by  act  of 
^  passed  and  approved  May  14,  1888. 
ity  organization  was  effected  under  this 
May  29  following. 

wcs. — The  receipts  from  all  sources  from 
,  1886,  to  Nov.  1,  1888,  were  $114,- 
and  the  expenditures,  $109,660.11 ;  the 
)  on  hand  Nov.  1,  1888,  was  $4,467.82. 
hange  in  the  bonded  debt  of  the  Terri- 
98  made  during  the  year. 
ittei. — From  the  report  of  the  Saperin- 
t  of  Education,  the  following  compari- 


Of  the  compulsory  school  law,  passed  in 
1887,  the  Superintendent  says:  "Under  the 
exceptions  in  this  law,  many  parents  are  avoid- 
ing its  operation  by  setting  up  the  excuse  that 
their  children  are  taught  in  private  schools  or 
at  home,  which  is  a  valid  excuse,  but  affords 
an  opportunity  to  those  whose  religious  belief 
opposes  the  employment  of  Gentile  teachers  to 
keep  their  children  away  from  tiie  public  school 
of  the  district.  1  have  not  heard  of  a  single 
fine  being  collected,  and  believe  that  such  a 
law  is  of  no  benefit  until  thoroughly  amended.'^ 

Ihe  act  of  Congress  of  May  20,  1886,  con- 
cerning the  teaching  of  the  effects  of  alcoholic 
drinks  and  narcotics  upon  the  human  system, 
has  been  called  to  the  attention  of  superintend- 
ents and  teachers  throughout  the  Territory, 
and  is  generally  enforced.  But  many  teachers 
report  that  they  can  not  carry  out  its  provisions 
to  the  letter,  if  strictly  construed,  by  reason  of 
its  requiring  impossibilities  in  the  matter  of 
using  text-books. 

Charities  aid  Prisotg.— In  the  Territorial  In- 
sane Asylum  at  Blackfoot,  72  patients  were 
treated  during  the  year  ending  September  15, 


420  IDAHO. 

of  whom  49  were  men  and  28  women.    At  the  ver,  $5,944,866  ;  lead,  $2,960,270 ;   gold,  ril- 

latter  date  there  were  48  patients — 35  men  and  ver,  and  lead,  $8,905,136. 

13  women.    The  cost  of  maintaining  the  in9ti-  RattroadSi — There  were  about  1,000  miles  of 

tution  for  the  year  was  $14,827.  railroad  in  the  Territory  at  the  close  of  the 

There  were  confined  in  the  United  States  year.    Oonstruction  has  been  going  on  during 

Penitentiary  at  Bois6  City  in  October,  at  the  the  year  upon  the  following  lines :  Spokane 

expense  of  the  Territory,  76  prisoners.    The  nnd  Palonse  Railway,  Oregon  Railway  and 

condition  of  this  prison  is  characterized  by  Gov.  Navigation  Company,  Coear  d^Alene  Railway, 

Stevenson  as  *^  disgracefal."     There  are  only  and  Spokane  and  Idaho  Railway. 

40  cells,  into  which  are  crowded  78  prisoners,  Fonste.— There  are  about  18,000,000  acres  of 

three  of  them  being  United  States  prisoners,  timber  and  mineral  land  in  the  Territory,  a 

No  provision  is  made  for  working  the  convicts,  very  large  portion  of  which  is  covered  with 

who  are  confined  to  their  cells  20  hours  each  timber.    In  some  places  the  forests  are  mostly 

day,  although  a   stone-quarry  near  at  hand  black  or  lodge-pole  pine,  which  grows  aboat  S 

would  afford    an    excellent    opportunity  for  inches  in  diameter  and  from  60  to  100  feet 

using  their  labor    in  enlarging  the    present  high,  and  so  thick  that  a  person  can  scarcely 

building.     The  Territory  pays  $18,000  a  year  pass  between  the  trees.     It  is  valuable  for 

to  the  National  Government  for  keeping  its  fuel,  mining-timbers,   buildings,   and  fencing, 

oonvicts  at  this  place.    But  the  crowded  con-  and  is  very  durable.    There  are  in  other  loeal- 

dition  of  the  prison  is  likely  to  be  soon  re-  ities  immense  forests  of  the  finest  white  and 

lieved.  Congress  having  this  year  appropriated  yellow  pine,  also  spruce,  fir,  and  cedar,  suit- 

$25,000  for  its  enlargement.  able  for  manufacturing  into  lumber,  the  trees 

The  Governor,  in  his  annual  report  for  1888,  being  from  2  to  4  feet  in  diameter  and  50  to 

says :  ^^  I  wish-  particularly  to  call  the  atten-  60  feet  without  a  limb.    The  lumber  now  man- 

tion  of  the  department  and  Congress  to  the  ufuctured  in  the  Temtory  is  only  for  home 

great  iigustice  of  the  act    of    Congress    of  consumption. 

March  8,  1885.    This  act  compels  our  Terri-  iBdlaub — The  extent  of  the  various  IndiflD 

torial  courts  to  take  cognizance  and  jurisdic-  agencies  in  the  Territory  and  the  number  of 

tion    of    all  offenses  committed    by  Indians  Indians  upon  them  during  the  year  were  as 

against  the  property  of  another  Indian  or  follow :  Fort  Hall  or  Shoshone  and  Bannocks, 

other    persons,   and   of   certain  crimes  com-  1,700  persons,   1,202,820  acres;    Lemhi,  548 

raitted  on  the  Indian  reservations.     We  have  persons,   105,960  acres;    Coaur  d^Alene,  500 

now  in  the  Penitentiary  two  Indians  sentenced  persons,   598,500  acres ;    Western   Shoshone, 

for  long  terms,  for  which  we  are  paying  the  400  persons,  131,300  acres;  Nez  Perc^  l,i27 

United  States  $1.50  a  day,  besides  all  the  persons,  746,651  acres.    No  disturbances  have 

expenses    of    their    trials    and    convictions,  occurred  during  the  year.    There  is  a  doabt 

Otners  have  also  been  sentenced  who  have  as  to  whether  the  valuable  mineral  lands  near 

served  out  their  terms  and  been  discharged,  the  borders  of  the  Coeur  d^Alene  reservation, 

I  can  not  comprehend  why  the  General  Gov-  on   which  miners  have  made  locations,  are 

ernment  should  compel  the  Territory  to  pay  within  the  limits  of  the  reservation.    Danger- 

for  the  support  of  a  criminal  class  who  are  the  ous  complications  are  liable  to  result  unless 

wards  of  the  Government,  from  whom  the  this  doubt  is  soon  settled  by  a  resnrvey  of  the 

Territory  derives  no  revenue,  income,  or  sup-  region, 

port."  liMxatlM. — To  any  plan  for  dismembering 

Statisdcs. — The  assessed  valnation  of  the  Ter-  the  Territory,  and  especially  to  the  bill  before 

ritory,  by  counties,  is  shown  in  the  following  Congress  creating  the  State  of  Washington  out 

table :  of  the  eastern  part  of  that  Territory  with  the 

COUNTIES.         v.ioiuion.        COUNTIES.           vdmiiiaa.  '^^^  northcm  couutics  of  Idaho  attached,  the 

Ada $8,020,000    Lateh $i,6ea2ft6  people  of  Idaho  are  almost  unanimously  op- 

SniLkv.::;::::  '•K  «*??!.,«*•.:::;:::  i,Jg;SS  p^^-   a  protect  against  h  was  p«»8ed  by 

Bingham 2,666,180    Oneida 1,018  811  the  Territorial  Legislature  of  last  year.    In 

J?o«»f 3949    Owyhee 1,081,986  Jnne,  1888,  the  Democratic  Territorial  Con- 

^ter :::.:::::::     Vilm    wSX't«n.:::::   ''K  vention  at  Bois6  city  adopted,  by  a  vote  of  44 

i<*»ho 848,566                           to  6,  the  following  resolution: 

Kootenai 648,T81  Total $21,288,892 

ned  at  ^3,036,244;    71,984  horses,  valued  at  or  counties  to  any  State  or  Territory,  and  that  we 

$1,904,348  ;   1,603  mules,  valued  at  $55,343  ;  favor  at  the  earliest  date  prectioable  tne  introdoctiaD 

and  251,634  sheep,  valued  at  $389,988.  <>f  *  l*'^  hi  Confrresa  for  the  admission  of  Idaho,  with 

The  production  of  wheat  for  1888  is  esti-  '^  .P*"®^*  ^^  "*^  boundaries,  as  a  State  of  ibe 

mated  at  2,986,280  hushels;   oats,   1,264,590  ^*°°* 

bushels;  barley,  394,690  bushels;    hay,  528,-  Only  one  of  the  four  northern  counties,  N« 

965  tons.  Perc6  (with  Latah,  lately  a  part  of  Nez  Perc^), 

The  mining  product  for  1887  is  estimated  voted  against  the  resolution.    The  Territorial 

by  the  assayer  at  Bois^  City  as  follows:  Gold,  Republican  Convention,  in  May,  included  in  itf 

$2,522,209 ;  silver,  $3,422,657 ;   gold  and  sU-  platform  the  foUowing : 


IDAHO.  IDENTIFICATION.              421 

re  denounce  tbe  8tewart  or  any  other  meas-  That  inaamuch  as  the  Mormon  people  have  in  no 

le  feiegregation  and  consequent  annihilation  of  wise  renounced  polygamy  and  tne  other  practices 

hat  whue  North  Idaho  appears  before  this  which  have  hitherto 'deprived  them  of  their  franchise, 

>n  throuji^  om;  county  (Latah)  and  demands  and^et  defiantly  declare  their  intention  to  vote  at  the 

cation  of  r^orth  Idaho  to  Washmgton,  another  coming  election,  even  thou^irh  they  commit  the  crime 

Shoshone),  representing  more  votes,  appears .  of  perjury,  we  call  upon  the  Territorial  administra- 

1  resolutions  airectly  and  absolutely  opposed  tion  of  Idano  to  see  that  the  election  laws  of  this  Tor- 

ffregataon  of  the  Territory ;  and,  further,  ritory  are  sustained. 

£e  ^Republicans  of  Idaho  Territory,  while  T>*i-ii#  j.  *  i^i  ji 
ns  the  sentiment  as  expressed  by  one  county,  ^0^°  platforms  coDtam  also  the  same  decla- 
id  to  eziiit  in  Nez  Porc^  County,  hereby  de-  rations  against  annexation  adopted  at  tbe  re- 
statehood  for  the  whole  Territory.  spective  conventions  in  May  and  Jane.  No 
>  resolutions  were  repeated  at  party  resolution  was  adopted  by  the  Democrats 
ions  held  in  August.  In  his  messafre  "P^'^  the  Mormon  problem.  A  third  candi- 
legislature,  in  December,  the  Governor  2^'?'  ex-Justice  Norman   Buck,   was  m  the 

field  as  the  representative  of  a  small  party  in 

-                 J  ^,  ^  ^,    •     .  ,  ^         ,  the  Territory  which  favors  division  and  an- 

?,wfern  aX'^fdh^of  ?^„^,^«o^n  to  n«"«.m  of  the  northern  counties  to  Washing- 

onatitationfortheStateofldaho,  tobe  con-  ton  lerntory.      At   the    November    election 

an  early  day,  and  that  the  Constitution  so  Buck   received   1,458  votes,   all    but    168   of 

e  submitted  to  the  people  for  theu*  ratifioa-  which  were  cast  in  Latah  and  Nez  Perc6  coun- 

le  next  general  election  or  at  a  special  elee-  ^:^a   whpre  he  l^d  the  i^oll      Duhoifl  rerpived 

9  held  feforothat  time,  and  that  Vhen  rati-  o^^i       *           au      i    ^2^'a>i       *        receivea 

laid  before  Congress  iy  oUr  Delegate,  with  f^^^  ^^tes,  and  Hawley  6,404  votes.    A  legis- 

est  that  Idaho  be  admitted  a  State  of  the  lature  was  chosen,  to  which  the  Republicans 

i  an  equality  with  the  original  thirteen ;  and  elected  about  three  fourths  of  the  members. 

necMaary  appropriations  to  defray  the  ex-  Que  Mormon    was  chosen,    and   two    of   the 

'such  Consututional  Convention  be  made.  Democrats  elected  were  supported  by  Mormon 

aL — Territorial    conventions  to    elect  votes. 

IB  to  the  national  party  conventions  Lfftelattre  Seolaiit — The  Legislature  chosen  in 

Ad  in  May  and  June.    On  August  22  November  met  on  December  10  and  sat  about 

Diocrats  met  in  convention  again  at  two  weeks,  adjourning  until  January.    One  of 

ity  to  choose  a  candidate  for  Territorial  its  first  acts  was  to  unseat  Mr.  Lamoreaux,  a 

e  to  Congress,  and  James  fl.  Hawley  Democratic  member  of  the  council,  on  the 

ected  for  that  ofiSce.    The  following  ground  that  he  had  been  elected  by  Mormon 

e  of  the  resolutions  adopted :  votes,  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  the  Mor- 

we  heartily  favor  the  filling  of  Territorial  ™pJi  test-oath.    In  the  Lower  House,  Messrs. 

a  fiur  as  practicable^  by  appointments  from  Kinport,  Democrat,  and  Kinnersley,  Mormon, 

tory,  and  we  cite  with  pnde  its  wisdom  in  were  unseated  for  the  same  reason.     No  legis- 

»intment  of  our  citizen  Governor,  who  has  i^^^j^  of  importance  was  accomplished, 

the  best  Governor  ever  appomted  for  tiie  iDEMTinClTIOK  AHD  DiSCRlPTlON,  PEBSON- 

re  favor  libeml  appropriations  by  Congress  AL,    This  has  been  made  the  subject  of  special 

ating  canals  and  artesian  wells,  by  whidi  study  and  experiment  by  Prof.  Francis  Galton, 

d  acres  of  our  lands  may  be  reclaimed  and  p.  R.  8.^  who  detailed  his  results  in  a  lecture 

K'.!.^a^ni^  nS^Tl'rritnr.  I-  ^^fU  r^  ^^'or©  thc  Royal  lustitution  in  London  on  May 

he  settlement  of  ottr  lemtory  is  greatly  re-  oe     tt        •   «.  j      a  i.u  ^  j.i         •               i.  xi.» 

f  the  eriatence  within  our  Bordere  of  lan?e  26.    He  pointed  out  that  there  is  no  such  thing 

nervations,  useless  to  the  Indians  and  of  in-  as  infinite  unhkeness,  two  profiles,  or  other 

e  value  to  the  whites  for  the  valuable  agri-  irregular  lines,  for  instance,  difiering  from  each 

mineral,  and  timber  resources ;  and  we  ear-  other  always  by  a  finite  number  of  least  dis- 

rt'^^d2r^ni"?o°{hrrig'St^Tt2?  ceroibledifferenceB.    To  illustrate,  suppose  two 

figures,  A  and  B  (Fig.  1),  to  be  placed  one  on  the 

J  T>      ti.        /^          ..               .  other,  and  draw  a  third  line,  0,  equally  sub^- 

«cond  Republican  Convention  was  m  ^^j      j.,,^  iuterval  between  them.    C  is  more 

in  Hailey  August  29  and  80,  and  nomi-  ^j,^  g  ^^^^  ^          „^d  i„  like  manner  a  line 

delegate  Dubois  for  re-election.     The  o  can  be  drawn,  still  more  like  B.    By  con- 

n  contains  the  following :  tinning  fhus,  a  figure  will  be  reached  which,  if 

re  are  unalterably  opposed  to  any  reduction  drawn  separately,  is  indistinguishable  from  B. 

^ES'l^ln^^^^'ih^?  K^^owL^n^IliS  1^  this  is  the  fourth  equal  suMivision,  there  are 

per  mines,  and  toat  any  cnange  of  existing  ..                .         *i^aj«          •iiJ*/x> 

t  shall  check  or  hinder  the  y)rosecution  and  Sixteen  grades  of  least  discernible  difterences 

>f  this  industry  would  be  unwif«e  and  unjust;  between  A  and  B.    This  measure  of  resem- 

efore  we  denounce  the  action  of  the  Demo-  blance  is  evidently  applicable  -also  to  colors, 

>nvention  of  Idaho  for  their  mdorsement  of  sounds,  tastes,  and  other  sense  indications,  and 

ire  remain  unalteniblv  opposed  to  the  Mor-  ^^7  ^^  ^^^  '^^,  personal  description  by  first 

eir  priest-rule  and  polygamy :  that  we  favor  making  a  collection  of  standard  pronJes  drawn 

o  test-oath^  and  pledge  ourselves  to  strenu-  with  double  lines,  so  that  any  numan  profile 

poso  any  interference  with  or  repeal  of  the  would  lie  entirely  within  some  one  of  them, 

a  that  we  view  with  contempt  the  action  of  j^^          j^  1^       j^  possible:  indeed,  all  human 

ocratic  Convention  at  Bois4  City  resulting  m  «,    Y.         7  f  «iwv  j/vcon^rc,  »ux«««v.,  «*.    «    ^kx 

lation  of  an  unholy  alliance  with  the  Mop-  protile  lines,  taken  from  the  brow  to  the  lips, 

'  political  profit.  fall  between  the  lines  shown  in  Fig.  2.    The 


422 


IDENTIFICATION  AND  DESCRIPTION,   PERSONAL. 


measurement  of  profiles  seems  to  be  the  best 
means  of  personal  identification.  Prof.  Galton 
prefers  for  reference-lines  B  C  (Fig.  8),  toach- 
ing  the  concavity  above  the  nose  and  the  con- 


Fio.  1. 

yexity  of  the  chin,  and  a  line  parallel  to  this, 
touching  the  tip  of  the  nose.  From  these  lines 
various  measures  may  be  taken  which  are  char- 
aoteristio  of  the  individual.  Instead  of  these 
profile  measurements,  measures  of  the  head 
and  limbs  are  generally  employed  in  prisons 
for  purposes  of  identification,  this  idea  originat- 
ing in  France  with  Alphonse  Bertillon.  But, 
whatever  the  system,  the  practical 
difficulty  is  to  classify  the  sets  of 
measures  that  are  so  made,  so  that 
it  may  be  told  at  a  glance  wliether 
any  given  set  of  measurements 
agrees  with  any  or  none  of  them 
within  specified  limits,  and  for  this 
purpose  Prof.  Galton  has  devised 
what  he  calls  a  mechanical  selector. 
It  consists  of  a  large  number  of  strips  of  card 
or  metal,  Ci,  Cs  (Fig.  4),  eight  or  nine  inches 
long,  and  having  a  common  axis.  A,  passing 
through  all  their  smaller  ends.  A  tilting-frame 
T,  turning  on  the  same  axis,  has  a  front  cross- 
bar, F,  on  which  the  tips  of  the  larger  ends  of 
the  cards  rest  when  the  machine  is  left  alone, 
the  opposite  end  of  the  frame  resting  on  the 
base-board,  S.  When  this  end  is  raised,  as  in 
the  figure,  the  cards  descend  by  their  own 


Fio.  2. 


weight.    Each  card  has  notches    cut  in  its 
lower  edge,  whose  distances  from  the  axis  rep- 
resent the  measurements  in  one  of  the  seU 
The  greater  the  number  in  the  set  the  longer  tlie 
cards  must  be.    In  the  figure  the  card  has  only 
four  notches.    The  given  set  of  measures  that 
is  to  be  compared  with  the  sets  already  made 
is  represented  by  the  positions  of  raova^ie 
wires,  strung  perpendicularly  to  the  plane  of 
the  figure.     When  the  cards  are  released,  by 
raising  the  end  of  the  tilting-frame,  if  the  posi- 
tions of  all  the  notches  in  any  card  correspond 
with  those  of  the  wires,  that  card  will  fall  so 
that  JEi  wire  enters  each  notch ;  but,  otherwise, 
the  card  will  rest  on  one  or  more  of  the  wire& 
A  glance  thus  enables  the  experimenter  to  de- 
termine  whether  any  sets  of  measuremente 
agree  with  the  one  to  be  tested, 
and,  if  so,  what  sets  so  agree.    In 
the  figure,  the  card  Cs  so  agrees, 
and   has  therefore  fallen  lower 
than  Ci,  which  rests  on  the  second 
wire.    By  making  the  notches  fit 
the  wires  closely  or  loosely,  the 
limits  within  which  the  sets  must 
agree  may  be  made  small  or  large. 
There  is  thus  theoretically  no  limit 
to  the  number  of  sets  of  measure- 
ments that  can  be  compared  with 
a  given  set  by  this  machine,  by  a 
single  movement  of  the  hand,  and 
in  practice  the  only  lindt  is  the 
necessity  of  making  the  machine 
of  convenient  size.     It  seems  a 
valuable  adjunct  to  the  system  of 
personal  identification  in  prisons. 
Various  markings  on  the  )^- 
man  body  remain  unchanged  for 
years,  and  so  afford  a  basis  for 
identification,   where  the  question  is  simply 
whether  two  persons  are  or  are  not  ideoticiL 
Those  of  them  that  admit   of  approximate 
measurement  by  the  method  of  least  discerni- 
ble differences,  described  above,  can  also  be 
used  for  the  comparison  of  one  person  with  ft 
thousand  others.    Among  them  are  the  mark- 
ings on  the  iris  (of  which  there  are  thoosands 
of  varieties)  the  arrangement  of  the  superficial 
veins,  the  shape  of  the  ear,  and  the  furrows  on 
the  hands  and  feet    The  markings  on  the  un- 
der surface  of  the  finger-tips  can  l^  made  more 
plainly  visible  by  rubbing  on  the  finger  a  psite 
of  prepared  chalk  and  water,  which  fills  the 
furrows.    They  may  be  made  to  leave  a  per- 


Fio.  8. 


FiQ.  4. 


ILLINOIS.  498 

t  record  by  inkiDg  the  fin^r  lightly  and  ance  of  $68,326.18  to  the  credit  of  the  canal 

ig  it  on  paper.    Sir  William  Herschel  for  the  year  ending  Nov.  80,  1888,  alitor  the 

;wo  such  impressions  in  1860  and  1888,  payments  of  all  debts  and  aocountu  fur  maln- 

ioh  the  positions  of  the  fnrrows  and  tenance,  repairs,  management^  and  materlala 

remain  the  same,  and  they  are  probably  and  improvements  thereon, 

iged  tbroogh  life.    The  thnmb  has  been  Pealtootlarles. — The  report  of  the  CommlMlon- 

I  a  seal  that  can  not  be  counterfeited.    It  ers  of  the  Illinois  State  Penitentiary,  at  Julleti 

en  proposed  to  nse  this  method  for  ideD-  shows  a  healthy  condition  of  that  prison.    The 

:  Chinese  immigrants,  and  it  has  been  number  of  convicts  there  on  Sept  80,  1888, 

>nly  supposed  to  be  used  for  a  like  pur-  was  224  fewer  than  on  Sept.  80,  1880.    There 

n  Chinese  ooorts  of  justice.    A  large  was  a  falling  off  in  the  earnings  at  that  Instl- 

r  of  such  thumb-impressions,  taken  dur-  tution  of  about  $60,000  during  the  two  yearn, 


n 


eral  generations,  would  doubtless  enable  and  $86,000  was  drawn  from  the  general  an- 

Bts  to  settle  interesting  questions  regard-  propriation  to  make  good  the  detloit.    As  the 

nedity.  contract  system  has  been  abolished,  the  (lov- 

■M&    SMS  QwnnmuL — ^The  following  emor,  in  his  message,  says :  **  I  know  of  no 

he  State  officers  during  the  year:  Gov-  other  or  better  than  the  State-account  plan. 

Richard  J.  Oglesby,  Republican ;  Lieu-  To  put  this  into  execution,  so  as  to  keep  the 

-Governor,  John  C.  Smith;  Secretary  of  convict  emploved,  and  not  to  bring  his  labor 

Henry  D.  Demoit;  Auditor,  Charles  P.  in  conflict  with  free  outside  labor  of  the  honest 

"t;  Treasurer,  John  R.  Tanner;  Attor-  mechanic,  artisan,  or  laboring  man,  will  te#t 

aieral,  George  Hont;  Superintendent  of  the  ingenuity  of  the  roost  skilled  legislator.   In 

ImtTBdioii,  Kchard  Eidwards ;   Rail-  the  mean  time,  under  existing  eoridltlons,  ap* 

nd  Warehouse  Commiasionera,  John  J.  propriations  will  be  necessary  for  the  peoH«fi' 

if,  R  F.  Mardi,  and  W.  T.  Johnson ;  tlaries  of  the  State  for  the  next  two  years,    f 

Jostiee  of  the  Sopreme  Coort,  Alfred  M.  reeommend  at  least  $100,000  for  tlie  o»«  at 

Associate  Jiudeea,  Benjamin  M.  Magm-  Joliet.*^    At  Chester,  the  report  sliows  tup  nu^ 

meoo  P.  Slope;  I>avid  J.  Baker,  John  terial  change  in  the  nomb^  of  eooviHs  eoo* 

d,    Jacob  W.  WiUdbi,  and  Joseph  IL  fined  in  the  prison  from  the  two  prevU/os  jd^Mm, 

Existing  contracts  for  the  laUif  of  al^^^ot  289 

wmiL — Tkt  amoamt  of  aD   fnnds  in  tlie  eoovids  will  expire  June  ^l,  Ih^i  \  €A\httf  eon' 

Treanrr,  Oct.  t,  1896^  was  as  follows:  tracts  for  about  150  cooviets  will  n/A  expire* 

il  rrrcMe  fand,    $2,663^570.01 ;    State  with  the  existing  yhw'ilt^  id  remrwui,  uuiA 

Ind,  $218,876.23 ;  ddinqoent  land-tax  several  years  later.    The  apprr4ifi(it'i//ii  f^/r  tfr* 

$331.06;    nnkBonm  and    minor   hebs'  dinary  expenses  for  18N7  and  IHhh  wm  $75^ 

|10,776.1f:  local  bond  fmd,  $558.15^.-  c/Xf  per  aoonco.    The  isfftttwitm^m^n  and  war^ 

taL  ^451.711.812.    The  rece^yis  froa  all  den  mfc  for  $<*5.M)0  per  mmtmm  U^  it*!  fiMrxl 

s  from  Od.  1.  18^  to  Sept.  30.  K^fiS,  two  years  for  ordinary  yurp^mm,  mA  %\T,/M 

^e,  were  as  foflow :    General  reveone  ior  tAher  and  spmai  porpriMn. 

^€nj9tM ;  State  school  fiasd.  $2,196,-  Fiwigai     TUt  rt^^  of  U^  ^i\^*rHfU^t4^M 

;  nakaown  nad  ninor  beirs'  fund,  ^.-  sL<>w«  that  tbe  aoMiU^  ^4  thVAfiu  i4  ^U^mA 

-  local  boad  fnai.  •2.€i6636a45 :  XfAal  9m  m  l¥ifii  wsa  lA}HA7t;    tU  itmt$\^  $4 

4L533Ja;    ^nand  total   $14^11,245.75.  pc;/l»  ^mr'AUA  wm  ITAM^-,  tl^  M^^m^H  «U 

iiibwiiiBmiiHi  frsai  OcL  L  1%^  u>  SepL  Vtt^Mtt'tt  wm  TA*iJpiZ :  t^^  ry<^stfe*  4ftfMii¥/u  *A 

Sfi.  iaiiia»Pt^  w«re  as  i-j^kmz   G«n«ral  tbe  9^:U0M  was  1^^^%  4Mf;  ti^  ar^*#M(  ft^^im' 

le fund. $I5.487.643.2> :  Suae «ei>oo4  fazid.  ber  of  4mj9  of  tdttmAMt/^  if/r  tm^  y*i*^\  mm 

L144.16 :  nAaa^n  and  mubfM  h«rs  fa>4.  V^t^:    Wt  a^^ragM:  ni^iU*JLiy  w*^f^  tA  u^%U, 

» ;  local  bend  fnad.  ttJ^^*^*-^ :  fi^<^  V»^i»»rK  wm  $^  V^ ;  ^A  f ^^u*M  U^i^^f%,  %^m, 

£.€9&SI.     Ba&SBoe  of  a£  fends  ia  treaa-  T-Jk  UAi^  ^rti^fuC,^Aff*A  *^jr  y^-.K^,  iM^yxM  wa» 

at.  1,  l«B6L$Su.9m^7.23.     Tiatynw^h^  tlhAA^J^i'M.     ^H  U.m  a/^/v**   %e^k    wm 

I  buodad  debt  of  the  sti^e  sn&iUBaCaig  f«»c  t'x  «»^arv^  vf  Unt^^tJ^'irk  1^714^.'.  V^  «a4 

.  1€I86,  was  $S&.6^Hi.  xcj^:  p*nfciBU««it  jir^/tv^^  t*-  ^x^^/.  f\A/^  U^  'ft* 

lb — ^The  raport  ctf 'die  CaBiL  OtmmaBBii'.'iH  ttjicjz^^^a  jn»«; '^c.^iijr  u^  **vt*y*f.»    «»  1-^-' 

avv-diat  the  lewenne  dcr?r^  f«%n  V' >*  Til^XWiYtt.     T'^,   rv.-»*if«ff  *A   ;;  a/,».»    f^.^r 

am  other  aomoea.  ^^urTOsz  tut  iwc  f**'-  •r.jivt  uui  V^in.ii<wf»  5>'^*uu  f.\x  *^r^rj4'a^  v*^^ 

iOTu  «o  that  h  maf  a&I  Uemlijairf  ji  vjut-  ^!^a0Umm — Ti<*:  vn^/v  v^^ah  .**  f*A^,^  \^  ^aa 

D  with  IQinoii'  rivflr.    Ii  oo«!s  -i*t  rr^tc*  *r-ir#*:  ^>mfttm»r'.ni*3^  ^^z'^*  \\Af.  ^^^.^  ,<>^  ^H't 

ip;  the  nsoal  oontinaflDt  annmjir^d'.a  vi.  1  ^v^  'a>*i^  ^  »  <«rr  vv*'>*t  t^  .'i^f\  tCi\  M  wir.nir 

10  a  year  ie  nev«r  'UPDcbt^  17  "LW:  fnm^  "^i**  jii»r  ".ir/rn*  itu'^*i'  v.^v*^  ^n'*ai^vt,/.n    i#  'a*- 

smx«.    The  afEsir^  of  tut  »aasii»  mr*  ii*»*n.  j\»v»  :  ^'^^  ^-i^k^ri  '"-\m',.fti  ^^^  y\«  ^ii-^jt.'   t>>*4-- 

lel J  mana^ied  that  tti»- r^-^^arw* 'ntLf-^iyc  t-^.^^    ^>*«f>!n^  '".-,«r<,.*^^i  '*.%»' ^^*«    iirtuti*  |?^»'c-- 

been  sufficient,  not  ohjj  *4-  t***^  in  r*'  1   '  '^    '-*nr't.  ,':.vrr;.r^i  *\f -^^xt-  iM'u.^u*  %*>^ ^ 

bnt  to  tompheH/tti^  ¥y^i,*stL  \f,  rn-^nn*-  *ftiKV',      ^rnr.i**^^    ^.'.«»,»!^«     '.»'    >>*^    .ut«»rt/» 

will  Tnsnre  the  hankf  Iruni   wh««%    \^  iTt'O^  .>*r«V  vk       'it^f^rrn    v»*^  "^i**    J.^*^    tn/t 


424  ILLINOIS.  IMMIGRATION,  PAUPER. 

$111,834.80;    Institution  for  Feeble  -  Minded       UTe^Sttck.— The  acts  of  1885  and  1887,  cre- 

Ghildren,    $201,261.28 ;     Soldiers^    Orphans*  ating  the  board  of  live-stock  commissiooerB, 

Home,  $158,660.58;   Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  was  a  timely  and  pradent  effort  upon  the  part 

Infirmary,  $71,242.67;   State  Reform  School,  of  the  State  to  protect  the  lives  and  health  of 

$805,938.75  ;     Soldiers*    and    Sailors'    Home,  domestic  animals.     The  board  appointed  to 

$544,453.66.    The  Northern  Hospital  is  at  El-  carry  the  law  into  execution  reports  to  the 

gin,  and  from  Oct.  1,  1886,  till  Sept.  80,  1888,  Le^slature  the  complete  extirpation  of  con- 

712  patients  were  under  treatment,  of  whom  tagious  pleuro-pneumonia  in  the  State.    Tbe 

189  were  discharged.    The  Eastern  Hospital  is  returns  of  local  assessors  show,  for  1888,  for 

at  Kankakee,  and  during  the  same  time  2,121  purposes  of  taxation,  the  following  number 

patients  were  at  the  hospital,  of  whom  512  re-  and  value  of  domestic  animals : 

ceived  their  discharges.    The  Oentral  Hospital  ; 

is  at  Jackscmville,  and  1,401  persons  were  at  animals. 


that  institution  during  the  time  mentioned,  of  Hones 

whom  478  were  discharged.    The  Southern  Mules  and  aaeeB. 

Hospital  IS  at  Anna,  where,  from  Oct.  1,  1887,  gJ^S 

till  June  80,  1888,  782  patients  were  treated.  Hogs.".'.'.'.'.!'..'.! 
of  whom  102  were  discharged.    It  is  estimated         ^^^ 
that  the  insane  increase  at  the  rate  of  1,800  to 


nuDbcr. 


998,081 
100,618 

2,428.484 
554,910 

1,9M,700 


VatM. 


$24^145 

2^n,970 

17,229,8n 

684,709 

2,798^ 

$47,901,587 


.1,500  each  year  in  Illinois,  and  efforts  are  being  The  practice  of  assessing  all  property  io  this 
made  to  revise  the  lunacy  law  so  that  greater  State  by  local  assessors,  at  one  wird  or  one 
'stringency  shall  be  used  in  committing  those  fourth  its  actual  or  cash  value,  indicates  that 
alleged  to  be  insane.    The  Institution  for  the  the  real  value  of  the  domestic  animals  above 
Deed  and  Dumb  is  at  Jacksonville.    On  June  enunierated  would  exceed  $150,000,000. 
80,  1888,  there  were  581  pupils  on  the  rolls,  PottttcaL — At  the  presidential  election  there 
and  since  the  previous  report  of  Sept.  80, 1886,  were  oast  870,478  votes  for  Gen.  Harrison; 
there  had  been  admitted  77  new  students,  24  848,278   for  Hr.   Cleveland ;    7,090   for  Mr. 
graduated,  and  88  removed.    At  the  Institii-  Streeter ;  and  21,695  for  Gen.  Fisk.    The  fol- 
tion  for  the  Blind,  likewise  situated  at  Jack-  lowing  Republican   State  officers  were  al80 
sonville,  there  were  during  the  nine  months  chosen:  Joseph  W.  Fifer,  for  Governor;  Ly- 
ending  June  80, 1888,  171  persons  enrolled,  of  man  B.  Ray,  for  Lieutenant-Governor;  Isaac 
whom  97  were  males  and  74  females.    In  June,  N.  Pearson,  for  Secretary  of  State ;  Charles 
1888,  six  students  were  graduated  and  oertifi-  W.  Parey,  for  Auditor ;  Charles  Becker,  for 
cates  of  proficiency  were  issued  to  those  who  Treasurer ;  and  George  Hunt,  for  Attorney- 
had  taken  the  workshop  course.    The  Soldiers'  General.      The   congressional   delegation  in* 
Orphans^  Home  is  at  Normal,  and  611  inmates  dudes  18  Republicans  and  7  Democrats,  repre- 
were  there  during  the  time  between  Oct.  1,  senting  a  gain  of  one  for  the  Democrats  over 
1886,  and  June  80,  1888;  and  255  were  for  the  representatives  sent  to  the  Fiftieth  Gon- 
yarious  reasons  removed  during  that  period,  gress.    The  Legislature  inclndes  in  the  Senate 
The  other  charitable  institutions  referred  to  85  Republicans  and  16  Democrats;   in  tbe 
were,  according  to  the  Governor's  last  messafze  HouEe,  80  Republicans  knd  72  Democrat<i. 
to  the  Legislature,   '^wisely,  humanely,  and  UmCEATION,  PIUPEB.     The   war  of   the 
economically  managed  by  the  various  boards  American   Revolution   virtually  put    an  era- 
of  trustees  and  superintendents  charged  with  bargo  upon  immigration  for  seven  years,  and 
their  care.''  the  European  wars  that  immediately  followed, 
Railrtads* — During  1887-'88  there  were  sixty-  and  continued  almost  without  interruption  un- 
one  railroad  corporations,  controlling  and  oper-  til  1815,  checked,  for  a  whole  generation,  the 
ating  18,000  miles  of  road,  including  846  miles  jnovement    across    the    Atlantic.      Scattered 
built  in  1888,  giving  steady  employment  to  notices  from   shipping-lists  furnish  the  only 
66,000  persons,  the  aggregate  of  whose  wages  basis  for  estimates  as  to  the  number  arriving 
exceeds  $38,000,000  a  year.     The  estimated  previous  to  1820,  and  investigators  differ  con- 
total  cost  of  construction  and  equipment  of  all  siderably.  in   their  estimates.     As  shrewd  a 
the  roads  exceeded  $830,000,000 ;   and  they  guess  as  any  seems  to  be  that  of  250,000  immi- 
carrijBd,  in  1888,  32,000,000  passei\gers  at  an  grants  from  1775  to  1820,  which  was  made  by 
average  rate  of  2*29  cents  a  mile,  the  total  Dr.  Loring,  of  the  United  States  Statistical 
income  of  the  passenger  department  of  these  Bureau,  some  years  ago.     Since  1819  the  law 
roads  for  1888  amounting  to  more  than  $17,-  of  Congress  has  required  that  all  who  come  to 
000,000.    They  transported  in  the  same  year  the  sea  and  lake  por^s  should  be  registered  at 
more  than  53,000,000  tons  of  freight,  at  an  the  custom-houses.    Their  names,   ages,   sex, 
average  charge  of  one  and  six  tenths  cent  (1  *6)  nativity,  occupation,  and  destination  are  ascer- 
a  ton  a  mile,  the  total  income  from  which  was  tained  and  reported  to  the  National  Govern- 
about  $39,000,000.     The  total  amount  of  the  ment.    The  State  Department,  at  first,  and  the 
operating  expenses  of  all  the  roads  amounted  Treasury  Department  latterly,  have  published 
io  more  than  $88,000,000,  contribating  in  the  annual  reports  of  the  number  and  character  of 
way  of  taxation  for  State  and  local  purposes  the  immigrants.    So  far  as  these  documents 
$2,789,612.  S^y  they  may  be  received  with  oonfidenoe; 


IMMIGRATION,  PAUPER.  425 

;re  were  manifest  oroissioDS  ot  some  whence  they  came.  It  was  the  evident  inten- 
1  the  earlier  years,  and  they  coald  give  tion  of  Congress,  by  these  enactments,  to  se- 
>Qnt  of  foreigners  who  entered  this  cure  ample  and  proper  protection  to  immi- 
throQgh  other  channels  than  the  sea  grants  arriving  at  our  shores,  and,  at  the  same 
e  ports.  And  yet  the  official  returns  time,  guard  against  the  influx  of  convicts, 
d  by  the  collectors  of  customs  do  not  lunatic,  and  otherwise  infirm  and  chronic  alien 
>  what  portion  of  the  whole  may  be  paupers.  The  law,  as  at  present  executed, 
red  pauper  immigrants.  The  act  of  however,  is  little  or  no  barrier  against  the 
IS  regulating  immigration,  passed  Aug.  shipment  of  these  classes,  and  there  is  no 
aothorizes  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas-  remedy  after  they  have  passed  the  port  at 
enter  into  contract  with  such  board,  which  they  have  landed.  The  expenditure  of 
sion,  or  officer,  as  may  be  designated  by  a  small  sum  for  passage  to  any  interior  point 
'ernor  of  any  State,  to  take  charge  of  generally  insures  the  delivery  of  the  person  to 
i1  affairs  of  immigration  in  the  ports  of  the  place  of  destination ;  and,  though  he  be 
ate,  and  to  provide  for  the  support  and  insane,  or  otherwise  incapable  of  self  support, 
f  such  immigrants  landing  therein  as  no  provision  is  made  for  his  return,  and  he 
I  into  distress  or  need  public  aid,  to  be  falls  upon  the  locality  where  he  may  be  as  a 
"sed  by  the  collector  of  the  port  out  of  public  charge  through  life.  The  statistics  of 
1  derived  from  such  tax.  It  is  made  the  prisons,  penitentiaries,  poor-houses,  asy- 
f  of  such  board,  commission,  or  officer,  Inms,  and  other  institutions  of  the  United 
line  and  inquire  into  the  condition  of  States,  show  that  there  are  proportionately 
engers  arriving  at  such  ports;  and  if,  many  more  of  the  criminal,  insane,  pauper, 
I  examination  and  in<juiry,  there  shall  and  helpless  alien  classes  in  them  than  in 
d  any  convict,  lunatic,  idiot,  or  any  per-  former  years ;  and  the  evils  from  these  sources, 
ble  to  care  for  himself,  who  is  likely  to  apparently,  are  constantly  and  heavily  inoreas- 
a  public  charge,  this  shall  be  reported  ing.  These  evils,  it  is  claimed,  are  due  largely 
ng  to  the  collector  of  such  port,  and  to  defects  in  the  Federal  law,  in  that  its  exe- 
rson  shall  not  be  permitted  to  land ;  cution  depends  upon  local  officers,  likely  to  be 
expense  of  his  return  shall  be  borne  influencea  by  local  considerations,  in  tlie  gen- 
vessel  in  which  he  came.  Under  this  erally  hurried  and  superficial  examination  of 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  soon  after  immigrants  at  the  time  of  their  landing,  in  the 
lage,  entered  into  contract  with  the  absence  of  any  reciprocal  action  between  the 
(doners  of  Emigration  of  New  York,  officers  of  the  various  ports,  and  in  the  failure 
e  Boards  of  Charities  of  Massachusetts  of  the  statute  to  prescribe  any  penalty  for  its 
mnsylvania,  and  with  various  local  violation.  The  clearest  exposition  of  the  sub- 
commissions,  and  officers  of  other  jeot  ever  made  from  the  standpoint  of  Ameri- 
and  the  examinations,  inquiries,  land-  cans  abroad  was  through  one  hundred  consuls 
ef,  and  care  of  all  immigrants  arriving  of  the  United  States  to  the  General  Govern- 
Inited  States  since  then  have  devolved  ment  at  Washington  in  1888.  The  consul  at 
lese  local  officers,  commissions,  and  Palermo  said :  '"'  Emigration  is  here  considered 
A  ruling  of  the  United  States  Treas-  as  a  mere  matter  of  business,  so  far  as  steam- 
[Mirtment,  in  September,  1885,  author-  ship  companies  are  concerned,  and  it  is  stimn- 
9  commissioners  of  emigration  of  the  lated  by  them  in  the  same  sense  that  trade  in 
I  New  York,  their  agents  or  servants,  merchandise  is  when  they  desire  a  cargo,  or 
I  board  of  all  vessels  arriving  from  for-  to  complete  one,  for  their  vessels.  Law  never 
rts  at  the  port  of  New  York;  and  all  enters  the  subject,  so  far  as  en.igrants  are  con- 
ints  found  thereon  may  be  taken  to  cerned.  The  company  desire  that  all  space  in 
rarden  and  there  examined ;  and  if,  on  their  vessels  shall  be  occupied,  and,  in  order  to 
Lamination,  there  shall  be  found  any  accomplish  this,  they  employ  emigrant  brokers 
not  entitled  to  land,  the  Collector  of  or  agents,  to  whom  they  pay  from  three  to  five 
t  of  New  York,  and  the  owners  agents,  dollars  for  each  emigriuat  obtained ;  some- 
ers  of  the  vessel  on  which  Buch  persons  times  even  more  than  the  latter  sum  is  paid, 
shall  be  forthwith  notified  in  writing;  the  amount  depending  on  the  competition  or 
I  commissioners  of  emigration  shall  de-  the  urgency  of  the  case.  The  brokers,  as  may 
der  their  custody  or  care,  either  on  be  imagined,  are  a  low,  lying,  dishonorable 
rd  or  elsewhere,  all  such  persons  for-  set,  who  will  swear  to  anything  to  induce  the 
to  land  by  the  second  section  of  the  act  poor,  ignorant  people  to  emigrate,  and  thus 
,  except  convicts,  who,  as  provided  in  earn  their  fees.  They  tell  them  that  work  is 
1  section  of  ^^  An  act  supplementary  to  plentiful  and  wages  very  high,  and  that  after 
in  relation  to  immigration,"  approved  they  shall  have  labored  for  a  year  or  two  they 
t,  1875,  shall  be  subject  to  the  charge  will  have  saved  enough  to  return  to  their 
ection  of  the  collector  of  customs  of  homes  and  live  without  doing  anything.  Tims 
rt;  and  such  detention  shall  continue  the  poor,  ignorant  people  are  wheedled  into  sell- 
B  sailing  of  the  vessel  upon  which  such  ing  or  mortgaging  what  little  they  may  have, 
arrived,  or  until  proper  provision  can  and  after  the  broker  has  received  his  fee  from 
;e  for  their  return  to  the  countries  the  transportation  company  he  never  thinks  or 


426  IMMIGRATION,  PAUPER. 

carefl  more  for  the  poor  people  whom  be  lias  settled  idea  and  a  common  expression,  that 
swindled.  Until  the  United  States  shall  have  America  is  the  asylam  for  all  the  disreputable 
arrived  at  some  agreement  with  Italy  in  the  persons  of  Europe.  The  other  day  I  bad  a 
premises,  this  will  continae.  It  would  be  a  small  job  for  a  printer.  I  found  bis  door 
great  blessing  if  the  class  of  Italians  who  are  locked,  and  turned  away,  when  a  woman  stack 
practically  forced  by  the  brokers  to  emigrate  her  head  out  from  a  window  opposite  and 
could  be  kept  from  landing  on  American  shouted:  ^He^s  gone  to  America,  where  all 
shores.*'  The  consul  at  Venice  wrote:  the  rascals  go.'  I  have  come  across  direct  in- 
*' Emigrants  are  recruited  from  those  people  formation  confirming  the  evidence  now  before 
whom,  as  a  rule,  their  native  country  does  not  the  committee,  to  the  effect  that  mnch  nnde- 
wish  to  retain.  They  are  often  fugitives  from  sirable  emigration  is  going  on  to  our  country 
justice,  and,  in  many  cases,  those  leaving  their  by  way  of  Canada.  These  emigrants  aredope^ 
native  countries  to  evade  legitimate  duties  im-  of  rascally  agents  (located,  as  a  rule,  in  the 
posed  by  law — men  whose  stupendous  igno-  German  shipping- ports)  who,  knowing  that 
ranee  is  unequaled  by  any  other  class  of  people  the  emigrantd  are  so  poor  that  they  might  be 
found  in  the  civilized  world.  They  are  no  refused  a  landing  in  New  York,  sell  them  tick- 
more  fitted  to  perform  the  duties  of  citizen-  ets  to  Montreal  or  Quebec,  representing  to 
ship  than  slaves  newly  released  from  bond-  these  ignorant  creatures  that  passage  to  those 
age.  They  have  no  intention  of  becoming  citi-  points  is  cheaper  than  to  New  York,  and  that, 
zens  of  the  United  States.  They  desire  simply  once  in  Canada,  they  have  but  to  step  over  the 
to  get  more  money  for  their  work,  and  to  de-  border  and  be  in  the  United  States.  The 
crease  as  much  as  possible  the  amount  of  work  transportation  companies  advertise  extensively 
to  be  done  for  the  money  received."  This  all  over  Europe,  and  they  have  innumerable 
word  came  from  Vienna :  *^  I  am  quite  positive  agents  who  picture  the  United  States  and  the 
that  the  intelligent  classes  among  the  emi-  opportunities  it  offers  to  emigrants  in  glowing 
grants  are  in  the  minority.  The  bulk  of  emi-  colors ;  and  it  is  common  belief  that  they  mi§- 
gration  comes  from  Bohemia,  and  it  is  com-  represent  nearly  everything  in  connection  with 
posed  of  the  lower  classes.  The  educated,  in-  the  United  States.  The  character  of  all  tlie 
telligent  Bohemian  remains  at  home.  Many  emigration  has  lately  changed  for  the  worse, 
of  the  emigrants  have  most  perverted  ideas  of  and  now  more  than  ever  is  decidedly  iiyariow 
liberty.  They  believe  that  in  the  United  to  our  working  people  and  our  general  peace 
States  no  policeman    interferes   with   entire  and  prosperity." 

freedom  of  action.    Many  of  them  think  they        It  has  been  said  that  to  remedy  these  evils 
liave  been  governed  too  much  at  home,  and  the  execution  of  the  law  should  be  placed  is 
hope  to  find  a  country  where  they  will  not  be  the  hands  of  Federal  ofiScers  untrammeled  by 
governed  at  all.    During  the  last  summer  no  local  influences  and  free  to  act  in  the  intertft 
fewer  than  eighty  runners  of  the  Hamburg-  of  the  entire  country ;  that  the  examinatioDS 
American  Packet  Company  and  of  the  North  should  be  thorough  and  vigilant  and  the  capa* 
German  Lloyd,  were  arrested  at  Oswiecine  city  of  each  immigrant  for  self-support  be  oon- 
and  Eraken,  in  the  province  of  Galicia,  on  the  clusively  established  before  he  is  permitted  to 
charge  of  fraud  and  encouraging  emigration,  land ;  that  the  procedure  at  the  various  portts 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  they  were  on  the  so  far  as  practicable,  should  be  uniform  and 
hunt  for  contract-laborers."    The  consul  at  reciprocal ;  and  that  violations  of  the  statute 
Annaberg,  Saxony,  said :  **  Any  one  who  has  in  bringing  criminals,  insane,  and  other  help- 
observed  the  masses  of  humanity  crowding  on  less  persons  to  the  country,  should  subject  the 
board  the  great  ocean  steamers  bound  for  the  owners  of  the  vessels  implicated  to  a  fine  in 
promised  land,  can  not  but  be  convinced  of  this  each  case,  in  the  nature  of  a  libel  on  the  vessel, 
fact    A  few  days  ago  I  saw  at  a  railway  jnnc-  to  be  enforced  in  the  courts.    The  Secretary 
tion  two  common  freight-cars  filled  with  emi-  of  the  Treasury,  in  1886,  sent  to  the  House  of 
grants  for  the  United  States,  forlorn-looking  Representatives  a  bill  providing  a  penalty  of 
creatures,  half-starved  and  not  decently  clad.  $500  for  the  permanent  landing  of  alien  pao- 
In  these  cars  were  men,  women,  and  children,  pers,  idiots,  insane,  and  convicts.     By  it  the 
with  all  the  worldly  goods  they  possessed.  Secretary  was  given  power  to  appoint  oommis- 
packed  like  sardines,  to  the  number  of  sixty,  sioners  of  immigration,  not  to  exceed  three  in 
There  was  not  a  seat  in  the  car,  not  so  much  number,  at  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
as  a  board  on  which  the  poor  mothers  w^ith  Baltimore,  Key  West,  New  Orleans,  Galveston, 
infants  might  rest.    I  have  seen  whole  trains  and  San  Francisco,  to  take  exclusive  charge 
of  just  such  emigrants.    I  have  observed  these  and  provide  for  the  support  and  relief  of  such 
people  on  all  occasions,  and  I  do  not  hesitate  alien  immigrants  as  may  fall  into  distress ;  but 
to  say  that  one  third  of  all  the  emigration  to  this  bill  did  not  pass.    Another  nnsnoceesfol 
the  United  States  from  the  Continent  of  Eu-  bill  was  introduced  in  the  Senate  of  the  United 
rope  is  not  only  undesirable,  but  positively  States  in  December,  1887,  which  provided  that 
injurious  and  dangerous.      So  much   of  the  the  Secretary  of  State  shall  establish  anch  rules 
scum  of  the  population  of  these  old  countries  and  regulations,  and  issue  from  time  to  time 
has  been  transferred  to  us,  that  among  well-  such  instructions  to  consuls   of   the   United 
ordered  people  who  remain  it  has  become  a  States,  not  inconsistent  with  law  or  with  treaty 


IMMIGRATION,  PAUPER.  INDIA.                        427 

obligations,  as  shall  enable  well-disposed  and  his  passport.  Bat  if  he  is  found  to  be  a  pan- 
worthy  persons  who  desire  to  become  resident  per,  an  idiot,  a  criminal,  or  insane ;  if  he  is  de- 
eiozens  ot  the  United  States  to  obtain  certifi-  praved  and  dissolute,  or  wishes  to  come  over 
catea  of  character  and  fitness  therefor  from  the  in  fulfillment  of  a  contract,  he  will  be  rejected, 
ooosal  of  the  district  in  which  they  reside  and  without  his  papers,  even  if  he  secured 
without  hardship  or  unreasonable  delay,  which  passage  on  a  vessel,  he  will  not  be  permitted 
certificate  shall  contain,  in  addition  to  other  to  land.  It  is  believed  that  this  plan,  or  a 
specifications  required  by  this  act  or  which  modification  of  it,  will  become  a  law  within 
may  be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  year. 

the  full  name  of  the  individual  receiving  it,  IKDIA,  an  empire  in  Southern  Aa^a,  subject 
the  place  of  birth,  age,  occupation,  last  legal  to  Great  Britain.  By  act  of  Parliament,  the 
residence,  physical  marks  or  peculiarities,  and  British  Government  in  1858  assumed  the  ad- 
sll  facts  necessary  for  identification  of  such  in-  ministration  of  all  the  territories  of  the  East 
dividnals ;  that  no  certificate  shall  be  granted  India  Company.  The  powers  of  the  company 
to  any  convict  except  those  convicted  of  polit-  and  its  Board  of  Control  are  now  exercised  by 
ical  offenses,  nor  to  any  lunatic,  idiot,  or  any  the  Secretary  of  State  for  India,  who  is  a  mem- 
person  nnable  to  take  care  of  himself  without  her  of  the  British  Gabinet.  The  Queen  of 
becoming  a  public  charge,  nor  to  any  Anarch-  Great  Britain  was  proclaimed  Empress  of  India 
ist.  Nihilist,  or  person  hostile  to  the  prin-  at  Delhi  on  Jan.  1,  1877.  The  executive  au- 
ciples  of  the  Constitution  or  form  of  Govern-  thority  in  India  is  vested  in  the  Govemor- 
ment  of  the  United  States,  nor  to  any  believer  General,  commonly  spoken  of  as  the  Viceroy, 
or  professed  believer  in  the  Mormon  religion  who  acts  under  the  orders  of  the  Secretary  of 
who  fails  to  satisfy  the  consul,  upon  examina-  State,  and  has  power  to  make  laws,  by  the  ad- 
tion,  that  he  intends  to  and  will  conform  to  vice  of  his  Council,  for  British  India  and  fur 
and  obey  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  nor  to  British  subjects  in  the  native  states,  subject  to 
any  person  included  in  the  prohibition  in  the  the  approval  of  the  British  Government.  The 
act  to  prohibit  the  importation  and  immigra-  ordinary  measures  for  the  government  of  India 
tion  of  foreigners  and  aliens  under  contract  or  are  usually  expounded  by  the  Secretary  of 
agreement  to  perform  labor  in  the  United  State  at  the  presentation  of  the  annual  budget. 
States,  the  Territories,  and  the  District  of  Co-  and  receive  the  approval  of  Parliament, 
lumbia,  approved  Feb.  26,  1885,  or  in  acts  The  Earl  of  Dufierin,  who  was  appointed 
amendatory  to  that  act.  In  addition  to  this  Viceroy  in  1884,  resigned  in  January,  1888,  on 
the  bill  provided  for  penalties  to  be  imposed  account  of  the  state  of  his  wife's  health,  but 
OD  any  vessel  violating  the  law  by  transporting  did  not  hnnd  over  the  administration  to  his 
QDoertified  persona,  established  machinery  for  successor  till  November.  The  present  Viceroy 
enforcing  the  law,  and  created  an  immigration  is  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne,  who  was  trans- 
fond  by  imposing  a  per-capita  tax  on  each  im-  ferred  irom  the  Governor-Generalship  of  Can- 
migrant,  to  be  used  in  defraying  the  expenses  ada.  Lord  Dufferin,  as  a  mark  of  honor  for 
imadent  to  such  regulation  of  immigration,  his  annexation  of  the  Kingdom  of  Ava,  or  Up- 
Theee  efforts  led  to  an  investigation  by  a  com-  per  Burmah,  was  created,  before  his  retirement, 
mittee  of  Congress  in  1888,  a  part  of  whose  Marquis  of  Dufferin  and  Ava  and  Earl  of  Ava. 
vork  was  the  collection  of  the  consular  reports  The  native  press  expressed  satisfaction  at  his 
aotod  above.  As  the  result  of  its  labors,  the  retirement,  as  he  had  disappointed  all  expecta- 
eomroittee  has  visited  the  several  centers  of  tions,  and  undone  much  of  what  was  done  by 
immigration  in  the  eastern  and  central  parts  Lord  Mayo,  Lord  Northbrook,  and  Ijord  Ripon 
of  the  United  States,  and  it  is  now  (January,  for  the  good  of  the  people  of  India.  His  ad- 
1889)  about  to  report  a  bill  providing  for  the  ministration  was  marked  by  a  vigorous  foreign 
tppointment  of  consular  inspectors  to  every  policy  in  Afghanistan  and  Burmah,  which  in- 
foreign  land  that  sends  large  numbers  of  immi-  creased  the  burdens  of  the  poor  Indian  tax- 
gruits  to  the  United  States,  and  these  inspect-  payers  without  any  resulting  benefits  for  them, 
ore  wUl  be  attached  to  the  consular  and  min-  but  the  domestic  policy  of  progress  and  reform, 
ifllerial  services  in  the  several  countries.  Those  in  sympathy  with  the  desires  and  aspirations  of 
who  detdre  to  come  to  the  United  States  the  natives,  was  abandoned  when  Lord  Dufferin 
must  file  applications,  giving  age,  birthplace,  took  the  government  from  Lord  Ripon.  The 
oocapatioo,  purpose,  p^gree,  and  other  im-  Secretary  of  State  for  India  is  Viscount  Cross. 
portant  or  material  points,  thirty,  sixty,  or  The  Council  of  the  Governor- General  con- 
even  ninety  days  (as  may  be  decided  upon),  sists  of  six  ordinary  members  and  the  Com- 
before  taking  passage;  and  during  that  time  the  mander-in-Chief.  With  from  six  to  twelve 
iiiq>ector8  must  investigate  the  past  lives  and  additional  members,  appointed  by  the  Viceroy, 
records  of  the  applicants,  and  then  act  according  they  constitute  the  Legislative  Council.  The 
to  the  finding.  It  the  candidate  for  admission  Viceroy  and  the  Governors  of  Bombay  and  of 
to  the  United  States  is  honest,  sober,  and  Indus-  Madras,  whose  appointments  are  political, 
trioos,  and  desires  to  come  over  to  better  his  though  not  vacated  by  a  change  of  ministry, 
condition  or  join  those  of  his  family  who  are  are  nominated  by  the  home  Government ;  and 
already  here,  and  if  he  gives  promise  by  his  so  are,  sometimes,  the  members  of  the  Council 
past  li^  to  make  a  good  citizen,  he  will  receive  and  the  judges  of  the  High   Court,  though 


428  INDIA. 

usually  the  recommendations  of  the  Govern-  758,  inhabiting  an  area  of  1,064,720  sqaare 
ment  of  India  are  followed  in  filling  these  posts,  miles.    The  fendatory  native  states,  in  which 
The    covenanted    civil   service   was  formerly  the  rulers  govern  under  the  advice  of  the  Brit- 
widely  separated  in  pay,  rank,  and  privileges  ish    authorities,   have    an    aggregate  area  of 
from  the  uncovenanted,  and  the  distinction  is  509.780  square  miles,  and  in  1881  contained 
still  officially  observed,  although  there  are  nu-  55,191,742  inhabitants,  making  the  total  area 
merous   uncovenanted    civil   servants  in  the  of  India  1,574,450  square  miles,  and  the  total 
specif  departments  of  accounts,  archnology,  population  256,982,495.     The  density  of  popu- 
customs,  education,  forests,  geological  survey,  iation  for  the  British  territories  is  229,  for  tbe 
jails,  meteorological  survey,  mint,  opium,  pilot  native  states  108,  and  for  all  India  184  to  the 
service,  post-office,  police,  public  works,  regis-  square  mile.    The  density  varies  from  441  per 
tration,  salt,  surveys,  and  telegraphs,  whose  square  mile  in  Cochin,  a  native  state  in  Mail- 
duties  are  more  important  and  as  highly  re-  ras,  and  403  in  the  Northwest  Provinces  and 
munerated  as  those  of  a  large  proportion  of  Oudh,  to  79  in  Rajputaua  and  43  in  Lower 
the  covenanted  officials.    Among  the  941  ap-  Burmah.    The  Ohristian  population  comprised 
pointments  of  the  covenanted  service,  ranging  968,059  Roman  Gatholics,  358,712  Anglicans, 
from  an  assistant-magistrate  up  to  a  lieutenant-  20,034  Scotch  Presbyterians,  28,185  Episcopa- 
governor  in  the  executive  branch,  and  up  to  a  lians,  188,200  Baptists,  Congregationalists,  and 
chief-justice  of  the  High  Court  in  the  judicial  other  Protestants,   2,142  Greeks  and  Arme- 
branch,  only  twelve  are  held  by  natives  who  nians,  and  865,285  unspecified.    The  British- 
entered  the  service  by  competition  in  England  bom    population  of  India  was   returned  as 
under  the  old  rules,  and  forty-eight  by  natives  89,798,  divided  into  77,188  males  and  12,610 
appointed  in  India  direct,  under  the  statute  of  females.    There  are  more  than  one  hundred 
1h70  and  the  rules  made  by  Lord  Lytton  in  languages  and  dialects  classed  with  languages 
1879.    The  special  services  employ  about  2,000  spoken  in  India.    The  numbers  speaking  the 
officials,  of  whom  one  quarter,  mostly  in  the  principal  languages  are  as  follow :  Uindoostani, 
lower  grades,  are  natives.     The  uncovenanted  82,497,168;  Bengali,  88,965,428;  Telugu,  17,- 
ezecutive  and  judicial  service,  consisting  of  000,858;  Mahratti,  17,044,684;    Punjabi,  15,- 
deputy-magistrates  and  subjudges  and    their  754,798;  Tamil,  18,068,279;  Guzarati,  9,620,- 
subordinates,  is  mostly  in  the  hands  of  natives,  688 ;  Canarese,  8,887,027. 
who  fill  2,449  out  of  2,588  posts.     Of  the  114,-        Emigrant  labor  from  India  is  mainly  recroit- 
150  posts  below  these,  with  salaries  less  than  ed  in  Madras.    The  bulk  of  the  emigration  is 
1,000  rupees,  97  per  cent,  are  held  by  natives,  now  directed  to  the  Straits  Settlements,  to 
A  Civil  Service  Commission  that  was  appoint-  Burmah,  and  to  Ceylon,  where  the  tea-cultiva- 
ed  in  October,  1886,  to  devise  a  scheme  that  tion  and  the  pearl-fisheries  attract  coolie  labor, 
will  do  justice  to  the  ddms  of  natives  to  higher  There  is  no  emigration  at  present  to  French 
and  more  extensive  employment  in  the  public  colonies,  and  very  little  to  Natal,  Mauritins,  or 
service,  has  reported  in  favor  of  doing  away  any  distant  English  colonies,  excepting  Trini- 
with  the  names  *^ covenanted'*  and  '*uncove-  dad  and  Demerara,  a  fact  attributed  to  thede- 
nanted,"  and  dividing  the  civil  service  into  cline  in  the  sugar-trade.    The  number  of  emi- 
imperial  and  provincial.    Instead  of  throwing  grants  from  Madras  in  1887  was  126,881.    Tlie 
the  higher  grades  of  offices  wider  open  for  the  Government,  in  September,  1888,  prohibited 
admission  of  natives,  the  commission,  which  further  emigration  to  any  of  the  French  colo- 
was  composed  exclusively  of  officials,  would  nies,  on  the  ground  that  the  French  authori- 
abolish  the  appointment  of  natives  under  the  ties  decline  to  submit  to  a  form  of  procedure 
statute  of  1870  and  Lord  Lytton's  rules,  and  required  for  the  protection  of  the  coolies  simi- 
compel  all  candidates  for  the  imperial  civil  lar  to  that  adopted  in  the  British  colonies, 
service  to  pass  the  examinations  in  London,        The  following  cities  contained  over  150,000 
which  are  to  be  open  to  applicants  between  inhabitants:  Calcutta,  with  its  suburbs,  871,* 
the  ages  of  nineteen  and  twenty-three,  the  504 ;    Bombay,    773,196  ;    Madras,    405,848; 
extension  of  the  limits  of  age  being  inti^nded  Hyderabad,  854,692;  Lucknow,  261,808;  Ben- 
to  attract  more  university  graduates,  as  well  as  ares,  199,700;    Delhi,   178,898;    Patna,  170,- 
to  satisfy  the  demands  of  the  natives  of  India.  654;  Agra,  160,208;  Bangalore,  155,857;  Am- 
The  most  important  changes  are  the  attaching  ritsar,  151,896  ;  Cawnpore,  151,444. 
to  the  provincial  service  of  108  offices  of  the        EdicatlOB« — Education  has  made  much  prog- 
covenanted  service  and  of  all  of  the  special  ress  during  the  past  few  years.    English  schools 
services,  excepting  some  of  the  chief  posts,  have  been  established  in  every  district,  and  in 
which  are  transferred  to  the  imperial  service,  each  of  the  provinces  a  department  of  educa- 
By  this  measure  the  Secretary  of  State  will  be  tion,  under  a  director  and  a  staff  of  inspectors, 
deprived  of  the  chief  part  of  his  remaining  has  been  organized.    Some  of  the  colleges  and 
patronage,  and  many  offices  that  have  hereto-  schools  are  entirely  supported  by  the  Govern- 
fore  been  held  by  Europeans  will  fall  to  natives,  ment,  and  all  the  higher  institutions  receive 
who  will  receive  much  smaller  salaries.  some  aid.    In  1886  there  were  16,048  Govem- 
Area  and  PtpalatiM* — The  first  complete  cen-  ment  schools  of  all  kinds,  with  868,772  pupUs; 
sns  of  British  India  was  taken  on  Feb.  17, 1881,  61,188   missionary  and    other    schools,   with 
when  the  population  was  found  to  be  201,790,-  1,662,885  pupils,  that  were  partly  supported 


INDIA.  429 

>y  Goyemment  grants ;  and  46,412  school^  though  in  the  early  part  of  the  centnrj  nearly 
Rrith  812,454  papUs,  that  received  no  aid.  The  ull  the  lawyers  in  Calcutta  were  Massalmans, 
total  expenditure  on  education  in  1886  was  they  disappeared  from  the  professions  and 
24,243,950  rupees,  of  which  one  third  was  paid  Government  offices  from  the  opening  of  the 
oat  of  governmental  and  provincial  revenues.  educHtional  era  till  quite  recently.  In  the 
The  universities  of  Calcutta,  Madras,  and  Bom-  Northwest  Provinces  and  Oudh,  on  the  con- 
bay  admitted  8,802  students  during  the  aca-  trary,  the  Mussulmans,  who  constitute  only  18 
demic  year  1885-^86.  There  are  106  other  per  cent,  of  the  population,  hut  preserve  the 
colleges  for  males,  and  two  have  been  estab-  instincts  of  a  governing  aristocracy,  are  found 
lished  for  girls,  which  had  81  students  in  in  the  schools  and  colleges  considerably  in 
1886.  The  technical,  medical,  industrial,  and  excess  of  that  ratio,  and  in  open  competition 
other  special  schools  number  285,  with  12,667  with  the  Hindoos  secure  84  per  cent,  of  the  ad- 
ttodent^  exclusive  of  88  schools  for  females,  ministrative  offices  and  57  per  cent,  of  the 
with  882  students.  The  number  of  persons  superior  judicial  and  executive  posts  to  which 
receiving  instruction  in  1886  was  8,882,851  natives  are  eligible.  The  Mussulman  nobles 
oat  of  a  population  of  82,000,000  between  the  have  founded  and  endowed  at  Alignrh  one  of 
ages  of  five  and  ten  years  and  48,000,000  be-  the  largest  and  finest  colleges  in  Islam.  A 
tween  ten  and  twenty.  Very  few  of  the  prime  reason  for  the  preponderance  of  Hindoos 
Mohammedan  population  have  received  any  in  official  and  professional  life  is  that  tliey  de* 
edacation,  and  hence  they  resist  the  demands  vote  themselves  chiefly  to  English,  mathemat- 
of  the  National  Congress  for  the  multiplication  ics,  and  other  studies  that  are  of  practical  ad  van- 
of  native  employes  in  the  civil  service  and  the  tage,  whereas  Mohammedan  yonth  of  promise 
establishment  of  a  genuine  system  of  repre-  are  usually  sent  to  the  religious  colleges  to  he- 
tentative  local  self-government,  since  the  Hin-  come  versed  in  Arabic  and  the  theology  and 
dos  who  have  received  a  European  education,  laws  of  Islam. 

about  1,000,000  in  number,  would  be  the  only  €«■■»«»# — The  ocean  commerce  of  India, 
aTulable  candidates  for  official  places.  The  exclusive  of  Government  stores  and  treasure, 
Government  has  decided  to  introduce  stricter  amounted  in  1887  to  697,100,000  rupees  of  im- 
regalations  for  the  discipline  of  the  schools,  ports  and  901,100,000  rupees  of  exports, 
by  keeping  pupils  under  constant  supervision  showing  an  increase  in  ten  years  of  181,000,- 
in  boarding-houses,  and  introducing  the  use  of  000  rupees  in  the  imports  and  228,000,000  ru- 
the  rod  wherever  local  feeling  permits,  in  order  peel  in  the  exports,  or  an  expansion  of  88  per 
to  curb  the  spirit  of  independence  that  mani-  cent,  in  the  total  trade.  The  export  trade  in 
fests  itself  with  adult  years  in  demands  for  the  principal  staples  showed  the  following  in- 
representative  institutions  and  assaults  on  the  crease  in  the  ten  years:  Raw  cotton,  from  98,- 
Govemment  by  a  satirical  press.  The  institu-  800,000  to  184,700,000  rupees;  seeds,  from  78,- 
tii)n  of  a  homogeneous  system  of  education  600,000  to  92,200,000  rupees;  rice,  from  69,- 
Qoder  the  guidance  of  the  Government  was  600,000  to  88,800,000  rupees;  wheat,  from 
the  result  of  the  Educational  Commission,  28,700,000  to  86,200,000  rupees;  hides  and 
which  made  its  report  in  1888.  The  system  skins,  from  87.500,000  to  51,400,000  rupees ; 
of  l)oard-Hchools  that  were  established  are  tea,  from  80,600,000  to  48,800,000  rupees ;  raw 
destined  to  cover  eventually  the  whole  of  jute,  from  85,100,000  to  48.600,000  rupees; 
India.  The  natives  responded  quickly  to  the  jute  manufactures,  from  7,700,000  to  11,500,- 
increased  facilities  that  were  afforded  them.  000  rupees;  indigo,  from  84,900,000  to  86,900,- 
Two  years  after  the  commission  made  its  re-  000  rupees ;  cotton  twist  and  yam,  7.400,000 
port  there  were  75  per  cent,  more  people  under  to  84,100,000  rupees ;  cotton  manufactures, 
iDstruction  than  there  were  two  years  before  from  15,500,000  to  24,800,000  rupees;  wool, 
it  sat^  The  extension  of  education  has  not  from  9,600,000 tol8,400,000  rupees; coffee, from 
been  equal  all  over  India.  In  Bengal,  lack  of  18,400,000  to  15,100,000  rupees.  Opium  showed 
fands  has  prevented  the  Government  from  a  falling  off,  the  export  in  1878  having  been 
carrying  out  the  suggestions  of  the  commis-  valued  at  123,700,000  rupees,  and  in  1887 
aioo,  and  in  1886-'87  there  was  an  actual  at  110,700,000  rupees.  The  exports  of  gums 
duninution  in  the  number  of  pupils  in  the  and  resins  increased  each  year  till  i887, 
inspected  elementary  schools,  owing  to  the  when  they  fell  below  the  value  in  1878,  owing 
withdrawal  of  subsidies  from  small  temporary  to  exceptional  causes.  Jewelry,  sugar,  wood, 
or  backward  schools,  while  in  the  higher  edu-  woolen  manufactures,  and  raw  silk  show  a 
cational  institutions  of  the  same  Government  considerable  and  increasing  decline,  while  the 
there  was  a  considerable  increase  of  students,  exports  of  hemp,  ivory,  and  coir,  and  their 
The  Mohammedans  of  Bengal,  who  were  origi-  manufactures,  of  the  manufactures  of  silk,  of 
niUy  proselytized  from  the  ignorant  peasant  drugs  and  medicines,  and  of  oils,  spices,  and 
class  of  low-caste  Hindoos,  were  slow  to  take  tobacco  have  grown  in  importance.  The  sea- 
advantage  of  the  opportunities  for  education,  borne  imports  of  merchnndise,  exclusive  of 
but  the  special  efforts  of  the  Government  Government  stores,  in  the  year  ending  March 
of  Lord  Mayo  resulted  in  a  tenfold  increase  81, 1887,  were  valued  at  586,980,710  rupees, 
of  Mohammedan  pupils.  Until  recently  they  and  the  imports  of  treasure  on  private  account 
k>ok  no  interest  in  higher  education,  and,  al-  at  1 10,488,220  rupees,  making  a  total  of  697,- 


430 


INDIA. 


448,980  ropees.  The  merchandise  exports  were 
884,895,780  rupees  in  valoe ;  treasure,  16,844,- 
210  nipees;  total,  901,289,990  rupees.  The 
imports  of  Government  stores  and  treasure 
amounted  to  81,158,890  rupees,  and  the  exports 
to  774,610  rupees.  The  total  imports  of  gold 
during  the  year  were  28,285,610  rupees;  of 
silver,  82,197,610  rupees;  exports  of  gold, 
6,564,920  rupees;  of  silver,  10,689,830 rupees. 
The  principal  countries  that  participated  in  the 
trade  of  India  in  1887  and  their  respective 
shares  in  the  imports  and  exports  of  merchan- 
dise in  rupees  were  as  follow : 


COUNTRIES. 

Great  Britain 

Clilna 

France    

Rtraits  Settlementft . . 

lUly 

United  BUtcs 

Belgtam 

Austria- H  angary 

MauritioB 

Kgypt 


Impoitiu 

467,»5,190 
21,679,880 

8,08M50 
1.^905.460 

4.256,410 
11,703,810 

2,952,580 

7,28S,640 

16,561.660 

686,070 


Ezporta. 


842,986,100 
184,88^,810 
77.280.150 
41,546,010 
62,791.660 
82,481,040 
86,036.450 
26,894,820 
8,815,280 
2.%484,110 


The  imports  of  cotton  manufactures  were 
291,648,850  rupees  in  value;  of  metals  and 
hardware,  55,544,950  rupees;  of  silk,  raw  and 
manufactured,  21,771,111  rupees;  of  sugar, 
20,805,890  rupees ;  of  woolen  goods,  15,288,650 
rupees;  of  liquors,  14,597,740  rupees;  of  rail- 
way material  and  rolling-stock,  14,851,240  ru- 
pees ;  of  oils,  14,084,800  rupees ;  of  machinery, 
18,714,590  rupees;  of  ooal,  18,166,150  rupees. 

The  imports  by  way  of  the  land  frontiers 
were  valued  for  the  year  1887  at  51,410,886 
rupees,  and  the  exports  at  8,468,848  rupees. 

Agrirattire  and  Indistryi — There  are  864,- 
051,611  acres  of  land  in  Briti»h  India,  exclu- 
sive of  40,185,729  acres  of  forests:  but  only 
152,884,640  acres  are  actually  cultivated,  in- 
cluding 22,725,891  acres  of  fallow  land.  Of 
the  166,492,458  acres  of  uncultivated  land, 
about  half  is  tit  for  cultivation,  affording  enor- 
mous scope  for  the  extension  of  the  wheat, 
cotton,  coffee,  tea,  indigo,  and  other  crops  of 
exportable  produce.  The  distribution  of  the 
crops  in  1887  was  as  follows:  Rice,  28,114,- 
662  acres;  wheat,  19,888,040;  other  grains 
and  pulse,  71,489,218;  tea,  226,412;  cotton, 
9,852,654 ;  oil-seeds,  7,678,882 ;  indigo,  1,084,- 
889.  The  exportation  of  wheat,  which  was 
always  one  of  the  prinsipal  crops  of  India, 
was  rendered  possible  by  the  abolition  of  the 
export  duty  in  1878,  and  has  grown  to  its  pres- 
ent proportions  in  consequence  of  the  develop- 
ment of  the  Indian  railroads  and  the  Suez 
Canal.  Oil-seeds  were  freed  from  the  export 
duty  in  1875,  and  their  exportation  increased 
from  4,000,000  cwt.  before  that  time  to  18,- 
000,000  cwt.  in  1885.  The  export  of  indigo  in 
1887  showed  an  increase  of  15^  per  cent,  over 
the  preceding  year  in  quantity,  but  prices  fell 
heavily,  except  in  the  qualities  demanded  in 
the  American  market,  owing  to  the  competi- 
tion of  the  Java  indigo,  which  is  said  to 
rival  the  best  produce  of  Tirhut.    The  pro- 


duction of  tea  in  Assam  for  1886-'87  was  re- 
ported as  61,719,678  pounds,  which,  added  to 
16,500,000  pounds  produced  in  Bengal,  makes 
the  total  product  of  India  more  than  fire 
times  greater  than  in  1872.  There  was  s 
failure  of  the  wheat-crop  in  the  Puigab  and 
the  Northwest  Provinces  in  1886-'87. 

Cotton- weaving  by  hand  was  an  important 
industry  in  India  until  it  was  crushed  by  the 
competition  of  the  Lancashire  mills.  Steam- 
mills  have  since  been  established,  and  the  mann- 
facture  is  expanding  with  great  rapidity.  In 
1884  there  were  one  hundred  mills  for  the  mwDU- 
facture  of  cotton  and  jute,  with  22,000  loonu 
and  2,000,000  spindles,  giving  employment  to 
110,000  people.  The  manufacture  of  iron  by 
modern  methods  is  a  new  industry  thathu 
not  yet  passed  the  experimental  stage.  There 
is  an  unlimited  supply  of  iron-ore  and  of  coal, 
but  facUities  for  transportation  are  lacking,  and 
new  methods  of  smelting  must  be  devised  i)e- 
cause  the  Indian  coal  contains  from  14  to  20 
per  cent,  of  ash,  six  or  eight  tim^s  as  much  as 
English  coal.  This  difficulty  has  been  over- 
come in  the  application  of  coal  to  locomoti?e8 
and  steamboats,  and  partly  overcome  in  meUl- 
lurgical  industry. 

Md-Mtadig. — Gold  in  Southern  India  is  gen- 
erally found  only  in  quartz  reefs  at  depths 
where  the  native  miners  have  been  unable  to 
quarry,  but  which  are  accessible  with  the 
modern  appliances  for  draining  and  ventilatiDg 
mines.  The  gold-bearing  rocks  of  India  seem 
to  be  much  richer  on  the  average  than  those 
of  Australia  or  California.  In  Mysore  there 
are  a  large  number  of  reefs,  which  even  at 
shallow  depths  yield  from  one  to  two  ounces 
per  ton.  The  Mysore  Gold  Company,  the 
first  one  in  India  to  go  into  practical  operation, 
has  thus  far  worked  with  profit  what  appf«n 
to  be  a  true  fissure  vein,  paying  twenty  per 
cent,  dividends.  Other  mines  have  been 
opened  in  the  same  state,  and  the  Mabangab 
and  his  Prime  Minister  do  all  that  they  can  to 
promote  the  industry,  and  have  become  share- 
holders in  several  of  the  companies.  The  pion- 
eer company  has  now  sixty  stamps  at  work. 

Mavtgi&kNk — The  tonnage  entered  and  cleared 
at  the  ports  of  British  India  in  1887  was 
7,172,198.  The  number  of  vessels  arrinng 
and  departing  by  the  Suez  Canal  was  1,671  of 
2,946,650  tons.  Of  5,140  vessels  of  8.514,673 
tons  entered  at  all  the  ports,  1,908  of  2,745,- 
162  tons  belonared  to  England  or  her  colonies; 
1,011  of  188,865  tons  were  British  Indian; 
1,446  of  75,784  tons  belonged  to  native  states; 
and  780  of  859,861  tons  were  foreign  vessels. 
The  total  number  cleared  was  5,444 ;  the  ton- 
nage, 8,657,521.  Coasting-vessels  are  not  in- 
cluded in  the  foregoing  figures.  Of  these 
there  were  entered  112,871  of  7,982,226  tons; 
cleared,  108,821  of  7,941,851  tons. 

The  Po8t4MBm. — The  number  of  letters,  postal- 
cards,  and  money-orders  that  passed  throafih 
the  Indian  Post-Office  in  1886  was  216,145,- 
796;   of  newspapers,  20,841,814;   of  paroels, 


INDIA.  431 

;  of  packets,  5,119,385.    The  receipts  men.    Including  the  native  army,  hot  exolasive 

180,860    ropees,  and  the  expenses,  of  artificers  and  followers,  the  Indian  forces  at 

)  ropees.  the  close  of  1886  numbered  5,192  officers  and 

h& — The  telegraph  lines  in  1887  had  183,594  men.    The  Hindoo  feudatory  states 

)ngth  of  80.034  miles,  with  86,891  have  armies  numbering  275,075  men  and  3,372 

ivire.    The  nnmber  of  messages  was  guns,  and  the  Mohammedan  states  74,760  men 

The  mileage  and  the  business  have  and  865  guns.    The  British,  after  an  investiga- 

ibled  in  ten  years,  and  the  receipts  tion  of  the  strength  of  the  native  armies  in 

;h  are  not  yet  equal  to  the  expendi-  1884,  had  in  contemplation  measures  for  the 

lough  the  disparity  is  less  than  in  compulsory  disbandment  of  these  forces.  When 

)n  the  figures  were  3,400,000  rupees  the  Kussian  war-scare  came  two  years  later, 

ts,  and  ^700,000  rupees  for  expendi-  the  native  princes,  actuated  partly  by  the  old 

reas  in  1887  they  were  respectively  dread  of  a  barbarian  invasion  from  the  north, 

and  7,100,000  rupees.  and  partly  by  the  desire  to  prove  that  their 

!• — The  number  of  miles  of  railroad  military  establishments  are  a  source  of  strength 

'affic  on  March  31,  1888,  was  14,383,  instead  of  a  menace  to  the  empire,  began  to 

8,911  miles  belonged  to  guaranteed  offer  pecuniary  aid  and  military  service  to  the 

\  654  to  assisted  companies,  8,994  Government  in  case  the  frontier  is  attacked. 

»veniment,  and  824  to  native  states.  Such  offers  continue  to  be  received.    In  the 

ge  had  increased  from  13,390  miles  beginning  of  1888,  with   60  lakhs  that  the 

12,876  in  1886,  11,983  in  1885,  and  Nizam  of  Hyderabad  had  promised  to  contrib- 

1884.    There  were  2,487  miles  under  ute,  and  10  lakhs  proffered  by  the  Mahari\jah 

on  in  1888,  and  355  miles  more  had  of  Gashmere,  the  specific  offers  of  money 

^oned.   The  length  of  the  guaranteed  amounted  to  over  a  crore  of  rupees,  or  a  mill- 

lecreased,  the  roads  having  been  pur-  ion  sterling.    The  princes  offered  troops  in 

r  the  state.     There  are  50  separate  addition,  and  others  of  the  feudatory  princes, 

rhich  22  belong  to  the  Government,  including  the  rulers  of  Bhawalpore,  Patiala, 

nteed  companies  have  the  concession  Tonk,  Kampore,  Alwar,  and  Mandi,  offered 

dfitable  trunk  lines,  while  the  state  troops  or  money  according  to  the  necessities 

e  as  feeders.    The  total  passenger  of  the  empire,  some  of  them  placing  the  entire 

reased  from  58,875,918  in  1882  to  resources  of  their  states  at  the  disposal  of  the 

)  in  1887;   the  freight  traffic  from  Government. 

\  tons  to  20,195,677 ;  the  receipts       FImuicm. — The  revenue  for  the  year  ending 

000,000  rupees  in  1882  to  184,600,-  March  31,  1886,  was  746,641,970  rupees,  and 

9  in  1888;  and  the  cost  of  operation  the  expenditure  772,659,230  rupees,  of  which 

ae  time  from  76,600,000  to  91,000,-  598,397,530  rupees  were  expended  in  India 

9.     The  capital  expended  in  railroad  and  184,261,700  rupees  in  Great  Britain.     The 

on  up  to  the  beginning  of  1887  was  revised  estimates  for  1886-^87  make  the  reve- 

107  rupees.    The  Gk>vernroent  had  nue  760,810,000  rupees  and  the  expenditure 

£78,358,404  in  building  raihroads  and  760,210,000  rupees.    The  budget  estimates  for 

58  in  guaranteed  interest  on  the  sub-  1887-'88  calculate  the  total  receipts  at  774,- 

les  up  to  March  31,  1888.    The  in-  600,000  rupees,  of  which  229,380,000  rupees 

capital  in  the  guaranteed  lines  in  five  represent  the  land  revenue,  154,320,000  rupees 

been  £4,896,262,  and  in  that  period  the   road   and    railroad    receipts,    88,930,000 

been  a  profit  of  £10,700,  whereas  rupees  the  revenue  from  the  opium  monopoly, 

iS  there  was  a  loss  of  more  than  66,050,000  rupees    the   salt -tax,  42,250,000 

The  existing  railroads   form   five  rupees  the  excise  duties,  37,160,000  rupees  the 

z.,  state  lines  worked  by  companies,  stamp  duties,  29,570,000  rupees  the  provincial 

ital  expenditure  of  £62,500, 000;  state  rates,  20,250,000  rupees  the  receipts  from  the 

ked  by  the  Government,  with  £50,-  postal  and  telegraphic  services  and  the  mint, 

'  invested  capital;  the  lines  of  guar-  16,880,000  rupees  the  irrigation  rates.  14,060,- 

mpanies,  which  have  invested  £61,-  000  rupees  assessed  taxes,  12,330,000  ropees 

the  lines  of  assisted  companies,  which  customs  duties,  11,310,000  rupees  forest  re- 

iO,000 ;  and  those  owned  by  native  ceipts,  and  37,870,000  rupees  interest,  tribute, 

h  a  capital  of  more  than  £5,000,000.  registration  duties,  and  other  receipts.    The 

'uction  of  military  railroads  in  recent  expenditure  for  1887-^88  is  estimated  at  774- 

added  to  the  annnal  losses  of  the  430,000  ropees,  of  which  221,100,000  ropees 

n  account  of  railroads,  the  net  deficit  represent  expenditures  on  roads  and  railroads, 

7  being  9,827,927  rupees,  the  trans-  191,970,000  rupees  for  military  purposes,  181,- 

of  grain  having  been  moch  less  than  800,000  ropees  in  the  civil  departments,  80,- 

ceding  year.   The  cost  of  the  Scinde-  800,000  ropees  the  cost  of  collection,  44,120, 

I  Bolan  Pass  strategic  lines  has  been  000  ropees  interest  on  the  debt,  24,410,000 

•0,000  ropees.  ropees  irrigation  expenses,  22,620,000  ropeeq 

17. — The  strength  of  the  British  gar-  expenses  of  the  post-office,   telegraphs,  and 

ndia  for  1887-88  was  fixed  in  the  mint,  and  9,030,000  ropees  for  other  porposes. 

[nates  at  2,551  officers  and  69,240  The    extraordinary    expenditore    on    poblic 


482  INDIA. 

works,   fixed    at  49,940,000   rupees,    is   not  the  jjadicial  from  the  ezecotive  branch 

charged  against  the  re venne.    The  reyenne  in  administration.     The  higher  judicial  an 

1887-88  exceeded  the  first  estimates  by  15,-  utive  functions  were  divided  in  tiie  ear 

000,000  rupees :  but  there  was  an  unexpected  of  the  century,  and  the  separation  ba 

increase  in  the  civil  expenditures  of  almost  that  gradually  carried  into  the  lower  grades 

amount,  while  the  military  expenditures  as  is  almost  complete  in  some  of  the  pro 

usual  went  far  beyond  the  estimates.   To  avoid  The  collector  magistrate,  however,  is  a 

a  deficit,  the  Government  raised  the  salt  duty  the  system  preserving  its  faults  in  an  obr 

and  imposed  a  new  import  duty  on  petroleum,  form.    He  is  the  executive  head,  the  cc 

expecting  to  obtain  from  both  sources  an  in-  of  revenue,  the  chief  of  the  police  admi 

creased  income  of  17,900,000  rupees.      The  tion,  and  the  judicial  magbtrate  for  f 

petroleum  duty  is  a  specific  duty,  the  rate  of  area  embracing  sometimes  as  many  as 

which  is  about  eight  per  cent.    The  salt  duty  000  inhabitants.    As  collector  he  must 

is  raised  to  one  rupee  in  Burmah  and  two  and  about  his  district,  and  suitors  and  wi 

a  half  rupees  in  other  parts  of  India  per  maund  must  follow  him  in  his  journeys,  and 

of  eighty-two  pounds.    The  additional  tax  is  often  to  postponements  when  his  fiscal 

expected  to  bring  in  15,000,000  rupees  in  India  are  pressing.    The  Government  in  some 

and  1,250,000  rupees  in  Burmah.  has  appointed  a  joint  magistrate  to  heai 

The  MatiMMl  Cangicss. — The  first  Indian  Na-  inal  cases,  with  appeal  to  the  collector 

tlonal  Congress  met  in  Bombay  in  1885,  and  unruly  state  of  the  country  was  formally 

consisted  of  50  delegates.     The  second  was  ed  as  a  reason  for  abolishing  the  oombi 

held  in  Calcutta  in  1886,  and  numbered  486  of  judge  and  executive  officer  in  the  san 

delegates.    A  third  Congress  appointed  by  a  son,  but  now  the  main  obstacle  is  the  e: 

more  developed  system  of  electoral  bodies,  and  Another  subject  on  which  the  Congres 

intended  to  present  with  the  force  of  a  gen-  much  stress  is  the  need  of  technical  edi 

eral  consensus  the  opinion  of  the  educated  na-  to  enable  India  to  compete  with  Euro] 

tive  community  on  the  political  needs  of  the  America  in  modern  industries.    The  6,2 

country,  assembled  in  Madras  in  December,  dents  under  instruction  in  technical  scho 

1887.     It  was  composed  of  608  delegates,  of  colleges  are  confined  almost  exclusively  t< 

whom  811  were  appointed  at  public  meetings  cine  and  engineering,  whereas  schools 

and  292  were  sent  by  organized  associations,  mechanical  arts,  such  as  exist  in  Eu 

Some  of  the  public  meetings  were  great  gather-  countries,  and  also  schools  of  husbandi 

ings  at  the  capitals  of  presidencies,  and  others  needed.    Another  proposal  was  to  rai 

concourses  of  representatives  from  the  towns  limit  of  incomes  on  which  the  income 

and  villages  of  a  province  or  revenue  circle,  levied  from  500  to  1,000  rupees.    The 

The  local  associations  represented  at  the  Con-  tions  and  oppressions  of  subordinate  o 

gross  were  of  the  most  varied  character,  and  which  are  mainly  practiced  on  the  poor, 

included  race  societies  of  Hindoos,  Mohamme-  the  tax  odious,  and  its  severity  was  acl 

dans,  Eurasians,  native  Christians,  Jains,  and  edged  by  the  Government,  which  propo 

Parsees,  mercantile  corporations,  associations  exempt  incomes  of  persons  in  public  e 

of  agriculturists,  landholders,  tenants,  and  ar-  below  1,000  rupees,  but  abandoned  its  p 

tisans,  and  a  committee  of  native  journalists,  on  account  of  tne  opposition  shown  to  si 

The  Mohammedan  community  had  taken    no  unfair  distinction.     A  fourth  resolutdoi 

part  in  former  congresses  and  was  represented  gests  the  expansion  and  reform  of  the  1 

by  88  delegates  in  this  one,  which  chose  a  Mo-  tive  councils.    The  functions  of  Che  Vic 

hammedan,  who  had  been  a  member  of  the  Legislative  Council  should  embrace  the  • 

connciloftheGk>vernorof  Bombay,  for  its  presi-  nation  and  discussion  of  the  budget, 

dent.    The  delegates  represented  widely  differ-  opinion  of  the  native  community,  as  repi 

ent  classes.     There  were  Rajahs,  Mohammedan  ed  in  the  Congress,  which  is  suatained 

nobles,  members  of  legislative  councils,  officials  views  of  the  Anglo-Indian  community, 

of  various  grades,  the  prime  ministers  of  native  lish   statesmen    have  often  deplored  tl 

states,  merchants,  bankers,  editors,  professors,  penditure  of    Indian    public  money  w 

manufacturers,  and  even  a  Hindoo  abbot,  who  criticism  or  control,  except  the  farce  of 

represented  his  monastery,  and  a  high-priest.  cussion  in  Parliament  before  empty  be 

The  Congress  adopted  resolutions  for  a  perma-  The  last  hew  rules  of  parliamentary  pro< 

nent  organization,  providing  for  twelve  stand-  deprive  members  of  the  ri^lit  of  raising 

ing  committees  distributed  among  the  great  ter-  tions  of  general  Indian  administration 

ritorial  divisions  of  the  Indian  Empire,  for  the  debate  on  the  Indian  budget,  which  mu8 

preparation  of  the  business  to  be  brought  before  be  confined  to  financial  and  economic  su 

the  Congress  at  the  end  of  each  year,  and  for  the  and  consequently  there  is  to  opportun 

submission  of  the  conclusions  of  the  Congress  to  presenting  Indian  grievances.    The  Co 

the  Viceroy  and  the  Secretary  of  State.    Four  asked  also  for  the  restoration  of  the  ri 

of  the  resolutions  of  the  Congress  relate  to  the  interpellation  in  the  Legislative  Council, 

expansion  or  modification  of  the  existing  in-  was  conceded  to  the  earlier  body  in  1) 

stitutions  of  civil  government.     One  of  these  is  regard  to  all  questions  of  internal  civil  f 

a  proposal  for  the  separation  without  delay  of  istration.     The  Congress  desired  the  Ie 


INDIA.  438 

i-official  members  from  one  third  to  ages  of  five  and  nine,  271  are  provided  with 

f  the  Council,  which  woald  still  leave  husbands,  and  11  are  widows,  doomed  to  an 

nment  with  a  working  migoritj,  since  unhappy  position  of  isolation  and  ignominy, 

ever  provoke  the  united  opposition  There  are  about  1,000,000  girl-widows  among 

i-official  members.    The  army  ought,  the  Hindoo  population.   Among  the  high  caste 

nion  of  the  Congress,  to  be  excluded  every  female  child  becomes  a  wife,  and  many 

Council,  and  the  introduction  of  the  are  widows,  before  reaching  their  fourteenth 

rinciple  in  choosing  the  non- official  year.     The  custom  of  enforced  celibacy  is 

of  the  councils  of  the  Viceroy  and  closely  connected  with  the  liability  of  the  bus- 

Qcial  governors  was  suggested.    The  band's  heirs  to  provide  that  no  woman  of  the 

n  for  introducing  the  elective  method  family  should  be  without  a  home,  and  that  of 

itious  as  the  other  resolutions  of  the  early  marriage  on  the  requirements  of  the 

It  is  proposed  that,  after  the  electo-  Brahmanical  religion  which  make  it  a  father*s 
I  has  been  constituted  with  due  pre-  duty  to  secure  protectors  for  his  daughters, 
from  the  municipal  councils,  cham-  The  customs  of  infant  marriage  and  perpetual 
ommerce,  and  other  representative  celibacy  in  themselves  have  no  sanction  m  the 
shall  be  subjected  to  the  scrutiny  and  Veda,  but  they  were  enjoined  by  religious 
f  the  Government,  which  would  sup-  teachers  of  medisval  times,  and  are  considered 
[>resentation  of  classes  that  have  been  to  have  a  religious  sanction  by  the  great  ma- 
3r  or  are  inadequately  represented  by  jority  of  the  priests.  A  large  sect  of  the 
ig  additional  members.  The  Con-  Brahman  caste,  which  represents  advanced 
irmed  the  resolution  adopted  in  1886,  thought  and  supplies  the  intellectual  leaders  of 
ciian  aggression  in  A^hanistan  drew  the  people,  is  strongly  in  favor  of  reform,  and 
leading  potentates  of  the  feudatory  is  supported  by  large  numbers  in  the  lower 
offer  of  a  million  sterling  and  their  castes.  The  British  authorities  have  estab- 
king  the  Grovemment  to  authorize  a  lished  by  law  the  right  of  Hindoo  widows  to 
volunteering.  The  Congress  pointed  marry  again  and  retain  their  property,  pro- 
he  age  of  mercenaries  is  over  in  Eu-  vided  they  embrace  some  other  religion.   They 

England  must  depend  in  a  great  do  not  venture,  however,  to  meddle  with  the 

m  the  fighting-men  among  her  own  ecclesiastical  laws  and  religious  customs  of  the 

md  that  India  can  furnish  what  Eng-  Hindoos. 

ly  lacks,  that  is,  numbers.    The  dele-  The  Government  convened  a  meeting  in 

-e  of  various  minds  in  regard  to  a  March,  at  A jmere,  of  representatives  of  the 

requesting  the  repeal  of  the  arms  act,  states  of  R^jputana,  to  consider  the  question 

king  the  prohibition  to  carry  arms  a  of  marriage  reform.    The  representative  com- 

e  loyalty  of  the  people,  others  wish-  mittee  adopted  a  set  of  resolutions  for  regn- 

oid  so  delicate  a  subject,  and  others  lating  the  excessive  expenses  of  weddings  and 

log  on  the  practical  hardships  of  the  funerals,  which  weigh  heavily  on  the  commu- 

lose  lives  are  exposed  to  wild  beasts,  nity,  to  the  advantage  of  certain  privileged 

tie  are  killed  by  thousands,  and  whose  classes,  as  well  as  making  the  marriageable  age 

destroyed  by  wild  boars,  and  a  reso-  older  in  both  sexes,  to  wit,  fourteen  years  for 

i  adopted  in  favor  of  transferring  the  girls  and  eighteen  for  boys.    These  resoutions 

authority  from  the  Central  Govern-  were  embodied  in  a  decree  that  was  issued  by 

le  municipal  and  rural  councils.  the  princes  of  Rajputana,  who  have  always  held 

LI  a  meeting  of  Mohammedans  was  the  highest  rank  in  Hindoo  society,  and  whose 

adras  to  protest  against  the  National  initiatory  action  in  reforming  the  custom  of 

and  express  regret  at  the  prospective  infant  marriages  was,  therefore,  strongly  de- 

of  Lord  Dufferin,  who  had  shown  a  sired  by  the  British  authorities, 

promote  the  welfare  of  all  classes  and  KeUgttu  AilHMltics. — The   religious   hatred 

with  the  Moslem  community.    Anti-  between  the  Hindoos  and  Mohammedans  has 

meetings  were  held  at  Peshawur,  been  aggravated  by  an  agitation  that  has  sprung 

d  other  places,  where  Mohammedans  up  among  the  Hindoos  against  cow-killing, 

d  the  movement  as  dangerous.    The  In  1888  the  Moslem  festival  of  Mohurrum  and 

itional  Congress  met  in  Allahabad,  the  Hindoo  festival  of  Ramlila,  fell  on  the 

1  of  the  Northwest  Provinces,  in  De-  same  day,  with  the  inevitable  result  of  san- 

888.  guinary  collisions  and  disorders.    Serious  dis- 

^Kefimi  UtfftmmL  —  The  movement  turbances  at  Agra,  Ghazipore,  and  Coorg,  were 

form  of  the  Hindoo  customs  of  infant  narrowly  averted  by  the  prompt  action  of  the 

and  enforced  celibacy  of  widows  is  authorities  in  calling  out  the  troops  and  volun- 

Y  an  extraneous  agitation  carried  on  teers  to  restore  order.    At  Nuiihabad  a  mob 

Mms,  but  has  many  adherents  among  made  an  attack  on  a  civil  officer,  at  who^e 

Indians  from  the  classes  that  chiefly  command  the  police  fired,  killing  and  wound- 

se  practices,  viz.,  the  higher  Brahmin  ing  many  persons. 

it  castes,  for  neither  custom  is  prac-  Hie  Hyd^rttad  Waltag  CoiCMSlfB.— The  Nizam, 

he  lower  classes  of  the  people.    In  in  January,  1886,  granted  a  monopoly  of  min- 

nong  every  1,000  girls  between  the  ing  rights  in  his  dominions  for  ninety-nine  years 
»L.  xxviu. — 28  A 


434  INDIA. 

to  two  English  promoters  named  Watson  and  Britain  then  made  representations  to 

Stewart,  who  undertook  to  form  a  company,  nese  Government,  considering  Tibet 

primarily  to  work  the  coal-mines  at  Singer^ni,  tary  state  of  Ghina.    The  Chinese  di 

for  which  purpose  £150,000  shares  of  capital,  any  sovereignty  over  Lhassa,  except  < 

one  half  paid  up  should  be  issued.    The  re-  spiritual  and  ceremonial  nature,  and 

mainder  of  the  £1,000,000  uominal  capital  was  having  rights  of  any  sort  over  the  n 

to  be  issued   when  new  mines  were  opened  kingdoms  outside  of  Lhassa.     In  th 

or  iron-works  established,  in  such  amounts  as  concluded  with  the  British  Govemmei 

the  needs  of  the  company   warranted.     The  subject  of  the  occupation  of  Upper  '. 

East  India  Deccan  Mining  Company  was  in-  the  Pekin  Government  promised  to  ex 

corporated  in  London,  and  the  promoters  is-  good  offices  at  Lhassa  to  prepare  a  f 

sued  to  themselves  the  85,000  reserve  £10  reception  for  a  commercial  mission  if  l 

shares,  no  part  of  which  was  paid  up.    The  lish  would  defer  the  expedition  till  a  i 

Nizam,  who  expected  the  company  to  aid  in  vorable  time.    The  Chinese  ministers 

the  material  development  of  his  country  and  when  the  British  Government  negotia 

the  completion  of  its  railroad  network,  an-  them  for  an  additional  article  t^  the 

thorized  his  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Abdul  tion  of  Chefoo,  explained  that  their  a 

Huk,  who  was  in  London  as  his  representative  over  Lhassa  was  very  limited,  and  tl 

at  the  Qneen^s  Jubilee,  to  invest  in  the  enter-  could  do  no  more  than  exercise  their  i 

prise.     Abdul  Huk,  who  had  privity  of  the  to  assist  a  British  mission  to  enter  the* 

issue  of  the  entire  stock,  and  received  a  bribe  In  1888,  when  referring  to  the  visit  of 

of  £150,000,  purchased  10,000  shares,  bidding  lish  traveler  to  Yarkand,  they  decla 

the  price  up  to  £12  per  share.    The  Nizam,  they  would  always  issue  passports  to 

when  he  le&rnedhow  the caneesai^mnaires  were  subjects  to  travel  in  Turkistan,  beca 

swindling   him  and  the  public,  in  collusion  was  a  dominion  of  the  empire,  but  ¥ 

with  his  agent,  compelled  the  latter  to  dis-  able  to  issue  passports  for  Tibet,   wl 

gorge  the  bribe,  and  considered  how  he  could  not  belong  to  the  empire,  and  the  Pel 

annul  the  franchise  without  prejudice  to  the  emment  could  not  overcome  the  reinc 

rights  of  hona-flde  investors.    On  the  motion  the  lamas  to  admit  Europeans.     An* 

of  Mr.  Labouchere,  the  subject  was  investigated  in  documents  relating  to  the  jonmej 

by  a  special  committee  of  the  House  of  Com-  Carey  in  Turkistan  and  Tibet,  they  n 

mons.    Sir  Salar  Jung,  who  had  innocently  same  disclaimer  of  authority  in  Si-Tsan 

arranged  the  purchase  of  shares  in  London  for  Lhassa  territory.    The  British  have  n 

the  sake  of  aiding  the  credit  of  the  company,  less  assumed  to  regard  Tibet  as  a  dep 

was  soon  afterward  succeeded  as  Nawab  or  of  China,  and  regtu^  the  two  Chinese 

Prime  Minister  by  Sir  Asman  Jah.  Residents  at  Lhassa,  as  the  actual  re( 

The  War  In  Slkklik — The  commercial  exploita-  the  country.    In  the  beginning  of  1888 

tion  of  Tibet  has  been  discussed  by  English  taking  military  measures  for  the  re-ei 

writers  for  some  years  past,  especially  since  ment  of  British  power  in  Sikkim,  the  < 

the  extensive  travels  in  that  country  of  two  ment  of  China  was  called  upon  to  sec 

native  Indian  officials  were  published.     The  evacuation  of  the  conntry  by  the  1 

tea-planters  of  Assam  are    covetous  of  the  The  Lhassa  authorities  have  heretofo 

Tibetan  market,  because  the  refuse  of  their  currency  to  the  fiction  that  they  are  sc 

product  is  superior  to  the  article  supplied  at  the  Chinese  Emperor^s  rule,  by  preter 

exorbitant  prices  by   a  combination   of  the  have  orders  from  Pekin  whenever  thej 

Lama  priests  and   Chinese  merchants  to  the  permission  to  travelers  to  enter  Tib< 

Tibetans,  who  would  eagerly  exchange  their  India.    The  exclnsiveness  of  the  Mon^ 

excellent  wool  for  tea,  of  which  they  are  ex-  is  exaggerated  in  the  Tibetans,  6 win; 

traordinarily  fond,   although  so  ill  supplied,  mountainous  nature    of   their    fronti* 

In  1886  a  commercial  mission,  to  Lhassa  was  character  of  their  religion,  and  their  c 

planned  by  the  Indian  Government,  and  an  an  influx  of  foreigners  to  contest  wii 

expedition  was  organized  on  a  large  scale,  the  scanty  food-supply  of  their  inferti 

which  was  to  start  from  Darjeeling,  under  Col-  Formerly  the  Tibetans  received  Engli 

man  Macaulay,  with  an  imposing  military  es-  sions  freely,  and  it  is  only  since  they  1 

cort.    The   Tibetans  taking  alarm,  occupied  come  afraid  of  British  conquest  that  1 

Sikkim,  a  frontier  feudatory  state  of  India,  fuse  to  allow  Europeans  to  set  foot  on  ti 

and  built  a  fort  at  Lingtu  to  contest  the  ad-  side  of  the  Himalayan  passes,  althou, 

vance  of  the  English  expedition  from  Darjeel-  admit  native  Indian  traders, 
ing  to  the  Jelapla  Pass.    The  commercial  mis-        The  Indian  Government  made  prep 

sion  was  therefore  abandoned,  and  the  Tib-  to  expel  the  Tibetans  from  Sikkim  in 

etans  were  left  in  possession  of  Sikkim,  the  1887,  but  the  Chinese  Government  pie 

Rsyah  of  which  retired  into  Tibet,  and  made  delay  in  order  that  it  might  use  its  infli 

common  cause  with  the  invaders.    A  force  Lhassa.    The  request  was  granted,  and 

was  sent  in  1887  to  reassert  British  sover-  of  March  was  fixed  as  the  last  day  of  % 

eignty,  but  it  was  totally  inadequate,  and  re-  the  evacuation  of  Sikkim.    The  Rajal 

tired  on  discovering  the  true  situation.    Great  kim  returned  from  Tibet  to  Tumlong,  ] 


INDIA.  435 

td,  before  the  close  of  1887,  bringing  with  him  for  some  act  of  the  British  authorities,  made  a 

a  large  train  of  Tibetan  counselors.    A  regi-  captive  of  Dr.  Joseph  Hooker,  the  botanist, 

ment  of  pioneers,  with  two  moantain-guns,  and  was  compelled  by  a  military  expedition  to 

was  ordered  to  Sikkim,  with  the  expectation  part  with  a  section  of  his  territory.    Another 

that  they  would  secure  possession  of  the  conn-  expedition  in  1860  extorted  a  treaty  granting 

try  and  frighten  away  the  Tibetans.    At  their  free  trade,  protection  of  foreigners,  and  the 

approach  the  Rigah  sent  a  message  expressing  right  of  road-making.     The  Rajah  is  a  Bnd- 

a  wish  to  enter  into  friendly  negotiations,  and  dhist,  owning  the  authority  of  the  Grand  Lama, 

isking  for  the  restoration  of  the  stipend  that  and  when  the  Macaulay  expedition  collected 

be  received  from  the  Indian  Government  be-  on  the  confines  of  his  territory  he  retired  to 

'ore  he  went  to  Tibet    In  conferences  with  Lhassa  and  submitted  the  question  to  his  spirit- 

tfr.  Paul,  deputy-commissioner  at  Darjeeling,  ual  lord  to  dispose  of,  and  the  latter  posted  a 

16  nevertheless  showed  an  intractable  and  de-  force  in  Sikkim  to  meet  the  invaders.     The 

iant  disposition.    The  Viceroy  addressed  the  present  area  of  Sikkim  is  1,650  square  miles, 

ama  on  the  subject  of  the  violation  of  the  and  the  population  does  not  exceed  7,000. 

'ndian  frontier,  saying  that  the  Indian  Govern-  The  Rajah  is  sovereign  also  of  a  territory  in 

Dent  desired  to  be  on  terms  of  friendship  with  the  Chumbi  valley  across  the  Himalayas,  where 

Tibet ;  and  the  Ghinese  Government  brought  he  has  been  accustomed  to  spend  a  portion  of 

treasure  to  bear  at  Lhassa  to  secure  the  with-  every  year. 

Irawal  of  the  Tibetan  garrison  in  Sikkim.  The  OoL  Graham's  force  moved  forward  in  two 
idvanceofthe  British  force  of  1,800  men,  whose  columns  on  March  17.  On  the  20th  they 
tstensible  mission  was  to  repair  the  road  that  reached  the  works  at  Lingtn  under  cover  of  a 
lad  been  constructed  by  the  Indian  (rovern-  fog,  and  took  them  with  a  rush,  the  Tibetans 
Dent  through  Sikkim,  was  preceded  by  an  hastily  escaping  into  the  forest.  The  troops 
dtimatam  demanding  the  evacuation  of  Fort  advanced  to  Rhaderchen,  where  they  were 
^ingtu,  on  the  receipt  of  which  the  Tibetans  brought  to  a  stand  by  a  Tibetan  force  firing 
trengthened  their  garrison.  The  Viceroy  from  a  stockade.  This  was  captured  on  the  fol- 
rent  to  Darjeeling  to  hold  a  conference  with  lowing  day.  Garrisons  were  posted  at  several 
he  Riyah  of  Sikkim,  who  refused  to  come,  points,  while  a  Tibetan  army  mustered  in  the 
!*he  Ghinese  Ambans  were  recalled  from  Lhassa  Chumbi  valley,  beyond  the  Jelapla  Pass.  The 
41  account  of  the  failure  of  his  mediation,  and  Tibetan  lamas  made  an  attack  on  the  British 
tthers  of  higher  rank  were  sent,  while  the  at  Lingtu,  but  were  severely  defeated  and  pur- 
^ekin  Government  requested  a  iiirther  post-  sued  in  all  directions.  In  the  middle  of  April 
K>nement  of  hostile  operations  to  allow  time  Col.  Graham  transferred  his  principal  encamp- 
br  one  more  diplomatic  effort.  To  this  the  ment  from  Padong  to  Gnatong,  which  com- 
Snglish  would  not  accede.  The  expeditionary  mands  the  Tukola  Pass.  The  Lieutenant-Gov- 
brce,  which  was  increased  to  2,000  men  and  emor  of  Bengal  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
ransformed  from  a  pretended  road-mending  to  open  peace  negotiations.  On  May  28  the 
expedition  into  a  regular  field  force,  command-  Tibetans  nearly  surprised  the  camp  at  Gnatong, 
d  by  Col.  Graham,  halted  on  the  border,  and  and  made  a  heroic  effort  to  capture  it,  but 
Dade  preparations  to  march  into  Sikkim  at  the  were  repelled  after  an  engasement  of  three 
ixpiration  of  the  time  set.  Meanwhile  the  hours,  with  a  loss  of  one  hundred  killed,  while 
nbetans  collected  large  bodies  of  troops  be-  with  their  antiquated  weapons  they  inflicted 
'(md  the  Jelapla  and  Donkyla  passes,  ready  to  on  the  British  a  loss  of  only  three  killed  and 
oter  Sikkim  if  the  British  advanced.  Lingtu  seven  wounded.  The  European  troops,  who 
I  forty  miles  from  Darjeeling  and  within  seven  suffered  severely  from  the  cold  and  storms, 
lilea  of  the  Jelapla  Pass,  which  is  18,700  feet  were  ordered  to  withdraw  from  Sikkim  before 
bove  the  sea-level.  There  are  several  passes  the  rainy  season,  being  replaced  by  native 
onnectingSikkim  with  Tibet,  18,000  to  16,000  troops  in  the  fortified  camp  that  was  con- 
set  in  height.  Sikkhn  is  the  most  insignifi-  structed  at  Gnatong.  A  campaign  far  away 
ant  of  the  Indian  dependencies  of  Great  Brit-  from  the  base,  beyond  the  snowy  mountains, 
in,  which  has  no  value  except  that  it  com-  was  what  the  British  desired  to  avoid,  for  if 
lands  the  principal  route  into  Tibet.  The  it  were  undertaken  nothing  would  solve  the 
Md  to  the  Jelapla  Pass  that  the  Tibetans  difiiculty  but  an  expensive  war  for  the  occupa- 
*tEed  was  built  by  the  British  under  a  treaty  tion  of  Lhassa  and  the  effective  conquest  of 
lade  with  the  Rajah  in  1861,  giving  them  the  Tibet.  They  therefore  preferred  to  remain  in 
ight  to  make  and  maintain  roads  in  Sikkim.  the  awkward  situation  in  which  they  had  been 
'be  relations  between  the  Indian  Government  betrayed,  looking  to  Chinese  intervention  for 
nd  Sikldm  began  in  1814,  when  they  entered  an  escape  from  the  necessity  of  keeping  a  per- 
nto  an  alliance  against  Kepaul.  At  the  close  manent  military  guard  in  the  icy  passes  of  the 
f  the  war  the  Rajah  received  a  large  accession  Himalayas.  The  Tibetans  were  as  active  as 
if  territory,  and  twenty  years  later  he  ceded  the  English  in  the  work  of  fortification,  throw- 
to  the  Indian  Government  the  district  of  Dar-  ing  a  high  stone  wall  across  the  entire  width 
Ming,  which  has  since  become  important  as  of  the  Jalapla  Pass.  Soon  after  the  arrival  of 
laanitariam  and  as  a  tea-growing  district.  A  the  new  Chinese  Residents  the  authorities  at 
bw  years  after  this  the  Rajah,  m  retaliation  Lhassa  sent  messengers  to  Gnatong,  but  instead 


436  INDIA. 

of  making  proposals  for  peace,  tbey  massed  an  minor,  as  all  his  predecessors  have  h 

army  of  8,000  men  that  was  ready  to  fall  npon  nearly  a  hundred  years.     The  Britisi 

the  fortifications  as  soon  as  the  European  forces  anxious  to  make  peace  on  any  terms  e 

retired  to  Daijeeliog,  and  Ool.  Graham  there-  acknowledging  the  Tibetan  claim  to  i 

fore  remained  at  Gnatong  with  a  part  of  his  which  would  endanger  their  supremai 

force.    The  Tibetan  levies  were  increased  to  the  other  frontier  states.    The  govemi 

15,000,  and  though  they  did  not  venture  to  at-  the  Dalai  Lama  extends  over  4,000,000 

tack  the  earthworks  defended  by  mountain-  including  the  monks  in  the  monasteries 

guns  and  steel  T-pounders,  they  strongly  held  conquer  this  nation  would  necessitate  i 

the   passes.      Re-enforcements    of   Goorkhas  the  destruction  of  an  army  of  60,000  n 

were  sent  from  India,  and  all   the  British  the  lamas  could  immediately  place  in  tl 

troops  were  ordered  back  to  Sikkira.     The  but  the  continuous  occupation  of  a  wid 

lamas  advanced  to  the  foot  of  the  Pemberingo  try,  barren  of  supplies,  where  the  na 

Pass,  where  they  threw  up  fortifications,  and  dian  troops  could  not  eudure  the  arcti* 

pushed  forward  their  outposts  into  the  Sikkim  ity  of  the  winters, 
valley s,  where  several  skirmishes  took  place       TbeHaekMMilidiEipedttfiMU — Gol.Ri 

with  British  troops.    The  threatened  advance  Battye  and  Capt.  Urmston  were  killed  i 

of  the  lamas  caused  consternation  among  the  1888,  while  making  an  excursion  in  the 

European  residents  of  Darjeeling.    By  the  be-  district,  in  the  extreme  northeastern 

ginning  of  September  all  the  re-enforcements  the  Peshawur  division  of  the  Punjab, 

ad  arrived  at  Gnatong,  and  Ool.  Graham  crossed  the  line  into  Agror,  and  w 

made  preparations  for  an  offensive  movement  turning  were  attacked  by  a  body  of  A\ 

against  the  Tibetans,  who  already  occupied  Black  mountain  tribe,  against  which 

the  Japhu  valley  in  front  of  the  Jelapla  and  dian  Government  had  for  some  time  mai 

Pemberingo  passes,  and  were  ready  to  take  a  blockade  as  a  punishment  for  various  c 

possession  of  the  whole  of  Sikkim  as  soon  as  The  English  officers  were  accompani< 

the  British  should  retire  into  winter  quarters  Goorkha  escort  of  seventy  men,  and 

at  a  lower  level,  which  would  tend  to  strength-  fending  Col.  Battye,  who  was  the  com 

en  the  endeavors  of  the  Tibet  authorities  to  of  the  blockading  force  stationed  at  0 

confederate  Nepaul,  Bhotan,  and  the  other  of  the  sepoys  were  killed.    In  Septeo 

frontier  powers  against  the  Indian  Govern-  expedition  of  8,000  fighting  men  was  e< 

ment.    The  R^jah  of  Sikkim  was  aUowed  to  to  punish  the  mountaineers.    There  w 

remain  unmolested  at  Entchi  or  Gantok,  till  regiments  of  British  and  nine  of  nat 

now  an  attempt  was  made  to  seize  him  in  the  fiantry,  one  regiment  of  native  cavalry, 

night,  which  resulted  in  his  flight  to  the  Tibet-  pany  of  sappers,  and  three  batteries  < 

ans.    On  September  24  the  British  advanced  lery,  all  under  the  command  of  Mig.- 

on  the  fortified  positions.    The  Tibetans,  who  W.  McQueen.    The  Government  of  d 

mustered  in  strong  force  on  the  Tukola  ridge,  agreed  to  guard  the  frontier  near  Khag 

were  dislodged  by  artillery  fire  followed  up  by  1,000  men.    The  Hazara  field  force,  as 

the  charge  of  the  infantry,  and  fled  in  disorder  pedition  was  called,  advanced  in  four  < 

to  the  Jelapla  and  Pemberingo  passes.    These  from  Oghi  and  Darband  early  in  Octob< 

were  also  occupied,  and  the  Tibetan  levies,  Hassanzais  and  Akazais  offered  a  bol^ 

completely  disorganized,  escaped  into  Bhotan  ance,  and  were  only  dislodged  after 

and  northward  into  Tibet,  whUe  the  British  fighting.    The  Likariwals  were  the  oi 

force  crossed  the  mountains  to  Rinchigong,  to  pay  their  fine  without  fighting.    ( 

and  on  the  following  morning  occupied  Ohumbi  H.  H.  Beley,  quartermaster  of  one  of  t 

and  the  R^jah^s  palace,  where  his  papers  were  ades,  was  killed,  Ool.  A.  Orookshanl 

seized.    The  Tibetan  loss  was  1,000,  while  only  manding  the  column,  received  a  deadly 

one  Goorkha  was  killed  on  the  British  side,  and  two  other  ofiicers  were  wounde 

though  Ool.  Brorahead,  who  commanded  the  most  desperate  fighting  -was  with  the 

left  wing,  was  severely  wounded.    The  troops  zais  at  Eotkai,  the  objective  point  of 

carried  only  a  single  day^s  provisions,  and  the  columns,  which  was  occupied  on  * 

therefore  returned  to  Gnatong.    The  rout  of  5.    The  villages  and  crops  of  the  tri 

the  Tibetan  army  was  so  efiectual  that  only  were  destroyed,  and  strategic  positio] 

8,000  or  4,000  out  of  11,000  rallied,  and  their  occupied,  yet  their  resistance  was  not 

magazines  and  commissariat  sapplies  at  Ling-  and  detachments  sent  out  to  scour  the 

mutong  were  destroyed.    The  Rajah  returned  were  more  than  once  defeated.    Th< 

and  yielded  submission,  arriving  at  Gnatong  mountain  district,  which  is  only  thirl 

on  October  2.    The  Ohinese  Amban  at  Lhassa  long  by  ten  in  breadth,  is  a  rugged  ri< 

sent  a  letter  requesting  a  meeting  with  the  is  transected  by  the  Indus.    The  Ha 

Lieutenant-Governor  at  Darjeeling  to  discuss  and  the  Akazais  together  mustered  on 

terms  of  peace  on  behalf  of  the  Tibetan  Gov-  fighting  men,  armed  with  matchlocks,  a 

ernment.     The  Dalai  Lama,  whose  spiritaal  the  Ohagarzais  in  the  north,  the  Allaiiv 

and  temporal  supremacy  is  acknowledged  by  the  Pararis,  the  Black  mountain  trib 

the  Tibetan  Buddhists,  does  not  rule  in  person,  about  6,000  strong.    They  all  belong 

but  through  a  regent,  called  the  Desi,  being  a  Yusnfzai  branch  of  the  indomitable 


INDIA.  437 

ind  are  Mobammedans  in  religion.   When  that  the  English,  whom  they  looked  upon  as 

^  force  of  Ehyber  mountaineers,  under  their  equals  in  intelligence  and  civilization, 

Adam  Khan,  were  sent  against  the  Aka-  sent  a  horde  of  ferocious  savages  to  trample 

ind  proved  a  match  for  them  in  guerilla  upon  them.    The  military  police,  in  March, 

s,  they  made  their  submission  and  paid  1888,  consisted  mainly  of  Punjabees,  and  num- 

ne  after  their  principal  villages  had  been  bered  20,000  men.    Dacoity,  as  rebellion  was 

d.    The  Hassenzais  promised  to  pay  the  officially  called,  in  order  that  tiie  bold  and 

The  Chagarzais  remained  neutral,  but  it  patriotic  who  took  up  arms  against  the  op- 
lecided  to  compel  them  to  make  submis-  pressors  might  be  destroyed  without  quarter, 
which  they  did  before  the  end  of  Octo-  spread  from  Upper  to  Lower  Burmah.  After 
One  of  the  columns  advanced  to  Thakot  the  effective  campaign  of  1887  the  chief  rebel 
e  Indus  in  the  extreme  north,  and  from  leaders  had  all  been  killed  or  driven  out  of  the 
K>int  invaded  the  Allaiwal  country.  The  valley  of  the  Irrawaddy  into  the  outlying  re- 
is  and  the  Allaiwals  held  out  till  early  gions  where  English  rule  had  not  yet  been 
vember,  and  when  they  offered  their  suIh  established.  Tet  oppresdon  drove  others  to 
m  the  expedition  returned  to  India.  revolt,  and  new  bands  sprang  up  which  carried 
■ah. — ^The  troops  in  Upper  Burmah  num-  on  their  guerilla  operations  secretly,  returning 

27,859  in  February,  1887,  when  the  ar-  to  their  fields  after  tearing  up  the  railroad  or 

'  occupation  was  larger  than  at  any  pre-  attacking  a  police  station,  or  plundering  the 

time.    It  was  composed  of  6,781  British  friends  of  the  invaders.  When  aiscovered  they 

1,078  Indian  troops.    At  the  end  of  1887  took  op  their  abode  in  the  forest,  and  levied 

>roe  had  been  reduced  to  8,791  British  tribute  on  the  villagers  for  their  support.    In 

4,275  natives,  making  a  total  of  18,066.  order  to  combat  the  evil  without  the  expense 

xtra  army  charges  were  6,050,000  rupees  of  hunting  the  dakoits  the  Government  adopted 

85-'86,   11,600,000  rupees  in   1886-'87,  tiie  punitive  police  tax,  a  measure  that  soon 

.3,500,000  rupees  in  1887-^88,  making  a  reduced  prosperous  communities  to  starvation. 

3f  31,150,000  rupees  up  to  March  81, 1888.  Wherever  rebellion  and  disorder  existed  the 

ndian  Government,  which  formerly  drew  villagers,  taxed  already  by  the  dakoits,  are 

^  revenue  from  Burmah,  but  has  been  corapell^  to  pay  heavy  exemplary  taxes  to 

elled  to  spend  still  greater  sums  annually  the  Government,  or  often  to  corrupt  officials 

le  pacification  of  the  country  since  the  who  use  the  measure  as  a  means  of  extortion, 

test  of  Upper  Burmah,  pursues  a  policy  The  English  officials  have  no  restraints  on 

8  calculated  to  exterminate  the  Burmese  their  actions  but  their  sense  of  duty,  since  the 

in  order  that  their  fertile  country  may  judicial  evidence  of  natives  against  them  is  not 

opled  by  servile  Indian  ryots.    The  opium  admitted.     An    English    civil  officer   named 

nrnich  is  singularly  fatal  to  the  Burmese,  Powell,  after  two  villagers  who  had  committed 

breed  upon  them  for  the  benefit  of  the  no  legal  offense  had  been  killed  by  his  orders 

Q  revenue,  against  the  protests  of  the  re-  and  tlieir  brother-in-law  bound,  was  shot  by 

ible  part  of  the  community,  and  the  traffic  the  father,  and  Mr.  Hildebrand.   superintend- 

"ong  drink  has  been  encouraged  for  the  ent  of  the  Shan  states,  after  a  thorough  inves- 

purpose.  The  hatred  that  the  conquerors  tigation,  decided  that  the  man  was  justified  in 

»ked  by  suppressing  the  Buddhist  dynasty  avenging  the  butchery  of  his  sons  and  attempt- 

Imost  as  strong  in  Lower  Burmi^,  where  ing  to  rescue  his  son-in-law.    When  the  In- 

•eople  had  been  peaceful  and  orderly  for  dian  police  had  scourged  the  country  only  to 

i  century,  as  in  the  newly  annexed  prov-  produce  disorder,  a  small  Burmese  force  was 

yet,  instead  of  trying  to  allay  this  feel-  tried,  on  the  recommendation  of  Sir  Fred- 
id  winning  respect  by  a  just  and  benefi-  erick  Roberts,  with  good  results, 
rule,  the  British  took  the  course  most  The  revenue  of  Lower  Burmah  for  the  year 
'  to  fan  disaffection  into  rebellion.  Raw  1886-'87  was  80,184,790  rupees,  an  increase  of 
ignorant,  corrupt  and  brutal  administra-  4,000,000  rupees  over  the  receipts  of  the  pre- 
tibe  dregs  of  the  Indian  civil  service,  were  vious  year ;  and  the  cost  of  civil  administrar 
i  over  the  country,  who  attempted  to  tion  was  15,656,940  rupees,  leaving  a  surplus 
ice  on  the  high-spirited  Burmese  the  in-  for  military  expenditures  and  expenses  of  the 
i  tyranny  to  which  abject  Indian  races  Indian  Government  of  14,477,850  rupees.  The 
ccuatomed  to  bow  their  necks.  A  mill-  increase  of  revenue  waa  obtained  by  raising 
>olioe  recruited  from  the  treacherous  and  the  salt  duty  and  imposing  an  income-tax.  The 
thirsty  tribes  of  northern  India  was  let  province  of  Upper  Burmah  yielded  a  revenue 
on  the  country.  These  Indians  mutinied  of  about  5,200,000  rupees,  while  the  military 
Bt  their  English  officers,  who  attempted  and  police  expenditure  amounted  to  20,000,000 
itrain  their  depredations,  and  practiced  rupees.  The  railroad  between  Tounghoo  and 
le  nnarmed  inhabitants  various  forms  of  Mandalay,  220  miles  in  lenficth,  was  completed 
ice,  oppression,  and  pillage.  The  policy  in  1888,  and  a  section  of  59  miles,  reaching  to 
tarming  the  Burmese  had  left  the  indus-  Pyinraana,  was  opened  in  the  summer.  The 
I  and  honest  a  prey  to  the  robbers.    They  creditors  of  King  Thebaw  and  Queen  Soopya- 

to  have  a  police  force  raised  in  the  coun-  lat,  398  in  number,  among  them  three  Ameri- 
nd felt  it  to  be  the  harshest  of  their  ilh  cans,  presented  claims  for  ninety-eight  lakhs. 


438  INDIA. 

A  privileged  group  obtained  six  lakhs,  and  the  sioner  of  Tenasserim  that  his  snbort 

other  creditors  whose  claims  were  recognized  were  implicated  in  this  traffic.    The  c< 

two  and  a  half  lakhs.  sioner  took  no  notice  of  their  accasatio 

The  northern  Shan  states,  as  far  as  the  Sal-  some  time  afterward  a  panitiye  tax  was 

wen  river,  were  invaded  early  in  1888  by  a  col-  on  the  town.    On  their  refusal  to  pay  tl 

umn  commanded  by  Maj.  Yates,  and  most  of  which  was  illegal  because  no  dakoitii 

the  chiefs  acknowledged  allegiance  to  the  Brit-  taken  place  in  the  town,  the  poUce  sei^ 

ish  GoverDment.    The  most  powerful  of  these,  furniture,  jewelry,  and  stock  in  trade 

the  Tsawbwa  of  Thebaw,  had  been  banished  inhabitants.    The  Eachyens  north  of  1 

by  the  late  King,  but  was  restored  by  the  Brit-  attacked  the  fort  at  Mogonng  in  the  i 

ish,  and  with  their  aid  extended  his  rule  over  and  held  the  country  during  the  summ 

neighboring  territories.    Other  Tsawbwas  who  autumn  at  their  mercy.    In  November 

opposed  the  British  were  deposed  in  favor  of  tary  expedition  was  sent  against  ther 

rivals.    In  April  the  first  disturbance  occurred  the  south  the  Red  Karens  and  Shans  n 

in  Arrakan,  the  inhabitants  of  which  are  a  loyal  villages.     The  Government  in  Jn: 

distinct  race  from  the  Burmese.    A  band  of  cided  not  to  enforce  strictly  the  disarm 

dakoits  crossed  the  hills  from  the  valley  of  decree  among  the  Christian  Karens  anc 

the  Irrawaddy,  released  their  leader,  Mikhaya  mese  villagers  of  the  lower  province.    Oi 

Bo,  who  was  confined  in  Myohoung  jail,  and  9  dakoits  plundered  and  burned  Teanang^ 

burned  the  town  and  the  neighboring  village  the  headquarters  of  the  petroleum  traa< 

of  Gmoung,  where  the  people  fired  on  them,  the  time  of  the  conquest  one  of  the  gn 

Although  the  Arrakanese  hate  the  Burmese  vantages  that  the  people  were  led  to 

and  have  taken  no  part  in  the  insurrection,  was  the  abolition  of  monopolies.   The  m( 

the  policy  of  disarmament  was  carried   out  lies  of  King  Thebaw  were  abolished,  < 

among  them  as  elsewhere  throughout  Burmah.  that  of  the  teak-forests,  which  was  hel( 

The  Setkya  prince  in  Upper  Burmah  defeated  British-Indian  company.  The  British  oste 

the  military  police  in  several  encounters  in  the  began  the  war.    The  financial  exigent 

summer  of  1888.    The  Ohoungwa  prince,  an-  the  Government  and  the  jobbery  thai 

other  Alompra  pretender,  conducted  his  opera-  vails  in  the  Burman  administration  ha 

tions  with  bands  of  Shans  and  Kachyens  in  the  to  the  old  monopolies  being  reconferrc 

neighborhood  of  the  ruby-mines.    Boh  Shwa-  others  created.     The  holders  of  the 

van,  an  able  dakoit  chief,  who  led  the  revolt  rubber,  jade,  and  mlneral-oU  conoeesio] 

m  the  Tsagain  district,  was  killed  by  a  detach-  empowered  to  close  entire  districts  to  i 

ment  of  Britinh  soldiers  on  July  25.     Boh  terprises  except  their  own.    The  Clover 

Ngano  kept  the  Minbu  and  Toungdwingyee  of  India  granted  the  monopoly  of  the 

districts  in  a  state  of  disturbance.     The  Chins  mines  to  the  London  jewelry  firm  of  Sti 

of  the  Tashon  hills  captured  the  town  of  Indin  but,  owing  to  the  scandalous  manner  in 

and  held  it  till  a  force  of  1,000  men,  with  two  the  contract  was  awarded,  the  conoessic 

guns,  came  from  Mandalay  to  expel  them  in  not  confirmed.    The  Queen-mother,  Pi 

May.    The  other  Chins  joined  in  the  rising,  Soopyagee,  the  elder  sister  of  Soopyak 

and  raided  the  Kubo  and  Chindwin  valleys,  an  Alompra  prince,   who  were  confic 

The  Shwegyobin  prince  led  the  movement,  and  Mergui,  were  sent  to  India  for  greater 

the  Tsawbwa  of  Kale,  whom  the  British  had  in   June.     Deportation    as    a    precauti 

deposed,  planned  the  operations.    The  Chins  measure  was  applied  not  only  to  memb 

were  closely  pressed  by  the  troops  that  were  the  royal  family  and  political  personage 

sent  out  against  them,  and  finally  released  the  to  persons  of  all  ranks  and  conditions,  of 

new  Tsawbwa,  whom  they  had  carried  off,  60,000  had  been  sent  to  India  before  t 

and  said  that  they  were  willing  to  make  peace  tumn  of  1888.     The  chief  commisdoD 

if  their  own  plundered  cattle  were  restored,  addressing  an  assemblage  at  Myinmu, 

The  British  refused  this,  and  added  the  unac-  turbed  district,  accused  the  people  of  oo 

ceptable  condition  that  the  Shwegyobin  prince  ice  in  not  giving  information  that  wonl< 

and  other  rebels  among  them  should  be  de-  to  the  cap^re  of  dakoits  who  plundere<l 

livered  up.    The  military  authorities  contem-  and  burned  their  town.     He  threatened 

plated  an  expedition  into  the  Chin  country  in  with  hanging  or  imprisonment  across  th 

the  winter,  but  this  the  Indian  Government  and  the  confiscation  of  all  their  proper 

refused  to  sanction.   Disturbances  in  the  Tharar  that  their  wives  and  children  would  hi 

waddy  and  Tenasserim  districts  of  Lower  Bur-  beg  if  they  did  not  give  the  required  assi 

mah  were  distinctly  traceable  to  the  corrup-  to  the  Government.    Burmese  who  coir 

tion  of  the  officials  and  the  cruelty  and  crim-  the  police  to  detect  dakoits  very  rarely 

inal  excesses  of  the  police.   Arbitrary  exactions  information,  even  though  anxious  to  ser 

under  the  pretext  of  punitive  taxes  caused  a  Government,  because  their  act  was  si 

famine  in  Tharawaddy.    At  Tavoy,  a  town  come  to  the  knowledge  of  rebels,  and 

on  the  border  of  Siam,  from  which  country  be  revenged  by  a  death  of  lingering  tc 

arms,  were  smuggled  in  for  the  rebels,  the  An  emigration  scheme  has  been  devi8< 

merchants,  some  of  whom  were  Chinese  and  peopling  the  rich  bottom  lands  of  the 

some  natives  of  India,  informed  the  Commis-  waddy  with  Bengalee  emigrants.    Large 


INDIA.  INDIANA.                     439 

OD  the  Mandalay  Railway  line  are  to  when  it  was  ronted,  turned  on  the  division 

ed  on  yerj  favorable  terms  to  planters  that  had  driven  back  a  section  of  his  own 

iertake  to  cultivate  indigo,  sagar,  or  troops,  and  made  prisoners  of  the  whole  of 

oduoe,  and  bind  themselves  to  employ  them.    Pnrsning  the  broken  army  to  Mazari- 

ent.  of  natives  of  India  and  not  more  Sherif  on  the  following  day,  Gholam  completed 

per  cent,  of  Bnrmans  on  their  plan-  his  victory,  and  made  a  prisoner  of  Mohammed 

The    Indian   emigrants   are   to    be  Hosain,  commander-in-chief  of  the  defeated 

from    Calcutta   at   greatly   reduced  army.     Ishak  Khan  made  good  his  escape  into 

The  Burmese  chief  priests  at  Manda-  Russian  territory.    The  Ameer  went  into  Tur- 

ed  many  districts  and  endeavored  to  kistan  to  make  a  final  settlement  of  the  country 

>eace.  and  inquire  into  the  history  and  instigators  of 

^  the  rainy  season  pursuit  of  the  da-  the  revolt. 

mpossible,  as  the  whole  surface  of  the  HVDIAJVA.  State  GoTcnMeit — The  following 
is  covered  with  deep  mud.  When  the  were  the  State  officers  during  the  year :  6ov- 
3on  approached,  the  troops  and  police  emor,  Isaac  P.  Gray,  Democrat ;  Lieutenant- 
active  operations  against  the  rebels  Governor,  Robert  S.  Robertson,  Republican; 
defied  them  during  the  summer.  In  Secretary  of  State,  Charles  F.  Griffin,  Repub- 
Tha-Do  and  Nga-Chak,  two  notori-  lican;  Treasurer,  Julius  A.  Lemcke,  Republi- 
or  bandit  chiefs,  were  killed  by  the  can ;  Auditor,  Bruce  Carr,  Republican ;  Attor- 
i  the  Pakoku  district,  and  Gna-Bo-Ka,  ney-General,  Louis  T.  Michener,  Republican ; 
dakoit  leader,  surrendered.  On  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Harvey 
the  same  month  the  Sekya  pretender  M.  La  Follette ;  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
en  from  a  fortified  position  in  Kyoukse  William  £.  Niblack,  George  V.  Howk,  Byron 
severe  fight  The  Government  has  E.  Elliott,  Allen  Zollars,  Joseph  A.  S.  Mitchell, 
ustomed  to  grant  amnesties  to  dacoits  Fi]u»M& — For  the  fiscal  year  ending  October 
rendered  themselves,  promised  to  re-  81,  the  receipts  of  the  State  treasury  were 
Bi  particular  village,  and  found  securi-  $8,576,091.78;  cash  on  hand  at  the  beginning 
their  good  behavior,  and  in  this  way  of  the  year,  $878,941.21 ;  total,  $8,949,086.99. 
ngerous  marauders  were  induced  to  The  disbursements  during  the  same  period 
WD  to  peaceful  occupations.  Before  were  $8,621,809.88,  leaving  a  balance  of  $827,- 
aning  of  the  winter  campaign.  Chief-  726.16  on  October  81.  In  his  message,  in  Jan- 
ioner  Crosthwaite  announced  his  de-  nary,  1889,  the  Governor  says: 
Ion  to  grant  no  more  pardons  except  ^he  last  General  Assembly  faUed  to  pass  the  gen- 
ftl  reasons.  ^  eral  appropriation  bill  for  the  support  of  the  State  and 
rember  an  expedition  was  sent  m  two  itn  institutions,  or  to  provide  for  the  completion  of  the 
,  one  from  Upper  and  one  from  Lower  State-house^  tne  three  additional  hospitals  for  the  in- 

against  the  eastern  Karennees,  who  ^^i  ^^J®  ^JI^^t^^Tn^^'l  feeble-minded  youth,  the 

uTT  i««^  ^*  i3^«.;„v  *«:iv„4.„w:««  Soldiers*  and  Sailors*  Orphans'  Home,  and  the  soldiers' 

the  land  of  Bntish  tnbutanes.  monument.    At  first  it  seemed  as  though  the  failure 

stlB.— The  Cyovernment  of  India  an-  to  enact  such  legislation  would  leave  the  State  in  such 

the  intention  of  sending  Henry  Du-  a  financial  condition  that  it  would  be  impossible  to 

.  Foreign  Secretary,  on  a  confidential  meet  the  current  expenses  of  the  State  and  the  addi- 

to  the  Ameer  of  Cabul  in  October,  ^^"^^  obligations  which  the  State  had  incurred  by  so 

1^^   iuij«  j^uMs^M.  vx   v/»v/vi     **  v,v/«vi/«»,  many  pubuc  improvements,  or  to  complete  any  of  the 

It  the  war  between  Abdurrahman  and  new  institutions ;  but,  contrary  to  the  most  sanjruine 

n,  Ishak  Khan,  Governor  of  Afghan  expectation,  nearly  all  the  ooliffations  of  the  State 

1,  interfered  with  the  plan  and  caused  have  been  met— the  interest  on  flie  public  debt  paid 

lement  of  the  embassy.    The  war  be-  S».^«i-  P'^^?^°*,<'i  ^«  *<?  ^  ^^^, \^^  Soldiers*  and 

^  ♦-.^  .^«..^<.^.«  ^fi  -n^-*  xi^u^^^^A  Sailors'  Orphans'  Home  at  Knightstown  rebmlt;  the 

le  two  grandsons  of  Dost  Mohammed  ^^^^  for  the  mstitution  for  feSble-minded  youth  at 

a  m  Isbak^s  preparations  to  assert  his  Fort  Wayne  purchased  and  the  construction  of  the 

the  succession  when  Abdurrahman  building  commenced ;  the  Hospital  for  Insane  at  Lo- 

and  was  expected  to  die.     On  re-  gansport  completed,  equipped,  and  opened  for  recep- 

the  Ameer  summoned  Ishak  to  his  tion  of  patients:  the  hospitals  at  EvansviUe  and  Rioh- 

j   xL     ,  TJ    """'"'^^^^  *«  «»^       1    I  mond  completed  ready  tor  equipment  and  furnishing. 

id  the  latter,  knowing  that  he  had  ^              j      ^  r                         -o 

offended  his  cousin,  instead  of  ac-  During  the  past  two  fiscal  years  the  State 

he  invitation  and  going  to  Cabul  to  debt  has  been  increased  by  two  temporary  loans 

death,  prepared  to  fight.    Gholam  of  $340,000  each,  bearing  date  of  April  1, 1887, 

he  Ameer's  general,  led  a  powerful  and  April  2,  1888,  from  which  the  interest  on 

Inst  Ishak.    The  Ameer's  troo])s  had  the  debt  was  paid.     The  total  debt  is  now 

idvantage  in  the  rifles  and  artillery  $6,770,608.34,  of  which  the  sum  of  $3,904,- 

l  by  the  Indian  Government.    After  783.22  is  in  the  form  of  school-fund  bonds  held 

iry  engagements,  the  two  armies  met  by  the  State  for  the  benefit  of  schools,  $340,- 

li  battle  at  Tashkurgan.     One  of  the  000  is  held  by  Purdue  University,  and  $144,000 

divisions,  commanded  by  the  Gov-  for  the  benefit  of  the  State  University  by  the 

Badakshan,  was  routed  in  the  begin-  State  Treasurer.    The  remainder  of  the  debt, 

he  fight,  but  the  fortune  of  the  day  $2,881,825.12,  is  taken  by  New  York  banks, 

eved  by  Gholam  Haidar's  successful  €haritle& — The  superintendent  of  the  Insane 

I  the  main  body  of  the  enemy,  and.  Hospital  reports  that  at  the  beginning  of  the 


440  INDIANA. 

fiscal  year,  Oct  81,  1886,  there  were  1,588  copal  Oharch,  of  Terre  Ilaute,  offered  its 

patients  at  the  institution,  696  being  men  and  ing,  and  this  and  a  portion  of  the  Terre 

892  women.    To  this  namber  were  added  dar-  High-School,  which  was  also  offered,  e 

ing  the  year  697.    There  were  discharged  in  the  work  of  the  schools  to  go  on  withe 

the  same  period  887  men  and  801  women,  a  temiption.    The  city  of  Terre  Haute  als 

total  of  688,  and  there  were  84  deaths,  leaving  $50,000  toward  the  erection  of  a  new  bn 

1,518  patients  at  the  end  of  the  year.    The  suit  which  has  been  completed  so  far  as  the 

brought  in  1887  by  the  State  to  oust  Directors  iron,  and  stonework  are  concerned. 

Harrison  and  Gapen  from  the  governing  board  The  Capltil. — On  October  22  the  State 

of  the  institution,  failed  in  its  object.    This  tol  building,  which  had  been  in  course  o 

hospital  has  long  been  inadequate  to  the  needs  straction  since  1879,  was  completed.    L 

of  the  State,  many  insane  persons  being  sup-  the  year  the  Capitol  Gommission  rendei 

ported  at  ill-equipped  county  institutions.    An  final  report,  showing  the  following  yeai 

act  was  passed  in  1888  providing  for  the  con-  penditures:    1879,   $182,085.69;    1880, 

struction  of  three  additional  hospitals ;  but  the  760.47;  1881,  $201,681.67;  1882,  $187,0 

failure  of  the  last  Legislature  to  make  appro-  1888,  $52,891.72;    1884,    $286,178.97; 

priations  delayed  their  completion.     One  of  $424,825.65;  1886,  $818,510.88;  1887, 

these,  however,  the  Northern  Hospital  at  Lo-  082.91 ;    1888,  $178,888.72.     These  am 

gansport,  was  completed  and  equipped  during  with  the  sum  of  $50,491.68  expended 

the  year,  being  opened  for  patients  on  June  26.  commission  from  May  24,  1877,  when  ' 

It  was  rapidly  filled  from  county  poor-houses  organized,  to  Dec.  81,  1878,  make  th< 

and  jails,  and  contained  at  the  end  of  the  year  expenditure  $2,191,859.42.     Of  this  ai 

188  men  and  140  women;  in  all  828  persons.  $1,560,658.82  were  raised  by  taxation, 

The  estimated  capacity  of  the  hospital  is  866  500  by  issuing  ten-year  bonds,  maturi 

inmates.  1895,  and  $200,000  by  appropriation  in 

The  Soldiers'  and  Sailors*  Orphans'  Home  at  general  fund. 

Enightstown  contains  accommodations  for  only  BaflrMUto. — The  assessment  for  1888 

800  children,  but  at  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  railroads  in  the  State  amounted  to  $64,21 

in  1888  there  were  840  in  the  institution  and  life-fKack. — ^The  following  returns  foi 

100  additional  on  the  rolls  as  applicants  for  ad-  are  given  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics: 

mission.    During  the  year,  195  applicants  were  her  of  horses,  587,709;  mules,  60,188; 

admitted  and  21  inmates  discharged.    The  re-  (including  milch  cows),  1,848,478 ;  she* 

ceipts  from  the  State  treasury  for  the  year  were  266,109.    These  figures  show  an  increas 

$55,580,  and  the  disbursements  $54,447.85.  1887,  except  in  the  sheep  industry.    The 

The  School  for  the  Feeble-Minded,  being  separ  product  has  also  decreased,  being  8,6 

rated  from  the  Orphans'  Home  by  act  of  the  pounds  against  4,197,000  pounds  in  1887 

last  Legislature  lias  been  temporarily  domiciled  Couty  StettrtteSi — The  total  expendito 

at  the  £astem  Insane  Asylum  at  Richmond,  ninety  of  the  ninety-two  counties  of  the 

now  in  process  of  erection,  until  permanent  for  1887  was  $6,110,802,  and  for  1888  $ 

Quarters  at  Fort  Wayne  can  be  completed.  645.    Sixty-nine  county  asylums  support 

rand  has  been  purchased  at  the  latter  place,  needy  inmates,  and  forty-five  county  jail 

and  buildings  are  in  process  of  erection.    On  tain  7,467  convicts. 

October  81  there  were  289  pupils,  an  increase  CmI  and  Natiral  Gas* — One  of  the  mo 

of  179  from  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the  law,  portant  resources  of  the  State  is  its  o 

and  of  184  from  Oct.  81,  1887.  posits,  which  cover  about  7,000  square 

The  State  institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  These  coal-beds  are   found  in    the   f 

had  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  an  attendance  ing  counties :.  Warren,   Fountain,  Yen 

of  818,  and  the  institution  for  the  blind  144.  Parke,  Vigo,  Clay,   Sullivan,  Green, 

PrlMBSt — The  number  of  prisoners  at  the  Dubois,  Pike,  Perry,  Spencer,  Knox,  G 

Northern  Prison  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  Vanderburg,  and  Posey.    Olay  County 

was  702,  and  at  the  Southern  Prison  589.    At  largest  coal-producing  county,  having  i 

the  reformatory  for  boys  there  were  462  per-  eight  mines;  Gibson  County  the  sraalles 

sons.  ing  only  three  mines.    During  1887  the 

The  Women's  Reformatory  contained  in  its  uct  of  220  mines  was  8.217,711  tons ;  • 

penal  department  on  October  81,  55  convicts,  1886    the  product  of    208  mines  was 

and  in  the  girls'  reformatory  158  inmates.    The  8,000,000  tons.    Natural  gas,  which  ha 

receipts  from  industries  carried  on  at  the  insti-  recently  been  known  to  exist  in  the  Sta' 

tution  last  year  were  $8,827.50,  and  the  man-  been  discovered  in  twenty-two  counties, 

agers  claim  that  the  inmates  are  nearly  self-  are  now  in  operation  about  125  gas-well 

supporting.  ducint;  1,000,000  cubic  feet  of  gas  a  day. 

Momal  SchMb. — The  State  Normal  School  at  ilMtlM  Frtids. — ^Early  in  the  year  Ui< 
Terre  Haute  suffered  the  entire  loss  of  its  build-  ernment  succeeded  in  securing  a  new  1 
ing  and  library  by  a  fire  on  April  9.  At  that  the  persons  charged  with  forging  tally- 
time  there  were  624  students  at  the  institution,  showing  false  returns  of  the  congrei 
representing  eighty  of  the  ninety-two  counties  election  in  1886  at  Indianapolis,  an  ac 
of  the  State.    The  Centenary  Methodist  Epis-  having  been  obtained  in  the  former  trial 


INDIANA.  441 

bis  trial  was  a  verdict  of  gniltj,  ren-  in  his  neighbor  which  is  so  essential  to  a  good  state 

January  28,  against  Simeon  Ooy  and  ^Jk*^'®^!^*.  ^i^^  ^""""^h  distrust,  and  oon^ion. 

;«     A     u^ V™  -    ^u:i^  a4.^*.kV.«.   T  The  result  18,  that  some  who  are  oon.sidered  good  citi- 

•  \  Kernhamer,  while  Stephen  J.  ^^^  openly  applaud  the  doings  of  the  "  White  Caps,»' 

he  third   defendant,  was  acqnitted.  and  others  are  silent  who  should  be  loud  in  oon- 

for  a  new  trial  was  denied,  and  the  demnation.    The  newspapers  have  said  but  little  in 

B  were  sentenced  to  the  State  Prison  disapproval,  and  of  those  who  have  openly  stood  for 

en  months  and  one  year  respectively,  tl»e  enforoement  of  kw,  a  number  have  been  threat- 

L*.^       •          1L          ^r^  *'^*'r«^*'»  ^v»  eued  ^j^  violence.    As  one  result  of  such  a  state  of 

5ht  fine  m  each  case.    Coy  and  Uern-  affairs,  there  has  been  recently  oreanized  there,  as  I 

3n  applied  to  Justice  Harlan,  of  the  am  mformed,  a  body  known  as  *^  Black  Caps '' :  and 

Ates  Supreme  Gourt,  for  a  writ  of  it  is  said  Uiat  they  place  armed  men  each  night  on 

ich  the  latter  refused  by  a  decision  the  roads  m  the  repon  most  infested  bythe^^^hite 

^«i-  ;«  'u-».^k      Ti>;-  A^^i^i^^  «,«.  Caps,"  with  instructions  to  fire  upon  any  band  of  the 

early  m  March.     This  decision  was  ^^^^  ^Ynch  they  may  And.    Thwis  the  Inevitable  re- 

)y  the  full  bench   ot  the  court  at  guit  of  a  long  and  widely  spread  defiance  and  violap 

>n  in  May.  tion  of  the  law  without  punishment. 

"•  ^f?^""-^  ^^'■^^  organization  of  ^he  State  authorities  at  once  took  active 

by  this  name  has  existed  for  several  measures  to  destroy  the  organization,  if  possi- 

le  southern  part  of  the  State.    One  ^,1     ^^^  ^  l^^ng  the  members  to  justice.    At 

9t  principles  is  said  to  be  that  no  ^j^^  ^^^  ^^  ^.j^^          ^^^  Governor  says,  in  his 

II  live  In  the  region  dominated  by  it ;  messaffe  • 

>  undertakes  to  drive  away  all  per-  ^^ 

incur  its  displeasure.     It  proceeds  Evidence  was  finally  procured  against  the  principal 

«?««  A  »»».;»»  f^  1aa«ta  ♦k^  Qfofo  participants,  who  were  indicted  and  their  trials  set 

ving  a  warning  to  leave  the  State,  f^^  jy^  ^  Iggg      j,^^  defendants  have  taken  a 

lisregarded,  is  followed  by  amidmght  change  of  venue,  and  the  time  of  trial  is  now  fixed 

from  members  of  the  order.      The  for  March  26.    Additional  evidence  has  been  obtamed, 

taken  from  his  house  and  severely  which  will  lead  to  the  indictment  of  several  others. 

or  otherwise  abused;   his  life  is  in  ^  T'r.'?''  ""T^fil^Z^^^i^S^^tiilSIjJaw 

he  chooses  to  remain  after  this  treat-  ^Tppres^ed         The  Uwlessness  has  been  completely 

he  counties  of  Crawford,   Orange,  « ..^   /    rr.i.     o*  ^               .                        j 

arrison,   Spencer,  and  Dubois   have  ^«^^^\®*^,^  'S'^t^l??  '^^^  ""P??^ 

suffered  from  these  outrages  by  the  o^  ^arc^  16,  when  the  ProliibitionisU  met  m 

ps.    In  the  early  parti  of  the  year  the  convention  at  Indianapolis  and  nominated  the 

Sn   was   unusually   active,  and   the  following  ticket:  For  Governor,  J.  S.  Hughes; 

orities  seemed  nowerless  to  bring  the  LieutenMit-Govern^  John  W.  Baxter ;  Secre- 

to  justice.     In  August,  Attorney-  i?ry  of  State,  Dr.  W.  A.  Spurgeon;  Auditor, 

£ichener,  at  the  request  of  the  Gov-  Jhomas   Marvel;    Treasurer,    Allen  Furnw; 

de  a  tour  of  severd  of  the  southern  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  0.  H. 

for  the  purpose  of  investigating  the  ^^^^^,^^^X  ^^P^^^f,,^^  the  Supreme  Court 

of  affairs.     His  reportTespecially  T.    0.    Barnes ;    Attorney-General,    Elwood 

)  Crawford  County,  the  center  of  the  5°^^'  '^  w^^xr  ^t  '^®  I^'^^^TtP'^^^  «  "^ 

was  made  in  September,  and  con-  S??^"°^  J-  ?•  ^S^^  ^f^'^Jv^-  ^'  Oonej; 

followinir-  Third,     Newton    Burrell.      The    resolutions 

/^,     .            ,    ,    ,     V.    V  adopted  include  the  following : 
ition  of  ai&drs  is  not  only  deplorable  but 

For  at  least  two  years  paist  the  most  out-  ^e  |>reBent  to  our  fellow-dUzens  the  one  over- 

mses  have  been  committed  with  impunity  shadowing  crime— the  liquor  traffic.    We  are  unal- 

V^hite  Caps";  they  have  in  many  ways  terably  opposed  to  the  enactment  of  laws  that  propose 

ir  entire  disregard  for  the  law  and  its  to  license,  tax,  or  otherwise  to  regulate  the  drink 

ey  have  driven  citizens  out  of  the  county  traffic,  be<»use  they  provide  for  its  continuance, 

^le  State ;  they  have  cruelly  whipped  their  We  believe  in  a  free  and  carefully-protected  ballot, 

he  villages  of  the  oounty  wi^out  molests-  unrestricted  by  sex. 

have  dragged  larjgre  numbers  of  persons  We  favor  applying  the  golden  rule  to  the  relations 
beds  and  whipped  them  until  the  blood  of  capital  ana  labor,  and  arbitration  in  cases  of  con- 
he  ground ;  they  have  repeatedly  flogged  flict,  out  the  best  interests  of  both  capital  and  labor 
»men  until  life  was  nearly  extiuct,  and  they  demand  the  prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic, 
red  the  publication  of  their  law-defying  We  view  with  alarm  the  growing  desecration  of  the 
he  newspapers  of  the  county.  I  have  not  Lord^s  day  and  the  efforts  making  by  the  liouor  power 
uled  statement  of  these  outrages,  for  they  to  repeal  the  laws  protecting  it,  and  we  call  upon  all 
Men  so  notorious  that  you  are,  doubtless,  good  citizens  to  join  us  in  maintaining  these  laws. 

i  biSd*^"'^hitr'Caps""othera'fS?S?g  The  Democratic  State  Convention  met  at 

toe,  and  now  it  is  generally  believed  that  Indianapolis  on  April  26,  and  made  the  follow- 

mnds  are  confederated  together  in  one  ing  nominations :  For  Governor,  Courtland  C. 

luation,  covering  portions  of  three  or  four  Matson;     Lieutenant-Governor,     William    R. 

The  number  and  the  character  of  the  viola-  \r„^^ .  a^«««4.„-«.  ^^  q*^*^    i?    w   1^;^^ .    A  n 

r  to  which  I  have  briefly  alluded,  and  the  Myers ;  Secretary  of  State,  R.  W.  Miers ;  An- 

ief  that  all  these  bands  are  combined  in  an  dilor,  Charles  A.  Munson ;  Treasurer,  1  homas 

1  of  oflfbnse  and  defense,  have  brought  Byrnes;    Reporter  of  Supreme  Court,  John 

fn  of  terror  in  the  localities  infested  by  the  w.  Kern :  Attorney-General,  John  R.  Wilson  ; 

'^7^nv'^''^tht^^^^\e^  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  E.  E. 

18  been  so  depreciated  that  itoan  not  be  (Griffith ;  Supreme  Judges,  First  District,  Will- 

of  its  value.    No  one  has  that  confidence  iam  £.  Niblack;  Second  District,  GeOrge  Y. 


442  INDIANA. 

Howk ;  Third  District,  Allen  Zollars.  A  plat-  tendent  of  Pablio  Instraction,  R.  M.  La  Fol- 
form  was  adopted,  commanding  the  adminis-  lette ;  Jadges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  First  Dis- 
tration  of  President  Cleveland,  demanding  a  trict,  S.  D.  Coffey ;  Second  District,  John  G. 
reduction  of  the  tariff  as  recommended  in  the  Berkshire ;  Fourth  District,  Walter  Olds ;  Re- 
President's  message,  favoring  liberal  pensions,  porter  of  the  Supreme  Court,  John  L.  Griffiths, 
and  approving  Gov.  Gray^s  administration  and  The  resolutions  commend  the  work  of  the  Na- 
his  candidacy  for  the  vice-presidential  nomiu-  tional  Convention,  especially  tiie  nominadoD  of 
ation.    Its  other  declarations  were  as  follow :  Gen.  Harrison,  and  treat  at  length  of  State  and 

The  Democratic  party,  being  of  the  people  and  for  ^^^  '^^^^^  ^  foUows : 
the  people,  favors  such  leffislation  as  will  guarantee        Crimes  against  an  equal  ballot  and  equal  reprweD- 

the  Broadest  protection  to  the  interests  and  welfiare  of  lation  are  destructive  of  free  government.    The  ini- 

the  industrial  masses ;  it  recognizes  the  fact  that  labor  quitous  and  unfair  apportionment  for  congressioiul 

is  the  producer  of  the  wealth  of  a  nation,  and  that  and  legislative  purposes,  made  at  the  behest  of  the 

laws  should  be  so  fVamed  as  to  enoouraj?e  and  pro-  liquor  league  of  Incfiana,  followed  by  conspiracy  aod 

mote  tiie  interest,  progreHS,  and  prosperity  of  all  forgery  upon  the  election  returns  of  1886,  in  Marion 

classes,  and  especially  of  all  laboring  people.  County,  for  which  a  number  of  prominent  Demoontifi 

We  recognixe  the  right  of  all  men  to  organize  for  leaders  were  indicted  and  tried,  two  of  whom  are  now 

social  or  material  advancement ;  the  right  of  wage-  suffering  the  deserved  penalty  of  their  acts,  denuod 

workers  to  use  all  lawful  means  to  protect  themselves  the  rebuke  of  every  patriotic  citizen.    The  genr- 

against  the  encroachments  of  moneyed  monopolists,  mander,  by  which  more  than  half  of  the  people  of  tne 

and  the  right  to  fix  a  price  for  their  labor  commensur-  State  are  snom  of  their  just  rights,  must  be  repoiJed 

ate  with  the  work  required  of  them,  and  we  hold  that  said  constitutional  apportionments   made,  whereby 

every  man  has  the  nght  to  dispose  of  his  own  labor  the  votes  of  members  of  all  political  parties  shall  be 

upon  Puch  terms  as  he  may  think  will  best  promote  given  equal  force  and  effect,  equal  poUtical  right*  to 

his  interests.    In  relations  between  capital  and  labor  Je  the  only  basis  of  a  truly  dcmoorauc  and  republicia 

the  Democratic  party  favors  such  measures  and  poll-  form  of  government. 

oies  as  will  promote  harmony  between  them,  and  will        xhe  action  of  the  Democrats  in  the  last  Genenl  As- 

adequately  protect  the  rights  and  intereste  of  both,  ^embly  was  revolutionary  and  criminal.     The  will  of 

We  freely  mdorse  and  approve  the  laws  passed  pur-  the  people  expressed  in  a  peaceable  and  lawful  eko- 

suant  to  the  demands  of  former  Democratic  conven-  tion,  aovised  and  participated  in  by  the  J^emocntie 

tions  making  provision  for  the  safety  and  protection  party,  was  set  at  oefianoe.  and  the  Constitution  and 

of  laborers  and  miners,  and  providing  for  the  collec-  fa^g  gg  expounded  by  uie  Supreme  Court  of  the 

tion  of  their  wages,  and  are  in  favor  of  all  other  United  States  disregarded  and  nullified.    Public  and 

enactments  to  that  end  which  may  be  necessary  and  private  rights  were  subverted  and  destroyed,  and  the 

proper.        .,,,      ,^       .     .        «,.«         ,  Capitol  cm  the  State  disgraoed  by  violence  and  bniul- 

It  18  provided  by  the  Constitution  of  this  State  that  ity.    The  alleged  election  of  a  United  Sutes  Senator 

the  liberty  of  the  people  should  be  protected,  and  ^raa  accomplished  by  ftnud  and  forced   by  hi^h- 

that  their  private  property  should  not  be  taken  with-  handed  usurpatiotf  of  power,  the  overthrow  of  oou- 

out  just  compensation,  and  we  are  opposed  to  any  Btitutional  and  legal  forms,  the  setting  aside  of  the 

change  in  the  Constitution  tending  to  weaken  these  results  of  a  popular  election,  and  the  theft  of  the  pw- 

safeguards,  or  to  any  legislation  which  asserts  the  rogativesof  duly  elected  and  qualified  members  of  the 

power  to  take  or  destroy  the  private  property  of  any  Legislature.    tW  stolen  senatorship  is  part  of  tbe 

portion  of  the  people  ot  this  State  without  corapensa-  Democratic  administration  at  Waslungton,  now  in 

tion  or  which  uiyustiy  interferes  with  their  personal  power  by  virtue  of  public  crimes  and  the  nullifica- 

liberty  as  to  what  they  shall  eat  or  drink^  or  as  to  the  {Jou  of  Constitution  and  laws, 
kind  of  clothing  they  shall  wear,  believing  that  the        We  favor  pLicing  all  public  institutions  under  a 

government  should  be  admmistered  in  that  way  beet  wisely  conceived  and  honestiy  administered  dvil- 

calculated  to  confer  the  ^atest  good  upon  the  great-  service  law. 

est  number,  without  sacrificing  the  rights  of  person  or        i^  the  interests  of  labor  we  fkvor  the  establishment 

of  property,  and  leaving  the  innocent  creeds,  habits,  and  permanent  maintenance  of  a  bureau  of  labor  st»- 

customs,  and  busmess  of  the  people  unlettered  by  tistics.     We  favor  the  passage  and  strict  enforcement 

sumptuary  laws,  class  legislation,  or  extortionate  mo-  of  laws  which  wUl  absolutely  prevent  the  competi- 

nopolios.     While  standing  faithfully  by  the  rights  of  tion  of  imported  servile,  convict,  or  oontnuA  bborof 

property  and  personal  liberty  guaranteed  to  the  peo-  ^n  kinds  with  fiw  bbor ;  prohibit  the  emplovment 

pie  by  the  Constitution,  we  distinctly  decUre  that  we  of  young  children  in  factories  and  mines ;  guanntee 

are  in  favor  of  sobriety  and  temperance,  and  all  to  workingmen  the  most  favorable  oonditiona  for 

proper  means  for  the  promotion  of  these  virtues,  but  their  service,  especially  proper  safeguaixls  for  life  and 

we  believe  that  a  well-regulated  license  system  and  comfort  in  mines  and  fectones,  on  ndlwavs  and  in  aU 

reasonable  and  iust  laws  upon  the  subject,  taithf\illy  hazardous  occupations ;  to  secure  which  the  dntiea 

enforced,  would  be  better  than  extreme  measures,  and  powere  of  the  State  Mine-Inspector  should  be  en- 

which,  being  subversive  of  personal  libertv  and  in  larged,  and  provision  made  whereby  only  skilled  and 

conflict  with  public  sentiment,  would  never  be  effect-  competent  men  can  be  phioed  in  positions  where  they 

ively  executed,  thus  bnnging  law  into  disrepute  and  ^ay  be  in  control  of  the  lives  and  safety  of  othen; 

tending  to  make  sneaks  and  hypocrites  of  our  people.  eiJorce  tbe  certain  and  fVeaueut  payment  of  wa^j 

_,      T>       tv         dA.  J.     r^  J.'  A.  abndge  the  hours  of  labor  wiierever  practicable;  ana 

The  Kepublican  Btate  Convention   met   on  provide  for  the  submiasion  to  just  and  impartial  arbi- 

August  8,  at  Indianapolis.     Strenuous  efforts  tration.  under  regulations  that  will  make  the  arbitra- 

were  made  to  induce  Ex-Gov.  Albert  G.  Por-  tion  effective,  all  controversies  between  workingmen 

ter  to  accept   the   gubernational  nomination,  a«^  their  ernplovers.    The  right  of  waoe-worken  to 

but  upon  bdng  assu?^  of  his  absolute  refusal!  ^Tn ttt  qTero^df^""'"*'"  oTtheir  mutual 
the  convention  nominated  Congressman  Alvin       The  amendments  to  the  State  Constitution  making 

P.  Hovey,  on  the  second  ballot.     The  remain-  the  terms  of  county  officers  four  years,  and  striking 

der  of  the  ticket  was  completed  as  follows:  outthe  word  **  white  "from  section  1,  Article  XlLw 

Lieatenan^Governor,  Ira  J.  Chase;  Secretary  J^S?tirl2J^^rrThe"d'^o?th:C.rIho^d^ 

of  State,  Charles  P.  Gnffin;  Auditor,  Bruce  newed. 

Carr;  Treasurer,  Julias  A.  Lemoke ;  Superin-       Politics  and  legislation  should  be  kept  fireefhunthi 


IOWA.  443 

«  of  the  saloon.    The  liquor  trafflo  must  obey  for  the  fiscal  year  1888  largely  exceeded  the 

'.     We  favor  legislation  upon  the  principle  expenditures 

iort'  i^^X  t  :nZj  r" rr  U««.««  »«I.^The  Twenty-second  Gen- 

ontrol  or  suppress  the  traflElc  in  intoxicating  ©ral  Assembly  convened   on  January  9,  and 

was  in  session  three  months.  United  States 
«ratio  fllibusteriuff  in  the  national  House  of  Senator  James  F.  Wilson,  who  received  the 
ntatives  nreventea  the  return  to  the  treasury  Republican  nomination,  was  re-elected  for  a 
State  of  Indiana  the  sum  of  $904,876.33,  the  ^^Jl^n  ♦«•«,  tk^*  rk^n«^^»«4^^  ^^^aia^*^^  „,«- 
If  which  claim  against  the  General  Govemient  second  term.  The  Democratic  candidate  was 
n  ofScially  acknowledged  and  its  repayment  T.  J.  Anderson,  and  the  Labor  candidate  Dan- 
d  for.  Like  hostile  Democratic  action  lias  also  iel  Oampbell.  Bv  far  the  most  important 
ed  the  return  to  our  State  treasury  of  $606,-  feature  of  the  session  was  its  legislation  affect- 
discount  and  interest  on  war^loan  bonds,  •  railroads,  which  is  discuss^  below.  A 
d  necessary  to  eqmp  and  mamtain  the  volun-  ©   *«»"v»^«»    »ta^ivxx  *o  *j*dv«w«jm    uoivw.   ^^ 

diers  who  went  out  under  the  first  call  for  new  pharmacy  law  was  passed  which  forbids 

in  1861.    More  than  a  million  and  a  half  of  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquor  by  any  mann- 

justly  due  the  State,  are  thus  withheld  in  the  facturer  or   dealer   other   than    a  registered 

?,  ^'L^^ii?^!^"?  Federal  surplus  and  of  a  pharmacist.    It  amends  the  former  law  so  that 

"^^S^'SJei^^ig^t^Xf^iB^^r-  a  person  manufacturing  lawfully  in  the  State 

may  not  sell  to  persons  outside  the  State  for 

-e  was  also  a  Union  Labor  ticket  in  the  purposes  other  than  medicinal.    The  act  also 

leaded  by  John  B.  Milroy.    The  can-  provides  additional   requirements   to  be  ob- 

as  one  of  great  interest  and  excitement,  served  in  order  to  obtain  permits  to  sell  liquors 

ous  efforts  were  made  by  the  Republi-  for  medicinal  purposes,  and  imposes  severer 

y  take  the  State  from  Democratic  con-  penalties  on  pharmacists  convicted  of  illegal 

specially  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  selling.     Evasion  of  the  prohibitory  law  ia 

)ntial  candidate  of  their  party  was  from  thereby  made  more  difficult  and  dangerous* 

a.    These  efforts,  aided  by  the  popular-  The  so-called  **  trusts"  are  mode  unlawful  by 

jren.  Harrison,  were  successful  in  secnr-  the  following  act : 

e  election  of  tfie  entire  State  and  Na-  g^^^^  ^   I^        corporation  organized  under  the 

ticket     Gen.  ilarnson  obtained  263,361  i^^  of  this  State  or  any  other  State  or  country  tbr 

Mr.    Cleveland,    261,018;    Mr.    Fisk,  transacting  or  conducting  any  kind  of  business  in  this 

and  Mr.   Streeter    about   2,700.     For  State,  or  anv  partnership  or  individual  shall  create, 

lor,    Hovey    obtained    263,194    votes;  ^^^I'j"*?'  ^>^^^  \  member  of  or  a  part^  to  any 

aae\  aaj     tt     u        a  aoa A  \r:^  ^J  pooli  trust,  agreement,  oombmation,  or  confederation 

''i^^*5^^ '  .?"»^^,  ^'®^^ '  and  Milroy,  ^.^^  ^y  o^hlr  corporation,  partners^iip,  or  individual 

The  Repubhcans  elected  only  three  out  to  regulate  or  fix  the  price  of  oil,  lumber,  coal,  grain, 

teen  Congressmen,  a  loss  of  four  seats.  flour,  provisions,  or  any  other  commodity  or  article 

L   Stale  CSOTCriMStt The  followinir  were  whatever ;  or  shall  create,  enter  into,  become  a  mem- 

ate  offioeni  dnmig  the  year:  Governor.  o^'e^^^S^^ J^ ro^t^rolrr^'^^^ 

n    Larrabee,    Kepubiican;    Lieutenant-  of  anv  commodity  or  article  to  be  manufactured, 

lor,  John  A.  T.  Hull ;  Secretary  of  State,  minea,  produced,  or  sold  in  this  State,  shall  be  deemea 

D.  Jackson ;  Auditor,  James  A.  Lyons;  guilty  of  a  conspiracy  to  defraud,  and  be  subject  to 

rer,  Voltaire  P.  Twombley;  Attorney-  "idiotment  and  punishment  as  provided  in  Uienext 

d,  A.  J.  Baker;  Superintendent  of  Pub-  ^s^'2.  Any  person  or  corporation  found  guilty  of 
tructiOD,  Henry  Sabin ;  Railroad  Cora-  a  violation  of  this  act  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  of 
lers,  Peter  A.  Dey,  Lorenzo  S.  Coffin,  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars^  nor  to  exceed  five 
led  by  ex-Lieutenant-Govemor  Frank  thousand  dollars,  and  stand  committed  until  such  fine 

upbell,  and  Spencer  Smith ;  Chief -Jus-  **  P*"*^ 

the  Supreme  Court,  William  H.  Seevers ;  Another  act  provides  for  the  levy  of  an 
i,  James  H.  Roth  rock,  Joseph  R.  Reed,  additional  property  tax  of  three  tenths  of  a 
M.  Beck,  and  Gifford  S.  Robinson.  mill,  the  proceeds  of  which  shall  be  expended 
MM* — During  the  past  fiscal  year  the  for  the  relief  and  for  the  funeral  expenses  of 
debt  has  been  gradually  diminishing,  indigent  soldiers  and  sailors  and  their  families, 
ne  80,  1887,  the  amount  of  outstanding  A  ^^  Soldier's  Relief  Commmission  "  is  created 
its  was  $455,987.30,  which  had  been  re-  for  each  county,  with  power  to  award  the 
on  May  25  of  this  year  to  $324,772.60,  money  raised  under  this  act,  and  to  distribute 
IS  still  fnrther  diminished  before  the  end  it  according  to  such  award.  The  State  was 
year.  A  part  of  this  debt,  $245,435.19,  redistricted  for  members  of  the  Lower  House, 
mts  an  indebtedness  of  the  State  to  the  one  hundred  representatives  being  apportioned 
fund.  By  the  so-called  Hutchison  law  to  ninety-four  districts.  A  tax  of  half  a  mill 
Legislature  this  year,  the  direct  war-  was  levied  for  the  years  1888  and  1889  to  pro- 
refunded  to  the  State  by  the  General  vide  funds  for  paying  the  State  debt.  Among 
iment,  is  to  be  applied,  first  to  the  pay-  the  special  appropriations  were  $17,000  for 
*f  this  debt  to  the  school  fund,  the  re-  improvements  on  the  State  Capitol ;  $5,000 
jr,  if  any,  being  added  to  the  general  for  the  site  and  foundation  of  a  State  soldiers' 

e.  It  is  believed  that  this  tax,  if  re-  monument;  $102,000  for  furnishing  and  equip- 
,  would  be  sufficient  to  wipe  out  the  meut  of  the  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Cla- 
State  debt.    The  receipts  of  the  treasury  rinda ;  $58,000  for  additional  lands,  a  new 


444  IOWA. 

building,  and  other  improvements  at  the  Monnt  Sallmdfli — In  his  message  to  the  Legislature, 
Pleasant  Hospital ;  $28,750  for  improveinents  in  January,  Gov.  Larrabee  suggested  several 
at  the  Independence  Hospital ;  $30,000  for  the  measures  restrictive  of  railroads.  A  few  daji 
State  Normal  School ;  $17,084.80  for  the  Ool-  later,  in  his  second  iuaugural  address,  he  dwdt 
lege  for  the  Blind ;  $21,850  for  the  Boys^  In-  at  length,  and  with  considerable  severity,  upon 
dustrial  School ;  $17,400  for  the  Girls'  Indus-  the  alleged  tyranny  and  oppression  of  the  rail- 
trial  School ;  $24,800  for  the  Soldiers'  Orphans'  roads.  The  keynote  thus  struck  was  taken  m 
Home;  $44,000  for  the  Institution  for  the  by  the  Legislature,  and  during  the  session  much 
Feeble-Minded ;  $52,000  for  the  State  Univer-  bitterness  was  at  times  shown  against  railroad 
sity ;  $32,900  to  the  two  State  Penitentiaries,  corporations.  Numerous  measures  extreme! j 
Other  acts  of  the  session  are  as  follow :  radical  and  upjust  were  proposed  and  supported 

by  a  large  minority  of  tne  members,  but  cooler 

of^Uo^iw^^^*^^^''*'*^'^'"^*^'**"^**''^  heads  finaUy  won,  although  the  legislation  of 

""  Impiwlring  'cities  of  oertoin  grades  to  ftrnd  their  *^e  flexion  is  much  more  ODpressiveto  railroad* 

indebtedneflB.  than  that  m  any  other  State.     The  railroad 

Authorixinff  incorporated  towns  to  reftind  their  out-  act  as  passed  at  this  session  requires  railroad 

8twadin|p  bonded  debt.  charges  to  be  just  and  reasonable ;   prohibits 

<J'±^/°Li^;SJr:;rS'thrflS''.riSirt  discrimination  .in  charges  for  transi^rUtioo 

or  levy  is  for  any  cause  invalid.  «i^b®r  by  special  rate,   rebate,   drawback  or 

Amending  the  law  relative  to  reg^ration  of  voters  other  device ;  makes  it  unlawful  for  a  common 

in  cities.  carrier  to  give  preference  or  advantage  to  anj 

Providing  a  court  for  the  trial  of  contested  cases  particukr  parties,  locality,  or  kind  of  traffic, 

arising  out  of  the  election  of  presidential  electors.  ^^«^«i.  :„  4.u^  oV»;.Jr.»^»v*  ^/ Iv^^IoIioY^Ia  n-r^rakt^v 

CnSting  a  State  board  o/examine«  for  mme  in-  ^^^^ept  m  the  shipment  of  perishable  propertj, 

spectors,  and  requiring  an  examination  of  such  board  or   to  subject  to  any  prejudice  or  disaavan- 

or  all  candidates  for  the  office  of  mine  inspector.  tsge  any  party,  locality,  or  kind  of  traffic; 

To  esteblish  a  uniform  svstem  of  weighing  coal  at  requires  all  such  carriers  to  afford  reasonable, 

UriU^'nne^fh'^whh.  "^  ^"""^  "^  ""^  P^T\^^  ^^.  ^^'^^'^^  !?'  interchange  of 

To  provide  for  the  payment  of  wages  of  working-  traffic  between  their  respective  hnes  and  for 

men  employed  in  mines  in  lawful  money  of  the  United  receiving,  forwarding,  and  dehvermg  paaaen- 

States,  and  to  forbid  any  dictation  on  the  part  of  any  gers,  freight,  and  cars  rec^ved  from  each  other; 

person,  firm,  or  corporation,  as  to  where  any  employ^  forbids  a  areater  charge  for  a  abort  Uian  for  a 

"^iPrb.SfkS^'JfV.^Flil^^S  or»y  attempt  1°»»  haul,  or  the  pooling  of  freights  h^jm 

on  the  part  of  a  former  employer  to  prevent  a  di«-  competing  lines ;    requires  printed  scheanJtf 

charged  emplov^  fh>m  obtaining  emplovment  other  of  rates  for  transportation  of  passengers  and 

than  by  fumisiiinjg  on  request  a  truthful  stotoment  freight  to  be  published  and  posted ;  prescribes 

concerning  Buoh  discharge.  ^    .     u    ,  In  detail  what  such  schedules  shaU  oontadn,  and 

To  provide  for  the  formation  of  mdependent  school  ,  ^_  .,  ^^  «i.«ii  v^  ^v««.^r.^   ««;i  ^.^T^Tp^Ail 

distri^,  and  authoriadng  changes  of  boundaries  in  the  '^<>^  ^^^J  ^^^,  ^  changed,  and  gives  Oie  rttl- 

eame.  road  commissioners  power  to  apply  for  and 

To  prevent  diseased  swine  f^m  runnin^r  at  large.  obtain  a  writ  of  mandamus  for  refusal  to  file 

Imposing  a  penalty  on  the  sale  of  grain,  seed,  or  and  publish  such  schedules,  whereupon  a  fine  of 

procuring  of  any  valuable  consideration  for  such  bond  obeymg  the  mandamus.     iLvery  earner  mm 

or  contract  adhere  strictly  to  ite  published  rates ;  it  is  made 

To  prevent  fVaud  in  the  sale  of  lard  by  requiring  unlawful  to  prevent,  by  combinations  or  other 

all^ulterations  thereof  to  be  labeled  "  compound  devices,  the  continuous  and  uninterrupted  car- 

To  prevent  fraud  in  the  weight  of  flour  and  other  riage  of  freight;  and  for  any  Relation  of  to 

mill-products.  act  the  common  earner  is  made  uable  to  tne 

To  punish  bribe-taking  by  Stete,  county,  township,  person  or  persons  injured  thereby  for  three 

dty,  school,  or  other  municipal  officers,  and  to  punish  times  the  amount  of  damages  sustained,  with 

sudi^rffi^''^  ''''  ^^^  *'^™^'  ""^  conspiracy  to  bribe  ^^^^  ^^j  ^  reasonable  attorney's  fee  for  the 

Restricting  non-resident  aliens  m  theh-  right  to  ao-  complainant,  unless  restitution  is  made  within 

quire  and  hold  real  estete  in  the  Stete.  fifteen  days  after  demand. 

To  prevent  persons  unlawftilly  usinff  or  wearing        Penalties  are   also  imposed,   varying  from 

bjdges  of-the  Grand  Anny  of  the  RepubUo  or  of  the  |5oo  to  $10,000,  for  violations  of  the  various 

slL^^  ^     ^'^'^  ""   ^'  sections  of  the  stetute.    It  is  the  duty  of  the 

Appropriating  $1,600  for  the  aiding  of  discharged  railroad  commissioners,  and  they  have  author- 

convicte.  ity,  to  inquire  into  the  management  of  the  bnsi- 

Givinjf  lecisUtive  assent  to  the  purposes  of  the  ness  of  all  common  carriers  and  for  that  pw* 

2^fXt!?^^f  "^^"1;^^!:°^  ?'  ^^^'•'''  ^Ji^  *^®  pose  to  require  the  attendance  and  testimony 

estobliahment  of  agricultural  experiment  stations  m  *  ,  ^as«^««  ««^  ^4.1.^-  «^*«^„«««  ^^a  «.i»«  r.«A/»i«^ 

connection  with  a^cultural  coll^.  o^  officers  Mid  other  witnesses  and  the  produc- 

Authorizing  the  trustees  of  the  insane  hospital  at  tion  of  books,  papers,  etc.     They  are  directeu 

Independence  to  purchase  one  hundred  and  eicrhty  to  investigate  and  report  upon  all  compltfDts 

acres  of  land  adjoining  that  now  owned  bv  the  Stet«.  made  to  them  by  individuals  or  others  against 

f.fS''/f15'*^^  y^A'   ^T^  Stetes  all  ri^ht  and  common  carriers,  and  their  findings  are  imnfl- 

title  to  the  so-called  nver  lands  except  such  as  were  ^^"',"*"".^»***^»'^  ""^  vu^x*  uu^iu^o    -Z'    a^ 

jrranted  to  the  Steto  by  resolution  of  Congress  of  /<*<^  evidence  of  the  facta  found.     It  is  ai» 

March  2, 1861.  provided — 


IOWA.  445 

mever  any  oommon  carrier  ahall  yiolate  or  members  Bhall  be  chosen  by  popular  election. 

negl«*  to  obey  any  kwfUl  order  or  require-  ^  fall  board  shall  be  chosen  in  November, 

the  8jid  Board  of  iJailroad  CommisBioners,  it  ^ggg       ^         member  thereof  each  year  sub- 

the  duty  of  said  oommissioners,  and  lawtul  -^"""i  «*""  ""^  ijjo»«ww*   viiv««vx  ^ovo  j«»4  ouv 

company  or  person  intereeted  in  such  order  or  sequently. 

lent^  to  apply  in  a  summary  way.  by  petition  The  new  railroad  act  went  into  effect  on 

istnct  or  Superior  Court  .  .  .  alleging  such  May  10,  and  in  accordance  with  its  provisions 

lordiwbedienceasthecasemaybe;  andthe  ^jj^  commissioners  soon  tliereafter  prepared 

rt  shall  have  power  to  hear  and  determine  the -,  ^„vi:«u^j  «  «^i.^i„i«  ^4  w,-^:«,„«.  #Jl:^i.«. 

m  such  short  notice  to  the  common  carrier  "id  pubhshed  a  schedule  of  maximum  freight 

led  of  as  the  court  shall  deem  reasonable  .  .  .  rates,  which  should  go  mto  effect  on  July  10. 

court  shall  proceed  to  hear  and  determine  These  rates,  being  on  an  average  over  20  per 

er  speedily  as  a  court  of  ecjuity  and  without  eent.  below  the  previous  schedule  rates,  were 

lal  jpl«Khng8  and  proceedings  apphcable  to  gtrenuously  opposed  by  the  raUroads.     Imme- 

smts  m  eqmty,  but  in  such  manner  as  to  do  ""^'^""v""'/  vp^vo^T^  **j  vxi«  »»«     ~T  .       ^  ^, 

1  the  premises ;  ...  and  on  such  hearing  the  diately  upon  their  publication,  certain  of  the 

'■aid  oommissionere  shall  be  prima-facU  evi-  roads  applied  to  Judge  Brewer,  of  the  United 

the  mattor  therein,  or  in  any  order  made  by  States  Circuit  Court,  for  a  temporary  iiyunc- 

ted;  and  il  it  be  made  to  appear  .  .  .that  the  ^ion  against  their  enforcement  by  the  com- 

requirement  of  said  commissioners  in  ques-  ^»  ^rT      rni,*     ,„„„  ««««*a^    ««^    t.,!-  k  «*«<. 

Wn  violated  or  disobeyed,  it  shall  be  kfwful  mission.     This  was  granted,  and  July  6  was 

court  to  issue  a  writ  of  iigunction,  or  other  set  as  the  day  for  a  hearing  upon  the  matter. 

^rooesB  mandatory  or  otherwise^  to  restrain  On  that  day  the  question  of  the  reasonableness 

imon  carrier  ftx>m  further  continuing  such  vio-  of  the  rates  and  the  constitutionality  of  the 

disobedience ;. .  .  and  in^e  of  any  disobe-  ^                ^  ^^^  j^g^  Brewer,  who, 

any  such  wnt,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  such  courts  ,  ,    ^Vj     •  j  j  ^          i.-         *i      i. 

irritoofattachient,orany otherprocessofsaid  on  July  26,  decided  to  continue  the  temporary 

ddentor  applicable  to  writs  of  injunction  oroth-  mj  unction  till  a  further  heanng  and  more  ex- 

r  prooeas,  and  said  court  may,  if  it  shall  think  tended  evidence  should   be  given  as  to  the 

3  an  order  du^oting  such  common  carrier  or  reasonableness  of  the  schedule.     Meanwhile, 

T^S^lfli^J^Hr  SStnTdt'  the  Ohi«|go,  Rock  Islimd  and  Pacific  Raproad 

B  sum  of  one  thousand  ($1,000)  dollars  for  had  applied  to  Judge  Fairall,  of  the  district 

ty  after  a  day  to  be  named  in  the  order  that  court  at  Iowa  City,  for  an  injunction  on  the 

ner  or  other  person  shall  fail  to  obey  such  in-  game  ground,  that  the  rates  fixed   were  un- 

or  oUier  proper  process  mandatory  or  other-  unreasonably  low.     The  judge  granted  a  tem- 

.  and  the  payment  thereof  may  without  prej-  ••*•            v^Iav                •-:«- 

>  any  other  mode  of  recovering  the  same  6e  Vorarj  mjunction,  which   the   commissioners 

i  by  attachment  or  order,  in  the  nature  of  a  moved  to  have  dissolved.     The  heanng  and 

izecution,  in  like  manner  as  if  the  same  had  arguments  on  this  motion  consumed  nearly  a 

overed  by  a  final  decree  in  personam  in  such  week.    Late  in  August,  Judge  Fairall  rendered 

his  decision,  denying  the  motion,  whereupon 

;her  section  provides  as  follows:  the  commissioners  appealed  to  the  State  Su- 

k)aniofRailn)ad  Commissioners  of  this  State  Pf«ra«  Court,  where  the  case  was  argued  in 

by  empowered  and  directed  to  make  for  each  October.    Early  in  September  the  opponents 

"ailroaa  corporations  doing  business  in  this  of  the  railroads,   anticipating  that  the  com- 

I  sooo  as  practicable,  a  schedule  of  reasonable  missioners  would  not  be  able  to  enforce  their 

^"^  Sn  trSf 'Sif  S.n*;^'Sd' »U1  "^hedole  „nta  after  a  long  litigation,  if  at  all, 

)  make  schedules  shall  include  the  power  of  adopted  a  new  method  of  securing  a  reduction 

ition  of  all  such  flights,  and  it  shall  be  the  of  rates,  under  a  section  of  tbe  same  act,  which 

said  commissioners  to  make  such  dassifica-  provides  that  on  complaint  of  a  person  or  class 

•ovided,  that  the  said  rates  of  charges  to  be  so  ^f  persons  that  tbe  charges  of  any  common 

r  said  commissioners  shall  not  m  any  case  ^«_5:^»  «»^  *^^  "k;«.i»   4.i»«  ^rv.»»*:ao;»nA»<,  «i>oii 

he  ratcB  which  are  or  may  hereafter  be  estab-  pawner  are  too  high,  the  commissioners  shall 

»y  law;  and  said  schedules  so  made  by  said  investigate,  hear  all  parties  interested,  and  nx 

iioners  shall  in  all  suits  brought  against  any  a  reasonable  rate.    The  shippers  of  Davenport, 

hoad  corporations,  wherein  is  in  any  way  in-  Dubuque,  and  Burlington  entered  complaints 

he  chMjes  of  any  stich  rwlroad  corporation  ^       ^^^     section  with  the   commissioners; 

ransportation  of  any  freight  or  cars  or  nniust  .,                   i  •  x                t_       j              i.  i           j 

oatiOT  in  relation  tfiereto^  deemed  and  token  these  complaints  were  heard  separately,  and 

urts  of  this  State  as  prima-faeie  evidence  that  the  decision,  signed  by  two  of  the  three  com- 

I  therein  fixed  are  reasonable  and  just  maxi-  missioners,  was  published  a  few  days  before 

tes  of  charges  for  the  transportation  of  fV^ight  the  November  election.    The  rates  established 

I  upon  the  railroads  for  which  said  schedules  „^^^  orv«,«.«.u«*  i.;»k.x»  ♦!>««  ♦.k^  ^^..A«^rv«/):«» 

It  been  respectively  prepared.  ^f  ®  somewhat  higher  than  the  corresponding 

©mmissionere  shall  from  time  to  time,  and  as  rates  of  the  July  schedule.    No  sooner  had  the 

circumsUDces  may  require,  chan^  and  revise  commissioners  announced  their  decision  than 

edulee,  subject  to  the  same  provision  that  the  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad, 

wd*£^w^  ^  ^^^""^  '^^  "^""^ """  ''®''®*^'  and  one  other  road  interested,  obtained  from 

^       '  Judge  Brewer  a  temporary  injunction  against 

aal  reports  from  the  various  railroad  the  enforcement  of  these  new  rates.  The  hear- 

lies  are  also  required.  ing  upon  the  continuance  of  this  injunction 

bher  act  requires  all  railroads  in  the  was  set  for  December  11  at  Minneapolis,  at 

0  be  fenced,  and  a  third  makes  the  Board  which    time  the  various  questions  involved 

Iroad  Commissioners  more  directly  re-  were  argued ;  but  no  decision  had  been  made 

)le  to  the  people  by  providing  that  the  by  Judge  Brewer  before  tbe  end  of  the  year. 


446  IOWA. 

Meanwhile,  the    plaintiff  in  the  salt  before  of  the  law  enacted  in  1886,  prohibiting  the 

Judge  Fairall,  from  whose  decision  the  com-  transportation  of  liquors  on   railways   from 

missioners  had  appealed,  applied  to  Judge  Fair-  without  the  State,  unless  accompanied  bj  a 

all  and  had  the  suit  withdrawn,  on  the  ground  certificate  from  the  officials  of  the  county  to 

that  the  question  in  controversy  had  actually  which  it  was  assigned  attesting  its  importation 

been  settled  by  the  abandoment  of  the  schedule  for  legal  purposes.    This  enactment  was  held 

by  the  commissioners  in  making  and  adopting  to  be  an  interference  with   interstate  com- 

another  and  higher  schedule  of  rates  in  the  merce,  and  therefore  unconstitutional.    The 

Dubuque,  Davenport,  and  Burlington  jobbers*  difficulties  of  enforcing  prohibition  were  mnl- 

decisions.    This  withdrawal  left  nothing  for  tiplied  by  this  decision,  which  removed  all 

the  Supreme  Oourt  to  decide  on  appeal,  and  it,  restraint  upon  importation.    In  October  the 

therefore,  in  December,  dismissed  the  case  be-  same  court  rendered  a  decision  affirming  the 

fore  it.  rulings  of  the  State  Supreme  Court  in  the  case 

By  the  report  of  the  commissioners  it  ap-  of  Pearson  vs.  The  International  DistiUerj,  bj 

pears  that  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  which  the  manufacture  of  liquors  for  export 

80,  849  miles  of  new  railroad  were  constructed,  was  declared  to  be  forbidden  by  the  statatei 

making  the  total  mileage  in  the  State  8,486  Reports  during  the  year  showed  that  prohibi- 

miles ;  but  of  this  new  construction  only  four  tion  was  well  enforced  in  60  counties,  reasona- 

miles  were  built  since  January,  when  the  Leg-  bly  well  enforced  in  28,  and  disregarded  in  11. 

islature  began  to  discuss  the  railroad  problem.  PoUttcaL — The  Republican  State  Convention 

The  assessed  valuation  of  all  roads  in  the  State  was  held  at  Des  Moines  on  August  22,  and 

for  1888  was  about  $42,500, 000,  against  $38,-  nominated  the  following  candidates:  for  Sec- 

250,000  in  1887.  retary  of  State,  Frank  D.  Jackson ;  Auditor, 

EdieatlaB* — The  annual  report  of  the  State  James  A.  Lyons ;  Treasurer,  Voltaire  P.  T  worn- 
Superintendent  of  Education  for  1888  shows  bley ;  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Charles  T. 
that  there  are  12,752  school  -  houses  in  the  Granger;  Attorney-General,  John  Y.  Stone; 
State,  valued  at  $12,007,340;  as  against  12,444.  Railroad  Commissioners,  Frank  T.  Campbell, 
valued  at  $11,360,472,  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  Spencer  Smith,  and  John  Mahin.  The  plat- 
year  1887.  The  average  school  year  in  months  form  contained  the  following: 
is  7*7,  against  7*4  in  1887.  The  number  of  fe- 
male teachers  has  increased  largely  during  the  ^®  declare  our  firm  adherenoe  to  the  prindple  of 
year,  whUe  the  number  of  male  teachers  has  legislative  control  of  raUwayB  and  other  ooi^r^^^ 
J  jrru  1.1  I.  *^ii.i.  Havinflr  been  created  by  the  Goveniment,  they  are  of 
decreased.  The  whole  number  of  male  teach-  ^ight  Bubject  to  such  juSt  laws  as  may  be  enacted  for 
ers  employed  in  the  State  is  given  as  5,596,  their  control  and  must  obey  the  same.  We  would 
and  of  female  teachers  10,578.  The  average'  deal  as  justly  with  corporate  as  with  individual  i]lte^ 
compensation  of  male  teachers  has  decreased  ^^:  But  we  demand  that  the  people  shall  be  ftilly 
fronr$38  per  month  in  1887  to  $86.44  in  1888.  l^^^^^  tmlZXS!'^,^ 
The  average  compensation  or  female  teachers  bines,  railways,  or  other  aggregated  capital.  We 
has  increased  from  $29.50  in  1887  to  $30.05  in  commend  the  eeneral  railway  legislation  of  the  last 
1888.  The  number  of  pupils  between  ^ve  and  General  Assembly  and  demand  that  all  just  prooeed- 
twenty-one  returned  is,  males  325,741,  females  JW  ^^^  rates  thereunder  shall  be  promptly,  impar- 
313,507,  total  639,248.  The  number  of  pupils  ''^^^  wpud^^th?  impu'Stiin  that  the  people  of 
actually  enrolled  in  the  schools  of  the  State  is  lowa  are  antagonistic  to  the  rights  of  capital  or  desire 
477,184,  and  the  total  average  attendance  only  to  oppress  any  corporation,  but  we  demand  such  legis- 
281  070  lation  as  will  develop  the  agricultural,  industrial,  and 

PrtMMr-Reports  from  the  two  State  Peniten-  """^^^fectorin^  interests  of  our  State  and  •*  the  same 

m  yamm,     x.vpvft  ko  •  vi«  w**w  i»  ji  v  v^^waw  x  ^rtiit^u  ^^^j^  render  a  just  eomvaleut  for  capital  and  labor em- 

tianes  show  a  marked  decrease  m  the  number  ployed.         '       ^                    '^ 

of  convicts  during  the  past  fiscal   year.     At  We  con^p^tnlate  the  people  of  our  State  on  the 

Anamosa  there  were  259  convicts  on  July  1,  temperance  legislation  inaugurated  in  the  Eighteenth 

against  313  one  year  previous ;  while  at  Fort  ^^^  Assembly  and  on  the  faithflal  obedienoeof  aU 

Madison  the  decrease  1.as  been  from  .360  on  Tf ^e^^^oX'^  ^e"^^^^^^ 

July  1,  1887,  to  330  on  the  same  day  m  1888.  lowa  thebest  prohibitory  law  in  the  United  Statea. 

It  is  claimed  that  this  diminution  is  due  to  the  To  the  credit  ofthe  BepuDlioan  party,  for  its  unselfUli 

enforcement  of  the  prohibitory  law.  *Dd  non-partisan  respect  for  the  will  of  the  peoide, 

e«I^The  coal-product  of  the  State  for  the  ^"U' uW^.-T^  ?hilT»e.tn!i:°vi^tS  ^^ 

year  endmg  June  30  is  reported  by  the  State  welfare  of  all  our  communities.    In  this  connection 

mine  inspectors  as  follows  :  District   No.    1,  we  refer  with  satisfaction  to  the  large  decrease  in  the 

1,528,967  bushels;  district    No.   2,     1,663,206  population  of  our  State  prisons,  the  empty  jails  in  lo 

bushels ;  district  No.  3,  913,185  bushels ;  total,  ™^y  o^  ^ur  counties,  and  the  decr^ng  wsto  and 

^  inK  RRQ  Knai«Ai<.  expenses  upon  the  cnmmal  dockets  of  the  courts. 

4,1U0,50»  Dusneis.                                              .      _  We  declare  that  the  Democratic  majority  in  the 

PronltitlM, — The  prohibitory  law  received  Lower  House  of  CouCTess  has  shown  its  iryustice  in 
this  year  a  serious  blow  by  a  decision  of  the  defeating  the  Senate  bill,  which  directed  the  refund- 
United  States  Supreme  Court,  rendered  on  ^^  ^  w»®  Northern  States  the  direct  war-tax,  and 
March  19  in  the  pmp  of  Bowman  «*  The  fJhi-  remitting  the  same  which  was  unpaid  to  the  United 
Marcn  ly,  m  in e  case  or  ijowman  «*.  ine  um-  gtatcs.^his  tax  would  have  pla^d  in  the  treasuiy 
cago  and  Northwestern  Railroad  Company,  oflowaabout  $400,000,  and  to  that  extent  would  have 
The  question  at  issue  turned  upon  the  validity  relieved  Iowa  tax-payers. 


ITALY.  447 

At  the  Democratio  State  Convention  tlie  8,000  lire  in  taxes.    The  Deputies,  508  in  nnm- 
following  nominations  were  made :  for  Secre-  ber,  are  elected  bj  icrutin  de  liste,  every  citi- 
tarj   of    State,   Walter   MoUenry  ;    Auditor,  zen  having  a  vote  who  can  read  and  write  and 
Daniel  J.  Okerson ;   Treasurer,  Amos  Case ;  pays  19  lire  per  annutii  in  taxes,  as  well  as 
Judge    of    the    Supreme    Court,    P.    Henry  members  of  academies,  professors,  and  all  who 
Bmythe ;    Attorney-General,  Joseph  C.  Mitch-  have  served  two  years  in  the  active  army.  The 
ell;  Railroad  Commissioners,  Peter  A.  Dey,  legislative  period  is  five  years,  but  the  King 
Christian  L.  Lund,  and  Herman  E.  Wills.  can  dissolve  the  Chamber  at  any  time,  in  which 
The  Union  Labor  party  nominated  for  Sec-  case  new  elections  mast  be  held  within  four 
retary  of  State,  J.  B.  Van  Court;  Auditor,  C.  months.    The  executive  power  is  exercised  by 
M.  Farnsworth ;  Treasurer,  James  Rice;  Judge  the  King  under  the  advice  of  a  cabinet  of 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  M.  H.  Jones ;  Attorney-  ministers  responsible  to  the  Parliament.    The 
General,  D.  H.  Williamson.    It  adopted  the  present  Cabinet,  which  was    coustituted   on 
Republican  candidates  for  Railroad  Commis-  Aug.  7,  1887,  is  composed  of  the  following 
doners.    A  Prohibition  ticket  was  also  in  the  members :  President  of  the  Council  and  Min- 
field,  presenting  James  Micklewait  for  Secre-  ister  of  the  Interior,  Francesco  Crispi,  who  has 
tarj  of  State;  Malcolm  Smith  for  Auditor;  and  also  been  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  ad  in- 
£.*0.  Sharpe  for  Treasurer.    For  other  places  terim  since  the  transfer  of  Count  Robilant  to 
on  the  ticket  the  Republican  nominees  were  the  London  Embassy  in  the  spring  of  1888 ; 
generally  adopted.  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  P.  Boselli,  who 
At  the  November  election  the  vote  for  Sec-  succeeded  Michele  Coppino  in  February,  1888 ; 
retary  of  State  was  as  follows :  Jackson,  211,-  Minister  of    Finance   and    of  the  Treasury, 
677  votes;    McHenry,   180,456;   Van  Court,  Agostino  Magliani,  appointed  Nov.  26,1887; 
9,005;  Micklewait,  2,690.    The  vote  for  An-  Minister  of  War,  Gen.  Ettore  Bertold  Viale ; 
ditor.  Treasurer,  Supreme  Judge,  and  Attorney-  Minister  of  Marine,  Benedetto  Brin ;  Minister 
General   was   substantially  the    same  as  for  of  Justice  and  Public  Worship,  Giuseppe  Zan- 
Secretary  of  State.     For  Railroad   Commis-  ardelli ;  Minister  of  Commerce,  Industry,  and 
flioner.  Smith  received  225,928  votes ;  Camp-  Agriculture,  Bernardino  Grimaldi ;  Minister  of 
beD,  224,800;  Mahin,  200,076;  Dey,  201,265;  Public  Works,  Giuseppe  Sarracco. 
Land,  176.827;  Wills,  175,049.  Am  and  P«pilatlai.— The  area  of  the  king- 
Candidate  Dey  ran  over  21,000  votes  ahead  dom,  as  estimated  by  the  Military  Geographical 
of  his  ticket,  and  is  the  only  Democrat  that  Institute  of  Florence,  is  286,588  square  kilo- 
bas  been  elected  to  a  State  office  in  many  metres  or  110,620  square  miles,  of  which  25,740 
years.    The  Republicans  carried  10  of  the  11  square  kilometres  or  9,985  square  miles  con- 
congressional  districts,  gaining  two  seats  from  stitute  the  area  of  the  island  of  Sicily,  and  24,- 
the  Democrats,  one  of  them  being  the  seat  of  077  square  kilometres  or  9,298   square  miles 
Gen.  Weaver.  belong  tb  Sardinia  and  adjacent  islands.     The 
rriLT,  a  constitutional  monarchy  in  southern  total  population  on  Dec.  81,  1887,  was  com- 
Earope.    The  reigning  sovereign  is  Umberto  puted  to  be  80,260,065.    The  number  of  Prot- 
l  bom  March  14,  1844,  the  eldest  son  of  Vit-  estauts  in  Italy  is  about  62,000,  of  whom  22,000 
torio  Emannele  II,  and  Archduchess  Adelaide  are  in  the  valleys  of  the  Vaud.     The  Israelit- 
of  Austria,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne  on  ish  population  is  estimated  at   88,000.    The 
tbe  death  of  his  father,  Jan.  9,  1878.    The  heir  number  of  marriages  in  1887  was  288,888;  of 
to  the  throne  is  Vittorio  Emanuele,  Prince  of  births,  1,194,700;  of  deaths,  876,777;  excess 
%le8,  bom  Nov.  11,  1869.    The  King's  only  of  births  over  deaths,  817,928.    The  emigra- 
brother,  Amadeo,  Duke  of  Aosta,   who  was  tion  to  European  countries  in  1887  was  82,474; 
elected  King  of  Spain  in  1870,  abdicated  three  to    Egypt,    867;  to    Tunis,   688;  to  Algeria, 
years  later,  and  has  since  been  a  lieutenant-  1,875  ;   to  the  United  States  and  Canada,  88,- 
general  in  the  Italian  army,  married,  on  Sept.  853  ;  to  the  Argentine  Republic,  Uruguay,  and 
11,  1888,  for  his  second  wife,  his  niece,  the  Paraguay,  64,499 ;  to  Brazil  and  other  South 
IMncess  Letitia  Bonaparte,  daughter  of  Prince  American    countries,     Mexico,    and    Central 
Kapoleon  and  the  Princess  Clotilde  of  Savoy,  America,  83,008 ;  to  South  America,  without 
m  sister  of  Prince  Napoleon  Victor  Bona-  declared  destination,   8,108;  to  Asia,   Africa, 
parte,  the  French  pretender.  and  Oceanica,  858  ;  total  emigration,  215,666, 
The  Constitution  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy  is  as  compared  with  167,829  in  1886,  157,198  in 
eoDtained  in  the  fundamental  statute  granted  1885,  147,017  in  1884,  and  169,101  in  1888.  An 
by  King  Carlo  Alberto  to  the  people  of  Sardi-  act  for  the  protection  of  emigrants  was  passed 
Qiain  1848,  and  extended  to  the  whole  of  Italy  in  1888.    Domiciled  residents  who  desire  to 
vhen  Vittorio  Emanuele  was  proclaimed  King  act  as  emigration  agents  must  obtain  a  license 
of  the  united  nation  on  March  17,  1861.    The  from  the  Minister  of  the  Interior,  for  which 
legislative  powers  are  vested  in  a  Senate  and  the  recommendation  of  the  police  prefect  of 
Chamber  or  Deputies.    The  Senators  are  nomi-  the  province  is  necessary,  and  must  deposit 
Dated  by  the  King  from  among  the  persons  from  1,000  to  8,000  lire  as  a  guarantee  fund  to 
above  forty  years  of  age  who  have  held  high  secure  emigrants  against  losses  incurred  through 
posts  in  the  public  service,  or  gained  fame  in  the  fault  or  negligence  of  the  agent.    The 
flcieoce,  literature,  or  othsr  pursuits,  or  pay  agents  are  forbidden  to  receive  compensation 


448 


ITALY. 


from  emigrants,  or  to  oonnscl,  induce,  or  in- 
cite emigration,  or  to  furnish  emigrants  with 
their  passage,  or  mediate  between  them  and  the 
shipping  company.  Clergymen  and  local  offi- 
cials are  likewise  prohibited  from  advising  or 
promoting  emigration,  even  without  hope  of 
gain.  The  spreading  of  false  information  with 
the  object  of  encoaraging  emigration  is  pun- 
ishable as  swindling. 

CMUierce. — The  total  value  of  the  special  im- 
ports in  1887  was  1,690,600,000  lire  or  francs, 
and  of  the  exports  1,109,700,000  francs.  The 
value  of  the  imports  and  exports  of  the  various 
classes  of  commodities  were  as  foUow  : 


CIJkRSES. 

Impavta. 

Kxporte. 

Articles  of  coDBnmptlon 

Raw  materialB 

Mannfhctures. 

487,500,000 

522,400,000 

478,700,000 

1,800.000 

4S,000,«00 

«a.ioo,ooo 

801,900,000 

899,900,000 

148,400,000 

700,000 

Waste  materials 

Drugs,  dyes,  and  cbemicals. . 
Gams,  fltts,  and  oils 

70,900,000 
89,100,000 

Total  merchandise 

Precioas  metals 

1,001.500,000    . 
89,000,000 

999,200,000 
110,600,000 

Total  special  commerce.. 

1,690,600,000 

1,109,700,000 

The  transit  trade  in  1887  amounted  to  50,- 
046,819  lire.  The  imports  of  cereals  in  1887 
were  valued  at  232,600,000  lire;  exports,  81,- 
200,000  lire;  imports  of  wines  and  liquors, 
16,600,000  lire;  exports,  111,200,000  lire;  im- 
ports of  tobacco,  19,000,000  lire ;  imports  of 
fruits,  vegetables,  etc.,  25,300,000  Hre ;  exports, 
79,700,000  lire ;  imports  of  animal  food  prod- 
ucts, 104,100,000  lire;  exports,  78,800,000  lire. 
The  imports  of  coal  amounted  to  86^600,000 
lire;  imports  of  metals,  118,000,000  lire;  im- 
ports of  textile  materials,  180,100,000  lire;  ex- 
ports, 827,700,000  lire  ;  imports  of  timber,  81,- 
800,000  lire;  exports,  11,800,000  lire.  The 
imports  of  machines  and  vehicles  were  valued 
at  78,900,000  lire;  imports  of  textile  yams, 
126,100,000  lire;  exports,  21,900,000  lire ;  im- 
ports of  tissues  and  garments,  141,500,000  lire ; 
exports,  27,600,000  lire;  imports  of  jewelry 
and  art  objects,  50,300,000  lire ;  exports,  40,- 
600,000  lire.  The  value  of  the  commerce  with 
each  of  the  principal  foreign  countries  for  1887 
is  given  in  ft*ancs  in  the  following  table : 


COUNTRIES. 


France 

Austria 

England 

Ctormany 

Swltzeruind 

Russia 

Turkey,  Bervia,  and  Roumania 
Other  European  countries,. . . 
United  States  and  Canada. . . . 

Other  American  countries 

Asia 

Africa. 

Australia 


Total 


Impurta. 


404,600,000 

250,800,000 

806,500,000 

165,800,000 

69,600,000 

121,800,000 

51,700,000 

79,200.000 

64,200,000 

24,800,000 

127,200,000 

28,600,000 

700,000 


1,690,500,000 


Ezporta, 


496.900,000 

95390,000 

78,900,000 

115,200,000 

100,500.000 

18,800,000 

10,800,000 

58,800,000 

85.800,000 

78,000,000 

16,100,000 

19,800,000 

800,000 


1,109,700,000 


NavlgatlM* — The  number  of  vessels  engaged 
in  foreign  trade  entered  at  the  ports  of  Italy 
in  1887  was  17,552,  of  7,052,659  tons,  of  which 
10,016,  of  1,680,927  tons,  were  Italian.    The 


number  of  steamers  among  all  the  vessels  en- 
tered was  6,584,  of  6,040,586  tons,  of  which 
l,2ul,  of  987,864  tons,  were  Italian.  The  nun- 
her  of  vessels  entered  with  cargoes  was  15,605, 
of  6,521,688  tons.  The  total  number  of  vessdB 
cleared  for  long  voyages  was  17,481,  of  6,742,- 
191  tons,  of  which  9,515,  of  8,547,886  tons, 
were  laden.  The  vessels  in  the  coasting  trade 
entered  were  98,899  in  number,  of  the  aggre- 

f:ate  tonnage  of  18,268,648,  of  which  all  were 
talian  excq)ting  8,299  vessels,  of  2,854,080 
tons.  The  nshing- vessels  entered  at  the  ports 
numbered  1,867,  of  10,945  tons. 

The  merchant  navy  on  Jan.  1,  1887,  con- 
sisted of  6,992  sailing-vessels,  of  801,849  tons, 
and  287  steamers,  of  144,828  ions,  making  a 
total  of  7,229  vessels,  of  945.677  tona»  as  com- 
pared with  7,886  vessels,  of  958,419  tons,  on 
Jan.  1, 1886.  There  was  a  decrease  of  119  in 
the  number  of  sailing-vessels  and  of  27,470 
tons  in  the  sail  tonnage,  while  the  steam- ves- 
sels increased  by  12  in  number  and  the  steam 
tonnage  by  19,728  tons. 

EbuttMS. — ^The  treasury  accounts  for  the 
financial  year  1886-'87  give  the  total  receipts  as 
1,801,185,804  lire  and  the  total  expenditures  as 
1,789,418,851  lire,  showmg  a  surplus  of  11,771,- 
958  lire.  The  ordinary  receipta  for  1886-'87 
were  estimated  at  1,548,789,972  lire,  including 
receipts  d^ordre^  and  the  extraordinary  receipts 
at  215,028,272  lire ;  total,  1,758,818,244  lire. 
The  total  expenditures  were  set  down  at  1,801,- 
757,180  lire,  of  which  815,695,059  lire  were 
for  extraordinary  purposes.  The  budget  for 
the  year  ending  June  80, 1889,  maJces  the  ordi- 
nary receipts  1,560,586,015  lire,  of  which  84^- 
618,648  lire  represent  revenues  from  railroads 
and  other  state  property;  894,207,684  lire  the 
taxes  on  land,  houses,  and  incomes  from  per- 
sonal property ;  212,728,000  lire  the  succession, 
registration,  stamp,  and  railroad  taxes;  667,- 
877,245  lire  the  revenue  tax  on  imports,  oetrcUy 
profits  of  the  tobacco  and  salt  monopolies,  and 
duties  on  beer,  alcohol,  powder,  sugar,  etc; 
76,802,000  lire  profits  or  the  state  lottery;  and 
77,612,985  lire  revenue  from  the  post-office, 
telegraph,  and  other  public  services.  Including 
98,688,409  lire  representing  the  expenses  of 
working  the  domains,  the  interest  on  bonds 
deposited  as  reserve  against  paper  money,  and 
the  funds  for  the  payment  of  pensions,  which 
items  are  entered  on  both  sides  of  the  account, 
the  total  ordinary  revenue  amounts  to  1,644^- 
228,424  lire.  The  extraordinary  receipts  are 
246,461,967  lire,  of  which  195,899,784  lire  con- 
stitute the  sum  set  aside  for  the  construction 
of  railroads.  On  capital  account  the  receipts 
are  88,845,860  lire,  of  which  14,450,446  lire  are 
derived  from  sales  of  public  lands  and  21,834,- 
000  lire  from  loans  for  the  improvement  of  the 
Tiber,  public  works  in  Naples,  and  other  pur- 
poses. The  ordinary  disbursements  are  esti- 
mated at  the  sum  of  1,588,868,599  lire,  show- 
ing a  snrplus  in  the  ordinary  budget  of  105,- 
854,825  lire.  The  extraordinary  disbursements, 
amounting  to  888,801,115  lire,  or  142,889,148 


ITALY. 


449 


re  more  than  the  extraordinary  reoeipts,  con- 
ert  this  surplns  into  a  deficit  of  86,984,828 
re,  the  total  receipts  of  the  Goyemment  from 
II  sources  being  1,890,685,801  lire  and  the  to- 
il expenditares  1,927,669,714  lire.    The  ordi- 
larj  expenditures  of  the  Ministry  of  Finance 
re  fixed  at  188,698,997  lire;  of  the  Ministry 
>f  Grace,   Justice,   and  Worship,   88,775,891 
ire ;  of  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  7,790,- 
no  lire ;  of  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction, 
40,116,414  lire ;  of  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior, 
«l,78rt,820  lire ;  of  the  Ministry  of  Public  Works, 
82,438,685  lire ;  of  the  Ministry  of  War,  247,- 
479,868  lire;  of  the  Ministry  of  Marine,  94,- 
S66,494  lire;  of  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture, 
13,665,256  lire.    Of  the  extraordinary  expendi- 
tures 222,168,759  lire  are  aUocated  to  the  Min- 
istry of  Public  Works,  62,750,000  lire  to  the 
Ministry  of  War,  28,646,500  lire  to  the  Ministry 
of  Marine,  and  small  sums  to  each  of  the  other 
ministries.    The  interest  on  the  consolidated 
debt,  most  of  which  bears  5-per-cent.  interest, 
was  448,748,882  lire  for  the  year  ending  June 
80, 1888;  the  perpetual  rente  due  to  the  Holy 
See,  8,225,000  lire;    the  interest  on  special 
loans,  22,178,495  lire ;  the  interest  on  various 
other  debts  assumed  by  the  state,  78,898,478 
lire;  and  the  interest  on  the  floating  debt, 
14,658,685  lire,  making  the  total  interest  charge 
of  the  debt  562,608,985  lire,  besides  906,926 
Hre  paid  for  extinction  of  debts. 

The  Imy. — ^The  war  strength  of  the  Italian 
armj  on  June  1,  1888,  was,  according  to  the 
offidal  statement,  2,595,687  men.  The  num- 
l)er  of  ofllcers  and  men  under  arms  was  258,- 
^.  The  entire  war  effective  was  composed 
tt  follows : 


DISCRIPTION   or 

PBBMAinorT 
▲EMT. 

• 

MILITIA. 

TROOPS. 

WHktk* 
edon. 

OnlMT*. 

MebO*. 

Twrtto- 
rikl. 

(fun. 

-mfT. 

14,869 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

8,872 
2,810 
8,996 

588 
2,744 

5,894 

^^piemeotarj 

AaxSiaj 

^esore 

Totoloffloen 

14,859 

10,178 

8,277 

5,894 

BoHkandMU: 
t}vbiora» 

82,995 
111,815 

18,509 
9,804 
9,845 

27,014 

2S.184 
7,542 
1.496 
2,177 
2.118 
8«5 

2^882 

8,047 

197,106 

29,950 

17,890 

28,877 

9,896 
60,208 
14,465 

•  •  •  •  • 

7,982 
2,766 

849,228 

184 

887,761 

84,898 

25,868 

•  •  «  •  • 

479 

28,091 

7,017 

•  •  •  •  • 

6,199 
1,774 

8,286 

laftjitiT 

490,659 

^fentfHeri 

88.750 

•Ahfaie  troops 

15,607 

lOttuydistrieto 

Onlrj 

695,982 
86.947 

feSS.::::::::::::. 

42,489 
5,767 

Mttiy  Mhoob 

^ofttsry  eorps 

•  •  •  •  • 

8,886 
8,789 

OBmnilsairtet 

Jjnlfcl  eorps 

2}"BBlaiientary  troops. 
«Naii  cstsbHshDMnts. . . 

Total  troops 

288.M1 

615,912 

882,816 

1,825,560 

Totsl 

258,000 

686,090 

885,608 

1,880,954 

ni  Havy. — The  Italian  fleet  of  war  on  Jan. 

1, 1888,  connsted  of  175  steam- vessels  of  all 

lieseriptions,   of   188,551   tons   displacement 

irmed  with  869  cannon.    The  12  iron-dads  of 

TOL.  xxvin. — 29  A 


the  first  class  comprise  some  of  the  most  pow- 
erful vessels  afloat.  Of  these  great  iron-clads  7 
were  ready  for  service  in  the  summer  of  1888. 
The  battle- ships  of  the  second  class  number 
18,  of  which  8  are  armor-clad ;  and  of  the  third 
class  there  are  16,  none  of  them  armored. 
The  rest  of  the  navy  consists  of  21  transports, 
8  school-ships,  28  vessels  for  post  service,  6 
paddle-wheel  gun-boats,  1  torpedo  dispatch- 
boat,  15  sea-^oing  torpedo-boats,  86  torpedo- 
boats  of  the  hrst  class,  21  of  the  second  class, 
and  8  torpedo-vessels.  There  were  under  con- 
struction 6  iron-clad  battle-ships  of  the  first 
class,  of  a  total  displacement  of  78,456  tons,  8 
unarm ored  cruisers  of  the  second  class,  7  of 
the  third  class,  1  torpedo  dispatc|)-boat,  82 
sea-going  torpedo-boats,  2  torpedo-boats  for 
coast  defense,  1  transport,  and  1  propeller. 
Among  the  vessels  lately  acquired,  the  *^  Do- 
gali,^'  first  christened  ^'Angelo  Emo,''  is  a 
fast  protected  cruiser,  carries  six  4-ton  guns, 
and  the  *^  America  "  is  a  converted  merchant 
steamer.  The  value  of  the  102  vessels  and  108 
torpedo-boats  comprising  the  Italian  navy  is 
860,000,000  lire.  The  naval  manoBuvres  of 
1888  proved  that  Italy  could  arm  a  consider- 
able part  of  her  fieet  without  having  recourse 
to  extraordinary  means  for  recruiting  officers 
and  sailors.  The  "  Re  Umberto,"  "  Sicilia," 
and  **  Sardegna,''  have  been  buUt  in  the  na- 
tional dockyards  and  are  being  fltted  mainly 
with  domestic  material.  These  sister  vessels 
are  equal  in  size  to  the  ** Italia*'  and  "Le- 
panto,"  previously  the  largest  war-ships  in  ex- 
istence, and  will  carry  four  104-ton  Armstrong 
breech-loading  guns  each.  The  ^*  Re  Umberto," 
launched  in  October,  1888,  is  a  twin-screw, 
steel,  barbette  ship  of  18,298  tons  displacement. 
"Without  side-armor,  she  is  protected  by  a 
curved  steel  deck  extending  below  the  water- 
line,  while  her  bottom  is  enveloped  by  a  double 
layer  of  water-tight  compartments,  which  have 
been  proved  by  experiment  to  be  a  sufficient 
protection  against  torpedoes  charged  with  75 
pounds  of  gun-cotton.  The  two  barbettes  are 
plated  with  inclined  19-inch  compound  armor. 
The  compound  triple-expansion  engines  are 
designed  to  be  of  19,500  indicated  horse-power 
and  capable  of  propelling  the  ship  at  a  maxi- 
mum speed  of  18  knots.  The  projectiles  weigh 
2,000  pounds  each,  and  in  weight  of  shot  and 
energy  of  discharge  she  greatly  excels  any  bat- 
tle-ship  in  the  French,  British,  or  other  navies. 
In  addition  to  her  ram  and  heavy  guns  she 
will  be  armed  with  twelve  6-inch  guns,  six 
8-inch  guns,  ten  machine  and  quick-firing  guns, 
and  torpedo  tubes.  She  will  be  ready  for  com- 
mission in  1892.  The  **  Fiera  Mosca,"  a  new 
cruiser,  was  launched  at  Leghorn  on  August 
80.  Toe  Gruson  turret  has  been  adopted  for 
sea-coast  batteries  at  Spezia,  after  experiments 
that  proved  that  the  hardness  of  the  chilled 
cast-iron  at  the  surface,  the  toughness  of  the 
mixture  of  which  it  is  made,  and  the  angles 
presented  by  its  mushroom-like  shape,  are  suf- 
ficient to  resist  the  heaviest  projectiles.    The 


450  ITALY. 

revolvkig  turrets,  each  mounting  2  Armstrong  nition  of  the  priest  in  his  clerical  capt 

105-ton  guns,  are  composed  of  sections  of  80  being  in  the  ejes  of  the  law  a  simple 

tons  weight,  the  whole  weighing  1,800  tons.  These  protests  were  taken  into  accoun 

The  same  system  has  been  adopted  for  coast  Senate,  and  the  bill  was  altered  so  as  tc 

defenses  in  Germany,  Belgium,  Holland,  and  follows: 

Austria.  The  religious  mizuBter  who^  abiuing  his 

KallrwUbi — The  length  of  railroad  lines  open  provokes  contempt  or  disobedience  of  the  im 

to  traffic  on  June  80,  1888,  was  11,800  kilo-  or  laws  of  the  state,  or  the  acts  of  the  autb< 

i.         ^-  a  onK  «.;i^L      T>>^v  »A/iA;T>f<.  #^- t-^A  even  the  transgression  of  the  duties  inherent 

metrw  or  6,376  miles.     The  receipts  for  the  ,j^  ^^^  ^^  ^^j^^  ^  punished  by  from  sia 

preceding  year  amounted  to  240,021,07o  lire.  to  three  years'  imprisonment,  with  a  fine  of 

The  PWt-OfflM* — Th  e  number  of  letters,  postal-  lire  to  8,000  lire,  with  temporary  or  perpetual 

cards,  and  manuscripts,  forwarded  in  1886  was  tion  from  the  benefice. 
203,685,675 ;  of  circulars  and  printed  matter,        Subject  to  the  same  penalty  is  the 

179,094,704 ;   of  postal  money-orders,  4,752,-  of  any  religion  who  urges  or  instigates  i 

863  for  the  aggregate  sum  of  491,889,758  lire,  to  acts  or  declarations  against  the  law 

The  receipts  of  the  post-office  were  40,112,477  state,  or  in  prejudice  of  rights  acquirec 

lire,  and  the  expenses  84,068,912  lire.  state. 

Tetognphs* — The  length  of  lines  on  June  80,        These  stringent  laws  prevented  th< 

1886,  was  80,673  kilometres,  that  of  wires  clergy  from  instituting  public  demons 

108,908  kilometres,  exclusive  of  184  kilometres  in  favor  of  the  restoration  of  the  t 

of  submarine  cables.     The  number   of  dis-  power  of  the  Pope  such  as  took  place 

patches  in  1885  was  7,821,357,  of  which  5,896,-  1888  in  Germany,  Switzerland,  Belgii 

806  were  paid  internal  messages,  581,657  pri-  France.     The   tension  between  the  < 

vate  foreign  dispatches,  and  179,086  transit  ment  and  the  Vatican  was  partly  due 

dispatches.    The  receipts  were  12,826,488  lire,  aggressive  attitude  of  the  clericals  in  ooi 

the  expenses  for  service  10,213,159  lire,  for  with  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  Pope  I 

material  and  maintenance  184,470  lire,  for  ex-  trance  into  the  priesthood.  The  congrat 

traordinary  purposes  563,820  lire.  and  homage  from  sovereigns  and  pe* 

Oiudi  and  State. — ^The  conflict  between  the  which  he  was  the  recipient  were  interp 

Vatican  and  the  Italian  Government  has  becx)me  demonstrations  of  sympathy  for  the 

more  acute  since  the  Government  has  been  and  wrongs  of  the  **  prisoner  of  the  V 

dominated  by  the  democratic  element,  and  Pope  The  Pope  himself  raised  ihe  question  i 

Leo  has  put  forth  positive  assertions  of  the  ing  to  various  deputations,  especially 

temporal  sovereignty,  called  on  the  clergy  to  dressing  the  Italian  bishops,  to  whom 

repeat  and  maintain  his  protest  against  the  *^  You  are  among  those  who  desire  to 

usurpation  of  his  kingdom,  and  striven  to  ob-  Papacy  restored  to  that  condition  of  tr 

tain  the  intervention  of  external  powers.    The  ereignty  and  independence  which  is  ii 

new  Italian  law  of  communal  and  provincial  way  its  due."    The  Duke  of  Torlonia, 

reform  says  that  public  officers,  agents,  and  or  Mayor  of  Rome,  who  requested  the  C 

others  who,  directly  or  through  persons  de-  Vicar  to  present  the  congratulations  of 

pendent  on  them,  officially  attempt  to  control  to  the  Pope  on  the  occasion  of  his  jubil 

the  votes  of  electors  for  or  against  formal  can-  dismissed  from  his  post  by  the  Gove 

didatures,  or  to  induce  them  to  abstain  from  The  Syndic  was  governed  in  his  action 

voting,  are  punished  by  fines  of  from  500  to  sentiments  of  the  Municipal  Council,  ii 

1,000  lire,  or  according  to  the  gravity  of  the  the  clericals  have  a  m^ority,  althoni 

case,  by  imprisonment  for  from  three  months  hold  aloof  from  parliamentary  electione 
to  one  year.    The  fine  or  imprisonment  is  ap-       DlqiitM  with  Fraicei — Questions  rein 

plied  to  ministers  of  religion  who  attempt  to  ex-territorial  jurisdiction  under  the  c 

control  the  votes  of  electors  in  favor  of  or  tions  in  portions  of  the  Turkish  Empi 

against  certain  candidates,  or  to  induce  them  have  virtually  been  annexed  by  Frai 

to  abstain,  by  allusions  or  discourses  in  places  Italy,  arose  several  times  between  t 

designed  for  worship,  or  in  meetings  of  a  relig-  governments  and  were  the  subject  of 

ions  character,  with  spiritual  promises  or  men-  diplomatic  controversies  in  1888.    In  J 

aces,  or  with  instructions.   The  new  penal  code,  an  incident  occurred  in  Florence  whi 

in  which  for  the  first  time  an  attempt  is  made  the  subject  of   considerable  correspo 

to  assimilate  the  penal  procedure  of  all  the  When  Italy  made  a  treaty  with  France  i 

provinces  of  Italy  and  make  a  common  crimi-  by  which  she  consented  to  the  suspei 

nal  law  for  all  the  kingdom,  has  the  same  pro-  the  consular  privileges  in  Tunis,  France 

visions,  intended  to  punish  the  assertion  of  the  that  Italy^s  previous  conventions  with  1 

Pope's  right  to  Rome  as  a  crime.     As  it  passed  of  Tunis  should  remain  in  force.    The  < 

the  Ohamber  of  Deputies  in  the  session  of  tion  of  1868  provides  that  the  estates  oi 

1888,  it  applied  special  and  aggravated  penal-  ian  subjects  who  die  in  Italy  shall  be 

ties  to  this  offense  when  committed  by  the  according  to  Italian  law.    The  French 

priesthood.    This  drew  out  many  protests,  on  in  Florence  took  possession  of  the  p 

the  ground  that  it  made  a  discrimination  against  and  papers  of  a  Tunisian  general,  ] 

the  priest  which  was  not  justified  by  the  recog-  Pasha,  who  died  in  that  city,  leaving 


ITALY.  461 

against  which  certain  Italian  creditors  Tuif  Htg^Mkm  wttk  FnuMe. — ^The  commer- 
ims.  The  Italian  judicial  aathorities  cial  treaty  with  France  expired  in  1887.  Dar- 
ed the  consul,  who  had  gone  so  far  as  ing  negotiations  for  a  new  treaty  it  was  pro- 
:  the  seals  placed  on  the  property  hy  loDged  until  March  1,  1888,  as  were  also  ttie 
an  court  and  to  sell  part  of  the  effects,  treaties  with  Spain  and  Switzerland.  These 
3r  up  the  property  in  his  possession,  were  renewed,  but  the  French  ministers  and 
ited  him  to  assist  in  the  proceedings  legislators  were  too  much  under  the  dominion 
ad  with  the  administration  of  the  estate,  of  protectionist  interests  to  agree  to  a  treaty 
3nch  consul  paid  no  attention  to  the  that  would  be  acceptable  to  Italy.  The  nego- 
'  the  court,  and  when  the  pretor  went  tiations  were  broken  off  in  the  beginning  of 
onsnlate  he  was  compelled  to  break  a  February,  1888,  and  MM.  Teisserenc  de  Sort 
the  French  officials  would  yield  only  and  Marie,  the  French  plenipotentiaries,  were 
The  French  Government  complained  recalled  from  Rome.  The  Italian  representa- 
lation  of  the  consulate,  and  the  Italian  tives  asked  for  reductions  in  tiie  French  duties 
sent  removed  the  pretor  to  another  on  cattle,  cereals,  and  the  produce  of  the  vine, 
in  the  same  city  as  a  disciplinary  pun*  On  February  21  M.  Flourens  communicated  to 
for  discourtesy,  but  maintained  the  Count  Manabrea,  the  Italian  Ambassador  in 
tgality  of  the  proceedings,  and  demand-  Paris,  the  final  proposals  of  the  French  6ov- 
l2ie  consul  should  be  censured.  In  the  emment,  and  on  February  27  the  French  Sen- 
French  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs  ate  passed  a  bill  authorizing  reprisals  against 
ledged  that  the  consults  conduct  was  Italy  in  case  the  commercial  treaty  should  lapse, 
ind  the  inheritance  was  returned  to  the  The  Senate  bill  contained  a  clause  taxing  raw 
ne  tribunal  for  adjudication.  silk,  for  which  the  Lyons  manufacturers  have 
lismissal  of  Count  Corti,  Italian  Am-  largely  depended  on  Italy.  The  Italian  6oy- 
r  at  London,  who  died  soon  after  his  ernment  gave  notice  that  it  intended  to  pre- 
\,  was  an  indication  of  the  strong  feel-  sent  counter-proposals,  and  requested  the  sua- 
he  Mediterranean  question  of  the  Ital-  pension  of  the  new  tariff,  but  to  this  the  French 
tnier,  whose  antipathy  to  Count  Corti  Cabinet  would  not  accede.  On  March  10  Count 
rom  the  time  when  the  latter,  while  Manabrea  presented  new  proposals  as  a  basis  for 
'  for  Foreign  Affairs  at  the  time  of  the  reopening  negotiations.  In  the  mean  time  the 
Congress,  would  not  press  the  Italian  reprisals  were  carried  out.  The  Italian  Govem- 
o  Tunis,  although  overtures  were  made  ment  was  armed  with  the  necessary  powers  by 
part  of  Germany,  saying  that  Italy,  an  act  that  was  passed  on  February  8,  in  accord- 
iking  her  seat  for  the  first  time  among  ance  with  which  it  declared  that  certain  speci- 
it  powers,  would  not  appear  as  a  sup-  fied  French  imports  would  come  under  the 
for  favors.  In  regard  to  the  supposed  general  tariff  on  and  after  the  1st  of  March, 
aspirations  toward  Tripoli,  Italy  has  as-  Among  the  articles  so  treated  were  wine,  spir- 
a  determined  attitude.  In  fortifying  its,  coffee,  sugar,  chocolate,  oils,  soap,  per- 
he  French  are  said  to  have  carried  the  fnmery,  dye-stuffs,  furniture,  toys,  fire-arms, 
line  into  Tripolitan  territory.  In  the  flour,  preserved  fruits,  etc.  The  duty  on  text- 
the  French  Cabinet  raised  a  trouble-  He  fabrics,  skins,  railroad-cars,  pottery,  glass, 
lestion  regarding  the  abolition  of  the  and  copper  manufactures  was  raised  to  50  per 
Uons  in  Massowah  before  the  powers  cent. ;  that  on  iron  manufactures  to  20  per 
n  duly  notified  of  the  Italian  annexa-  cent. ;  and  that  on  machinery  to  80  per  cent. 
Lfter  making  good  the  omission.  Signer  The  French  and  Italian  merchants,  however, 
etorted  by  raisins  a  point  in  connec-  very  generally  evaded  the  new  tariffs  by  or- 
h  the  Suez  Canal  convention  proposed  ganizing  a  systematic  smuggling  trade.  Goods 
ce,  which  was  intended  to  draw  from  were  shipped  into  Switzerland,  and  from  there 
a  declaration  regarding  her  sovereign-  invoiced  to  their  destination  in  France  and 
merely  in  Massowah,  where  Il^y  Italy,  until  persons  who  practiced  this  trick 
that  it  had  lapsed,  but  in  Tunis,  where  were  punished  for  making  false  declarations, 
till  nominally  in  force.  The  interpre-  After  that  an  extensive  smuggling  trade  sprang 
at  by  Italy  on  the  Suez  convention  led  up.  The  risks  and  cost  of  smuggling  enhanced 
tan  at  the  last  moment  to  withhold  his  the  prices  of  the  goods  only  about  16  per  cent, 
"a  In  regard  to  Massowah,  Italy  was  which  nearly  corresponded  to  the  average  rate 
id  by  the  majority  of  the  powers  in  of  duties  under  the  old  tariff.  The  trade  in 
tention  that  the  Turkish  sovereignty  Italian  straw-goods,  raw  silk,  and  other  valu- 
i-effective,  and  that  the  territory  was  able  wares  and  in  fine  French  manufactures 
iu8  at  the  time  of  the  Italian  occupa-  was  as  brisk  as  before,  but  the  large  export  of 
lie  school  question  in  Tunis  was  the  grapes  and  must  from  the  Italian  vineyards  for 
of  representations  in  consequence  of  the  manufacture  of  wine  was  interrupted, 
ibe  Tunisian  authorities,  without  fore-  The  PNvlir'B  Jamey  t0  FrleMdmhe. — ^In 
leir  purpose  to  introduce  the  French  the  summer  of  1888  Signer  Crispi  went  to 
»nal  system,  modified  their  rules  so  as  Germany  in  order  to  pay  a  second  visit  to 
iterfere  with  the  missionary  schools  of  Prince  Birmarck  at  Friedrichsruhe,  where  he 
Donks.  arrived  on  August  22.    The  meeting  had  the 


462  JAPAN. 

effect  of  dispelling  Olerioal  ezpeotations  of  an  Islands,  2,000 ;  and  Assab,  1,000.    The  extent 

intervention  of  Germanj  in  the  Roman  qaes-  and  popnlation  of  the  protected  territories  be- 

tion.    The  Italian  Ambassador  at  Berlin,  Count  tween  Massowah  and  Assab,  and  sooth  of  A&- 

de  Lannay,  was  present  at  Si^or  Orispi's  in-  sab,  are  not  known.     Bj  a  law  enacted  on 

terviews  with  the  German  Chancellor.     On  July  10, 1887,  a  special  corps  of  African  troops 

his  homeward  journey  the  Premier  had  a  oon-  was  created,  numbering  5,000  men,  of  whom 

ference  with  Count  E41noky  at  Eger.  288  are  officers,  with  492  horses.     It  is  com- 

CtlOBlal  PommbIou. — Italy  has  occupied  or  ex-  posed  of  volunteers  from  the  regular  armj. 

tended  a  protectorate  over  about  500  kilo-  The  commerce  of  the  African  possessions  of 

metres  of  the  western  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  Italy  amounted  in  1887  to  158,920  lire  by  land, 

extending  from  the  village  of  Emberemi,  in  and  12,614,447  lire  by  sea.   There  is  a  railroad 

16°  of  north' latitude,  a  short  distance  north  of  in  operation  between  Massowah  and  Saati, 

the  island  of  Massowah,  to  the  southern  limit  having  a  length  of  27  kilometres, 

of  the  territory  of  Kaheita,  in  12**  of  north  lati-  In  the  summer  of  1888  Italy  took  possesedon 

tnde,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Assab,  inclusive  of  ZuUa,  in  the  Egyptian  Soudan,  and  notified 

of  the  small  islands  a^acent  to  the  coast  and  the  powers  of  the  step,  declaring  that  it  was 

the  Archipelago  of  Dahlak.  Italian  sovereignty  taken  in  response  to  an  urgent  request  of  the 

has  been  declared  over  Assab  and  its  territory,  natives.     The  Egyptian  (^vemment,  actinf 

extending  from  Ras  Dermah  to  Ras  Sinthiar  under  directions  from  the  Porte,   protested 

in  the  south,  a  distance  of  about  60  kilometres;  against  the  occupation  on  August  16.    About 

over  Massowah  and  adjacent  islands,  and  the  the  same  time  the  Italian  Gk)vernment  asked 

coast  from  Emberemi  to  the  peninsula  of  Buri ;  of  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  the  grant  of  the 

and  over  the  Dahlak  Islands.    The  island  and  Kismaya  Juba  river,  which  flows  into  the  In- 

town  of  Massowah,  according  to  an  enumera-  dian  Ocean  a  few  miles  south  of  the  equator, 

tion  made  in  September,  1886,  contains  5,000  and  affords  a  route  of  doubtful  value  to  Shoa 

inhabitants ;    Emberemi,    1,000 ;   the  Dahlak  and  southern  Abyssinia. 


JAPAlf*  The  chief  ruler  of  the  Japanese  Em-  tary  Bureau  of  Tokio  reported  that,  as  the  re- 
pire  IB  Mutsuhito,  bom  Nov.  3, 1852.  The  heir-  suit  of  the  violation  of  the  quarantine  by  an 
apparent,  Haru,  was  bom  Aug.  31,  1877.  The  infected  vessel  convoyed  into  Yokohama  bj  a 
Tenuo  or  Mikado  is  assisted  in  his  government  foreign  man-of-war,  the  cases  of  cholera  in 
by  the  Privy  Council  of  18  members ;  the  Cab-  1886  numbered  155,474,  of  which  110,086  were 
inet,  consisting  of  the  heads  of  the  eight  execn-  fatal.  Only  17  days  of  the  year  presented  no 
tive  departments  and  a  Minister-President  ot  cases.  Of  the  cities  having  over  100,000  inhab- 
State ;  the  Senate,  or  Genro  In,  of  60  members;  itants,  Tokio  has  1,552,457;  Ozaka,  853,970;  Ki- 
and  a  Supreme  Court  of  Justice,  or  Dai  Shin  In,  oto,  255,408 ;  Nagoya,  126,898;  and  Eanazawa, 
consisting  of  24  superior  judges.  For  adminis-  104,820.  There  are  30  cities  having  a  popnla- 
trative  purposes,  the  empire  is  divided  into  44  tion  of  between  80,000  and  100,000.  Foreign- 
ken,  or  prefectures,  and  3  f u,  or  imperial  cities,  ers  residing  in  Japan  number  6,807,  of  whom 
Each  ken  has  a  local  assembly  with  limited  4,071  are  Chinese,  1,200  British,  621  Ameri* 
powers,  the  members  of  which  are  elected  cans,  818  Germans,  220  French,  and  871  of 
by  ballot.  The  number  of  persons  that  pay  various  nationalities.  Yokohama  is  the  main 
land-tax  of  over  $5  per  annum  is  1,581,726,  of  seaport,  and  here  8,837  foreigners  li?e,  of 
whom  1,488,700  have  the  right  of  voting.  The  whom  2,359  are  Chinese.  Of  the  foreign  me^ 
number  of  persons  who  pay  over  $10  tax  is  cantile  firms  in  Japan,  103  are  British,  39 
882,517,  of  whom  802,975  have  the  ri^ht  both  American,  42  German,  85  French,  and  255 
of  voting  and  of  being  elected  to  the  local  Chinese.  Over  400  adult  persons  are  con- 
assemblies.  In  these  petty  legislative  bodies  nected  with  missionary  operations.  In  1887 
2,172  members  sit,  and  the  number  of  stand-  5,489  passports  were  issued  to  Japanese  to 
ing  committees  is  292.  The  Riu  Eiu  (Loo  travel  or  live' abroad,  no  native  being  exempt, 
Choo)  islands,  formerly  semi-independent,  now  by  reason  of  absence,  from  the  military  laws, 
form  the  Okinawa  ken,  but  Yezo  and  the  isl-  Armj  aid  Navy. — The  army  consists  of  48,897 
ands  of  Hokkaido  are  governed  as  a  colony.  privates,  7,189  non-commissioned  ofScers,  and 

P^pilatlM. — By  the  enumeration  completed  8,802  commissioned  officers,  of  whom  41  are 

Jan.  1, 1887,  the  native  population  numbered  generals.    There  are  also  2,057  pupils  in  the 

88,507,177,  of  whom  19,451,491  were  males  military  schools,  and  15,000  police,  who  are 

and  19,055,686  were  females.     These  are  di-  drilled  to  act  as  a  reserve  in  time  of  war.    in 

vided  by  law  into  three  classes,  nobles,  gentry,  September,  1888,  there  were  in  the  standing 

and  common  neople,  which  numbered  8,480,  squadron  of  the  navy  8,  and  in  the  reserve  SI 

1,940,271,    and    86,563,476    respectively.     In  vessels  of  war ;  besides  two  vessels  for  coast  de- 

1886  there  were  355,811  marriages,  1,050,617  fense  building  in  France,  one  first-class  raan-of- 

births,  and  988,848  deaths.    The  Central  Sani-  war  in  England,  and  three  wooden  idiips  at 


JAPAN.  453 

ar  Yokohama ;  total,  85,  of  which  ceived  and  refined,  and  260*47  tons  of  copper 

modern  fighting  ships.    The  Naval  were  obtained  by  calling  in  and  melting  up  the 

1  Board  have  decided  to  build  25  large  oval  copper  coin  called  ^^  tempo."    Gas 

during  the  next  five  years.    The  is  now  replacing  coke  as  a  fuel, 

ship-building  at  Yokoska  are  first  C^muleatlMis.  —  A  distinct  department  of 

addition  to  the  finest  wooden  ves-  the  Government,  with  bureaus,  has  charge  of 

itest  approved  types,  iron  and  steel  light-houses,  telegraphs,  nautical  schools,  Gov- 

.  course  of  construction.    Most  of  emment  subsidies  to  steamship  companies,  and 

ates  used  for  the  iron-clads  come  postal  service  at  home  and  abroad.    There  are 

id.    About  35,000  sailors  and  ofiS-  now  59  light-houses  and  light-ships,  12  of  the 

se  the  personal  equipment  of  the  lights  being  of  the  first  order.    In  the  tele- 

vy.    For  the  construction  of  forts  graph  service,  2,298  miles  of  wire  are  in  opera- 

,  Shimonos^ki,  and  in  Tokio  Bay,  tion,  and  the  business  is  conducted  by  2,569 

ture  of  heavy  guns,  torpedoes,  and  operators,  of  whom  20  are  women.  The  school 

of  coast  defense,  $2,204,742  are  of  telegraphy  is  in  Tokio.    The  approximate 

1  for  the  present  year.    The  War  annual  postal  and  telegraphic  receipts  amount 

ivy  Departments  cost  respectively  to  $3,217,548,  the  net  profits  in  1887  being 

and  $11,256,555,  or  $25,617,771,  apparently  $251,168.    The  nautical  school  for 

^nths  or  nearly  one  third  of  the  the  commercial  marine  is  in  Ozaka,  conducted 

le  of  the  empire,  according  to  the  at  an  annual  expense  of  $30,000.    In  addition 

f  1888-'89.    Both  army  and  navy  to  the  Nippon  Ynsen  Eaisha,  or  Ocean  Trans- 

the  highest  degree  of  efficiency.  portation  Company,  with  its  large  fleet  of 

According  to  the  budget  of  Count  steamers,  the  newly  formed  Ozaka  Sho  Sen 

for  the  twenty-first  year  of  Meiji  Eaisha,  or  coast-trade  company,  is  also  snbsi- 

the  total  annual  revenue  amounts  dized  by  the  Government,  the  former  to  the 

923;    of    which  internal  revenue  extent  of  $880,000,  and  the  latter  $52,000.  The 

,289,576;  sale  or  rent  of  various  general    post-office     building   in    Tokio   was 

t  properties,  $8,572,472 ;  snbscrip-  burned  curing  1888,  but  statistics  preserved 

'  and  coast  defense,  5,893,874.  The  show  that  during  the  year  35,307,658  covers 

f  income  is  the  land-tax,  $42,089,-  were  received,  of  which  23,091,091  were  dis- 

vhich  is  sak^-brewing,  which  yields  tributed  in  Tokio.    The  tiew  line  of  postage- 

.    The  chief  expenditures  are  :  Re-  stamps  as  now  issued  is  in  sen  (cents)  as  fol- 

f  the  national  debt,  $20,000,000;  lows:  100,  scarlet;  50,  brick  red;  25,  pale  green; 

ve  expenses  of  the  Department  of  20,  red;  15,  purple;  10,  dark  orange;  8,  vio- 

*,  including  public  improvements,  let ;  4,  brown.    Of  railways,  in  March,  1887, 

Finance  Department,  $10,143,825 ;  431  miles  were  open,  of  which  266^  were  Gov- 

d  naval  administration,  $25,617,-  emment  property. 

se,  $3,167,636;  communications,  Indirtrles  and  Wigfs. — Returns  from  all  ex- 
Foreign  Affairs,  $833,854 ;  £du-  oept  two  provinces  show  that  the  acreage  of 
835 ;  colonization  of  Yezo,  $2,066,-  cereal  crops  is  steadily  increasing,  as  well  as 
he  total  being  $80,747,853.  The  pasturage  for  the  enlarged  numbers  of  live- 
)t  is  now  $245,921,207.  Japan  is  stock  rendered  necessary  by  the  prevailing 
)y  her  treaty  obligations  from  at-  fashion  of  eating  meat,  in  which  the  city  peo- 
increase  her  revenue  by  increasing  pie  are  far  ahead  of  the  country  folks.  In  1887 
imports,  which  now  scarcely  more  there  were  housed  1,482,642,658  bushels  of 
eir  collection.  grain  of  all  kinds,  which  exceeded  the  total 
)«tauige. — One  of  the  most  satisfac-  crop  of  the  previous  year  by  over  1,000,000 
workings,  of  the  Government  Indus-  bushels.  As  an  index  of  the  amount  of  ani- 
mint  at  Ozaka,  which  is  equipped  .  mal  food  consumed  in  the  two  largest  cities,  in 
sst  modern  machinery  and  super-  which  butcher^s  meat  was  almost  unknown 
glishmen.  During  the  year  ending  thirty  years  ago,  there  were  slaughtered  in 
888,  the  amount  of  bullion  import-  one  month,  February,  1888,  in  Tokio,  2,281 
3  mint  was  134,436*86  ounces  of  animals,  and  in  Ozaka,  772.  The  use  of  milk 
,703*47 ounces  of  silver;  11,846,223  and  ice  is  now  quite  general  in  the  cities. 
)pper ;  the  coinage  being  87,016,448  Whereas  coal  was  popularly  unknown  as  fuel 
edat  $11,660,141.97,  in  denomina-  three  decades  ago,  there  were  consumed  in 
^old  6  yen,  silver  1  yen,  and  20  Tokio  in  1887  18,000,000  tons  of  coal,  most  of 
and  copper  1  and  1^  sen,  besides  which,  however,  went  to  supply  the  furnaces 
for  the  imperial  treasury  valued  of  steam-boilers  in  the  manufactories.  Despite 
)71.87.  The  total  coinage  since  the  increasing  number  of  brick  buildings,  nres 
imounted  in  value  to  $149,713,-  are  still  numerous  in  the  capital,  there  being 
le  annual  expense  of  administration  806  fires  in  1886,  consuming  3,491  houses. 
.43.  The  employes  number  473,  of  In  1887  there  were  867  fires.  In  the  central 
are  in  Tokio.  Of  Corean  gold  in  district,  Nippon  Bashi,  in  Tokio,  the  wages  of 
and  disk-shaped  lumps,  547  ingots  carpenters,  roofers,  wood-sawyers,  paper-hang- 
3ls  of  gold-dust  were  last  year  re-  ers,  and  shipbuilders,  average  from  50  to  40 


454  JAPAN. 

cents  a  day ;  plasterers  and  masons,  70  to  50  Uterttire  aid  Art — Since  the  revo] 

cents;  bricklayers,  matmakers,  lacqaerers,  65  1868  the  thought  of  the  nation  has  bee 

to  40  cents ;  joiners,  tailors,  screen  and  door  almost  entirely  away  from  Chinese  ic 

makers,  75  to  50  cents ;   laborers,  85  to  25  ditions,  and  literature,  to  the  knowle 

cents.    As  a  rule,  skilled  workmen  engaged  in  guages,  and  general  literature  of  the  n 

making  articles  of  foreign  wear,  equipment,  or  Christendom.    In  all  the  lai^e  cities  t 

furniture  modeled  on  Western  patterns  receive  shops  for  the  sale  of  foreign  books, 

higher  wages  than  these,  the  native  houses  native  firms  in  Tokio  carrying  notal 

being  increasingly  furnished  after  European  stocks.    The  m^'ority  of  works  impor 

fashions.  of  scientific  subjects  and  the  modem 

Meteoroltgy* — The  Meteorological  Office,  es>  handicrafts.    Most  of  the  copyrights  i 

tablished  in  1888,  is  on  the  elevated  ground  the  Department  of  Education  are  for 

within  the  walls  of  the  old  castle  in  the  heart  tions  of  Western  books,  or  for  treatis 

of  the  city.    It  is  one  of  the  best  equipped  in  on  knowledge   gained  directly  from 

the  world,  the  apparatus  being  both  imported  or  America.    The  increased  literary 

from  Europe  ana  the  United  States,  and  of  na-  shown  in  all  departments  of  inquiry 

tive  invention  and  manufacture.     Reports  are  seen  from  the  statistical  report  pub) 

received  by  telegraph  thrice  daily  from  80  sta>  Tokio,  which  shows  that  the  books  n 

tions  in  the  Japanese  archipelago  and  from  ing  the  years  from  1881  to  1887  num 

Corea.    Three  forecasts  of  the  weather  are  is-  each  year  respectively  as  follows:  5,97 

sued  daily  in  telegraphic  bulletins,  at  6  a.  m.,  9,462,  9,898,  8,507,  8,105,  9,547.     Dn 

and  2  and  9  p.  m.     The  phenomena  studied  same  years  the  newspapers  and  magazi 

and  recorded  are  earthquakes,  typhoons,  wind,  lished  in  the  empire  numbered  respecti' 

temperature,  and  moisture.    The  theories  of  244.  199,  269,  821,  408,  497 ;  and  in 

weather  as  formulated  in  other  parts  of  the  half  of  the  year  1888,  550;  of  whit 

world  and  largely  based  on  local  phenomena,  were  in  Tokio  208,  and  in  Ozaka  48. 

which  have  been  assumed  to  be  of  general  ap-  these  periodicals  are  devoted  to  speci 

plication,  are  only  of  moderate  value  here,  and  art  and  science.    Among  the  books  tr 

much  of  the  utility  of  the  forecasts  made  in  Japanese  themes,  there  are,  besides  sol 

Tokio  depend  upon  the  individual  skill  of  the  ence-books  of  sterling  value,  notable  < 

superintendent    Thus  far  it  has  been  proved  an  almost  entirely  new  branch  of  ph 

that  70  per  cent,  of  the  predictions  accord  cal  and  critical  literature.    In  these  b 

with  the  facts  as  subsequently  recorded.    It  is  statements  handed  down   from  the 

noteworthy  that  the  success  is  far  greater  con-  sifted  and  appraised.    Public  librarie 

cerning  rain  than  wind.    There  are  47  stations  creasing,  and  graduates  of  the  univei 

from  which  vessels  may  be  warned  of  coining  being  trained  to  the  Western  library  i 

typhoons.    The  apparatus  for  the  recording  of  A  special  commission  has  been  sent 

earth-tremors  has  been  largely  invented    in  Government  to  study  the  American  s; 

Japan,  and  is  much  more  delicate  than  the  handling  books  and  preserving  archi 

Italian  seismographs.    A  flourishing  seismo-  the  Tokio  Library  there  were,  at  th< 

logical  society  is  established  in  Tokio,  issuing  1886,  86,118,284  volumes,  during  wh 

regular  accounts  of  proceedings  and  results.  90,018  Japanese  and    Chinese  volun 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1888,  a  standard  merid-  been  consulted  by  4,852  readers,  an« 

ian  was  officially  declared,  and  a  national  sys-  books  read  by  8,569  readers.    In  8 

tem  of  standard  time  went  into   operation  there  were  42,826  visitors.    A  Japf 

throughout  the  empire.    The  year  1888  has  Chinese  book  is  usually  divided  int 

been  noted  for  the  number  and  violence  of  volumes,  the  standard  reference-wor 

cyclonic  storms,  those  of  August  and  Septem-  including    hundreds   of  lightly    but 

ber  causing  the  loss  of  nearly  800  human  lives  bound  fasciculi.    European  methods  < 

besides  much  cattle  and  shipping.    On  the  15th  binding,  and  general  procedure  in  be 

of  July,  at  7.80  a.  m.,  the  fire-peaked  mount-  lishing  and  manufacture  are  becomin 

ain  Bandai  san,  in  Fukushima  ken,  whose  his-  more  general.    A  literary  event  of  pi 

tory  as  a  volcano  and  the  eruption  of  three  portance  during  1888  was  the  issue  of 

hundred  years  ago  had  been  popularly  forgot-  plete  translation  of  the  Bible,  made 

ten,  blew  up  amid  thunderous  noises,  sending  from  the  Hebrew  and  Greek  original  S< 

out  vast  masses  of  ashes  which  fell  like  rain  by  the  American  missionaries, 

during  four  hours.    Of  two  hot  springs,  around  BdlglM.— Shinto  (god-doctrine),  the 

which  were  houses  filled  with  patients,  and  of  state  religion,  re-promulgated  in  1868, 

three  villages,  not  a  vestige  was  left.    Besides  sunk  to  a  merely  nominal  existence ;  1 

the  many  square  miles  covered  with  lumps  of  public  recognition,  apart  from  the  sei 

mud  and  ashes,  108,000  square  feet  of  valuable  the  imperial  palace,  being  an  annual 

land  was  spoiled  and  476  persons  were  killed,  money,  which  keeps  in  repair  the  toml 

Steam  escaped  daily  for  weeks.    The  people  Mikado's  ancestors  and  the  memorial  a 

driven  from  their  homes  were  led  by  the  Gov-  patriots,  together  with  the  payment 

emment  and  a  thorough  scientific  investigation  aries  to  sinecure  officials,"  amountin 

was  ordered.  this  year  to  $305,451.    Of  Buddhist  se 


JEWS.  455 

with  29  subdivisions,  the  temples  and  posited  with  the  Government,  and  devoted  to 

belonging  to  which  number  71,284,  the  technical  education  of  Jewish  youth  and 

,759  priests.    Christianity  makes  steady  their  training  in  science.     But  not  satisfied 

i,  nearly  all  restrictions  having  been  re-  with  such  a  donation,  Baron  de  Hirscb  com- 

Connected  with  the  Reformed  or  Prot-  memorated  the  jubilee  of  the  Emperor  of  Aus- 

hnrches  there  are  28,000  communicant  tria,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year,  by  a  gift  of 

"s,  and  with  the  Roman  and  Greek  12,000,000  fraucs  for  the  benefit  of  the  needy 

3  a  still  larger  number  of  Christians,  population  of  the  kingdoms  of  Galicia  and  Lo- 

lal  appurtenances  of  Christian  work,  domerea,  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Cracow,  and  the 

nda,  and  education  are  established  in  Duchy  of  Bukovina.    While  the  main  features 

ous  towns  and  cities,  such  as  churches,  of  the  trust  are  unsectarian,  there  are  special 

ig-halls,  Sunday-schools,  orphan  asy-  provisions  for  the  Jews,   who,   besides,  will 

invents,  theological  seminaries,  young  share  largely  in  its  benefits,  because  they  form 

Christian  associations,  religious  news-  so  large  a  portion  of  the  population  to  be  aided. 

The  first  consecration  in  Japan  of  a  The  objects  are  *Hhe  spread  of  secular  educa- 

Cathotio  bishop  took  place  at  Yoko-  tion  and  the  promotion  of  handicrafts  and  agri- 

ane  19,  1888.  culture."    It  is  to  establish  schools,  promote 

M  TnAu — The  summary  of  foreign  trade  technical  training,  supplement  the  salaries  of 

year  1887  shows  an  increase  of  $12,-  underpaid  teachers,   aid  school-children  with 

over  that  of  1886,  the  imports  for  the  clothing,  food,  and  books,  apprentice  boys  and 

year  amounting  to  $44,526,600,  and  girls  to  remunerative  trades,  and  grant  subsi- 

orts  to  40,901,610.     The  trade  move-  dies  and  loans  free  of  interest  to  Jewish  artisans 

the  chief  ports  was  as  follows :  Yoko-  and  agricultorists.    One  of  the  conditions  is, 

54,581,880 ;  Kobe,  $25,878,165  ;  Naga-  that  German  must  be  taught  in  theschools,  but 

^,424,215;    Hakodate,  $598,950.    With  in  Galicia  Polish  may  be  employed.    Baron  de 

Britain    and    her   colonies,  the  trade  Hirsch^s  educational  plans  run  in  direct  parallel 

3d  to  $23,227,785  ;    with  the  United  lines  with  the  eflforts  of  the  Alliance  Israelite, 

$20,401,920  ;    with  China  and  Hong-  whose  schools  in  the  East  afford  instruction  to 

$16,571,495  ;    with    the    East   Indies,  10,000  Jewish  children  of  the  poor  and  neg- 

r05 ;    with  France,   $9,908,265 ;    with  lected  classes,   and  constitute    what  may  be 

y,  $4,889,885.    Of  imnorts,  Great  Brit-  termed  Jewish  Foreign  Missions.    These  have 

her  colonies  sold  goods  to  the  amount  made  steady  progress  during  the  year,  and 

91,585 ;  and  the  United  States,  $8,858,-  flourish  in  Asia  Minor,  Morocco,  India,  and 

hile  of  exports  Great  Britain  and  her  Turkey.     Similar  bodies  in  England,  Austria, 

I  took  but  $8,745,895,  while  the  United  Germany,  and  America  co-operate  with  the 

took  $17,088,280.    The  American  im-  Alliance  Israelite  Universelle,  of  Paris.    A  gift, 

rere   petroleum,   clocks,  flour,  books,  in  spirit  equaling  Baron  de  Hirsch^s  was  the 

and  manufactured  tobacco,  while  the  bequest  of  800,000  lire,  on  March  16,  by  the 

were  silk,  tea,  camphor,  sulphur,  rice,  late  Guiseppe  Giganto,  of  Alberto,  Italy,  to- 

rcelain,  plaited  straw,  and  fancy  wares,  ward  the  foundation  of  an  agricultural  school, 

an  commerce  was  performed  in  1,256  open  to  all  confessions.    Baron  Edraond  de 

vessels  and  18,888  Japanese  vessels  of  Rothschild  continued  to  give  large  sums  in  aid 

1  build,  the  former  having  a  tonnage  of  the  struggling  Jewish  colonies  of  Palestine. 
,186,  and  the  latter  of  8,498,517,  with        The  anti-Semitic  movement  in  Germany  has 

•f  15,139  ships  and  5,167,708  tonnage,  been  checked.    In  Roumania,  the  condition  of 

the  entries  of  Japanese  steamers  were  the  Jews  has  improved,  thanks  to  a  more  liberal 

f  the  Nippon  Yusen  Kaisha,  and  be-  ministry.    In  Austria,  Ritter  von  Schoeuerer, 

to  the  company^s  fleet  of  over  sixty  the  leader  of  the  anti-Semites,  was  arrested, 

which  now  control  the  trade  with  Chi-  In  Prague,  an ti- Jewish  pamphlets  were  con- 

oa,  as  well  as  the  coast  trade  of  Japan,  fiscated.    In  Hungary,  the  firm  attitude  of  the 

.    The  Jewish  record  of  events,  abroad  Government  prevented  any  riotous  demonstra- 

lome,  is  gratifying  in  every  department  tions.    On   March   8,  the  Jews  of  Cork,  Ire- 

ation,  religious  progress,  and  literature,  land,  were  made  the  subject  of  harsh  invective 

IS  been  a  marked  advance,  while  in  phi-  by  the  labor  union.    In  Paris,  Drumont^s  scur- 

py  and  general  participation  in  the  march  riloas  work  was  followed  by  discussions  in  the 

inity  the  year  shows  its  usual  favorable  press,  but  without  any  outbreaks.    No  further 

Happily,  there  has  been  no  set-back  steps  were  taken  to  facilitate  Jewish  emigration 

form  of  persecutions — no  anti-Semitic  to  Spain.     The  sweating- system  (see  Great 

)  of  any  magnitude — but  a  practical  de-  Bbitain,  page  891)  caused  much  excitement  in 

tion  of  the  Jews  in  all  lands  to  face  the  London  and  throughout  England,  and  Lord 

IS  of  the  time.  Rothschild   was  appointed  a  member  of  the 

onary,  1888,  Baron  de  Hirsch,  of  Paris,  House  of  Lords  committee.    The  investigation 

,000,000  francs  for  the  education  of  the  was  favorable,  on  the  whole,  to  the  character 

Russia.    Such  a  practical  solution  of  a  of  foreign  Jewish  immigrants  in  England ;  but 

ig  problem  was  greeted  with  satisfaction  no  effective  remedy  was  proposed  to  relieve 

out  the  globe.    The  fund  is  to  be  de-  the  great  poverty  of  the  working-classes  in  the 


456  JEWS. . 

East  End  of  London.  The  first  number  of  the  cated  in  Boston,  Mass.,  June  20.  On  Mucb 
**  Jewish  Quarterly  Review  "  was  issued  in  Lcfn-  8,  the  semi-centennial  of  the  Hebrew  Sanday- 
don.  Among  the  more  important  new  works  School  Society  was  celebrated  in  Philadelphia, 
by  Anglo-Jewish  writers  were:  **  Jewish  Por-  The  first  biennial  convention,  on  March  11, in 
traits,"  by  Lady  Magnus ;  "  Fables  of  Bidpai,"  New  York,  of  the  Jewish  Theological  Associa- 
edited  by  Joseph  Jacobs ;  and  ^^  Anecdota  Ox-  tion  showed  a  hopeful  exhibit.  The  Jewi^ 
oniensis,"  by  Dr.  Neubauer.  Among  the  note-  Ministers'  Association  of  America  held  its 
worthy  books  by  Jewish  authors  on  the  Con-  spring  conference  in  Washington,  D.  C,  on 
tinent  were :  L.  Kahn's  **  History  of  the  Jews  May  28.  The  subject  of  a  religious  union 
of  France  " ;  Wogue's  "  Cours  de  Theologie  formed  the  topic  of  debate ;  an  essay  by  Re?. 
Juive :  Principes  Generaux " ;  "  Reime  und  Dr.  Kohler,  of  New  York,  being  read,  fol- 
Gedichte  des  Abraham  Ibn  Ezra,"  by  Dr.  D.  lowed  by  general  discussion.  Rev.  Dr.  8.  Men- 
Rosin;  "Life  of  Ludwig  BOrne,"  by  Dr.  M.  delssohn,  of  Wilmington,  N.  C,  read  a  paper 
Holzmann ;  translations  of  Graetz's  "  History  on  "  Faneral  Orations,"  Committees  were 
of  the  Jews  "  into  French,  Russsian,  Hebrew,  appointed  to  prepare  a  plan  of  action  for  reli- 
and  Judeo-Polish,  together  with  a  large  num-  gious  union  and  uniform  burial  service.  At 
her  of  brochures  and  essays  on  Jewish  and  the  public  session  Rev.  Dr.  Gottheil  spoke 
Oriental  subiects,  showing  the  interest  mani-  on  the  "  Moral  Education  of  the  People,"  and 
fested  by  scnolars  in  biblical  and  rabbinical  orations  were  made  by  Rev.  Dr.  Bettelheim,  of 
literature.  Baltimore,  and  Rev.  Leon  Harrison,  of  Brook- 

Signer  Maurogonato    was   re-elected  Vice-  lyn.     At  the  winter  conference  in  Philadelphia, 

President  of  the  Italian  Parliament.     Baron  December  8,  the  religious  condition  of  the 

Henry  de  Worms  was  appointed  Under-Secre-  working- classes  formed  the  subject  of  an  earn- 

tary  for  the  Colonies  of  Great  Britain.    M.  Lis-  est  debate,  and  a  series  of  resolutions,  advocat- 

bonne  was  elected   a  member  of  the  French  ing  special  evening  services  and  visitation  was 

Senate.    Isidore  Gunzberg  won  the  first  prize  proposed  by  the  Rev.  H.  S.  Jacobs,  of  Nev 

at  the  International    Chess    Tournament    in  York.    Statistics  as  to  Jewish  prisoners  in  n- 

Bradford,  England.    Alderman  Benjamin  was  rious  penal  institutions  were  presented,  shoir- 

re-elected  Mayor  of  Melbourne,  Australia.  ing  that  they  were  few  and  generaUy  well  be- 

The  efforts  to  consolidate  the  various  Rus-  haved.  It  was  resolved  to  supply  literature 
sian  and  Polish  synagogues  in  New  York  re-  for  Jewish  convicts  and  take  steps  to  secure 
suited  in  the  election  of  Kabbi  Joseph,  of  Wilna,  the  services  of  a  regular  visitor.  At  the  pnh- 
as  chief  rabbi  of  a  large  number  of  congrega-  lie  session  the  Rev.  Dr.  Kohler  spoke  on  '^Tbe' 
tions  representing  Russian  orthodoxy.  His  Bible  and  Modern  Research,"  pleading  for  a 
arrival  in  New  York  formed  the  subject  of  broader  estimate  of  its  character  and  a  rear- 
much  press  comment,  and  his  first  series  of  rangement  of  its  contents  from  ^^  a  higher  point 
lectures,  as  they  were  printed  in  the  daily  papers,  of  view  than  the  narrow  Jewish  one."  The 
reflected  favorably  on  his  tact  and  ability.  The  Rev.  Dr.  F.  De  Sola  Mendes  delivered  an  ad- 
attempt  to  promote  union  among  the  tens  of  dress,  advocating  union  among  the  opposiiig 
thousands  who  have  reached  New  York  from  parties  in  American  Judaism. 
Russia  of  late  years  is  fraught  with  difficulty,  There  have  been  erected  new  synagogues  in 
and  it  is  by  no  means  certain  that  Rabbi  Jo-  Portland,  Me.,  Boston,  Mass.,  New  York  citr, 
seph  will  succeed.  He  is  without  any  influence  Chicago,  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  Scranton,  Pa.,  Alban;, 
on  the  great  mass  of  American  and  German-  N.  Y.,  and  elsewhere. 
American  Jews.  Aftisr  much  discussion,  the  Jewish  Public*- 

The  charitable  activity  continued  unabated,  tion  Society  of  America  was  formally  orj^- 
The  Jewish  Hospital  at  Philadelphia  laid  the  ized  at  Philadelphia  on  June  8,  the  meeting 
comer- stone  of  a  new  edifice  on  October  9,  being  largely  attended  by  delegates  from  the 
$75,000  being  subscribed  in  a  few  weeks.  The  country  in  general.  Active  measures  to  io- 
Montefiore  Home  for  Chronic  Invalids  was  sure  a  successful  result  were  promptly  taken, 
dedicated  in  New  York  on  December  18,  and  and  the  movement  appears  to  be  making  head- 
$30,000  was  given  in  a  few  days.  In  May  the  way  throughout  the  United  States.  It  is  pro- 
Hebrew  Technical  Institute  of  Chicago  was  posed  to  establish  a  Heilprin  Endowment  Fond 
reorganized,  Leon  Mandel,  of  New  York,  giv-  of  $50,000  for  the  publication  of  original  worb 
ing  $20,000  for  that  purpose;  while  the  Touro  in  Jewish  literature,  and  $10,000  toward  this 
Infirmary  of  New  Orleans  received  $10,000  fund  has  already  been  subscribed  by  Messrs. 
from  Michael  Frank.  The  Purim  ball  in  New  Jacob  H.  Schiff,  of  New  York,  and  M.  Guggen- 
York,  on  February  28,  netted  $10,000  for  the  heim,  of  Baltimore. 

Home  for  Aged  and  Infirm  Hebrews.  On  The  necrology  of  the  year  embraces  many 
January  18  the  corner-stone  of  the  new  Benai  eminent  names.  Among  those  abroad  who 
Berith  Orphan  Asylum  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  was  have  passed  away  may  be  mentioned  Henr; 
laid.  On  January  8,  the  Montefiore  Hebrew  Herz,  composer,  of  Paris ;  Ritter  von  Rosen- 
Free  School  was  dedicated  in  Chicago,  and  on  berg,  of  Venice ;  Dr.  Gnstav  Wertheim,  phya- 
July  8,  the  new  Benai  Berith  Orphan  Asylum  cian  and  scientist,  of  Vienna;  Prof.  Dr.  G.Le^, 
was  formally  opened  in  Cleveland,  Ohio.  The  of  Parma;  the  journalists  and  novelists  Hi- 
Home  for  Aged  and  Infirm  Hebrews  was  dedi-  ohael  Klapp  and  Dr.  M&rzroth,  of  Vienna,  and 


KANSAS.  467 

Dr.  S.GambiDner, of  Berlin;  Rabbis  EliasGohn,  merce;  Jacob  de  Nensoholz,  the  banker-pbi- 

)fMajence;  Abraham  Caro,  of  Pinne ;  Louis  lanthropist  of  Jassy;    Moritz   Lowenthal,   of 

iforhonge,  of  Metz;  M.  Feuchtwang,  Nicols-  Dresden;  Prof.  Leone  Levi,  English  political 

»arg;  Adolpb  Ehrentbeil,  of  Bohemia;  M.  M.  economist;   Alexander  Sidi,  philanthropist  of 

tern,  of  Vienna ;  Asher  Stern,  of  Hamburg;  Smyrna;    and  Prof.   L.  Polizer,   of  Vienna, 

'mstein,  of  Lemberg;  Hillesum,  of  Holland,  Among  the  more  notable  deaths  among  the 

[>lomon  Debenedetti,  of  Naples ;  Rafael  Foa,  Jews  of  the  United  States  were  Michael  Heil- 

'  Parma;  Frdhlich,  of  Halle;  Isidor,  Chief  prin,  of  New  York,  author  and  critic;  Mrs.  Hen- 

ibbi  of  France;    Samter,   of  Berlin;    Max  ry  Cohen,  of  Philadelphia;  Alfred  T.  Jones,  of 

lyser.  Socialist  deputy  of  Berlin:  Dr.  S.  A.  Philadelphia,  founder  of  the  *' Jewish  Record"; 

$Imonte,   of  Hamberg ;    Moritz  Kitter  von  Hon.  G.  N.  Herrman,  of  New  York ;  Col.  Isaac 

)ld8chmidt,  of  Vienna;   the  Russian  finan-  May,  of  Philadelphia;  and  Dr.  Joseph  Aub, 

its  and  philanthropists  Samuel  Poliakoff  and  ociUist,  of  Cincinnati. 

-ael  Brodsky;  Madame  S.  Goldschmidt,  of  The  Rev.  Dr.  Isaac  Schwab,  of  St.  Joseph, 

ankfort;   Baroness  Caroline  de  Hirsch,  of  published   *^The  Sabbath  in   History";    Mr. 

micb ;  and  Miss  Miriam  Harris,  of  London,  Isaac  Markens,  of  New  York,  ^^  The  Hebrews 

noted  for  their   piety  and   benevolence ;  in  America " ;  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  L.  Grossman, 

of.  Arsene  Darmesteter,  of  Paris;  Levi  A.  of  Detroit,  ^Oudaism  and  the  Science  of  Re- 

^hen,  of  Tangiers ;  Rev.  Dr.  Louis  Loewe,  of  ligion."     A  complete  edition  of  Miss  Emma 

>ndon,  the  secretary  and  life-long  friend  of  Lazarus^s  poems  was  issued  in  two  volumes, 

r  Moses  Montefiore ;  Alexander  Blumenthal,  Dr.  Charles  Gross  was  appointed  instructor  in 

«sident  of  the  Venice  Chamber  of  Com«  history  at  Harvard  College. 

K 

USSJIS.     state  CiOTcmmit  —  The  following  the  duty  of  preparing  a  schedule  of  such  claims, 

}re  the  State  officers  during  the  year:  Gov-  and  issuing  to  each   claimant  *^ certificates  of 

nor,  John  A.  Martin,  Republican ;  Lieuten-  indebtedness  bearing  interest  at  4  per  cent,  per 

t-Gk)vemor,  A.    P.    Riddle;    Secretary  of  annum  from  July  1, 1887."   The  auditor  issued 

ite,    £.    B.   Allen ;    Treasurer,   James  W.  certificates  of  indebtedness,  aggregating,  up  to 

unilton;  Auditor,  Timothy  McCarthy;  At-  the  close  of  the  year,  $346,776.54  in  payment 

mey-General,  S.  B.  Bradford;  Superintend-  of  claims,  and  $98,252.90  in  payment  of  intor- 

t  of    Public  Instruction,  J.  H.  Lawhead;  est;  in  all,  $445,029.44. 

perintendent  of  Insurance,  Daniel  W.  Wild-  The  law  provides  that  these  certificates  shall 

;     Railroad    Commissioners,   James    Hum-  bear  interest  at  4  per  cent,  per  annum,  but  the 

rey,   L.   L.  Turner,  and  Almerin  Gillett;  Legislature  neglected  to  make  any  provision 

lief-Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Albert  H.  for  the  payment  of  this  interest,  and  early  last 

»rtoD  ;  Associate  Justices,  William  A.  John-  spring  the  State  officers  were  confronted  with 

»n  and  Dhuiel  M.  Valentine.  a  serious  dilemma.    The  State  Treasurer  finally 

naaBCCfl* — The  bonded  debt  of  the  State,  on  made  arrangements  for  the  money  necessary  to 

Q.  1,  1889,  was  $803,500,  showing  a  reduc-  pay  the  coupons  falling  due  July  1,  1888,  all 

n  since  Jan.  1,  1886,  of   $127,000,  and  a  the  State  officers  signing  a  personal  note  for 

al  reduction,  during  the  past  four  years,  of  $14,000,  bearing  interest  at  4  per  cent,  per  an- 

$2,500.      Of  this  debt,  $256,000  is  in  the  nnm,  and  payable  Jan.  81,  1889.    The  State's 

ids  of  individuals  or  corporations,  and  $547,-  fiscal  agent  holds  the  coupons  paid  as  security 

)  is  held  by  different  State  f  unds^    The  per-  for  the  note. 

nent  school  fund  holds  $537,000 ;  university  The  next  installment  of  interest  is  payable 
id,  $9,000;  sinking-fund,  $1,000.  State  on  July  1,  1889.  The  coupons  followmg  are 
ads  to  the  amount  of  $86,000  will  fall  due  for  one  tenth  of  the  principle,  with  interest, 
July  1,  1889,  but  provision  has  already  been  and  fall  due  on  and  after  Feb.  1,  1890,  and  on 
de  for  meeting  them,  by  the  issue  of  new  4-  the  same  date  of  each  year  thereafter,  until  the 
r-cent.  twenty-year  bonds,  to  be  sold  to  the  whole  of  the  certificate  is  paid, 
rmanent  school  fund,  under  the  terms  of  an  The  balance  in  the  State  treasury  on  June 
;  of  the  last  Legislature.  80  was  $324,882.06,  against  $584,273.16  two 
rhe  Legislature  at  its  last  session  also  en-  years  previous.  On  Dec.  81  there  was  a  bal- 
led a  law  **  to  provide  for  the  assumption  ance  of  $243,830.75. 

d  payment  of  claims  for  losses  sustained  by  Muidiial  Debts. — On  this  subject  the  Gov- 

izeos  of  the  State  of  Kansas  by  the  invasion  ernor  says : 

the  State  by  bands  of  guerrillas  and  maraud-  The  steady  and  enormous  growth  of  our  municipal 

I  daring  the  years  1861  to  1865,"  commonly  indebtedness  amply  justifies  alarm.    On  July  1, 1884, 

own  as  the  Quantrell  raid  claims.     This  law  ^e  county  bonds  and  warrants  outstanding  aggre- 

am^  the  payment  of  a  certain  portion  of  f^^'sb'fof  dt^  Kftd"wt»'„"^;»^7:i 

i  Claims  audited  by  a  commission  appointed  436.17 .  and  school-distriet  bonds  and  warrants,  $2,- 

1876,  and  imposed  upon  the  State  Auditor  748,714.50,  making  an  aggregate  municipal  indebt- 


458  KANSAS. 

ednesB  of  $15,961,929.86.    On  Jul^  1,  1886,  the  ag-  419;    and  24  professors,   assistants,  ai 

grepite  of  this  indebtedness  had  mcitased  to  $17,-  stmctore  were  employed.     On  Jan.  1, 

!rpk?l^lur  or«8'l%V»,  ;5ir,8^7l^03t  843  stadont,  were  enrolled.  «|d  the  «, 

sulking  funds,  making  the  net  municipal  indebted-  professors  and  instructors  numbered  30. 

ness  to  be  yot  provided  for,  $80,788,984.87.     The  During  the  past  four  years  importan 

county  bonds  outstanding  on  the  ist  of  July,  1888,  ag-  tions  have  been  made  to  the  buildings 

l?ITm  si^^'Z'SLfl  ^utoSSdSr'w???!  uniyersity,  including  the  "  Snow  Hall  of 

bonds  outstanding,  $6,244,807.40:  and  city  warrants,  The  otate  Agricultural  College  on  I 

$164,168.66;  school-district  bonos  outstanding,  $4,-  had  859  students  enrolled,  an  increase 

518,287.59 ;  and  school-distrid;  warranto,  J^l, 898. 65 ;  gjnce  the  close  of  the  autumn  term  of  18f 

mj^ng  a  total,  as  above  statod,  of  gl, 107,6^.90.  In  instructors  in  all  departments  number 

other  words,  the  municipal  mdebtedness  of  Kansas  *"•»»'' "^«^*o  »"  »»*  m^p«mi»uicuw»  uuujv^^i 

has  been  doubled  since  (in  January,  1886)  I  called  the  increase  of  4  dunng  the  past  four  years 

attention  of  the  Legislature  to  this  subject,  and  ui^ged  improvements  in  buildings  and  fixtures 

that  the  most  stringent  restrictions  and  limitations  be  Jan.  1,  1885,  have  aggregated  in  valu< 

put  upon  the  debt-cr«iting  and  tax-levying  powers  of  qqq  ^nd  the  increase  in  the  value  of  th< 

all  municipahties.    It  seems  to  me,  in  view  of  the  *„   '  .^^.^  „*^i,  ««^  *»,.tv— *«o  ;<,  ^^^^  *' 

facte  and  Bgures  presented,  that  it  Is  the  imperative  ^"5?*^^®'  ^^^  »°^,  apparatus  is  over  $ 

duty  of  the  Legislature  to  repeal  at  once  every  law  The  State  J^ormal  School  had  440  si 

authorizing  the  creation  of  municipal  debts  for  any  enrolled  on  Jan.  1,  1885,  and  660  at  th 

purpose  whatever,  except,  perhaps,  the  building  of  of  1888.     Fourteen  instructors  are  em| 

school-houses.  ^n  increase  of  three  in  four  years.    T 

EdieatlMi.— The  report  of  the  Superintendent  penditures  during  that  period  include  | 

of  Public  Instruction  shows  the  public-school  for  buildings,  |4,800  for  museum  and  i 

system  of  the  State  to  be  in  a  condition  of  steady  tus,  and  $5,000  for  fiirniture  and  improve 

growth  and  improvement.    The  school  popula-  darttltt.— The  institution  for  the  blii 

tion  for  the  past  school  year  numbered  682,010,  in  attendance  on  Jan.  1,  1885,  68  puf 

an  increase  of  34,215  since  1886.    The  number  the  close  of  1888  it  had  86.    At  the  inst 

of  pupils  enrolled  during  the  last  school  year  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  there  were  172 

was  403,351,  an  increase  of  38,112  over  1886.  at  the  beginning  of  1885,  and  821  on  t 

The  average  daily  attendance  was  145,881,  an  1888.    Two  large  school-buildings  and 

increase  of  25,978.     Number  of  teachers  em-  dry  have  been  erected  during  the  pa 

ployed  in  1886,  9,387;  in  1888,  11,310.    The  years,  at  a  cost  of  $82,000.    The  Kansai 

average  wages  paid  teachers,  per  month,  were :  tution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  now  ra 

Males,  $41.01 ;  females,  $33.64.    There  were  size  as  the  eighth  in  the  United  States, 

in  the  State,  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year.  The  State  Reform  School  had  108 

8,166  school-houses,  having  10,142  rooms,  and  enrolled  on  Jan.  1,  1885 ;  it  now  has  20 

valued  at  $8,608,202  — an  increase  of  1,405  The  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home,  authori 

school- houses,  1,958  rooms,  and  $2,015,455  in  the  Legislature  of  1885,  was  opened  1 

valuation  during  the  past  two  years.    The  re-  reception  of  children  on  July  1,  1887. 

ceipts  and  expenditures  during  the  school  year  goon  crowded  beyond  its  capacity,  and 

ending  July  31,  1888,  were  as  follow :  the  home  of  109  orphan  children  of  d< 

Beeewts. — Balance  in  district  treasuries,  Aug.  1,  soldiers  of  the  Union.     The  law  anthoH 

1887,   $638,200.10;   amount   received   from   county  admission  of  children  under  sixteen  j 

^urere  from  district  taxes,  >8/>75  867.81 ;  from  the  ^ge,  but  the  board  has  been  compelled 

State  and  county  school  ninds,  $553,390.28;  from  sale  i    j      n            ^                       aj^***        iv 

of  school  bonds,  $900,597.83 ;  from  all  other  sources,  elude  all  over  ten  years.     Additional  hi 

$202,567.84,  making  a  total  of  $5,265,613.86.  are  absolutely  necessary  to  aceommod 

Expenditure,  —  Amount  paid  for  toachers'  was^  demands  made  upon  it. 

and  supervision,  $2,677,518.29;  for  rente,  repairs,  The  Asylum  for  Idiotic  and  Imbecile 

S^d'schll  ^;pr«e;  /e'a  sffi  jX'Ku'il'Z^  -««  '«™o-«i  *«  ^infield  in  March  1887. 

and  furniture,  $1,051,124.94;  and  for  all  other  pur-  are  now  over  one  hundred  children  ca 

poses,  $275,649.16— making  a  total  of  $4,703,647.84,  in  this  institution.     The  new  building 

and  leaving  in  the  hands  of  district  treasurers,  July  adapted  for  the  uses  of  such  an  asylu 

81, 1888,  a  balance  of  $561,966.02.  ^^g  completed  at  a  coflt  of  $25,000. 

The  State  University  comorises  six  depart-  The  insane  asylums  at  Topeka  and  O 

ments— science,  literature  and  arts,  law,  music,  omie  contained  at  the  close  of  the  yea 

pharmacy,  art,  and  medicine.    The  preparatory  patients.    On  July  1,  1882,  the  insane  p 

department  has  been  recently  discontinued,  as  in  these  asylums  numbered  548 ;  at  th( 

the  normal  department  was  a  few  years  ago,  date  in  1884,  the  number  had  increased  1 

and  advanced  tests  for  admission  have  been  on  July  1,  1886,  to  881 ;  and  on  July  1 

established,  so  that  the  institution  may  be  de-  to  1,131. 

voted  to  legitimate  university  work.     These  During  the  past  four  years  the  State 

changes  have  largely  reduced  the  number  of  pended  for  new  buildings,  and  for  pen 

students  qualified  for  admission,  but,  notwith-  improvements  at  its  insane  asylums,  ovei 

standing  this  fact,  the  number  in  attendance  000.    Yet  to-day  it  is  confronted  with 

shows  a  steady  and  gratifying  increase.     On  parent  necessity  of  providing  additioi 

Jan.  15,  1885,  the  students  enrolled  numbered  commodations  for  this  class  of  dependei 


KANSAS. 


459 


-The  namber  of  prisoDers  in  the 
tentiary,  when  compared  with  the 
of  the  State,  has  been  steadily  de- 
>r  eight  years  past,  and  there  has 
rtnal  decrease  in  the  number  in  oon- 
loring  the  past  two  years.  On  Jan. 
ere  were  896  State  prisoners  cod- 
le  Penitentiary;  on  JaD.  1,  1888, 
)  898;  and  on  Jan.  1,  1889,  there 


institutioDB  where  located,  we  favor  and  recommend 
the  adoption  of  a  new  policy,  commensurate  with  our 
new  ^wth,  present  ar.d  future  importance,  and  that 
in  this  line  we  ask  all  of  central  and  western  Kansas 
to  unite  with  us  in  the  work  of  duplicating  every  one 
of  the  present  State  institutions,  locating  the  new 
buildings  most  advantageously  to  the  interests  of  the 
State  amonff  the  several  towns  of  central  and  western 
Kansas,  and  the  State  Capitol  at  some  suitable  central 
point  to  be  determined  by  the  ballots  of  the  people  of 
the  State. 


islature  of  1885  directed  the  build-  DeTetop«eit— The  Governor  says  in  his  an- 

industrial  reformatory,  which  was  ^^^  message : 

Butchinson.     Appropriations  aggre-  The  last  two  years  have  not  been,  in  all  portions  of 

>,000  were  made  in  1885,  and  addi-  Kansas,  seasons  of  plentv  and  prosperitv.    The  har- 

opriations,  agirregating  $100,000,  in  T^^  '}^  ™*°y  counties  of  the  western  half  of  the  State 

u^^^A  rx/^«»^»,\»taa;o.««r»o  kaJfn/.  fk^  havq  bectt  bclow  the  avenure  of  former  seasons.    But, 

,b(wd  of  commissioners  having  the  notwithstandmg  this,  oi^neral  condition  is  fairly 

r  this  institution  in  charge,  report  prosperous.    The  growth  of  the  State  has  been  con- 

1-house   with   fifty  completed   cells  stant  and  the  development  of  her  resources  and  in- 

I  been  inclosed ,  and  tlie  foundations  dustries  remarkable.    This  fact  is  best  shown  by  a 

nrv  for  the  offipe  and  miArd-hoaae  comparison  of  the  vote  cast  in  1884  and  1888.    The 

ory  lor  ine  omce  ana  guara  nouse  t^j^af  vote  of  1884  was  266,879,  while  that  of  1888  was 

completed.            ^       ^     ^       ^     .  880,216— an  increase  of  64,886.   A  contrast  of  tlio  vote 

lt«L— A  contract  for  the  foundations  of  1880  with  the  United  States  census  of  that  year 

wing  of  the  Oapitol  was  let  on  May  shows  that  the  ratio  of  po{>ulation  to  voters  was  nearly 

nd  this  wing,  partially  completed,  *v®  to  one.    This  ratio  increases  with  the  a«re  of  a 


3  State  issued  and  sold  bonds  to  the  1886,  of  892.000. 

$320,000,  to  provide  means  for  its  During  the  past  four  years  twenty-three  counties 

►n.      Its  total  cost,    however,   was  have  been  fiilly,  and  one  partially  organized,  paaking 

T«  4.K«  <in.»».»«  ^4^a^Ta  ♦Ka  >v»;i<i:,^»  •  total  of  106.    These  newly  organized  counties  em- 

In  the  sunjmer  of  1879  the  building  brace  an  aggregate  area  of  19,982  square  miles,  or  Yery 

,  wing  was  begun,  and  it  was,  though  nearly  one  fourth  of  the  total  area  of  the  State.    At 

inished  condition,  occupied  in  the  the  date  of  their  organization  their  population  aggre- 

1881.     It  was  completed  in  1882,  iS^  66,147,  and  they  polled  at  the  November  elec- 

)12,000.  Work  on  the  central  build-  ^°"  "i-  «i?fi^j?»^  7^te  of  19,428  votes,  indicating  a 
*  .  -'^'  J  ..  ir  J  ..  population,  at  that  time,  of  97,140.  Five  of  these 
egun  m  1881,  and  its  foundations  counties  were  organized  in  1887.  viz.,  Stanton,  June 
leted  in  1884.  Early  in  the  spring  17;  Haskell,  Julv  3 ;  Garfield,  July  16;  Gray,  July 
ork  was  begun  on  the  first  story,  20 ;  and  Lojran,  fcJeptember  17.  Three  have  been  or- 
alis are  now  finished  to  the  height  fT^^t""  June^9^  Sd  Jr^le'^uf  T"^^'  ^^"^^ 
rth  and  last  story.  The  cost  of  the  •Jhe'Screa^in  thrarea^^^f  lild  cultivation  during 
ilding  to  date  has  been  $517,000,  the  past  four  years  aggregates  6,756,878  acres  ;4md 
timated  that  from  $600,000  to  $700,-  of  land  taxable,  18.082,815  acres ;  while  the  assessed 
f  required  to  complete  it.     The  re-  ▼ai^®  o^  property  has,  during  the  same  period,  m- 

.f  the  ei«t  wing,  including  the  Sen-  ^e^^VtV^i^rdimiry  growth,  however,  is  shown 

>er,  in  1885-  86,  cost  $140,000  ;  so  i^  the  railway  system  of  the  State.    On  Jan.  1. 1885, 

/apitol,  as  it  stands,  has  cost  an  ag-  the  railway  of  Kansas  aggregated  4,064  miles  of  main 

$1,449,000.     No  bonds  have  been  and  489  miles  of  side  track,  or  a  totjil  of  4,668  miles. 

e  the  east  wing  was  finished.    The  ^d"^'.}^  ^®/®'  ^^^^  ^oJ?™^?J®H^5  ^  operation 

.^  *^«  a*«4.A  i.^.?«»  »r.«,>rxo^  k««  ««/>  8,799  miles  of  mam  and  899  miles  of  side  track,  or  a 

IX  for  State-house  purposes  has  pro-  ^^^^1  ^f  9^598  miles,  and  an  increase  in  four  y4»  of 

id  sufficient  to  meet  all  the  expendl-  5^35  miles.    The  assessed  value  of  railway  property 

!.  in  Maroh,  1884,  was  $28,455,909,  while  on  March  1, 

rn  Kansas  a  strong  feeling  has  been  ^888  (when  the  assessments  are  made  by  the  State 

that  these  expenditures  have  been  SSJ^^^i  iL"^^«*^  $52,829,664 -an  mcrease  of 

J  A  X  ru     •  X        r    %  XL    Ox  X  $24,878,757  in  four  years,  or  very  nearly  double  the 

and  that  the  interests  of  the  State  valuation  of  1884.                       j         ^ 

e  removal  of  the  Btate  Oapitol  to 

ral  location.    In  April  a  convention  StitWIfg.  —  According  to  the  assessor's  re- 

dred  delegates  was  held  at  Abilene  turns  for  1888,  Kansas  has  700,723  head  of 

pose  of  organizing  a  Capitol-removal  hoi-ses,  92,435  mules  antf  asses,  and  742,639 

at  which  the  following  resolution  milch  cows,  a  large  increase  in  each  class  over 

among  others:  the  number  reported  in  1887.    She  has  also 

By  the  representatives  of  the  citizens  of  ^'^i®'®i^«^,?,^  of  other  cattle  ;  402,744  sheep, 

I  western  Kansas,  in  convention  assem-  and  1,438,245  swine.     The  total  value  of  tlie 

e  will  now,  in  the  ftiture,  oppose  any  f\ir-  farms  of  the  State,  in  1887,  was  $453,220,155  ; 

nations  by  the  State  Legislature  for  the  of  farming  implements,  $8,482,584. 

Th\t^wrSlel^'t>u^^  ^^®  coal-product  in   1885  was  80,001,427 

•iations  for  woS  on  the  State-ho^e;  that  bushels;  in  1886,  34,750,000  bushels;  and  in 

70T  the  maintenance  of  our  present  State  1887,  89,251,985  bushels.     The  industry  gave 


460  KANSAS. 

employment  during  the  latter  year  to  4,728  order  to  secnre  obedience  to  the  decree 

miners  and  870  day-laborers.  court,  and  I  at  once  directed  Gen.  M 

The  following  cities  had  a  population  of  over  take  two  companies  of  the  Second  R^ 

10,000  on  March  1, 1888 :  Leavenworth,  85,227 ;  and  proceed  to  Stevens  County.    Thi 

Topeka,  34,199 ;  Wichita,  88,909 ;  Kansas  City,  of  commissioners  canvassed  the  vote 

38,110 ;  Atchison,  17,023  ;  Fort  Scott,  16,169;  rected  by  the  court,  and  the  troops  wer 

Hutchinson,  18,451 ;  Lawrence,  11,055.  upon  ordered  to  their  respective  homes 

FrohlMti^ik — Tlie  Governor  says  in  his  mes-  in  July  troubles  were  again  reported  in 

sage  in  January,  1889 :  County,  resulting  in  an  armed  exped 

There  is  no  longer  any  issue  or  controversy  in  Kan-  No-Man's-Land  by  rival  factions,  and  th 


at  four  excitinjf  general  elections,  the  questions  in-  -^          ^  proceed  to  Stevens  County, 

volved  in  the  abolition  of  the  saloon  were  disturbing  ^j«*°  *^  yLv,y.^^  kv  kjw^y^  ^  ^         jy 

and  prominent  issues,  but,  at  the  election  held  in  thorough    mvestigation,    and    report 

November  last,  this  suoject  was  rarely  mentioned  by  These  officers  reported  that  there  w< 

partisan  speakers  or  newspapers.     The  change  of  hostile  factions  of  armed  men  in  the 

sentiment  on  this  question  U  well  grounded  and  nat-  ^j  advised  me  that  the  presence  of  i 

ural.    No  observing  and  intelligent  citizen  has  failed  ^.i;,.^,^  ^«,««  „«„  «^»«Aoa««^  ♦/>  ^^^xn^rxk 

to  note  the  beneficent  results  al^y  attained.   Fully  ??*"^f  7  ^^^^  ^^  necessary  to  prevent 

nine  tenths  of  the  drinkmg  and  drunkenness  preva-  bloodshed,  preserve  the  peace,  and  ms 

lent  in  Kansas  eight  years  ago  have  been  abolished ;  orderly  enforcement  of  law.     Acting 

and  I  affirm  with  earnestness  and  emphasis  that  this  advice    I  directed   Gen.  Myers  to  re 

State  is  to^av  the  most  temperate,  orderly,  sober  g^evens  County,  taking  with  him  the 

community  of  people  in  the  civilized  world.    The  ^     .        T      3^1           ®«     4.1             ^.m 

abolition  of  the  saloon  has  not  only  promoted  the  per-  Regiment,  and  to  remam  tliere  until 

sonal  happiness  and  ffeneral  prospenty  of  our  citizens,  ger  of  an  armed  collision  was  averte 

but  it  has  enormouslv  diminished  crime ;  has  filled  command  was  transported  to  Stevens 

thousands  of  hom^  where  vice  and  want  and  wreteh-  i,y  ^jj^  ,„Qgt  direct  routes,  and  rema 

edness  once  prevailed,  with  peace,  plenty,  and  con-  j„4.„  ^^^n  4.1.^  ia^v.  o.^  Ant^a*  »» 

tentment ;  an^  has  materiallylncreaied  the  trade  and  ^^^  ^^^,  ^he  14th  of  August, 

busmess  of  those  engaged  in  the  sale  of  useful  and  ^  FimerB'  CoilveatlWB.--Early  in  May  a 

wholesome  articles  of  merchandise.   Notwithstanding  tion  of  representatives  from  Kansas,  ^ 

the  fact  that  the  population  of  the  State  is  steadily  in-  Nebraska,  Illinois,  and  Indiana  met  at 

creasing   the  number  of  crimhials  confined  in  our  ^      ^jj                 f  ^^le  Farmers'  Trust . 

Penitentiary  is  steadily  decreasing.    Many  of  our  T'          rrx.     '  *.        i.      ^  4.u     *              — 

jails  are  empty,  and  all  show  a  marked  falling-oflf  in  ^^^^'     T°®  interests  of  the  f armers  w 

the  number  or  prisoners  confined.    The  dockets  of  cussed  in  rather  a  stormy  session,  and  n 

our  courts  are  no  longer  burdened  with  long  lists  of  were  urged  looking  to  "  trust "  comb 

criminal  cases.    In  the  capital  district,  containing  a  |jy  ^^^  farmers  themselves,  in  order 

population  ot  nearly  60,000,  not  a  single  criminal  case  xv^^  „  «-^,.«-  »»:a»  <•«•  4.kl;.  ^m,>^^M^i 

Vfi  on  the  docket  when 'the  pr^^t  term  began.  ^^^^  a  proper  price  for  their  product 

The  business  of  the  police  courts  of  our  larger  cities  convention  adjourned  without  action 

has  dwindled  to  one  tourth  of  its  former  proportions,  at  the  same  place  in  November,  at  the 

while  in  cities  of  the  second  and  third  class  the  occu-  the  National  Farmers'  Congress.     Tl 

pation  of  police  authorities  is  practically  gone.  g^^  nj^j.  ^j^  November  14,  and,  after 

Comty  DiMrderSt — In  March,  1887,  troubles  erable  discussion,  the  members  voted 

were  reported  in  Wichita  County,  growing  out  the  proposed  scheme  of  *^  farmers'  trus 

of  a  county-seat  contest,  and  threatening  seri-  against  all  other  **  trusts."    Resolutio: 

ons  consequences.    Several  persons  had  been  also  adopted  favoring  the  free  coinag 

killed  and  wounded,  and  the  excitement  and  ver ;  favoring  the  expansion  of  a  me 

passion  evoked  by  this  affray  were  wide-spread,  exchange ;  approving  the  policy  of  tl 

The  Governor  ordered  the  Adjutant-General  ernment  in  improving  the  rivers  and 

and  some  other  militia  officers  to  the  scene,  of  the  country,  and  urging  a  continc 

and  their  presence  was  sufficient  to  restore  the  policy;  indorsing  boards  of  rail w 

quiet.   Early  in  January,  1888,  similar  troubles  missioners;  condemning  the  provision 

were  reported  in  Sherman  County,  also  grow-  national  banking  laws,  which  prohibit 

ing  out  of  a  county-seat  controversy,  and  were  ceptance  of  real-estate  securities  for  loi 

quieted  in  the  eame  manner.   Of  the  difficulties  asking  Congress  to  amend  the  law  so  s 

in  Stevens  County,  the  Governor  reports  as  real  estate  on  an  equal  footing  with  oth 

follows:  "Early  in  June,  1888,  Sheriff  Cross,  erty;  recommending  the  enactment  of 

of  Stevens  County,  telegraphed  me  that  he  had  legislatures  regulating  railroads  and  gc 

been  driven  from  the  county-seat,  and  request-  railroads ;   and  recommending  the  en 

ing  the  presence  of  a  company  of  militia.     A  of  a  law  favoring  a  home  market.    T 

few  days  later  a  writ  of  mandamus  was  issued  grass  was  in  session  three  days,  and  c( 

by  the  Supreme  Court,  directing  the  county  representatives  from  every  part  of  th< 

commissioners  to  canvass  a  vote  recently  taken  At  the  same  time  and  place  the  annua 

to  establish  a  county-seat,  and  a  special  mcs-  of  the  National  Grange  was  held, 

senger  was  sent  to  serve  this  writ.    On  his  PolltleaL — The  Democratic  State  Cot 

arrival  at  Hugoton,  this  messenger  found  it  met  at  Leavenworth  on  July  4,  and  no 

necessary  to  request  the  presence  of  troops  in  for  Grovernor  Judge  John  Martui,  of 


KANSAS.  461 


nominees  were  H.  Miles  Moore,  for  errors  and  irregularitiea  of  the  inferior  courts  may 

t-Governor,  superseded  before  eJec-  be  corrocted  by  proper  proceedings  in  the  Supreme 

Wi?.»«;»I.    Aii^«  r«    Tk«««,««  *«-  Court,  a  tribunal  composed  entirely  of  Repubhcans, 

.  Frasius;  Allen  G.Thurman  for  ^^e  aJtion  of  Gov.  Martin  in  exercising  executive 

of  otate;   W.  H.  Willhert  for  Audi-  clemency  to  release  convicted  liquor-sellere  who  have 

lam   H.  White  for  Treasurer;   1.   F.  not  sought  a  review  of  their  cases  in  the  Siipreme  or 

5r  for  Attorney-Geoeral ;  A.  N.  Cole  other  proper  court  for  the  correction  of  errors,  is  an 

inte^ent  of  Pablio  Instruction;  and  rM^C^'oiting'^-tre^^nd  SS'i:i?eBt 

mpbell  for  Associate  Justice  of  the  to  public  authority ;  and  such  conduct  on  the  nart  of 

Court      Resolutions   were   adopted  the  Governor,  under  solemn  oath  to  obey  the  Consti- 

the  work  of  the  St.  Louis  National  tution  and  enforce  the  laws,  merits  and  deserves  the 

>n,  uririnff  the  necessity  of  tariff  re-  condemnation  of  all  citizens,  irrespective  of  party  af- 

A«4>f^.,;»^  «o  f^u^^.  filiation  and  regardless  of  personal  views  as  to  the 

continuing  as  follow :  policy  ^^ prohiStion. 

opposed  to  all  smnptuanr  laws  as  being  xhe  Republicans  held  their  State  Convention 

tnnciple  and  unsuccessful  in  practice ;  also  .   T^^v^i^orx^  t„i-  on  ««^  ««  «Ka  fV.;.^  k«ii^4. 

>f  the  Republican  party  of  K^sas  in  pass-  **  Topeka  on  July  26,  and  on  the  third  ballot 

7  for  the  establishment  of  a  metropolitan  nominated  Lyman  U.  Humphrey  for  Governor, 

im  in  certain  cities  in  this  State^  and  for  The  remainder  of  the  ticket  was  as  follows : 

ble  and  unfair  application  and  enforcement  Lieutenant-Governor,  A.  J.  Felt :  Secretary  of 

^\^^'l&t^'^^k^l^^^V.  state.   Wmr«  H'ffii^!;    Auditor    Timothy 

tantial  denial  of  home  rule  and  the  right  McUarthy;   Ireasurer,  James   W.   Hamilton; 

f-govemment    It  impeaches  the  intelli-  Attorney-General,   L.   B.   Kellogg ;    Snperin- 

lenges  the  integrity,  and  denies  the  patri-  tendent  of  Public  Instruction,  G.  W.  Winans; 

'®  P^P^^n*^^  ^y  h  1^  brands  them  Associate  Justice,  W.  A.  Johnston.    After  ap- 

^c:^  ™tInL^ol^y^^^^  proving  the  work  of  the  Chicago  conventioS, 

t,  and  we  aemand  a  repeal  of  the  law.  &nd  the  character  of  the  present  State  admm- 

se  any  system  of  State  policy  which  per-  istration,  the  platform  continues  as  follow : 

l*^^?*^^'^^"^!?^*^'^  t    ^®^  ^^'  We  believe  in  the  protection  of  the  home  against 

fhf  ^i^n^fr^nS  ^ISf!.Uf.«,  .o  ^^^  «^oon.    We  demi^d  the  complete  executfon  of 

_the  abohuon  of  the  grand-jury_  system  as  .v«  T>rohihitnrv  Uwr  in  everv  nart  of  th«  Kt^ti*.  in. 


lican  par^  of  Kansas  is  convinced  that  prohibition  is 

right,  and  is  a  success,  and  we  assert  that  those  who 

ohibitionist  Convention  was  held  at  f««l^,a  refij««  '^^  ^he  third,  or  Prohibition,  party, 

m  on  July  18.     It  nominated  the  fol-  ^^1^^  "^^  f  revolution  m  our  Government  for  that 

,./n,«'               T>         TTkT>A.i-*  wnicn  a  revolution  can  not  give. 

3ket :  (rovemor,  Kev.  J.  i^.  H(^kin,  y^^  demand  stringent  laws  to  protect  our  working- 

A ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  R.  J.  Free-  men  against  contract,  pauper,  or  Chinese  immigrants, 

•etary    of  State,    L.    K.    Mclntyre;  and  every  class  who  would  drag  down  by  mere  cheap— 

,  R.  M.  Stonaker;  Auditor,  Gabriel  ^^  the  s^ndard  which  American  workingmen  are 

A  4-«^^«,«A»  n^w^^^^^  a4-«n4-^n  a    vi^^^ .  Btrugghng  to  mamtam.    We  favor  American  markets 

Attorney-General,  Stanton  A.  Hyer ;  ^^^  Tmeifcan  products,  and  American  wages  for  the 

Qdent  of  rublic  instruction.  Miss  o.  workingmen  of  America.    And  we  favor  such  addi- 

I ;  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  tional  ^gislation  as  will  secure  weekly  payments  of 

0.  Pickering.  The  usual  prohibition  wages  to  employes  of  municipal  and  private  corpora- 
s  were  passed,  woman  suffrage  was  ^^ons  and  also  a  practical  apprenUcesbip  law,  so  that 
1   tariff  reform  was  favored  and  re-  ^'^'''  handicraftsmen  may  have  additional  protection 

1,  lanii  reiorm  was  layorea,  ana  re-  against  foreign  labor. 

upon  immigration,  a  liberal  pension  All  so-called  "trusts"  or  combinations  to  monopo- 
arbitration  between  nations  and  be-  lize  food-supplies  or  control  productions  are  dangerous 
plover  and  employed  were  advocated.  *o  the  interests  of  the  people^  and  should  be  prohib- 
♦K/T,.  ^ixaryirtixA  ♦hof  1^  undcT  thc  scversst  penal bes  of  law.  The  "  trust " 
tner  resoivea  mat—  ^^  combination  of  the  packing-houses  to  drive  out  of 
ind  that  the  General  Government  shall  by  business  all  other  butcners,  and  thus  control  the  cat- 
id  lawful  means  own  and  operate  all  rail-  tie  markets,  as  well  as  the  supply  and  prices  of  drefised 
telegraphs  in  the  interest  of  the  whole  meats,  is  especially  obnoxious  and  destructive  to  the 

interests  of  all  classes  of  the  people,  and  particularly 

ind  that  the  interest  be  so  regulated  by  to  those  in  Western  States. 

w  that  the  average  net  earnings  of  capital  The  Bepublican  party  will  ever  retain  a  sense  of 

ceed  the  average  net  earnings  of  agricult-  gratitude  to  those  through  whose  valor  Kansas  and 

or.  the  nation  became  free,  and  the  union  of  our  States 

r  such  a  change  in  onr  present  system  as  preserved.    We  esp>eclally  commend  the  action  of  the 

de  for  the  election  of  President,  Vice-  Legislature  in  making  provision  for  the  maintenance 

ind  United  States  Senators  by  a  direct  vote  of  orphans  of  soldiers  m  a  soldiers^  orphans*  home, 

le.  and  we  heartily  indorse  the  resolutions  adopted  by 

pposed  to  the  aoamsition  of  landed  estates  the  Grand  Arnrp'  of  the  Republic  at  its  last  State  en- 

not  dtizens  of  the  United  States,  or  who  oampment  at  Winfleld  on  tne  subject  of  pensions, 

nder  oiith  made  bona-fde  declaration  of  We  request  our  railroad  commissioners  to  do  all  in 

ion  to  become  snch.    And  we  believe  the  their  power  to  protect  the  farmers  of  this  State  against 

•me  when  ownership  of  land  should  be  so  the  excessive  charges  in  the  removal  of  the  vast  crops 

0  preserve  a  reasonable  amount  as  a  home-  assured  to  Kansas  this  year. 

e  citizen,  and  prevent  the  further  acquis!-  We  favor  legislation  reducing  the  legal  rate  of  in- 

^  bodies  by  corporations  and  individual  terest  upon  money  to  six  per  cent.,  reducing  the  maxi- 
mum contract  rate  to  ten  per  cent.,  prohibiting  usury, 

the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  State  all  and  providing  penalties  for  violations  thereof. 


462  KENTUCKY. . 

There  was  also  a  Union  Jjabor  ticket  in  the  that  convicts  now  leased  outside  the 

field,  headed  by  P.  P.  Elder.  walls  may  be  employed  within  the  pr 

At  the  November  election  the  Repablican  labor  not  competing  with  free  labor,  a 

State  and  National  tickets  were  successful,  re-  sum  of  $50,000  was  placed  at  the  disp 

oeiving  a  large  majority  of  the  vote  cast.    For  the  Governor,  if  he  should  find  it  nee 

Governor,  Humphrey  received  180,841  votes;  Improvements  at  the  Institute  for  Deaf 

Martin,  107,480;   Botkin,  6,489;   and  Elder,  and  at  the  Eastern  Lunatic  Asylum  we 

35,837.    The  State  Legislature,  chosen  at  the  vided  for.    Other  acts  of  the  session  \ 

same  time,  is  overwhelmingly  Republican,  only  follow : 

four  Democrats  being  elected  to  the  House  and  Requiring  all  buildings  of  thnse  or  more  st 

one  to  the  Senate.     Seven  Republican  Con-  cities  of  more  than  10,000  inhabiunts,  in  wh 

gressmen,  the  entire  State  delegation,  were  20  pereons  are  employed,  to  be  provided  witl 

chosen  capee. 

KjuAjoMu,                    J.    ^     .x^     aj.  A.    r*       j.'±  A'  Accepting  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Cong! 

Two  amendments  to  the  btate  Constitution  vJcUng  for  the  establishment  of  agricultural 

were  voted  upon  at  the  same  election — one  ment  stations  in  connection  with  the  agricult 

permitting  colored  citizens  to  join  the  State  leges. 

militia,  the  other  giving  the  Legislature  power  Making  actual  j)088e8sion  unnece^y  in  oi 

4.^  .^^i^4-^  ♦!»«  .;^kfa  J;#  «i;«r»fl  «.«  ♦k^  ^\».nA.  Ml  owner  may  maintain  an  action  of  trespass, 

to  regulate  the  rights  of  aliens  to  the  owner-  Establishing  a  State  Board  of  Phann^ 

ship  of  land  in  the  btate.     Both  amendments  its  duties  and  powers,  and  regulating  the  pr 

were  adopted,  the  former  by  a  vote  of  223,474  pharmacy  in  the  State, 

in  favor  and  22,251  against ;  the  latter  by  a  JJ^.'W  ^^7  ^9  *  ^^  holiday, 

vote  of  220,419  in  favor  and  16,611  against.  ve^oTt^'lt^       conUnuaUon  of  the  geolog 

KENTDC&T.    State  CklTemeit.— The   follow-  Lquiring  all  teachers  in  the  State  to  obtaii 

ing  were  the  State  officers  during  the  year:  cates  of  qualification  f^m  the  county  board  o 

Governor,  Simon  B.  Buckner,  Democrat ;  Lieu-  iners. 

tenant-Governor,  James  W.  Bryan ;  Secretary  ,.  Creating  a  lien  on  canals,  raUroadi*,  and  otl 

of8tate,George'M  Adams;  Auditor,  Fayette  iL^o^^P-SLS^'th^Tefor  "'  '"'~'"  *" 

Hewitt ;  Treasurer,  James  W .  Tate,  succeeded  Providing  for  the  parole  of  prisoners  con 

by  Stephen  G.  Sharp;    Attorney- General,  P.  the  State  Penitentiary  under  the  direction  oft 

W.  Hardin;  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc-  missionere  of  the  sinking  fund, 

tion,  Joseph  D.  Pickett;  Remster  of  the  Land  ge^^^^te    "^  *  ^^^  ^""^  ""^  Equaliiatioi 

Office,  Thomas  H.  Corbett ;  Railroad  Coramis-  Providing  for  the  care  and  custody  of  vagi 

sioners,  J.  P.  Thompson,  A.  R.  Boone,  John  D.  destitute  children  in  the  city  of  Louisville, 

Young ;  Chief-Justice  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  Reflating  the  conduct  of  municipdi  elec 

William  S.  Pryor ;  Associate  Justices,  William  ^e  city  of  Louisville. 

H.  Holt,  Joseph  H.  Lewis,  Caswell  Bennett.  Treasntr  TtLttH  DefakatlMi, — On  Marc 

LogidallTe  Seasl^ik — The  General  Assembly,  message  was  sent  to  the  Legislature  b; 

which  met  at  Frankfort  on  the  last  day  of  Buckner  announcing  that  he  had  sus 

1887,  remained  in  session  over  four  months,  the  State  Treasurer  from  office,  and  con 

adjourning  on  May  4.    Early  in  January  James  the  information  that  a  large  aeficit  ha 

B.  Beck  was  nominated  by  the  Democratic  found  in  his  accounts.    As  no  intimati* 

caucus  and  re-elected  United  States  Senator  before  been  received  by  the  Legislature 

for  a  third  term,  beginning  in  March,  1889.  public  of  any  irregularities,  none  in  fac 

No  fewer  than  1,571  acts  and  86  resolutions,  known  to  exist  until  the  day  precedii 

covering   nearly  8,400    printed    pages,   were  announcement  created  great  surprise, 

passed  during  the  session,  of  which  only  168  generally  called  **  Honest  Dick  Tate,"  hi 

acts,  covering  216  pages,  are  of  a  general  na-  universally  trusted  and  popular,  havin 

tare.     Aside  from  legislation  growing  out  of  renominated  without  opposition  by  hit 

the  defalcation  of  Treasurer  Tate,  an  impor-  at  each  biennial  convention  for  twenty 

tant  act  of  the  session  provides  for  a  second  his  term  of  service  dating  from  1868. 

election  by  the  people  in  August,  1889,  on  the  same  time  it  was  discovered  that  he  ha 

question  of  calling  a  convention  to  revise  the  missing  from  the  capital  for  several  da 

Constitotion,  the  first  election,  in  August  of  had  escaped  from  the  country.     The  L 

last  year,  having  been  favorable  to  such  a  con-  ure  at  once  adopted  a  resolution  offerii 

vention.     Another  act  amends,  revises,  and  ward  of  $5,000  for  his  capture,  and  by  f 

codifies  the  common-school  laws.     It  was  also  resolution  confirmed  the  act  of  the  Gc 

enacted  that  no  juror  should  be  challenged  for  in  suspending  the  defaulting  official  a 

having  read  newspaper  accounts  of  a  crime,  or  thorized  him  to  appoint  a  successor  unt 

for  having  formed  an  opinion  or  impression  should  be  restored  to  his  office  or  a  su 

therefrom,  provided  ho  shall  declare  upon  oath  should  be  regularly  elected.     Under  t 

that  he  believes  he  can  render  an  impartial  ver-  the  Governor  appointed  Stephen  G.  Sh 

diet  according  to  the  law  and  the  evidence.  March  27.    The  Senate  then  resolved  it 

An  appropriation  of  $150,000  was  made  for  the  to  a  court  of  impeachment,  summoned  tl 

completion  of  the  £ddyville  Penitentiary  to  ous  State  officers  as  witnesses,  and  on 

the  extent  of  accommodating  at  least  418  con-  30,   after  a  formal  trial,   found   the  i 

victs ;  and,  in  order  to  forward  the  work  so  Treasurer  guilty  of  misappropriating  th< 


.  KENTUCKY. 


463 


herenpon  he  was  deposed  from  office. 
;h  31  the  Goveroor  appointed  a  com- 
to  examine  the  accounts  of  the  late 
)r  and  ascertain  the  exact  liability  of 
ties.  The  report  of  this  commission, 
)re  the  Legislature  by  the  Governor  on 
r,  shows  that  Tate's  defalcations  had  ex- 
>veT  a  term  of  years,  beginning  with 
id  that  tlie  total  amonnt  missing  was 
).21.  To  offset  this  sum  there  were 
i  the  treasury  vaults  due-bills  and  other 
»  of  indebtedness  to  the  late  Treasurer 
ng  to  $59,782.80,  showing  that  he  had 
'  used  the  funds  of  the  State  himself, 
lent  them  freely  to  others.  For  the  pur- 
making  a  settlement  with  these  debtors 
the  Legislature  created  a  commission, 
led  by  appointment  of  the  Governor, 
ntered  upon  its  duties  in  May,  and  be- 
end  of  the  year  had  made  terms  with 
11  persons  indebted  to  the  late  Treas- 
rhe  proceeds  derived  from  these  assets, 
n  other  property  left  behind  by  Tate, 

the  liability  of  his  bondsmen  below 
).  In  June  criminal  proceedings  were 
gainst  him  in  Franklin  County,  where 
indicted  under  several  counts  for  em- 
ent.  To  guard  against  similar  episodes 
future,  the  Legislature  passed  an  act 

the  office  of  State  Inspector  and  £x- 

This  officer  is  appointed  and  remov- 
the  Governor,  and  is  required  to  ex- 
unually  the  management  of  the  Audi- 
1  Treasurer's  office,  all  the  public  insti- 
and  all  other  officers  intrusted  with 
r  of  the  State,  to  be  present  at  each 
'  settlement  between  the  Auditor  and 
isurer,  and  to  report  to  the  Gt)vemor 
ngs  in  all  investigations. 
■catb — The  following  table  shows  the 

value  of  property  in  the  State  for 
1  the  changes  made  by  the  State  Board 
ization  recently  created : 


A«wd  Tain*. 

$227^79,166 

188,660,886 

77,964,416 

M,549,788 

EqoAlhMl  TshM. 

$297,481,085 

188,987,648 
78,684,022 

69,549,782 

not  labject  to  eqoal- 

$491,554,189 

$492,658,182 

3tal  assessed  valuation  for  1887  was 
,690. 

isaM. — The  State  supports  three  asy- 
r  the  benefit  of  the  insane.  Bnring 
•  daily  average  number  of  patients  at 
tern  Asylum  was  580 ;  at  the  Central, 
1  at  the  Eastern,  635.  The  steward^s 
I  at  the  Western  Asylum  amounted  to 
95,  or  an  average  of  $162.55  for  each 
at  the  Central  the  expenses  were 
r.99,  or  an  average  of  $188.98 ;  and  at 
em  the  amount  was  $106,825.98,  or  an 
of  $167.35. 

iL— -On  August  6  elections  for  county 
were  held  throughout  the  State.    In 


the  Second  Appellate  District  an  election  for 
Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  was  also  held, 
at  which  Judge  WiUiam  S.  Pryor  was  re- 
elected without  opposition.  No  general  elec- 
tion for  State  officers  was  held.  In  November 
the  Democratic  National  ticket  was  successful. 
Democratic  Congressmen  were  elected  in  nine 
districts,  and  Republicans  in  two. 

Eowan  Oouty. — The  Legislature,  early  in  its 
session,  appointed  a  committee  to  investigate 
the  disturbances  occurring  in  this  county  in 
1887  and  previously,  and  to  report  upon  the 
conduct  of  Judge  Cole  in  his  administration  of 
justice  there.  This  committee  visited  Rowan 
County,  and,  after  taking  much  testimony, 
made  a  report  in  March,  censuring  Judge  Cole 
and  recommending  the  abolition  of  the  county 
courts.  The  Legislature  passed  an  act  remov- 
ing it  from  the  fourteenth  and  annexing  it  to 
the  thirteenth  judicial  district,  thus  taking  it 
from  the  jurisdiction  of  Judge  Cole,  who  was 
permitted  to  retain  his  office. 

Pike  Cmuty  Dtswden. — Early  in  January  the 
inhabitants  of  Pike  County  petitioned  the  Gov- 
ernor for  arms  and  ammunition  to  defend 
themselves  against  threatened  attacks  from 
West  Virginia.  The  difficulties  grew  out  of  a 
feud  between  the  family  of  McCoys  in  this 
county  and  the  Hatfield  family  of  Logan  Coun- 
ty, West  Virginia.  This  feud  originated  in 
1882,  when,  in  an  election  dispute,  one  of  the 
McCoys  shot  and  killed  a  Hatfield.  Four  Mc- 
Coys were  arrested  for  this  act,  captured  by  a 
Hatfield  mob,  carried  into  West  Virginia,  and 
then  secretly  taken  back  to  Kentucky  and 
shot.  The  matter  had  rested  since  that  time 
till  September,  1887,  when  Gov.  Buckner  of- 
fered $500  reward  for  the  murderers  of  the 
McCoys,  and  at  the  same  time  made  a  requisi- 
tion for  them  upon  the  Governor  of  West  Vir- 
ginia, which  the  latter  refused.  Later  in  the 
year  the  sheriff  of  Pike  County,  induced  by 
this  reward,  entered  Logan  County,  captured 
three  of  the  Hatfield  party,  and  lodged  them 
in  the  Pike  County  jail.  The  remaining  Hat- 
fields  retaliated  on  New  Yearns  eve  by  burning 
the  house  of  the  elder  McCoy  and  killing  his 
wife,  daughter,  and  son.  The  father  escaped, 
and  at  once  organized  a  party  of  about  thirty 
men,  who  invaded  Logan  County,  killed  two 
of  the  Hatfields  in  an  encounter,  and  later  capt- 
ured six  others,  who  were  also  lodged  in  the 
Pikeville  jail.  About  the  middle  of  January 
another  party  from  Kentucky  made  a  second 
attack  and  killed  another  of  the  Hatfields. 
Late  in  the  month  the  Governor  of  West  Vir- 
ginia sent  a  special  agent  to  Gov.  Buckner 
asking  for  the  surrender  of  the  captured  Hat- 
fields; but  his  mission  was  fruitless.  The 
Governor  then  appealed  to  Judge  Barr,  of  the 
United  States  Circuit  Court,  for  a  writ  of 
habeas  corpus ;  but  Judge  Barr,  after  a  hear- 
ing on  February  20,  decided  that  the  prisoners 
were  properly  in  the  custody  of  Kentucky 
authorities.  During  July  and  August,  and 
later  still,  encounters  took  place  upon  the  bor- 


464 


LABRADOR. 


der  between  the  two  clans,  and  other  murders 
were  committed.  The  Governor  also  increased 
his  reward  for  the  Hatfield  leaders  to  $5,000, 
and  early  in  the  year  stationed  a  company  of 
Kentucky  State  troops  at  Pikeville  to  prevent 
a  rescue  of  the  Hatfields.  At  the  close  of  the 
year  the  difficulties  were  still  unsettled. 

RING'S  DAUGHTEB8.  An  incorporated  soci- 
ety, having  its  headquarters  in  New  York 
city,  chapters  in  the  ditferent  States,  aud  cir- 
cles in  numerous  localities.  The  society  grew 
ftrom  tlie  meetings  of  a  few  charitably  incliued 
women  in  January,  1886,  at  the  house  of  Mrs. 
F.  Bottome,  in  New  York  city.  It  was  first 
intended  to  put  into  practice  the  system  of 
working  by  means  of  clubs  of  ten,  as  recom- 
mended by  Edward  Everett  Hale ;  but  as  the 
organization  grew,  this  system  of  tens  was 
found  to  be  impracticable  if  closely  adhered  to, 
and  the  local  clubs  are  permitted  to  consist  of 
any  number  of  members.  The  organization 
has  now  over  50,000  members.  The  object  of 
the  society  is  to  promote  the  association  of 
women  into  small  clubs  for  the  development 
of  spiritual  life  and  charitable  activity.  Any 
person  that  claims  to  be  a  Christian  may  be- 
come a  member.  The  members  wear  as  a 
badge  a  silver  Maltese  cross,  engraved  with 
the  initials  I.  H.  N.,  and  bearing  the  date  1886. 
The  yearly  membership  fee  is  ten  cents ;  a  pay- 
ment of  $25  constitutes  a  contributor  ;  and 
the  payment  of  $100  a  donor.  The  motto  of 
the  society  is  "  In  His  Name." 

The  management  of  the  affairs  of  the  society 
is  vested  in  a  Central  Council  consisting  of  not 
fewer  than  ten  women,  who  must  be  members 
of  the  society  and  pay  a  yearly  fee  of  one  dol- 
lar. Vacancies  in  this  council  are  filled  by  the 
remaining  councilors.  The  officers  are  a  presi- 
dent, vice-president,  treasurer,  general  sec- 
retary, corresponding  secretary,  and  record- 
ing secretary.  No  salaries  are  paid  to  any  of 
the  officers  or  councilors.  The  business  of  the 
society  was  at  first  attended  to  at  the  homes  of 
the  officers;  but  as  the  membership  grew  it 
was  found  necessary  to  procure  separate  quar- 
ters and  employ  clerks.  The  business  head- 
quarters are  now  at  No.  47  West  Twenty-Sec- 
ond Street,  New  York  city.  Each  circle  usu- 
ally devotes  itself  to  some  special  phase  of  work ; 
for  example : 

To  visit  the  sick,  poor,  and  aged  ;  to  clothe  them, 
and  to  write  letters  tor  those  unable  to  do  it  them- 
selves. 


To  visit  strangers,  and  welcome  them  to  the  cbarch 
and  prayer-meeting.  To  take  active  part  in  the  lat- 
ter, and  to  be  punctual  and  regular  in  attendance  at 
all  church  services. 

Work  in  hospitals,  orphan  asylums,  nurseries,  poor- 
houses. 

Indian  mission  in  Indian  Teiritory .  Assisting  home 
missionary  in  southern  Virginia. 

To  raise  money  for  sending  poor  girls  to  the  seashore. 
To  raise  money  for  Sunday-school  building. 

To  be  ready  to  speak  and  work  for  the  Master ;  to 
live  done  to  niin. 

To  follow  out  the  Golden  Bule. 

Bible  study,  with  hope  of  outcome  in  practical  work 
in  many  fielos. 

Letters  for  Christmas-letter  mission. 

Collecting  pictures  and  cards,  and  making  scrip- 
books  for  children  in  hospitals. 

Making  garments,  towels,  bibs,  etc.,  to  start  daj 
nursery. 

Appointed  one  to  sing,  another  to  read  to  old  lady 
almost  blind. 

Helping  mothers  who  have  to  work  with  their 
sewing. 

To  mdulge  in  no  gossip.  Object  of  circle  to  *^  make 
sunshine." 

To  teach  Chinese. 

To  gather  flowers  and  send  in  to  city  hospitaK 

To  help  motherless  children. 

To  read  for  inmates  of  Old  Ladies^  Home. 

To  sinff  at  stated  times  in  hospital  wards. 

To  coltect  papers,  magazines,  etc.,  for  Sailors'  Mis- 
sion. 

To  *^  keep  the  wrinkles  from  our  mothers'  brows.*' 

To  increase  purity  of  lite. 

Each  circle  is  known  by  a  separate  name, 
for  example  :  Thoughtful  Ten,  Willing  Ten, 
Clothing  Ten,  Children's  Ten,  Knitting  Ten, 
**  Inasmuch  "  Ten,  Truthful  Ten,  Considerate 
Ten,  Charity  Ten,  Visiting-Sick  Ten,  Fancy- 
Work  Ten,  Widows'  Ten,  Helping  Ten,  "  With- 
hold not "  Ten,  Peacemakers,  Memorial  Circle. 
Each  circle  also  has  its  separate  motto,  usoallj 
a  text  from  the  New  Testament  The  exist- 
ence of  one  hundred  members  of  the  order  in 
any  State  entitles  the  State  to  a  State  secretary, 
appointed  by  the  Central  Council,  for  one  year. 
The  State  secretary  has  the  appointment  of 
county  secretaries.  The  circles  in  each  county 
report  the  work  done  by  them  to  the  coun^  I 
secretaries,  who  in  turn  report  to  their  State 
secretary,  and  the  State  secretaries  report  to 
the  Central  Council.  These  secretaries  receive 
no  pay,  but  are  not  infrequently  furnished  by 
the  circles  over  which  they  have  supervision 
with  funds  to  pay  office-rent  and  clerk-hire. 

The  King's  Sons  is  an  organization  for  men 
and  boys,  similar  in  purpose  to  the  King's 
Daughters  and  managed  by  that  society. 


LABRADOR,  a  country  between  the  fiftieth 
and  sixty-second  parallels  of  north  latitude, 
which  forms  a  peninsula  in  the  extreme  north- 
eastern part  of  North  America;  area,  about 
420,000  square  miles.  The  south  coast  extends 
from  the  small  Salmon  river,  which  flows  into 
the  Strait  of  Belle  Isle,  opposite  Newfound- 


land, northeastward  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
presenting  a  large  mass  of  high  rocks,  a  bar- 
rier against  the  Arctic  icebergs.  In  the  north 
the  country  borders  on  Hudson  Strait  and  Un- 
gava  Bay ;  in  the  west,  on  Hudson  Bay.  The 
inland  boundary,  toward  Canada,  is  not  estab- 
lished. 


TM.  xsTin. — 80  A 


466                    LABRADOR.  LANDS,  PUBLIC. 

The  snmmer  of  Labrador  corresponds  almost  visit  the  coast  in  spring,  retaming  home  at 

with  the  English  sammer,  from  the  middle  of  close  of  the  fishing-season. 

June  (when  snow  disappears)  to  the  middle  of  The  most  common  birds  are  wild  g( 

September.    The  arctic  current    freezes  the  black    ducks,   shell-birds,   divers,   loons, 

coast,   but  has   little  effect  inland.    Twelve  plover.     Salmon,  trout,   and   white  fish 

miles  from  the  coast  begins  a  luxurious  forest-  very  common.    No  cattle  can  be  kept 

growth.    Toward  the  north  are  barren  moors,  is  plentiful,  and  a  beautiful  stone  called  '*  ] 

the  homes  of  large  herds  of  caribou.     Randle  radorite  '^   may  be  seen  about   the  bead 

F.  Holme  says :    ^*  A  journey  of  twenty  or  Hamilton  inlet.    Eskimo  dogs  are  kept  in  1 

thirty  miles  inland  in  summer-time,  up  the  quantities.    Mosquitoes  and  black  flies  are 

country  from  the  sea,  is  like  passing  from  win-  to  be  worse  than  anywhere  else, 

ter  to  summer.    The  southern  coast  rises  ab-  LABTDS,  PUBLIC.    The  public  lands  of 

nipt  from  the  water's  edge  200  feet,  increasing  United  States  lie  within  the  boundaries  of 

to  500,  and  on  the  eastern  coast  to  1,400,  until  teen  States — Alabama,  Arkansas,  Oalifoi 

it  reaches  nearly  6,000,  then  diminishing  in  Colorado,   Florida,   Iowa,  Kansas,  Louisi 

height  until  we  reach  the  northern  Gape  Chid-  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Mississippi,  Missouri, 

ley,    which   is  about  1,500  feet   high.     The  braska,  Nevada,  Oregon,  and  Wisconsin— 

mountains  consist  chiefly  of  Laurentian  gneiss  eight    Territories — Arizona,    Dakota,    Id 

and  red  syenite,  with  characteristic  scenery.  Montana,  New  Mexico,  Utah,  Washington, 

The  greater  part  of  the  interior  is  table-land  Wyoming — which  are  known  as  "  Land  8t 

over  2,000  feet  high,  slowly  falling  toward  the  and  Territories.^'    A  few  isolated  tracts  rei 

northwest  until  it  reaches  Hudson  and  Ungava  also  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  lUinois.    The 

Bays.    Most  of  the  streams  are  formed  by  a  mated  area  of  the  public  lands,  exdusi? 

chain  of  ponds,  connected  by  rapids  and  water-  Alaska,  is  603,448,14i5*40  acres,  of  which, 

falls,  in  an   uncommon  way.    The  southern  158,990*51  acres   have  been  restored  to 

part  is  especially  well  watered,  and  the  whole  public  domain  since  March  4,  1885.    The 

interior  is  dotted  with  large  lakes.    The  In-  covery  of  148,179,528*84  additional  acres 

dians  are  acquainted  with  a  system  of  internal  been  recommended  to  Oongress.     The  i 

navigation  joining  the  Seven  Islands,  Mingan,  States  that  have  not,  at  some  time,  oontai 

and  the  mouth  of  St.  Augustine  river,  on  the  public  lands,  are  the  thirteen  original  c 

south  coast,  with  Northwest  river  on  the  east,  nies,   and  Kentucky,  Vermont,  Maine,  ^ 

and  Ungava  on  the  north.    The  largest  stream  Virdnia,  Tennessee,  and  Texas.     Maps  of 

is  South  river,  which  flows  into  Ungava  Bay  public-land  States  and  Territories  are  prepi 

the  harbor  resembling  very  much  that  of  Lon-  by  the  General  Land  Office  at  Washington 

don.    In  consequence  of  the  mountainous  and  Htat^ry. — The  public  domain,  as  distingaii 

broken  features  of  the  southern  and  eastern  from  and  included  within  the  national  dom 

coast,  there  are  innumerable  good  harbors.  of  4,000,000  square  miles,  embraces  all  li 

The  Government  is  represented  by  the  Hud-  acquired  by  the  United  States  Government 

son  Bay  Company  only.     In  summer  there  is  treaty,  conquest,  cession  of  States  and 

mail  communication  from  Newfoundland  as  far  chase,  which  are  disposed  of  under  and  b; 

as  Nain,  but  only  once  in  winter.    There  is  authority.     (Article  IV  of  the  Constitut 

an  English  mission-house  in  Cartwright,  and  section  3).     It  contained   2,843,675*91  sq 

farther  northward  are  several  Moravian  mis-  miles.    The  nucleus  of  this  domain  wa* 

sion  and  trading  settlements.  area  of  404,95591  square  miles,  ceded  by  84 

The  accompanying  map  was  compiled  for  of  the  original  thirteen  States  to  the  Gei 

the  "  Annual  Oyclopfledia  "  by  Frederick  Leuth-  Government  under  the  Articles  of  Confed 

ner,  according  to  the  latest  explorations.     The  tion  and  the  Oonstitution,  after  the  defin 

hydrographic  charts,  a  map  of  the  Moravian  treaty  of  Sept.  3,  1783.    These  cessions  ol 

Brethren,  and  the  explorations  of  Hind,  Ran-  occupied  chartered  territory,  extending  tc 

die  F.  Holme,  and  A.  S.  Packard  furnished  the  Mississippi  river,  claimed  often  under  con 

material.  ing  grants,   were  made  respectively  by 

From  Hamilton  inlet  along  the  coast  live  a  States  of  New  York,  Virginia,  Massachus 

large  number  of  Eskimo  and  half-breeds,  in  Connecticut,  North  and  South  Carolina* 

scattered  homesteads,  who  are  occupied  in  sal-  Georgia,  at  intervals  between  March  1,  1 

mon-fishing,  trapping  in  winter,  and  hunting  and  April  24,  1802.    The  first  was  voluote 

seal  in  spring.    They  are  civilized,  and  have  by  the  State  of  Nfew  York,  after  previous 

received  Christian  education  by  the  Moravian  cussion  of  expediency  in   Congress,  and 

Brethren ;  but  those  toward  the  north  are  pa-  passage  of  a  resolution,  Oct.  30,  1779,  di 

gan  and  uncivilized,  and  live  in  snow-houses,  proving  of  the  disposal  of  Western  land 

In  the  intenor  live  a  considerable  number  of  States  holding  them.     The  total  numbc 

Red  Indians  of  the  Cree  nation,  in  families,  acres  disposed  of  by  State  authority  pric 

They  are  nomadic,  and  in  spring  camp  near  June    30,    1796,    was    1,484,047.      Bece 

the  Hudson  Bay  Company's  posts  for  trading.  $1,201,725.68. 

Their  tents  and  canoes  are  very  light,  made  of  A  peculiar  feature  of  the  cession  by  1^ 

birch-bark  or  deer-hide,  and  they  walk  long  Carolina  of  the  territory  now  constitutini 

distances  over  the  snow.     Newfoundlanders  State  of  Tennessee  (45,600  square  miles) 


LANDS,  PUBLIC.                                                     467 

m  incnmbrance  of  reseirations,   which  was  **that  do  regalations  made  or  to  be  made  bv 

K)Qivalent  to  adding  nothing  to  the  public  do-  Congress  shall  tend  to   emancipate  slaves.  ^ 

main.    To  the  State  of  Georgia  was  paid,  in  Both  acts  became  obsolete  by  the  absorption 

ill,  $6,200,000  in  settlement  of  all  claims,  and  of  territory  into  States.    The  territory  west  of 

I  strip  of  land  from  the  United  States  contain-  the  Mississippi  river  was  explored,  settled,  and 

Ing  1,500  square  miles  was  added  to  her  north-  organized  into  States  and  Territories  by  suc- 

em  boundary.    The  reservation  of  **  Virginia  cessive  legislation.    Ail  business  of  adminis- 

ICiUtary  Lands  ^'  in  the  State  of  Ohio,  an  area  tration  and  snrvey  of  the  pnblic  lands  is  per- 

>f  6,570  sqoare  miles,  occasioned  mach  litiga-  formed    by    the    Secretary  of    the   Interior, 

don  and  legislation  by  Congress  prior  to  1871.  throngh  the  General  Land  Office. 

From  the  territory  thus  ceded  by  States  were  Stnreys. — The  first  surveys  of  public  lands 

formed  the  present  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  were  conducted  by  the  Geographer  of   the 

[llinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Tennessee,  United  States,  appointed  by  ordinance  of  May 

hat  part  of  Minnesota  lying  east  of  the  Mis-  20,  1785.    Thomas  Hutchins  was  the  first  and 

n^ppi  river,  and  all  of  Alabama  and  Missis-  only  incumbent  of  that  office.    The  act  of  May 

dppi  lying  north  of  the  thirty-first  parallel  of  18,  1796,  for  the  sale  of  lands  in  the  Northwest 

atitude.  Territory,  created  the  office  of  Surveyor-Gen- 

The  following  are  purchases  of  the  United  eral.  Surveying  districts,  under  the  control  of 
States:  From  France,  April  80,  1803.  1,182,-  surveyors-general,  were  created  from  May  7, 
^52  square  miles,  at  a  cost  of  $27,267, 6i2 1. 98.  1822.  Surveys  within  these  are  executed  by 
from  this  was  formed  the  remaining  portion  of  contract,  the  surveyors-general  employing 
he  States  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi  south  of  deputies,  with  compensation  fixed  by  Congress, 
he  thirty-first  parallel,  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  A  State,  a  Territory,  or  two  or  more  of  any  of 
ifissonri,  Iowa,  Nebraska,  and  Oregon,  all  of  them  joined  together,  constitute  a  surveying 
Minnesota  west  of  the  Mississippi  river ;  d-  district.  Mineral  lands  are  surveyed  by  deputy 
Dost  all  of  Kansas,  and  Dakota,  Montana,  Ida-  mineral  surveyors.  There  are  fifteen  surveying 
10,  Washington,  and  Indian  Territories,  with  districts  at  present,  and  sixteen  surveyors-gen- 
L  part  of  Wyoming  and  Colorado.  From  eral,  one  ex  officio  of  Alaska, 
^min,  Feb.  22,  1819,  the  provinces  of  East  When  all  lands  within  a  surveying  district 
isd  West  Florida,  an  area  of  59,268  square  have  been  surveyed,  the  office  of  the  Surveyor- 
nil^  coating  $6,489,768.  The  province  of  General  is  closed  by  act  of  Congress,  the  ar- 
^t  Florida  constitutes  the  present  State  of  chives,  plats,  field-notes,  etc.,  being  transferred 
hat  name.  West  Florida  (including  the  terri-  to  the  State  authorities.  Surveys  of  islands 
ory  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi  south  of  the  and  keys  on  the  sea-coast  are  made,  under  spe- 
birty- first  parallel,  with  parishes  in  Louisiana)  cial  laws,  by  the  Coast  Survey.  Indian  Reser- 
evolting  from  Spain  in  1810,  declared  itself  an  vations,  by  act  of  April  8,  1864,  are  surveyed 
ndependent  State  and  framed  a  constitution,  under  direction  of  the  General  Land  Office, 
leoiring  annexation  by  the  United  States.  It  Surveys  of  public  lands  in  the  United  States 
ras  occupied  and  held  by  proclamation  of  the  have  been  uniform  under  the  *^  Rectangular 
^l^dent  under  the  treaty  of  1803,  but  the  System,"  reported  to  Congress  May  7,  1784, 
^m  of  Spain  was  recognized  by  purchase  of  from  a  committee  beaded  by  Thomas  Jefferson. 
1819.  From  Mexico,  Feb.  2,  1848,  by  treaty  By  this  system  lands  are  divided  into  town- 
tipulation  (at  a  cost  of  $15,000,000)  522,568  ships  six  miles  square,  and  subdivided  into  sec- 
square  miles.  On  Dec.  80,  1853  (the  Gadsden  tions  one  mile  square,  or  640  acres.  These 
parchase)  the  Mesilla  valley,  45,535  square  sections  are  again  subdivided  into  half,  quarter, 
miles,  at  a  cost  of  $10,000,000.  The  States  and  quarter-quarter  sections,  of  820,  160,  and 
formed  are  Califorma,  Nevada,  and  part  of  40  acres.  The  number  of  principal  surveying 
Colorado;  Territories,  Arizona,  Utah,  and  meridians  and  base  lines  intersecting  at  an  e^ual 
Hew  Mexico.  From  the  State  of  Texas,  Sept.  number  of  initial  points  is  thirty — viz..  First, 
9, 1850,  96,707  square  miles,  at  a  cost  of  $16,-  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  Fifth,  and  Sixth  Prin- 
000,000.  These  lands  are  included  in  Kansas,  cipal,  Michigan,  Tallahassee,  St.  Stephens, 
Colorado,  and  New  Mexico,  in  addition  to  the  Huntsville,  Choctaw,  Washington,  St.  Helena, 
"Public  Land  Sdip."  From  Russia,  March  Louisiana,  New  Mexico,  Great  Salt  Lake,  Bois^, 
SO,  1867,  Alaska,  conUining  577,390  square  Mt.  Diablo,  San  Bernardino,  Humboldt,  Wil- 
mflea,  for  $7,200,000.  The  sum  total  paid  by  lamett«,  Montana,  GiU  and  Salt  Hiver,  Indian, 
^  United  States  for  porchased  territorv,  in-  Wind  River,  Uinta  (special),  Navaj^x;  (Hpecial), 
clnding  the  Georgia  cession,  is  $88,167,389.38.  Black  Hilb.  Grand  River,  and  Cimarron.  Town- 

The  ordnance  of  July  13,  1787  (Congress  of  ships  are  numbered  north  and  south  of  the 

the  Confederation),  provided  for  the  govern-  principal  base  lines,  and  ran  {res,  or  series  of 

inoat  of  the  territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio  contieTious  townships,  are  re<^-koned  east  and 

rirer  (boonded  by  the  Mississippi  river),  with  west  from  the  surveying  meridians.    The  ne- 

provisions  for  the  formation  of  States,  and  al?»  cestnty  for  enduring  monuments  of  iron  or  stone 

with  exclusion  of  slavery.     On  May  26,  1790,  to  mark  comers  and  lines  of  pnblic  surveys  is 

•a  act  of  Congress  made  similar  provision  for  obvious,  and  has  be^jn  ref>eatedlj  urged  uf>on 

the  territory   south   of  the  Ohio  river   Talso  Congress.     The  deficiency  is  serious.     Plats  of 

tMKmded  by  tlie  MiHlBBippi),  with  the  condition  surveys  are  prepared   in   triplicate,  and  file<i 


468  LANDS,  PUBLIC. 

respectively  in  the  offices  of  surveyors-general ,  from  $8  to  $20.    The  present  milesf 

in  local  land-offices,  and  in  the  General  Land-  for  pablic  sarvejs — $5,  $7,  and  $9  fi 

Office  at  Washiogton.  townsliip,  and  meander  lines — is  be 

Surveys  are  made  under  appropriations  of  tory  rate,   and   reported  inadeqaat 

Congress  and  under  what  is  known  as  the  indi-  Commissioner  of  the  Greneral  Land-0 

vidual  deposit  system.     Prior  to  July  81, 1876,  estimated  cost  per  acre  of  surveys 

appropriations  were  made  by  separate  item  for  beginning  of  the  system  to  June  80, 

the  several  surveying  districts ;  subsequently  three  and  a  quarter  cents.     The  esti 

a  gross  sum  was  apportioned,  to  be  used  at  to  Dec.  1,  1888,  was  from  two  and 

the  discretion  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  three  cents  and  a  half  per  acre. 
The  annual  appropriations  for  the  years  1880        IHsponL — The  authority  to  dispose 

to  1886  were  $300,000  and  upward.    Since  that  lands,  vested  in  Congre^^s  was  first 

date  they  have   been  $50,000.      The  actual  through  the  Board  of  Treasury  (tiin 

available  appropriation  of  the  fiscal  year  1888  sioners),  which  made  sales  and  gave* 

was  $40,000,  an  item  of  appropriations  for  sur-  from  May  20, 1785.    The  first  patei 

veys  and  resurveys  being  devoted  to  examina-  in  fee-simple,  for  land  from  the  G 

tions  of  work  in  the  field  before  approval  of  was  authorized  to  be  issued  by  the 

contracts.    An  additional  $10,000  was  allowed  April  21,  1792.    This  title  is  pure! 

on  March  80,  1888,  for  deficiencies.    Thirty-  and  deprived  of  the  last  vestige  of 

five  contracts  for  the  year  were  approved.    The  port.    There  are  fifty-seven  forms  o 

appropriations  for  surveys  of  Indian  lands  for  ent  in  present  use  by  the  United  St 

the  fiscal  year  1888  were  $185,000.  number  of  acres  patented  or  other w 

The  system  of  deposits  by  individual  settlers  title  to  or  conveyed  during  1888  is  8,( 

in  payment  for  desired  surveys  of  lands,  cer-  The  General  Land-Office,  under  dir 

tificates  of  deposit  to  be  received  in  payment  commissioner,  was  created  April  25, 

for  lands  by  act  of  1871,  within  township  sur-  ordinate  to  the  Treasury  Departmei 

veyed,  and  by  act  of  March,  1879,  for  any  lands  reorganized  July  4, 1886,  and  on  Mar 

in  the  possession  of  the  Government  under  the  was  transferred  to  the  Interior  D 

pre-emption  and  homestead  laws,  has  been  the  It  is  at  present  organized  in  foorteei 

occasion  of  serious  abuse.     The  act  of  Aug.  7,  The  first  patents  for  land  were  cdgi 

1882,  restricted  receipt  of  certificates  in  pay-  President,  upon  recommendation  of 

ment  of  lands  to  the  district  within  which  tary  of  the  Treasury,   countersign' 

surveys  were  made.     The  amounts  of  deposits  Secretary  of  State,  and  recorded  in 

have  largely  exceeded  the  appropriations  of  Mineral  lands  were  disposed  of  by  tb< 

Congress,  and  vast  arid  tracts,  undisposable,  of  War  prior  to  1849. 
the  subdivision  of  which  is  undesirable,  have        A  plan  for  the  disposition  of  the  pi 

been  surveyed  at  heavy  expense  and  without  submitted  to  Congress  July  20,  179G 

reference  to  the  judgment  of  surveyors-general,  ander  Hamilton,  Secretary  of  the  T 

From  1880  to  1885  the  amount  of  special  de-  the  basis  of  the  prior  and  existing 

posits  for  surveys  was  $5,818,868.58,  against  ice  of  the  Government.    The  act  o1 

$2,093,000  appropriated  by  Congress,  and  dur-  1795,  provided  for  the  application  o 

ing  this  period  alleged  fraudulent  returns  were  ceeds  of  sales  of  public  lands  to  the  i 

made  of  surveys  unattempted  or  egregiously  the  national  debt.    They  were  to  en 

performed.     Among  these  are  the  "  Benson  tion  of  the  sinking-fund,  and  sales  w< 

cases,"  or  "  California  syndicate,"  still  under  in  the  Northwest  Territory,  May  18, 

prosecution.    In  1885  numerous  contracts  were  sales  were  made  under  the  credit  syst 

suspended  and  ultimately  disapproved.    None  posit  of  one-twentieth  of  the  pnrcht 

were  approved  for  1886  and  1887.    The  amount  The  total  amount  of  sales  under  tl 

deposited  for  surveys  under  this  system  during  was  13,642,586  acres,  for  which  $27, 

1888  was  $68,578.50,  and  five  contracts  were  were  received.    Cash  payment  for 

awarded  and  approved.    Surveys  of  railroad  ordered  in  1806,  and  the  credit  8] 

lands  are  made   under   deposits  from    com-  finally  abolished  in  1820.    The  act  < 

panics.  1800,  created  defined  districts  of  pt 

The  total  number  of  acres  of  public  domain  open  to  disposal  at  local  offices  in 

surveyed  to  June  80,  1887)  was  973,728,495.  registers  and  receivers  of  public  mon 

Duringl888, 2,912,842*32  acres  were  surveyed,  first  land-offices  were  within  the 

Surveys  have  not  been  extended  over  Alaska  Territory.    But  little  change  of  oi 

and  the  pablic-Iand  strip.    The  highest  prices  has  taken  place  to  the  present  day. 

paid  per  linear  mile  for  surveying  have  been  and  receivers  are  bonded  officers, ' 

$75  for  State  and  Territorial  boundaries  astro-  disposals  of  public  lands,  transmittin 

nomically  determined ;   for  ontboundaries  of  to  the  General  Land  Office,  and  retc 

Indian  reservation,  $25 ;  for  principal  bases  and  Treasury.    Their  salary  is  fixed  at : 

meridians,  standard  parallels,  $20 ;  for  town-  receipts  from  fees  not  to  exceed  $8,0 

ship  lines,  $18;  section  lines,  $12.    The  rates  are  at  present  111  local  land-office 

prescribed  by  law  per  linear  mile  for  surveys  equal  number  of  registers  and  recei' 

of  public  lands  have  ranged  at  various  times  cant  tracts  of  public  lands  in  States 


LANDS,  PUBLIO.                                                     469 

Sees  ore  entered  ander  act  of  March  at  the  minim  am  rate  of  $1.25  an  acre.    No  per- 

;  the  General  Land-Office.    Land  dis-  son  is  allowed  to  pre-empt  land  who  owns  820 

Tziade,  abolished,  consolidated,  or  re-  acres  of  land  within  the  United  States,  or  who 

area  bj  Congress ;   mineral  districts  has  removed  from  land  of  his  own.    The  nom- 

resident.     They  are  in  nowise  con-  her  of  patents  issned  for  pre-empted  lands  dar- 

bonndary  with  sarveying  districts,  ing  1888  is  12,408.     Pre-emption  filings  are 

^pril  20,  1820,  all  sales  of  pablioland  merged  into  cash  sales  upon  making  of  find 

ered  by  special  acts  of  Congress,  and  proof  and  payment,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to 

Enam  price,  except  under  contracts,  give  the  namber  or  acreage  of  snch  filings  for 

1  acre.    By  act  of  that  date  the  min-  extensive  periods.     The  filings  so  merged  in 

ice  was  fixed  at  $1.25  an  acre  (except  1887  numbered  28,151.     The  amount  of  land 

of  alternate  sections  reserved  on  line  disposed  of  by  pre-emption  to  June  80,  1887, 

ads,  by  later  provision) ;  public  lands  is  estimated  at  185,969,028  acres.    Pre-emption 

be  offered  for  sale  by  proclamation  of  is  allowed  upon  unsurveyed  as  surveyed  lands, 

lident,  and  those  remaining  unsold  were  where  not  reserved  or  selected  for  town-site 

)6Qed  to  private  entry  at  the  minimum  purposes,  and  where  not  saline  or  mineral. 

Lands  at  present  are  disposed  of  by  The  homestead  law  of  May  20,  1862,  origin- 

ule  and  private  entry,  and  under  the  ated  in  the  Free-Soil  movement  ten  years  pre- 

)tioD,  homestead,   and  timber-culture  vious,  and  was  the  subject  of  animated  discus- 

The  following  are  the  characters  of  sion  in  Congress  from  that  date.    A  bill  passed 

sposable :  agricultural ;  mineral ;  coal ;  by  both  Houses  was  vetoed  by  President  Bn- 

r  lands  requiring  irrigation  to  produce  chanan,  June  28,  1860,  but  the  measure  finally 

aline,  or  those  containing  salt  springs ;  received  Executive  sanction  at  the  hands  of 

ler  and  stone.    There  are  special  laws  President  Lincoln.    By  its  provisions,  a  home 

to  each.  of  160  acres  of  the  public  lands  is  secured. 

By  the  policy  of  the  Government  all  without  payment,  upon  condition  of  residence 

lands  are  held  for  settlement    Lands  and  improvement  for  a  period  of  five  years. 

le  five  Southern  States  of  Alabama,  Ar-  Land  thus  acquired  is  not  liable  for  debt  con- 

lorida,  Louisiana,  and  Mississippi,  re-  tracted  prior  to  the  issuance  of  patent.    Full 

»r  settlement  under  the  homestead  act  citizenship  is  requisite  for  final  title.    Section  8 

0, 1862,  were  by  act  of  June  22, 1876,  of  the  act  allows  commutation  of  homestead, 

into  market  by  proclamation.    These  or  payment  for  the  land  as  in  pre-emption  entry 

ntaining  timber,  coal,  iron,  and  other  at  any  period  within  the  term  of  five  years 

deposits,  having  been  technically  of-  after  six  months'  settlement.    This  feature  is 

sale,  are  entered  at  minimum  rates,  open  to  the  same  obiections  as  the  pre-emption 

he  only  public  lands  of  moment  that  laws,  and  its  repeal  has  been  advised.    Amend- 

irchased  for  cash  without  settlement,  ment  to  the  homestead  law  provide  for  entries 

of  March  8,  1881,  excluded  public  of  homes  of  160  acres  by  soldiers  and  sailors 

Alabama  from  operation  of  laws  re-  honorably  discharged,  their  term  of  service  in 

mineral  lands.     Lands  such  as  are  the  civil  war  to  be  deducted  from  the  five  years 

in  Western  States  and  Territories  at  of  residence  required  by  law.    Actual  residence 

,  $10,  and  $20  an  acre,  are  sold  in  this  for  one  year,  however,  is  required.    A  claim 

unlimited  quantities  for  $1.25.     The  may  be  filed  by  an  agent  or  attorney,  but  entiy 

)ublic  lands  within  the  five  Southern  can  be  made  only  by  the  soldier  or  sailor.   Addi- 

une  80,  1888,  was  18,620,645*98  acres,  tional  homestead  and  adjoining  farm  provisions 

there  had  been  disposed  of  by  public  are  for  entry  of  land  to  fill  the  limit  of  160 

private  entry  to  June  80, 1887,  2,186,-  acres,  in  cases  where  the  right  has  been  exer- 

ires,  for  $2,695,541.  cised  for  a  smaller  amount.   Non-mineral  afiida- 

BHt — Those  only  are  legal  settiers  upon  vits  are  required  previous  to  entry  of  lands 

c  lands,  male  or  female,  who  are  citi-  within  mineral  districts.    The  total  number  of 

le  United  States,  or  who  have  declared  entries  under  the  homestead  law,  to  June  80, 

mtion  to  become  such,  who  are  heads  1888,  is  874,501,  covering  118,878,601*48  acres. 

'8,  or  are  over  twenty-one  years  of  age.  Of  these  819,030  were  final,  covering  88,488,- 

ktion  of  Congress  in  1785  forbade  set-  484*22  acres ;  and  16,077  homesteads  were  pat- 

upon  the  public  lands.    Authority  to  en  ted  for  the  year  1888.     Commutations  of 

^triers  by  force  of  arms  was  granted  homesteads  are  merged  in  cash  sales  in  the 

resident  at  that  time  and  later.    The  keeping  of  Government  accounts ;  5,885  home- 

•emption  or  preference  right  to  pur-  steads  were  commuted  during  1888.    The  act 

nd,  in  view  of  prior  settlement  and  of  March  8,   1875,  extended  the  homestead 

nent,  was  accorded  March  8,  1801,  to  privilege  to  Indian  settlers.     But  commuta- 

>r8  for  lands  included  in  the  purchase  tion  is  denied  them,  nor  are  their  titles  sub- 

Oleves  Symmes,  but  outlying  the  pat-  ject  to  alienation  or  Incumbrance  for  a  period 

ined  by  him.     Subsequent  legislation  of  twenty  years.     Commissions  and  fees  are 

ad,  Sept.  4,  1841,  in  the  passage  of  the  payable  at  times  of  making  entry  and  final 

ring  pre-emption  of  160  acres  with  proof  under  homestead  laws,  and  vary  accord- 

from  12  to  88  months,  to  be  paid  for  ing  to  States,  and  number  and  value  of  acres. 


470                                                     LANDS,  PUBLIC. 

On  the  Pacific  slope  they  are  advanced.    The  thirty-foor  mineral  patents  wei 

highest  amount  payable  is  $84.     By  the  act  1888;    1,814  entries  were  madi 

of  Jane  14,  1878,  pre-emption  entries  are  con-  acres,  realizing  $117,996.85;  18,4^ 

vertible  into  homesteads,  to  date  from  original  patented  to  Jnne  80,  1887. 

settlement.  Goal-lands,  by  act  of  Jnly  1,  1 

Legislation  to  **  encourage  the  growth  of  thorized  for  sale,  and  opened  tc 

timber  on  Western  prairies  *'  was  begun  March  at  $20  an  acre.    The  act  of  M 

3,  1878.     By  amendatory  act  of  March  18,  gave  pre-emption  right  to  160 

1874,  settlers  are  allowed  entry  of  160  acres  of  lands  at  $10  an  acre  fifteen  miles 

public  land,  on  condition  that  one  fourth  of  it  pleted    railroad,    and    $20    witl 

be  devoted  to  raising  timber  for  a  period  of  tance.    Entry  of  820  acres  is  all 

eight  years.    Upon  final  proof  at  the  end  of  ciations  of  persons.     An  additi* 

that  time,  or  within  five  years  thereafter,  a  640  acres  is  allowed  to  association 

patent  issues.     Agricultural  as  well  as  timber-  than  four  persons  who  have  expei 

land  is  thus  secured  by  what  is  in  reality  a  improvements.   The  number  of  cc 

bounty-act  for  raising  timber.    Timber-culture  ented  for  1888  was  114,  and  152 

entries  are  not  liable  for  debt  contracted  prior  made,  realizing  $842,849.40.    Tl 

to  issue  of  patent.    The  total  amount  of  com-  ber  of  entries  of  coal-lands  to 

missions  and  fees,  payable  at  making  of  entry  cover  98,612*64  acres, 

and  final  proof,  is  $18.    Serious  objections  to  Desert  lands,  by  act  of  March 

the  timber-culture  laws,  as  encouraging  frauds  be  entered  to  the  amount  of  64 

upon  the  public  domain,  are  urged  upon  the  years  being  given  from  date  of  enl 

attention  of  Congress.    The  number  of  timber-  water ;  twenty-five  cents  an  acre  i 

culture  entries  patented  for  1888  was  754.  of  application,  and  the  remainin 

The  total  number  of  entries  made  from  March  at  any  time  within  three  years. 

8,  1873,  to  June  80,  1888,  was  246,449,  cover-  of  desert  entries  patented  for  18 

ing  89,958,558*45  acres,  and  5,466  entries  have  The  total  number  of  entries  to  d 

been  perfected.     Oaths  of  settlers  under  all  act  is  16,321,  covering  5,564,7! 

laws,  in  making  final  proof,  when  not  taken  these  7,156  have  been  perfected, 

by  registers  and  receivers,  are  made  before  Saline  lands  are  disposed  of 

designated  judicial  officers.    Acts  of  relief  to  and  private  entry  at  $1.25  an  a 

settlers  suffering  imder  drouth,  incursions  of  Jan.  12,  1877.    The  act  of  May 

grasshoppers,  etc.,  have  been  passed  from  time  served  such  lands  to  the  United 

to  time.  were  leased  by  the  Surveyor-Grei 

The  act  of  Aug.  4^  1854,  graduated  prices  of  not  to  exceed  12  in  number,  witl 

public  lands  to  actual  settlers  from  $1  to  twelve  land  for  each  spring,  for  school 

and  a  half  cents  an  acre,  according  to  the  length  public  improvements,  were  made 

of  time  the  land  had  remained  unsold  in  mar-  lie-land  State  up  to  Nevada,  u[ 

ket.    Entries  under  this  act  were  original  and  into  the  Union ;  and  559,965  acr 

for  adjoining  farms.    It  was  repealed  June  2,  grants.    No  saline  lands  are  sole 

1862.    The  total  number  of  acres  disposed  of  tories  nor  in  States  with  grants  c 

under  the  graduation  act  was  25,696,419*78.  The  act  of  June  8,  1878,  auth< 

Agricultural  lands  are  obtainable  under  the  lands,  containing  timber  and  sU 

above-mentioned  laws,  and  47,180  agricultural  cultivation,  at  $2.50  an  acre  in  O 

patents  were  issued  for  1888,  against  24,558  gon,  Nevada,  and  Washington  Tc 

for  the  year  previous.    Mineral  lands  are  pat-  fee  for  entry  of  such  lands  is  $ 

ented  or  held  under  possessory  title.    They  are  781*54  acres  have  been  disposed 

not  subject  to  pre-emption  or  homestead  law&  tection  of  timber  on  public  lands 

The  ordinance  of  May  20,  1785,  for  sale  of  depredation  has  occupied  the  ser 

lands,  reserved  one  third  part  of  all  gold,  sil-  of  Congress  from  the  origin  ol 

ver,  lead,  and  copper  mined.   The  act  of  March  ment.    Appropriations  for  the 

8,  1807,  authorized  lease  of  lands  containing  made  in  1878.    Forty- one  specia 

lead  by  the  War  Department  in  the  Indian  employed  by  the  Greneral  Land-C 

Territory.    Lands  containing  lead  and  copper  unaer  an  appropriation  of  $75,< 

in  Arkansas,  Missouri,  Iowa,  Michigan,  Minne-  ceipts  for  timber  depredations 

sota,  and  Wisconsin  were  sold  from  March  8,  year  1888  were  $18,320.65.    Th< 

1829,  under  special  laws,  the  mineral  being  3,  1878,  allowed  cutting  and  rem< 

conveyed  with  the  soil.    The  area  of  the  pre-  for  mining  and  domestic  purpoi 

cious-raetal  bearing  region  of  the  United  States  eral  lands  in  certain  States  an 

is  estimated  at  65,000,000  acres.    Iron  is  reck-  Railroads  were  exempt, 

oned  as  among  valuable  deposits.    The  pre-  Town  sites  are  entered  on  tl 

clous-metal  bearing  States  and  Territories  are  main  by  three  methods,  under  i 

California,  Colorado,  Oregon,  Nevada,  Idaho,  to  2,890,  inclusive,  of  the  Revi 

Montana,Wyoming,  Utah,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Seventeen  town-site  patents  W€ 

Dakota,  and  Washington.    (See  MnnNo  Laws  1888 ;  the  total  number  to  dat< 

IN  THK  United  States.)    One  thousand  and  town-site  and  town-lot  entries  u 


LANDS,  PUBLIC.                                                     471 

date  cover  163,818*12  acres.  The  act  of  section  of  public  land;  for  States  and  Territories 
f  26,  1 824,  antborized  pre-emption  of  conn-  organized  since  that  period,  every  sixteenth  and 
leats.  Abont  nine  entries  have  been  made,  thirty-siztb  section ;  to  the  State  of  Nevada, 
eral  rights  are  reserved  in  town-site  pat-  2,000,000  acres,  in  liea  of  school  selection.  For 
I  £Ieven  hundred  and  twenty  acres  of  seminaries  and  universities,  the  quantity  of  two 
lie  land  may  be  legally  obtained  by  any  one  townships  in  each  State  or  Territory  contain- 
on  ander  the  settlement  and  occupation  ing  public  land,  and  in  some  instances  a  larger 
I,  although  contrary  to  their  theory.  quantity  in  proportion  to  grade  of  institution. 
jMifiilSMii — ^Lands  reserved  from  the  pub-  Ihe  act  of  July  2,  1862,  granted  to  each  State 
iomain  are  for  Indians  and  for  military  80,000  acres  of  public  land  for  each  Represent- 
^sea,  and  no  settlement  is  allowed  upon  ative  and  Senator  in  Congress,  for  agricult- 
er.  There  are  147  Indian  reservations,  ural  and  mechanical  colleges,  **in  place,^' 
eni^S  136,894,985  acres.  Surveys  of  these  where  the  States  contained  public  land,  and 
,  mftoe  for  definition  of  boundary,  and  for  scrip  representing  an  equal  number  of  acres 
otsaents  in  severalty  to  Indians  under  the  locatable  in  other  States  or  Territories.  Lands 
tof  ^eb.  8,  1887.  The  receipts  from  Indian  thus  ceded  for  educational  purposes  were  dis- 
0ds  ^^posed  of  by  the  General  Land-Office  posed  of  or  are  held  disposable,  the  proceeds 
DideT  sp^ial  laws  of  Congress  are  deposited  in  constituting  endowments  for  common-school 
he  ^Ti^ted  States  Treasury  to  the  credit  of  the  funds.  The  estimated  total  is  78,659,489 
leveTfti  Indian  trust  funds.  The  amount  from  acres.  Indemnity  selections  are  made  for  de- 
\aiid9  so  disposed  of  during  1888  was  $821,-  ficiencies  in  school  grants. 
113.77— Military  reservations  on  the  public  Under  the  distribution  act  of  Sept.  4,  1841, 
lands  cover,  approximately,  2,477,878*60  acres,  the  net  proceeds  of  sales  of  lands  to  Aug.  29, 
Abandoned  military  reservations  are  restored  1842,  were  divided  as  therein  provided  among 
to  the  public  domain  by  act  of  Congress,  and  States  and  Territories  and  the  District  of  Co- 
disposed  of  by  sale  in  Florida  (act  of  Aug.  18,  lumbia.  Amount,  $691,117.05. 
^S56)  is  other  public  lands.  Acts  giving  lands  to  induce  settlement  in 
DnatfiUi — Miscellaneous  donations  of  pub-  dangerous  or  distant  portions  of  the  nation 
nc  iaods  and  special  grants  have  been  made  by  have  been  passed  at  divers  periods  as  follows : 
Congress  at  various  periods,  to  the  number  of  For  East  Florida  (arn^ed  occupation  act), 
Fterbaps  a  thousand.  The  latest  were  for  res-  Aug.  4,  1842,  with  amendments,  total  amount 
•rvoir  purposes  in  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  200,000  acres ;  for  Oregon  Territory,  Sept  27, 
nd  for  artesian  wells  east  of  the  Rocky  1850,  expiring  Dec.  1,  1855 ;  for  Washington 
lOODtains,  in  charge  of  the  Department  of  Territory,  March  2,  1858,  expiring  Deo.  1, 
^olture  (act  of  May  19,  1882).  Two  res-  1855 ;  for  New  Mexico,  July  22,  1854,  still  in 
Tadons  for  this  purpose  have  been  aban-  force.  The  total  amount  of  land  covered  by 
med,  the  third  still  exists.  donation  entries  is  8,188,640  acres. 
The  grants  of  public  lands  to  States  are  as  Grants  of  public  land  for  public  improve- 
How  :  By  State  selection  act  of  Sept.  4,  ments  are  as  follow :  For  canals,  4,424,078*06 
41,  to  each  State  named  and  each  one  to  be  acres.  Grants  from  1824,  in  Indiana,  Ohio, 
mitted,  500,000  acres  for  internal  improve-  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Michigan.  Alternate 
9nt8,  including  the  quantity  granted  for  the  sections  were  reserved  in  grant  of  May  24, 
rpose  under  the  Territorial  Government.  1828,  for  Miami  Canal  in  State  of  Ohio,  inau- 
r  successive  acts  from  March  2  1849,  swamp  gurating  system  as  pursued  in  other  grants. 
d  overflowed  lands,  unfit  for  cultivation.  For  river  improvements,  1,406.210*80  acres. 
ve  been  granted  to  States  ^*  to  aid  in  con-  Grants  from  1828  to  1846  in  Alabama,  Wis- 
ncting  necessary  levees  and  drains  to  re-  consin,  and  Iowa.  For  railroads,  amount  esti- 
lim  such  lands.^'  The  number  of  acres  mated  to  fill  railroad  grants,  June  80,  1880, 
timed  for  1888  was  781,857*59,  making  the  155,504,994*59  acres;  estimated  value,  $891,- 
ial  amoQut  78,189,180*65  acres.  The  num-  804,61016.  There  have  been  patented  49,- 
r  of  acres  patented  to  all  States  is  66,840,-  907,185*96  acres;  selections  pending  and  un- 
1-09;  for  1888,  96,515*19  acres.  The  Swamp  disposed  of,  25,429,866*11  acres.  Grants  are 
nd  grant  has  not  been  extended  to  the  made  to  States  and  corporations  direct.  To 
ates  of  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Nevada,  and  Colo-  States  from  Sept.  20,  1850 ;  to  corporations 
3o,  nor  to  the  Territories.  Under  the  acts  from  July  1,  1862,  date  of  grant  to  Union 
1855  and  1857,  more  than  $1,500,000  have  Pacific  Railroad  Company.  Lands  withdrawn 
en  paid  from  the  Treasury,  and  600,000  from  settlement  for  indemnity  purposes  have 
res  of  agricultural  land  have  been  patented  been  restored  since  March  4,  1885,  to  the 
indemnity  for  swamp  and  overflowed  lands  amount  of  21,822,600  acres.  The  grants  for- 
rposed  of  by  the  United  States  for  cash,  war-  felted  for  non-completion  of  roads,  and  lands 
its,  or  scrip.  granted  in  limits  restored  in  the  same  period, 
For  educational  purposes  the  foUowing  amount  to  80,861,764*88  acres. 
ints  of  public  lands  have  been  made  in  The  alternate  (odd  and  even  numbered)  sec- 
ites  and  reserved  in  Territories  at  various  tions  of  land  reserved  within  railroad  limits 
-iods  from  1785:  For  public  schools,  in  are  valued  at  the  **  double- minim um  "  rate  of 
ites  admitted  prior  to  1848,  every  sixteenth  $2.50  an  acre.     A  homestead  entry  of  but  80 


472 


LAHD8,  PUBLIC. 


acres  of  anoh  laod  tras  allowed  prior  to  the 
acta  ot  1879  and  1880.  Cost  of  survej,  Beleo- 
tioD,  and  convajance  of  public  land  for  rail- 
road purposes  raost  be  paid  by  conipaniea  pre- 
cediag  issue  of  patent  (act  of  Jul;  31,  1ST6). 
For  thia  purpose  $92,617.50  were  deposited  in 
1889.  The  railroad  patentg  issued  during  the 
year  were  to  four  States,  and  covered  829,- 
162'46  acres.  The  seleotiuus  made  daring  the 
year  were  for  6,62G, 800-09  Hcres.  Settlements 
npOD  lands  granted  or  withdrawn  for  railroads 
have  given  rise  to  mucb  litigation.  The  case  of 
Unilford  Miller,  settler  upon  lands  withdrawn 
for  definition  of  limit,  but  not  selected,  was 
decided  in  his  favor  bj  tlie  President  April  28, 
1887.  The  act  of  March  8,  1887.  ordered  im- 
mediate s4jastment  of  all  rulroad  grants  by 
the  Sei'.retary  of  the  Interior.  Rights  of  way 
through  pnblic  laud  in  States  and  Territories 
have  been  granted  (June  80,  1887)  to  264  rail- 
road compsniea,  under  the  act  ot  March  3, 
1676.  for  wagon-roads,  grants,  from  186S  to 
1869,  were  made  in  Wisoonain,  Michigan,  and 
Oregon,  covering  1,301,010-47  acres. 

PriTale  Laid'CUlMh— These  are  numeronB,  and 
have  their  origin  in  titles  to  land  granted  by 
governments  preceding  the  United  8tat«B  in 
sovereignty.  They  have  beeu  in  process  of 
adjustment  and  conGrmatioD  by  Congress  from 
the  earliest  days.  The  most  importukt  are  in- 
etnded  in  the  French  and  Mexican  purchases. 
Many  are  fabulous  in  extent,  and  many  prob- 
ably fraudulent.  The  area  of  land  embraced  in 
private  land-claims,  patented  and  unpatented, 
u  estimated  at  80,000,000  acres. 

BeiaHts  liave  been  granted  by  the  Oovern- 
ment  rfor  military  and  naval  services  in  the 
Revolution,  the  War  of  1812,  and  the  Mexican 
War.  For  the  first  two  classes  tnilitory  dis- 
tricts were  set  spart  to  Gil  warrants,  snd  sub- 
sequently commutations  into  scrip  were  al- 
lowed. Under  the  acts  of  1847,  1850,  1853, 
and  1656,  551,644  warrants  had  been  issued  to 
Jane  30,  1887,  covering  61.090.790  acres.  Of 
these,  20,467  are  still  outstanding,  embracing 
2,821,440  acres. 

Scrip. — The  total  amount  of  scrip  issued  by 
the  Government  in  satisfaction  of  private  land 
and  other  claims,  to  June  30,  1667,  is  for  79,- 
865.716-66  acres.  Of  this,  76,540,675-42  sores 
have  been  located. 

The  gross  receipts  of  the  pnblic  domain  to 
June  30,  1886,  are  $289,786,496.42.  This 
a'lioDDt  includes  sale  of  Indian  lands,  of  which 
the  fee-simple  title  lies  in  the  Government. 
The  total  cost  of  the  public  domain  to  Jnne 
80, 1888,  was  1361,961,160.32,  or  nineteen  cents 


—Public-land  stales,  on  admission  to 
the  Union,  renounce  the  right  to  tax  the  pub- 
lic domain.  In  lieu  thereof,  by  a  series  of  acts 
from  1802,  two,  three,  and  five  per  cent,  of 
the  net  proceeds  of  sales  of  public  Unds  within 
their  boundaries  have  been  allowed,  with  the 
esception  ot  California.  Upward  of  $S,000,- 
000  have  so  accrued.     Lands  disposed  of  are 


LEB<EUF,  EDMOND. 

taxed  after  entry  and  payment,  and  Won 
issae  of  patent.  Railroad  lands  are  not  tueil 
before  segregation  from  the  public  domain. 

DalawtU  Iidsme.— To  June  SO,  1867,  4« 
nnlawfol  inolosnres  had  been  brought  to  ilx 
attention  of  the  General  Land-Offioe,  aggre- 
gating nearly  7,000,000  acres.  Proceedingi  to 
compel  removal  have  been  instituted,  and  tilt 
practice  has  been  largely  broken  up. 

LEBOXF,  EDIOKU,  a  French  general,  bom  in 
Paris,  Nov.  6,  1B09 ;  died  near  Argentac.  Urne, 
June  7.  1888.  He  was  educated  for  the  mili- 
tar.v  profession  at  the  £cole  Polytechnique  ud 
at  Gcole  d' Application  at  Metz,  where  he  >is 
graduated  sod  commissioned  lieutenant  of  ir- 
tillery  in  1S38.  He  was  ordered  to  Algerii. 
where  be  obtained  a  captaincy  in  18ST  ftr 
brilliant  services  at  the  Iron  Gates,  and  diilii- 
gnished  himself  at  the  siege  of  Constantioe. 


Hia  skill  and  coolness  in  protecting  the  retmt 
of  a  column  ot  troops  that  was  in  dangeroT 
being  cut  off  by  the  Kabyles,  gained  him  ih 
higher  grade  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in  ISiO. 
and  two  years  later  he  was  promoted  coIodcL 
In  the  Crimean  campaign  lie  was  chief  of  tbe 
artillery  staff,  with  the  rank  of  msjnr-genenL 
He  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Almo,  and  ittk 
siege  of  Sebastopol  commanded  the  artillerj 
on  the  left.  He  was  Hdvsnoed  to  the  grade  of 
lieutenant-general  in  1867,  and  in  1669  com- 
manded the  entire  artillery  of  the  French  sm] 
in  Italy,  At  Solterinn  he  brought  up  his  gf^ 
just  in  time  to  stay  the  advance  of  Oen.  Bsne- 
dek,  who  with  the  right  wing  of  the  Austriu 
army  threatened  to  crush  the  forces  of  Vitwiw 
Emannele  and  render  precarious  the  Frencl' 
position.  In  Jnuuarv,  1869,  he  succeeded  Gen- 
de  Gojon  in  command  of  the  Sixth  Cori«W 
Toulouse,  and  in  August,  on  the  death  ot  Hu- 
slial  Niet  !ie  was  called  to  the  head  of  th' 
Ministry  of  War.  He  remodeled  the  War  D^  , 
partment  and  the  ailmlnistrative  services  ol  j 
the  army,  changed  the  perionntl  of  the  bn-   i 


LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1888.  473 

ad  won  general  approbation  bj  his  *^ Robert  Elsmere,"  and  "The  Qaick  or  the 
1  improving  the  emcienoy  and  readi-  Dead,"  by  Miss  Am^lie  Rives  (now  Mrs.  Chan- 
he  military  establishmeDt.  When  the  ler).  The  latter  has  been  mercilessly  criticised 
ministry  was  ooDstituted  under  tlie  and  travestied.  Two  other  works  by  the  same 
liamentary  system,  he  was  invited  to  writer,  "  Virginia  of  Virginia  *'  and  "  A  Brother 
is  portfolio.  On  March  24  he  was  to  Dragons  and  other  Old-Time  Tales/*  while 
marshal  of  France  and  nominated  a  less  extravagant,  exhibit  the  same  pecaliaritiea. 

Relying  on  reports  from  all  the  bn-  "  Annie  Eilbnrn  "  was  the  single  production  in 

arsbal  Leboeuf  told  the  Emperor,  when  fiction  of  William  Dean  Uowells,  and,  though 

li  Prussia  seemed  imminent,  that  the  entertaining,   fell  below  his   highest  efforts. 

IS  perfectly  prepared  for  war  in  every  Henry  James,  published  "The  Reverberator" 

ir,  down  to  the  buttons  on  the  gaiters,  and  a  volume  containing  three  short  stories, 

ar  was  declared,  he  took  command  of  entitled  "  The  Aspem  Papers,"  "  Louisa  Pal- 

ly  of  the  Rhine  as  migor-general,  and  land,"  and  "The  Modern  Warning."  Mrs.  Poult- 

inied  the  Emperor  to  the  field.    The  ney  Bigelow  published  "  Beauti^l  Mrs.  Thorn- 

at  Wissembourg  and  Woerth  revealed  dyke."    F.  Marion  Crawford  wrote  "  With  the 

if  disorganization,  a  lack  of  necessary  Immortals,"  and  Frank  R.  Stockton  "  The  Du- 

s,  gaps  in  the  ranks,  and  imperfections  santes,"  a  seauel  to  "  The  Casting  Away  of  Mrs. 

fansport  and  auxiliary  services,  that  Aleshine  and  Mrs.  Leeks,"  and  "Amos  Kil- 

i  and  grieved  no  one  so  keenly  as  the  bright,    his    Adscititious    Experiences,    with 

of  War.    The  Ollivier  Cabinet  re-  other  Stories."    Edgar  Saltus  appeared  with 

ind  Marshal  Leboeuf  was  compelled  to  "Eden  "  and  "The  Truth  About  Tristrem  Var- 

his  command.    He  was  assigned  to  a  ick,"  and  Edgar  Fawcett  with  "  Olivia  Dela- 

late  command  under  Marshal  Bazaine,  plaine,"  "  Divided  Lives,"  and  "  A  Man^s  Will," 

dhnt  np  with  him  in  Metz,  after  fight-  the  last  a  temperance  story.     "  The  Despot  of 

1  desperate  valor  in  the  hope  of  death  Broomsedge  Cove,"  by  Charles  Egbert  Crad- 

)lotte  and  SL  Privat.    After  the  sur-  dock  (Miss  Murfree),  "  Bonaventure,  a  Prose 

>f  the  fortress  of  Metz,  he  was  sent  to  Pastoral  of  Acadian  Louisiana,"  by  George  W. 

^  as  a  prisoner,  and  when  peace  was  Cable,  and  "  The  Graysons,  a  Story  of  Illinois," 

)d  he  retired  into  Switzerland.    In  De-  by  Edward  Eggleston,  were  portrayals  of  local- 

1871,  he  appeared  before  the  commit-  ity  and  of  character  as  influenced  by  it.  "Queen 

e  National  Assembly  that  was  appoint-  Money,"  by  the  author  of  "Margaret  Kent" 

restigate  the  action  of  the  Government  (Mrs.  Ellen  W.  O.  Eirk),  is  a  vigorous  protest 

>nal  Defense  in  signing  the  treaty  of  against  one  of  the  most  deplorable  tendencies 

He  testified  that  there  were  567,000  of  the  age,  and  indicated  growth  of  experience 

ler  arms  at  the  mobilization,  and  at-  and  power.     "Better- Time  Stories,"  collected 

the  disastrous  issue  of  the  campaign  to  from  magazine  sources,  being  the  product  of 

s   unmilitary   and    disloyal    conduct,  earlier  days,  "Mr.  Tangier's  Vacations,"  and 

orth  he  lived  in  retirement    Except-  "  My  Friend  the  Boss,  a  Story  of  To-day,"  by 

-obert  and  MacMahon,  he  was  the  last  Edward  Everett  Hale,  belong  of  right  to  the 

pr  marshal  of  the  French  army.  year,  and  it  is  impossible  to  omit  mention  of  a 

ATUEE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1888.    A  review  new  and  illustrated  edition  of  "  The  Man  With- 

terature  during  the  year  proves  hardly  out  a  Country,"  first  published  twenty-five 

icouraging  than  did  that  of  1887.     If  years  ago.     Another  old  favorite  of  the  same 

even  fewer  works  of  worth  appeared,  age,  which  was  revived,  was  "Two  Men,"  by 

ok-production  increased  largely,  reach-  Elizabeth  Stoddard.     Bret    Harte   produced 

n  the  figures  of  the  "  Publishers'  Week-  two  volumes,  "  The  Argonauts  of  North  Lib- 

31  volumes.     Of  these,  at  least,  it  may  erty,"  and  "  A  Phyllis  of  the  Sierras  "  and  "  A 

that  3,620  were  produced' vithin  our  Drift  from  Red- Wood  Camp."    The  latter  two 

ntry,  and  but  590  from  foreign  sources,  are  short  stories,  of  no  particular  merit.    "  The 

a  tendency  toward  greater  honesty  World's  Verdict,"  by  Mark  Hopkins,  Jr.,  was 

art  of  native  publishers  and  a  develop-  the  promising  first  attempt  of  a  new  writer  of 

fertility  in  native  genius,  but  the  ma-  fiction.     Arlo  Bates  wrote  a  continuation  of 

^ere  evanescent.    It  is  surprising,  in  his  "  Pagans,"  entitled  "  The  Philistines,"  who 

the  efforts  of  specialists  in  some  direc-  proved  hardly  more  attractive  than  their  pred- 

note  the  absolute  paucity  of  American  ecessors.    E.  W.  Howe's  "  A  Man  Story  "  was 

n  the  hisrher  regions  of  science  and  inferior  to  none  of  his  former  work  in  power, 

)hilosophy.  and  C.  M.  Newell  made  an  addition  of  "  The 

• — Of  this  class,  1,284  books,  includ-  Isle  of  Palms "  to  the   "  Fleetwing  Series." 

nile  books,  produced  in  1888,  show  a  "Our  Phil  and  other  Stories,"  by  Katharine 

decrease  from  the  1,509  of  1887,  which  Floyd  Dana,  consisted  of  three  clever  sketches 

haps  be  accounted  for  by  the  reduced  of  negro  life;  and  "  Two  Little  Confederates," 

'  cheap  libraries.    The  most  widely  cir-  by  Thomas  Nelson  Page,  author  of  **  Marse 

novels  were  "John  Ward,  Preacher,"  Chan  and  other  Stories,"  is  a  capital  book  for 

Margaret  Deland,  author  of  a  volume  boys.    Mrs.  Frances  Hodgson- Burnett's  "Sara 

js,  a  book  somewhat  similar  in  tone  to  Crewe"  is  a  companion-piece  to  "Little  Lord 


474  LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1888. 

Fanntleroy,"  and  her  "Editba's  Burglar"  was  oiencj.     His  "Found  yet  Lost"  was  alsopuV 
reprinted  in  book-form  from  **8t.  Nicbolas."  lisbed  during  the  year.     From  Nora  Helea 
Sidney  Luska  (Henry   Harland)  wrote  *'  My  Warddell  we  have  **  The  Romance  of  a  Qmet 
Uncle  Florimond,"  and  Joseph  Eirkland  "The  Watering-Place,"  and  from  One  in  the  Swim 
McVeys,  an  Episode."    Edward  Bellamy,  in  "Society  Rapids,  High  Life  in  Wasbington, 
"  Looking  Backward,"  aimed  at  rather  more  Saratoga,  and  Bar  Harbor."    Edmund  Pendle- 
than  success  as  a  novelist,  and  produced  one  ton  was  the  author  of  "  A  Virginia  Inherit- 
of  the  most  suggestive  books  of  the  year.    "  A  ance  " ;  Gen.  Hugh  Ewing  of  "  A  Castle  in  the 
Nymph  of  the  West,"  by  Howard  Seely,  is  a  Air";  and  Capt.  Charles  King  of  "A  Vw- 
bright  story  with  an  unconventional  heroine.  Time  Wooing,"  "  The  Deserter,"  and  "  From 
Archibald  C.  Gunter  followed  "Mr.  Barnes  of  tbe  Ranks" — the  last  two  included  in  a  single 
New  York  "  with  "  Mr.  Potter  of  Texas,"  and  volume.     Lucretia  P.  Hale,  in  collaboration 
Gay  Parker  has  attempted  an  imitation,  if  not  with  Edwin  B.  Lasseter,  wrote  "  An  Unclos- 
of  style,  of  title,  in  "  Mr.  Perkins  of  New  Jer-  eted  Skeleton,"  and  "  The  Story  of  a  Debutante 
sey,"  having  written  also  "Playing  with  Fire."  in  New  York  Society"  was  told  by  Rachel 
Julian  Hawthorne,  on  his  own  account,  was  Buchanan  in  a  series  of  letters.     F.  Thickston 
responsible  for  "The  Professor's  Sister"  and  brought  out  "A  Mexican  Girl";  and  Mrs. 
"  The  Disappearance  of  David  Poindexter,  with  Amelia   E.    Barr    "  Remember    the  Alamo,^' 
other  Stories,"  and,  in  collaboration  with  In-  "  Master   of  his  Fate,"  and  "  Christopher  and 
spector  Byrnes,  for  "  Section  558,  or  the  Fatal  other  Stories."     "  Wyoming  "  was  the  first 
Letter,"  and  "  Another's  Crime."     "  The  Peck-  volume  of  a  series  of  tales  of  that  valley,  bv  E 
ster  Professorship,"  by  J.  P.  Quincy ;  "The  S.  Ellis,  who  also  wrote  "The  Star  of  India," 
Veiled  Beyond,"  by  Sigmund  B.  Alexander ;  and  "  The  Doom  of  Mamelons."     "  A  Legend 
"  Ilian,  or  the  Curse  of  the  Old  South  Church  of  the  Sagnenay,"  was  told  by  W.  H.  H.  Mor- 
of  Boston,"  by  Chaplain  James  J.  Kane,  U.S.  N.;  ray.     "  Uncle  Tom's  Tenement,"  by  Alice  W. 
and  "  An   Unlaid  Ghost,"  anonymous,  were  Rollins,  a  book  more  creditable  in  aim  than  in 
psychological  in  tendency.    "  The  Doctor's  Mis-  execution,  dealt  with  the  question  of  possible 
take,"  by  C.  H.  Montague  and  C.  M.  Ham-  morality  in  that  abode.    "  His  Broken  Sword," 
mond,  being  "  An  Experiment  With  Life,"  dealt  by  Winnie  L.  Taylor,  was  written  in  tbe  inter- 
also  with  abstruse  questions.    J.  S.  of  Dale  ests  of  penal  reform.     "  The  Gallery  of  a  Rao- 
(Frederick  J.  Stirason^  published  "  First  Harv-  dom  Collector  "  was  the  somewhat  misleading 
ests "  and  "  The  Residuary  Legbtee,"  and  Gen.  title  given  by  Clinton  Ross  to  several  abort 
Lloyd  S.  Brice  published  "  Paradise."  "Aristoc-  stories,  and  the  history  of  "  Yone  Santo,  a 
racy  "  was  an  anonymons  answer  to  the  many  Child  of  Japan,"  was  feelingly  narrated  bj 
re'oent  books  that  have  reflected  upon  democ-  Edward   H.  House.      "  A   Strange  Narrative 
racy,  and  "  De  Molai,"  an  historical  novel  by  found  in  a  Copper  Cylinder "  was  an  exciting 
Edmund  Flagg,  contained  much  information  tale  of  supernatural  adventure,  from  tbe  pen 
with  regard  to  the  Military  Order  of  Templar  of  the  late  Prof.  James  De  Mille,  written, 
Knights,  from  the  last  Grand  Master  of  whom  though  unpublished,  twenty  years  before  tbe 
the  book  is  named.     "  The  Lone  Grave  of  the  advent  of  "  She."     "  Napoleon  Smith,"  a  pare 
Shenandoah,  and  other  Stories,"  by  Donn  Piatt,  extravaganza,  was  said  to  have  been  written 
brought  that  journalist  forward  in  a  new  light  by  a  well-known  New-Yorker.     "  Tilting  it 
as  &  raconteur.    Sarah  OrneJewett  wrote  "The  Windmills"  was  "A  Story  of  the  Blue-Gra« 
King  of  Folly  Island";  William  L.  Alden,  "A  Country,"  told  by  Emma  M.  Connelly;  and 
New  Robinson  Crusoe  " ;  William  H.  Bishop,  among  Southern  stories  may  be  mentioned  also 
"The   Brown  Stone  Boy  and    other  Queer  "  Monsieur  Mott6,"  by  Grace  King ;"  A  Block- 
People  " ;    Robert   Timsol,  "  A  Pessimist  in  aded  Family,"  by  Parthenia  A.  Hague ;  "  Plea*- 
Theory  and  Practice" ;  and  T.  S.  Denison,  "  The  ant  Waters,"  by  Graham  Claytor ;  and  "Ken- 
Man  behind."     Susan  Coolidge  (Miss  Sarah  neth  Cameron,"  by  L.  Q.  C.  Brown.   "  Isidra," 
C.  Woolsey)  completed  the   "  Katy  Stories "  by  Willis  Steell ;  "  Mrs.  Lord's  Moonstone  and 
with  " Clover " ;  Albion  W. Tourgee  published  other  Stories,"  by  Stokes  C.  Wayne;   "The 
"  Black  Ice  "  and  "  Letters  to  a  King  " ;  and  Silent  Witness,"  by  Mrs.  J.  H.  Walworth ;  and 
Howard  Pyle  a  boys'  story  of  medisaval  Ger-  "  Montezuma's  Gold,"  by  F.  A.  Ober,  held 
many,  entitled  "Otto  of  the  Silver  Hand."  their  own,  as  did  "Roger  Berkley's  Proha- 
"  The  Spell  of  Ashtaroth,"  also  an  historical  tion,"  by   Helen   Campbell,   and   "  A  Blind 
novel,  by  Duffield  Osborne ;  "  Miss  Hildreth,"  Lead,"  by  Josephine  W.  Bates.     "  The  Case  of 
by  A.  De  Grasse  Stevens ;  and  "  The  Secret  of  Mohammed  Benani "  was  an  exciting  story  of 
Fontaine  La  Croix,"  by   Margaret  Field,  re-  wrongs  in   Morocco,  published  anonymonsl.T. 
ceived  commendable  notices,  as  did  "Under  " Glorinda,"  by  Anna  Bowman  Dodd;  "Yoang 
the   Maples,"   by   Walter   N.   Hinman ;    "  In  Maids  and  Old,"  by  Clara  Louise  Burnham; 
War  Times  at  La  Rose  Blanche,"  by  M.  EM.  "A  Little  Maid  of  Acadie,"  by  Marion  C.  L 
Davis ;  and  "  The  Youngest  Miss  Lorton  and  Reeves ;   and   "  Odds  against  her,"  by  Ma^ 
other  Stories,"  by  Nora  Perry.     "  Miss  Lou,"  garet  R.   McFarlane — were  all   exceptionally 
the  last  novel  of  E.  P.  Roe,  was  left  incomplete  good  of  their  kind;  and  "Agatha  Page,"  by 
as  to  the  final  chapter  at  his  death,  but  a  note  Isaac  Henderson,  found  many  readers.    Kirk 
found  among  his  papers  supplied  the  defi-  Munroe  wrote  "  Derrick  Sterling "  and  "  Ohryfr 


LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1888.  476 

c  k  Co." ;  the  Rev.  E.  A.  Rand,  "  Mak-  vanus  Cobb,  Jr.  (W.  D.  Duolop).     "  Mr.  Dar- 

)    best  of  it "  and   **  When  the  War  wiDg^s  Daughter,"  by  Helen  6.  Williams,  and 

>nt " ;   J.  8.  Shriver,  "  Almost " ;    and  "  How  Tom  and  Dorothy  made  and  kept  a 

[ercbeval,  "  Lorin  Moorock  and  other  Christian   Home,"  by  Margaret  Sidoey  (Mrs. 

Stories."    **  Ren^  "  was  a  romance  by  H.  M.  Lothrop),  belong  to  the  practical  religions 

C.  Wilson;  *^ Bryan  Manrice,"  a  semi-  department  of  fiction,  as  ^*A  Modern  Adam 

9  novel,  by  the  Rev.  Walter  Mitchell ;  and  Eve  in  a  Garden,"  by  Amanda  M.  Dong- 

sther,  the  Gentile,"  a  story  of  Mormon  las,  "  A  Yonng  Prince  of  Commerce,"  by  8. 

Mrs.  Mary  W.  Hudson.    Miss  M.  G.  R.  Hopkins,  and  "  The  Boy  Broker,"  by  Frank 

and  sent  forth  *^  Madame  Silva,"  mys-  A.  Mansey,  to  the  purely  utilitarian, 

d  occult;  and  "Eros,"  by  Laura  Dain-  In  the  line  of  children's  stories  we  have,  in 

d  a  temporary  vogue.    Ernest  de  L.  addition  to  those  already  referred  to :  *^  Uncle 

wrote  "  A  Slave  of  Circumstances,"  a  Rutherford's  Nieces,"  by  Joanna  M.  Matthews, 

'  New  York  life,  full  of  humorous  situ-  author  of  the  "Bessie  Books";  "Scotch  Caps," 

and  Harry  Castlemon  (C.  A.  Fostick)  by  J.  A.  K. ;  "Sparrow,  the  Tramp,"  by  Lily 

ed  and  Sunk,  or  the  Adventures  of  a  F.  Wesselhoefb;  "Margareta  Regis  and  other 

Canoe."    From  May  Agnes  Fleming  Girls,"  by  Annie  H.  Ryder ;  "  Kelp,  a  Story 

e  two  novels,  "The  Midnight  Qneen  "  of  the  Isles  of  Shoals,"  in  the  "Pine  Cone 

he  Virginia  Heiress  " ;  from  Mary  T.  Series,"  by  W.  B.  Allen ;  and  "  Bob  Burton," 

"The  Doctor  of  Deane";  and  from  by  Horatio  Alger.     "Taken  by  the  Enemy," 

Kip,   "Would   yon  have  left  her?"  opened  a    new   " Blue-and-Gray  Series,"   by 

88t  novel  of  Marion  Harland  (Mrs.  Ter-  Oliver  Optic  (William  T.  Adams).    J.  T.  Trow- 

as  entitled  "  A  Gallant  Fight"  Hester  bridge   wrote   "  Biding  his  Time  "  and   "  A 

in  "A  Modem  Jacob,"  made  a  study  Start  in  Life";   Mrs.  Lucy  G.  Morse,  "The 

dity.    Mi-s.  Isabella  M.  Alden  (Pansy)  Chezzles";  Mrs.  L.  C.  LiUie,  "My  Mother's 

''Judge  Bumham's  Daughters,"  and.  Enemy  "  and  "  The  Household  of  Glen  Holly." 

rs.  C.  M.  Livingstone,  "  Profiles,  and  a  "  Tales  of  King  Arthur  and  his  Knights  of  the 

of  them,"  for  children.      Interesting  Round  Table,'' by  Margaret  Vere  Farrington, 

were  "Miss  Merley,"  in  the  American  and  "St.  George  and  the  Dragon  "  and  "Ken- 

itz  edition,  by  J.  Elliot  Curran ;  "  Man-  sington  Junior,"  by  Margaret  Sidney,  found 

•ssman's  Leading,"  by  Mary  R.  Bald-  deserved  favor  with  young  folks. 

Kesa  and  Saijiro,  or  Lights  and  Shades  Among  translations  received  with  favor  may 

in  Janan,"  by  Mrs.  J.  D.  Carrothers ;  be  mentioned   "  The  Conrt  of  Charles  IV " 

udge  tiavisham's  Will,"  by  Miss  I.  T.  and  "  Leon  Roch,"  from  the  Spanish  of  Perez- 

}.    "  The  Septameron  "  was  a  sportive  Gald6s,  as  also  the  "  Maximina,"  of  Don  Ar- 

n  of  the  "  Decameron  "  of  Boccaccio,  by  mando  Palacio  Yaldes.    The  rage  for  Russian 

utbors  leaving  town  to  avoid  the  heat,  realism  apparently  expired  in  1887.     But  few 

mbined  to  produce  a  volume  of  light  of  the  works  of  Tolstoi  were  translated,  and 

literature.    Neither  *^The  Gambler,"  those   were  of   minor   importance.      Among 

30  B.  Wilkie,  nor  "  Len  Gansett,"  by  them  were  "  Family  Happiness."    From  the 

Read,  can  be  regarded  as  elevated  in  German  we  have  "Picked  up  in  the  Streets," 

rhile,  on  the  other  hand,  "  Mr.  Absa-  by  H.  Schobert,  and  "The  Owl's  Nest,"  by  E. 

lingslea "  and  "  Other  Georgia  Folks "  Marlitt,   both  adapted  by  Mrs.  Wister,   and 

:imens  of  the  genial  humor  and  quick  "  For  the  Right,"  by  K.  E.  Franzos ;    while 

)rizationofRicbardM.  Johnston.  Mary  French  literature  was  represented  by  "The 

'ord  wrote  "  Marie's  Story  "  and  "  Fath-  Dream,"  "  The  Soil,"  and  "  The  Jolly  Parisi- 

t)ert's  Family  " ;  Maria  Mcintosh  Cox,  ennes,"  of  Zola ;  "  The  Magic  Skin,"  "  Modeste 

ond  Kershaw  " ;  E.  R.  Roe  (who  must  Mignon,"  and  "  Cousin  Bette,"  of  Balzac;  and 

!onfounded  with  E.  P.  Roe),  "  May  and  several  charming  stories.     Among  these  were 

and  E.  Willett,  "  The  Search  for  the  "  The  History  of  Nicholas  Muss,"  by  C.  du 

while  a  rapid  summary  includes  "  Miss  Bois-Melly ;  "  The  Story  of  Colette  "  and  "  An 

on's Lover,"  by  Lanra  J. Libbey ;  "The  Iceland  Fisherman,"  by  Pierre  Loti.      "The 

Love,"  by  Ellen  Price  Brown ;  "  The  Steel  Hammer  "  of  Louis  Ulbach,  translated  by 

jn  and  their  Year  of  Stories,"  by  Ag-  E.  W.  Latimer,   formed  the  first  volume  of 

Jage ;  "  In  Safe  Hands,"  by  Mary  Hub-  "  Appleton's  Town  and  Country  Library,"  and 

►well ;  and  "  What  Dreams  may  come "  was  followed   by   its   sequel,    "  For   Fifteen 

'he  Princess  Daphne,"  by  Mrs.  G.  F.  Years."     "  The  Story  of  Jewftd,"  by  Ali  Aziz 

n.     Among  books  more  or  less  sensa-  Effendi,   The  Cretan,  was  a  novel   contribu- 

re  "  The  Great  Amherst  Mystery,"  by  tion  from  the  Turkish.    Last,  but  not  least, 

Hnbbell,  who  also  wrote  "  The  Curse  came  "  Lajja,  a  Tale  of  Finmark,"  from  the 

iage" ;  "  Brinka,  an  American  Count-  Norwegian  of  J.  A.  Friis. 

Mary  C.  Spenser;  "  Cell  13,"  by  Ed-  Htstory. — This  department  is,  perhaps,  the 

Trafton,  purporting  to  be  "  A  Nihilist  richest,  although  fewer  works  than  usual  were 

in  the  Secret  History  of  New  York  produced.     "  The  Critical  Period  of  American 

Petersburg";  "Orion,  the  Gold-Beat-  History"  was  supposed  by  John  Fiske  to  lie 

"  Karmel,  the  Scout,"  both  by  Syl-  between  the  years  1788  and  1789,  to  which  he 


476  LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1888. 

devoted   much    research.      Other   important  of   Massachusetts,   1878-1888"  were 

works  beariog  on   the  subject  are:    **  Seven  by  Raymond  L.  Bridgman,  who  assign 

OonventioDS,"  by  A.  W.  Glason;  ^^  Pamphlets  for  laws  passed  during  that  period,  w 

on  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  pub-  place  in  State  records.    ^^  Pilgrims  ai 

lished  during  its  Discussion  by  the  People,  tans"   was  **The  Story  of  the  Plai 

1787-1788,"  edited   with  notes  and  a  bibli-  Plymouth  and  Boston,"  told  by  N.  M. 

ography  by  Paul  Leicester  Ford ;  ^^  Pennsyl-  children.    *^  Colonial  Times  on  Buzzan 

vaniaand  the  Federal  Constitution,  1787-1788,"  was  from  the  pen  of  W.  R.  Bliss,  an( 

editedhy  John  B.  McMaster  and  Fred  D.Stone;  £.  Ellis  wrote  on  *^The    Puritan  j 

and  a  new  edition  of  **The  Federalist,  a  Com-  Rule."     **Blue  Jackets  of  '76,"  by 

mentary  on   the  Constitution  of  the  United  Abbot,  and  ^^The  Boston  Tea-Party. 

States,  being  a  Collection  of  Essays  written  C.  Watsoo,  dwell  particularly  on  Re* 

in  Support  of  the  Constitution  agreed  upon  ary  days,   and  Lieut.  W.  Digby's  jo 

Sept.  17, 1787,"  edited  by  Henry  Cabot  Lodge.  1776-77  furnished  the  material  for  ''  1 

'^A  Guide  to  the  Study  of  the  History  and  ish  Invasion  from  the  North."    The 

Constitution  of  the  United  States,"  by  W.  W.  Higginson,  in  *^  Travelers  and  Outlai 

Rupert,  should  be  mentioned  in  this  connec-  rated  *^  Episodes  in  American  History, 

tion,  as  also,  ^^  Civil  Government,"  being  stud-  Republic  "  of  John  R.  Irelan,  M.  D., 

ies  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  arranged  for  completion  in  its  eighteenth  volume, 

use  in  public  schools,  by  R.  E.  Clement.    Ed-  bert  H.  Bancroft  added  four  volume 

ward  Eggleston  wrote  '•^  The  Household  His-  '*  Iffistory    of  the   Pacific    States   o: 

tory  of  the  United  States  and  its  People,  for  America,"    viz.,    Vol.    VI    of    "  Hii 

Young  Americans,"  with  an  edition  for  schools,  Mexico,"  Vol.  VI  of  "California,  184 

both  of  which  are  beautifully  illustrated  in  a  "  California  Pastoral "  and  "  Calif orn 

novel  style;  G.  B.  Hall,  "Historical  Sketches  Pocula."     "The  Narrative  and  Criti 

and  Events  in  the  Colonization  of  America " ;  tory  of  America,"  edited  by  Justin 

and  Moncure  D.  Conway  supplied  "  Omitted  was  continued  in  Vols.  V  and  VI. 

Chapters  of  History  disclosed  in  the  Life  and  books  relating  to  the  civil  war,  we  1 

Papers  of  Edmund  Randolph,   Governor  of  Short  History  of  the  War  of  Secess 

Virginia."    Vol.  II  of  "  Franklin  in  France,"  Rossiter  Johnson,  which  presents  all 

edited  by  Edward  Everett  Hale,  was  issued,  tion  necessary  to  the  general  reader  : 

Anna  M.  Juliand  presented  "Brief  Views  of  cise  yet  comprehensive  manner ;  "Fn 

United  States  History,  for  the  Use  of  High-  the  Confederate  Navy,  an  Intematio 

Schools  and  Academies,"  and  Eben  N.  Hors-  sode,"  by  John  Bigelow ;  and,  from  the 

ford  printed  an  "Address  on  the  Discovery  of  Vol.  IV  of  "The   History  of  the  0 

America  by  Northmen,"  delivered  in  Faneuil  in  America,"  by  the  Gomte  de   p£ 

Hall,  Boston,  Oct.  29, 1887,  at  the  un vailing  of  "  Four  Years  with  the  Army  of  the  P< 

the  statue  of  Lief  Ericksen.     "  The   United  by  Gen.  Regis  de  Trobriand.    "  Mar 

States   of    Yesterday   and    To-morrow,"  by  Victory,"  by  C.  C.  Coffin,  covers  th< 

William  Barrows,  and  "  Natural  Resources  of  period  of  the  civil  war.    Joseph  T 

the  United  States,"  by  J.  H.  Patton,  treat  of  (colored),  in  "The  Black  Phalanx," 

our  country  as  a  whole,  while  Burke  A.  Hins-  history  of  negro  soldiers  of  the  Unite 

dale,  in  "The  Old  Northwest,"  made  a  valu-  in  the  wars  of  1775  and  1812,  as  well  s 

able  contribution  to  sectional  literature.  Ed-  of  1861-^65,  which  is  as  creditable  tc 

mund  Kirke  (James  R.Gilmore),.  supplemented  thor  as  its  incidents  are  to  the  race. 

"  The  Rear-Guard   of  the  Revolution  "  and  Allen's  "  Governor  Chamberlain's  Adi 

"John  Sevier"   with  "The   Advance-Guard  tion  in  South  Carolina "  presents  an 

of  Western  Civilization."    In  "  The  Common-  ing  chapter  of  reconstruction  in  the  I 

wealth  Series"  we  have:  "Ohio,  First  Fruits  States.    Alfred  E.  Lee  again  fought  "' 

of  the  Ordinance  of  1787,"  by  Rufus  King;  tie  of  Gettysburg " ;  and  "The  VolunI 

"  Missouri,  a  Bone  of  Contention,"  by  Lucien  dier  in  America,"  by  the  late  Gen. 

Carr " ;    and  "  Indiana,  a  Redemption  from  Logan,   was    published.     "  The    Sail 

Slavery,"  by  J.  P.  Dunn.    D.  J.  Ryan  furnished  of  1861,"  by  James  R.  Soley,  a  "H 

also  ft  "  History  of  Ohio,   with  Biographical  the  Corn  Exchange  Regiment,  118t 

Sketches  of  her  Governors  and  the  Ordinance  Vols.,"    and   S.    Millet    Thompson's 

of  1787."  From  James  Phelan  we  have  a  "His-  teentb  Regiment  of  New  Hampshire 

tory  of  Tennessee,  the  Making  of  a  State" ;  and  teer  Infantry,"  with  "  Charleston  in 

"The  Loyal  Mountaineers  of  East  Tennessee"  hellion,"  by  A.  C.  Voris,  were  all  of 

found  a  eulogist  in  Thomas  W.  Humes.    "The  as  were  also  "Incidents  of  the  Civil  ^ 

Story  of  Ohio"  was  again  told  by  Alexander  Mrs.  Mary  B.  Herrick,  "My  Story  of  tl 

Black  in  "The  Story- of-the-SUtes  Series";  G.  by  Mrs.  Mary  A.  Livermore,  and  "Tl 

J.  Varney  wrot«  "  A  Brief  History  of  Maine,"  Side  of  War,"  by  Katherine  P.  Wormle 

and  E.  B.  Sanford  a  "  History  of  Connecticut."  latter  gives  an  account  of  the  origin  a 

"The  Pilgrim  Republic"  of  John  A.  Good-  of  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commissi 

win  furnished  "  An  Historical  Review  of  the  Century  of  Town  Life,  A  History  of 

Colony  of  New  Plymouth"  and  "Ten  Years  town,  Mass.,  1775-1887,"  by  J.  F.  Hu 


LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1888.  477 

Sketches,"  by  H.  R.  Blaney,  and  *'  A  er,  Rev.   8.  Scoville,  and  Mrs.  Beecher.    A 

of  Essex  Goanty,  Mass.,"  by  D.  F.  valuable  and  interesting  book  is   ^^The  Life 

ire  purely  local.     *'Tbe  Story  of  the  and  Letters  of  George  Perkins  Marsh,"  the  first 

New  York,"  by  Oharles  B.  Todd,  volume  of  which  by  Caroline  C.  Marsh  ap- 
a  new  series  of  ^^  Great  Cities  of  the  peared.  **  Harvard  Reminiscences,"  by  An- 
0  " ;  '*  A  History  of  the  New  York  Min-  drew  P.  Peabody,  recalled  fifty-six  years  of 
i"  was  written  by  Rev.  John  Nicum;  college  life.  '*The  Life,  Journals,  and  Corre- 
tepresentative  Methodists,"  by  R.  R.  spondence  of  the  Rev.  Manasseh  Cutler,"  by 
\  Prohibition  literature  added  to  its  his  grandchildren,  is  an  interesting  record  of  a 
'  A  History  of  the  TemperancS  Reform  varied  career  in  the  early  days  of  the  nation  ; 
lacbusetts,"  by  G.  Faber  Clark,  and  and  **The  Life  of  Amos  Lawrence,"  by  his 
!r  Stewart's  Memories  of  the  Crusade."  son,  is  also  closely  connected  with  historical 
arly  Days  of  Mormonism  "  were  traced  events.  '*  John  B.  Finch,  his  Life  and  Work," 
.  Kennedy.  Elbridge  S.  Brooks  wroto  by  Frances  E.  Finch  and  Frank  J.  Sibley,  and 
ory  of  the  American  Sailor."  Histories  **  The  Autobiography  and  Memorials  of  Samuel 
^  lands,  written  by  Americans,  include  Irenasus  Prime,"  edited  by  his  son,  possess 
istory  of  Prussia  under  Frederick  the  more  than  ordinary  interest ;  and  this  same 
by  Prof.  Herbert  Tuttle,  *'  The  Causes  may  also  be  said  of  **'  Incidents  in  a  Busy  Life," 
Trench  Revolution,"  by  R.  Heath  Dab-  by  the  Rev.  Asa  BuUard,  an  autobiography, 
n  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Mid-  In  the  literary  world  we  have  a  ^*  Life  of 
3,"  by  Ephraim  Emerton ;  '^  A  Sketch  James  Russell  Lowell,"  by  E.  E.  Brown,  and 
ermanic  Constitution,  from  Early  Times  ^^  Delia  Bacon,"  a  biographical  sketch,  by 
Mssolution  of  the  Empire,"  by  Samuel  Theodore  Bacon,  of  the  remarkable  woman 
er ;  and  **  Charles  the  Great,"  by  J.  I.  who  devoted  herself  to  a  theory.  Louisa  May 
t.  Alcott  was  the  subject  of  two  brief  biogra- 
phy.— In  general  biography,  no  work  phies,  one  a  **  Souvenir,"  by  Miss  Lurabel  Har- 
an  compare  favorably  with  the  *^  Cyclo-  low,  and  another  which  Edna  H.  Cheney  does 
'American  Biography"  (  six  volumes,  8  not  proffer  as  a  substitute  for  the  full  story 
.  completed.  One  of  the  most  valuable  that  it  is  hoped  will  one  day  be  given  to  the 
itions  to  individual  American  biog-  world.  "  Amos  Bronson  Alcott,  his  Charao- 
i  "  The  Diary  and  Letters  of  Gouver-  ter,"  formed  the  groundwork  of  a  aermon  by 
orris,"  edited  by  his  granddaughter,  Cyrus  A.  Bartol.  ^^The  Memorial  of  Sarah 
arey  Morris.  "  Men  and  Measures  of  Pugh "  and  *^  The  Life  of  Dr.  Anandabai 
Century  "  were  studied  by  Hugh  Mc-  Jowiee,"  by  Caroline  Healey  Dall,  were  trib- 
from  a  high  vantage-ground  of  obser-  utes  to  the  memory  of  two  remarkable  women, 
though  with  some  astonishing  blunders  R.  H.  Clarke  wrote  *^  Lives  of  Deceased  Bish- 
and  ^^  The  Life  and  Times  of  Young  ops  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United 
ry  Vane,"  by  Prof.  James  K.  Hosmer,  States."  "  The  Nun  of  Kenmare,"  an  autobi- 
work  of  rare  interest.  Lydia  Hoyt  ography  of  Sister  Mary  Frances  Clare  Cusack, 
wrote  a  *^  Life  of  Lafayette."  The  details  at  length  her  reasons  for  resigning  the 
itions  of  W.  O.  Stoddard  to  the  "  Lives  oflBce  conferred  upon  her  by  the  Holv  Father, 
^residents"  include  *' William  Henry  "From  Flag  to  Flag,"  by  Eliza  McHattonRip- 
1,"  "John  Tyler,"  "James  K.  Polk,"  ley,  told  "A  Woman's  Adventures  and  Expe- 
am  Lincoln,"  and  "Grover  Cleveland."  riences  in  the  South  during  the  War,  in  Mexi- 
irah  E.  Bolton  we  have  two  volumes  co,  and  in  Cuba  " ;  and  "  A  Business  Woman's 
lous  American  Statesmen  "  and  "  Sue-  Journal "  was  a  sequel  to  "  Twelve  Years  of 
S¥omen."  John  Frost  published  "  The  My  Life,"  by  Mrs.  JB.  Beaumont.  "  The  Ma- 
lts of  the  United  States,  from  Wash-  pleson  Memoirs,  1848-1888,"  possess  amusing 
:o  Cleveland";  Noah  Brooks,  "Abra-  interest.  "Henry  Hobart  Richardson  and 
icoln,  a  Biography  for  Young  People  " ;  his  Works,"  by  Mrs.  Schuyler  Van  Rensselaer, 
rard  M.  Shepard,  "  Martin  Van  Buren,"  is  the  biography  of  the  man  characterized  by 
\  Statesmen  Series,"  a  carefully  written  Matthew  Arnold  as  "  the  one  architect  of 
Dlarly  production.    To  strictly  war  hi-  genius  they  had  "  in  America.    The  electoral 

belong  the  "  Personal  Memoirs  of  year  called  forth,  among  other  publications,  a 
Philip  H.  Sheridan " ;  "A  Life  of  Mat-  "Life  of  Gen.  Benjamin  Harrison,"  by  the 
intaine  Maury,  U.  S.  N.  and  C.  S.  N.,"  author  of  "  Ben  Hur  "  ;  "  Lives  of  Benjamin 
la  Fontaine  Maury  Corbin ;  "  John  Harrison  and  Levi  P.  Morton,"  by  Rev.  Gilbert 
'  by  H.  Von  Hoist ;  and  "  The  Autobi-  L.  Harney ;  and  "  The  President  and  his  Cab- 
of  Private  DaJzell."  James  P.  Boyd  inet,"  by  C.  B.  Norton,  "  Indicating  the  Prog- 
^Roscoe  Conkling,  the  Distinguished  ress  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States 
in  Statesman  and  Brilliant  Advocate."  under  the  Administration  of  Grover  Cleveland," 
.ife  of  Thomas  Hopkins  Gallaudet,"  "  The  Life  of  Clinton  Bowen  Fisk,"  the  Pro- 
of deaf-mute  instruction  in  America,  hibition  candidate,  was  written  by  A.  A.  Hop- 
ed by  his  son,  E.  M.  Gallaudet,  is  of  kins.  "A  Soldier  of  Fortune,"  by  J.  W.  Mo- 
;erest ;  and  "  A  Biography  of  Henry  Donald,  narrates  the  life  and  adventures  of 
eecher  "  was  written  by  H.  W.  Beech-  Gen.  Henry  R.  Maciver.     Herman  Lieb  wrote 


478  LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1888. 

"Eraperor  William  I."  Translations  from  the  ored's  Daughter,"  by  0.  G.  Blanden;  "The 
"  Great  FrenchWriters  Series  "include'*  George  Siege  of  Newport,"  by  T.  0.  Amory;  "Im- 
Sand,"  by  E.  Caro;  "Madame  de  S6vign6,"  mortelles,"  by  OoraM.  A.  Davis;  and  "Wan- 
by  Gaston  Boissier;  "Montesquieu,"  by  AJ-  derers,"  by  W.  Winters.  E.  L.  M.  Bristol 
bert  Sorel;  "Turgot,"  by  Leon  Say;  and  wrote  "A  Story  of  the  Sands,"  and  John 
"Victor  Cousin,"  by  Jules  Simon.  Vance  Cheney,  "Wood-Blooms."     "Judith," 

Poetry. — A  rSsume  of  the  poetry  of  1888  is  an  English  epic  fragment,  was  edited  with  « 
somewhat  discouraging.  Neither  "  Heartsease  translation  and  glossary  by  Prof.  A.  S.  Cook, 
and  Rue,"  a  collection  of  poems  by  James  and  "  Favorite  Folk-BiJlads "  was  the  product 
Russell  Lowell,  nor  "  Before  the  Curfew,"  of  several  authors.  *•'  In  the  Name  of  the 
by  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  nor  "  November  King "  is  the  title  of  semi-religious  poeros  by 
Boaghs,"  by  Walt  Whitman,  offers  much  that  G.  Elingle,  and  "  The  Inn  of  Rest,"  of  Ist«r 
is  new  or  particularly  striking;  while  the  sad-  poems  by  May  Riley  Smith.  Tracy  Robinson 
ness  aroused  by  the  signiticant  titles  of  the  published  "  The  Song  of  the  Palm  and  other 
two  last-named  volumes  of  aged  authors  finds  Poems,  mostly  Tropical,"  and  "  The  Poems  of 
little  alleviation.  There  seem  to  be  no  younger  Emma  Lazarus  "  were  issued  in  two  volatnes. 
ones  aspiring  to  the  foremost  rank  of  poets,  to  William  D.  Howells^s  lyrical  farce,  "  A  Set 
whom  crudity  might  be  forgiven  in  considera-  Change,  or  Lovers  Stowaway,"  was  welcomed 
tibn  of  genius,  and  the  poverty  of  effort  is  but  by  his  admirers,  and  Harry  L.  Koopman  wrote 
too  obvious.  Miss  Am61ie  Rives,  it  is  true,  "Woman's  Will"  and  "Orestes."  The  u- 
astonished  the  literary  world  with  "  Herod  thologies  include  "  After  Noontide,"  by  Mar- 
aud Mariamne,  a  Tragedy,"  which  called  forth  garet  E.  White;  "Ballads  and  Rondeaus,^  \>j 
much  comment  and  criticism  not  altogether  Gleeson  White;  "Sundry  Rhymes  from  the 
favorable.  The  translation  of  the  "  Kalevala,"  Days  of  our  Grandmothers,"  by  George  W. 
the  epic  poem  of  Finland,  by  J.  Martin  Craw-  Edwards ;  and  "  The  Book  of  Latter-Day  Bal- 
ford,  deserves  high  commendation,  and  is,  lads,  1858-1888,"  by  Henry  F-Randolph.  From 
moreover,  the  first  full  rendering  into  Euglish  Mr.  Randolph  we  have  also  "  Fifty  Years  of 
that  the  poem  has  received.  Another  transla-  English  Song,  Selections  from  the  Poets  of  the 
tion  of  special  interest  is  that  of  the  Norwe-  Reign  of  Victoria,"  in  four  volumes, 
gian  dramatic  trilogy,  "Sigurd  Slembe,"  by  CritidsM  aid  General  Uteratare* — Of  criticism 
Bjornstjerne  BjOrnson,  made  by  William  Mor-  proper  there  was  but  little,  "  Studies  in  Criti- 
ton  Payne.  J,  Leslie  Garner  rendered  "  The  cism,"  by  Florence  Trail,  and  "  A  Critical  Ex- 
Strophes  of  Omar  Khayyam,"  from  the  Per-^  position  of  the  New  Essays  of  Leibnitz,"  by  J. 
sian ;  and  F.  H.  Hedge  and  Mrs.  A.  L.  Wister  Dewey,  being  perhaps  the  only  professedly 
published  a  collection  of  "Metrical Translations  critical  books.  The  critical  element  enters 
and  Poems,"  from  the  German.  G.  E.  Vin-  largely  into  others  included  under  general  lit- 
cent^s  "  Eight  Songs  from  Horace  "  is  a  hand-  erature,  but  discrimination  is  difficult.  Prof. 
some  attempt  at  reproduction  of  the  poet  in  Henry  W.  Parker  wrote  "  The  Spirit  of  Be»o- 
the  style  of  his  day.  ty,"  and  E.  D.  Walker  "  Reincarnation,  a  Stndj 

To  return  to  American  poetry,  we  have  of  Forgotten  Truth,"  which  presents  evidence 
"  Forest  Echoes,"  by  G.  E.  Cole ;  and  "  The  in  verse  and  prose  corroborative  of  the  doc- 
Witch  in  the  Glass,"  which  Mrs.  Piatt  has  trine  of  pre-existence  of  souls.  "  Social  Life 
added  to  her  former  volumes  of  tender  verse,  and  Literature  Fifty  Years  Ago  "  is  a  spicy 
"  Changing  Moods  in  Verse  and  Rhyme  "  is  by  anonymous  reply  to  the  critical  tone  indalgeJ 
W.  Hunter  Birckhead,  and  "  Along  the  Shore  "  in  by  prominent  authors  of  the  modem  school 
is  Rose  Hawthorne  Lathrop's.  A  collection  of  toward  that  period,  satirical  and  brief.  "  Book* 
the  "  Poems  of  Frank  Forrester  "  (Henry  W.  and  Men  "  was  a  series  of  essays  by  Agnes  Re- 
Herbert),  a  novelist  and  writer  of  sporting  plier,  and  "Poetry,  Comedy,  and  Duty  "were 
sketches  thirty  years  ago,  was  made  for  the  handled  separately  and  relatively  by  C.  C.  Ev- 
first  time  and  handsomely  illustrated.  Clinton  erett.  "  Books  that  have  helped  me,"  as  dis- 
ScoUard  wrote  "Old  and  New  World  Lyrics,"  coursed  upon  by  several  authors  in  "TheFo- 
and  Madison  J.  Cawein,  "  The  Triumph  of  rum,"  were  collected  into  a  volume.  "  Martin 
Music  and  other  Lyrics."  The  "  Poems  "  of  Luther  and  other  Essays  "  is  by  F.  H.  Hedge, 
Irwin  Russell,  mostly  in  negro  dialect,  were  and  "Practical  Occultism"  by  J.  J.  Morse, 
collected  into  a  memorial  volume  from  five  "  Master  Virgil,  the  Author  of  the  iEneid,  a* 
years  of  "  Century "  Bric-a-Brac,  and  A.  G.  he  seemed  in  the  Middle  Aces,"  is  a  norel 
Gordon  and  Thomas  Nelson  Page  were  joint  study  by  J.  S.  Tnnison,  and  "Irish  Wonders," 
authors  of  "  Befo'  de  War."  "  Some  Dainty  by  D.  R.  McAnally,  a  popular  and  entertaining 
Poems,"  by  Waldo  Messaros ;  "  Beyond  the  work  on  the  superstitions  of  that  race.  Paln>' 
Shadow,"  by  Stuart  Sterne ;  "  Joy,  and  other  er  Cox  also  treated  of  "  Queer  People,  snch 
Poems,"  by  Danske  Dandridge;  "Idylls  of  as  Goblins,  Giants,  Merrymen,  etc."  "Some 
Israel,"  by  D.  J.  Donahue ;  and  "  A  Little  Thoughts  on  Life's  Battle,"  by  Mark  Levy,  td 
Brother  of  the  Rich,"  by  E.  S.  Martin,  offer  "  Your  Forces,  and  how  to  use  them,'*  bf 
no  especial  features  for  criticism.  The  same  Prentice  Mnlford,  may  be  classed  together,  and 
is  true  of  "  Madeleine,"  by  D.  C.  Brewer ;  supplemented  by  "  Great  Thoughts  for  Little 
"  Maurine,"  by  Mrs.  E.  Wheeler  Wilcox;  "  Tan-  Thinkers,"  by  Lucia  T.  Ames.     "  The  Great 


LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1888.  479 

Cryptogram "  of  Ignatius  DonneUj  by  no  Poems,  and  Selected  Prose  Writings  of  David 
means  diminished  bis  repatation  as  an  enthu-  Gray  "  were  edited  by  J.  N.  Lamed,  and  ^*  Brit^ 
BAst  of  sensational  novelty,  if  it  did  not  mate-  ish  Letters  illustrative  of  Oharacter  and  Social 
rially  establish  his  theory  as  to  the  authorship  Life  "  by  E.  T.  Mason.  ^*  Partial  Portraits,^' 
of  the  plays  of  Shakespeare.  Other  Shake-  by  Henry  James,  is  one  of  the  most  delightful 
gpearean  studies  include  ^*-  The  Human  Mystery  and  characteristic  of  that  author's  productions. 
in  Hamlet,^'  by  Martin  W.  Oooke:  "  William  "The  Young  Idea,  or  Oommon-School  Cult- 
Shakespeare  portrayed  by  himself,'^  by  Rob-  ure  "  is  from  the  pen  of  Caroline  B.  Le  Row. 
ert  Watters ;  "  Shakespeare  and  the  Bible,''  by  "  Word  English  "  was  a  proposition  to  secure 
6.  Q.  Colton ;  and  "  Shakespeare  veraus  Inger-  "  The  Universal  Language,  based  upon  Eng- 
lolV  by  J.  G.  HalL  G.  Theodore  Dippold  de-  lish,  as  Volaptkk  on  German,"  made  by  Alex- 
voted  himself  to  a  solution  of  Richard  Wag-  ander  M.  Bell,  and  Elias  Molee  made  "  A  Plea 
oer's  poem,  '*  The  Ring  of  the  Nibelung/'  and  for  an  American  Language  or  Germanic  Eng- 
C.  Morris  to  **  The  Aryan  Race,  its  Origin  lish."  "  A  Short  Grammar  of  Yolaptlk "  was 
and  Achievements."  Brander  Matthews  wrote  compiled  by  J.  Hanno  Deiler.  ^*  Success  in 
"Pen  and  Ink,"  William S.  Walsh  "  Paradoxes  Society,"  by  Lydia  E.  White,  "Manners,"  by 
of  a  Philistine,"  and  Harold  Van  Sant  "  Half-  A  Woman  of  Society,  and  "  Good  Form  in 
Holidays,"  a  bizarre  collection  of  "Elysian  England,"  by  An  American  Resident  in  the 
Dreams  and  Sober  Realities."  Eugene  M.  United  Kingdom,  were  the  principal  books  on 
Camp,  in  "  Journalists  bom  or  made,"  brought  etiquette. 

forward  the  suggestion  of  adding  journalism        F»lltlcal,  Sodal,  aad  Moral  Sdeace. — During  the 

to  the  curriculum  of  our  colleges ;  and  "  Pen  exitement  of  a  presidential  year,  problems  of 

and  Powder,"  by  Franc  B.  Wilkie,  detailed  the  government  and  social  life  were  discussed  nat- 

difficolties  of  field  correspondence  during  the  urally  in  a  concrete  way,  and  with  more  or 

civil  war.     "  Anderson ville  Violets,"  by  Her-  less  partisan  feeling,  but  attempts  were  also 

bert  W.  CoUingwood,  deals  impartially  with  made  at  higher  conceptions.    James  Russell 

one  of  the  saddest  pages  of  war  history.    H.M.  Lowell  published  "Political  Essays";  Theo- 

Sylvester  wrote  "  Homestead  Highways,"  Mar-  dore  Roosevelt,   "Essays  on  Practical  Poli- 

Siret  Sidney  "Old  Concord,"  and  *' Negro  tics";  Edward  Pay  son,  "  The  Law  of  Equiva- 
yths  from  the  Georgia  Coast"  were  told  in  lents,  in  its  Relation  to  Politicfd  and  Social 
the  vernacular  by  C.  C.  Jones.  "  Outlooks  on  Ethics  " ;  and  W.  P.  Atkinson,  '*  The  Study  of 
Society,  Literature,  and  Politics  "  is  the  title  Politics,  an  Introductory  Lecture.  "  Problems 
of  a  volume  of  prey iously  uncollected  essays  by  of  American  Civilization  "  were  discussed  by 
Edwin  P.  Whipple.  "Fifteenth-Century  Bi-  Presidents  McCosh  and  Gates,  Bishop  Coxe, 
bles"  was  the  subject  of  a  book  by  Wendell  and  others.  "Selections  illustrating  Economic 
Prime.  R  C.  Bart  wrote  "  A  Brief  History  History  since  the  Seven- Years'  War "  is  by 
of  Greek  Philosophy,"  and  "  The  Poetry  of  the  Benjamin  Reed ;  and  "  Industrial  Liberty,"  by 
Fntnre  "  was  handled  by  James  W.  Davidson.  John  M.  Bonham,  investigated  the  tendencies 
Austin  Bierbower  wrote  "  The  Virtues,  and  of  modem  civilization  in  a  broad  and  hopeful 
their  Reasons,"  and  M.  J.  Barnett  "Justice,  spirit.  Edwin  Cannan wrote  "An  Elementary 
a  Healing  Power."  "  Of  Thoughts  about  Political  Economy,"  and  Richard  T.  Ely  and 
Women,  and  other  things,"  was  the  title  of  John  H.  Finley  "Taxation  in  American  States 
essays  by  S.  R.  Reed.  "  The  Mind  of  the  and  Cities,"  and  Horace  White  translated  from 
Child"  w^as  translated  from  the  German  of  the  Italian. of  Dr.  Lnigi  Cossa  " Taxation,  its 
Prof.  W.  Preyer  by  H.  B.  Brown ;  and  J.  H.  Principles  and  Methods."  "  How  they  lived 
W.  Stuckenberg  wrote  an  "Introduction  to  inHampton"  was  "A  Study  of  Practical  Chris- 
the  Study  of  Philosophy.  The  second  volume  tianity  applied  in  the  Manufacture  of  Wool- 
of  "American  Literature,  1607-1885,"  by  ens "  by  Edward  Everett  Hale.  "Large  Fort- 
Charles  F.  Richardson,  is  devoted  to  "  Ameri-  unes,  or  Christianity  and  Labor  Problems," 
can  Poetry  and  Fiction."  Prof.  Herbert  B.  were  handled  by  C.  Richardson,  and  John  Gib- 
Adams  wrote  on  "The  Study  of  American  bons  wrote  "Tenure  and  Toil."  "Property 
History  in  American  Colleges  and  Universi-  in  Land,"  by  Henry  Winn,  was  an  argument 
ties."  Abbie  H.  Fairfield  culled  "  Flowers  and  against  the  theories  of  Herbert  Spencer  and 
Fmit  from  the  Writings  of  Harriet  Beecher  Henry  George.  "  The  Christian  Unity  of  Capi- 
Stowe."  Rose  Porter  wrote  "  Rest  Awhile,"  tal  and  Labor,"  by  H.  W.  Cadmon,  gained  the 
•nd the  Rev.  F.S. Child,  "Be  strong  to  hope."  $1,000  prize  of  the  John  C.  Green  income 
"Chapters  from  Jane  Austen  "  by  Oscar  Fay  fund.  Rabbi  H.  Berkowitz  published  "Ju- 
Adams,  and  "  Readings  from  the  Waverley  daism  on  the  Social  Question,''  and  Frank  G. 
^'ovels,"  hy  Alfred  F.  Blaisdell,  belong  to  the  Ruffin  "  The  Negro  as  a  Political  and  Social 
*' Cambridge  Series  of  English  Classics,"  and  Factor."  Alfred  Shaw  made  a  collection  of 
^FiTft  Steps  w^ith  American  and  British  Au-  papers  by  American  economists  on  "The  Na- 
thors"  was  also  from  the  pen  of  the  latter  tional  Revenues,"  J.  B.  Clark  wrote  on  "Capi- 
writer.  Edwin  Ginn  made  "  Selections  from  tal  and  its  Earnings,"  Prof.  P.  P.  Hotchkiss  on 
Haskin  on  Reading  and  other  Subjects,"  and  "Banks and  Banking,  1171-1888,"  and  a  series 
^BitB  of  Burniabed  Gold"  was  a  compilation  of  articles  by  different  authors  in  the  "Johns 
by  Rose  Porter  in  four  volumes.     "  Letters,  Hopkins  University  Series  "  were  combined  in- 


480  LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1888. 

to  "A  History  of  Oo-operation  in  the  United  a  volume  of  "Gospel  Sermons"  and  "The 
States."  "  Ultimate  Finance  "  purported  to  be  Religions  Aspect  of  Evolntion,"  a  sabject  tbal 
**  A  True  Theory  of  Co-operation,"  by  W.  Nel-  was  also  treated  by  Prof.  Joseph  Le  Oonte  in 
son  Black,  and  "  The  Stability  of  Prices "  was  "  Evolution  and  its  Relation  to  Religiom 
discussed  by  Simon  N.  Patten.  ^*  True  or  False  Thought."  "  The  Credentials  of  Science  tiie 
Finance  the  Issue  of  1888  "  was  anonymous,  Warrant  of  Faith,"  was  from  the  pen  of  Jooab 
and  from  J.  6.  Clark  and  F.  H.  Giddings  we  P.  Cooke,  and  C.  M.  Stockwell  wrote  on  ^'The 
have  "  The  Modern  Distributive  Process."  Of  Evolution  of  Immortality."  *'  The  Field-In- 
books  relating  to  the  question  of  the  tariff,  gersoli  Discussion,  Faith  or  Agnosticism,"  car- 
there  was  apparently  no  end.  R.  W.  Thomp-  ried  on  in  a  series  of  articles  in  the  "  North 
son  was  author  of  "  A  History  of  Protective  American  Review,"  was  printed  in  pampblel 
Tariff  Laws,"  and  Prof.  Taussig,  of  Harvard  form.  "  Philosephy  and  Religion "  wm  a 
University,  of  **The  Tariff  History  of  the  rather  voluminous  but  exceedingly  earnest 
United  States."  "  Protection  Echoes  from  the  work,  by  Augustus  H.  Strong,  D.  D.,  and  *'  Har- 
Capitol "  were  edited  by  Thomas  H.  McEee,  vard  Vespers "  was  a  collection  of  addresses 
Assistant  Librarian  of  the  United  States  Sen-  to  students,  by  F.  G.  Peabody,  P.  Brooks,  E. 
ate,  assisted  by  W.  W.  Curry ;  and  "  Principles  E.  Hale,  and  others.  **  The  Heart  of  tiie 
of  the  Economic  Philosophy  of  Society,  Gov-  Creeds,"  by  Arthur  Wentworth  Eaton,  was  a 
ernment,  and  Industry "  were  laid  down  by  clear,  concise  exposition  of  **  Historical  Re- 
Van  Buren  Denslow,  with  a  leaning  toward  ligion  in  the  Light  of  Modem  Thought,"  aod 
protective  doctrines  in  his  treatment  of  the  '*  What  is  the  Bible?"  by  G.  T.  Ladd,  D. D^ 
last  subject.  Edward  Everett  Hale  published  made  an  ^'  Inquiry  into  the  Origin  and  Nature 
"  Tom  Torey's  Tariff  Talks,"  Richard  T.  Ely  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments  in  the  Liglit 
**  Problems  of  the  Day,"  and  Horace  Castle  of  Modem  Biblical  Study."  "Living  Religions" 
"  The  Doctrine  of  Protection  to  Domestic  In-  was  a  presentation  in  popular  form  of  ^'  The 
dustries  examined."  "  Is  Protection  a  Ben-  Great  Religions  of  the  East,"  with  the  tmthi 
efit?  "  was  asked  by  E.  Taylor ;  *^  The  Relation  underlying  each,  and  "  Biblical  Antiquities  "  a 
of  the  Tariff  to  Wages  "  was  the  work  of  Da-  handbook  for  students  of  the  Bible.  David  J. 
vid  A.  Wells,  and  "  What  shall  we  do  with  Burrell,  D.  D.,  in  ten  essays  on  *'  The  Religions 
it?  "  (meaning  the  surplus),  consisted  of  pro-  of  the  World,"  gave  an  outline  of  the  great  re- 
tective  articles  from  various  sources.  ^^  Pro-  ligious  systems,  and  O.  S.  Steams  wrote  ao 
tection  versus  Free  Trade "  was  by  Henry  M.  "  Introduction  to  the  Books  of  the  Old  Testa- 
Hoyt,  "  Twenty-Two  Years  of  Protection  "  by  ment."  "  Some  Chapters  on  Judaism  and  the 
Henry  V.  Poor,  "  The  Tariff  and  its  Evils  "  by  Science  of  Religion  "  were  furnished  by  Rabbi 
J.  H.  Allen,  and  "  Tariff  Chats  "  by  H.  J.  Phil-  L.  Grossman,  and  *'  Dissolving  Views  b  the 
pot.  "  Friendly  Letters  to  American  Farmers  History  of  Judaism"  by  Rabbi  Solomon  Schind- 
and  others  "  were  edited  by  J.  S.  Moore,  and  ler.  "  Religious  Reconstruction  "  was  consid- 
R.  R.  Bowker  annotate  "  The  President's  ered  by  M.  J.  Savage,  and  "  Christian  Science, 
Message,  1887."  "  The  Civil-Service  Law  "  its  Truths  and  Errors,"  by  the  Rev.  H.  M.  Ten- 
was  treated  by  W.  Harrison  Clarke.  A  "  Citi-  ney.  **  Co-operation  in  Christian  Work  "  waa 
zen's  Atlas  of  American  Politics,  1789-1888,"  the  collected  experience  of  Bishop  Harris  and 
was  prepared  by  F.  W.  Hewes,  and  a  "  Hand-  Rev.  Drs.  Storrs,  Gladden,  and  others.  "The 
book  of  Politics  for  1888"  by  Edward  Mc-  Best  Method  of  Working  a  Pariah"  was  set 
Pherson.  E.  Brown  and  A.  Strauss  furnished  forth  by  the  Rev.  J.  F.  Spalding,  Missionary 
a  "  Dictionary  of  American  Politics,"  and  cam-  Bishop  of  Colorado,  and  Rev.  Charles  F.  Thwing 
paign  text-books  of  both  the  Democratic  and  discussed  "  The  Working  Church."  Vol.  VI 
Republican  parties  of  course  appeared.  John  of  ^*  The  History  of  the  Christian  Church,^ 
D.  Long  edited  "  The  Republican  Party,"  by  Philip  Schaff,  D.  D.,  was  issued,  covering 
William  L.  Wilson  '^  The  National  Democratic  the  period  of  the  Reformation,  and  from  the 
Party,"  and  "Letters  to  a  King,"  by  Albion  same  author  we  have  "Church  and  State  in 
W.  Tourgee,  gave  advice  to  young  men  about  the  United  States."  His  "Select  Library  of 
to  oast  their  first  vote.  "  The  Ethics  of  Mar-  the  Nicene  and  Post-Nicene  Fathers  "  was  also 
riage"  were  treated  by  H.  S.  Pomeroy ;  "Ine-  increased  by  four  volumes  (vii-x).  "The  H»- 
briety,  its  Causes,  its  Results,  its  Remedy,"  by  tory  of  the  Inquisition  of  the  Middle  Age8,"hT 
F.  D.  Clum,  M.  D. ;  and  H.  W.  Blair  wrote  H.  C.  I^a,  was  completed  in  its  second  and 
"  The  Temperance  Movement."  Henry  Van  third  volumes,  and  from  the  Rev.  George  Park 
Dyke  wrote  on  "  The  National  Sin  of  Liter-  Fisher  we  have  a  "  History  of  the  ChristJan 
ary  Piracy,"  and  Brander  Matthews  published  Church,"  which  has  received  high  commenda- 
"  Cheap  Books  and  Good  Books."  "  The  Third  tion  for  its  learning  and  strict  impartiality- 
Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Labor,"  From  the  same  source  also  appeared  a  "  Maniw 
on  the  subject  of  strikes  and  lockouts,  was  of  Christian  Evidences."  R.  P.  Kerr  wr(^ 
issued,  and  F.  Howard  Wines  was  responsible  "  The  People's  History  of  Presbyterianism  in 
for  "  American  Prisons,  in  the  Tenth  United  all  Ages,"  and  the  Rev.  A.  H.  Lewis  "  A  Crit^ 
States  Census."  ical  History  of  Sunday  Legislation."  G.  E- 
Thetlegy. — Reli^ous  books,  as  usual,  were  Ackerman,  D.  D.,  was  the  author  of  "Mans 
numerous.    The  Rev.  James  McCosh  published  Revelation  of  God,"  W.  A.  Snively  of  "  Terf- 


LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1888.  481 

monies  to  the   Sapernatoral '*  and  ^^  Parish  *^  Faith  made   easy."     ^*  Christianitj  in  the 
Lectures  on  the  Prayer-hook,"  0.  Quick  of  Daily  Conduct  of  Life,"  was  anonymous.    Mrs. 
"  Mysticism  unmasked,  or  Ministration  of  the  T.  8.  Childs  wrote  "  The  Altar  of  Earth,"  the 
Holy  Spirit,"  and  "  Long  Ago,  as  interpreted  Rev.  E.  P.  Haraphrey  "  Sacred  History  from 
by  the  XIX  Century,"  was  by  E.  F.  Burr,  D.  D.  the  Creation  to  the  Giving  of  the  Law,"  the 
"  The  Bible  Doctrine  of  Inspiration  "  was  ex-  Rev.  A.  McCuUagh  "  The  Peerless  Prophet," 
plained  and  vindicated  by  Basil  Manly,  D.  D.,  and  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Jones  ^*  Christ  in  the 
and  A.  T.  Pierson  edited  "The  Inspired  Word,"  Camp."      "Atonement  and  Law"  were  re- 
a  series  of  papers  and  addresses  delivered  at  viewed  by  8.  G.  Buniey,  and  "  Endless  Oppor- 
the  Bible  Inspiration  Conference  in  Philadel-  tunity  for  All  Souls"  was  advanced  as  a  creed 
phia,  1887.     John  Williams,  Bishop  of  Con-  by  the  Rev.  James  Gorton.    For  children  we 
necticut,  published  "Studies  in  the  Book  of  have  "  A  Father^s  Blessing  and  other  Sermons," 
Acts,"  and  from  Lyman  Abbott,  D.  D.,  we  have  by  the  Rev.  W.  W.  Newton,  and  the  "  Story  of 
a  work  on  "  The  Epistle  of  Paul  the  Apostle  Moses,"  by  liirs.  M.  A.  Hallock.     "  Missionary 
to  the  Romans."     "  The  Talmud,  what  it  is.  Enterprises  in  the  South  Sea  Islands,"  by  J. 
and  what  it  knows  about  Jesus,"  was  told  by  Williams,  is  unusually  interesting, 
the  Rev.  Bemhard  Pick.    Hiram  Orcutt  was  a  Jutopndeiice. — The  yearly  average  of  State 
layman  "Among  the  Theologians."    The  Bald-  and  Federal  Reports  has  been  placed  at  one 
win  Lectures  of  1887,  delivered  by  the  Rev.  hundred  volumes.    In  1888  Myer's  "  Federal 
William   Clark,   are    entitled   "  Witnesses   to  Decisions "  reached  Vol.  XXVIII,  and  "  U.  S. 
Christ."     The  Bishop-Paddock  Lectures  for  Digests,"  new  series.  Vol.  XVIII.     A  series 
1888,  on  "  The  World  and  the  Kingdom,"  were  of  "  American  State  Reports  "  was  initiated  by 
from  Bishop  Hugh  Miller  Thompson.     The  A.  C.  Freeman,  and  two  volumes  were  pub- 
Rev.  T.  B.  Neely  wrote  on  "  The  Evolution  of  lished,  beginning  at  the  period  where  "  Ameri- 
Episcopacy  and  Organic  Methodism,"  Bishop  can  Reports"  were  discontinued,    and   Vol. 
W.  L  Harris  on  "  The  Relations  of  Episcopacy  I  of  the  "  American  Digest  (Annual)  "  was 
to  the  General  Conference,"  and  C.  W.  Bennett  issued  by  the  West  Publishing  Company,  of 
on  "Christian  Archaeology."    "The  Bible  a  St.  Paul,  Minn.     Vol.  I  of  "Interstate  Com- 
Workingman's  Book,"  is  from  the  pen  of  Fran-  merce  Reports "  also  appeared,  and  a  "  Di- 
cis  N.  Zabriskie.    The  Rev.  Daniel  Dorches-  gest  of  Decisions  of  the  Department  of  the 
ter  wrote  "  Christianity  in  the  United  States,  Interior  and  General  Land-Office "  was  made 
from  the  First  Settletnent  down  to  the  Present  by  W.  B.  Matthews  and  W.  O.  Conway.    Joel 
Time,"  and  also  "  Romanism  vernu  the  Public  P.  Bishop  wrote  on  "  Common  Law  and  Codi- 
School  System,"  and  H.  8.  Burrage  "  Baptist  fication,  or  the  Common  Law  a  System  of  Rea- 
Hymn- Writers  and  their  Hymns."  From  James  soning  " ;  G.  W.  Field  on  "  The  Legal  Rela- 
J.  Treacy  we  have  "  Conquests  of  our  Holy  tions  of  Infants,  Parent  and  Child,  and  Guard- 
Faith,"  from  the  Rev.   L   T.   Hecker  "  The  ian  and  Ward  " ;  and  M.  M.  Bigelow  published 
Charch  and  the  Age,"  and  from  J.  Waterworth  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Fraud  on  its  Civil 
a  translation  of  "  The  Canons  and  Decrees  of  Side."     "  A  Practical  Treatise  on   Criminal 
the  Sacred  and  (Ecumenical  Council  of  Trent  Law  and  Procedure  in  Criminal  Cases "  was 
under  the  Sovereign  Pontiffs  Paul  HI,  Julius  from  the  pen  of  J.  H.  Gillett ;  and  Vol.  Ill  of 
III,  and  Pius  IV.    Abraham  Coles  made  "  A  "  Essentials  of  the  Law,"  by  Marshall  D.  Ew- 
New  Rendering  of  the  Hebrew  Psalms  into  ell,  contained  "Essential  Parts  of  Pollock  on 
English  Verse."  Wolcott  Calkins  wrote  "  Key-  Torts,  Williams  on  Real  Property,  and  Best  on 
stones  of  Faith."    The  "  Sermons  on  the  Inter-  Evidence."     F.   Sackett   prepared   "  Instruc- 
national  Sunday-School  Lessons"  were  pub-  tions  and  Requests  for  Instructions  in  Jury 
lished  for  1888  and  1889,  and  other  sermons  Trials,"  and  Edwin  Baylies  a  "  Supplement  to 
include:   "The  Heath  in  the  Wilderness,  or  Wait's  Actions  and  Defenses."     Leonard  A. 
Sermons  to  the  People,"  of  R.  Newton,  D.  D.,  Jones  was  an  authority  in  "  A  Treatise  on  the 
posthumously    published;    "Eternal    Atone-  Law  of  Liens,"  Joseph  F.Randolph  wrote  "A 
inent,"  nineteen  selected  sermons  of  Dr.  Ros-  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Commercial  Paper  " 
well  D.  Hitchcock;  "  Spirit  and  Life  Thoughts  (Vol.  Ill),  and  G.  A.  Finkelnburg  "  The  Ne- 
for  To-Day,"  by  Dr.  Amory  H.  Bradford ;  and  gotiability    of  Promissory    Notes."      "Com- 
**The  Transfiguration  of  Life,"  by  Dr.  E.  8.  mentaries  on  the  Interpretation  of  Statute^, 
Atwood.   "  The  Seven  Deadly  Sins,"  inveighed  Founded  on  the  Treatise  of  Sir  P.  B.  Maxwell," 
against  by  the  Rev.  Morgan  Dix  in  his  Lenten  were  written  by  G.  A.  Endlich,  and  "  A  Brief 
sermons  in  Trinity  Church,  New  York,  form  Comparison  of  the  most  Important  Statutes  of 
the  subject  of  a  volume,  and  from  the  Rev.  J.  the  Codes  of  Virginia,  1873-1887,"  was  made 
W.  Lowber  we  have  "The  Struggles  and  Tri-  by  C.  W.  Sams.    F.  H.  Mackey  set  forth  "The 
mnphs  of  the  Trtith  "  and  "The  Devil  in  Mod-  Practice  and  Procedure  of  the  Supreme  Cotfrt 
ern  Society."    The  Rev.  W.  Wright  published  of  the  District    of  Columbia,"    and   Morris 
eight  lectures  on  "  The  Realities  of  Heaven  " ;  Cooper  "  The  Law  and  Practice  of  Referees 
Jermain  G.  Porter,  Director  of  the  Cincinnati  and  References  under  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
Observatory,  "  Our  Celestial  Home  " ;  J.  8.  cedure  and  Statutes  of  New  York."    Corpora- 
Barlow,  "  Endless  Being";  C.  F.  Dole,  "Jesus  tions  were  extensively  treated.    T.  W.  Water- 
aod  the  Men  about  Him  " ;  and  James  H.  Potts,  man  published  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of 
VOL.  xzvnL — 81  A 


482  LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1888. 

Ck)rporation8  other  than  Municipal,''  F.  8.  done  was  creditable.  Eastace  Smith  wrote  on 
Wait  ^^  A  Practical  Treatise  on  Insolvent  Oor-  **  The  Wasting  Diseases  of  Women  and  Ghil- 
poratioDS,''  and  H.  Binmore  *^  A  Digest  of  the  dren '' ;  A.  J.  0.  Skene  on  ^*  Diseases  of  Worn- 
American  Corporation  Cases.''  ^*  American  en";  J.  Y.  Shoemaker,  on  the  ^^  Diseases  of  the 
and  English  Corporation  Cases,"  by  W.  M.  Skin " ;  and  H.  R.  Crocker,  **  Diseases  of  the 
McE^inDej,  reached  Vol.  XX,  and  "  American  Skin."  From  Allan  McLane  Hamilton  we  have 
and'English  Railroad  Cases."  bj  the  same  an-  ^^  The  Modern  Treatment  of  Headaches";  from 
thor,  Vol.  XXXIII.  A.  S.  Bolles  wrote  on  Thomas  J.  Mayo,  *^  Theine  in  the  Treatment  of 
"  The  National  Bank  Act  and  its  Judicial  Neuralgia " ;  from  J.  L.  Corning,  ^*  A  Treatise 
Meaning,"  and  Nathan  Newmark  on  ''The  on  Hysteria  and  Eoilepsy";  and  from  Mary 
Laws  Relating  to  Bank  Deposits."  ''  A  Treat-  Putnam  Jacobi,  ''  Essays  on  Hysteria,  Brain 
ise  on  the  Law  of  Benefit  Societies,  and,  Inci-  Tumor,  etc."  O.  A.  Wdl  published  "The Pre- 
dentiJly,  of  Life  Insurance,"  by  F.  H.  Bacon,  scription  Therapeutically,  Pharmaceuticallj, 
"  The  Law  of  Voluntary  Societies  and  Mutual  and  Grammatically  Considered  " ;  S.  Wwr- 
Benefit  Insurance,"  by  W.  C.  Niblack,  and  Mitchell,  ''Doctor  and  Patient";  and  D.  W. 
"  A  Digest  of  the  Law  of  Insurance,"  by  J.  R.  Buxton,  "  Ansestbetics,  their  Usee  and  Admin- 
Berryman,  practically  exhaust  this  subject.  J.  istration."  Vincent!).  Harris  handled '^Di»- 
Lewis  wrote  "A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Emi-  eases  of  the  Chest" ;  Norman  Kerr,  "Inebrie- 
nent  Domain  in  the  United  States,"  and  W.  ty,  its  Etiology,  Pathology,  Treatment,  and 
H.  Manier  "  The  Law  of  Eminent  Domain  and  Jurisprudence  " ;  and  T.  C.  Van  Nuys  made 
of  Railroads  and  Warehouses."  "  A  Selection  "  A  Chemical  Analysis  of  Healthy  and  Dis- 
of  Cases  in  the  Law  of  Quasi-Contracts  "  was  eased  Urine."  Vol.  V  of  the  "Oyclopodia 
begun  by  W.  Albert  Keener,  and  the  first  vol-  of  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology  "  appeared.  A 
nme  completed.  Clifford  Boese  wrote  "  A  H.  N.  Lewers  wrote  "  A  Practical  Text-Book 
Hand-book  on  Naturalization,"  and  B.  K.  and  of  the  Diseases  of  Women,"  and  Vol.  XI  of 
W.  F.  Elliott  were  jointly  engaged  on  "  The  "  A  System  of  Gynecology  by  American  An- 
Work  of  the  Advocate."  "  The  Law  in  Penn-  thors,"  edited  by  M.  D.  Mann,  was  issued, 
sylvania  of  Voluntary  Assignment  in  Trust  for  Nathan  Allen  wrote  on  ''  Physical  Develop- 
the  Benefit  of  Creditors  "  was  handled  by  W.  ment,"  J.  H.  Salisbury  on  "  The  Relation  of 
Trickett,  "  The  Law  of  Partnership,"  by  Clem-  Alimentation  and  Disease,"  and  W.  H.  Welch 
ent  Bates,  and  J.  C.  Fowler  publisned  a  "  Sup-  on  "  The  Generd  Patholo^  of  Fever."  "  Pto- 
plement  to  the  Revised  Statutes  of  New  York."  maines  and  Leucomaines,  or  the  Putrefactire 
M.  H.  Throop  brought  out  "The  Code  of  Civil  and  Physiological  Alkaloids"  was  by  V.  0. 
Procedure  of  New  York"  and  "The  New  Vaughan  and  F.  G.  Noyes ;  " Clinical  Lectures 
York  Justices'  Manual,"  and  G.  C.  Clemens  on  Albuminuria,"  by  T.  G.  Stewart;  and  an 
"Powers  and  Duties  of  Constables,  a  Consta-  "Atlas  of  Venereal  and  Skin  Diseases"  was 
ble's  Guide  for  use  in  the  State  of  Kansas."  prepared  by  Prince  A.  Morrow.  From  Austin 
"  The  Fish  and  Game  Laws  of  the  State  of  Flint  we  have  "  A  Text-Book  of  Human  Phjsi- 
New  York,"  also  "  The  Laws  for  the  Preserva-  ology  " ;  from  WiUiam  Sterling,  "  Outlines  of 
tion  of  the  Forests,"  were  arranged  by  G.  E.  Practical  Physiology";  and  from  J.  F.  Payne, 
Kent,  as  were  "  Tbe  Excise  Laws  of  New  York  "  A  Manual  of  General  Pathology,"  designed 
in  Chronological  Order,"  by  G.  B.  Colby,  as  an  introduction  to  the  practice  of  medicine. 
"  Commissioners  in  Chancery  in  Virginia "  L.  A.  Stimon  published  "  A  Treatise  on  Dislo- 
was  by  A.  Meade  Smith,  and  "A  Chromatic  cations,"  and  to  surgery  belong:  "The  Rnles 
Chart  and  Manual  of  Parliamentary  Law  "  of  Aseptic  and  Antiseptic  Surgery,"  by  A  6. 
was  prepared  by  J.  Ross  Lee.  "  General  As*  Gerster ;  "  Rectal  and  Anal  Surgery,"  by  Ed- 
signraents  for  Benefit  of  Creditors "  was  a  mund  and  E.  W.  Andrews ;  "  Surgery  of  the 
"  Complete  Digest  of  Decisions,  the  Rules  and  Abdomen,"  by  J.  E.  Mears ;  "  Abdominal  Snrg- 
Practice  and  Statutes  of  New  York,"  from  J.  ery,"  by  H.'C.  Wyman;  and  "Ophtbalmio 
8.  Derby,  and  E.  8.  More  collected  "  The  Laws  Surgery,"  by  R.  B.  Carter  and  W.  A.  Frost 
of  New  York  relating  to  Villages."  T.  B.  "  The  Surgical  Diseases  of  the  Genito- Urinary 
Hall  wrote  "  A  Treatise  on  Patent  Estate,"  W.  Organs  "  was  a  revision  by  E.  L.  Keyes  of  the 
H.  Bailey  "  The  Conflict  of  Judicial  Decisions,"  text-book  by  Van  Buren  and  Keyes.  B.  B. 
and  I.  F.  Redfield  "  The  Law  of  Railways."  Bontecou  considered  "  What  Class  of  Gun-shot 
"  Removal  of  Causes  from  the  State  to  Federal  Wounds  justify  Excision  or  Resection  in  Hod- 
Courts  "  was  treated  by  Emory  Speer.  "  A  em  Warfere,"  and  O.  K.  Newell,  "  Tbe  Best 
Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Building  and  Build-  Surgical  Dressing;  how  to  prepare  it,  etc" 
lugs,"  by  A.  P.  Lloyd,  supplies  a  want  long  "An  Illustrated  Encyclopaedic  Medical  Die- 
felt.  "The  American  and  English  Encyclo-  tionary,"  by  Frank  P.  Foster ;  F.R.Campbell's 
psBdia  of  Law,"  by  J.  H.  MerriU,  reached  its  "  I^AUguage  of  Medicine  " ;  and  A.  L.  Ranney's 
sixth  volume,  and  "Hubbell's  Legal  Direc-  "Applied  Anatomy,"  were  useful  contributions, 
tory "  was  issued  for  tbe  year  beginning  Oct.  as  were  also  "  An  Annual  of  the  Universsl 
1, 1887.  Medical  Science,"  edited  by  Charles  E.  S«o&s, 
HedidM  ttid  Sngery.— While  no  leading  book  and  a  "  Physician's  Interpreter  in  Four  Lao- 
appeared  during  the  year  in  either  of  the  de-  guages,"  the  work  of  F.  A.  Davis.  George  A. 
partaentfl.nndi^  this  head,  moat  of  the  work  Evans  issued  a  "Hand-book  of  Historical  and 


LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1888.  488 

hical  Phthisiology,  with  Special  Refer-  of  "  Descriptive  Geometry,"  W.  Wells  of  "  The 

;he  Distribation  of  Consumption  in  the  Essentials  of  Trigonometry,"  and  C.  W.  McCord 

tates."  Valuable  translations  from  the  famished  ^*  Practical  Hints  for  Draughtsmen." 

irere:  *' Animal  Magnetism,"  by  Alfred  ^^ Numbers  Symbolized"  was  an  elementary 

d  Charles  F^r6 ;  *^  Clinical  Lectures  on  algebra  by  M.  D.  Sensenig.    Hand-books  of 

Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System,"  by  J.  practical  application  of  scientific  principles  were 

oot;  and,  from  the  German,  we  have  unusually  numerous.     From  Philip  Atkinson 

athology  and  Treatment  of  Displace-  we  have  "The  Elements  of  Electric  Lighting"; 

'  the  Uterus,"  by  B.  8.  Schultze.    *'  The  from  Emory  Edwards,  "  The  American  Steam- 

itory  of  the  United  States  of  America"  Engineer";   from  E.  D.  Peters,  "American 

h  edition),  by  George  B.  Wood  and  Methods  of  Copper-Smelting";   and  from  A. 

.  Bache,  was  rearranged,  thoroughly  W.  Wright,  "  American  Street  Railways,  their 

and  largely  rewritten  by  U.  C.  Wood,  Construction,  Equipment,  and  Maintenance." 

nington,  and  S.  P.  Sadtler.  James  H.  Monckton  wrote  a  work  on  "  Stair 

I  SiteBce. — Works  of  this  class  were  Building,"  and  W.  F.  M.  Goss  "  A  Course  of 

popular  in  form.    From  Gen.  A.  W.  Study  and  Practice  of  Bench- Work  in  Wood." 

Chief  Signal  Officer,   U.  S.  A.,   we  "  All  Matter  tends  to  Rotation,"  was  a  theory 

American  Weather,  a  Popular  Exposi-  advanced  by  L.  LeC.  Hamilton, 

its  Phenomena,  with  Numerous  lllus-  fine  Arts. — The  first  volume  of  a"  Cyclopssdia 

and  Charts,"  and  from  Mrs.  Sophie  B.  of  Music  and  Musicians,"  by  John  Denison 

"The  Earth  in  P^t  Ages,"  an  ele-  Champlin,  Jr.,  was  published.    "The  Standard 

treatise.      "  Three    Cruises    of  the  Symphonies "  were  added  by  George  P.  Upton 

States  Coast    and    Geodetic    Survey  to  his  former  series  of  "Standard  Operas" 

Blake,"  in  two  volumes,  by  Alexander  and  "  Oratorios,"  and  James  E.  Matthew  wrote 

was  a  "  Contribution  to  American  "  A  Popular  History  of  Music,  Musical  Instru- 

graphy,"  being  a  study  of  deep-sea  ments.   Ballet,  and  Opera."     G.   H.   Wilson 

ns.    T.  K.  Abbot  published  "  An  Ele-  edited  "  The  Musical  Year-Book  of  the  United 

Theory  of  the  Tiaes."     "Astronomy  States  ";  and  "  Prestol  from  the  Singing  School 

Opera-Glass,"  by  Garrett  P.  Serviss,  to  the  May  Musical  Festival,"  was  a  short 

iuded  as  a  popular  introduction  to  the  sketch  of  musical  development  in  Ohio,  by 

" Great-Circle  Sailing"  and   "Old  F.  E.  Tunison.    Vol.  II  of   "New  Masical 

r  Astronomy,"  by  R.  A.  Proctor,  were  Miscellanies,"  by  W.  S.  B.  Matthews,  told 

d ;  and  from  J.  Haywood  we  have  "  How  to  understand  Music."    J.  C.  Fillmore 

irth,  its  Chief  Motions  and  the  Tangent  was  the  author  of  "  Lessons  in  Musical  His- 

and  from  Edward  S.  Holden,  Director  tory,"  and  L.  O.  Emerson  of  "  Song  Harmony." 

lick  Observatory,  a  "  Handbook  "  of  "  How  to  Judge  of  a  Picture  "  was  told  by  J. 

>.    "  The  New  Agriculture,"  by  A.  N.  C.  Van  Dyke,  and  W.  H.  Goodyear  wrote  a 

ts  forth  an  original  theory  of  sub-  "History  of  Art,"  intended  for  the  school- 

n  irrigation;   and  "Trees  and  Tree-  room.      "Living   New-England  Artists,"  by 

,"  by  Gen.  James  S.  Brisbin,  was  a  Frank    T.   Robinson,   contained    biographical 

and  passionate  plea  for  protection  of  sketches  with  reproductions  of  original  draw- 
n  forests.  "  The  Animal  Life  of  Our  ings  and  paintings  of  each,  and  Mrs.  C.  H. 
*e"  was  studied  by  Angelo  Heilprin,  Stranahan  compiled  a  valuable  "History  of 
cial  reference  to  the  New  Jersey  coast.  French  Painting,  from  its  Earliest  to  its  Latest 
1  series  of  "  Butterfiies  of  North  Amer-  Practice."  Exquisite  specimens  of  illustration 
W.  H.  Edwards,  appeared;  and  A.  S.  were  "Days  Serene,"  by  Margaret  McDonald 
,  M.  D.,  wrote  an  "Entomology  for  Pullman;  "Favorite  Birds,"  by  Fidelia  Bridges; 
-8,"  which  by  intent  should  prove  of  "  The  Cathedrals  of  England  and  Wales,"  by 
nit-growers  and  gardeners  also.  "  A  Charles  Whibley ;  and  "  The  Home  of  Snake- 
)ragon,  and  other  Tales,"  was  in  reality  speare,"  by  Louisa  K.  Harlow,  in  water-color 
ook  of  natural  history  by  C.  F.  Holder,  sketches.  From  Alice  M.  Banmgrass  we  have 
[)1ished  also  "  A  Strange  Company."  "  By  Lawn  and  Lea."  "  Baby's  Lullaby-Book 
iting-Time,"  was  from  Olive  Thorne  of  Mother-Songs,"  was  the  work  of  several 
nd  "Three  Kingdoms,"  a  hand-book  artists.  "The  Story  of  Mary  the  Mother," 
Lgassix  Association,  by  H.  H.  Ballard,  compiled  by  Rose  Porter  from  various  sources, 
ames  of  "Queer  People,"  with  "Paws  was  illustrated  by  photogravures  from  cele- 
ws,"  and  "  Wings  and  Stings,"  by  brated  paintings,  as  was  "  The  Boyhood  of 
Cox,  author  of  "The  Brownies";  Christ,"  by  Gen.  Lew  Wallace.  Reproduc- 
People  and  their  Homes  in  Meadows,  tions  by  the  photogravure  process  include : 
md  Waters,"  by  Stella  Louise  Hook;  "Recent  Italian  Art,"  "Rembrandt's  Etch- 
he  Stories  Mother  Nature  told  her  ings,"  "European  Etchings,"  "Madonnas  by 
/'  by  Jane  Andrews,  were  books  for  Old  Masters,"  "  Important  New  Etchings  by 
R.  P.  Williams  wrote  a  "  Laboratory  American  Artists,"  "  Gems  of  French  Art," 
of  General  Chemistry,"  and  Annie  and  "The  Goupil  Gallery,"  with  texts  illus- 
■8  Ketchum  a  "  Botany  for  Academies  trative  and  descriptive,  by  Ripley  Hitchcock, 
sgea."    linuA  Faunce  was  the  author  Walter  Rowlands,  and  "  Recent  Ideals  of  Amnv 


484  LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1888. 

ican  Art,"  by  G.  W.  Sheldon.    "A  Portfolio  tis,  late  United  States  Commissioner  i 

of  Players,"  was  a  memorial  of  the  Augnstin  Governments  of  Central  and  South  Ai 

Daly  comic  troupe,  and  "The  Napoleon  Gal-  describes  "The  Capitals  of  Spanish  Am 

lery  "  was  a  collection  of  one  hundred  outline  W.  H.  Hurlbert  presents  his  view  of  *' 

proofs  from  foreign  paintings.     "  Old  Songs,  under  Coercion,"  G.  Pellew  treats  of  tl 

with  Drawings,"  by  Edwin  A.  Abbey  and  Al-  country  in  "  Castle  and  Cabin,"  and 

fred  Parsons,  formed  a  dainty  volume.     "  The  Ellen  Foster  in  "  The  Crime  against  Ir 

New  York  Mirror  Annual  and  Directory  of  the  found  home  rule  the  only  remedy.    W.  ] 

Theatrical  Profession  for  1898,"  was  edited  by  ren  traversed  Holland  *•*  In  the  Foots 

H.  G.  Fiske;  "The  Dramatic  Year,  1887-'88,"  Arminius."    From  Charles  Nordhoff  \ 

by  E.  Fuller ;  and  N.  Helmer  published  "  The  "  Peninsular  California,"  and  Walter 

Actor's  Mdce-up  Book."    N.  Earle  composed  and  J.  P.  Widney  give  us  "  The  Califc 

"The  Gipsy's  Festival,  a  Musical  Entertain-  the  South."     "  Sketches  of  the  Old  Sai 

ment  for  Young  People  " ;  and  "  How  to  shade  bara  Missions  "  comes  from  K.  S.  Torrej 

Embroidered  Flowers  and  Leaves,"  as  "  Stud-  Florida  of  To- Day  "  from  James  Wood* 

ies  in  Needlework,"  by  Ellen  G.  Smith,  will  son,  and  "South  Dakota " from  Frank S 

perhaps  be  admitted  to  this  category.     The  Charles  Dudley  Warner,  in  "On  Hors 

production  of  "  Souvenirs "  and  booklets  in-  describes  a  tour  of  three  States,  and  ^ 

creased  largely  during  the  year.  Murray,  in  "  Daylight  Land,"  furnishes 

Teyages  luid  Timvds. — These  were  extensive,  and  interesting  account  of  a  iourne 

William  D.  Ho  wells  and  T.  Sergeant  Perry  Montreal  to  Vancouver  City.    A.  R.  ( 

compiled  a  "Library  of  Universal  Adventure  wrote  "Lost  in  the  Cation";  Ed  wan 

by  Sea  and  Land";  and  beginning  with  the  erts,    "Shoshone    and    other  Westen 

cradle  of  humanity,  Percival  Lowell,  author  of  ders  "  ;  Mrs.  Elizabeth  B.  Custer,  "  Tei 

"  Chos6n,"  has  given  us  a  study  of  Japan  in  the  Plains " ;  and  Buffalo  Bill  ( W.  F. 

"  The  Soul  of  the  Far  East."    William  E.  Grif-  told  the  story  of  "  The  Wild  West "  in  1 

fis  issued  a  new  edition  of  "  Corea,"  with  a  way.    "  Ranch  Life  and  the  Hunting 

chapter  on  Corea  in  1888.    The  Rev.  V.  C.  were  described  by  Theodore  Roosevelt 

Hart  described  "  Western  China,"  and  Simon  torio  Waterways  "  by  Reuben  Gold  T 

Adler  Stern  made  "  Jottings  of  Travel  in  China  and  "  Sketches  from  the  Saddle  "  wer 

and  Japan."    Mrs.  Helen  H.  Holcomb  wrote  by  John  Codman,  a  septuagenarian.  " 

"  Bits  about  India,"  and  O.  W.  Wight  told  of  mer  Cruise  on  the  Coast  of  New  Engla 

"  People  and  Countries  visited  in  a  Winding  Robert  Carter,  was  republished ;  and  ' 

Journey    around    the    World."     Vol.    II    of  P.  Stanley  tells  the   story  of   "Our 

"  Around  the  World  on  a  Bicycle,"  by  T.  Ste-  Afloat."    "  Up  the  North  Branch  "  ^ 

phens,  covered  the  distance  "  From  Teheran  to  Charles  A.  J.  Farrar,  and  "  Tenting  at 

Yokohama."    From  Mrs.  Susan  E.  Wallace  we  Beach  "  by  Maria  L.  Pool.     "  A  Wint 

have  "The  Repose  in  Egjrpt,"  as  well  as  "The  nic  "  by  J.  and  E.  Dickinson  and  S.  E 

Land  of  the  Pueblos."     The  Rev.  H.  F.  Fair-  took  place  in  the  Bahama  Islands,  anc 

banks  made  "A  Visit  to  Europe  and  the  Holy  H.  Stark  prepared  "A  Bermuda  Guid 

Land,"  which  he  viewed  with  the  eyes  of  a  "  Antique  Views  of  ye  Town  of  Boston 

Catholic  clergyman.   The  Rev.  H.  M.  Field  add-  "  Narrative  of  a  Journey  down  the  01 

ed  "Old  Spain  and  New  Spain"  and  "Gibral-  Mississippi  in  1789-'90,"  by  Maj.  S. 

tar  "  to  his  numerous  delightful  studies  of  other  man,  was  edited  with  a  memoir  and  iUu 

lands,  and  E.  P.  Thwing,  M.  D.,  wrote  on  "  Out-  notes  by  L.  C.  Draper.     "  Wrecked  on 

Door  Life  in  Europe."    Curtis  Guild  produced  dor  "  was  a  boy's  book,  by  W.  A.  J 

a  bright  book  on  "Britons  and  Muscovites,"  From  Thomas  W.  Knox  we  have  "T 

EdwinC.  Kimball  wrote  "Midnight Sunbeams,"  Travelers  in  Australasia,"  and  from  H 

of  course  seen  in  the  land  of  the  Norsemen,  Butterworth,  "  Zigzag  Journeys  in  the . 

and  from   Mr.   and   Mrs.  Joseph  Pennell  we  des." 

have    "  Our    Sentimental    Journey    through  EdicfttloiiaL — The  works  of  the  year 

France  and  Italy,"  performed  on  wheels.    The  art  of    teaching    include   "  Contributi 

enterprise  of  young  ladies  of  the  present  day  American  Educational   History,"  by  1 

is  shown  by  "  Yankee  Girls  in  Zmuland,"  by  B.  Adams ;    "  Industrial    Education 

LouiseVescelius  Sheldon;  "Two  Girls  Abroad,"  South,"  by  the  Rev.  A.  D.  Mayo;  and 

by  Nellie  M.  Carter ;  "  Three  Vassar  Girls  in  and  Methods  of  Classical  Study,"  by 

France,"   by    Elizabeth  W.  Cha^lpney;   and  Hale.     Part  I  of  "Technical    Educa 

"  Great  Grandmother's  Girls  in  New  Mexico,"  Europe,"  by  J.  Schoenhof,  treated  of  ' 

by  the  same  author.      "  Mexico  "  has  been  trial  Education  in  France,"  and  W.  H.  < 

written  about  as  "  Picturesque,  Political,  and  ter  translated  from  the  German  of  Ott 

Progressive"  by  Mary  Elizabeth  Blake  and  m on  " The  SlOjd  in  the  Service  of  the S 

Margaret  F.  Sullivan,  and  as  "  Our  Neighbor  "  "  Methods  and  Aids  in  Q^nography  "  wi 

by  J.  H.  Rice,  while  Fanny  Chambers  Gooch  the  pen  of  Charles  F.  King,  and  Clara  ( 

brings  us  "  Face  to  Face  with  the  Mexicans."  wrote  "  Topics  of  Recitation  in  Ancien 

F.    A.    Ober   chronicles   "The   Knock-about  raphy."    "The  Orbis  Pictus  of  Com 

Club  in  the  Antilles,"  and  William  Elroy  Cur-  reproduced,  is  an  imitation  of  that  first 


LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1888.  486 

^cture-book  and  first  illastration  of  object-  E.  R.  Parker,  "Mrs.  Parker's  Complete  Houso- 

^cbing.    Levi  Seelej  explained  and  illastrat-  keeper '' ;    and    Christine    Terhune    Herrick, 

«d"Grabe'sMethodof  teaching  Arithmetic";  "Housekeeping  made  Easy."     Flora  Haines 

^.  P.  Harrington  prepared  "  Helps  to  the  In-  Longhead  wrote  "  Quick  Cooking,"  and  T.  J. 

telligent  Study  of  College  Preparatory  Latin  " ;  Murrey  gave  recipes  for  and  made  remarks 

«id  Robert  Hoentz  "  Historical  Tables ;  a  Con-  upon  "  Luncheon,"  besides  writing  upon  "  Oys- 

<Iensed  Key  to  Universal  History."    Frank  H.  ters  and  Fish."    Mrs.  E.  T.  Rover  treated  of 

Poster  illustrated,  from  Church  history,  "  The  "  Hot- Weather  Dishes,"  and  H.  C.  Davidson  of 

Seminary  Methods  of  Original  Study  in  the  "  Entries  and  Table  Dainties  for  the  Epicure." 

Historical  Sciences."    *'  Our  Language,"  by  G.  M.  L.  Holbrook,  M.  D.,  in  a  work  on  "  Eating 

A  South  worth  and  B.  F.   Goddard,  dwells  for  Strength,"  furnished  500  recipes  for  whole- 

Dpon  *^  Its  Use  and  Structure  taught  by  Prac-  some  food  and  drinks.     "  How  she  did  it,  or 

tioe  and  Example,"  and  Sarah  £.  H.  Lock-  Comfort  on  $150  a  Tear,"  by  Mary  Cruger,  and 

wood's  "  Lessons  in  English  adapted  to  the  "  Molly  Bishop's  Family,"  by  Catherine  Owen, 

8tQdy  of  American  Classics  "  is  a  t«xt-book  for  deal  principally  with  housekeeping  details, 

high-schools  and  academies.     "  Arithmetic  Ex-  MisceDaMOis* — Books  not  included  in  the  clas- 

ercises  and  Examination  -  Papers "  were  ar-  sifications  before  given  may  be  briefly  en umer- 

ranged  by  H.  S.  Hall  and  S.  R.  Knight,  and  ated  as  follow :    "  Our  Fishenr  Rights  in  the 

Lamont  StilweU  published  "  Practical  Exer-  North  Atlantic,"  by  Joseph  K.  Doran ;  "  The 

daes  in  Analysis  and    Parsing."    Virgil  A.  Defenseof  the  Sea-Coast  of  the  United  States," 

Pinkley's  "Essentials  of  Elocution  and  Ora-  by  Prof.  H.  L.  Abbot;  "Patriotic  Addresses" 

tory,"  "Excellent  Quotations  for  Home  and  of  the  late  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  edited  by 

School,"  by  Julia  B.  Hoitt,  and  "  The  Patriotic  John  R.  Howard ;  and  a  "  Tabulated  Roster  of 

Header,"  by  H.  Carrington,  were  perhaps  the  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  at  Gettysburg,"  by 

most  noticeable  books  of  elocution.    "  Sugges-  James  Beale.    "  The  Lobby  and  Public  Men, 

tions  for  Gymnastic  Exercises  for   Schools  "  from  Thurlow  Weed's  Time,"  by  H.  C,  Tanner, 

were  made  by  Helen  Clark  Swazey.  was  avowedlv  an  attack  upon  the  Bribery  act 

S^rts  ud  PMtlMS.— Books  of  special  inter-  of  the  State'of  New  York ;  and  "  '89,  Edited 

est  to  sportsmen  were  "  Wild-Fowl  Shooting,"  from  the  Original  Manuscript  in  1891,"  by  Ed- 

by  William  Bruce  Leffingwell,  a  work  almost  gar  Henry,  essentially  a  sectional  production. 

Kientific,  and  "Names  and  Portraits  of  Birds  H.  S.  Rosenthal  drew  up  a  "  Manual  for  Build- 

which  inter^t  Gunners,  with  Descriptions  un-  ing  and  Loan  Associations  " ;   P.  T.  Bamum 

ierstanded  of  the  People,"  by  Gordon  Trum-  wrote  "  The  Wild  Beasts,  Birds,  and  Reptiles 

l>olL    8.  Brown  Goode  treated  the  subject  of  of  the  World,  the  Story  of  their  Capture  " ; 

^American  Fishes,"  with  special  reference  to  Helen  A.  Smith  told  "Stories  of  Persons  and 

their  habits  and  to  methods  of  captnre.    J.  Places    in   America ; "    and    Rosa   Hartwick 

Montgomery  Ward  published  "  Base  BaU ;  how  Thorpe  published  "  The  Year's  Best  Days  for 

to  become  a  Player,  with  the  Origin,  History,  Boys  and  Girls."     "  Children's  Stories  of  the 

ind  Explanation  of  the  Game  " ;  R.  M.  Hurd  Great  Scientists  "  was  a  most  instructive  and 

*A  History  of  Yale  Atiiletics  " ;  and  F.  W.  Jans-  interesting  volume  by  Henrietta  C.  Wright,  and 

len  "A  History  of  American  Amateur  Athletics  Esther  Gracie  Wheeler  wrote  "  Stray  Leaves 

uhI  Aquatics,  with  the  Records."    John  Boyle  from  Newport."     "Success  in  Speculation" 

}'ReiUy  wrote  "  The  Ethics  of  Boxing  and  was  anonymous,  as  was  also  "  American  An- 

Hanly  Sport " ;  T.  Robinson  Warren,  in  "  On  cestry."    C.  F.  Pidgin  made  a  useful  contri- 

[)eck,"  gave  "  Advice  to  a  Young  Corinthian  bution  in  "Practical  Statistics,"  and  J.  H. 

fachtsman  " ;  Howard  Patterson  issued  a  new  Cromwell  devised  a  "  System  of  Easy  Letter- 

lod  enlarged  edition  of  "  The  Yachtsman's  ing."     "  Hints  about  Men's  Dress "  were  given 

ruide,"  and  also  a  "  Canal  Guide  "  for  pleas-  by  a  New  York  Clubman,  and  "  Dress  Cutting 

ire-seekers.     "Official  Lawn-Tennis  Rules"  Out"  was  scientifically  explained  by  Mrs.  H. 

rere  drawn  up  by  the  United  States  National  GrenfeU  and  Miss  Baker  and  "  Minor  Tactics," 

^awn  Tennis  Association,  and  Valentine  G.  by  Lieut.  J.  P.  Wisser.    "  How  Men  propose " 

lall  wrote  on  "  Lawn  Tennis  in  America."  was  shown  by  Agnes  Stevens  in  a  collection  of 

I.  C.  Leeds  and  James  Dwight  laid  down  the  love-scenes  from  popular  works  of  fiction.    J. 

^Laws  of  Euchre  as  adopted  by  the  Somerset  P.  Johnston  wrote  "  Twenty  Years  of  Hus'lin  " ; 

Jlub  of  Boston,  March  1,  1888,"  and  Junius  Wallace  Peck,  "  The  Golden  Age  of  Patents  " ; 

xplained  the  intricacies  of  "  The  Game  of  H.  Liddell,  "  The  Evolution  of  a  Democrat "  ^ 

Wo-Sixty."     "Pranks  and  Pastimes"  were  and  W.  J.  Florence  "  Fables."    Other  humorous 

evised  by  Mary  J.  Jacques ;   Lucretia  Pea-  works  include :  "  The  Battle  of  the  Swash  and 

ody  Hale  collected  "  Fagots  for  the  Fireside,"  the  Capture  of  Canada,"  by  S.  Barton ;  "  Chip's 

od  L.  A-  Higgins  was  author  of  "  A  Christ-  Un-natural  History,"  by  F.  P.  W.  Bellew ;  and 

laa  Entertainment  for  Young  People  at  the  "  Nye  and  Riley's  Railway  Guide."    S.  Merrill 

lonrt  of  King  Christmas."  wrote   "  Newspaper  Libel " ;    J.  D.  Billings, 

nwiifrwftiig — About  the  usual  number  of  "  Hard  Tack  and  Coffee  " ;  and  Anna  E.  Halm, 

x>k8  on  liiia  subject  appeared  during  the  year.  "  Summer  Assembly  Days,  or  what  was  seen, 

iHie  Joy  White  published  "  Housekeepers  and  heard,  and  felt  at  the  Nebraska  Chatauqua." 

onie-Makera,  a  Housekeeping  Manual " ;  Mrs.  "  What  shaU  make  us  whole  ?  "  was  asked  by 


486      LITERATURE,  AMERICAN. 


LITERATURE,  BRITISH. 


Helen  B.  Merriman ;  ^*  Ghristian-Scienoe  Heal- 
ing *^  was  from  Frances  Lord ;  and  '*  Ruth,  the 
Christian  Scientist,  or  the  New  Hygeia,"  was 
from  the  pen  of  Rev.  John  Chester.  Henry 
Clews  wrote  "Twenty-eight  Years  in  Wall 
Street,"  and  a  New  York  Broker,  "The  Art 
of  Investing."  "  How  to  get  rich  in  the 
South  "  was  told  by  W.  U,  Harrison,  Jr.,  and 
George  W.  Walling  furnished  "  Recollections 
of  a  New  York  Chief  of  Police."  "  The  Death- 
Blow  to  Spiritufdism,"  by  Reuben  Briggs  Dav- 
enport, gave  "  The  True  Story  of  the  Fox  Sis- 
ters " ;  and  "  Physical  Proofs  of  Another  Life  " 
were  proffered  by  F.  J.  Uppit,  in  "Letters 
to  the  Seybert  Commission."  Among  books 
of  reference.  Vol.  XII  of  "  Appletons*  Annual 
Cyclopaedia"  appeared,  as  also  an  "Index" 
to  the  series  from  1876  to  1887,  inclusive;  a 
new  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Universal  Literature,"  by 
J.  B.  Alden,  reached  eleven,  and  a  "  Manifold 
Cyclopaedia,"  from  the  same  source,  twelve 
volumes;  and  the  "Library  of  American  Lit- 
erature," edited  by  Edmund  C.  Stedman  and  El- 
len Mackay  Hutchinson,  was  continued  in  four 
volumes.  William  Cushing  issued  a  second 
series  of  "Initials  and  Pseudonyms."  Ains- 
worth  R.  Spofford  compiled  "The  American 
Almanac  for  1888,"  and  Carroll  D.  Wright 
published  "  Statistics  of  Colleges."  The  tenth 
number  of  "The  Statistical  Abstract  of  the 
United  States  for  1887  "  was  issued  by  the  Bu- 
reau of  Statistics  of  the  Treasury  Department 
at  Washington.  "  Ancient  Rome  in  the  Light 
of  Recent  Discoveries,"  by  Prof.  Rodolfo  Lan- 
oiani,  containing  an  account  of  excavations 
made  by  the  Italian  Government  under  his  ob- 
servation, while  not,  properly  speaking,  an 
American  work,  nevertheless  made  its  appear- 
ance among  us,  and  owed  its  existence  largely 
to  American  resources. 

The.  following  are  the  figures  given  by  the 
"  Publishers'  Weekly,"  as  representing  the  is- 
sues of  the  year : 


CLASS. 

00 

H 

00 
00 

H 

i 

Fiction 

1,022 

8AS 

288 

487 

488 

251 

221 

175 

201 

148 

180 

171 

157 

128 

76 

26 

48 

61 

21 

874 

4S2 

418 

410 

885 

291 

280 

250 

247 

227 

197 

151 

144 

124 

56 

47 

46 

89 

18 

806 

889 

806 

298 

829 

199 

165 

148 

145 

200 

144 

95 

110 

74 

48 

44 

86 

80 

12 

66 

Theologj  and  rellirlon 

143 

Sdncwon  and  language 

Juvenile  books 

107 
112 

Law 

6 

Literary  history  and  miscellAny . 

Poetry  and  the  drama 

Fine  art  and  illustrated  books. . . 
Biography,  memoirs 

92 
115 
107 
102 

Political  and  social  science 

Description,  travel 

27 
58 

Medical  sdencef  hygiene 

History 

66 
84 

IJseftil  arts 

50 

Physiealand mathematics  science 
Humor  and  satire 

18 
8 

Sports  and  amusements 

ImmesUo  and  rural 

10 
9 

Mental  and  moral  philosophy  . . . 

6 

Totals    

4,487 

4,631 

8,520 

1,111 
8,520 

Grand  total 

4,681 

LmSinJEE,  BBITI8H,  HI  1888.  I 
dnction  in  England  increased  largely 
4,960  new  books  were  published,  an  a 
550  over  those  of  1887,  and  of  new 
there  were  1,631.  The  increase  is 
to  be  noted  in  fiction,  in  theology,  i 
etry  and  the  drama ;  though,  parti* 
the  last  instance,  there  was  no  p 
improvement  in  character.  Voyages 
els,  with  biography  and  history,  presi 
the  same  number  of  volumes  recordei 
and  the  activity  in  these  department 
during  the  Jubilee  year  appears  to  hai 
ed  its  iDfiuence  over  not  only  the  qu 
the  quality  of  the  work.  On  the  w 
few  books  of  enduring  merit  are  to  be 
from  a  single  twelvemonth,  and  the 
doubt  to  be  found  amid  the  multi 
serve  the  purpose  of  their  issue. 

fine  Arte. — Foremost  among  wor 
subject  of  art  are  to  be  mentioned  ^' 
tion  in  Ijandscape  Painting,"  by  Phil 
Hamerton,  and  a  "Popular  Handbo< 
National  Gallery,"  prepared  by  E.  T 
which  a  preface  was  furnished  by  Job 
W.  W.  May  wrote  on  "  Marine  Painti 
Dilke  on  "Art  in  the  Modern  St 
Wilfrid  Meynell  on  "  Modem  Art  anc 
Margaret  Stokes  made  a  study  c 
Christian  Art  in  Ireland,"  and  £. 
"  The  Seven  Periods  of  English  Arcl 
"  Our  Recent  Actors,"  by  Westland 
and  "  The  Prima  Donna,  Her  Historj 
roundings  from  the  Seventeenth  to 
teenth  Century,"  by  H.  Sutherland 
are  the  leading  works  relating  to  the 
music  we  have  a  "  Manual  of  Orohe 
by  H.  Clarke.  Among  illustrated  y 
most  prominent  are  "  Sketches  of  N 
ian  Folk,"  from  Randolph  Oaldeoott 
ited  edition,  with  text  by  Mrs.  Com 
"Pictures  of  East- Anglian  Life," 
gravure  and  small  drawings,  descri 
by  P.  H.  Emerson ;  and  "  The  Pied 
Hamelin,"  by  Kate  Greenaway. 

Hi8t(N7. — An  event  of  the  literary 
the  completion,  in  two  volumes  (V  ai 
"  The  Invasion  of  the  Crimea,"  by  . 
William  Einglake,  bringing  the  narrat 
as  set  forth  in  the  full  title,  to  tiie 
Lord  Raglan.  Another  important  ' 
also  finished  in  "  A  History  of  Eng 
nod  IV,"  by  the  Rev.  J.  F.  Bright 
Centuries  of  Irish  History,  1691-18^ 
edited  by  James  Bryce,  whose  " 
Commonwealth  "  at  last  appeared  ii 
ing  days  of  the  year.  H.  W.  Dulcl 
"  A  Popular  History  of  England,  fror 
liest  Period  to  the  Jubilee  of  Victoi 
and  Empress,  1887,"  and  from  J.  A. 
have  "  The  Puritan  Colonies."  "  A  J 
Scotland,"  chiefly  in  its  ecclesiastic 
was  written  by  M.  G.  J.  Einloch.  H 
published  a  revised  edition  of  her 
famous  "  Short  History  of  the  Englisi 
with  an  interesting  and  valuable  intr 


LITERATURE,  BRITISH,  IN  1888.  487 

Jter  Besant's  "Fifty  Yeare  Ago,"  gave  sity  in  1886.  J.  P.  Mahaffy  published  "Greek 
do  picture  of  life  and  times  at  the  date  Life  and  Thought,  from  Alexander  to  the  Ro- 
accession  of  Victoria.  "  Fifty  Years  of  man  Conquest,"  and  also  "  The  Principles  of 
an  History,"  by  Edward  A.  Freeman,  the  Art  of  Conversation";  and  from  Max  Mtd- 
'' Teutonic  Conquests  in  Gaul."  F.  A.  ler  we  have  *^  Biographies  of  Words,  and  the 
t  wrote  "  Henry  VIII  and  the  English  Home  of  the  Aryas."  S.  Kydd  wrote  "  A 
eries,"  and  the  Rev.  A.  Jessopp  ^^  The  Sketch  of  the  Growth  of  Public  Opinion,"  and 
;  of  the  Friars  and  other  Historic  £s-  Elliot  Stock  ^*  How  to  write  the  History  of  a 
^*  The  Last  of  the  Valois  and  Accession  Family."  J.  M.  Barrie  told  "  Auld  Licht 
py  of  Navarre,"  by  Catharine  Charlotte  Idylls,"  Lady  Wilde  "  Ancient  Legends  of 
Fackson),  and  ^*  The  Bastille,"  by  Capt.  Ireland,"  and  "  Coaching  Days  and  Coaching 
IJiam,  were  studies  in  French  history.  Ways "  were  commemorated  by  W,  O.  Tris- 
V.  H.  D.  Adams  we  have  "  The  Makers  tram.  ■  From  Mrs.  Oliphant  came  "  The  Makers 
ish  India  ^ ;  from  Col.  G.  B.  Matheson,  of  Venice,"  a  companion-piece  to  "  The  Makers 
ive  Battles  of  India,  1746-1849  ";  and  of  Florence."  G.  Maspero  wrote  on  *^  Egyptian 
Ohapters  of  Irish  History  "  were  written  Archaeology" ;  and  from  A.  E.  Waite  we  have 
Dunbar  Ingram.  R.  Hassencamp  also  ^'  The  Real  History  of  the  Rosicrucians "  and 
ed  "  The  History  of  Ireland,  from  the  "  Lives  of  Alchemistical  Philosophers."  "  Stud- 
ition  to  the  Union."  To  history  prop-  ies  of  the  Holy  Grail,"  with  reference  to  the 
long:  "  Hildebrand  and  his  Times,"  by  hypothesis  of  their  Celtic  ori^n,  were  made 
W.  Stephens ;  "  Simon  de  Montford  and  by  Alfred  Nutt.  J.  T.  Davidson  published 
luse,"  by  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Button;  " Sure  to  Succeed  " ;  and  Samuel  Smiles,  " Life 
gbow^s  Conquest  of  Ireland,"  by  F.  P.  and  Labor,"  a  book  somewhat  on  the  same 
d ;  and,  in  the  *'  Twelve  English  States-  lines.  E.  J.  Hardy,  late  chaplain  of  Her  Majes- 
ries,"  "  William  the  Conqueror,"  by  Ed-  ty's  forces,  and  author  of  "  How  to  be  happy 
k.  Freeman;  "Oliver  Cromwell,"  by  F.  though  married,"  produced  "The  Five  Talents 
in;  "William  HI,"  by  H.  D.  Traill;  of  Woman."  "The  Book  of  Noodles,"  by  W. 
f  II,"  by  Mrs.  J.  R.  Green;  and  "Car-  H.  Clouston,  gave  the  history  of  "Fools  and 
^olsey,"  by  M.  Creighton.  G.  M.  Theal  their  Follies  "  in  all  times  and  lands. 
i  "  History  of  South  Africa,  1486-1691,"  nograpliy.— The  leading  work  of  this  charao- 
he  Story  of  the  Nations  Series  "contains:  ter  produced  during  the  year,  and  indeed  one 
Story  of  Turkey,"  by  Stanley  Lane-  of  the  best  that  have  appeared  in  some  time, 
assbted  by  E.  J.  W.  Gibb  and  Arthur  is  a  "Life  of  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Forster,'* 
1  (the  latter  an  American);  "The  Story  by  T.  Wemyss  Reid,  which  won  earnest  com- 
land,"  by  J.  E.  Thorold  Rogers ;  "The  mendation  from  high  authorities.  FromArchi- 
of  MedisBval  France,"  by  G.  Masson ;  bald  Forbes,  the  great  war  correspondent,  we 
Story  of  Media,  Babylon,  and  Persia,"  have  a  "  Biography  of  the  late  William  I  of 
laide  A.  Ragozin;  "The  St#ry  of  the  Germany,"  and  from  G.  Barnett  Smith  "  WiU- 
'  by  Henry  Bradley ;  and  "  The  Story  iam  I,"  while  "  Frederick,  Crown  Prince  and 
md,"  by  Hon.  Emily  Lawless.  "  Impe-  Emperor,"  was  the  subject  of  a  sketch  by  Ren- 
irmany  "  was  from  the  pen  of  Sidney  nell  Rodd.  "  What  I  remember  "  was  told  by 
an,  and  "  The  Fall  of  New  France  "  T.  A.  Trollope,  a  brother  of  the  novelist,  and 
lat  of  G.  E.  Hart.  To  Epochs  of  Church  proved  to  be  much  delightful  literary  gossip, 
f  were  added :  "  The  English  Church  of  more  of  which  was  supplied  by  the  "  Further 
ddle  Ages,"  by  William  Hunt;  "The  Reminiscences"  of  W.  P.  Frith.-  "The  Early 
and  the  Hohenstaufen,"  by  Ugo  Bal-  Life  of  Samuel  Rogers,"  by  P.  W.  Clayden, 
kud  "  The  History  of  the  University  of  covers  a  rich  period  of  £ngland*s  social,  politi- 
idge,"  by  J.  Bass  MuUlnger.  Vol.  I  cal,  and  literary  life,  and  contains  valuable 
New  English  Dictionary  on  Historical  correspondence,  and  "John  Francis  and  the 
ties,"  edited  by  J.  A.  H.  Murray,  was  Atheneeum,"  by  J.  C.  Francis,  is  an  interest- 
ted  by  the  issue  of  Part  IV.  ing  record  of  a  literary  career  of  fifty  years, 
k— To  this  class  strictly  belong:  "Es-  "Princetoniana;  Charles  and  A.  A.  Hodge," 
Criticism :  Second  Series,"  by  Matthew  by  a  Scottish  Princetonian,  Rev.  C.  A.  Sal- 
;  "Essays  on  some  of  the  Modem  mond,  is  of  special  interest  to  Americans  as 
of  English  Thought  in  Matters  of  the  first  attempt  at  biography  of  the  younger 
by  Richard  H.  Button ;  "  Essays  Chief-  Hodge ;  and  it  is  a  striking  fact  that  the  "  Life 
•oetry,"  by  A.  DeVere;  "Ignorant  Es-  of  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,"  by  Richard  Gar- 
t)y  R.  Dowling;  and  fugitive  essays  of  nett,  in  "The  Great  Writer  Series,"  has  been 
Oowden,  collected  under  the  title  of  pronounced  "the  soundest  biographical  work 
icripts  and  Studies."  "Roman  Mosa-  on  Emerson  yet  written."  Other  " Lives "  in 
ere  "  Studies  in  Rome  and  its  Neighbor-  the  same  series,  which  is  edited  by  Prof.  Eric  S. 
by  Hugh  McMillan,  D.  D.  Rev.  Robert  Robertson,  are  "Adam  Smith  "  by  R.  B.  Hal- 
Tote  on  "  Roman  laterature  in  Relation  dane,  "  Oliver  Goldsmith  "  by  Austin  Dobson, 
an  Art " ;  and  "  Society  in  Rome  under  "  Robert  Burns  "  by  John  Stuart  Blackie,  and 
Bsars,"  by  W.  R.  Inge,  in  its  first  essay  "  William  Congreve  "  by  Edmund  Gosse.  Vol. 
ok  the  Hare  prize  at  Cambridge  Univer-  II  of  "  English  Writers,"  by  Henry  Morley, 


488  LITERATURE,  BRITISH,  IN  1888. 

covers  the  period   ^'  From  CeBdmon   to  the  F.  Haeflfer.    In  the  philosophical  classics  sp- 

Conquest,"  and  Vol.    Ill   "From  the  Con-  peared  "Francis  Bacon/' by  John  Nichol,  and 

quest  to  Chancer."    J.  Ross   wrote  **  Three  "Spinoza,"  by  John  Caird;  the  latter,  howe?er, 

Generations  of  English  Women,''  and  in  "The  is  rather  a  discussion  of  the  "Ethics"  of  that 

Famous  Women  Series  "  we  have  "  Elizabeth  author  than  a  life.     "  Elizabeth  Gilbert  and  her 

Barrett  Browning,"  by  John  H.  Ingram,  the  Work  for  the  Blind "  was  told  by  F.  Martin, 

first  biography  of  the  poetess,  and  "Hannah  and  "The  Fatal  Illness  of  Frederick  the  Noble/' 

More,"  by  Charlotte  M.  Yonge.    Adelaide  Ris-  by  Sir  Morell  Mackenzie,  was  the  reply  to  the 

tori  published  "Studies  and  Memoirs,  an  Auto-  report  of  the  German  doctors.     Vol.  XVII  of 

biography  "  :    and  "  Reminiscences  of  J.  L.  the  "  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,"  edit- 

Toole,  the  Comedian,"  were  told  by  himself  ed  by  Leslie  Stephen,  was  reach^ 

and  chronicled  by  Joseph  Hatton.     '*  The  Life  PMtry. — Robert  Browning  made  no  coDtri- 

and  Adventures  of  Edmund  Kean  "  were  de-  bution  to  the  poetry  of  1888,  but  a  popular  edi- 

tailed  by  J.  Fitzgerald  Molloy.    C.  R.  Mark-  tion  of  his  works  was  begun,  showing  the  io- 

ham  wrote  "The  Fighting  Veres :  Lives  of  Sir  creasing  interest  that  his  genius  has  steadily 

Francis  Vere  and  Sir  Horace  Vere,"  Stanley  excited.    The  "Complete  Poetical  Works " of 

Lane-Poole  "A  Life  of  the  Right  Honorable  William  Wordsworth,  including  a  hitherto  on- 

Stratford  Canning,"  and  T.  A.  Nash  a  "  Life  of  published  poem  entitled  "  The  Recluse,"  which 

Richard,  Lord  Westbury,  Lord  High  Chancellor  was  also  published  separately,  were  edited  with 

of  England."    ^^The  International  Statesmen  an  introduction  by  John  Morley,  and  ^^Glen 

Series  "  contain :  "  Lord  Beaconsfield  "  by  T.  E.  Desseray,  and  other  Poems,  Lyric  and  Elegiac" 

Kebble,  "  Prince  Metternich  "  by  G.  B.  Malle-  of  the  late  Principal  Shairp,  by  his  successor  in 

son,  and  "  Lord  Palmerston  "  by  Lloyd  C.  San-  the  Oxford  chair  of  Poetry,  Prof.  Palgrave. 

ders.     "  Daniell  O'Connell "  was  written  by  J.  "  The  Marriage  of  Shadows  and  other  Poems," 

A.   Hamilton,   and  "The  Correspondence  of  by  Margaret  Veley,  were  also  posthumonsly 

Daniel  O'Connell,  the  Liberator,"  was  edited  published  and  warmly  received.    Edwin  Ar- 

by  W.  J.  Fitzpatrick.    W.  Dillon  was  the  an-  nold  wrote  "With  Sa'di  in  the  Garden,"  in  part 

thor  of  a  "  Life  of  John  Mitchell."    Dean  Bur-  a  translation  from  the  Persian  poet,  and  thor- 

gon  wrote  "Lives  of  Twelve  Good  Men,"  who  oughly  Oriental,  and  "Lotus  and  Jewel"  From 

were    influential    though    comparatively   un-  Robert  Buchanan  we  have  "  The  City  of  Dream, 

known ;  and  "  Christopher  Wordsworth,  Bishop  an  Epic."    Andrew  Lang  wrote  "The  Gold 

of  Lincoln"  was  the  joint  work  of  Canon  Over-  of  Faimilee"  and  "Grass  of  Parnassus";  W.E. 

ton  and  Miss   Elizabeth   Wordsworth.     The  Henley, "  A  Book  of  Verses,"  all  of  which  poa- 

"Life  of  Bishop  Golenso"  was  written  by  the  sessed  merit,  and  other  authors  who  attained 

Rev.  Sir  G.  W.  Cox,  and  "Richard  Chenevix  some  prominence  were  May  Kendall  in  "Dreams 

Trench,  Archbishop,"  is  the  title  of  a  volume  to  sell,"  E.  Nesbit  in  "Leaves  of  Life," and  R. 

of  letters  and  memorials.    The  " Correspond-  St.  John  Tyrwhitt  in   "Free-Field  Lyrics." 

ence  of  Sir  Henry  Taylor"  was   edited  by  Miss  A.  M.  F.  Robinson  wrote  "Songs,  Bal- 

Edward  Dowden,  "  The  Letters  from  and  to  lads,  and  a  Garden  Play,"  and  Rennell  Rodd, 

Charles  Kirkpatrick  Sharpe  "  by  A.  Allardyce,  "The  Unknown  Madonna  and  other  Poems." 

and  other  valuable  "Letters"  were  those  of  The  chief  collections  of  merit  are:   "More 

"  General  C.  G.  Gordon  to  his  Sister,"  and  from  Lyrics  from  the  Song-Books  of  the  Elizabethan 

"  Dorothy  Osborne  to  Sir  William  Temple,"  Age,"  by  A.  H.  Bullen ;  "  The  Music  of  the 

the   story  of  a  seven  years'  courtship.    Mrs.  Waters,"  a  collection  of  sailor  songs,  by  Laura 

Oliphant  wrote  "The  Life  of  Principal  Tul-  Smith;  and  "In  Praise  of  Ale,"  a  specimen  of 

loch";   W.  Knight,  "John  Campbell   Shairp  curious  research  by  W.  T.  Marchant.    Plavsof 

and  his  Friends";  Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  a  the  old  English  dramatists  were  edited  in  "The 

"Memoir  of  Fleeming  Jenkin,"  which  accom-  Mermaid  Series." 

panied  "Papers  Literary,  Scientific,  etc.,"  of  FIcUm.  —  Mrs.   Humphry  Ward    (a   grand- 

that  professor,  edited  by  S.  Colvin  and  J.  A.  daughter  of  Dr.  Arnold,  of  Rugby)  has  the 

Ewing ;  and  Walter  Besant,  "  The  Eulogy  of  credit  of  producing  in  "  Robert  Elsmere  "  the 

Richard  Jefferies."     "  Monarchs  I  have  met "  most  widely  read  and  variously  discussed  novel 

is  the  title  of  a  book  by  W.  Beatty  Kingston,  of  recent  years,  the  circulation  of  which  in 

and  "Life  in  the  Confederate  Army"  was  America  has  reached  nearly  150,000  copies, 

described  by   W.   Watson    from    experience.  "A  Counsel  of  Perfection,"  by  Lucas  Malet 

"  Reminiscences  of  W.  Rogers,"  by  R.  W.  Had-  (Mrs.  Harrison),  ranks  perhaps  next  in  power, 

den,  appeared,  as  did  the  "  Recollections  "  of  The  work  done  by  familiar  authors  was  of  the 

Dr.  Westland  Marston.    "  Robert  Southey,  the  usual  average.     William  Black  wrote  "  In  Far 

Story  of  his  Life  written  in  his  Letters  "  was  Lochaber  "  and  "  The  Strange  Adventures  of  a 

edited  by  John  Dennis,  and  "  The  Letters  of  House-boat " ;    Walter  Besant,   "  Herr  Paul- 

Charles  Lamb  "  were  newly  arranged  by  Canon  us  "  and  "  The  Inner  House,"  both  oc^'ult ;  and 

Ainger,  with  additions.    "  Emin  Pasha  in  Cen-  George  MacDonald,  "  The  Elect  Lady."   W.  E. 

tral  Africa:  a  Collection  of  his  Letters  and  Nor  ris  wrote  "  Chris  "  and  "The  Rogue";  J. 

Journals,"  was  translated  from  the  German  by  H.  Shorthouse,  "  The  Countess  Eve  "  and  "  A 

Mrs.  R.  W.  Felkin,  and  "The  Correspondence  Teacher  of  the  Violin  and  other  Tales";  and 

between  Liszt  and  Wagner,  1841-1861,"  by  Dr.  Thomas  Hardy,  "  Wessex  Tales."   From  Grant 


UraRATURE,  BRITISH,  IN  1888.  489 

fiD  we  have  **  This  Mortal  Ooil ''  and  "  The  stadied  "  Republican  Institutions  in  the  United 
vil's  Die " ;  from  Frank  Barrett,  "  A  Recoil-  States "  for  the  benefit  of  his  countrymen. 
:  Vengeance  "  and  "  The  Admirable  Lady  "  B.  0. 1887,  a  Ramble  in  British  Columbia," 
idy  Fane " ;  and  from  G.  Mannville  Fenn,  was  made  by  J.  A.  Lees  and  W.  J.  Clutter- 
)ne  Maid's  Mischief,"  ^'  The  Story  of  Antho-  buck ;  and  stndies  nearer  home  include :  ^^  Irish 
Grace,"  and  "  Dick  o'  the  Fens."  H,  Rider  Pictures,"  by  R.  Lovett ;  "  A  Season  in  Suth- 
ig^d^s  three  stories,  "  Mr.  Meeson^s  Will."  erland,"  by  J.  E.  Edwards  Moss ;  "  Old  Chel- 
iKiiwa^s  Revenge,"  and  "  Colonel  Quaritcn,  sea,"  by  B.  Ellis  Martin ;  and  **  De  Omnibus 
C,"  achieved  nothing  of  the  popularity  en-  Rebus,"  by  the  author  of  "  Flemish  Interiors." 
'ed  by  "  She,"  but  were  nevertheless  widely  "Historic  Towns,"  edited  by  Edward  A.  Free- 
id.  Mrs.  Oliphant  produced  **  The  Second  man  and  the  Rev.  W.  Hunt,  reached  "  Colches- 
Q"and  "Joyce";  Mrs.  Louisa  Parr,  "Loy-  ter"  in  the  sixth  series;  and  "The  BrontS 
y  George";  and  Jessie  Fothergill,  "The  Country  "  was  made  the  object  of  special  study 
Bses  of  Leverhouse"  and  "From  Moor  Isles."  byJ.  A.  E.  Stuart.  "England  as  she  seems, 
nes  Payn  wrote  "The  Eavesdropper"  and  being  Selections  from  the  Notes  of  an  Arab 
lie  Mystery  of  Mirbridge";  Mrs.  Alexander,  Hadji,"  though  constructed  on  an  old  and 
i  Life  Interest"  and  "Mona's  Choice";  somewhat  trite  idea,  was  a  clever  sketch  by 
sa  N.  Carey,  "  Only  a  Governess  "  and  Edwin  L.  Arnold,  son  of  the  poet,  of  his  native 
Lnnt  Diana  " ;  and  Miss  Braddon,  "  The  country  under  a  disguise. 
Ud  Three."  Two  anonymous  works  of  un-  Physical,  Moral,  and  IiteDedial  Sdencc.  —  Of 
lal  interest  were  "  Fraternity  "  and  "  No-  the  scientific  works  issued  during  the  year,  to 
ly  knows,"  and  three  of  The  Duchess  were  physical  science  belong:  "The  Story  of  Crea- 
eived  by  her  admirers,  "  Marvel,"  "  Under-  tion,"  by  Edward  Clodd  ;  "  The  Building  of  the 
Tents,"  and  "  The  Hon.  Mrs.  Vereker."  British  Isles,  a  Study  in  Geographical  Evolu- 
'he  Happy  Prince  and  other  Tales,"  by  Oscar  tion,"  by  A.  J.  Jukes;  and  an  "Introduction 
Ide,  were  handsomely  illustnited.  to  a  Historical  Geography  of  the  British  Colo- 
FoyagCB  aiul  Travels. — Much  of  the  work  in  nies,"  by  G.  B.  Lucas.  In  the  "  International 
8  class  was  excellent.  "  The  Early  Advent-  Scientific  Series  "  Sir  John  Lubbock  wrote  "  On 
»  of  Sir  Henry  Layard  in  Persia "  were  the  Senses,  Instincts,  and  Intelligence  of  Ani- 
ren  to  the  world  for  the  first  time,  and  mals";  Sir  J.  W.  Dawson,  "  A  Geographical 
Dved  exciting  and  full  of  interest.  Henry  History  of  Plants  " ;  the  Rev.  George  Henslow, 
tun mond  wrote  on  "Tropical  Africa";  and  "The  Origin  of  Floral  Structures  through  In- 
Incwadi  Yami "  was  the  record  of  twenty  sects  and  other  Agencies " ;  and  the  Hon, 
are'  experience  of  Dr.  J.  "W.  Matthews  in  the  Ralph  Abercrombie,  "  The  Weather."  Part 
)Qthem  part  of  that  continent.  "India,  Pic-  XVI  of  the  "  Coleoptera  of  the  British  Isles," 
trial  and  Descriptive,"  was  anonymous.  H.  E.  by  Canon  Fowler,  was  reached ;  and  W.  Sways- 
1  James  described  "  The  Long  White  Mount-  land,  "  Familiar  Wild  Birds  " ;  "  The  Severn 
n,  or  a  Journey  in  Manchuria  " ;  0.  M.  Tunnel,  its  Construction  and  Difficulties,  1872- 
OQghty,  "Travels  in  Arabia  Deserta";  and  1887,"  was  described  by  T.  A.  Walker;  and 
f.  R.  Carles,  "  Life  in  Corea."  "  Picturesone  "  Marvels  under  our  Feet,"  by  G.  Hartwig. 
ew  Guinea "  was  from  the  pen  of  J.  W.  "  The  Economic  Interpretation  of  History " 
indt,  Capt.  J.  Strachan  published  "  Explora-  was  considered  by  J.  E.  Thorold  Rogers,  in  a 
ODs  and  Adventures  in  New  Guinea,"  and  series  of  lectures ;  and  "  A  History  of  Political 
le  Rev.  S.  MacFarlane  "  Among  the  Canni-  Economy,"  J.  K.  Ingram,  was  reprinted  in 
ikof  New  Guinea."  W.  B.  Churchward  was  book-form,  having  been  first  published  in  the 
le  author  of  "  Blackbirding  in  the  South  Pa-  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  " ;  W.  J.  Ashley 
fie,"  and  James  Inglis  of  "  Tent-Life  in  Tiger  wrote  an  "  Introduction  to  Economic  History 
Uid."  A  most  fascinating  book  is  that  of  and  Theory  " ;  Wilfiid  Richmond,  "  Christian 
IS.  Emily  de  Laszowska  Gerard,  "  The  Land  Economics  " ;  and  L.  L.  F.  R.  Price,  "  Industrial 
8yond  the  Forest"  (Transylvania).  W.  S.  Peace."  "Guilds,  their  Origin,  Constitution, 
aine  wrote  "  A  Trip  Around  the  World  in  Objects,  and  Later  History,"  were  treated  by 
»7-'8,"  and  James  A.  Froude,  "  The  English  the  late  Cornelius  Walford ;  and  "  London  Gov- 
I  the  West  Indies,"  mingling  the  discussion  of  ernment  under  the  Local  Government  Act, 
)litical  questions  with  much  pleasant  reading.  1888,"  by  J.  F.  B.  Firth  and  E.  R.  Simpson. 
The  LMid  of  the  Pink  Pearl  "  is  the  title  be-  A  "Handbook  to  the  Land-Charters  and  other 
owed  by  L.  D.  Powles  on  the  Bahama  Isl-  Saxonio  Documents "  was  drawn  up  by  J. 
ids,  which  were  also  visited,  as  well  as  nu-  Earle ;  and  W.  Easterly  wrote  a  "  History  of 
crons  other  places,  by  J.  J.  Aubertin  in  "  A  the  Law  of  Tithes."  "  Tariffs  and  Trade  of  the 
ight  with  Distances."  Count  Gleichen  went  British  Enjpire "  were  discussed  by  Sir  R, 
tith  the  Camel  Corps  up  the  Nile,"  and  Rawson;  "  Capital  and  Wages,"  by  F.  Min ton ; 
wc  Tavlor  published  "Leaves  from  an  Egyp-  and  a  "History  and  Criticism  of  Wages"  was 
in  Note-Book."  A.  J.  0.  Hare  wrote  "  Walks  furnished  by  W.  D.  McDonnell.  J.  H.  de  Ricci 
Paris "  and  "  Days  in  and  near  Paris."  Har-  wrote  on  "  The  Fisheries  Dispute."  "  The 
[  firyd^es  gave  his  impressions  of  "  Uncle  Morality  of  Nations,"  by  H.  Taylor,  was  a 
n  at  Home."  J.  0.  Firth  was  "  A  New-  "  A  Study  on  the  Evolution  of  Ethics." 
dander  in  America,"  and  D.  J.  Bannatyne  "  Tempted  London :    Young  Men,"  was  the 


490         LITERATURE,  BRITISH.  LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL. 

title  of  a  collected  series  of  papers,  which,  first  "  International  Education   Series ''  we  ht 

published  in  the  "  British  Weekly,"  excited  "  Memory,"    by    David    Kay.     "  The   Sec 

noiversal  comment  from  the  pulpits  of  the  Doctrine,"  by    Madame   Blavatsky,  was 

United  Kingdom.    "  Savage  London :  Lights  forth  in  two  volumes, 
and  Shadows  of  Riverside  Characters,"  was        During  the  year  the  *'  Encyclopaedia  Briti 

from  the  pen  of  H.  King.     ^^The  Fleet,  its  nica,"  of  which  the  first  volume  appeared 

River,  Prison,  and  Marriages,"  was  the  subiect  1875,  was  completed,  as  was  also  *^  Ousd 

of  a  similar  study  by  John  Ashton ;  and  '^  The  EncyclopsBdic  Dictionary  " ;  and  a  revised  a 

Chronicles  of  Bow-Street  Police  Court "  were  enlarged  edition  of  ^'  Ohambers^s  Encyclop 

opened  by  Percy  Fitzgerald.     The  "  Circuit  dia  "  was  begun,  of  which  Vols.  I  and  II  w< 

Journeys,"  of  Lord  Cockbum,  also  belong  to  issued.     '^Cassell^s    Miniature    C^dopflsdii 

this  class.    G.  Dawson  wrote  on  "  German  convenient  for  very  brief  reference,  was  co 

Socialism  " ;  and  the  last  socialistic  effort  of  piled  by  W.  Laird  Clowes. 
William  Morris  was  entitled  *^  A  Dream  of  John        The  summary  of  British  books  issued  dari 

Bull  and  a  King^s  Lesson,"  with  a  frontispiece  the  year  is  as  follows : 
by  E.  Burne-Jones.    On  the  subject  of  Ireland 


we  have  ^^  Gladstone  and  the  Great  Irish  Strug-  CLAssmcATiON. 

gle,"  by  T.  P.  O'Conner  and  Robert  McWade ; 


V0m 


TiS 
680 
857 
9» 

115 
111 
1S4 

877 
168 
894 

m 

166 


507 


4,960 


9« 


li 


"Ireland's  Cause   in  England's  Parliament,"    |5<»i?!P^' •«™»«»^ ww»^ etc. 

byJustin  McCarthy,  for  Americans;  "Ireland,  fS^r&S?{;i^.!^^^ 

the  Causes  of  its  Present  Condition,"  by  Earl    Noreu,  tales,  and  other  fictkm 

Grey;  "  Ireland,  Part  II,"  by  C.  S.  Ward  ;  and  fe7;iM?*2SS3'^n«mV«d-^W^" 

Lln^     xvi?  1  M*  2     •       jf  1\.     a  t.4.1           J.    1?  T  roatlCBl  Bna  Bocial  economy  and  oommeroe. . . 

a  ^'  Truthful  HlStone  of  the  Settlement  of  Ire-     Arta,  soiencee,  and  iUuatnted  works 

land  by  Cromwell,"  by  Ethne.      "Facts  about     Joy«ges,traTels, geographical  research 

Ireland"  were  told  by  A.  B.  MacdowaU;  and  P^^j^JdlK^dS^^ 

"  Irish  Union,  before  and  after  "  was  written     Year-books  and  serials  in  volumes 

^Jr^\  ^.^l""'!!-    STCharles  Dilke  reviewed  tli^^i^^^l^i^iiiii^ii^-^::::- 

"  The    British    Army "    in    an    unsatisfactory  MlsoeUaneoas,  indndlng  pamphlets,  not  ser- 

mood;  and  Col.  Maurice  replied  in"TheBal-       °*<>°* 

ance  of  Military  Power  in  Europe."  W.T.  Stead         Totals 

advanced   ^'The  Truth  about  Russia";    and 

Stepniak  treated*^  The  Russian  Peasantry,  their  Grand  total 

Agrarian  Condition,  Social  Life,  and  Religion."    — 

^'  Educational  Ends,  or  the  Idea  of  Personal  UTEKATIIRE,  CONTINEHTiL,   IN   1888.    ( 

Development,"  were  dwelt  upon  by  Sophie  the  whole,  notwithstanding  various  disturb!] 

Brydges,  and  Laurence  Oliphant,  who  died  last  causes,  continental  literature  about  held  : 

year,  wrote  on  "  Scientific  Religion,  or  Higher  own  during  the  year.    Authors  and  publisiM 

Possibilities  of  Life  and  Practice  through  the  have  found  occupation  and  profit  in  their  tm 

Operation  of  Natural  Forces."    "  The  Religion  tions,  and  have  not  been  disappointed  with  t 

of  Humanity  "  was  the  subject  of  an  address  results.    Following  our  usual  plan,  we  give  t 

by  A.  J.  Balfour  before  the  Church  Congress  at  record  in  the  alphabetical  order  of  couDtii 

Manchester,  and  Karl  Pearson  discussed  "  The  on  the  Continent  of  Europe. 

Ethics  of  Free  Thought."    The  Hibbert  Lect-  Bdglnk — Historical  research  has  been  pra 

ures  for  1888,  delivered  by  John  Rhys^  were  cuted  with  spirit  and  industry.    M.  Nam^ 

on  "The  Origin  and  Growth  of  Religion  as  of  the  University  of  Louvain,  has  publisb 

illustrated  by  Celtic  Heathendom,"  and  Dr.  J.  three  new  volumes  (nineteenth,  twentieth,  a 

W.  Taylor  wrote  on  "  Scotland's  Strength  in  twenty-first)  of  his  "  Cours  d^Histoire  Natic 

the  Past  and  Scotland's  Hope  in  the  Future."  ale,"  comprising  the  last  years  of  the  reign 

James  Martineau  made  *^  A  Study  of  Religion,"  Philip  II  in  the  Netherlands,  and  the  open! 

and  A.  Jukes  of  ^'  The  Names  of  God  in  Holy  years  of  Albert  and  Isabella.    The  lean 

Scriptures."    From  E.  M.  Goulbum  we  have  Bollandists  are  steadily  working  on  the  "  A< 

"  Three    Counsels    of   the    Divine    Master."  Sanctorum,"  which  serves  as  an  offset  to 

Canon  Farrar,  with  others,  wrote  on  "  Non-  Vander  Haeghen's  "  Protestant  Martyrolo 

Biblical  Systems  of  Religion,"  and,  alone,  pub-  during  the  Sixteenth  Century  "  (noted  last  jea 

lished  sermons  on  "  Every-Day  Christian  Life."  M.  Daris  has  supplied  a  "  History  of  the  Pri 

Dr.  G.  Matheson,  with  others,  discoursed  on  cipality  and  Diocese  of  Li^e  to  the  Fifteen 

**  Christianity  and  Evolution,"  and  the  Rev.  C.  Century,"  and  M.  H.  Lonchay  has  dealt  witl 

H.  Spurgeon  gave  us  ^^  The  Check-Book  of  the  portion  of  the  same  subject  in  a  volume  tl 

Bank  of  Faith."    Six  volumes  of  the  "  Exposi-  was  crowned  by  the  Royal  Academy  of  Br 

tor's  Bible  "  appeared,  Vol.  I  of  the  "  Sermon  sels.    M.  A.  Wauters  famishes  another  vdw 

Bible,"  and  three  additional  volumes  of  the  of  his  ^^  Ancient  and  Modern  Belgium."    C 

^^People^s  Bible,"  by  Joseph  Parker,  D.  D.  lections  of  important  documents  have  b< 

Spence,  Exell,  and  Neil^s  '*  Thirty  Thousand  brought  out,  for  the  period  between  1670  i 

Thoughts"  were  completed  in  the  sixth  vol-  1760,  by  Baron deLettenhove,  M.  Oh.  Piot,i 

ume.     "  Kant's  Critical  Philosophy,"  Vol.  Ill,  M.  de  Mameffe.     The  great  work  of  M.  < 

by  John  P.  Mahaffy,  was  issued,  and  in  the  Moeller,  of  the  University  of  Louvain,  "Tn 


LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1888.  491 

dee  £tade8  Historiqnea,^'  has  been  revised  and  '*  The    Struggle   for   Agricaltnral    Reforms, 
brought  oat  by  his  son,  in  parts,  and  is  an  ad-  1773-^91,"  is  prominent ;  and  Jdrgensen's  col- 
mirable  guide  for  those  who  wi^  to  study  his-  lection  of  memorials  and  documents,  J.  Steen- 
tory  on  sure  and  sound  principles.    A  Mono-  strup's  "  The  Danish  Peasant  and  Liberty,*' 
graph  on  TiUj  and  the  Thirty  Years*  War,  from  and  Fredericia's  ''  The  Liberation  of  the  Danish 
1618-*d2,  has  been  written  by  Count  de  Viller-  Peasant,"  are  well  worth  consulting.    In  gen- 
mont,  and  M.  Ch.  Woeste  has  given  the  views  eral  and  political  history  there  is  hardly  any- 
of  a  Roman  Catholic  on  the  History  of  the  Cul-  thing  worth  mentioning.    In  literary  history 
tarkampf  in  Switzerland,  1871-*86.    A  num-  the  first  volume  of  J.  Paludan's  ^^  Renaissence 
ber  of  interesting  volumes  on  '^  Belgic  Congo,"  of  the  Literature  of  Denmark  "  has  appeared ; 
and  kindred  topics  in  regard  to  African  rela-  also,  a  small  volume  by  R.  Schroder,  entitled 
tions,  have  attracted  much  attention.    Several  ^' (Ehlenschl&ger  and  the  Romantic  School." 
excellent  books  of  travel  have  appeared  during  A  considerable  number  of  biographies  have 
the  jear,  treating  of  Texas,  China,  Germany,  been  published,  of  which  we  may  name  here  a 
Spain,  etc.    The  history  of  the  fine  arts  has  compendious  account  of  the  life  and  works  of 
not  been  neglected,  and  social  science  has  been  R.  Er.  Rask,  the  eminent  philologist  (bom  one 
freely  discussed  by  L.  Dupriez,  Ch.  Lagasse,  hundred  years  ago) ;  a  '^  Sketch  of  the  Life  and 
L  Halleux,   Ch.   Horion,    Baron  Cohns,   M.  Times  >  of  Knud  Lavard  in  the  Middle  Ages," 
Heins,  and  M.  E.  de  Laveleye.    In  poetry,  too,  by  H.  Olrik ;  and  '*  The  History  of  the  Fam- 
both  in  Flemish  and  French,  the  yield  has  ily  of  Bille^"  conspicuous  in  Danish  annals,  by 
been  creditable  to  Belgium.    M.  E.  Verhaeren^s  Mollerup  and  Meidell.    The  great  **  Danish  Bi- 
"Le8  Soirs,"  G.  Rodenbaoh^s  "  Du  Silence,"  ographical  Dictionary"  is  being  pushed  for- 
iod  Oh.  Potvin^s  *^  Nos  Pontes  Flamands,"  are  ward  as  rapidly  as  possible.    S.  K.  Soreusen 
▼ell  spoken  of.    Pure  literature,  in  the  hands  has  published  a  small  volume  about  ^^  The 
of  the  school  of  ^^  Young  Belgium,"  seems  to  Arabs  and  their  Civilization  in  the  Middle 
flonrish,  and  promises  better  results  than  were  Ages  " ;  and  Thor  Lange,  a  professor  at  Mos- 
looked  for  last  year.    Prof.  Stecher's  "  History  cow,  has  brought  out  an  interesting  book  of 
of  Flemish  Literature  "  is  pronounced  to  be  travels,  "  A  Month  in  the  Orient."    Philosophy 
the  best  work  that  exists  on  this  subject.    M.  has  received  only  a  moderate  share  of  attention 
F.  de  Potter  continues  to  work  on  his  great  this  year.    In  this  connection  may  be  named 
history  of  the   monuments   and   institutions  Wilkens^s  "  Outlines  of  Esthetics " ;  a  treatise 
of  the  City  of  Ghent,  which  is  not  yet  com-  on  ^^ Oriental  Mystics,"  by  H.  Ramussen ;  "The 
pleted.    Various  local  histories  of  more  or  less  Religioa  of  the  Future,"  by  A.  C.  Larsen ;  and 
merit  have  also  appeared.    Folk-lore  attracts  a  volume  "  On  Temper,"  by  F.  Holberg.    The 
mnch  notice,  due  chiefly  to  the  poet  Pol  de  death  of  M.  A.  Goldschmidt  and  of  T.  Lange 
Mont  and  to  Prof.  A.  Gitt^e.    The  latter  has  (noted  in  last  year's  record)  deprived  Denmark 
iflsned  an  excellent  manual  for  the  use  of  stu-  of  two  of  its  best  novelists.    Posthumous  nov- 
dents  of  Flemish  folk-lore.     Of  old  Flemish  els.  however,  of  both  have  appeared.    H.  P. 
popular  tales  two  volumes  may  be  noted,  viz.,  Hoist,  the  Nestor  of  living  poets,  has  brought 
"Grandmother's  Book  of  Stories,"  and  " Sto-  out  the  best  of  his  writings  as    "  Selected 
ries  of   John  Everyman."     The  drama  has  Works,"  and  C.  Hostrup  has  written  a  play, 
not  been  neglected,  and  several  creditable  pro-  *  Under  Snefog,"  which  is  praised  by  the  critics, 
dactions  have  appeared.     A  curious  posthu-  Younger  authors  have  made  numerous  efforts 
moos  work  of  the  famous  novelist  Hendrik  in  light  literature,  and  with  fair  success.    A 
Conscience,  entitled  "  History  of  my  Youth,"  few  of  these  may  be  noted  here ;  as,  "  The  Po- 
hts  been  published,  and  is  lughly  praised  for  lar  Bear,"  by  H.  Pontoppidan;  **The  Consul's 
its  truthfulness  and  sincerity.    Light  literature  Wife,"  by  Miss  Levison;  **A  Purgatory,"  by 
holds  its  place  as  usual,  and  the  crop  of  novels  P.  Mdller;   *^La  Grande  Demoiselle"  (of  the 
is  not  inferior  to  that  of  last  year.    A  brilliant  time  of  Louis  XIY),  by  S.  Schnndorph ;  and 
work  by  M.  J.  de  Geyter,  entitled  "  The  Em-  "  Stuk  "  Q'  hollow  splendor "),  by  H.  Bang, 
peror  Charles  V  and  the  Kingdom  of  the  Neth-  K.  Gjellerup,  who   has   abandoned   realistic 
erUnds,"  written  in  Flemish  meter  of  the  mid-  poetry,  has   brought    out    a  great   dramatic 
die  ages,  is  highly  praised  by  the  critics.    It  poem  in  two  parts,  ^^  The  Struggle  with  the 
produced  also  a  great  sensation  in  Holland.  Muses  "  and  ^'  Helicon,"  together  with  a  com- 
DeuHvk.— The  Northern  Exhibition  of  In-  edy,   ''  The  Wedding  Present"      A.  Ipsen's 
dostry.  Agriculture,  and  Art  in  Copenhagen,  ^^  Mephistopheles,"  a  kind  of  Faust,  is  moder- 
which  was  a  great  success,  diverted  attention  ately  praised  by  the  critics.    Several  of  the 
to  some  extent  from  literature  this  year,  as  did  younger  novelists  are  striving  to  portray  life 
also  the  jubilee  of  the  Danish  Society  of  Arti-  nowi^ays.    V.  Stuckenberg  is  one  of  these, 
sans,  celebrated  in  July ;  the  centenary  of  the  and  gives  promise  also  of  progress.    The  critics, 
emancipation  from  villanage,  held  in  June ;  and  however,  nave  nothing  favorable  to  say  of  the 
the  commemoration  of  the  twenty-fifth  year  younger  dramatic  and  lyric  poets,  such  as  E. 
of  the  King's  reign  on  November  15.    Several  Gad,  N.  Larsen,  Sophus  Clausen,  and  J.  Becker, 
historical  works  relating  to  the  emancipation       France.— Political  excitements  and  uncertain- 
of  the  peasantry  a  hundred  years  ago  have  ties  as  to  the  future  have  hindered  the  prog- 
been  published.    Among  these  Prof.  E.  Holm's  ress  of  literature  in  France  this  year  in  vari- 


492  LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1888. 

Otis  ways.    Nevertheless,  authors  have  written  Abb6  Oonstantin,"  and  Zola  dramatized  oDe 
and  pablishers  have  brought  out  books   in  of  his  novels  called  ^*  Germinal.^'     This  latter 
poetry,  history,  the  drama,   fiction,  etc.     M.  was  a  failure,  and  the  critics  predict  that  Zola 
SuUy-Prudhomme's  '^  Le  Bouheur,"  is  a  didac-  and  his  school,  with  their  so-called  naturalism 
tic  poem  of  more  than  average  merit,  but  not  and  its  abominations,  have  reached  the  end  of 
of  the  highest  order.    M.  Andr6  Lemoyne,  in  their  popularity.    Just  now  there  is  a  strong 
his  ^^  Fleurs  des  Rnines,"  is  sharply  criticised  disposition  to  furnish  psychological  and  ana- 
by  reviewers.     The   work  of  Jean  Rameau,  lytical  novels,  of  the  former  of  which  style 
"  The  Song  of  the  Stars,"  is  pronounced  the  Madame  Malot^s  "  Folic  d'Amour,"  M.  Hector 
most  interesting  volume  of  verse  published  this  Malot^s  ^^  Conscience,"  and  M.  P.  Bourget'S 
year,  though  the  critics  find  in  it  much  to  '*  Mensonges,"  are  good  specimens,  and  madi 
condemn.     Numerous  other  contributions  in  praised.     M.  O.  Mirbeau's  "L'Abb6  Jules," 
verse  have  appeared,  such  as  M.  C.  Fuster's  and  M.  E.  Gondeau^s  ^^  Le  Froc,"  profess  to 
"Les  Tend resses,"  Eugene  ManuePs  "Po6sies  portray  the  French  clerj?y;  but  they  are  pro- 
du  Foyer  et  de  I'ficole,"  fimile  Pejrefort's  nounced  to  be  one-sided  and  unfair.    M.  G. 
'*La  Vision,"  and  G.    Khan^s  "Les    Palais  Ohnet  is  the  author  of  "  Volont6,"  which  has 
Noraades  " ;  but  these  are  not  reckoned  to  be  reached  its  hundredth  edition,  and  he  has  had 
of  the  first,   perhaps  hardly  of   the  second  equal  success  on  the  stage  with  his  ^^  Grande 
quality.     M.  d^H^rison  undertakes  to  defend  Marnidre."    Other  amusing  novels  are  ^' Vail- 
Marshal  Bazaine  in  his  "Legend  of  Metz,"  lante,"  by  J.Vincent;  "  Chonchette,"  by  iL 
not  very  successfully,  and  M.  Darimon  gives  Pr6vost ;    "  La  Petite  F6e,"  by  M.  A.  Cim ; 
valuable  information  and  judicious  criticisms  "  Les  Fantaisies  d^une  Amazone,"  by  M.  J. 
in  his  "  Notes  on  the  War  of  1870,"  on  the  re-  Chassa;  and  "  Les  Seducteurs,"  by  Gyp.   The 
sponsibility  attaching  to  the  chief  actors  in  a  journals  of  Michelet,  the  well-known  histo- 
disastrous  drama,  viz.,  Prince  Napoleon  and  rian,  have  been  published  by  his  widow,  and 
the  Empress  Eugenie.    This  so-called  prince  are  very  instructive  and  useful.     A  work  eo- 
has  entered  the  field  against  M.  Taine,  who  titled  "  The  Great  French  Writers,"  is  onder 
published  last  year  "  Studies  respecting  Na-  way,  and  promises  to  be  a  gratifying  saccess. 
poleon    I,"   by  putting   forth   a  volume  en-  M.  E.  Des  Essarts's  "  Portraits  de  Maitres "  is 
titled  "  Napoleon  and  his  Slanderers."    Sev-  highly  spoken  of  as  an  excellent  work.    A 
eral  monographs  are  worthy  of  mention :  M.  capital  biography  of  Victor  Cousin  is  cod- 
Welschinger's   "Le   Duo    d'Enghien"  is    ex-  tained  in  it.    In  philosophy,  M.  Paul  Janet's 
haustive  and  impartial ;   E.   Lockroyla  "  Ah-  contributions  are    valuable,   as  set  forth  in 
med  Le  Boucher,"  better  known  as  Djezzar  "  Les  Passions  et  les  Caractdres  dans  la  Jit- 
Pasha,    presents   a    lively  picture ;    and   the  terature  du  XVII*  Sidcle,"  and  "  Les  Lettr^ 
feats  of  arms  of  French  soldiers  in  Africa,  de  Madame  de  Grignan."    The  critics  speak  of 
is  the  theme  of  M.  Camille  Rousset's  work,  these  books  in  the  very  highest  terms.    In 
"L'Alg6rie  de  1830  ik  1840,"  not  yet  com-  biography  M.  E.  Sergy's  book  on  Fanny  Men- 
pleted.     Germany  fills  considerable  space  in  delssohn,  is  admirably  done,  and  M.  Gabriel 
the  thought  of  France,  as  is  shown  by  various  Ferry*s  "  Balzac  et  des  Amies,"  is  said  to  be 
publications,  such  as  M.  E.  Lavisse's  "  Essay  very  agreeable  and    snccessful.      Social  an^ 
on  Germany  under  the  Empire  " ;  M.  C.  Grades  moral  science  has  received  considerable  atten- 
"  The  German  People,  their  Forces,  and  their  tion  in  Ars^ne  Houssaye's  "  Le  Livre  de  Min- 
Resources  " ;    M.    Grand-Carteret's    "  France  nit,"  M.  du  Camp's  "  Paris  Bienfaisant "  ami 
judged  by  Germany,"  an  ably  arranged  com-  "  La  Vertu  en  France,"  M.  C.  F^r^'s  "  D^g^n* 
pilation ;  and  a  translation  of  M.  J.  Janssen's  6rescence   et  Criminality,"   and   Dr.  A.  Pi^ 
excellent  work,  "Germany  at  the  End  of  the  chaud's  "Les   Misdre  du  Sidcle."     Lack  of 
Middle  Ages."    Renan  is  as  busy  as  ever,  and  moral  training  is  noted  as  something  great)/ 
his  peculiar  mode  of  dealing  with  Scripture  needing  a  speedy  remedy.     Books  of  travel 
history  is  exhibited  in  his   "  History  of  the  are,  for  the  most  part,  written  in  healthy  tone 
People  of  Israel,"  of  which  Vol.  I.  was  pub-  and  spirit,  calculated  to  benefit  as  well  as  in- 
lished  last  year.      His    skeptical  proclivities  struct  and  amuse,  such  as  Guillaumet'a  illo^ 
fully  display  themselves  in  all  that  he  does,  trated  volume  on  Algiers;   M.   H.  Frai)ce|^ 
M.  J.  Menant  has  published  an  excellent,  con-  work  about  Spain,  and  M.  H.  Lnbert's  consd* 
scientious  work  on  "Nineveh  and  Babylon."  entious  "  Quatre  Mois  au  Sahel."    There  seeps 
In  the  history  of  manners  and  ideas,  two  books  to  be  a  disposition  to  have  regard  to  Englisli 
of  M.  Alfred  Rambaud  are  particularly  notice-  works  in  the  way  of  education,  if  one  m*! 
able     The  one  is  "  The  History  of  Civilization  judge  from  the  titles  of  a  number  of  boob 
in  France,  from  its  Origin   to   the  Present  published  this  year,  e.  g.,  M.  L.  Carrau's  work 
Day  " ;  the  other  is  "  The  History  of  Contem-  on  religious  philosophy  in  England  from  tbe 
porary  Civilization  in  France  " ;  both  are  able  time  of  John  Locke  to  the  present  day;  M. Pj 
and  well-timed  contributions.    In  the  drama  de  Coubertin's  "  L'Eduoation  en  Angleterre, 
there  is  little   worth  noting.      "Much    Ado  and  M.  O.  G6rard's  series  of  papers  on  "Edfl- 
Abont  Nothing,"   has   been  adapted  to   the  cation  and  Instruction."     Posthumous  works 
French  stage,  with  success.    M.  Ludovio  Ha-  of  Victor  Hugo  continue  to  be  issued,  and  the 
16vy  brought  out  a  charming  comedy,  "The  "Memoires,"  of  M.  D68ir6  Nisard  (recently 


LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1888.  493 

)  well  deserve  to  be  consalted.    Juris-  is  devoted  to  socialistic  matters.    F.  Spielhagen 

MS  bat  slightly  represented  this  year,  has    brought    out    a   new    story,    ^^  Noblesse 

i  work  may  here  be  mentioned,  viz.,  Oblige " ;   T.  Storm,  the  Nestor  of  German 

)aus8ire*8  *'  Les  Principes  du  Droit,'^  novelists,  shows  in  his  latest  productions,  *^  Es 

(  supplementary  to  previous  publica-  waren  zwei  EOnigskinder "  and  ^'  Bei  kleinen 

this  subject.  Leuten,"    incomparable    freshness ;    and   the 

ly. — Political  changes  and  probable  or  pleasant  story-teller  Hans  Hoffman  gives  some 

results  have  had  considerable  influence  ^^  Neue  Gorfugeschichten/'  which  well  deserve 

)  course  and  progress  of  literature  in  commendation.  Id  the  literature  of '^memoirs" 

J  during  the  year.    Poetical  contribu-  special  mention  is  to  be  made  of  the  work  of 

re  been  quite  numerous,  chiefly  in  the  Duke  Ernst  II,   of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  who 

yrical  sentiment,  bursts  of  socialism,  has  played  an  important  part  in  German  poli- 

rdy   intolerance    of   authority.     The  tics  and  prefers  to  be  his  own  biographer. 

:'  A.  Formey,  Fr.  Beck,  and  Marie  Jan-  The  work  is  highly  commended  by  the  critics, 

occur  in  this  connection,  but  their  pro-  Montgelas,  a  former  Bavarian  minister,  and 

do  not  need  special  mention.  In  Gen.  von  Natzmer,  military  instructor  of  the 
f  Walther  von  der  Vogelweide,  the  late  Emperor  William,  have  added  their  con- 
lyric  poet  of  the  middle  ages,  a  vol-  tributions  to  this  department.  To  these  may 
poems  has  appeared  (edited  by  A.  be  added  Jakob  Ph.  Fallmerayer's  letters  and 
m  the  unveiling  of  the  poet^s  statue  at  memoirs,  as  showing  a  man  who  was  the  friend 
his  supposed  birthplace.  The  ^'Tiro-  of  light  and  high  principle  in  knowledge  and 
"  by  the  Countess  Wilhelmine,  and  religion.  Schmeding  has  produced  an  excel- 
jrful  ballads  on  the  struggle  for  free-  lent  work  on  "  Victor  Dugo,"  which  is  of  the 

Count  A.  Wickenburg,  form  part  of  nature  of  a  message  of  peace  from  Germany  to 

Just  named.     "The  Song  of  Human-  France.     German  art  has  received  due  atten- 

Heinrich  Hart,  claims  to  be  an  epic  in  tion  in  A.  Rosen berg^s  "  Die  MQnchner  Maler- 

est  style,  like  the  **  Nibelungenlied  "  schule  seit  1871,"  in  R.  Dohme's  encyclopsBdic 

jstock's  **  Messias."    Judging  from  the  book,  "  Geschichte  der  Deutschen  Kunst,"  and 

X),  which  is  all  that  has  yet  appeared,  in  A.  and  F.  Eggers^s  biography  of  Ranch,  the 

cs  give  praise  to  the  conception  and  sculptor  of  the  Friedrichsdenkmal.    Note  also 

c  views  of  the  author,  but  doubt  as  to  is  made  of  the  issue  of  the  fourteenth  and  last 

late  result.    R.  Hamerling's  "  Homun-  volume  of  the  **  Fall  of  the  House  of  Stuart," 

s  said  to  combine  universal  mockery  by  Onno  Klopp,  a  very  able  writer.    Rankers 

esque  satire.    The  form  and  meter  of  "  Universal  History  "  is  continued  by  the  hand 

1  remind  one  of  Heine^s  "  Atta  Troll,"  of  A.  Dove,  and  will  soon  reach  its  end.    In 

)  satire  is  social  instead  of  literary,  philosophy,  the  centenary  of  Schopenhauer 

cy  and  Judaism  in  its  several  forms  has  given  rise  to  a  number  of  publications  re- 

ilessly  chastised,  and  the  poem  ends,  lating  to  his  rank  and  position  as  well  as  the 

cs  tell  us,  **in  shrill  discord."    The  true  worth  and  value  of  his  contributions  to 

?.  von  Schack,  the  translator  of  Firdusi,  philosophic  literature.    Activity  in    this  de- 

learly  blind  and  almost  threescore  years  partment  is  very  considerable,  and  displays  the 

retains  his  mental  vigor,  as  is  shown  usual  drift  of  German  writers  and  thinkers  on 

tractive  volume  of  memoirs  entitled  questions  of  psychology,  religion,  morals,  etc. 

Century,"    George  Ebers,  the  novel-  We  may  mention,  in  conclusion,  Roeber's  "  Die 

appears  for  the  first  time  as  a  poet  in  Philosophic    Schopenhauer's  "  ;      Nietzsche's 

3e  entitled  "  Elifiin  " ;  but  the  critics  "  Genealogie  der  Moral,"  according  to  which 

nd  much  in  it  to  praise.    The  dramatic  mankind  is  "  wholly  sunk  in  the  mire  "  ;  Dil- 

f  the  year  are  inconsiderable,  though  they's  "Einleitung  in  das  Studium  der  Geistes- 

irom  the  pens  of  Anzengruber,  R.  Voss,  wissenschaften  " ;   and  R.  Encken's  *'  Einheit 

I,  P.  Heyse,  and  H.  Lingg.    Anzen-  des  Geisteslebens  in  Bewusstsein  und  That  der 

play,  '*  Stahl  und  Stein,"  is  a  national  Menschheit,"  both  directed  against  material- 

rell  wrought  out ;  R.  Voss's  "  Bregit-  ism ;  and,  finally,  J.  H.  Witte's  **  Das  Wesen 

markable  for  delineation  of  character ;  der  Seele,"  which  controverts  earnestly  the 

Greif's  "Die  Pfalz  am  Rhein,"  Paul  materialistic  tendency    towai'd    "psychology 

"  Die  Weisheit  Salomon  is,"  and   H.  without  a  soul." 

"Die  Bregenzer  Klause"  (a  subject  GreecA. — Literature,   on  the  whole,  is  well 

om  the  Thirty  Years'  War),  are  only  represented  in  Greece  this  year.    In  theology 

by  the  critics.    Novels  of  the  year  Nicephorus  Calogeras  has  printed  from  a  Ko- 

•wn  about  the  usual  tendencies  in  the  man  MS.   a  work  of  Euthymius  Zygabenus, 

pessimism,  realism,  and  discussions  of  i.  e.,  a  commentary  on  the  "  Letters  in  the 

d  psychological  problems.    There  is  a  New  Testament."    Prof.  A.  D.  Kyriakos  hns 

;ic  tendency  in  Marie  von  Ebner-Es-  issued  a  collection  of  "  Studies  of  Church  His- 

I's   "Das   Gemeindekind,"    while  C.  tory";  the  orator  Moschakis  has  published  a 

kopfs  " Lebensktinstler "  and  H.  Hei-  series  of  "Ecclesiastical  Speeches,"  delivered 

Der  Januskopf"  are  expressly  directed  on  various  occasions;   and  Bishop  Dorotheus 

essimism.  K. Frfinzel's novel, " Dunst,"  has  brought  out  Part  I  of  the  "Treasury  of 


\ 


494  LITKRATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1888. 

Patrology,''  which  promises  to  be  useful  as  Zola's  offensive  naturalism.  A  fairy  til^ 
well  as  important.  Love  of  philosophy  is  "Eleine  Johannes,"  comes  from  Frederili^ 
shown  in  bringing  oat  editions  of  ancient  Van  Eeden ;  it  abounds  in  poetic  sentiments 
Greek  writers,  by  D.  8emitelo8  and  Dr.  Ber-  and  is  well  worked  out.  In  poetry  little  has 
nardarkis.  The  editorial  work  is  said  to  be  been  done  worth  mentioning.  BeeU^s  "•  Win- 
excellent.  A  good  contribution  to  the  study  terloof "  is  amusing ;  W.  Prins's  poetry,  **  Def- 
of  the  dialects  of  modern  Greece  has  been  de^s  Erinnering,*' is  good  in  parts,  but  unequal; 
made  by  A.  Paspatis,  favorably  known  by  his  and  Marie  Bodaert's  ^*  Aqnarellen,"  evinoe 
studies  on  the  gypsies,  etc.  The  glossology  feeling  and  taste.  A  translation  of  Sbake- 
and  folk-lore  of  the  Morea  are  treated  of  in  speare,  by  Burgersdyk,  is  now  nearly  com- 
the  ^^  OoUection  of  Linguistic  Material  and  pleted,  and  is  much  praised  by  the  critic& 
Usages  of  the  Greek  People,"  by  8.  Papaza-  Translations  from  the  English  and  Hungarian 
pheiropulos.  A  lecture  by  J.  Bi^abanis  gives  have  met  with  favor.  In  the  drama,  Van 
an  interesting  sketch  of  the  dialect  and  cus-  Meerbeke^s  little  comedy,  *'  Eene  Ministerieele 
toms  of  the  Greeks  of  Pontus.  An  excellent  Orisis  "  is  amusing,  as  is  also  Van  Maurik^s 
report,  by  A.  P.  Kerameus,  has  been  printed  "  Fran^oise^s  Opstel " ;  but  neither  is  of  a  very 
respecting  paladographic  and  philological  re-  high  order.  Mr.  Emant^s  tragedy,  **  Adolf 
searches  in  Thrace  and  Macedonia.  In  his-  van  Gelre,"  is  in  blank  verse,  and  is  highly 
tory  and  biography  the  contributions  have  spoken  of  by  the  critics.  This  same  Adolf  is 
been  few,  and  of  no  great  moment.  Two  the  hero  of  a  historical  novel  by  Mr.  Huf  van 
works  relating  to  the  history  of  Cephalonia  Bnren.  Colonial  history  has  been  well  colti- 
have  appeared,  originally  written  in  Italian,  vated  this  year  by  several  good  writers.  We 
but  translated  into  Greek,  with  annotations,  may  name  Annie  Foore^s  sketched,  "  Dit  het 
M.  Dimitsas  has  published  an  elaborate  biog-  Indisch  Familie-leven  "  ;  Eckart^s  *^  Indische 
raphy  of  Olympias,  the  mother  of  Alexander  Brieven  aan  een  Staatsraad " ;  and  Van  De- 
the  Great.  Dr.  A.  Kephallinos,  Sanskrit  in-  venter's  instructive  "  History  of  the  Dutch  in 
structor  in  the  University  of  Athens,  has  un-  Java,"  which  is  now  complete.  Various  reg- 
dertaken  to  prove  the  strong  influence  of  the  isters  and  documents  from  archives  have  been 
Greek  drama  on  the  Indian,  and  N.  Parissis  brought  out,  and  P.  M.  Netscher  has  written 
has  published  an  interesting  book  on  Abys-  a  good  history  of  the  Dutch  colonies  in  the 
sinia.  Dr.  D.  Chassiotis,  in  his  ^'Essays  and  West  Indies.  The  history  of  Holland  itself  in 
Addresses  on  Epirus,"  deals  with  politics  and  the  latter  half  of  the  seventeenth  century  is  well 
statistics.  A.  P.  Kerameus  (named  above),  Ulustrated  by  Dutch  writers,  specially  Sypes- 
in  his  ^^  Contributions  to  the  History  of  Neo-  tein  and  the  author  of  the  ^*  Journalen  Van  0. 
Hellenic  Literature,"  has  printed  valuable  epis-  Huygens,"  the  younger,  the  secretary  of  Wi]> 
ties  from  Greek  menx>f  letters  of  the  sixteenth  Ham  III.  The  fourth  volume  of  G.  E.  Van 
and  seventeenth  centuries.  Archeeology  occn-  Hogendorp's  letters  and  memoirs  (during  17S7) 
pies  much  attention,  as  is  shown  by  Dr.  Th.  has  appeared;  and  the  memoirs  of  his  brother, 
Sophulis,  in  a  volume  on  ^^The  Ancient  Athe-  Gen.  Dirk  Van  Hogendorp,  which  are  full  of 
nian  School,"  and  by  Dr.  P.  G.  Papandreu,  in  interesting  adventures,  have  been  published, 
a  work  entitled  ^^  Azanias,  an  Account  of  the  Prof.  Ten  Brink  is  bringing  out  a  new  series  of 
Ancient  Cities  of  the  Arcadian  Azanias."  The  biographies,  which  are  well  written  and  vain- 
venerable  A  Rhangab6,  Nestor  of  Neo-Hel-  able.  Prof.  Pierson  has  published  the  first  of 
lenic  literature,  has  brought  out  the  first  parts  a  series  of  essays,  "  Geestelyke  Voorouders,** 
of  an  "  ArchaBological  Dictionary,"  and  Dr.  the  purpose  of  which  is  to  iUustrate  the  chief 
Costomoiris  has  devoted  a  monograph  to  the  sources  of  civilization  and  spiritual  life.  Dr. 
ancient  Greeks  as  aurists  and  oculists.  Fie-  Kuiper's  ^*  Euripides "  is  an  earnest  effort  to 
tion  holds  its  own  in  the  newspapers,  but  only  defend  that  poet  against  Aristophanes^s  charge 
a  few  stories  and  tales  appear  in  book-form,  of  atheism.  He  holds  that  the  author  of  ^'Al- 
The  drama  and  poetry  are  but  poorly  repre-  cestis"  was  an  honest  skeptic,  if  nothing  more, 
sented  this  year.  The  satirist,  G.  Suris,  has  Two  notable  scholars,  Mr.  Ran  and  Mr.  Vo»- 
published  two  new  volumes  of  "  Poems."  maer,  have  died  during  the  year. 
Some  good  verse  is  found  in  J.  Polemis^s  Hugtry. — Literary  production  this  year  in 
**  Winter  Blossoms " ;  and  the  poems  of  Mari-  Hungary  offers  a  similar  record  to  that  of 
etta  Betsu,  now  collected  in  a  volume,  "Laurels  1887.  The  Crown  Prince  has  acquired  repnta- 
and  Myrtles,"  are  touching  and  impressive.  tion  in  ethnography  and  natural  philosouby, 
HoUiuid. — There  has  been  a  large  produc-  and  the  Archduke  Joseph  has  shown  himself  to 
tion  of  novels  and  novelettes  in  Holland  this  be  an  excellent  philologist,  in  a  grammar  of  the 
year;  only  a  few,  however,  deserve  mention  gypsy  language,  if  there  be  reiJly  such  a  Ian- 
here.  Nessuno^s  *^Jonkheer  Beemsen  "  is  of  guage.  The  book  is  spoken  of  in  high  terms 
the  psychological  type :  "  Neven  en  Nichten,"  by  the  critics,  and  appears  to  be  a  valuable 
by  the  brothers  Van  Duyl,  is  remarkably  free  contribution  to  comparative  as  well  as  special 
from  conventionality ;  Van  Loghem^s  "  Vic-  philology.  Prof.  E.  Thewrewk  has  added  an 
tor"  deals  with  idealism  and  realism  in  a  appendix  to  the  grammar,  giving  a  very  fall 
rather  unsatisfactory  way ;  and  L.  Van  Deysel,  account  of  the  origin,  language,  history,  etc, 
in  his  ^*  Eene  Liefde,"  follows  the  Frenchman  of  the  gypsies.    Ural-Altaic  stadiee  have  met 


LTTERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1888.  495 

favor,  but  the  qaestion  is  still  unsettled  a  coarse  of  lectures ;  G.  Bovio  also  lectured 

the  ori^  of  the  present  Hungarian  Ian-  on  Dante  in  Naples ;  a  Roman  priest,  G.  Po- 

;  whether  it  he  of  Tnroo-Tartar  charac-  letto,  has  brought  out  a  Dantean  dictionary, 

*  one  of  the  Hgrian  or  Ugro-Finnio  Ian-  in  seven  volames,  with  notes  and  illustrations 

9.    In  connection  with  this  point  it  may  drawn,  in  part,  ft'om  St.  Thomas  Aquinas ;  and 

mtioned  that  able  scholars  are  making  a  Jesnit  father  named  Oomoldi  has  published 

ial  study  of  divers  dialects,  such  as  the  a  commentary  on  the  *^  Divina  Commedia,^'  in 

the  Votyak,  and  YoguL    Prof.  I.  Bud-  which  he  shows   much  enthusiasm   for    his 

IS  finished  his  comparative  grammar  of  author ;  but,  in  general,  the  movement  is  re- 

^rian  languages.     As  belonging  partly  garded  as  a  failure  by  those  most  competent  to 

lology  and  partly  to  history,  honorable  pronounce  judgment  on  the  subject.    As  con- 

»n    should  be  made  of  M.  L.  R^thy^s  nected  with  Dantean  literature,  mention  may 

in  of  the  Roumanian  Nation  and  Lan-  be  made  of  a  commentary  of  L.  de  Blase,  with 

"  a  work  of  undoubted  merit ;  and  of  M.  notes  by  G.  da  Siena,  and  a  reprint  of  the  com- 

Pesty^s  book  on  the  topographical  no-  mentary  of  Stefano  Talice  di  Kicaldone.    Fail- 

iture  of  Hungary.  In  history  proper  there  ure  has  also  attended  the  attempt  to  revive  the 

appeared   A.  Szilagyi^s  '*  Transylvanian  memory  of  and  do  justice  to  Giordano  Bruno 

nentary  Records,'*  Vol.  XII,  reaching  (burned  by  the  Inquisition  in  Rome  in  1600). 

1 ;  the  ^^  Diplomatarium  Ragusanum  " ;  An  edition  of  the  works  of  the  philosopher  of 

x>f.  Marczali's  third  and  concluding  vol-  Nola  is  under  way,  it  is  true,  but  only  three 

'his  **  History  of  Hungary  in  the  Time  of  volumes  have  been  published  in  nine  years. 

II."    This  last-named  work  gives  uni-  The  period  most  studied  jnst  now  is  the  fif- 

satisfaction.    We  may  note  also  "Old  teenth  and   sixteenth  centuries.     A.  Grafs 

ry,"  by  M.  B.  Gr&nwald,  which  is  said  to  ^*  Attraverso  il  Oinquecento  **  relates  to  this 

tally  fascinating  book ;  Prof.  G.  Ballagi's  portion  of  the  past,  and  consists  of  various 

^an  Political  Literature  until  1825,"  a  studies  on   Petrarch  ism   and  anti  -  Petrarch- 

^f  curious  and  interesting  documentary  ism,  on  Pietro  Aretino,  on  Veronica  Franco, 

;  and  a  clear  and  satisfactory  account  etc.     G.  Gioda's  book  on  Girolamo  Morone 

irar  of  independence  in  1848-'49,  wherein  (1470-1529)  is  well  worth  reading.    A  book 

mewhat  famous  Gdrgey  surrendered  to  by  Salvagnini  on  St.  Anthony  of  Padua  has 

issians.    The  critics  hold  that  G^rgey's  met  with  warm  appreciation.    £.  Musatti  is 

ter  is  fully  vindicated  in  the  book.   Mem-  reprinting  his  work  on  Venice,  the  Doge,  etc., 

id  biographies  have  received  large  at-  with  additions  and  corrections.    F.  Calvi  has 

I.    Among  the  workers  in  this  line  we  brought  out  a  monograph  on  Bianca  Maria 

tf.  A.  Ziohy,  who  has  edited  all  that  re-  Sforza  Visconti.     A  work  of  superior  merit 

0  Count  Stephen  Sz^chenyi,  the  real  comes  from  the  pen  of  L.  Ohiappelli,  oommem- 
ir  of  modem  Hungary,  whose  speeches  orating  the  eighth  century  of  the  Bologna 
»een  published  through  the  care  of  the  University.  Bartoli  is  working  on  his  full  and 
ly ;  N.  Knbinyi,  who  has  prepared  an  elaborate  "  History  of  Italian  Literature,"  of 
nt  biography  of  Emeric  Thurz6  (1598-  which  (as  noted  last  year)  the  sixth  volume 

and  D.  Angyal,  whose  "  Life  of  Em-  has  been  published.    G.  Diaconis  has  brought 

ikdly  "  is  learned  and  valuable.    A  his-  out  Vol.  I  of  a  new  biography  of  Dante,  and 

'  Hungarian  agriculture  and  a  history  of  V.  Grescini  gives  the  public  the  benefit  of  his 

nneanan  theatre  have  appeared.     The  careful  studies  on  Boccaccio.     Reprints  of  the 

)  M.  J6kai  continues  to  write  novels  in  ancient  classics  meet  with  favor,  as  do  also 

moe,  and  M.  A.  Var^y,  in  his  "  Doctor  those  of  standard  Italian  authors.    The  "  Bib- 

''  seems  to  be  trying  to  introduce  what  lioteca  di  Autori  Italian! "  is  well  under  way, 

ed  naturalism  into    Hungary.     M.  A.  and  promises  well  for  the  future.    In  the  his- 

r,  a  Protestant  minister,  furnishes  a  col-  tory  of  art  may  be  named  a  work  by  Pietro 

of  pleasant  novelettes  entitled  ^^Foot-  Oaliari  on  Paul  Veronese.    A  periodical  de- 

In  lyric  and  epic  poetry  the  posthn-  voted  to  art  has  been  begun,  and  it  is  hoped 

vrork  of  the  great  national  bard,  John  may  meet  with  full  snccess.    The  historical 

y  is  specially  noteworthy.  Various  trans-  societies  have  not  been  idle,  but  have  published 

have  been  snccessfully  made  of  Tenny-  from  their  archives  valuable  documents,  such 

Idylls  of  the  King,"  of  Burns's  "Songs,"  as  the  "Gesta"  of  Frederick  Barbarossa,  the 

rarch^s  "Sonnets,"  etc.,  all  said  to  be  "Secondo  Registro  della  Curia  Arcivescovile 

1  by  fidelity  and  vigor  of  language.  di  Geneva,"  and  the  "  Statutum  Potestatis 
. — Nothing  striking  or  out  of  the  usual  Communis  Pistorii  Anni  MOCLXXXVI."  G. 
has  occurred  in  literary  matters  during  Stocchi^s  history  of  the  first  conquest  of  Brit- 
ssent  year  in  Italy.  The  founding  of  a  ain  by  the  Romans  and  Oastelli's  second  vol- 
n  Rome,  in  1886,  for  the  exposition  of  ume  of  the  history  of  the  Jews  are  praised  by 
Mviiva  Commedia "  of  Dante  has  not  re-  the  critics,  as  are  also  E.  Parri's  "  Vittorio 
in  what  was  hoped  for  and  expected,  Amedeo  II  ed  Eugenie  di  Savoia"  and  E. 
n  increase  in  the  study  of  the  great  Masi^s  volume,  containing  new  facts  about  Na- 
works.  Carducoi,  a  distinguished  poet  poleon's  two  wives.  The  critics  aver  that  lit- 
f,  was  appointed  professor,  and  began  erature  in  Italy,  whether  in  poetry  or  novels. 


496  LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1888. 

has  not  been  more  brilliant  than  in  other  years,  land.  A  cheap  popniar  series  of  standard  iq> 
but  rather  less  so.  The  best  novelists,  Farina,  thors  has  recently  appeared  under  the  tid« 
Matilde  Serao,  and  Gapnana  have  produced    ^'  Library  for  the  Thousand  Uomes.'^  Penodi- 

nothing  new  or  remarkable,  and  novels  by  cal  literature  does  not  flourish  in  Norway,  t?o 

Rovetta,   Ginriati,   Caponi,   and    Martini  are  of  its  chief  representatives  having  failed  for 

hardly  above  the  average.     In  poetry,  Car-  want  of  support. 

ducci  brought  out  last  year  a  volume  of  '^Rime        PolamL — Polish  literature  has  suffered  modi 
Nuove,^'  which  contains  some  new  pieces,  with  during  the  past  year  aod  a  half  by  death  amoof 
others  before  printed.     lie  ranks  among  the  men  of  letters.    The  great  humorist,  Jan  Lam, 
best  of  the  Italian  poets.  has  passed  away,  as  have  also  the  historian,  W. 
Norway. — Literature  in  the  larger  sense  of  Ealinka,  leaving  his  masterpiece, '^  The  Diet  of 
the  word  does  not  seem  to  have  flourished  in  Four  Years, "  incomplete,  and  J.  L  Eraszev- 
Norway  tins  year.     The  social  and  ethical  ski,  renowned  as  a  voluminous  writer  of  ro- 
questions  as  to  the  relations  of  the  sexes  have  mances,  poems,  dramas,  etc.    A  number  of 
aroused  much  discussion,  and  a  number  of  books,  novels,  a  sort  of  antobiographj,  and  i 
volumes  have  been  published  advocating  fre-  popular  history  of  Poland,  by  the  aged  writer, 
quently  very  strange  and  even  immoral  doc-  have  been  published  since  his  death.   T.  T. 
trines.    6j5rnstjerne  Bjdmson  has  entered  the  Jez,  a  contemporary  of  Kraszewski,  still  re> 
field  against  Bohemian  doctrines  and  practices,  mains,  and  is  very  industrious.    Madame  Gr- 
and during  the  first  half  of  the  year  he  trav-  zesko,  H.  Sienkiewicz,  and  B.  Prus  are  in  their 
eled  over  Norway,  Denmark,  and  Sweden,  prime,  and  are  expected  to  do  good  ser?ioe  to 
lecturing  on  *' Monogamy  and  Polygamy,"  with  literature.     A  new  writer,  Adam  Szymansld, 
great  success.    Jonas  Lie  has  published  ^^Mar-  gives  promise  of  large  success,  judging  from 
ried  Life,'*  which  is  much  praised  as  being,  on  his  *' Sketches,"  which  are  taken  from  the  life 
the  whole,  sound  in  principle  and  capitally  of  the  Polish  exiles  in  Sibena.    Two  historical 
worked  out.    It  abounds  in  genial  humor,  and  novels  have  appeared,  viz.,   "  The  Knights  of 
is  widely  read  in  Norway.    A.  Kielland  bases  King  Albert,     by  S.  Kaczkowski,  and  ''^ 
his  stories  on  the  newest  political  development,  Wolodyjowski,"  by  Sienkiewicz.     Hnmorona 
but  they  are  not  esteemed  to  be  of  much  ac-  literatnre  seems  to  flourish  in  Poland  in  tb« 
count.    Other  works  of  fiction  are  Amalie  hands  of  Jordan,  Junosza,  Wilczynaki,  and 
Skram's  "  Two  Friends,"  Per  Sivle's  "  Bundle  Balucki.     Historical  stories  and  tales  havebeea 
of  Stories,"  A.  Balle's  "  Young  Ladies,"  K.  published  by  Bykowski,  Rawita,  and  Rapacki. 
Jansou's  "Norwegians  in  America,"  Mrs.  Jan-  Rogosz^s  stories,  "Upon  the  Waves  of  Df 
son's    "A    Young    Girl,"    K.   Winterhjelm's  tiny  "  and  *' Richard  Gozdawa,"  are  well  writ- 
''  Countess  Sissi,"  and  Kristofer  Kristofersen's  ten  and  interesting ;  Gawalewicz'a  tales  an 
new  story,  "  Toilers  of  the  Soil."    He  is  now  much  admired,  as  are  also  Dygasinski's  stndieSi 
settled  in  Copenhagen,  and 'in  this  story  de-  in  story  form,  of  the  character  of  the  Poliak 
scribes  the  hard  conditions  of  life  under  which  peasantry.   Madame  Orzesko's  new  uoyel, "  On 
the  crofters  labor.  Numerous  tales  and  sketches  the  Niemen,"  is  pronounced  to  be  one  of  her 
have  been  published,  mostly  relating  to  home  very  best.    A  few  other  contributions  in  thii 
topics  and  of  average  merit.     A  few  poems  line  may  here  be  named :  "  By  Sunlight  and 
have  been  published,  viz.,  K.  Bander's  **Nor-  Gaslight," by  W.  Gomulicki;  "Heroes  of  T(j 
wegian  Scenery,  Impressions,  and  Pictures,"  day,"  by  F.  Lentowski;  and  "The  Mistake, 
N.  0.  Vogt's  "Poems,"  and  Sigurd  BOdker's  by  B.  Prus.    In  the  drama  something,  but  do< 
erotic  verse,  entitled  "  Elskov  " — i.  e.,  "  Love."  mnch,  has  been  done.    K.  Zalewski's  comedy, 
These  two  latter  have  made  promising  (^^uto,  "Apfel,  the  Wedded  Couple,"  is  very  popo* 
and  it  is  hoped  that  they  will  in  time  enrich  lar;  Mankowski^s  comedy,  "The  Eccentrie, 
the  scanty  lyric  poetry  of  Norway.    Several  has  been  applauded ;  and  J.  BUzinski's  two 
important    historical  works    have   appeared,  farces  are  very  laughable.    In  poetry  Madanrt 
among  which  we  note  Prof.  Ernst  Sars's  "His-  Maria  Konopnicka  has  published  a  third  seriei 
tory  of  Norway"  (1319-1682),  interesting,  well  of  "  Poems,"  and  Gomulicki  has  made  hisfir^ 
written,  and  valuable ;  and  Prof.  A.  C.  Bang^s  collection  on  an  important  scale.    Some  net 
"  History   of  the  Norwegian  Church  under  names  may  be  mentioned :  Otawa,  Orlowala 
Catholicism/J  instructive  and  fairly  wrought  and  Londynski,  men  of  ability,  the  critics  sa] 
out.    J.  B.  Halvorsen's  excellent  "  Dictionary  The  fine  productions  of  Adam  Asnyk,  the  fin 
of  Norwegian  Authors  "  is  making  steady  prog-  lyric  poet  of  the  day,  have  been  translated  inl 
rcss,  and  has  reached  half-way  into  the  letter  German.    Historical  studies  have  been  pros 
H.    Art  criticism  has  been  enriched  by  Prof,  cnted  with  zeal.    T.  Korzon  has  brought  oi 
L.  Dietrichsen's  liistory  of  the  origin  and  growth  the  concluding  volume  of  his  monumental  woi 
of  the  National  Picture  Gallery,  and  literary  on  the  internal  condition  of  Poland  under  i 
history  has  been   increased    by  H.   Jaeger^s  last  kings.     M.  Semkowicz  obtained  a  pri 
pleasant  picture  of  the  literary  life  and  work  from  the  Polish  Society  of  Paris  for  a  men 
of  "  Henrik  Ibsen,"  on  the  sixtieth  anniversary  graph  subjecting  J.  Dlugosz^s  "  History  of  P 
of  the  poet's  birth.    This  distinguished  son  of  land  "  to  a  thorough  critical  analysis.    Sevei 
Norway,  Bjdrnson's  twin-brother,  stands  in  other  volumes  have  been  published,  amo 
the  very  front  rank  of  the  authors  of  his  native  which  may  be  named  here  W.  Zd^rzewsk 


LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1888.  497 

reign  of  King  Stephen  Bathory.  Literary  criticism  is  well  illastrated  in  Orest 
Essays"  of  P.  Ghmielowski  de-  Miller^s  ^^ Russian  Anthers  since  Gogol";  the 
,  as  do  also  the  lectures,  delivered  third  volnme  is  taken  np  with  Aks^off,  Mel- 
f  the  distinguished  poet,  T.  Lenar-  nikoff,  and  Ostrovski,  with  articles  on  modern 
The  Character  of  Siavo- Polish  authors.  Arsenieff  has  brought  out  two  vol- 
mslations  also,  into  German  and  umes  of  ^'  Critical  Studies  of  Russian  Life,"  and 
linent  writers  are  worthy  of  rec-  Skabitchevski  deals  with  "  The  Folk  Novel- 
dusion,  note  must  be  made  of  a  ists."  Pypin  continues  his  studies  of  Russian 
inomics,  entitled  *'  Galicia^s  Pov-  literature  before  Pushkin  and  in  Pushkin's 
>zczepanowski.  It  is  very  able,  time,  and  Timof^eff  has  published  a  volume  on 
)tory  told  in  it  has  made  a  pro-  the  undeniable  ^^  Influence  of  Shakespeare  on 
don  in  Poland.  the  Russian  Drama."  Tolstoi's  '*  War  and 
ith  has  left  its  mark  on  Russian  Peace "  is  discussed  by  Prof.  Eary^eff  very 
year  in  the  removal  from  earth  ably.  Other  publications  in  this  line  are  valu- 
1,  only  thirty-three,  and  yet  a  able.  In  history,  Stasulevitch's  "  History  of 
'  of  being  ranked  with  Tourgu6-  Medieeval  Times,"  Vol.  Ill,  brings  the  story 
boi.  He  put  an  end  to  his  own  down  to  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
>f  partial  insanity,  and  his  literary  Mention  also  is  proper  here  of  Prof.  Bulitch's 
t  of  two  small  volumes  of**  Tales."  **  History  of  the  Earlier  Years  of  the.  Kazan 
umful  records  of  what  he  saw,  University,"  of  Vol.  IV,  of  Andrievitch's  "  His- 
red.  In  this  connection  we  may  tory  of  Siberia,"  in  time  of  Catherine  II ;  and 
death  of  Rosenheim,  eminent  as  the  **  Exterior  Policy  of  Nicholas  I "  during  the 
birical  and  other  poetry.  In  the  Crimean  War.  Sukhomlinofif  has  finished  his 
9,  tides,  and  sketches  of  various  '*  History  of  the  Russian  Academy."  In  phi- 
luction  has  been  quite  abundant,  losophy,  P.  Lavroff  has  begun  the  publication 
in  satisfactory.  Korolenko,  who  of  Jiis  ^*  History  of  Thought."  It  is  the  life- 
ring  the  Siberian  runaway,  pre-  work  of  a  veteran  laborer  and  very  able  ex- 
picture,  in  his  latest  novel,  **Dur-  positor  of  the  subject,  and  is  to  be  published 
ey "  ;  it  is  highly  praised  for  its  in  four  volumes.  Kavelin's  "  Problems  of 
i1.  A  lady,  signing  herself  Kres-  Ethics  "  have  appeared  in  a  separate  volume, 
les  a  new  novel,  **The  Duties,"  and  are  remarkably  well  written.  In  archsBoI- 
)  to  the  order  of  psychical  analy-  ogy.  Count  Bobrinsky  has  published  **  The 
aet  with  much  favor.  Another  Kurgans  around  Smyela,"  and  Ptashitski  has 
eared  from  the  same  author,  en-  brought  out  a  ^*  Description  of  the  Lithuanian 
the  Deluge."  Madame  Shabels-  State  Archives."  Prof.  Tagantseff  makes  pub- 
the  poet  of  the  peasant  life  of  lie  his  **  Lectures  on  Criminal  Law,"  wnich 
published  a  novel,  entitled  *^  Three  contain  among  other  things  Drill's  exhaustive 
bribing  in  one  the  new  religion  study  of  **  Juvenile  Offenders  in  Russia  and 
toi,  under  the  name  of  "  Religion  Western  Europe."  In  natural  science  great 
Match tett  has  brought  out  a  vol-  interest  is  manifested,  and  scientific  periodicals 
ouettes,"  which  have  been  well  are  flourishing. 

lier  novels  and  stories  that  may  Spain* — Progress  in  science  and  letters  con- 
re,  are:  Karonin*s  ^^My  World,"  tinues  unchecked  in  Spain,  and  education  and 
a's  "  The  Prison,"  ShilofTs  **After  culture  are  spreading  throughout  the  kingdom, 
ration,"  Mnravlin's  ^^Not  Quite  The  number  of  books  published  in  1888  exceeds 
's  "  The  Wife,"  and  Tchehoff 's  by  far  the  sum  total  of  other  years.  Poetry 
everal  interesting  books  have  ap-  of  every  description,  lyric,  epic,  or  dramatic, 
taking  to  discuss  important  topics  including  works  of  fiction  in  prose,  is  being 
isantry,  like  the  ''*•  Woman  Ques-  abundantly  supplied.  Although  the  master 
ions  economical  conditions  of  af-  poets,  Nuflez  de  Arce,  Campoarnor,  and  Zo- 
^spenski^s  "A  Ticket"  and  "Fig-  riUa,  have  done  little  or  nothing  this  year,  yet 
are  of  this  kind.  Engelhard t's  there  is  a  large  number  of  younger  and  enthu- 
i  the  Country  "  ^nd  Lineff's  de-  siastic  men  striving  to  supply  the  deficiency. 
»rison-]ife  are  good  specimens  of  Among  these  may  be  named  J.  de  las  Cuevas, 
ics  call  "  artistic  ethnography."  in  his  "  El  Espejo  del  Alma  " ;  Cubillo,  in  his 
poet,  died  last  year  (as  noted);  "Ensayos  Poeticos";  Iglesias,  in  his  "  Al  Fin 
»us  edition  of  his  verses  is  very  de  la  Jornada  " ;  and  Bustillo,  in  a  collection 
the  field  of  memoirs  the  crop  is  of  satirical  romances  revealing  superior  talent, 
laroflPs  "  In  the  Mother  Country  "  entitled  "El  Ciego  de  Buenavista."  In  the 
d  iu  giving  various  types  from  drama  light,  short  pieces,  or  sainetes^  operet- 
incial  life  half  a  century  ago.  tas,  and  the  like,  are  more  popular  than  the 
"Memoirs,"  though  deficient  in  classical  tragedy  or  modem  melodrama.  Novel- 
,  furnish  a  heartrending  picture  writing  keeps  pace  with  the  progress  noted 
olptor^s  sad  and  deplorable  career,  last  year,  as  is  shown  by  publications  of  Garcia 
of  Count  Sollogub,  Danilevski,  Nieto,  Palacio  Vald^s,  Emilio  de  la  Cerda, 
taroff-Platonofl^  may  be  noted.  Ramon  Ortega,  Gabriel  Moreno,  and  Carlos 
xvui. — 32  A 


498  LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1888. 

Maria  Ocantos.    Angelon  has  brought  oat  a  recei7ed.    A.  8trindberg,  the  Zola  i 

charming  novel,  '^  Espinas  de  una  Flor  "  (Part  tive  in  Sweden,  writes  with  his  nsoa 

II  of  "Flor  de  on  Dia"),  and  Dofla  E.   P.  ability  in  "The  Inhabitants  of  Her 

Bazan  sustains  her  high  reputation  (noted  last  his  invectives  against  family  life,  a 

year)  in  her  "  Los  Pazos  de  Ulloa,"  Vol.  II,  and  tacks  on  the  female  sex,  especial! 

"  Mi  Romeria,''  or  pilgrimage.    Several  other  women,  are  offensive  and  discredi 

ladies  are  active  in  this  line.    In  general  liter-  high  degree.    Two  of  Strindberg^s 

atare,  criticism,  and    bibliography,  improve-  have  written  comedies,  viz..  Per  Su 

ment  is  visible.  Jaan  Valera  shows  this  plainly  af  G^ijerstam.    The  former^s,  entitle 

in  his  ^^  Apantes  sobre  el    Nnevo    Arte  de  Banner,^'  is  severe  on  what  is  called 

Escribir  Novelas,"  as  do  also  Migael  Alvarez,  vard  press,  and  the  latter's,  namec 

in  "  TentativasLiterarias,^'  and  Leopoldo  Alas,  in-law,^*  ridicales  yoang  ofSoersMnti 

in  "FoUetos  Literarios.^*     Historical  science  families  to  catch  prizes   in   marri 

is  also  making  rapid  advance,  and  numerous  drama  is  weak  this  year.    Fiction,  oi 

students  and  explorers  are  busily  occupied  in  hand,  is  flourishing.      This  is  shoi 

searching  old  libraries  for  rare  manuscripts,  large  number  of  novels  and  tales  p 

unpublished  documents,  etc.   M.  Fuente^s  gen-  1888,  among  which  we  may  name  £ 

eral  History  of  Spaui  (1850-'62)  in  twenty-  "From  a  Plebeian  Borough,"  Am 

six  volumes,  is  being  reprinted,  with  a  con-  berg's  "  With  our  Neighbors,"  Hili 

tinuatt'on  by  Juan  Valera.     Balaguer,  whose  berg's  "  Westward,"  i.  e.,  life  on  the 

"  History  of  Oatalonia  "  was  noted  last  year,  and  a  new  series  of  tales  by  Tor  He 

has  brought  out  the  eleventh,  twelfth,  and  thir-  of  the  veteran  Frans  lied  berg.  0.  D. 

teenth  volumes  of  his  complete  works ;  V.  La-  both  rival  and  once  friend  of  Count 

fuente  is  steadily  occupiea  in  critical  studies  and  champion  of  the  altar  and  the  1 

of  the  history  of  Aragon  :  and  Pella  y  Forgas  published  a  volume  of  poetry  displt 

has  reached  the  seventh  volume  of  his  archieo-  ability ;  and  A.  U.  Bfi&th  has  given 

logical  and  topographical  description  of  Am-  scription  in  verse  of  persecutions 

purdan    in   Catalonia.     Provincial    and  local  craft  and  sorcery  in  Sweden  in  the  a 

nistory  is  cultivated   with  spirit  and  success,  century.    A  work  on  sociology,  enl 

The  number  of  publications  is  too  great  to  Nationernas  Sammanv&xning,"  by 

allow  of  naming  them  here,  save  only  Ciriaco  lund,  has  attracted  much  attention, 

Vigil's  "  Asturias  Monumental,  Epigr4fica  y  with  reference  to  the  dispute  bet 

Diplomdtica,"  three  large  volumes,  with  illus-  trade  and  protection.     Political  1 

trations ;  O.  y  Ruble's  "  Investigaciones  sobre  been  enriched  by  a  new  volume  of 

la   Historia  de  Valladolid " ;    and  Vol.    XV  berg's  "  Sweden's  Treaties  with  Foi 

of  the   richly  illustrated   work,   "Espafia   y  ers,"   1534  to   1560.     The  same 

sus  Monumentos."  The  Geographical  Society's  brought  out  an  essay  on  the  meeting 

"Boletin,"  two  volumes,  shows  that  consider-  1397.     A.  Blomberg  supplies  a  po] 

able  impulse  has  been  given  to  this  study.  Two  on  Charles  XIV  (Bemaaotte).     A. 

works  on  Morocco  have  appeared;  the  Philip-  very  busy  on  his  work  (noted  in 

£ine  Islands  have  been  described  by  Captain  record)  respecting  the  history  of 

[oreno,  and  "La  Isla  de  la  Paragua,"  by  Cap-  and  culture.    S.  J.  BoSthius  has  coi 

tain  Canga-Arguelles,  both  of  the  royal  navy,  history  of   the  French    Kevolutioi 

A  volume  on  the  Nicaragua  Interoceanic  Canal  Thyr6n  gives  a  documentary  hisU 

by  Sepulveda,  and  further  "  Noticias  de  Chris-  armed  neutrality  and   the   peace 

toval  Colon,"  by  Fernandez  Duro,  are  worthy  poleon,   including  also  the  Europ 

of  note  here,  as  of  special  interest  to  Ameri-  from    the   peace    of    Amiens  (18C 

cans.    In  the  way  of  reprints,  or  continuations  rupture  between  France  and  Engl 

of  important  works,  much  has  been  done,  such  Prof.  G.  Ljunggren  has  added  a  n 

as  Lopez  de  Gomara's  "  Conquest  of  Mexico,"  to  his  great  work,  "  The  Annals  of 

M.  Pelayo's  "  La  Ciencia  Espafiola,"  Vols.  I  and  Literature  of  Sweden    (1809-'14)  ' 

II ;  Arteche's  "  War  of  Independence,"  and  Schick  is  continuing  his  history  < 

Bethencur's  "  Anales  de  la  Nobleza  Espafiola,'*  literature.     The  distinguished   poe 

Vol.  VIII.  On  the  whole,  the  outlook  in  regard  Maria  Lenngren,  is  handsomely  dea 

to  Spanish  literature  is  decidedly  encouraging,  monograph  by  Karl  Warburg ;    ai 

Sweden. — As    noted    last    year,   women    in  strSra's  "  The  Swedish  Academy  of 

Sweden  continue  to  occupy  a  foremost  place  the  First  Century  of  its  Existence 

in  literature.    Mrs.  Benedictson's  "  Fru  Marl-  praised  by  the  critics.     A  few  volui 

anne"  was  noted  in  the  record  of  1887  as  eral  literature  may  be  noted  in 

one  of  the  best  novels  published.    We  may  Dictionaries  in  that  phenomenon  c 

add  that  it  carried  ofif  a  prize  from  the  Swedish  VolapHk,  have  been  published  by  G 

Academy  and  attained  great  popularity.     Mrs.  C.   Lund  in    has    brought    out    a 

Benedictson  writes  under  the  pen-name  Ernst  (splendidly  illustrated)  of  modern 

Ahlgren.     Another  lady,  Madame  A.  Agrell,  In  a  volume  for  young  people  th 

furnishes  a  collection  of  tales,  "  In  the  Coun-  Victor  Rydberg  tells  the  story  of  " 

try,"  which  are  pleasing  and  have  been  well  of  our  Fathers."    £.  Dahlgren  addi 


t»  in  1887 $820^18  IT 

«s  In  1888 198,2«8  96 


LOUISIANA.  499 

Q   a   volarae   entitled  ^^The   Poblio  adequate  for  interest  requirements,  and  the 

i  of  Sweden  " ;   the  Norwe^an  pro-  general  fnnd  appropriations  are  confined  strict- 

u  Dietrichsen,  after  lecturing  on  the  Ij  within  the  estimated  revenues, 

has  published  a  book  on  "Fashions  ^^^^^  engineers*  fund. 

Reform  of  Dress'';  and  the  writer    Receipt. dnring  1887 $168,825  68 

8eudonym  IS  Sigurd,  has  issued  a  new    Beoeipta  during  i88d 102,1M  22 

of  his  popular  humorous  tales.  _  ^ ,       .  ^                                       ~^::i7z:ZT, 

M*./4««er»«t_The  following  ^r^rnn^Vs^V;.;;;.- .We.^io '*"•""  ^ 

J  State  officers  during  the  year :   UOV-     Expendltax«s  daring  1888 86,680  10 

''rancis  T.  Nicholls,  Democrat ;  Lieu-  249,196  «o 

Governor,  James  Jeffries ;  Secretaiy  of         q„^  ^.j^^^  ^prt,  j^^^^ $16,784  6& 

eonard  F.  Mason ;  Treasurer,  Wilham 

s ;  Auditor,  Ollie  B.  Steele :  Superin-  „   ^  _   ^  _,.  „^'f  ™^  "^^^^  ^^ 

.fPublic Education,  Joseph  A.  Breaux;  i^^St^^^^AMrtl-kV.                 •»  S 

r-General,  Walter  H.  Rogers;  Chief-  

►f  the  Supreme  Court,  Edward  Bermu-         ^^  ha^Mooe,  April  80, 1888 $89,878  70 

90ciate  Justices,  Felix  P.  Poch6,  Sam-  The  total  amount  of  general  fund  warrants 

cEnery,  Charles  E.  Fenner,  and  Lynn  outstanding  May  1  for  1888,  was  $26,881.64. 

ins.  Legislatlfe  Scnloi* — The  Legislature  was  con- 

is. — ^The  following  statement  exhibits  vened  at  Baton  Bouge  on  May  14,  and  ad- 

ition  of  the  State  treasury  during  the  iourned  on  July  11.  The  Governor-elect,  Gen. 

37  and  1888,  till  April  80 :  Francis  T.  Nicholls,  was  inaugurated  on  May 

OKNERAL  FUND  1887  ^^'     Raudall  L.  Gilsou  was  elected  by  the 

'        *          1847965  40  I^g^s'®^^  ^^  ^^7  22  to  succecd  himself,  and 

iring  1888.".'.'!!.'!!!!!.'!!!.!!.".'!!.'.*!.*    ib8,'9Bo  16  on  May  29  Edward  D.White  was  chosen  U.S. 

Senator  to  succeed  James  B.  Eustis. 

erenne  ta  and  Uoense.. . .  _^.  ^. ^. .  ^  $506,915  56  KevWoil  of  the  Uw&r-Iu  pursuance  of  an  aot 

of  1884,  authorizing  a  committee  selected  by 

518,577  18  the  General  Assembly  to  revise  the  general 

itoreidrawn,  April  80                     $11 661  57  statutes  ofthe  State,  and  to  incorporate  them 

'  into  the  Revised  Statutes,  and  to  complete  and 

overdraft  was   caused   by  taking  up  arrange  a  code  of  criminal  practice  and  a  pe- 

various  public  institutions  in  anticipa-  n^i  ^o^e,  the  committee  arranged   the  laws 

ettlements  of  tax-collectors  that  were  into  one  volume.    !No  arrangement  or  codifi- 

1  to  reach  the  treasury  in  April.    There  cation  of  the  code  of  criminal  practice  and  n 

i  but  $32,264.56  of  warrants  against  p^nal  code  was  made.    The  Revised  Statutes 

iral  fund  of  1887  unpaid  May  1,  1888,  ^^re  presented  to  the  General  Assembly  at  its 

it  twenty  settlements  to  be  completed,  session  in  1886,  but  no  action  was  then  taken 

loans  made  by  public  institutions  for  on  the  report  of  the  committee.    The  revision 

1887  have  been  paid,  except  that  of  ^iu  be  continued  so  as  to  include  the  civil 

)  Normal  School.  code  and  code  of  criminal  practice  and  penal 

CURRENT  SCHOOL   FUND,   1887.  COdC. 

„ing  ig87 $84,80104  The  SwMip-LtBd  DecWtiit — The  Court  of  Claims 

Iring  1888! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!!.!!    i6o!856  oi  in  Washington,  D.  C,  on  January  80,  rendered 

g^j^^                                     "tiiZSTw  *  judgment  in  favor  of  the  State  of  Louisiana 

t«daring^*8OTV.V.V//.'.. ''$10,891*16  ^^r  about  $48,000,   being  the    five-per-cent. 

«B  during  1888 147^15  funds  and  swamp-land  indemnities  that  had 

t^S7,690  81  been  applied  as  a  credit  by  the  U.  S.  Treasury 

Kbnoe,  AprU  80, 1888 $86,966  74  Department  on  the  interest  on  Louisiana  bonds 

■-i-»„L,^.«  •.^  -^««  100T  held  by  the  U.  S.  Treasurer  as  part  of  the  In- 

INTXREST   TAX   FUND,   1887.  j*         x      _x  ^       j 

irimr  1887                                                 $82  682  88  ^*°  ^^^^  f  UUds. 

ffSg  1888! '. '.                  ! ! !  !*.!!!!    88i',560  57  The  court  held  that  the  United  States  was  a 

'- trustee  to  ascertain  and  pay  over  to  Louisiana 

^^^ -"'^^^^^^^  the  amount  of  both  funds,  and  it  is  also  held 

SdSriSli^! !!!!!!!!!    871,^8  10  *^»at  Louisiana  then  became  a  trustee  of  the 
' 454,705  66  fund  to  apply  it  to  the  building  of  post-roads 

Aiuioe,  April 80, 1888                         $d4Bi  84  *^^  redemption  of  swamp-lands  in  accordance 

'  with  the  acts  of  Congress,  and,  therefore,  it 

vances  made  by  the  banks  on  coupon  was  not  applicable  to  any  State  debt.    The  in- 

have  been  repaid,  except  about  $80,-  terest  that  had  accrued  was  not  equal  to  the 

le  State  can  secure  any  advances  re-  amount  of  the  fund  due  the  State,  and  the 

>r  cashing  coupons  promptly  at  a  rate  Treasury  Department  had,  therefore,  credited  a 

ceding  four  per  cent,  a  year,  and  ar-  part  which  would  not  mature  till  1894,  and 

nts  can  be  made  for  loans  to  public  held  about  $12,700  until  interest  should  accrue. 

)n8  as  required  at  a  rate  not  exceeding  It  is  presumed  that  this  decision  will  not  be 

cent,  a  year,  provided  the  tax  levy  is  appealed  from  by  the  United  States,  since  this 


500  LOUISIANA. 

\b  the  lo^cal  ootcome  of  a  former  deoisioD  for  necessary  to  the  completion  of  the 

$71,000   which  was  affirmed  by  the  United  has  also  expended  $75,000  in  the  repa 

States  Supreme  Coart,  and  this  case  turned  on  levees.   The  aggregate  work  undertal 

that  decision.  State,  the  Fifth  District,  the  Tensai 

LeTces. — During  1886~'88  there  were  118  con-  and  the  levee  districts  in  the  State  i 

tracts  for  levee  work,  involving  69  miles  of  new  two  years,  is  90  miles  of  new  levee 

levee,  and  the  enlargement  and  raising  of  49^  miles  of  old  levee  raised  and  enlarg( 

of  old  levee,  at  a  cost  of  from  ten  to  twenty-  ing  5,684,126  cubic  yards  at  a  cost 

nine  and  a  half  cents  a  cubic  yard,  averaging  $1,162,696. 

eighteen  and  a  half  cents  a  cubic  yard.    The        Sugar. — Efforts  have  been  made  to 

total  quantity  of  earth-work  under  these  con-  location  of  the  sugar-experimental 

tracts  amounts  to  3,872,828  cubic  yards,  at  a  Audubon  Park.    If  successful,  it  is  h 

cost  of  $618,622.    Besides  this  work  the  Fifth  devote    fifty  acres  for  a    model  si 

Levee  District  has  constructed  15^  miles  of  where  a  laboratory  will  be  fitted  up ; 

new  levee,  and  has  raised   and  enlarged   80  provements  in  sugar-culture  and  n 

miles  of  old  levee,   amounting  to  1,655,000  agriculture  will  be  demonstrated.    1 

cubic  yards,  at  a  cost  of  $362,590.    The  Fifth  ments  on  the  diffusion  process  cod 

Levee  District  has  also  contributed  $9,500  for  the  Department  of  Agriculture  creat 

levee  work  in  the  lower  part  of  Ohicot  County,  erable  interest  and  were  closely  w 

Ark.     The  Tensas  Basin  Levee  District  has  the  planters.    The  proposed  red nctio 

also  contracted  for  work  in  Desha  and  Chicot  cent,  in  the  tariff  of  sugar  by  Congre 

Counties,  Ark.,   involving  the  building  of  6  delegation  being  sent  to  present  th< 

miles  of  new  levee,  and  8^  miles  of  old  levee,  sugar  before  the  Finance  Committ 

amounting  to  592,134  cubic  yards  of  earth  at  United  States  Senate,  and  protest  a 

a  cost   of    $150,000.     The  Mississippi  River  proposed  reduction,  claiming  that  i 

Commission,    in    consideration   of   the  work  producing  and  refining  interests  of  t1 

done  in    Arkansas  by    Louisiana,   consented  give  employment  to  several  millio 

to  close  all  gaps  between  Amos  Bayou  and  the  population,  hence  they  should  not  rui 

Louisiana  line,  that  had  not  been  provided  for.  destroyed,  particularly  as  they  are  n 

The  work  is  neariy  complete.    It  involves  the  gressing  and  promise  to  supply  a  lari 

raising  and  enlargement  of  20  miles  of  old  of  the  entire  needs  of  the  United  Sta 
levee  and  the  building  of  17  miles  of  new  Against  the  claim  that  the  suga 

levee,  1,500,000  cubic  yards,  at  an  expenditure  was  non-progressive,  and  that,  as  1 

of  $320,000.  cane  had  never  become  thoroughly  i 

.  The  work  thus  accomplished  and  in  progress,  in  this  country,  the  domestic  prod 

with   that  done  by  the    local    levee  boards,  never  be  raised  to  a  plane  of  success! 

should,  before  another  high- water  season,  give  tition  with  that  of  foreign  countri 

a  continuous  line  of  levees  from  the  highlands  shown  that,  in  spite  of  the  destrncti 

south  of  Arkansas  river  to  the  upper  limits  of  sugar  industry  by  war,  it  was  prom 

this  State,  and  cut  off  the  overflow  from  this  bilitated,  and  from  5,000  tons  at  U 

source  that  has  heretofore  inundated  the  par-  resumption,  the  production  has  been 

ishes  lying  between  the  Ouachita  and  the  Mis-  to  nearly  200,000  tons.     This  grea 

sissippi  rivers,  and  that  was  without  remedy  has  been  made  in  the  face  of  extren 

by  any  work  possible  within  the  boundaries  of  sion  in  prices,  lack  of  adequate  capit 

the  State.    The  creation  of  the  corporations  of  quent  disasters  from  river  floods.    T 

the  Fifth  Louisiana  and  the  Tensas  Basin  Levee  cane  had  not  become  adapted  to  tl 

Districts  by  the  General  Assembly  in  1886,  has  was  also  conclusively  denied  by  the 

been  the  most  important  levee  legislation  of  the  fact  that  the  sugar-crop  has  ne 

recent  years.     It  enabled  the  districts  to  do  es-  while  nearly  every  other  crop  in  tl 

sential  work  outside  of  the  Staters  boundaries,  has  frequently  met  with  disaster.    £ 

The  Tensas  Basin  Levee  District  has  entered  productiveness  of  the  cane  has  be< 

into  agreement  with  the  Louisiana,  Arkansas  increased  by  careful  cultivation,  ant 

and  Missouri  Railroad  Company  to  construct  an  demonstrated  to  be  susceptible  of  s 

embankment  on  the  west  side  of  Bayou  Macon  improvement.    The  progressive  spi 

and  across  the  streams  and  lowlands  known  as  sugar-planters  was  proved  by  the  fa 

Boeuff  Cut-off.    The  construction  of  this  work,  spite  of  scant  means,  such  improven 

if  it  has  the  proper  height  and  strength  to  con-  been  made  in  extracting  machinery 

fine  the  floods,  will  cost  a  large  sum.     It  will  to  date  resulted  in  almost  doubling 

give  additional  security  against  overflow,  and  of  many  sugar-houses.    The  planters 

protect  a  greater  portion  of  the  district  inde-  sets  forth  the  fact  that  many  million 

pendently  of  levees  on  the  front.     The  commis-  were  invested  in  sugar-culture,  and  t 

sion  has  also  assisted,  within  the  past  two  years,  nual  output  averaged  in  value  fully  $ 

in  the  construction  of  the  Kemp  and  Deer  Park  Of  the  proceeds  of  the  crop,  fully  7 

Levees  in  the  Fifth  District,  and  allowed  $40,000  is  consumed  by  labor,  about  600,0( 

for  the  construction  of  the  Morganza  in  consid-  more  than  half  the  population  of  Lo< 

oration  of  Louisiana  contributing  the  balance  ing  supported  by  the  industry. 


LOUISIANA.  LOZIER,  CLEMENOE  SOPHIA.     501 

-The  Democratic  State  Convention  faithftil  and  skilled  men  to  work  them,  shall  save  this 

tt  Baton  Rouge  on  January  10,  and  ^M  {^"^  such  overflows  as  have  lately  made  lakes  of 

^  1.  *        *^         •     X  J     I?      nT  the  lands  in  the  rear  parts  of  this  city,  and  have 

ng  ticket  was  nominated  :  H  or  (xov-  brought  desolation  to  these  districts  and  bred  pesti- 

ncis  T.   Nicholls;    Lieutenant-Gov-  icnce  and  fever  among  the  dwellers  therein.    To  strike 

168  Jeffries ;  Auditor,  O.  B.  Steele  ;  ftt)m  the  pay-rolls  politioul  dead-heads,  and  give  em- 

W.  H.  Pipes;  Secretary  of  State,  L.  ployment  to  those  who  can  and  are  willing  to  work, 

Affr^*.«A»  r*LnAi..i    WW    vtfXiT^wHx .  ■<>  that  tor  each  dollar  spent  there  shall  be  a  dollar's 

Attoraey-General,  W.  H.  Rogers ;  ^^^j^  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^i^^^  ^^  ^ho  do  a  dollar's  work 

dent  of  Education,  Joseph  A.  breaux.  ghall  get  a  dollar's  mv,  and  that  no  city  official  shall 
m  included  the  following :  draw  two  salaries.  To  have  the  police  force  purged 
Bvee  system  of  the  State  is  a  neocKsity  for  «^d  remodeled  and  so  fairly  paid  that  proper  men 
.n  of  the  lives  and  property  of  our  citiiens,  may  be  induced  to  serve.  To  have  good  schools  pro- 
se ourselves  to  developrmintain,  and  pro^  vided  and  competent  teachers  given  Tull  jpav.  To  in- 
3  to  the  fullest  extent  consistent  with  the  ^^\  ^^  ^l^?  .^es  Bhall  be  honestly  and  closely  col- 
tie  State  as  absolutely  essential  to  the  hap-  \t^i  ^"*  ^J^J^^^  without  oppression ;  and  to  see 
roeperity  of  our  people.  ^^^  *"«  P^,^^<2  J^^^is  derived  theretrom  shall  be  so 
po0^  to  the  employment  of  the  peniten-  fPP^0P"ated  to  legitimate  expenditures  Mid  within 
i^the  State  in  such  manner  as  to  bring  ^^fP^  1*™?^  J^^a^  c^ty  warrants  shall  be  worth  par,  and 
abor  in  competition  with  free  Ubor.  c»*y  employes  be  enabled  to  cash  their  warrants  every 
to  the  fertile  fields  of  Louisiana  immi-  ^onth  without  discount.  To  insist  that  the  t»xee  we 
aU  lands,  with  the  assurance  that  they  W  shall  be  apphed  to  mvmg  us  that  Protection  to 
re  a  hearty  welcome  and  a  happy  home.  ^^fi  "^d  property  to  which  we  are  entitfed,  and  that 
"^  '^'^^  they  shall  be  expended  m  making  this  city  a  clean, 
ublican  State  Convention  was  held  healthy,  and  attractive  abode,  where  real  estate  shall 
leans  on  January  28.    The  following  he  worth  owning,  and  where  for  every  store,  office, 

nominated:    For  Governor.  H.  0.  ^'„J^^°S.dt;d;td  w^e'n.'T'welv^oS'of 

Lieutenant-Governor,  Andrew  Hero,  ^^  year  those  seeking  employment  may  And  it  at  re- 

;ary  of  State,  John  F.  Patty  ;  Treas-  munerative  wages  or  salanes.    To  have  vice  and  oor- 

Flanders ;  Attorney-General,  Rob-  ruption  suppressed  and  all  legitimate  enten>rises  fos- 

luditor,  James  Forsythe.     The  plat-  Jf  «<*  ^\  encouraged ;  and  to  have  that  efficient  and 

•  ij\  fkL  fV>n/^tB^;*i/»  honest  administration  of  public  affairs  that  will  en- 
inea  ine  loiiowing  :  gender  confidence  in  the  community  and  brinff  capital 
mn  the  free-trade  tendencies  of  President  and  immigration  to  this  locality.  To  have  the  polls 
Administration  and  the  organization  of  the  so  ^uard^  that  ^od  citizens  will  be  afforded  every 
spresentatives  at  Washington,  whereby  a  facility  to  cast  their  votes,  and  that  they  will  be  pro- 
ras  made  Speaker,  who  has  in  turn  con-  tected  firom  any  indignity  or  molestation  while  so  do- 

commlttee  of  ways  and  means  in  such  ing ;  to  have  as  our  commissioners  at  the  ballot-boxes 

>  insure  an  attack  upon  all  the  protected  to  represent  this  association  men  of  integrity  and 

'  the  coimtry,  and  especially  those  of  our  force,  who  will  see  that  all  fair  bollote  are  counted 

and  rice ;  and  we  see  with  amazement  and  all  fraudulent  votes  rejected,  and  to  insist  that  in 

^resentatives  in  Congress  consorted  with  the  exercise  of  their  duties  they  will  receive  proper 

r  the  organization  which  we  condemn.  protection, 
it  to  be  the  duty  of  the  National  and  State 

I  to  foster  and  protect  the  agricultural  and        They  also  issued  the  following  ticket :  For 

agintereste  and  industries  of  the  State,  we  Mayor,  Joseph  A.  Shakspeare;  Treasurer,  Jo- 

SI:^^f!^?1L^^J?„SJ!"U^h^Xl!fri;^^^  ^^ph  N.  Hardy;  Comptroller,  Otto  Thomann; 

the  safety  and  security  of  the  American  ^*^       ..  ^  it  n  x.\*     xtr    x.      o«/-it 

protection  to  all  of  our  industries,  without  Commissioner  of  Puhhc  Works,  Gen.  G.T. 

le,  place,  or  location,  to  the  end  that  labor  Beauregard ;  Commissioner  of  Police  and  Pub- 

ihall  be  secure  in  their  rights  and  privi-  He  Buildings,  Thomas  Agnew. 
)reign  competition  and  interference.  xhe  election  was  held  on  April  18,  and  Gen. 

U^L  ^^p^^rToB^'^^^^^^^  Nicholls  and  the  other  candidal:^  on  the  Demo- 

J  for  agricultural  stations  in  the  different  oratio  ticket  were  elected   by  a  majority  oi 

we  recommend  our  Legislature  to  supple-  85,786  in  a  total  vote  of  188,728. 
>propriation,  so  that  we  may  have  the  in-        xhe  Reform  ticket  in  New  Orleans  received 

SrJ'^^^''n>^^.w^.^^^  the  support  of  the  Repuhlicans,  and  defeated 

•  best  practice  oi  agriculture  for  our  van-  ^^^  ^^^^  Democratic  ticket  by  7,000  mjyor- 

I  bona-fide  immigration  to  our  State,  but  ity.     Gen.  Beauregard  resigned  his  office  on 

the  importation  of  contract  labor,  which  July  28,  and  was  succeeded  by  E.  T.  Leche. 
we  the  Ubor  of  our  own  people  and  de-        j^  ^^e  presidential  election,  Mr.  Cleveland 

>f  the  employment  which  ttey  would  oth-  ^^^^^  8^032  votes ;  Gen.  Harrison,  80,484 ; 

im  the  use  of  convict  labor  outaide  of  pub-  Gen.  Fisk,  160 ;  and  Mr.  Streeter,  89---a  Demo- 
id  demand  that  it  shall  not  be  allowed  to  oratic  majority  of  54,548.  A  Republican  Con- 
petition  with  free  labor.  gressman  was  returned  from  New  Orleans, 
ang  Men^s  Democratic  Association  The  five  other  members  of  the  Congressional 
eting  in  New  Orleans  on  March  28,  delegation  are  Democrats.  The  State  Legislat- 
(d  the  following  platform :  ure  contains  88  Democrats  and  2  Republicans 
sll  on  the  citizens  of  New  Orleans  to  as-  in  the  Senate,  and  86  Democrats  and  12  Re- 
iciation  in  its  honest  endeavors  to  bring  publicans  in  the  House, 
of  jroodgovernment,  and  we  declare  our        LOZIEE,  CLEHENCE  SOPHIA,  physician,  born 

^riiSlL^^lS^ii'J^enta^^^^^^  ^^  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  Dec.  11,   1818;   died  in 

i  shippmg  fadlitiw ;  to  inaiit  that  proper  New  York  city,  April  26,  1888.     She  was  the 

chines,  with  a  ftill  supply  of  coal  and  youngest  daughter  of  David  Earned,  and  was 


502    LOZIER,  OLEMENOE  SOPSIA. 

edocated  at  Plajnfietd  Acadenij.  SnbBequeat- 
1;  she  removed  with  her  parents  to  New  York 
oity,  and  in  1829  married  Abraham  W.  Lozier, 
an  architect.  Her  husband's  health  sood  be- 
gan to  fail,  and  she  establiHhed  a  acbool  for 
young  ladies,  which  she  condncl«d  for  eleven 
years.  During  this  time  she  was  associated 
with  Urs.  Margaret  Pryor  in  viaiting  tbe  poor 


and  abaniiloaed  under  the  auspioes  of  the  Morel 
Beform  Society.  From  her  mother  she  had 
inherited  a  strong  liking  for  medicine,  and,  nn- 
der  the  direction  of  her  brother,  Dr.  William 
Earned,  introduced  into  her  school  stndies  on 
physiology,  anatomy,  and  hygiene.  Five  years 
after  the  death  of  her  bnaband  she  went  to 
Albany,  and  for  a  time  was  at  the  head  of  a 
private  school.  She  then  determined  to  study 
medicine,  and  in  1S49  attended  lectures  at  the 
Rochester  Eclectic  Medical  College.  Bubse- 
qnently  she  entered  the  Syraouse  Medical  Col- 
lege, where  she  received  her  degreeinlSSS  with 
thehighest  honors.  Dr.  Lozier  then  retamed  to 
New  York  oity  and  at  once  began  to  practJoe  as  a 
hoiaoeopathist.  Her  success  was  unuanal,  and 
ber  income  is  said  to  have  exceeded  |20.000  a 
year  in  her  best  days.  In  the  surgery  re- 
quired by  the  diseaaea  of  women  she  showed 
remarkable  skill,  and  performed  many  capital 
operations.  In  1660  she  began  a  coarse  of 
lectures  on  medical  snbjecta  m  her  own  par- 
lors, the  outcome  of  which  was  the  formation 


elation.  The  latter  through  her  efforts  became 
the  New  York  Medical  College  and  Hospital 
for  Women,  of  which  she  was  clinical  pro- 
fessor of  diseases  of  women  and  children  and 
also  for  more  than  twenty  years  dean  of  the 
faculty.  This  institution  was  tbe  first  dis- 
tinctively woman's  medical  ooUege  established 
in  New  York  State.    She  took  an  active  inter- 


LUTHERAN8. 

est  in  all  that  pertained  to  tbe  elevatioii  of  A* 
sei,  and  waa  an  intimate  fHend  of  Sdsbd  B- 
Anthony,  Elizabetb  Cady  Stanton,  and  albv 
well-known  woman-suffragists.  For  thiiuei 
years  she  was  President  of  the  New  York  Cili 
Woman  -  Suffrage  Association,  and  for  lout 
years  of  the  National  Woman's  Suffrage  A>»- 
ciation.  She  also  held  office  in  other  reform 
and  philanthropic  associations,  and  was  an  dc- 
casional  contributor  to  medical  journals. 

UTTBEBINS.  The  year  1888  was  raemonblt 
to  Latherans  in  the  Cnited  States,  «nce 
tbe  two  hundred  and  fiftieth  anniversary  of 
the  organization  of  the  first  Lntberan  coDgri> 
gation  among  the  Swedes  at  Ohristina  (do* 
Wilmington),  Del.  In  16S8  there  were  M 
tbe  shores  of  the  Delaware  fifty  Swedish  ud 
flnnish  Lntherana,  with  one  pastor,  nsio; 
Fort  Cbristjna  aa  their  ohnrch,  and  a  U' 
Datoh  Lutherans,  without  pastor  or  church, 
OD  Manhattan  Island  (New  York):  in  1S88 
there  were  more  than  1,038,000  Lutherans  wd- 
lered  throughout  every  State  and  Territory  of 
tbe  ITuited  States  and  the  provinces  of  Caoidi, 
having  67  synodical  organizations,  more  tha 
7,600  properly  organized  congregations,  mirui- 
tered  to  by  more  than  4,000  pastors,  supporl- 
ing  numerous  educational  and  benevolent  iy 
Btitutions,  and  carrying  on  extensive  home, 
foreign,  and  immigrant  missions. 

The  statistics  for  1^  show  a  large  increw 
aa  well  in  the  number  of  ministers  as  in  con-  i 
gregations  and  members.  According  to  tk 
best  authoritieB.  the  Lutheran  Church  do( 
numbers  4,426  clergymen,  7,416  congregstiou 
and  l,038,84fl  commnnicanta,  a  net  intu'esM 
over  the  figures  of  last  year  of  9IH  olei^jtnoi, 
260  congregations,  and  S8,87S  oommunicuts. 
The  membership  here  siven  does  not  inclod* 
the  baptized  membership  of  the  church,  which, 
if  given,  would  increase  the  a^regste  to  Dear- 
ly 4,000,000.  The  various  inatitutions  ut: 
Twenty-three  theological  seminaries  or  theo- 
logical departments  in  oollegea,  26  colleges,  SS 
academies,  10  ladies'  seminar-ies,  and  48  beaev- 
olent  institutions.  More  than  a  hundred  pe- 
riodicals are  published,  in  the  English,  Gtr 
man,  Norwegian,  Danish,  Icelandic,  and  Fin- 
nish languages.  The  following  is  a  brief  rimtii 
of  the  more  important  events  during  the  ytff 
within  tbe  general  bodies,  and  of  matter*  that 
deserve  to  be  put  on  record.  Only  two  of  tbe 
general  bodies  held  oonveotions — tbe  general 
council  and  tbe  s;nodical  conferenoe. 

Geien)  Sjaad.— This  body,  organized  in  1831, 
embraces  the  following  28  district  synods  (il- 
most  eiolusively  English) :  Maryland,  ffert 
Pennsylvania,  Hartwick  (N.  Y.),  East  Ohio, 
Franokoan  (N.  Y.),  Allegheny,  Eaat  Pennsjl- 
vania,  Miami  (Ohio).  Wittenburg  (Ohio),  Oli« 
Branch  (Ind.).  Northern  Illinois,  Central  Pean- 
sylvania,  Iowa,  Northern  Indiana,  Southan 
Illinois,  Central  Illinois,  New  York  and  New 
Jersey,  Susquehanna,  Pittsburg,  Eansas,  Ne- 
braska. German  Wartbarg,  and  Middle  Teo- 
nessee,  numbering  S67  clergymen,  1,84A  wo- 


LUTHERANS.  603 

md  146,871  members.  There  are  spent  for  missionary  work  in  America,  the  re- 
bounds 5  theological  seminaries,  4  mainder  for  the  institution  at  Eropp.  The 
cademies,  2  ladies^  seminal es,  and  Council  decided  that  it  was  impracticable  to 
lomes.  The  thirty-fourth  biennial  enter  into  organic  connection  with  the  Rev.  J. 
of  this  body  will  be  held  at  AUe-  Paulsen^s  institution  at  Kropp.  The  following 
June  12,  1889.    For  the  report  of  action  was  taken: 

vention  see  ''  Annual  Cyclopfedia  "  i.  That  it  w  not  expedient  for  the  General  CouncU 

447.  to  have  a  theological  Beminary  in  Germany  to  which 

iBciL — This  body,  organized  in  1867,  the  entire  theological  education  of  our  future  German 

I  of  ten   district  synods  (English,  P^^"  »^°"^^  ^  committed. 

A  G««»^;n».,;«*.\   JL  *xiirv«r« .  !/;«  2.  That  the  chiet  source  of  supply  of  laborers  m  the 

d  Scandmavian),  as  foUows :  Min-  q^^^^  ^  j^^  ^^^  ^ther  miss^Sn  fields,  should  be 

rennsylvama,  mmistenum  of  Mew  found  in  our  own  congregations;  and  that  such  per- 
ls of  Pittsburg,  Ohio,  Swedish  Au-  sonn  should  be  trainea,  as  &r  as  possible,  in  our  own 
nada,  Texas,  Indiana,  Norwegian  institutions. 

and   Iowa  (the  two  latter  being  ?-A^*>?j;  this  end,  our  pastors  should  be  dele- 

V   ^  \         >        .                   "  ffat^d  to  find  devout  younff  men  m  theu*  conflrreffations 

M)ry  members),  embracing  a  mem-  *  i^^  ^  ^jui^^  ^  e^t^r  the  mmistry ;  and  that  Wag- 

1,120  clergymen,  1,949  congrega-  uer  College,  in  Eochester,  be  stroncly  recommended 

292,964  members.     The   Michigan  as  a  proper  institution  to  prepare  tnem  for  the  semi- 

ed  its  connection  with  the  Council,  ^^J  in  PhUadelphia. 

.:fli»  o«r,4^   ^  u^xA^  ^^na;a4^:nr.  ^*  QQ  *•  That,  nevertheless,  under  the  present  circum- 

iwh  synod,  a  body  consistmg  of  88  ^^^  .^  j^  j^^^ly  desirible  and  nece^y  that  young 

8  congregations,  and  5,200  mem-  men  should  be  secured  from  Germany,  and  that  for 

overtures  for  membership  in  the  this  end  the  committee  shall  be  empowered  to  enter 

The  educational  and  benevolent  into  arrangements  with  one  or  more  institutions  in 

within  the  bounds  of  this  general  Germany;  provided,  first,  that  these  arranpmentsre- 

.  ^ -^ji    ^„    -  n         ®  t:,  oeive  the  approval  ot  the  General  Council ;  and,  seo- 

be  summarized   as   follows :    Four  ^nd,  that  such  institutions  have  only  a  preparktory 

seminaries,  7  colleges,  6  classical  character. 

1   ladies'  seminary,  2  conservato-  ^,     Swedish  committee's  renort  was  read  bv 

Vs^it^Sn  teUh'irtt  thJ  Rev'f  R  lX^^^^^^ 

ml«  ^    r^^Lfi^  r^^^^^  carried  on  by  the  conferences  of  the  Swedish 

^«*«^  fi«o*    o««»«i    ^^«.r^«*5^«  *^«  territory  outside  of  these.    The  committee  re- 

^^  C!lf  nf  fbJ^M^^  ported  missionaries  and  missions  in  nearly  all 

^  Fn^ltw  n^b«Jf^T?,Fr^>.  Jfn'  the  Statcs  and  Territories  of  the  United  Stktes, 

L^rt  .nnvoIS^n  ^^^^^^^  ^s  Well  as  in  Canada.   The  receipts  of  the  geT- 

nn.    The  convention  was  opened  ^^^^  committee  amounted  to  $6,977.79 ;  tSose 

J'''^^T!ZJ^r'JlL'l  I'L  ^1  of  the  entire  synod  for  its  numerous  missions, 

S'prSdertie^RevTZae?^  $14,688.22;   aid  for  the  Utah  mission,  $27- 

i  th^eJc^^JS^sem^^^^^  ''^'^^'^^  aggregate  of  $18,  822.    The  report 

on  Gal  iii  9  "  The  nations  and  the  "^^  ^  ^^^  ^^  mterestmg  and  gratifying  facts, 

I  organized  for  the  transaction  of  ^  ^l^^.  That  we  have  heard  with  great  g»tiflca- 

Ti.^    Ai»4-^^4.    ™»^;i-   ^ «««-«  tion  the  report  of  the  Swedish  Augustana  synod^s 

The  district  synods  were  repre-  missionary  work,  and  express  our  ^titude  to  God 
i  clencal  and  89  lay  delegates,  the  for  the  marked  blessing  he  has  laid  upon  its  faithlul 
d  not  being  represented  by  dele-  efforts  and  the  honor  he  has  conferred  upon  it  in  call- 
Rev.  Joseph  A.  Seiss,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  in^  it  to  a  task  so  great  in  its  proportions  and  so  rich 
e  Church  of  the  Holy  Communion,  '^  '**  promises. 

1,  was  elected  president.  The  work  Efforts  were  made  at  this  convention  to  cen- 
ention  consisted  of  the  considera-  tralize  all  the  missionary  operations  of  the  Gen- 
ion  on  the  reports  of  standing  com-  eral  Council  and  appoint  one  or  more  mission- 
oissions,  education,  liturgies,  etc.  ary  secretaries,  who  shall  devote  their  whole 
tAmut — ^This  work  is  intrusted  to  time  to  this  important  and  ever-increasing 
ittees — English,  German,  and  Scan-  work.  The  following  is  a  summary  of  all  the 
rhich  have  charge  of  mission  sta-  home  missionary  operations  in  the  Council — 
issionaries,  independent  of  the  dis-  English,  German,  and  Swedish — not  including, 
The  English  committee  reported  however,  a  number  of  important  missions  car- 
ies and  10  missions,  as  follows:  ried  on  and  entirely  supported  by  individual 
Ohio,  1;  Minnesota,  6;  Dakota,  1.  congregations:  270  missionaries,  892  congre- 
\  for  the  year  were  $4,768.64;  the  gations,  for  which  were  contributed  $48,686.98. 
9,  $8,892.60.  The  German  com-  Foreign  MIsdOBS. — The  report,  read  by  the  sec- 
rted  6  missionaries  in  their  employ  retary  of  the  committee,  gave  the  following  as 
ibraska,  and  Dakota.  Seven  young  to  the  affairs  of  the  mission  among  the  Telugus, 
been  received  from  Eropp,  Ger-  in  India:  The  mission,  which  has  Rigabmundry 
17  students  in  the  same  institution  for  its  principal  station,  has  6  foreign  mission- 
ed aid  from  the  committee.  The  aries,  4  wives  of  missionaries,  2  native  pastors, 
'e  $4,864.80,  of  which  $1,226  were  7  evangelists,  10  teachers  at  Rajahmundry  and 


504  LUTHERANS. 

62  at  the  other  stations.    The  pupils  in  the  ing  before  the  people  the  writings  of  the  n- 
various  districts  number  625.     There  were  formers.    For  the  standard  English  translitioti 
baptized  during  the  year,  235  ;  the  number  of  of  the  cateohism,  Luther^s  last  edition  of  154S 
Christians  is  2,037.    The  receipts  for  the  year  has  been  adopted,  and  Dr.  Philip  F.  Mayer^& 
amounted    to    $10,288.20 ;    the  expenditures  translation  has  been  made  the  basis  of  the  new 
were  $10,307.89.    The  Rev.  I.  E.  Poulsen,  who  translation.     In  addition  to  the  three  genenl 
had  been  laboinng  in  India  since  January,  1871,  bodies  uniting  in  securing  a  uniform  English 
returned  to  his  home  in  Denmark,  on  account  edition  of  these  Lutheran  standards,  the  Joint 
of  impaired  health.    The  missionary  operations  Synod  of  Ohio  has  decided  to  take  part.  Gloselj 
are  extending  so  widely  and  rapidly  that  mis-  allied  to  the  Church-book  Committee  are  the 
sionaries  are  needed  at  once.    The  mission  now  Committee  on  Sunday-School  Work,  who  pr^ 
has  a  printing-press,  which  is  doing  excellent  sented  an  elaborate  schedule  for  a  seven  yetn' 
work  in  disseminating    religious  tracts  and  course  of  lessons,  covering   the  infant,  inter- 
books.     A  Telugu  edition  of  *^  Bible  History,^*  mediate,  and  advanced  departments  in  Sondsj- 
with  illustrations,  is  shortly  to  be  issued.  schools,  and  furnishing  lessons  from  the  Old 

iHBlgrant  HlaBiMt — The  annual  reports  of  the  and  New  Testaments,  from  the  latter  for  the 

Rev.  W.  Berkenmeyer  and  Mr.  A.  B.  Li^a,  the  festival,  and  from  the  former  for  the  noo-festi- 

German  and  Swedish    missionaries  at  New  val  portion  of  the  Church  year.    The  comuiit- 

York,  showed  that  59,248  Swedish  and  11,771  tee  was  instructed  to  issue  a  graded  series  of 

German  emigrants  passed  through  the  Emi-  lessons  for  the  schools,  and  have  it  readj  for 

grant  House,  at  26  State  Street,  New  York.    Of  use  as  soon  as  possible.     During  this  con?es- 

Germans,  1,192  were  aided  out  of  the  benevo-  tion,  services  were  held  in  the  interest  of  home 

lent  funds  of  the  mission.   The  receipts  for  the  and  foreign  missions,   education,   benevoleDt 

year  were  $17,285.11 ;  the  expenditures,  $16,-  operations,  and  the  work  of  deaconesses,  be- 

084.66 ;  and  for  the  chaplain  on  Ward^s  Island,  sides  a  special  service,  in  the  Exposition  Build- 

$408.50.     The  money  deposited  for  emigrants  ings,  on  Friday,  Sept.  14,  in   honor  of  the 

amounted  to  $84,612.94.  quarto-millennial  anniversary  of  the  settlemeot 

Chnreh-Book  Ctmidttee.— The  oommittee^s  re-  (in  1688)  of  the  Swedes  on  Delaware  river. 
port  embraced :  1.  The  remainder  of  ministerial  The  next  convention  of  tins  body  will  beheld 
acts  not  completed  last  year,  i.  e.,  forms  for  the  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Oct.  12,  1889. 
visitation  of  the  sick,  communion  of  the  sick,  Synodlcal  CMtfercMe. — This  general  body,  «• 
commendation  of  the  dying,  and  burial  of  the  ganized  in  1872,  embraces  the  following  foar, 
dead.  2.  The  common  service  for  the  use  of  exclusively  German,  district  synods :  Joist 
all  English-speaking  Lutherans,  prepared  by  Synod  of  Missouri  and  other  States,  WiaoonsB 
the  joint  committee  of  the  General  Council,  the  Synod,  Minnesota  Synod,  and  English  Confer- 
General  Synod,  the  United  Synod  of  the  South,  ence  of  Missouri — numbering  1,238  clergymen, 
It  has  already  been  published  by  the  latter  two  1,740  congregations,  and  841,337  memben- 
bodies,  and  the  edition  of  the  Council  is  to  be  There  are  within  its  bounds  3  theological  semi- 
published  as  soon  as  possible.  8.  The  stand-  naries,  3  colleges,  7  academies,  and  14  orphfu' 
ard  English  translation  of  the  *^  Augsburg  Con-  homes,  hospitals,  and  immigrant  missions.  Tlufl 
fession,^^  and  Luther^s'^  Small  Catechism.''  For  general  body  held  its  twelfth  convention  io 
the  former,  the  Latin  editio  prineeps  of  1530  Trinity  (German)  Lutheran  Church,  Milwto- 
has  been  made  the  basis,  and  Kichard  Tavern-  kee,  Wis.  The  opening  sermon  was  delivered 
er's  English  translation  of  1536  the  standard  by  the  Rev.  A.  Ernst,  Professor  in  the  North* 
of  the  English  edition.  For  the  use  of  the  com-  western  University,  based  on  Eph.  iv,  M. 
mittee,  the  English  edition  of  1636  has  been  Nine  sessions  were  held,  of  which  five  were 
republished  by  the  Lutheran  Publication  So-  devoted  to  the  discussion  of  the  doctrinal  sob- 
ciety,  Philadelphia,  under  the  title  ^*  The  Augs-  jeot  unity  of  faith,  and  four  to  the  transactioo 
burg  Confession,  translated  from  the  Latin,  of  business.  The  following  officers  were 
in  1536,  by  Richard  Taverner,  edited  by  Henry  elected:  President,  Rev.  John  Bading;  Yioe- 
£.  Jacobs,  D.  D.''  Richard  Taverner,  the  trans-  president.  Rev.  M.  Tirmenstein ;  Secretary, 
lator,  was  a  celebrated  lawyer  and  classical  Rev.  C.  Gausewitz ;  Treasurer,  H.  A.  ChrisdaD- 
Boholar,  educated  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  sen.  The  home  missionary  work  of  the  hodj 
He  was  chief  clerk  to  Thomas  Cromwell,  the  is  carried  on  by  the  district  synods.  MissioD' 
distinguished  minister  of  Henry  VIII,  who  ary  work  is  carried  on  by  the  conference  amooS 
was  a  faithful  and  zealous  Lutheran.  All  of  the  colored  people  of  the  South,  seven  mispoo- 
Tavemer^s  fine  attainments  were  devoted  to  aries  being  located  in  Arkansas,  Lonifflana, 
the  cause  of  the  restored  Gospel.  In  1552  he  Virginia,  and  Illinois.  The  contributions  for 
was  licensed  to  preach,  and  in  this  capacity  did  this  work  for  two  years  amounted  to  $81,' 
good  service.  He  will  always  be  remembered  308.02,  and  the  expenditures  to  $20,72S.21* 
for  his  excellent  and  idiomatic  translation  of  The  next  convention  will  be  held  in  St.  Panli 
the  Bible  in  1639.    He  also  supplied  the  people  Minn.,  in  1890. 

with  '^  postils  ^^  or  sermons    to    be    used  in        IJiited  Syied  In  the  Sdilli« — ^This  general  body, 

churches  where  no  other  provision  could  be  organized  in  1886,  held  its  second  convention 

made  for  the  preaching  of  the  Gospel,  and  in  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  Nov.  24-29,  1887.     (Se« 

many  ways  rendered  efficient  service  in  bring-  ^^  Annual  Cyclopssdia "  for  1887,  p.  449.)   It 


LUTHERANS. 


605 


tbe  following  eight  district  {eiclu- 
glish)  synods:  North  Carolina,  Tea- 
outh  Osrolina,  Virginia.  West  Vir- 
^isdippi,  BolBtvn  (Tenn.),  and  Georgia, 
g  186  clergymen,  878  congreeations, 
11  members.  There  are  within  the 
if  this  general  hody,   1   theological 

6  colleges,  18  academies  aod  ladies' 
s,  and  1  orphans'  home.  The  next 
n  will  be  held  in  Wilmington,  N.  C, 
1889. 

knt  SfM^b— The  following  twelve 
nj  on  their  obarch,  educational,  mis- 


wife  of  John  D.  Lankenan  and  the  dsngliter  of 
the  late  Francis  M.  Drexel  and  sister  of  Fran- 
cis A.  Drexel.  The  building,  erected  on  the 
grounds   of  the  German  Hospital,   at  Girard 

and  Corinthian  Avenues,  was  began  Sept.  20, 
1886,  and  tbe  comer-stone  was  laid  Nov.  11, 
1667.  It  has  a  frontage  on  Girard  Arenae  of 
250  feet,  with  wings  running  sonth  300  feet, 
and  an  open  court  between  the  wings  of  120 
and  140  feet.  Tbe  main  entrance  is  in  the 
center  of  the  Girard  Avenue  front,  having  an 
archway  16  feet  high  directly  under  the  cbapel, 
which  forma  the  center  of  the  building  and  is 


nd  benevolent  operations  independ 
e  four  general  bodies  and  of  each 
Hnt  Synod  of  Ohio  Buffalo  Nor 
(ichigan  Norwegian  Danish  Confer 
ages  Norwegian  Synod  German 
Maryland  (German)  Danish  Dan 
ran  Union  Icelandic  Synod  TmmaD 
}d  nnmbenng  925  clergymen  2  OCT 
lona,  and  219,183  members,  9  theo- 
ninaries,  i  colleges,  8  academies,  and 
ent  institutions. 

■  lastltariliBi — A  notable  event  in  the 
r  the  Lutheran  Church  in  America 
rection  and  dedication  of  the  Hary  J. 
onie  and  Mother-House  of  Deacon- 
liilsdelphia.  This  is  a  memorial  of 
whose  name  it  bears,  who  was  tbe 


surmounted  by  a  steeple  176  feet  high.  The 
building  IS  of  bnck  with  cat-stone  trimmiugB, 
and  IS  three  stoneb  high.  It  cost  $500,000, 
and  B  the  gift  of  Mr  Laokeuaa  to  the  Lutheran 
Church  It  IS  to  serve  a  threefold  purpose: 
1  As  tbe  mother  house  tor  and  the  training- 
school  of  Lutheran  deaconesses,  where  Chris- 
tian women  will  be  trained  for  hospital,  school, 
and  parish  work  as  deaconesses,  an  office  of 
high  repute  in  the  Lutheran  Church  of  Europe, 
whioh  has  been  adopted  by  the  varions  de- 
nominations in  Europe  and  America;  2.  A 
well-eqaipped  children's  hospital :  8.  An  asy- 
1am  for  the  aged  and  infirm.  On  Dec.  6,  1888, 
this  building  was  formally  consecrated,  ac- 
cording to  the  liturgical  form  of  tbe  Lutheran 
OhnrcQ,  and  set  apart  for  its  special  mission  of 


506  LUTHERANS. 

benevolenqe.  Mr.  Lankenao^  the  founder  of  features ;  bat  before  the  nniOD  can  be  My 
this  institution  and  of  the  German  Hospital,  consummated  it  must  be  ratified  by  the  reaped- 
in  a  few  well -chosen  words  presented  the  ive  synods  at  their  conventions  in  1889.  Tbe 
buildiug  to  the  trustees.  The  following  are  prospects  are  very  promising  for  a  new  united 
the  concluding  words  of  his  address :  *^  I  here-  body  in  1890  under  the  adopted  title,  ^'Tbe 
by  surrender  into  your  hands  the  building  in  United  Norwegian  Lutheran  Church  in  Amer- 
which  we  are  here  assembled.  I  do  this  from  lea."  The  various  synods  concerned  in  ibis 
my  own  free  will  and  without  any  other  wish  movement  now  number  250  clergymen,  800 
or  influence  than  the  desire  to  be  of  service  to  congregations,  and  70,000  members, 
my  adopted  country  and  for  the  good  and  Swedish  tturto-HillaiiilaL — The  two  hundred 
benefit  of  mankind.  A  deed  I  have  none  to  and  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  Swedes  vtf 
give  you.  Be  satisfied  with  my  word  and  this  celebrated  on  Sept.  14,  1888,  in  the  £zpodtioQ 
hand  for  the  seal.  I  hope  the  many  witnesses  Buildings  at  Minneapolis,  Minn.  The  audience, 
before  you  will  not  object  to  testify  to  these  which  numbered  more  than  20,000  Scandinan- 
proceedings  and  approve  my  act.  I  do  not  ans,  was  addressed  by  Hans  Mattson,  Secretarj 
wish  you  to  become  alarmed  at  the  magnitude  of  State  of  Minnesota,  Hon.  W.  W.  Thomas,  of 
of  tbe  trust.  I  will  therefore  promise  you  Maine,  late  United  States  Minister  to  Norwaj 
that  I  will -maintain  the  institution  as  long  as  I  and  Sweden,  J.  A.  Enander,  editor  of  "  Henh 
live ;  then  let  the  institution  take  care  of  it-  landet,"  of ,  Chicago,  and  others.  The  king- 
self."  The  solenm  service  was  concluded  with  dom  of  Sweden  was  represented  by  Con<d 
the  formal  installation  of  the  Rev.  Augustus  Sahlgaard.  In  May,  1638,  two  ve^iels  sailed 
Oordes,  the  new  rector  of  the  Mother-House  up  the  Delaware,  bringing  the  first  Swedish 
of  Deaconesses,  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Spaeth.  colony  to  America.  The  Swedes  purchased 
lJii«B  «ii«iig  NerwcgUns. — For  several  years  from  the  Indians  a  large  tract  of  land  on  tbe 
the  Norwegian  Lutherans  in  the  United  States  west  bank  of  the  river,  extending  from  Gape 
have  been  divided  into  parties,  so  that  hitherto  Henlopen  to  the  faUs  near  Trenton,  and  west- 
there  have  been  four  separate  synods  carrying  ward  without  any  bound  or  limit,  embradog 
on  their  works  independently  and  not  unfre-  nearly  the  whole  of  the  present  State  of  Deli- 
quently  in  opposition  to  each  other  and  main-  ware  and  a  large  portion  of  Pennsylvanii 
taining  separate  educational  institutions.  Con-  The  colonists  immediately  built  a  fort,  to 
ferences  have  been  held  from  time  to  time  which  they  gave  the  name  Christina,  in  honor 
with  a  view  of  eflfecting  harmony  of  thought  of  their  queen,  and  erected  their  church  and 
and  union  of  action,  and  these  conferences  their  humble  dwellings  in  its  immediate  vicin* 
brought  about  a  better  understanding  among  ity.  The  city  of  Wilmington  now  occupies  tbe 
the  migority  of  the  synods  and  made  a  union  site  of  the  ancient  fort.  The  Swedes  pros* 
of  the  conflicting  elements  possible.  In  Feb-  pered  and  established  new  settlements  along 
ruary,  1888,  a  meeting  was  held  by  represent-  the  Delaware.  The  fertile  soil  returned  to 
atives  from  four  of  the  different  synods,  and  them  its  increase  in  bountiful  measure,  and 
an  overture  was  made  to  the  Norwegian  Au-  they  lived  in  peace  and  friendship  with  the 
gustana  Synod  (organized  in  1860),  Norwegian-  Indians,  whom  they  endeavored  to  convert 
Danish  Conference  (1870),  Hangers  Norwegian  to  Christianity.  They  came  with  their  pas- 
Synod  (1875),  and  tne  Anti-Missourians  of  the  tor,  Reorus  Torkillus,  and  one  of  their  earli- 
Norwegian  Synod  (1853),  the  oldest  and  strong-  est  pastors,  John  Campanius  (Holm),  was  tbe 
est  Norwegian  body,  with  a  view  of  merging  first  Protestant  missionary  among  the  Indians, 
all  the  synods  into  one  body;  and  a  joint  antedating  John  Eliot  by  sever^  years.  Be- 
oommittee  of  seven  members  from  each  synod  fore  long  they  had  flourishing  congregations  io 
was  appointed  to  formulate  a  basis  of  union,  various  parts  of  their  territory ;  but  Uie  Dntch 
The  committee  met  in  August  at  Eau  Claire,  at  New  Amsterdam  (New  York)  looked  witli 
Wis.,  and  prepared  tbe  following  plan  of  union  jealousy  upon  this  thriving  colony,  and  in  vari- 
for  adoption  by  the  respective  synods :  1.  A  ous  ways  sought  to  subjugate  or  drive  awaj 
doctrinal  basis,  having  special  regard  to  their  their  neighbors.  In  1655  &e  Dutch  suddenlj 
previous  disagreements ;  2.  A  new  synodical  appeared  in  Delaware  Bay  with  a  large  force, 
constitntion,  to  take  the  place  of  existing  syn-  surprised  the  Swedes,  and  subjugated  tbe 
odical  constitntion 8 ;  8.  A  plan  for  the  con-  colony.  Many  of  the  settlers  were  sent  back 
solidation  of  institutions,  periodicals,  and  pub-  to  Sweden  and  the  rest  were  held  as  subjects 
lication  interests.  The  plan  includes  the  con-  of  Holland.  This  continued  for  nine  jears, 
solidation  of  the  four  seminaries^ — two  at  when  New  Netherland,  with  all  its  possessions, 
Minneapolis,  Minn.,  one  at  Beloit,  Iowa,  and  passed  under  the  control  of  the  English  crovO' 
one  at  Red  Wing,  Minn.,  and  the  raising  of  an  As  a  distinct  political  organization  under  tbe 
endowment  fnnd  of  $186,000  for  the  support  of  Swedish  flag  the  colony  continued  only  seTeo- 
the  six  theological  professors  of  the  institutions  teen  years ;  but  its  influence  for  good  has  con- 
as  at  present  existing.  A  joint  meeting  of  tinned  down  to  the  present  through  the  de- 
these  synods  was  held  at  Scandinavia,  Wis.,  scendants  of  those  pioneers,  many  of  whom 
Nov.  15  to  22,  1888.  About  800  members  are  among  the  most  honored  citizens  of  Penn- 
were  present.  The  threefold  report  of  the  sylvania.  New  Jersey,  and  Delaware,  and 
joint  committee  was  ratified  in  all  its  essential  some  of  whom  have  occupied  high  places  iu 


MAINE. 


507 


roh    and   state.      Said   Hon.   W.   W.  kept  faith  with  them.    Peno  has  beeo  justly  praised 

in  his  historicfd  address:  **'■  his  peaceful  and  humane  policy  toward  the  red 

man.    I  would  not  pluck  a  leaf  from  the  laurels  with 

m  who,  as  a  member  of  the  Continental  wbich  America  has  crowned  the  great  Quaker ;  but, 

gave  the  casting  vote  of  Pennnylvania  in  Potior  to  whom  honor  is  due.     Impartial  history  re- 

3ie  Declaration  of  Independence,   was  a  ^'^*  ^^^  ^^^  honor  of  originating  this  policy  on  this 

the  old  Delaware  stock,  John  Morton,  the  continent  is  due  not 'to  William  Tenn,  but  to  the 

oestor  of  the  great  war  Governor,  Morton,  Swedes  of  New  Sweden.    Penn.  in  a  letter,  mentions 

;  and  when  avil  war  burst  upon  the  land  ^^*  kind  reception  by  the  Swedes,  and  praises  their 

iscendant  of  New  Sweden,  the  gallant  Gen.  industry  and  their  respect  for  authority.    He  says : 

iderson,  who  with  but  a  handful  of  men  As  they  are  a  people  proper  and  strong  of  body,  so 

1  bravely  met  the  first  shock  of  the  rebell-  ^^y  ^*^®  ^®  children,  and  almost  eveiy  house  full ; 

t  Sumter.    And  New  Sweden  will  ever  be  '^^  ^  *nd  one  of  them  without  three  or  foxir  boys 

from  the  principles  of  true  humanity  which  *n^  **  many  ffu-ls.  some  six,  seven,  and  eight  sons. 

1  its  founding.    The  idea  of  New  Sweden  -A.nd  I  must  do  them  right,  I  see  few  young  men 

in  the  mind  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  al-  ^O"  ^^^^  "^d  industrious." 

Bras  not  until  after  his  death  that  the  plan  With  the  acquisition  of  the  country  by  the 

f  rin^ofoPT  tXS^iSl'^&s  ?^^^  Swedish  immigration.began  to  dimin- 

>uld  be  an  asylum  for  the  opprwsed  of  all  ^^h,  and  for  nearly  two  centunes  was  insignifi- 

.  free  State  where  all  woiUd  have  equal  cant ;  but  about  twenty-five  years  ago  it  took 

i  ei^oy  to  the  fdllest  extent  the  fruits  of  a  fresh  start,  and  since  then  immigration  from 

labor.    Slavery  should  never  exist  within  Sweden  has  assumed  immense  proportions  and 

''  ^'^'iv?"^  ^«*»^'  "  S^^«»  «^»?  ;  «^i  constitutes  one  of  the  marvels  in  the  migration 

T  With  reluctance,  and  soon  pensh  with  ^^"«'»'»*'«»''='«»  v"«^*  «'\«  "•»*▼««*"  »'"^  "*H5'«""" 

e."  William  Penn  arrived  on  this  conti-  of  nations,  laking  mto  consideration  only  the 
82,  forty-four  years  after  the  Swedes,  and  later  years,  we  note  that  in  1880  there  arrived 
thin  the  limits  of  New  Sweden.  It  was  the  on  these  shores  more  than  40,000  Swedes ;  in 
BtUers  and  their  children  who  reived  the  igSl,  50,000;  and  in  1882  more  than  64,000 : 
cer,  welcomed  him  to  the  New  World,  and  ^„,  A„li^^\u^  «— *  i.«i*  ^rf*  ♦i.^  «.v««  \oQn 
d  iim  with  kindness  and  hospitaUty.  It  ^^»  dunng  the  first  half  of  the  vear  1887, 
uredes  also  who  acted  as  Penn»s  interpreters  more  than  80,000  at  the  port  of  New  York 
adians.  How  could  it  be  otherwise  than  that  alone.  The  great  m^ority  of  these  have  set- 
observer  as  Penn  should  learn  from  his  hosts  tied  in  the  West  and  Northwest     Minnesota 

meters  their  mimner  of  deabng  ^th  the  red  has  a  Swedish  population  of  nearly  200,000,  and 

>e  impressed  with  its  success  f    Precisely  as  ««  « -^    ^       4/vpt«»w    i*  vi  ««€m  i j  «vv,vvv,  oum 

s  had  done  before  him,  Penn  acquired  land  ™ay  justly  be  called  the  New  Sweden  of  the 

ians  by  purchase,  treated  them  kindly,  and  great  Northwest. 


M 


The  following  were  the  State  offi- 
ng the  year :  Governor,  Sebastian  8. 
Elepublicau) ;  Secretary  of  State,  Ora- 
^mith ;  Treasurer,  Edwin  C.  Burleigh, 
^ed  on  July  14  and  was  succeeded  by 
i.  Beal ;  Attorney-General,  Orville  D. 
superintendent  of  Public  Schools,  Nel- 
ice ;  Railroad  Commissioners.  Asa  W. 
ioscoe  L.  Bowers,  and  David  N.  Mort- 
hief-Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
Peters;  Associate  Justices,  Charles 
>n,  Charles  Danforth,  William  W.  Vir- 
mus  Libbey,  Lucilius  A.  Emery,  Enoch 
ad  Thomas  H.  Haskell. 
B. — ^The  following  is  a  summary  of  the 
ind  disbursements  of  the  State  during 


OTry,  Jan.  1, 1888 1812,288  08 

ta  for  1883 1,087,888  90 

$1399,67«98 

dltnrea  for  188a $1,127,898  62 

*ui7,  Dec.  81, 1888 272,288  41 

$1,899,«7«98 

sources  of  the  State,  Jan.  1,  1889,  are 
'3.88 ;  liabilities,  $5,881,502.  Of  this 
led  amount  $1,748,000  is  war -loan 
le  Jan.  1,  1889;  and  $2,187,400  is 
loan  for  the  assumption  of  municipal 


war  debts,  due  Oct  1,  1889.  Expenditures 
under  the  different  departments  of  the  State 
have  exceeded  the  appropriations  by  $104,- 
025.62. 

The  fifty-six  savings-banks  in  the  State  have 
paid  a  State  tax  of  $272,128.42 ;  the  different 
railroads  of  $109,760.66,  the  telegraph  com- 
panies of  $6,850,  the  telephone  companies  of 
$1,887.50,  the  express  companies  of  $1,293, 
and  the  insurance  companies  of  $22,883.57, 
making  a  total  from  these  sources  of  $412,- 
808.15. 

The  condition  of  the  sinking-fund  of  the 
State  is  shown  by  the  following  detailed  ex- 
hibit : 

Creditor,  by  balance,  Jan.  1, 1888 $949,660  64 

Amount  receiTed  for  interest  on  ftrnds  iuTested 
in  securities  outside  the  State  of  Maine 40,060  00 

Total $989,690  64 

Debtor  to  amount  State  of  Maine  bonds 
purchased  during  the  year  1888,  and  canceled 
as  follows : 

Issue,  June  1, 1864  (registered) $10,000  00 

"           *•    (coupon) 4,000  00 

"      Oct.  1, 1869  (registered) 1,000  00 

**           "         •*    (coupon) 8,600  00 

To  amount  paid  for  premiums  on  same 584  fiO 

''               ''       accrued  interest  on  same...  209  81 

Balance,  sinlcing  Itmd,  Dec.  81,  lass,  par  value..  966,296  88 

Totol $989,690  64 


608  MAINE. 

Oonoerning  the  bonded  debt,  the  Treasurer  $1,479,786.68,  and  at  the  close  of  the  yen 
sajs:  *^The  refunding  of  oar  public  debt  be-  Uiere  remained  in  the  banks  $1,024,867.61  ot 
tween  this  date  (Jan.  1,  1889)  and  the  1st  of  nndivided  profits.    There  are  in  Maine  alflonx 
October  is  an  imperative    datj  and  of  the  trust  companies  and  fifteen  loan  and  boil^ 
amount  now  outstanding,  $1,748,000  fall  due  associations,  which  are  represented  in  a  most 
on  the  first  day  of  June  and  $2,187,400  on  the  healthy,  prosperous  condition, 
first  of  October :  against  this  aggregate  amount  EdicattoB. — ^The  Maine  State  GoUege  has  cod- 
of  $8,935,400  and  available  for  its  payment,  tinned  to  flourish.     The  State  ezperimentil 
we  have  securities  in  the  sinking-fund  whose  station  at  the  college  was  abolished  on  Oct. 
market  value  is  about  $1,200,000 ;  there  is  to  1,  1887,  and  was  then  transferred  to  and  be- 
be  paid  from  the  estate  of  Hon.  Abner  Ooburn  came  the  property  of  the  college.    Meteoro- 
$150,000,  of  which  the  State  has  accepted  the  logical  observations  are  regularly  made  thm. 
trust,  and  we  may  possibly  have  an  additional  A  new  building  for  the  use  of  the  department 
sum  of  $857,702  from  the  National  Government  of  agriculture  and  natural  history  was  com- 
as a  refund  of  the  direct  tax  of  August,  1861.  pleted  during  the  year.    The  State  appordoo- 
The  debt  to  be  refunded  can  not,  I  think,  ex-  ment  of  the  school-fund  and  mill-tax  amoant- 
ceed  $2,600,000  in  amount,  and  may  possibly  ed  to  $372,708.89,  which  was  divided  among 
be  as  low  as  $2,200,000.^^  the  diflferent  counties  according  to  the  number 

The  sinking-fund  is  wholly  composed  of  of  pupils  in  each.  The  total  number  of  popik 
United  States  4  and  4^  per  cent,  bonds,  and  was  211,968,  a  decrease  of  590  for  the  year. 
Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire  5  and  6  per  The  report  of  the  State  Superintendent  of 
cent,  bonds.  More  than  70  per  cent,  of  the  Schools  indicates  that  there  are  fewer  pupils  n 
fund  is  invested  in  United  States  bonds ;  these  the  State  than  in  1886,  yet  there  were  444 
securities  will  not  shrink  in  value  and  they  more  attending  school ;  the  registered  attend- 
bear  an  average  interest  in  excess  of  4  per  ance  in  the  summer  and  autumn  terms  was  in- 
cent.,  and  can  profitably  be  maintained  for  the  creased  by  1,807  and  the  average  daily  attend- 
last  payment.  The  refunding  act  of  1887  fixes  ance  by  1,844;  the  registered  and  average 
the  date  for  the  issue  of  the  new  bonds  at  Oct.  daily  attendance  for  the  winter  and  sprinf 
1,  1889.  terms  was  increased  by  the  numbers  1,315  and 

The  State  College  has  on  deposit  with  the  682  respectively. 
State  Treasurer,  under  the  provisions  of  cer-  The  reports  of  the  Madawaska  Training 
tain  resolves  and  acts  of  the  Legislature,  vari-  School,  normal  department  of  the  Maine  Ceo- 
ous  State  bonds,  amounting  to  $118,300.  This  tral  Institute,  and  Lee  Normal  Academy,  are 
whole  sum  now  stands  in  bonds  which  become  very  satisfactory,  as  are  also  the  reports  of  the 
due  in  1889,  and  for  the  purpose  of  refunding  trustees  of  the  three  State  institutions, 
them  the  Treasurer  suggests  that  he  be  author-  RaUrtads. — The  commissioners  report  that 
ized  to  issue  a  registered  bond  for  the  full  duitng  1887  the  York  Harbor  and  Beach  Rail- 
amount  in  favor  of  the  State  College  of  Agri-  road  has  been  wholly  constructed  and  wis 
culture  and  Mechanic  Arts  bearing  interest  at  opened  to  public  travel  on  August  8.  This  rail- 
the  rate  of  5  per  cent,  per  annum.  road  extends  from  the  Boston  and  Maine  Bail* 

The  Maine  Insane  Hospital  fund  has  been  in-  road  depot  in  Eittery  to  York  Beach,  about 

creased  by  the  trustees  paying  into  the  treas-  11-^  miles. 

ury  $50,000  which  they  received  from   the  The  Penobscot  and  Lake  Megantic  Railroad, 

estate  of  Hon.  Abner  Ooburn.     This  has  been  now  known  as  the  International  Railroad,  if 

accepted  in  trust,  for  which  the  annual  interest  being  constructed  from  the  west  line  of  the 

is  to  be  paid  as  authorized  by  resolve  of  the  State  easterly  by  the  southern  side  of  Moose' 

Legislature  of  1887,  which  directed  the  Treas-  head  Lake  to  a  connection  with  the  Europeao 

urer  to  issue  to  the  hospital  an  unnegotiable  and  North  American  Railroad  at  Mattawam- 

registered  bond  for  $50,000,  bearing  interest  at  keag  station. 

the  rate  of  4  per  cent,  per  annum,  payable  The  Somerset  Railroad  Company  cootem* 

semi-annually.  plates  the  extension  of  its  railroad  from  the 

Saviiigs-Baikfl.— The  fifty-five  savings-banks  present  terminus  at  North  Anson,  northerly 

in  Maine  have  assets  amounting  to  $5,031,-  and  easterly  to  the  village  of  Bingham,  about 

497.44  in  excess  of  all  liabilities,  and  during  sixteen  miles,  and  has  graded  a  large  portion 

1888  paid  a  State  tax  of  $268,868.06.    The  to-  of  the  road-bed. 

tal  number  of  depositors  on  Nov.  1,  1888,  was  Notwithstanding  the  multiplicity  of  railroad 

124,562,  of  which  number  99,293  represent  a  charters  granted  by  the  Legislature  during  the 

deposit  of  less  than  $500  each.    During  the  last  session,  three  railroad  corporations  bare 

year  there  has  been  an  increase  of  5,333  in  the  been  organized  under  the  general  law,  yvi.' 

number  of  depositors,  with  an  average  balance  Harmony  and  Wellington  Railroad  Companj: 

to  each  of  $328.91,  an  increase  over  that  of  Rumford  Falls,  Andover  and  Rangeley  Lake 

1887.     The  amount  deposited  Nov.  1,  1888,  Railroad  Company;  and  Boston  and  Quebec 

was  $40,969,663.05— a  total  increase  for  the  Air  Line  Railroad  Company, 

year  of   $2,150,019.88.    Every   bank  in  the  There  is  at  the  present  time  (January,  1889) 

State  has  paid  its  regular  semiannual  divi-  a  total  of  1,182*22  miles  of  railroad  in  the  State 

dend,  the  total  amount  of  dividends  paid  being  of  Maine. 


MAINE. 


609 


Statistics.— Id  May,  1887,  Samuel  W. 
8  was  appointed  labor  commissioner, 
irst  report  was  not  issued  until  1888. 
the  average  rates  of  wages  derived  in 
iiaine  towns:  Agricultural  laborers, 
,  $18.37  and  board ;  in  haying  sea- 
I  board,  $1.75  a  day  ;  barbers,  $1.50; 
ths,  $1.75 ;  boiler-makers,  $2.16  ;  cabi- 
iTHy  $1.75;  carpenters  (bouse),  $1.76; 
makers,  $1.50;  coopers,  $1.50;  en- 
stationary),  $1.76;  engineers  (loco- 
$2.43  ;  harness-makers,  $1.60 ;  labor- 
non),  $1.40;  masons,  $2.75;  machin- 
iO ;  millers,  $1.65 ;  painters  (house), 
umbers,  $3.50 ;  printers  (male),  $1.62 ; 
(female),  $1.10;  shoemakers,  $1.62; 
},  $1.60 ;  teachers,  $1.41 ;  wheel- 
$2.00. 

hing  industry  is  represented  as  being 
depressed  condition.    The  following 
ws  the  number  and  tonnage  of  ves- 
ted in  the  cod  and  mackerel  fisheries 
as  compared  with  other  States  in 


rATES. 

NmnlMr. 

Tod*. 

66« 

18 

840 

60 

112 

108 

1 

1 

1 

18 
6 
1 

80,785- 18 

shire 

614-75 

tta 

49,402  93 

1,946-06 

8,196  50 

4,203-88 

17-38 

23*26 

id. 

tOA 

88-23 

891*10 

61-96 

80*70 

1,789 

80,704-81 

>te  returns  for  1887  show  the  number 
\  in  Maine  engaged  in  the  fisheries  to 

tonnage,  15,857*64;  a  decrease  of 
per  cent,  since  1885.  Fifteen  facto- 
been  engaged  in  lobster-canning  dur- 
3ason,  putting  up  from  eight  to  ten 
»ounds.  Each  factory  employs  from 
hands,  about  one  half  men  and  boys 

other  half  women  and  girls.  The 
1  for  lobsters  has  been  $1.25  per  one 
pounds. 

15  are  compiled  from  72  manufaotur- 
blishments,  covering  29  industries. 
!ew  compared  with  the  whole  number 
tate,  and  defective  in  many  particu- 
they  are  among  the  most  important, 
porting  employ  14,695  hands.  Sixty- 
iblishments  report  capital  invested, 
>00,  and  7,678  male  employes  over  15 
age ;  17  report  412  male  employes  un- 
bars; 31  report  6,629  female  employes 
'ears,  and  12  report  176  female  em- 
ider  15  years.  Twenty-five  industries 
le  average  weekly  wages  paid  men, 

16  industries  the  average  annual  eam- 
len,  $477.81 ;  and  8  the  average  annual 

of  women,  $336.96.  Forty-four  es- 
3nt8  report  their  "gross  product," 
»14. 


HtUdays. — In  Maine,  the  first  observance  of 
Labor  Day  occun*ed  Sept.  5,  1887.  In  Port- 
land, the  city  Government  officially  recognized 
the  day  by  hoisting  the  national  colors  on  the 
City  Hall,  closing  the  city  offices,  and  suspend- 
ing public  work.  A  large  meeting  of  working 
men  and  women  was  presided  over  by  the  Mayor. 
The  day  was  observed  in  other  cities  and  towns 
in  the  State. 

The  Legislature  passed  the  following  act, 
approved  March  10,  1887 : 

That  the  Governor  shall  annually  set  apart  a  day  in 
the  spring  as  Arbor  Day,  and  shaU  issue  a  proclama- 
tion recommending  that  it  be  observed  by  the  people 
of  this  State  in  the  planting  of  trees,  shrube,  and  vines, 
in  the  adornment  of  public  and  private  gromids,  places, 
and  ways,  and  in  such  other  efforts  and  undertaking 
as  shall  be  in  harmony  with  the  general  character  of 
a  day  so  established. 

In  accordance  with  this  the  Governor  desig- 
nated May  1  as  the  Arbor  Day. 

tadlaBS. — ^The  annual  report  of  John  Il.Stowe, 
agent  of  the  Penobscot  Indians,  gives  the  an- 
nual census  of  the  tribe  as  385,  an  increase  of 
five  over  the  report  of  1887.  The  appropria- 
tions for  the  year  were  $8,819.70.  Twelve 
deaths  occurred  during  the  year.  A.  0.  Mun- 
son,  agent  of  the  Passamaquoddy  Indians,  gives 
the  population  of  that  tribe  as  525,  against  515 
last  year.  During  the  year  there  have  been 
twenty  deaths,  induding  three  members  of  the 
tribe  who  died  at  an  age  exceeding  one  hun- 
dred years,  the  oldest  being  one  hundred  and 
seven. 

Prisois. — The  prison  inspectors  report  150 
convicts  in  confinement,  of  whom  five  were 
women,  in  the  Maine  State  Prison.  They  find 
that  the  act  of  March  17,  1887,  abolishing  the 
death  penalty  and  providing  that  those  con- 
victed of  murder  in  the  first  degree  shall  not 
be  associated  or  employed  with  other  convicts, 
can  not  be  carried  out  without  incurring  great 
or  continued  expense  for  buildings  and  disci- 
plinarians. Those  who  have  been  so  commit- 
ted since  the  passage  of  the  act,  have  been 
kept  locked  in  the  cells,  deprived  of  the  privi- 
lege of  attending  divine  service  or  working  at 
a  trade,  dirough  lack  of  means  to  carry  out  the 
provisions  of  the  law.  The  jails  were  also  in- 
spected, and  several  were  found  that  were  badly 
kept  and  in  need  of  repairs.  The  report  of 
the  Industrial  School  for  Girls  and  that  of  the 
State  Reform  School  at  Oape  Elizabeth,  showed 
that  these  institutions  were  in  a  satisfactory 
condition.  Twenty-three  girls  were  commit- 
ted at  the  former  during  the  year,  while  at  the 
Reform  School  the  number  of  boys  increased 
from  113  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  to  133 
at  its  close.  The  adoption  of  the  "  family  sys- 
tem *'  was  recommended,  on  the  ground  that 
it  admits  of  more  thorough  classification  and 
separation  of  juvenile  ofienders  according  to 
their  ages,  character,  and  conduct.  The  boys 
are  separated  into  families  of  about  fifty  each, 
who  eat,  sleep,  attend  school,  work,  and  play 
in  a  college  by  themselves.  Each  family  is  in 
charge  of  a  man  and  his  wife  and  a  teacher. 


510  MAINE. 

By  this  system  the  worst  hoys,  brought  nnder  than  the  **  Gov.  Ames  '*^"  The  Gk>]deii  Age,* 

the  influence  of  the  family,  are  educated  and  king  of  the  Great  Lakes, 

taught  habits  of  industry.  PtIttictL — The  Republican  State  ConyentioD 

n^herles  ami  Gaae. — The  biennial  report  for  was  held  in  Portland  on  June  12,  and  Edwin 

1887-^88  of  the  State  commissioners   shows  0.  Burleigh,  then  State  Treasurer,  was  nomi- 

that  the  game  has  exhibited  an  almost  phe-  nated  for  Governor.    The  following  are  the 

nomenal  increase,  while  by  fish-plaoting  and  chief  declarations  of  the  platform : 

protection  a  bountiful  return  of  resources  that  That  free  trade  as  tought  by  the  British  CoMen 

had  been  crippled  is  assured.     Ihe  run  of  sal-  ciub  and  aupported  by  Grover  Cleveland  aod  the 

mon  in  Penobscot  river  has  been  large  in  both  Democratic  part}-,  is  hostile  to  the  industrial  ud 

years,  but  in  1888  it  far  exceeded  that  of  1887,  ^y^Y^^  \5F®r^^  °^  J^®  United  States,  and  that  the 

both  in  size  and  numbers.    It  is  deemed  neces-  ^"^^  Ir5i^J^''^^  ^  ""PP^  l^  fi^  ^Z^"^ 

-      . ,           .     ..         *  xu    13  u     •      J.    L  dIo  Mid  effective   inflaonces  which   the  friends  of 

sary  for  the  protection  of  the  fisheries  to  have  American   labor  can  exert,  both  in  Congress  md 

the  nver  patrolled.     In  1887,  104,000  sea-sal-  among  the  people. 

mon  eggs  were  sent  to  Grand  Lake  and  put  into  That  it  is  the  dutv  of  Congress  to  reduce  the  os- 

8t.  Oroix  waters.     There  were  hatched  at  Or-  *ional  revenue  to  the  amount  which  shaU  equjl.ii 

land  and  put  into  Craig's  brook  25,000.    These  ^^''^^  "*  possible  the  annual  ex^nditures  of  tk 

tau^A  «»**v»  |^««  ***i,v  ^'«*e  "  ^t,       i^'  Yi^    TT  T:  J  Government,  mcludmff  therem  a  liberal  provision  for 

eggs  were  presented  to  Maine  by  the  United  our  veteran  soldiere  and  a  proper  means  of  nationil 

States  Fish   Commission   in   1888.      In    1888  defense,  and  that  this  should  be  done  in  a  way  not  to 

Maine  purchased  282,000  eggs ;  and  the  United  impair  our  Republican  protective  system,  which  hu 

State  Commission  presented   the  State  with  P^""^  o**  in^timable  value  to  American  labor  ind 

148,000.     Of  this  number  60,000  were  put  into  '^"rhatTfo^'S  suWder  of  American  rights  and  in- 

the  St.  Croix  at  Yanceboro,  and  820,000  into  terests  in  the  recently  negotiated  fishery  treaty,  the 

the  Penobscot  and  Mattawamkeag  rivers.  preseut  national  Adminbtntion  deserves  the  esi- 

The  introduction  of  landlocked  salmon  has  Phatio  censure  of  all  patriotic  Americans,  and  thit 

been  ^advanced  m  1888;  60,000  were  hatched  tl^^^l'T^T  1^:^^'%^^^ 

at  Orland  and  distributed.  against  Its  ratification. 

A  wonderful  increase  of  venison  game  animals  That  the  prohibitoir  law  against  the  terrible  eTOi 

is  reported.    Moose  have  been  more  numerous  of  the  liquor  traffic,  after  many  years  of  trial,  has  be- 

than  can  be  accounted  for,  unless  by  immigra-  «>?f.  ^^  fi«dpplicy  of  the  btate  towhich  the  Ee- 

*i^«    «.^»   4.u«   ««^,,i««^«      Tk;-  u««  i:i,^^«*  publicans  of  Maine  are  firmly  pledged,  and  we  de- 

tion  from  the  provinces.     This  has  bkewise  ^^nd  that  its  provUions  shall  fo  fidth/ully  enfowed 

been  the  case  with  deer.     Wherever  the  law  according  to  their  terms  and  spirit 

against  dogs  has  been  enforced,  deer,  moose,  rrx,    j\            *•    o*  *.    /^          ^             u-u 

^A  ^^^u^  v.^^^  T^^A^  fK^?..  «^^^<>«oJ/«^  The  Democratic  State  Convention  was  hew 

ana  canbou  nave  made  tbeir  appearance.  .     .         .         -&f      oa      ^         •     ^  j  wik... 

^u^  ^^».,»;o<,:^,«^»  ^r  «..*«  ^Xa  oi^r^..^  fi-i»  in  Augusta  on  May  22,  and  nominated  Williim 

Ine  commissioner  of  sea  ana  snore  nsn-  t     t»  2              v             ^r            «  -n  .^.i    ^  :« 

eries  finds  that,  owing  to  the  protective  law,  hJ "r'""";^ ''*"'  """  ^if^**'  "iJ^^^'^Z 

lobsters  have  b^en  oh!S.per  and  more  plentiful  ^^?\  *^»,'•.*^«  go'e^orehip      These  are ^ 

than  before  in  ten  years"  The  yearly  ^tch  is  P"n«P«l  declarations  of  the  platform  adopted, 

estimated  at  25,000,000.     Mackerel  have  been  That  unnecessary  taxation  is  unjust  extortion,  and 

scarce,  and  the  yield  was  only  26,511  barrels  that  the  immediate  and  constantly  incre^  sur^pa 

5«  1QQQ   «»<.:na4>  RAoio  ;«  iQQT    «t\:^i.   ;«  ♦!»«  now  accumulating  in  the  United  States  Treasurrui 

n  1888,  against  56,919  m  1887,  which  is  the  ^^^^  ^  ^^^  i,^!!^^^^  i^^^,^  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^  ^, 

lowest  catch  m  nity  years.     Ine  menhaden  or  economical  government.    We  believe  that  our  tariff 

porgy,  which  disappeared  ten  years  ago,  reap-  is  so  arranged  as  to  foster  wealthy  monopolies  at  the 

peared  in  1888,  aod  one  or  two  menhaden-oil  expense  of  the  common  people,  and  we  sincerely  «P- 

factories  started  up.  Alewives  are  diminish-  P^.^t  ''^'^^^^  democrats  in  Congress  to  P"* J  ^1 
J  i.u  u  •  J*  u  •  •  i.u  which  will,  in  the  language  of  President  Clevelaal, 
ing,  and  the  hernng-sardme  business  is  on  the  »*  relieve  the  people  from  unnecessary  taxation,  hif- 
increase.  The  product  of  1888  was  450,000  ing  a  due  regard  to  the  interests  of  (»pital  invested, 
cases,  each  case  containing  100  boxes,  and  and  workingmen  employed  in  American  industries." 
each  box  ten  or  twelve  little  fish.  The  com-  We  do  not  advocate  Iree  trade,  but  fevor  and  dearea 
missioners  have  control  of  85,000  square  miles  J^X^^^"^  °^  ^«  P'^'^*  ^"«^  "^^  burdensome  ttfiff 
of  territory,  to  cover  which  is  an  appropria-  Tliat  reform  in  the  administration  of  the  affidnof 
tion  of  18}  cents  per  square  mile,  or  a  total  of  the  State  is  urgently  demanded.  Needless  and  ex- 
$6,600.  From  this  sum  has  to  be  paid  $2,000  travagant  expenditures  have  come  ItLmly  to  absorb 
for  sea  and  land-locked  salmon  eggs.  ?"""  f^l^  Tt?""^'  thus  postponing  tfie  payment  o^ 
fiki.^i».iMi—  rk.^»:»»  1QQQ  44;;«  k»«««»i.  «#  "le  State  debt,  upon  which  more  than  the  on^nu 
Shlp-BaiMlng.— Dunog  1888  this  branch  of  amount  has  ah-^^y  been  paid  for  interest.  Salan* 
mdustry  steadily  improved  and  was  better  have  been  unnecessarily  increased,  in  some  esses  * 
than  it  had  been  for  years.  There  were  built  their  request  and  with  a  population  nearly  8tatioDsi7« 
18  schooners,  1  bark,  1  steam-bark,  2  steam-  with  no  State  enterprises  reouiring  outlay,  the  ex- 
yachts,  1  steamboat,  and  1  steam-tug— 24  ves-  Pen^^t"J«  f<>r  ^^}^  PgTx»?.  ^^^  "pearly  quadrupW 
jo^uvo,  *  oi;^»txiv/v#o»,  «t«*  X  o^«iu  wufj     «^  Tvo-  ^n^jgp  ^jjg  ^]g  Qf  ^Yie  Republicans. 

sels ;  total  tonnage,  10,085-82.  Perhaps  the  That  we  view  with  aiarm  the  growing  evil  of  »; 
two  most  notable  craft  constructed  during  the  temperance  in  our  State,  and  in  &e  interest  of  good 
year  were  the  five-masted  schooner  "Gov.  society  and  temperance  demand  the  repeal  of  the  pro- 
Ames  "  and  the  steam-tug  "  H.  F.  Morse  "—the  ^^^{^  ^^^^f  ^^'  ^^  ^®  enactment  of  a  stringent 
former  the  largest  aod  only  five-masted  schooner  ^  '  ^^®  *^' 

on  salt  water,  and  the  latter  the  largest  tug-boat  The  official  count  of  the  presidential  election 

in  this  country.    There  is  one  larger  schooner  showed  a  Republican  majority  of  28,253  TOtes, 


MANITOBA.  MARS,  RECENT  STUDIES  OF.     511 

18  follows :  Gen.  HarrisoD,  78,784 ;  Mr.Oleve-  Although  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  bad 
and,  50,481 ;  Gen.  Fisk,  2,691 ;  and  Mr.  Sweet-  relinc^nished  its  monopoly  privilege  in  May,  it 
)r,  1,844.  Foar  Repablioan  Congressmen  were  contrived,  by  a  process  of  systematic  obstrac- 
re-elected.  In  the  Legislature  the  Republicans  tion  and  litigation,  to  preveut  the  construction 
elected  every  one  of  the  81  members  of  the  of  the  Red  River  valley  Railway  during  1888. 
Senate,  and  125  members  of  the  House,  leav-  GralMlrap. — ^The  annual  report  of  the  Win- 
ing the  Democrats  26.  Of  99  county  officers,  nipeg  Board  of  Trade  for  1888  gives  the  fol- 
iheriffa,  probate  judges,  county  attorneys,  etc.,  lowing  particulars  of  the  grain  crop  of  the 
the  Republicans  have  elected  96  and  the  Demo-  Province  in  1887 : 

^'^^       i»  .  ,                 -     .           .               1  The  returns  show  an  aggregate  of  2,600,000  bushels 

The  official  count  of  the  votes  on  the  two  reduced  to  flour,  of  which  nearly  2,000,000  left  the 

unendments  at  the  September  election  resulted  province.    In  wheat  8,600,000  bushels  were  exported> 

18  follows:  For  lengthening  the  term  of  the  The  refusal  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Company 

state  Treasurer,  yej.  12974;  no,  10,249     For  ^o^^^^^f  Sf^^^'ai^  ^^TS^^Sft 

innual  sessions  of  the  Legislature,  yes,  5,776  ;  jg  established  that  not  less  than  860,000  busheU  of  the 

DO,  39,320.  first  and  1.000,000  bushels  of  the  last  named  were  ez- 

MANfFOBJL     The  agitation  in   the  province  ported.    The  exports  of  flax,  oatmeal,  potatoes,  vege- 

on  the  question  of  railway  monopoly  (see  "  An-  J??^e?»7,ool\^<^«?»  ?«*1:  ^^<^  <^j7  products  were  large 

1  n2^}^^^Ai^  11  ^x«  1QQT  ««J1  /kr\  K.^n»k4-  Thc  total  value  ot  the  farm  produce  and  fish  sent  out 

Doal  Cyclopaedia  '  for  1887,  nage  455)  brought  ^f  ^^  province  was  over  ^,000,000  at  local  market 

•bout  the  downfall  of  the  JJorqnay  (Govern-  nrioes  to  the  producer.    The  census  shows  that  16,000 
ment  in  January,  1888.     An  attempt  by  the  farmers  cultivated  the  soil  in  1687.    These  farmers 
Conservatives  to  retain  power  by  forming  a  raised  14,000,000  bushels  of  wheat    The  wheat-land 
ministry  under  the  leadership    of  the  Hon.  area  under  crop  was  482,000  acres. 
Thomas  Harrison,  failed.    The  Hon.  Thomas  HAB8,  KECENT  STUDIiS  OF.    The  map  of  the 
Greenway  then  formed  a  Government,  which  planet  Mars  accompanying  this  article  is  a  re- 
is  composed  as  follows:  Premier  and  Minister  production  of  that  presented  by  Prof.  Edward 
of  Agriculture,  Thomas  Qreenway ;  Attorney-  8.  Holden  in  the  New  York  "  Herald  "  of  Nov. 
Genera]  and  Railway  Commissioner,  Joseph  28,  1888,  entitled  ^'Mars  as  seen  through  the 
Martin ;  Provincial  Treasurer,  Lyman  M.  Jones;  Lick  Telescope.^'    The  canals  it  represents  are 
Minister  of  Pnblic  Works,  James  S.  Martin ;  either  natural  or  artificial,  due,  upon  the  one 
Provincial  Secretary,  J.  E.  Prendergast.    On  hand,  to  the  forces  that  accompanied  the  geo- 
July  2,  John  Schnltz  was  sworn  in  as  Lienten-  logical  formations  of  the  surface,  or,  upon  the 
ant-Governor.    At  the  general  elections,  July  other,  to  a  system    of  engineering  projected 
11,  the  Greenway  Government  (Liberal)  carried  by  beings  like  ourselves  and  designed  for  the 
84  out  of  88  constituencies.  purpose  of  establishing  a  means  of  communi- 
Rallway  lloiMip^ly. — In  March,  Messrs.  Green-  cation  between  the  inhabitants  of  the  entire 
way  and  Martin  went  to  Ottawa  to  consult  the  planet.    If  they  are  due  to  the  latter  cause, 
Dominion  Government  with  reference  to  the  then  a  discovery  has  been  made  of  the  highest 
abandonment   of  its  policy  of  disallowance,  importance  to  the  development  of  cosmical  sci- 
The  deputation  at  first  met  with  no  encourage-  ence ;  and  for  this  reason  it  would  seem  wise 
ment  the  attitude  of  the  Dominion  Government  on  our  part  to  pass  it  carefully  in  review  before 
on  this  question  being  defined  in  a  memoran-  the  best  efforts  of  lo^c  we  can  summon  to  our 
dum,  prepared  by  a  sub-committee  composed  of  assistance.    The  writer,  therefore,  submits  for 
the  Ministers  of  the  Interior  and  of  Justice,  consideration  the  conclusions  he  has  drawn 
which  was  transmitted  to  London  on  January  from  a  careful  study  of  the  map,  and  begs  to 
4.    But  finally  Mr.  Greenway  obtained  a  prom-  explain  that  his  earUest  experience  in  the  sci- 
iae  that  the   disallowance  policy    should  be  ence  of  engineering  was  the  construction  of 
abandoned,   and   the  Dominion   Government  ^*  water-ways  ^'  in  the  primitive  forest  for  the 
entered  into  an  agreement  with  the  Canadian  purpose  of  making  every  available  stream  nav- 
Pacific  Railway  for  the  abandonment  of  the  igable  for  floating  down  timber  and  for  passing 
monopoly  clause  of  its  charter,  in  considera-  small  vessels  up  and  down  stream.    To  one 
tion  of  the  Government  guaranteeing  three  and  having  such  experience  the  markings  on  the 
one  half  per  cent,  interest  on  its  land-grant  map  of  Mars  present  peculiar  analogies, 
bonds  to  the  extent  of  $15,000,000  for  fifty  One  of  the  prominent  features  of  our  system 
years.    Sir  Charles  Tupper,  on  May  11,  moved  of  engineering  was  to  avail  ourselves  of  every 
resolutions  in  the  House  of  Commons  sanction-  natural  water-way  that  would  save  labor  and 
ing  this  agreement,  which  was  carried.     The  expense,  such  as  lakes,  long,  deep  stretches  of 
Government  justified  its  change  of  base,  on  the  streams,  rivers,  etc.    If  the  reader  will  look  on 
ground  that  the  enormous  wheat-crop  of  1888,  the  map  at  a  place  on  the  thirtieth  parallel  of 
resulting  in  a  blockade  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  north  latitude,  named  Lake  Nillacus,  he  will 
Hailway,  had  wrought  a  material  change  in  the  observe  that  six  of  those  canals  enter  this  sheet 
condition  of  affairs.    The  Opposition  insisted  of  water  from  different  directions.    The  lake 
that  the  conversion  of  the  Government  was  is  nearly  as  broad  as  it  is  long,  and  covers  more 
due  to  the  threatening  attitude  of  the  people  than  eighteen  degrees  of  both   latitude  and 
of  Manitoba,  and  to  the  growing  sympathy  longitude,  which,  at  the  thirtieth  parallel  of 
with  them  in  other  parts  of  the  Dominion,  latitude  upon  Mars,  means  that  the  lake  is 


512 


MARS,  RECENT  STUDIES  OF. 


about  612  miles  across.  Therefore,  if  this  is  a 
system  of  Martial  engineering,  here  is  a  case 
where  the  engineers  gained  612  miles  of  nat- 
ural water-way  for  each  canal.  This  is  jast 
what  terrestrial  engineers  would  have  done 
under  the  same  circumstances.  Look  again  at 
a  place  marked  A,  between  the  fortieth  and 
fiftieth  parallels  of  north  latitude.  It  is  about 
three  degrees  of  latitude  in  width  and  sixteen 
of  longitude  in  length,  which  makes  it  about 
90  miles  broad  and  500  miles  long.  Four  ca- 
nals, from  different  directions,  enter  the  western 
end  of  this  long,  narrow  sheet  of  water ;  and 
three,  from  different  directions  also,  enter  its 
eastern  end  ;  none  enter  upon  its  sides.  Lake 
Nillacus  is  practically  a  round  lake,^  and  its 
canals  enter  on  all  of  its  sides ;  but  this  is  a 
long,  narrow  lake,  and  its  canals  enter  its  ends. 
Here,  then,  is  another  example  of  what  a  skill- 
ful engineer  upon  our  own  world  would  have 


extremity  it  is  entered  by  two  canals, 
eastern  end  by  two  (here  we  encounter  a 
uncertainty,  growing  out  of  the  fact  that 
original  draughtsman  was  not  sufficiently  ek. 
in  map-drawing  to  make  the  verges  of  the 
hemispheres  coincide),  on  its  southern 
by  the  canal  that  we  followed  from  B 
This  canal  trends  nearly  due  north,  and  a 
tinuation  of  its  course  would  carry  a  vi 
through  the  western  strait  between  the  isia 
and  tiae  mainland  into  the  extension  of 
polar  sea,  still  keeping  up  the  character  of 
gineering  design  hitherto  referred  to ;  and  i^^A 
curiously  corroborative  of  design  when  we  Siuf 
by  the  maps  given  that  this  system  of  caatii 
has  been  pushed  as  far  north  as  the  eigbtietlt 
parallel ;  for,  as  the  axis  of  Mars  is  inclined  to 
the  plane  of  its  orbit  seven  degrees  more  thio 
that  of  our  earth  to  its  orbit,  it  follows  thit 
the  sun  moves  seven  degrees  farther  poleward 


•OOTM 


«OUTH 


No«T» 


MAP  OF  THK  PLANST  MAB8. 


NORTH 


done  under  like  circumstances,  simply  because, 
by  entering  a  long  stretch  of  water-way  at  its 
ends,  he  gains  both  the  water-way  of  its  length 
and  breadth.  If  he  entered  at  its  sides  he 
would  only  gain  the  water-way  of  its  width, 
90  miles.  The  true  engineer  enters  at  the  ends, 
because  he  gains  500  miles  of  water-way  and 
the  90  besides. 

Moving  eastward  from  A  to  the  position  B, 
we  come  to  what  is  either  a  section  of  a  widen- 
ing of  the  canal  system  or  a  natural  water-way 
about  300  miles  in  length;  but,  whichever  it 
may  be,  the  same  order  is  observed ;  it  is  en- 
tered at  one  end  by  two  canals  coming  from 
different  directions,  and  at  the  other  by  four, 
all  of  which  have  the  same  divergent  charac- 
ter. Moving  northward  along  one  of  those 
canals  that  lead  from  its  eastward  end,  we  come 
to  a  sound  of  the  northern  sea  formed  by  the 
coast  of  the  mainland  and  that  of  a  large  isl- 
and. This  sonnd,  or  long,  narrow  sea,  has  a 
length  of  somewhat  over  600  miles  and  an 
average  width  of  about  100.     At  its  western 


in  the  summer  than  on  our  planet,  from  which 
fact  there  is  due  to  the  eightieth  parallel  of 
latitude  on  Mars  a  mean  temperature  equiva- 
lent to  the  seventy-third  degree  on  our  world, 
or  about  the  latitude  of  the  North  Gape  of 
Norway,  which  is  inhabited  to  its  extreme 
point.  In  other  words,  the  canal  system  of 
Mars  seems  to  come  to  an  end  where  the  popa- 
lation  begins  to  grow  sparse  before  the  infla- 
ence  of  polar  desolation. 

In  a  general  way,  we  invite  attention  to  tb« 
points  of  convergence  D  and  E  on  the  western 
hemisphere,  near  the  twentieth  degree  of  north 
latitude,  as  they  seem  to  partake  of  the  natare 
of  the  water-ways  we  have  been  consideriog, 
and  also  F  on  the  eastern  hemisphere  and  the 
same  latitude.  But  let  us  take  a  glance  at  that 
great  estuary  running  northward  up  into  the 
land  from  the  southern  ocean,  lying  near  the 
eastern  verge  of  the  eastern  hemisphere.  Its 
mouth  opens  southward  at  the  tenth  degree  of 
south  latitude,  and  it  penetrates  above  the 
fortieth  parallel  of  north  latitude ;  at  the  point 


MARS,  RECENT  STUDIES  OF.  613 

rUeli  is  snggestiye  of  a  possible  terminus  there  may  be  a  large  city  on  that  virorld  bearing 
<%  xia^Eigable  waters,  it  is  entered  by  three  the  same  relations  to  its  climatic  conditions 
kls  coming,  as  osuid,  from  different  direo-  that  St  Petersbarg  does  to  ours,  and  that  it 
^  one  of  them  suggesting  by  its  crooked-  also  is  the  most  northerly  of  the  great  cities. 
^  that  it  may  have  been  a  river  flowing  into  Having  then  passed  in  review  this  canal  sys- 
^nary  and  forming  its  head- waters.  Fol-  tem  of  our  neighboring  planet,  and  found  it  re- 
'^^  this  great  water-course  about  800  miles  plete  with  evidences  of  design,  such  as  charac- 
Q^uward,  we  see  two  canals  converging  to  a  terize  the  science  of  skillful  engineering  on  our 
>^t  on  its  southern  bank ;  and,  direcUy  op-  own  planet,  let  us  assume,  for  the  sake  of  argu- 
P^^  a  single  one,  pursuing  the  general  direc-  ment,  that  we  have  overdrawn  the  testimony, 
E^^of  both,  starts  from  its  northern  bank,  as  and  that  the  markings  have  resulted  from 
^1^  •  were  design  in  securing  a  continuous  forces  that  accompani^  the  creative  events  of 
^^tion  of  the  canal-journey  on  both  sides  of  that  globe.  These  two  planets  have  their  axis 
tile  great  estuary.  Some  hundreds  of  miles  of  rotation  so  inclined  to  the  planes  of  their 
^U  fartiier  southward,  we  find  two  other  orbits  about  the  sun  that  the  alternations  of  their 
^^a  entering  on  the  northeastern  shore ;  that  seasons  are  practically  alike.  When  the  sun 
^  the  tenth  degree  of  north  latitude  being  re-  moves  northward  on  one  or  the  other,  the  snow- 
Kiarkable  for  first  entering  a  lake  from  the  line  recedes  toward  the  north  pole.  When  the 
orthward  and  then,  by  a  short  canal,  entering  sun  retires  from  its  northern  summer  solstice, 
^  gulf  of  the  estuary  from  the  lake.  the  snow-line  advances  down  the  northern  lati- 
If  we  now  follow  the  coast-line,  examining  tudes,  just  in  proportion  as  the  source  of  heat 
irefnlly  as  we  go,  we  shall  find  many  of  the  recedes.  The  analogy  between  these  concur- 
ster-ways  that  enter  the  ocean  growing  wider  rent  phenomena  of  the  two  worlds  is  comolete, 
they  approach  the  coast-line,  precisely  as  do  and  both,  also,  are  divided  into  land  and  sea. 
r  own  rivers,  great  and  small,  and  that  every  So  far,  then,  as  the  logic  of  facts  can  reach,  the 
e  of  those  natural  wifter-ways  has  been  con-  links  of  analogy  are  unbroken.  This  warrants 
eted  with  the  canal  system.  We  again  find  us  in  assuming  that  the  creative  events  of  both 
unples  of  two  canals  converging  to  a  place  worlds  were  equally  analogous,  for  "  like  causes 
junction  and  then  continuing,  in  the  seneral  produce  like  effects,*^  from  which  it  follows 
irse  of  both,  toward  an  objective  point  far-  that  the  primal  waters  of  Mars  came  down  np- 
>r  on,  as  pointed  out  by  the  arrows.  This  is  on  that  globe  from  an  enveloping  cloud  of  vapor 
striking  a  feature  of  the  economy  of  skillful  covering  its  molten  mineral  substances,  and 
^ineering  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  reconcile  thereby  hardening  them  into  the  rock  forms 
irith  any  other  origin.  If  now  we  retrace  due  to  their  composition,  as  the  granite  of  our 
*  wanderings  over  tiie  land,  we  can  hardly  world  hardened  into  its  present  form  under 
p  noticing  that  several  canals  radiate  from  like  conditions.  But  whatever  may  be  the 
umon  centers,  some  of  those  centers  having  mineral  composition  that  assumes  upon  Mars 
nany  as  seven  radiating  water-ways,  others  the  same  geological  relations  that  the  granite 
,  others  five,  and  so  on,*down  to  three.  But  does  to  our  world,  it  was  the  primal  sea-bot- 
B  also  obvious,  so  far  as  we  can  read  from  tom  of  that  globe,  and,  as  sea-bottom,  was 
I  map,  that  they  are  not  the  locations  of  lakes  covered  with  water  long  before  its  upheaval 
other  natural  water-ways  to  which  an  en-  above  the  surface  occurred,  as  in  the  case  of 
eer  might  be  induced  to  converge  a  system  our  own  primal  sea- bottom.  That  this  under- 
Banala  for  the  purpose  of  econoroiidng  labor  lying  Martial  sea- bottom  was  genuine  rock- 
gain  of  water-way,  as  in  the  cases  ^eady  formation,  a  glance  at  the  facts  will  deroon- 
tmined,  and  we  are  left  to  the  conclusion  strate.  Rocks  and  clays  are  all  combinations 
it  they  are  centers  of  population.  Of  this  of  metallic  elementary  matter  with  oxygen  or 
iracter  is  the  point  markea  H,  about  thirteen  the  other  five  elementary  forms  of  '*  the  oxygen 
^rees  south  of  the  equator,  near  the  verge  of  group,"  but  the  oxygen  far  exceeds  in  the  quan- 
I  western  hemishere,  and  also  I  and  J,  lying  tity  of  its  combinations  all  the  other  four.  The 
ween  the  equator  and  ten  degrees  north ;  presence  of  water  on  Mars  proves  the  abundant 
L  with  those  as  guides  others  of  similar  char-  presence  of  oxygen,  for  it  is  an  oxide  of  hydro- 
er  may  be  readily  distinguished.  Let  us  gen.  Metals  are  all  forms  of  matter  in  its  ele- 
8ct  our  attention  to  one  of  them,  E,  at  the  mentary  condition,  and  most,  if  not  all  of  them, 
ty-seventh  parallel  of  north  latitude,  on  the  will  decompose  water  by  setting  the  hydrogen 
stern  hemisphere ;  then  let  us  recall  the  fact  free  and  combining  with  the  oxygen  it  contains ; 
it  the  sun  moves  seven  degrees  farther  pole-  therefore  the  metallic  elementary  forms  of 
rd  on  Mars  in  its  summer-time  than  it  does  matter  upon  Mars  must  have  entered  into  com- 
our  earth ;  then,  in  relation  to  the  climatic  bination  with  oxygen,  even  if  no  oxidizing 
idltion  of  these  two  planets,  the  assumed  agent  were  present  bnt  water.  Hence  the 
iter  of  population  at  the  sixty-seventh  paral-  crust  of  the  planet  Mars  is  rock.  The  cool- 
of  north  latitude  on  Mars  is  exactly  the  same  ing  of  this  rock  sea-bottom,  as  in  the  case  of 
^t  of  St.  Petersburg  at  the  sixtieth  parallel  our  own  world,  caused  it  to  contract  or  expand, 
oar  earth,  so  that,  assuming  this  point  of  as  the  case  may  have  been,  and  therefore  to 
ivergenoe  of  this  canal  system  to  be  a  popu-  wrinkle ;  the  portions  that  bent  upward  rose 
B  center  upon  Mars,  is  merely  suggesting  tnat  above  the  surface  of  the  overlying  sea,  and 
VOL,  xxvm. — 88  A 


514    MARS,  RECENT  STUDIES  OF.  MARYLAND. 

those  that  bent  downward  drained  the  di»-  lines,*'    ^<  making   and   plotting    field-notei,* 

placed  waters  into  the  depressions  thus  formed,  "  taking  levels  on  the  surface  of  a  globe,**  uid 

and  they  became  seas,  and  the  mandate  was  **  correcting  them,**  as  we  do ;  which  impliei 

folfilled  in  tliat  world  also,  ^^Let  the  waters  that  they  are  famiHar  with  the  science  of  OMtb- 

under  the  heaven  be  gathered  together  unto  ematics.    The  constrnction  of  those  canals  im- 

one  place,  and  let  the  dry  land  appear.**  Forces  plies  the  necessity  of  locks.    Locks  conld  not 

so  generated  could  not  act  with  eqnal  potency  be  constructed  without  a  knowledge  of  srehi- 

at  every  point,  and  there  must  be  locations  of  tecture,  which,  of  course,  would  not  beconfindd 

greater  and  less  resistance ;  therefore  parts  of  within  the  limits  of  lock-building.    We  bm 

the  wrinkling  rock  sea-bottom    would   sink  an  axiom  that  architecture  is  the  mother  of 

deeper  than  others  beneath  the  normal  level,  art ;  both  architecture  and  engineering  reqnin 

whue  other  parts  would  be  elevated  above  it  the  most  absolute  accuracy  of  drawing,  aod ; 

to  a  correspondingly  unequal  altitude.    Hence  merge  too  naturally  into  art  to  permit  os  to  i 

Mars  has  its  deep  and  shallow  seas,  its  sea-level  doubt  that  a  people  who  could  conceive  sacb  a  \ 

marshes,  and  mountains  with  all  sorts  of  inter-  comprehensive  system  of  engineering  would  ' 

mediate  relations,  and  tne  curves  in  several  of  neglect  the  cultivation  of  the  pictureeqae.  Hut 

the  canals  indicate  that  the  engineers  were  they  are  navigators  is  proved  by  the  fact  thit 

flanking  the  difficulties  that  interposed  between  their  entire  canal  system  is  interoceanic;  for 

them  and  their  objective  point    There  is  noth-  nowhere  do  we  find  a  single  instance  of  a  caul 

ing  in  the  nature  of  the  forces  that  upheave  that  is  not  in  direct  communication  with  iti 

the  land  of  a  world  from  its  waters  that  could  great  southern  ocean  or  the  leas  expanrive  seai 

leave  such  markings  on  its  surface  as  those  of  its  northern  hemisphere.  Look  at  Lake  Sil* 

shown  by  the  map ;  nor  is  it  conceivable  that  lacus,  three  of  its  six  canals  run  southward,  om 

Nature,  in  her  methods  of  world«mak]ng,  could  taking  the  most  direct  route  to  the  ooeai^ 

leave  upon  her  land-surfaces  such  markings  as  and  two  diverging  to  the  right  and  left,  oi 

would  bear  the  interpretation  of  engineering  their  way  there,  just  enough  to  serve  the  eoo- 

economy  without  a  broken  link  in  the  chain  of  nomic  purposes  of  the  great  sections  of  oouh 

evidence.  try  that  tney  traverse.    Two  otihers  ran  di- 

It  has  already  been  asserted  that  these  as-  rect  from  the  lake  to  popular  centers,  one  d 

sumed  canals  can  not  be   artificial,   because  which  is  in  direct  canal  communication  wiA 

they  are  eighty  miles  wide ;  but  it  is  equally  the  northern  sea,  while  the  sixth  canal  from 

inconceivable  that  the  forces  of  nature  could,  the  lake  makes  a  long  stretch  westward,  hotA 

by  the  laws  of  accident,  have  constructed  such  few   hundred   miles  from  the  lake  fcmns  i 

an  intricate  system  of  markings,  and  observed  junction   with    another  canal,  which  theooe . 

an  equal  width  in  every  case.    The  map  given  proceeds  in  the  most  direct  route  to  the  nortii- 

with  the  report  has  reduced  them  to  forty-  em  sea.    It  is  also  worth  our  while  to  ob- 

three  miles  wide,  and  a  little  investigation  will  serve  the  fact  that  the  system  is  not  based  ob 

show  that  this  is  still  greatly  in  excess.    If,  financial  economy.    A  glance  at  the  map  iriil 

when  oar  observer  is  measuring  their  width  show  that  the  original    engineering  scheoM 

with  his  micrometer,  the  water  should  be  dis-  was  the  interpenetration  of  tJbeir  entire  ci^ 

turbed  by  the  slightest  breeze,  the  light  would  cumplanetary  continent  with  navigable  vi' 

be  reflected  from  them  at  all  sorts  of  angles,  ter-ways,  swerving  from  an  eqnal  division  o^ 

and  therefore  it  would  be  spread  over  the  mi-  land-sections  only  where  they  could  atUiM 

crometer-lines  to  a  much  greater  extent  than  natural  water-ways  or  communicate  with  pop- 

the  real  width  of  the  obiect  under  observa-  ulcus  centers,    which   seems    to  prove  tbii 

tion.    But  let  us  assume  that  no  breeze  is  stir-  Mammon  is  not  worshiped  on  that  planet,  hot ' 

ring  the  water.    The  surface  then  becomes  a  has  been  banished  to  this.  '  For   this  greit 

section  of  a  polished  ball,  analogous  to  a  pol-  system  of   navigable   water-ways  interpena* 

ished  glass  ball,  and  as  such  its  action  upon  trates  every  part  of  their  world  alike,  makiag 

light  is  dispersive ;  it  therefore  arrives  at  the  a  unit  of  the  social  relations  of  its  entire  people 

earth  in  the  character  of  divergent  light,  and  and  precluding  the  possibility  of  barbarie  oon- 

must  consequently  occupy  a  width  upon  the  ditions  existing  on  any  part  of  their  planet 

micrometer  greater  than  that  actually  due  to  Let  us  change  its  name,  for  it  ia  evidently  § 

an  object  at  that  distance.    Hence  we  have  world  where  *'  Peace  on  earth,  good  will  to 

probably  not  yet  obtained  the  actual  width  of  men  **  is  a  realization,  and  it  dio^d  no  longer 

these  canals.  be  called  after  the  God  of  War. 

Assuming  that  the  weight  of  the  evidence  URTLAND.    Slate  ^ivnmmL — ^The  foQov- 

is  in  favor  of  the  belief  that  the  markings  on  ing  were  the  State  officers  during  the  year, 

the  maps  show  a  great  system  of  engineering  Gk)vemor,  Elihu  E  Jackson,  I)emocnX ;  See- 

which  connects  by  water-ways  every  part  of  retary  of  State,  E.  W.  Le  Compte ;  Treasurer, 

the  continent  of  the  planel  with  its  ocean-  Stevenson    Archer ;    Oomptroller,  L.  Victor 

navigation,  let  us  glance  at  the  logical  signifl-  Baughman ;    Attorney  -  General,   William  P. 

cance  of  such  a  state  of  things.    Those  who  Whyte ;  Secretary  of  State  Board  of  Edoca- 

produced  such    a  comprehensive  system  were  tion,  M.  A.  Newell ;  Tax  Conmussioner,  Levin 

not  merely  great  designers,  but  they  must  have  Woodford;  Chief-Justice  of  the  Court  of  Ap- 

had   instrumental    means   of  **  running  their  peals,  Bichard  A.  Alvey ;  Associate  Justioei) 


MABTLAND.  ,  615 

rames  M.  Robinson,  James  McSherry,  Lewis  standing  to  the  credit  of  the  oyster  fund  at  the 

r.H.  Irving,  William  aBrjan,  Frederick  Stone,  close  of  the  fiscal  year  1888  was  $115,627.40. 

i«orge  Yellott,  and  Oliver  Miller.  The  receipts  of  the  State  school-tax  daring  the 

flUMes. — The  following  statement  exhibits  fiscal  year  was  $626,998.98,  and  the  disbnrse- 

lie  condition  of  the  treasury  during  the  year :  ments  $520,200.87.    The  receipts  daring  the 

tvytai  netiptB  tor  jmt  ending  8«pt  80. 1887. . .  $1,880,106  00  ^^^  7®^  1888  from  State  tobacco  inspections 

MUM*  Sept  80, 1887 888,088  80  Were  $82,414.70,  and  the  disbursements  $74,- 

Y^^^  •o54«  128  70  ^^^'^y  showing  net  receipts  to  the  amount  of 

sumnam^to ibr the fiBcai year '.',',',,'..'..'..'..   8,010,080  84  $8,049.85,  which,  added  to  the  balance  to  the 

-    .  .^  .««.  ^,^^^  ..  credit  of  tobacco  inspections  at  the  close  of 

Bahoo.  Sept  80. 1837 $088.088  48  ^^  ^^^  ^^  1887,  made  a  total  of  $18,- 

The  reduction  of  the  receipts,  as  compared  721.91. 
rith  the  previous  year,  is  due  to  the  apparent       LegMitlfs  S8aBlti« — The  Legislature  met  on 

Eicrease  of  that  year  by  the  operation  of  the  January  4,  and  adjourned  on  August  8.    The 

efunding  act  of  1886  and  the  reduction  of  the  Senate  consisted  of  21  Democrats  and  4  Repub- 

k^te  levy  in  1888.  licans,  and  the  Lower  House  coutainea  68 

The  receipts  on  account  of  the  free-school  Democrats  and  23  Republicans.    One  of  the 

and  durinff  the  fiscal  year  were  $69,860.68.  most  important  measures  passed  was  the  ab- 

*li]8  sum  added  to  the  balance  standing  to  the  olition  of  compulsory  inspection  of  tobacco, 

redit  of  the  fund  Sept  80,  1887,  $8,886.81,  This  restriction,  it  was  contended,  had  long  kept 

[^akes  an  aggregate  to  the  credit  of  the  fund  down  the  price  oftobacco,  especially  in  southern 

pring  the  fiscal  year  1888,  of  $78,697.44.    The  Maryland.    The  following  are  among  the  im- 

l^borsements  from  the  fund  during  the  same  portant  bills  that  were  passed  during  the  ses- 

bne  were  $67,080.29,  leaving  a  balance  to  the  don : 
redit  of  the  fond,  Sept.  80, 1888,  of  $1 1,617.15.        To  authorize  the  Baltimore  and  Powhatan  Railroad 

The  receipts  of  the  several  sinking-funds  for  Company  to  use  storage  eleotridty  as  a  motive  power, 
be  fiscal  year  were  fJi  follow :  To  protect  diamond-back  teirapin,  and  regalate  the 

oatohing  of  the  aame. 
IttfliefeneMlftnid. 9^?Stli        To  protect  wild  turkeys  in  Frederick  County. 

tfcmkMa 481,778  88  ^^JR^'       ^    -    -  a-  ^       m  *  *:       v     • 

*  Belating  to  jurisdiction  liens  of  execution  by  jos- 

MaUo^anaggngateof 448,808  87  tioes  of  the  peace. 

-     ,.  ^    .   .     1   J  jxi  ^A^i»M  To  incorporate  the  town  of  Bamesville,  Montgom- 

In  this  aggregate  IS  mduded  the  sum  of  $866,-  ervCoun^. 

E>0  received  from  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio       To  sanction  bequests  of  various  persons  to  sodeties. 
Railroad  Company  for  the  bonds  of  the  com-       To  incorporate  the  village  of  La  Plata,  Charles 

any  held  by  the  State  to  the  credit  of  the  ^°iS°^;  .   ^.      *  *i.   «    _j      »#  # 

^I^        jtZ  AM        "^^^^  ^         M  X^  AM  For  the  reorganization  of  the  Board  or  Managers  of 

Ulang-fand  for  redemption  of  the  defense  ^^^  Agricultuill  College. 

ademption  loan.     There  was  invested  on  ao-       To  incorporate  the  industrial  Educational  Sodety 

Dumt  of  these  sinking-fhnds  during  the  past  of  Baltimore. 

acal  year  the  sum  of  $810,127.18,  and  there       To  regplate  fishing  in  Patuxent  river  with  trap  and 

emaimi  to  the  credit  of  the  severol  rinking-  P^|^3|^  ^,  eharter  of  the  Emettsbunj  Bailroad 

onds  in  cash  the  sum  of  $182,679.74.     The  Company. 

Kmds  of  the  State  bearing  8*65  interest  were       To  amend  the  oyster  law  in  Somerset  County. 
SQoted  as  high  as  110  on  the  market  in  the       Amending  the  law  relating  to  husband  and  wife, 

month  of  December,  1888.  A^^e»i"cSS2'**^  ^*  ^^^  ^^  StevensviUe,  Queen 
The  total  mdebtedness  of  the  State  at  the       To^chanw  tL  name  of  Broad  creek,  Queen  Anne»s 

dose  of  the  fiscal  year  1888  was  $10,870,585.-  County,  to  Broad  Harbor. 

(6,  being  less  than  the  amount  at  the  end  of       To  authorize  the  Downsville  and  Hageistown  Tom- 

^  fiscal  year  1887,  by  the  sum  of  $590,000,  Pi^e  Ccmpany  to  oonstni<*  a  tranpike. 

^,^-"*  «"«^»«'T^,§  been  -apded  dor-       f"?  t7~t='<5'^e'^d7r  ri^Charle. 

iBg  1888.     The  State  holds  productive  assets  County. 

ttd  cash  to  the  credit  of  the  sinking-funds  to       To  aeflne  the  oyster-grounds  in  the  Choptank  river 

the  amount  of  $4,715,181.84.    There  are  also  in  which  scraping  shall  be  allowed, 

^productive  assets  to  the  amount  of  upward  ,  To  prevent  flsEmg  witii  nets  uid  semes  in  the  war 

Of  1128,000,000,  investments  authorized  £y  the  ''^^J^ri^t^^^t.?^^''' 
ugulatnre  from  time  to  time  by  way  of  expen-       Prohibiting  the  use  of  anj  other  instrument  than 

ffieot  in  works  of  internal  improvement,  and  rakes  or  tongs  by  tongmen  m  Talbot,  Queen  Anne's, 

the  interest  thereon  for  many  years,  some  of  Amie  Arundel,  and  Dorchester  Counties, 

the  items  of  wMch  perhaps  still  have  a  possi-  co^frJ"'^'^™**         ^^        Hampden,  Carroll 
hility,  but  the  m^onty  of  such  investments  are      *G^ting  a  new  charter  to  the  town  of  Port  Tobacco, 
amply  wrecks  strewed  along  the  pathway  of       To  amend  acts  relating  to  larceny, 
the  State's  progress  and  prosperity.  To  amend  general  laws  relating  to  proof  of  open  ao- 

The  receipts  from  the  oyster  fond  amounted  ^^^'  ^  r     j     n      *-     j  v<^A^^^\rn^^^ 

to$M,23(Kf9apdthee.j^nditur^were$67.-  .^'S'ri'S^'KS^^"'""^""'^"''*^"**'^"- 
913.18,  which  mcluded  the  purchase  of  two       For  building  a  bridge  across  the  Potomac  at  Point 

Dew  aailing-v^sels  for  $6,000.     The  amount  of  Books. 


516  •  MARYLAND. 

To  add  a  new  section  to  the  code  rekting  to  plead-  militiaf  which  reoeiyed  $50,000  in 

inff,  practice,  and  prooeM.  ,    .       .  $80,000  in  1888,  will  receive  in  188J 

•fl^^'^f  !:!±«ntw^n?Hr^  laws  relating  to  ^^  j^^  ^gg^  $40,000.    The  intere« 

specmo  enforcements  ot  contracts.  ,,.     j  vi.  •      toorr  ^   j    -looo  -.^- 

Elating  to  setting  of  pound  nets  m  Elk,  Sassafras,  pablic  debt  m   1887  and   1888  was 

and  Bohemia  rivers  and  their  tributaries,  in  Cecil  each  year,  while  in  1889  and  1890  ] 

County.  but  $576,000  each  year. 
.  Toaddasectionto  the  general  laws  title,  "Plead-        ^^ga^n  In    TM-Lawfc— The    Maryl 

mgs  "  sub-title   "  Judgments   in  detmne  and  re-  OommSion,  in  its  report  to  the  (ki 
plevin.'  - ,  '  '^ 

To  amend  general  laws  relating  to  insolvents.  sembly,  says : 

To  provide  for  the  fUrther  publication  of  the  ar-        The  most  undue  burden  and  severest 

chives  of  Maiyland  by  the  MaryUnd  Historical  So-  suffered  by  the  {>eople  of  this  State  are  tli 

oiety.  arise  from  the  unjust  discrimination  msde  i 

Kelating  to  compensation  of  witnesses.  the  railroad  corporations.    Unfortunately,  t 

To  add  a  new  section  to  the  general  law  relating  to  the  $400,000  a  year  which  the  railroads  ou; 

crimes  and  punishment.      ^  to  pay  to  the  State,  are  intrenched  behis 

To  amend  charter  of  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  and  contract  exemptions  cUumed  to  be  in 

Association  of  Washinffton  County.  The  charter  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Baili 

To  protect  game  in  Cecil  County.  ^  J>^J  provided  that  *^  the  shares  of  capital  it 

To  provide  for  payments  of  wages  and  salaries  due  said  company  shall  be  deemed  and  consid 

exnploy^  of  insolvent  employers.  sonal  estate,  and  shall  be  exempt  from  the  i 

To  protect  pheasants  and  partridges  in  Frederick  of  any  tax  or  burden  by  the  State  assentii 

County.  law.''    Our  Court  of  Appeals  subsequent!; 

To  incorporate  the  Church  of  the  United  Brethren  this  exemption  by  holding  that  the  exemoti 

in  Christ.  shares  of  stock  m>m  taxation  carried  with 

Amending  and  re-enacting  the  liquor-law  relating  emption  of  the  property  and  franchises  of 

to  licenses.  paiiy,  and  that,  unaer  the  Constitution  of  t 

To  prohibit  the  use  of  car-stoves  on  steam  railroada  States,  this  exemption  is  irrepealable.    It  i 

after  May,  1890.  ouharly  unfortunate  that  an  exemption  wh 

To   incorporate   the   town  of  Berlin,    Worcester  terms,  applied  to  the  shares  of  stock  in  the 

County.  the  individual  stockholders  was  thus  held 

Autnorizing  Dorchester  County  Commissioners  to  to  the  frtmchises  and  property,  including  r 

bmld  a  bridge  on  Transquekin  river.  held  by  the  corporation  in  its  capacity  as  i 

Abolishing  distress  for  rent  in  Baltimore  dty,  and  tity.    The  case  of  the  exemption  or  the 

substituting  ejectment  in  lieu  thereof.  Central  Railway  is  still  more  nagrant  than  1 

To  make  valid  deeds,  mortgages,  bonds  of  convey-  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  and  has  less  show  of 

anoes,  and  hiila  of  sale.  right.    The  part  of  thia  road  which  lies  in 

Providing   for  punishment   of  minors   guilty  of  was  formerly  the  Baltimore  and  Susquehi 

felony.  road,  which  was  chartered  in  1827,  with  th< 

Begulating  the  practice  of  medidne.  emption,  word  for  word,  as  that  containi 

Bequirinff  insurance  companies  to  have  $5,000  stock  charter  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio.    We  n 

and  to  bo^  financial  officers.  that  a  gross-receipts  tax  be  imposed  upon 

To  permit  creditors  of  insolvents  to  be  represented  companies  at  the  rate  of  2  i>er  cent. ;  and  I 

by  attorneys  at  creditors'  meetings.  upon  telephone,  express,   titie-insurance, 

To  punish  &lse  pretenses  in  obtaining  certificates  of  posit  and  trust  companies,  parloi^car  and 

refldstration  of  cattle  and  other  animals.  car  companies ;  and  1  per  cent,  on  domestiG 

To  protect  fish  in  the  waters  of  Washington  County,  companies,  leaving  the  tax  as  at  present,  l\ 

To  repeal  the  charter  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  on  tne  gross  receipts  of  foreign  insuranoe  < 

Belief  Association.  These  taxes  will,  of  course,  oe  in  addition 

To  authorixe  the  Mayor  and  City  Council  of  Bal-  measured  by  the  companies'  dividend. 
^nds^<SttKe^^  ^       ^''^°''  ""^  '  monument  to        ^  ^^^  ^jy^  ^^^^  ^^  p^f  Ri^har 

To^conwrate^'the  Cremation  Company  of  Balti-  was  submitted  with  this  report  to  tl 

more.  '  lature. 

ChMtpeake  aid  Olile  CanaL — The  mai 

ApproprlatlMUU— Among  the  items  in  the  gen-  of  this  canal  was  the  subject  of  muc 

end  appropriation  bill  are  the  following :  Mill-  gion  in  the  Legislature.     A  delegat 

tia,  1889,  $50,000;  1890,   $40,000;  pensions,  Baltimore,  including  representatives 

$620 ;  schools,  $500,000 ;  school  fund,  $84,069 ;  commercial  organizations,  urged  th( 

schools,    academies,    and    colleges,    $44,600;  of  a  bill  permitting  its  lease.    The 

Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  at  Frederick,  $25,-  Maryland  Raih^ad  Company  has  o 

000;  St.  Mary's  Industrial    School,  $16,000;  take  it  at  a  rental  of  $45,000,  and  i 

Female  House  of  Refuge,  $8,000;  Maryland  presented  to  the  Legislature  to  that  € 

Institute  for  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind,  $7,000;  ft  failed  to  pass. 
Maryland  Agricultural  College,  $6  requal  to       PiUtlcal.— The  Democratic  State  C< 

no  appropriation);  indigent  blind,  $16,000;  was  held  in  Baltimore  on  May  11, 

House  of  Correction,  $25,000 ;  House  of  Ref-  choosing  electors  adopted  a  platform, 

nge,  $15,000;  House  of  Reformation  and  In-  the  following  are  important  items: 
stitution   (colored  children),   $10,000 ;  Insane       National  taxation  ought  to  be  limited  to 

Hospital,    $20,000  ;    additional   buildings   for  gate  annual  sum  needed  for  the  followin|{ 
same,' 
1890. 


and  $1,711,392  for  1888,  which  shows  a  reduc  ^^  ^^^d  brS:  UnYt^  St^JTs,^ 
tion  of  $112,866  m  the  appropriations  for  1889  the  means  for  all  necessary  expenses  of  an 
and  1890  compared  with  1887  and  1888.    The    ally  administered  government 


MASSACHUSETTS.  617 

Illation  each  year  of  a  large  surplus  in  worthy  features  of  the  session.    One  of  these 

rreasury,  after  the  payment  of  all  such  defines  intoxicating  liquor  to  be  any  beverage 

itself  conclusive  proof  that  tiie  taxing  containing  more  than  1  per  cent,  of  alcohol 

ad  upon  the  oountiy  by  the  Repubhcan  wuuBxuAixg  li^wio  uui^u   x  ^/^x  v.^*.*..  v*  ^x,y,uvx 

I  complete  revision.  The  resolStions  of  (instead  of  8  per  cent,  as  formerly),  the  Oh- 
io National  Convention  in  1884  clearly  ject  of  the  biU  oeing  to  render  easier  a  convic- 
principles  upon  which  such  revision  tion  for  illegal  seUing.  Another  act  forbids  the 
*^^*  sale  of  liquor  on  Fast  Day,  Memorial  and 
ablican  Oonvention  was  held  at  Thanksgiving  Days,  and  Ghristmas.  Still  an- 
^ay  17,  and  the  platform  adopted  other  limits  the  number  of  places  that  may  be 
le  following  resolutions :  licensed  to  sell  liquor,  to  one  for  each  one 
3  free-trade  movement  inaugurated  by  thousand  of  population,  except  in  the  city  of 
Ic  party,  we  recognize  a  renewed  effort  Boston,  where  there  may  be  one  for  every  ^ve 
manufacturers  to  displace  the  products  hundred  people,  and  another  raises  the  fees  to 
u 'i^if °  ^^^  ^^  ""^  pauperized  labor.  |i  qqq  f^^  first-class  licenses,  $260  for  second 

Si^^ffirpe^e^p^Tti^^^^^  S?l^^^^^./l^    «r   '-^'^^^f^   5°^ 

as  for  maintaining  that  greatness  and  $150  for  fifth-class  hcenses.     Lastly,  the  fol- 

id  denounce  and  oppose  the  unpatriotic  lowing  amendment  to  the  State  Constitution 

the  independence  and  proeperi^  of  the  ^}|g  proposed  and  referred  to  the  next  Legislat- 

rkingmen.  ,•!•._   *    ^  ure :  "  The  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicat- 

nmng  the  undesirabihty  of  a  large  sur-  .^\,         ^  "'a""*-^^*  j  ««^  v*  xuwx/Atv;«»- 

welBvor  the  abolition  of  the  iStemal  !".?.!>  V^O"to  be  used  as  a  beverage  are  pro- 

300  and  alcohol  used  in  the  arts  and  sci-  hibited.     The  Greneral  Court  shall  enact  suita- 

3  modification  of  the  duty  on  sugar,  and  ble  legislation  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  this 

at,  in  justice  to  the  American  interests  urticle  '' 

L^'^nSPfH^r^nUVu^'S^         An  act  regdating  child  labor  provides  that 

no  child  under  thirteen  years  of  age  shall  be 

dmmend  the  course  of  the  Bepublican  employed  at  any  time  in  any  factory,  work- 

j  matter  of  pennoning  the  disabled  vet-  shop,  or  mercantile  establishment,  and  no  such 

Union  armies  and  those  dependent  on  ^jj^  ^^  employed  in  any  other  indoor  labor 

tree  the  representatives  of  this  State  m  •  j     •        av  •  «   ^u  vi* 

Sinvention  to  favor  greater  liberaUty  in  'or  wages  durmg  the  sessions  of   the  public 

the  just  claims  of  these  defenders  of  the  schools,  unless  dunng  the  year  preceding  he 

has  attended  school  for  at  least  twenty  weeks. 

«  in  favor  of  an  unqualified  flunohise  No  child  under  fourteen  years  of  age  shall  be 

of  men  before  tiie  law.  employed  in  any  factory,  workshop,  or  mer- 

dential  election  resulted  in  the  oast-  oantile  establishment,  except  during  the  vaca- 

>llowing  votes :  Cleveland,  106,172 ;  tion  of  the  public  schools,  unless  a  certificate  is 

99,761 ;    and    Fisk,    5,858,   which  obtained  from  school  officials  stating  that  the 

)lurality  of  6^411    for  Cleveland,  child  can  read  and  write,  and  has  attended 

LIS  in  1884.    Two  Bepublican  and  school  twenty  weeks  during  the  preceding  year, 

cratio  Congressmen  were  elected,  or  is  attending  the  public  evening  schools ;  and 

t  is  to  be  contested — a  gain  of  at  no  such  child  shall  be  employed  in  any  other 

lepubtiafui.    In  Baltimore  the  City  indoor  work  for  wages,  except  as  aforesaid, 

r  Bepoblican  gains,  became  tied.  No  child  who  has  been  continuously  a  resident 

iture  contains  22  Democrats  and  4  of  a  city  or  town,  since  reaching  the  age  of 

)  In  the  Senate,  and  68  Democrats  thirteen  years,  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  a 

ublians  in  the  Lower  House,  certificate  that  he  has  reached  fourteen  years 

J8ETI8*    State  d^veniBait — The  fol-  until  he  has  attended  school  twenty  weeks  in 

d  the  State  officers  during  the  year:  such  town  or  city  since  reaching  the  age  of 

31iver  Ames,  Bepublican ;  lieuten-  thirteen,  unless  exempted  by  law  from  such 

or,  John  Q.  A.  Brackett ;  Secretary  attendance.    Truant  officers  are  charged  with 

lenry  B.  Pierce ;  Auditor,  Charles  the  enforcement  of  the  law,  and  fines  are  im- 

i'reasurer,  Alanson  W.  Beard ;  At-  posed  on  parents  or  guardians  that  disobey, 
eral,  Andrew  J.  Waterman ;  Bail-        A  new  ballot  act,  modeled  on  the  Australian 

lissioners,  George  G.  Crocker,  Ed-  system,  provides  for  the  printing  and  distribu- 

|[insley,  and  Everett  A.  Stevens ;  tion  of  ballots  at  the  public  expense,  and  regu- 

3e  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Marcus  lates  the  form  of  such  ballots,  the  method  of 

Associate    Justices,  Walbridge    A.  voting,  and  the  arrangement  of  polling-places, 

les  Devens,  William  Allen,  Charles  Entire  secrecy  is  secured  to  the  voter  by  this 

er  W.  Holmes,  Jr.,  and  Marcus  P.  method,  and  the  possibility  of  fraudulent  bal- 
loting reduced  to  a  minimum. 
I  Swriaii. — The  Legislature  met  on       More  efficient  supervision  of  schools  in  the 

and  adjourned  on  May  29.     The  smaller  towns  is  secured  by  permitting  two  or 

'  dividing  the  town  of  Beverly  was  more  towns  to  unite  in  obtaining  the  services 

>minent  subject  of  discussion ;  but  of  a  trained  and  salaried  superintendent. 

division,  after  passing  the  Senate,        In  order  to  provide  for  contemplated  addi- 

le  Lower  House.    Several  acts  re-  tion  to  the  State  House,  which  for  a  long  time 

e  liquor  traffic  were  among  the  note-  has  been  unable  to  accommodate  aU  depart- 


618  MASSACHUSETTS. 

ments  of  the  State  Government,  it  was  voted  Amending  and  oodifying  the  statotes  rek 

to  take  a  parcel  of  land  adjoining,  known  as  co^ectfon  or  taxes.             *  .    ^      ,    x^ 

the"ReseVvoir"lot,anda8nm  not  exceeding  tofoSZu^tiSS! 

$600,000   was  appropriated    for  payment  of  To  prevent  the  desecration  of  graves  1 

damages  to  the  owners.     This  sum  is  to  be  moval  therefrom  of  flowers,  flags,  or  other 

raised  by  an  issue  of  four-per-cent  scrip,  pay-  *<>i«°«'.,.      ^      ,                          .     „ 

able  in  July,  1901.  ^"^^^  H  *£?  /PPo«»,^?5^  <>'  »  ^i 

fW       ""  •'»    -i.*       /%  1              J  -or  V  whose  duty  shall  be  to  assist  citizens  of  tl 

Two  new  cities,  Quincy  and  Wobum,  were  the  presentation  and  settlement  of  penrioi 

incorporated  at  this  session.     The  population  or  back-pay  claims  against  the  Federal  Gov 

of  the  former,  by  the  census  of  1885,  was  12,-  Deflning  the  duties  and  lialnlities  and 

145  ;  of  the  latter,  11,750.  the  business  of  safe-deposit,  loan,  and  t 

A  woman^uflFrage  bm  and  a  resolution  for  .^^g^iiating  the  weight  and  measure  of  dc 

biennial  elections  of  State  officers  were  de-  beans,  and  peas. 

feated  in  the  Lower  House.  Making  an  appropriation  to  be  expended 

The  following  general  laws  were  also  passed :  discharged  female  prisoners. 

Authorizing  the  Boston  and  Piovidence  RaUroad  ^SSSXhF^lI^t.^^^''^'^l 

corporation  tS  lease  its  n«d  to  the  Old  Colony  BaU-  J^^^i^L'^^^Z^^,  "^"^ 

ro*l  Company.                                        ^  ^,v   .  Providing  for  the  onranixation  of  ftateni 

Erecting  the  town  of  Avon  out  of  a  part  of  the  town  ,^   orgaJkations.     '»™"'*°''  ^   ™" 

ofStoughton.                                  .*    ,^         ^  *v.  Providing  for  a  new  division  of  wards  in  • 

Increasing  the  number  of  associate  justices  of  the  ProvidSg  for  the  pubUc  support,  in  case« 

Superior  Court  from  eleven  to  thirteen.  ^5^     ^f  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^„  ^^  ^^^^^  ^„  ^ 

^  tncreasing  the  range  of  legal  mvestmento  for  sav-  peiient  fiimilies,  without  requiring  them  U 

inffs-banks.  almshouse 

JhoWding  for  the  registration   and  Ucensing  of  To  regulate  the  holding  of  caucuses  or  pul 

^  Tp^orize  the  hicorporation  of  labor  or  trade  or-  ^  ^^^^^"  ^  ^^^  ^'*^^  ^^^  P^^^^^l 

ganizatlons.  FhuuiCM. — The  general  financial  statei 

Prohibiting  railroad  corporations  from  requiring  O^  'i^^  J^f  •  1»  ^®®8»  f  8,743,586.59 ;  M 

women  and  diildren  to  ride  in  smoking-cars.  on  hand,   $27,845,158.85  ;    receipts,  ^ 

Extending  to  the  first  day  of  October  the  time  in  078.11 ;    securities   purchased,   $2,496,! 

which  persons  may  apply  for  assessment  of  taxes,  and  total,  $57,630,998.20 ;  payments,  $22,9: 

providmg  for  evening  sessions  of  the  assessors.  -,  trTl^^M^J^uuA  -« ™  -«  a  J^aZ,  n« 

^  EegSSing  the  sZand  purchase  of  noisons.  ]U  no^T.*^®®  withdrawn  and  sold  or  p« 

Providing  for  the  free  instruction  of  deaf  mutes  or  4o8,981.9o  ;  cash  on  nana,  $4,819,oii. 

deaf  children.  curities  on  hand,  $25,872,446.55;  teti 

Authorizing  the  Boston  uid  Maine  Railroad  to  pur-  680,998  20 

^  the  franchise  and  property  of  the  Eastern  ^1-  Qn  Dec.  81, 1887,  the  funded  debt  ▼! 

road  Company,  and  the  Eastern  Railroad  m  New  ^oa  aoa  aa    *v       a     a*       ^     *v       ».. 

HampshireVani  the   Portsmouth,  Great  Falls,  and  ^^^'^i^-lH;^*?:?/??^?*^*^?  '^i^^^iffi 

Conwi^Railroad.                                               *  ed  to  $2,578,061.25,  leaving  $28,861,61! 

Providing  a  bounty  of  one  dollar  each  for  the  de-  Dec.  81, 1888.  During  the  same  period  tl 

"^^^i^nw^f?!?;  «.!«  Af  «An,m«mUi  f«^i;«.r-  ing-fuud  was  rcduccd  from  $26,151,61 

Sq^^th^tpSf^^^^^^  Iff MO?S^^  *  ^''''^^\!!}f, 

apjMu-atuslor  the  saving  of  life  at  fires.  ^he  following  loans  composed  this  deb 

To  Dunish  the  sending  of  women  and  girls  to  houses  close  of  the  year  :  Boston,  Hartford,  ai 

of  ill-fame  and  their  detention  therein.  loan,   $8,618,729.40;    county  fund  loi 

Requiring  tiie  pUns  of  all  public  buildings,  and  of  402,148.90;  coast-defense  loan,  $6,00( 

Envato  hufldings  more  than  two  stones  m  height,  „     '    tt^o^:V„i   i^«r.     41  kaa  aaJ\     i«,l 

aving  abovetiS>  second  story  accommodations  for  ten  ^«"  Hospital  loan,   $1,500,000;   harl 

or  more  employes,  or  having  ten  or  more  rooms  for  provement  loan,  $800,000 ;  State  Hoo 

^esto  above  the  second  storv,  to  be  submitted  to  the  $500,000  ;    State  Prison  loan,  $1,299, 

inspector  of  factories  and  buildings  of  the  district  and  Troy  and  Greenfield  loan,  $11,219,966. 

To  prevent  encroachment  upon  or  obstruction  of  $lilOO,000.    ine  total  amount  paid  for 

the  waters  of  great  ponds.  on  these  loans  was  $1,458,729.46. 

Authorizing  towns  to  regulate  the  catehing  of  pick-  During  the  year  the  United  States  i 

^^'    -4.  uv  u          1  V  ^  V     *  V     ^   i-  J  .  ^v  Court  decided  the  law  of  the  State  ta: 

voLtSJmmtU.'^^*^  battahon  to  be  attached  to  the  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^^^  ^  ^  ^^^^ 

To  protect  the  purity  of  inland  waters,  and  to  re-  a^d  the  sum  of  $465,181.41,  which  b 

quire  consultation  with  the  State  Board  of  Health  re-  paid  hy  the  hanks  under  protest  and  ^ 

garding  the  establishment  of  systems  of  water-supply,  by  the  Treasurer  to  await  the  decision, 

aXIw^'S^-  indemnify  poUoe  officers  for  Abated  to  the  various  cities  and  town, 

injuries  received  or  expenses  incurrea  in  tiie  dischaige  t'i©'^w>' 

of  their  duties.  The  actual  expenses  of  the  State  Got 

To  provide  for  the  final  determination  of  conteste  for  1887  were  $5,028,885.98;  for  1( 

wncemin^  tiie  election  of  el^tors  of  President  and  985,185.47.     For  1889  the  estimated 

Vice-President  of  the  Urated  States.  •    ar  AQ»r  /.a«  qo   ^^a  ^u^  ^.^^^ai*^,.^ 

To  provide  armories  for  tiie  State  volunteer  militia.  if^r;2  1 '^  r*®^'  ^a  •  ®  !^®°,  ^IS 

Regulating  mortgage,  loan,  and  investment  com-  606.16,  Jeavmg  a  debcit  of  nearly  $85C 

paniee.  The  limitation  of  time  for  the  paj 


MASSACHUSETTS.  519 

invalid  pensioners  and  their  de-  duuitlMb — ^For  the  fiscal  year  ending  Septem- 

tives  will  expire  on  Jan.  1,  1890.  ber  30,  the  Danvers  Lunatic  Hospital  received 

i  of  State  aid  began  with  the  civil  402  patients,  and  discharged  427,  having  at  the 

3  continued  without  interruption  close  of  the  jear  715  remaining.    Of  those  dis- 

During  1887  the  sum  of  $891,678.-  charged,  121  were  transferred  to  other  hospi- 

oded  by  the  State  on  this  account  tals.    The  receipts  for  the  year  were  $145,- 

of  6,650  beneficiaries.  611.08;  payments,  $151,687.65.   At  the  North- 

— ^For  1888  the  total  assessed  vain-  ampton  Hospital  there  were  469  patients  at  the . 

»erty  in  the  State  was  $1,992,804,-  beginning  of  the  fiscal  year,  and  481  at  its  dose, 

1  $582,284,079  was  the  assessment  166  persons  having  been  admitted  and  154  dis- 

roperty,  and  $1,460,520,022  of  real  charged.    The  receipts  for  the  year  were  $97,- 

total  assessed  valuation  of  1887  878.46 ;  payments,  $87,522.18.    At  the  Wor- 

^48,807 ;  of  1886,  $1,847,581,422.  cester  Hospital  there  were  694  patients  on  Sept. 

tion  are  included  4,497,128  acres  80, 1887 ;  there  were  admitted  daring  the  year 

880,541  dwelling-houses.  There  889,  discharged  818,  leaving  770  patients  on 
(eased  in  1888, 166,152  horses,  51,-  September  80  of  this  year.  The  receipts  were 
)7,994  cows,  65,609  of  other  neat  $166,570.86 ;  expenses,  $147,445.68.  At  the 
^749  swine.  Worcester  Asylum  for  the  Ohronic  Insane,  the 
-The  following  summary  of  public-  statistics  are  as  follow :  Patients  at  the  begin- 
ics  is  given  for  the  year  1887-88 :  ning  of  the  fiscal  year,  892;  admitted,  59 ;  dis- 
>ublic  schools,  6,918 ;  children  of  charged,  56 ;  remaining  on  September  80  of 
359,504 ;  number  of  all  ages  en-  this  year,  895 ;  receipts,  $79,977.98 ;  expenses, 
)0 ;  average  attendance,  264,728  ;  $72,466.88.  At  the  Westborough  Hospital  888 
aale  teachers,  1,010 ;  number  of  persons  were  admitted  and  286  discharged  dur- 
ers,  8,887 ;  average  monthly  pay  ing  ttie  year,  leaving  406  inmates  on  September 
)hers,  $119.84;  average  monthly  80.  At  the  same  date  in  1887,  there  were  809 
d  teachers,  $44.88;  average  school  patients.  The  receipts  were  $98,886.61;  ex- 
hs,  8-9.  All  these  figures  exhibit  penses,  $92,171.70.  The  Taunton  Hospital  had 
ver  the  previous  year.  684  patients  at  the  beginning  of  the  year ;  260 
chools,  numbering  280,  exhibit  an  were  received,  and  270  discharged,  leaving  624 
ne  school,  86  teachers,  and  879  pu-  at  the  close  of  the  year.  The  receipts  were 
schools  were  materially  aided  by  $125,180.65 ;  expenditures,  $125,605.97. 
of  the  free  text-book  law,  which  There  were  also  852  insane  patients  at  the 
itely  followed  by  a  large  increase  State  almshouse  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year. 
i.  In  the  past  five  years  the  num-  The  total  number  of  persons  admitted  to  this 
;  the  high-schools  has  increased  by  institution  during  the  year  was  2,006 ;  dis- 
king schools  have  been  maintained  charged,  2,018.  On  Sept  80, 1887,  there  were 
ad  towns.  The  number  of  schools  877  inmates ;  on  Sept.  80,  1888,  865.  The 
urease  of  60;  the  number  of  teach-  school  for  the  feeble-minded  had  195  pupils  at 
acrease  of  289 ;  the  number  of  pu-  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year ;  88  were  admitted 
m  increase  of  9,044 ;  the  average  during  the  year,  and  86  discharged.  The  pres- 
2,828,  an  increase  of  4,887.  This  ent  bnildings  in  South  Boston  are  inadequate, 
e  is  due  to  the  act  of  1887,  which  and  the  Legislature  has  made  provision  for  bet- 
)  employment  of  illiterate  minors  ter  accommodations.  An  act  passed  in  1887 
are  rei^ular  attendants  of  day  or  enabled  the  trustees  to  purchase  a  tract  of  land 
tola.  The  whole  amount  of  money  in  Waltham,  and  another  act,  passed  this  year, 
cation  for  the  support  of  schools,  appropriates  $200,000  for  buildings  thereon. 
g  only  wages  of  teachers,  fuel,  care  Prisou  aid  Icfoivatortes. — ^I'he  average  num- 

school-rooms,  was  $5,114,402.41,  ber  of  prisoners  at  the  State  penal  institutions 

of  $64,462.98.    The  amount  re-  for  the  year  ending  Sept.  80, 1888,  was  as  fol- 

all  sources  and  expended  for  the  lows:  State  Prison,  556 ;  Massachusetts  Refor- 

osive  of  money  spent  for  building  matory,  792 ;  Reformatory  Prison  for  Women, 

J  school-houses,  was  $6,984,198.59,  21.    The  cost  per  week  per  capita  was :  Massa- 

>f  $76,877.59,  and  equal  to  $16.50  chusetts  Reformatory,   $8.80  ;   State  Prison, 

d  in  the  State  between  6  and  16  $2.52;  Reformatory  Prison  for  Women,  $4.25. 

The  whole  amount  expended  for  The  State  Prison  at  Boston  is  the  only  State 

hool  purposes  was  $7,087,206.42,  institution  in  which  the  prisoners  have  been 

>f  $87,222.90,  and  equal  to  $19.71  employed  under  the  act  of  1887,  requiring  all 

d  of  school  age.  prison  labor  to  be  done  upon  the  acconnt  of 

ions  normal  schools  the  attendance  the  State,  and  not  under  contract  with  individ- 

«r  was  as  follows:  At  Bridge  water,  uals.    The  results  shown  during  the  year  to 

mingham,  155 ;  at  Salem,  274 ;  at  December  81  are  as  follow :  Expenses  of  the 

►0;  at  Worcester,  198;  at  the  Nor-  business,  $116,516.72 ;  salary  of  general  super- 

001,187;  totid,  1,408.    The  school  intendent  and  other  necessary  expenses  for 

lam  suffered  the  loss  of  its  main  the  work,  $20,645.26;  total,  $187,161.98.   Re- 

a  fire  on  Dec.  24,  1887.  oeipts  from  the  industries,  $71,698.24 ;  excess 


620  MASSACHUSETTS. 

of  expenditures,  $65,468.74.  The  Goyernor  which  efforts  were  nndertakeD  to  defeat  all  re- 
says  upon  this  topic :  tiring  memhers  of  the  school  board  who  bad 
The  only  difficulty  in  the  practical  workinff  of  the  voted  in  favor  of  the  Oatholics.  For  this  pur- 
law  governing  prison  labor  is  that  of  establishing  in-  pose  the  aid  of  a  law  passed  a  few  years  beiore, 
dustries.  It  18  provided  bv  section  5  of  chapter  447  of  permitting  women  to  be  assessed  and  to  vote 
the  acts  of  the  year  1887  that  "  no  new  machinery  to  jT  ,  ^^^i*l_-  ^^  ..i,^  ««u^^>i  «x>^^;**^^  „««  u 
be  propelled  by  other  than  hand  or  foot  power  shaU  for  niembers  of  the  school  comnuttee,  was  m- 
be  used  in  any  institution."  This  provisidn  nievents  vokea  by  the  rrotestants.  Hitnerto  only  i 
the  muntenance  of  the  varied  and  improved  oondi-  handful  of  women  had  exercised  their  right 
tions  of  employment  which  the  ftiture  advantage,  if  under  the  law,  but,  so  great  was  the  fedutf 
not  the  present  well-bemg  of  the  prisoners  would  aroused  by  this  question,  that  in  Boston  not 
seem  to  require.  The  law  should  be  so  amended  that  7^  ^""^^  "j  V"«»  ^«w«v**,  vijc»«  .*.  ^^^i^vti  «v. 
the  prisoners  may  have  the  advantage  of  employment  far  from  28,000  women  applied  for  assessment, 
with  such  improved  machinery  as  the  nature  of  the  while  in  the  adjacent  cities,  to  which  the  dis- 
businees  in  wnich  they  are  engaged  may  demand,  cussion  had  found  its  way,  there  was  a  femsle 

fi^'^^7n^faC'*?urS™**ubU$a*S^^  registration  of  from  1,000  to  2,000  or  more, 

givwto'^eprison^ffidab^^more  compSte^^^  Oatholics  as  well  as  Protestants  being  among 

those  who  are  comnutted  to  their  charge,  and  in  this  the  applicants.    The  result  was  that  in  Boston, 

way  it  is  to  the  community  a  decided  gain.  at  the  December  municipal  electioii,  every  can- 

At  the  State  Primary  School  at  Monson  there  didate  suspected  of  favoring  the  Catholic  side 

were  816  inmates  on  Oct.  1,  1887,  and  814  at  of  the  controversy  was  defeated,  and  iu  tbe 

the  same  date  this  year.    The  total  number  in  adjacent  cities  the  same  result  was  reached, 

the  school  during  the  year  was  538.    The  West-  It  is  estimated  that  in  Boston  nearly  17,000 

borough  Reform  School  contdned  118  boys  at  women  went  to  the  polls,  of  whom  the  major- 

the  beginning  of  the  fiscal  year,  and  142  at  its  ity  were  Protestants. 

close.    The  Industrial  School  for  Girls  at  Lan-  PMItlcaL — The  State  Democratic  Conventi(a 

caster  cared  for  157  girls  during  the  year,  of  met  at  Springfield  on  September  5,  and  noni- 

whom  58  were  in  the  school  at  ^e  beginning  nated  without  a  contest  the  following  ticket: 

of  the  year,  and  68  at  its  close.  For  Governor,  William  £.  Russell ;  lieutenant-     I 

8aTtBgs-Raiik& — In  the  saving-banks  and  in-  Governor,  John  W.  Corcoran ;  Secretary  of    ; 
stitutions  for  savings  there  were,  in  deposits,  State,  William  N.  Osgood ;  Treasurer  and  Be- 
at the  end  of  their  fiscal  year,  $815,185,070.57,  ceiver- General,  Henry  C.  Thatcher;  Attornej- 
an  increase  for  the  year  of  $12,286,446.49,  the  General,  Samuel  O.  Lamb;  Auditor,  William 
number  of  open  accounts  being  988,202.  A.  Williams.    The  platform  adopted  ratified 

Hm  PiWe-SehMl  CioitroTeny  aid  Wmuui  8if-  the  nominations  of  the  St  Louis  Conventioo, 

flnige. — Early  in  May,  the  Rev.  Father  Metcalf,  commended  the  national  Administration,  and 

of  Boston,  in  a  public  letter,  complained  that  contained  also  the  following : 

a  teacher  of  history  in  the  city  bigh-schooL  «  ,.    .      .^  .    „                           .... 

instruction  the  position  of  the  Catholic  Church  desire  and  demand  the  reduction  of  the  preacnt  wr    ' 

with  reference  to  the  sale  of  indulgences,  and  rates  of  taxation  to  such  a  point  as  will  leave  in  Um 

that  William  Swinton's  history,  the  text-book  pockets  of  the  people  over  $100,000,000  per  yearthrt 

used  in  the  schools,  unfairly  stated  the  facts  of  1?  now  beinp  token  therefrom  without  reason  or  jni- 

l«{afr^»i»^  {n  ♦v.;«,  «./v/.».ri   :«««»««^u  ««  :♦  a:a  «^*  tice  and  locked  up  m  idleness  m  the  Treasuiy  vaultt 

histoiy  m  this  regard,  masmuch  as  it  did  not  ^^  Washington.  ^                                     ^ 

give  the  whole  truth.     After  consideration  of  We  cordially  approve  the  provisions  of  the  MID* 

this  complaint,  the  school  board,  which  was  Bill  as  well  adapted  to  promote  industry,  to  protect 

largely  composed  of  Catholics,  voted,  on  June  1*^^  ^^  particularly  benefit  the  manufactunng  in- 

19,  to  dispense  with  the  obnoxious  text-book,  ^^f^  ^X^.  commonwealth^    The  i>lacingofwo^ 

««!i  «f*^- ««««««;«« Ttr«  T :    *        IT      au'  ^^  the  free  list  will  unquestionably  give  a  valuable 

and,  after  censurmg  Mr.  Travis,  transferred  him  gtimulus  to  the  woolen-m?lls  of  this  Stite,  and,  by  w 
to  another  department  of  history  in  the  same  ducins  the  oost  of  materials,  will  enable  the  woolen- 
school.  This  proceeding  was  looked  upon  by  mani&cturer  to  compete  with  all  foreign  rivals  for  tbe 
many  Protestants  as  an  attempt  of  the  Catho-  *™^®  °^^^®  world,  and  thus  give  more  work  and  bet- 
UC8  to  control  the  public  schools  in  the  interest  "^'^^  StJ'S^r.bSSd  be  Uft»d  fl™t  ft«»  * 
01  their  Onurch.  ILey  argued  that  the  objec-  common  articles  of  necessary  consumption,  and  la* 
tions  to  the  book  were  unfounded,  that  the  f^m  the  articles  of  luxury,  we  indorse  and  commeod 
history  was  truthful,  even  if  the  facts  stated  President  Cleveland's  proposition  to  take  the  duty  df 
were  unpleasant,  and  they  considered  such  in-  "^"^h  ^^*»  lumber,  and  such  staples  as,  being  th» 
4^A*^^*^»rA  ^f  *u«  nk«-«v  :«  *  1  x»  •  made  cheaper,  will  make  lighter  the  task  of  every 
terference  of  the  Church  in  temporal  affairs  as  workingmi  Who  has  a  family  to  provide  for ;  and  « 


I 


strong  terms  stirringresoluti^swereadopt^  ^B^uJ^i^-SSa^irX,^^^ 

and  a  committee  was  appointed  to  protect  the  tent  war  tariff,  ai«  iniquitous  combinations,  hostile 

interests  of  the  public  schools.    The  whole  sub-  alike  to  the  legitimately  employed  capital  and  the  hoo- 

ject  of  the  attitude  of  the  Catholic  Church  to-  est  labor  of  the  country,  we  demand  such  tariff  leg»^ 

ward  the  State  and 

lie  schools  was  a  matter  ^^ 

throughout  the  summer  and  autumn,  during  mon^lles." 


MASSACHUSETTS.  MELIKOFF,  COUNT  LORIS.      521 

nd  now,  as  always,  the  most  liberal  treat-  be  appointed  by  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and 

on  veterans,  ana  of  the  widows  and  &mi-  be  required  on  entering  upon  duty  to  relin(^uisn  all 

I  of  them  wno  are  dead ;  and  promise  our  civil  business  and  devote  themselves  exclusively  to 

II  well-considered  laws  for  the  promotion  the  interests  of  the  State. 

oe,  and  announce  our  hostility  at  the  same  We  demand  the  unconditional  abandonment  of  rev- 

libitory  legislation  as  violating  the  oardi-  enue,  municipal.  State,  and  national,  trom  the  manu- 

tic  doctrine  of  personal  liberty.  facture  and  sale  of  intoxicating  drinks,  not  with  refer- 


iials,  except  Treasurer  Beard,  who  end  to  the  political  scandal  of  deriving  a  revenue  from 

m1  to  be  a  candidate  for  re-election,  thepoverty,  degradation,  and  vices  of  the  people. 

Harden  was  nominated  as  his  sue-  7^^  demand  the  preservation  of  our  free  publio- 

<M            »0     y/u«.uav«7^  <N,  A^w  ouv  gQ^Qoi  system  m  all  its  mtegnty ;  reform  m  the  civil 

service ;  suppression  of  polygamy ;  the  establishment 

ons  were  adopted  favoring  protec-  of  uniform  laws  governing  marriage  and  divorce ;  a 

emning  the  system  of  nndervalna-  more  generous  ana  just  distribution  of  the  products  of 

Jse  invoicing  of  imported  goods,  and  ^J  ?  arbitration  as  a  megis  of  settling  international 

Ai-r^^    ««   «   ^»»»<.  Sv*  «u«ri,:««  ♦!.:«  strife  and  local  business  difficulties  between  employers 

dmg,  as  a  means  of  checking  this  ^^  employed;  tiie  preservation  and  defense  of  one 

Q position  of  specific  duties  wherever  day  in  seven  as  a  day  of  worship  and  spiritual  eleva- 

),  instead  of  the  present  ad- valorem  tion  j  the  improvement  and  better  enforcement  of  our 

ler  resolutions  were  as  follow :  immigration  laws ;  just  and  liberal  provision  for  our 

. ,       ^^       ^  *.u    T     .  1  !_.          J  surviving  soldiers  and  fifunilies :  the  penalty  of  dis- 

►ve  tiie  wjion  of  tiie  Legislature,  and  re-  fomchisSnent  for  buying  or  selling  votes ;  the  reser- 

'S}!?*l*''lf r  ^-^  Bepubhoan  Convention  of  ^^^^j^  ^f  the  pubUc  Uihds  for  a^  settiers:  the 

That,  behevmg  that  the  great  ouesuon  g^cred  ftilfiUment  of  our  treaty  stipulations  with  the 

a  position  where  It  demand  settlement,  i^dUn  races :  equal  wages  to  men  and  women  for 

>  submission  to  tiie  people  of  an  amend-  ^^  ^^^  J  the  prohibition  of  trusts  and  combina- 

Constitutipn  prohibiting  tiie  manufadiure  ^jj^s  of  capital  to  enhance  prices  on  articles  of  popular 

"^^^^k^lv-^^^"  *?i  *  ^^«W«?    "^<^»  ^  consumption :  and  more  than  all,  and  above  Vlf^  the 

)mplish  tins,  we  call  upon  all  who  are  op-  ^^j,  detraction  of  the  saloon,  by  which  tiie  laborer 

political  control  of  the  ^rog-shon  to  unite  y^  cobbed  of  his  earnings,  and  is  morally,  physicaUy, 

publican  party  m  secunn^  tiie  election  of  ^^  sodaUy  burdened.*^  '                       /»  F  .r         /, 

d  Bepresentatives  who  will  vote  for  the  -,,         ^         ,         t   i.      ^.  i_  x       .xi.  ^l     i 

]f  this  amendment,  and  fVirther  legislation  inere  was  also  a  Labor  ticket,  with  Ubarles 

itii  this  deohiration  of  principles.  E.  Marks,  the  candidate  of  last  year,  at  its 

e  ourselves  to  such  wise  expenditures  for  head.     At  the  election  in  November  Ames 

ichools  as  to  render  tiiem  tfie  b^  phioes  received  for  Governor  180,849  votes ;  Russell, 

ndaon  of  oui'vouth,  and  to  steady  resist-  IVarroA    ^    i     aoTtV    w    u      ^"'^»  "™^"» 

pUn  of  public  aid  to  sectarian  schools.  162,780;  Earle,- 9,874 ;  Marks  and  others.  111. 

in  the  equal  rights  of  all  men  under  the  Russell  ran  about  8,000  votes  ahead  of  his 
same  restrictive  legislation  for  monopolies,  ticket.  There  were  88  Republicans  and  7 
\?^^u  "^,  ^{^^'^F  ^«»9"Ption  «s  govern  Democrats  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  and  181 
^tS^r^^oi^^nHf^tie"^^^^  Republicans,  58  Dem^ra^  and  1  Independent 
>n  laws;  in  an  honest  ballot  Uie  country  to  the  House,  len  Republican  and  2  Demo- 
only  interpretation  of  the  popular  will;  cratic  Congressmen  were  chosen, 
rtial  sirffrage;  in  the  payment  of  every  Muldpil  Hedtoiis.— Nineteen  of  the  twenty- 

tiSl?^-?H'^.?af^n'I?nn"i!«  ^KrS^  fi^c  cities  of  tho  Statc  held  their  annual  elec- 

,  liberal,  and  just  pension  law,  em  Doaying  ..            m       3       t\         i.^-e»-ai* 

ie  generous  gratitude  of  a  wirm-heited  t>on  on  Tuesday,  December  4.   Party  Imes  were 

3  veteran  solmer ;  in  the  exemption  of  the  not  strictly  drawn  in  most  cases,  the  license 

from  partisan  spoliation.   To  tiie  solution  question  being  of  paramount  interest.    Twelve 

>at  questions,  in  which  they  ^U  bew  so  cities  voted  in  favor  of  license,   and  seven 

«^  :^'Z  ^U°oZ,rd  ^X^ll!  «?«i-t  it-    I-  1887  ten  voted  for  licen«e  »d 

Ltiwnship  ought  to  confer.  nine  against  it.     One  week  later  Boston  and 

leartily  approve  and  most  cordially  00m-  the  five  remaining  cities  held  their  election,  all 

stform  adopted  by  the  national  Republi-  of  them  voting  for  license,  as  in  1887.     In 

^J^.'^^a''^J^''^^^^^^J^,^^!^J  J""  Boston,  Thomas  N.  Hart,  the  nominee  of  the 

^rtitt^;.'™'''  "^^^'^ ""  Republicans,  was  elected  over  Mayor  O'Brien 

^11.  T.    1.-1..X.         _^       T-i  by  a  majority  of  1,876,  in  8  total  vote  of  68,648. 

iinees  of  the  Prohibition  party,  wh.oh  The  m^^ority  for  license  was  17,916. 

nvention  at  Worcester,  on  the  same  mEUKOFF,  Count  LOUS,  a  Russian  general 

'o*»J^^?P''Wican opponents,  were:  ^^n  in  1826;  died  in  Nice,  France,  Deo.  24, 

nor  Wdham  H.  Earle;  Lieutenant-  jagS.    He  wai  one  of  the  numerous  Armeni- 

Joto  Basoom;  Secretary  of  State,  ^g  that  joined  Gen.  Paskievich's  army  in  the 

"^thiTreaanteTHui  R^jver-Gen-  oaucasni  obtaining  his  first  commission  in 

M.  Fisher;  Aud'tpr,  Edmund  M.  i843.    ^e  participated  in  several  expeditions 

Wtomey-General,^en  CoflSn.    The  i^at  the  mountain  tribes,  and  gained  his  first 

rtant  portion  of  its  platform  is  as  decoration  for  gallantry  in  1848.    He  rose  rap- 
idly, served  under  Gen.  Mouravieff  in  the  Ori- 

mfoond  in  the  experience  of  onrconrtB  mean  war,  and  attained  the  rank  of  major- 

&;l™;S?l^SThTl,tetf'?h^  «5e°-»»  OH  being  appointed  Russian  Governor 

TOjOpeiute  to  the  disadvantage  Of  the  com-  of  Kars,  having  taken  part  in  the  capture  of 

we  therefore  demand  that  said  officers  that  stronghold.    In  1865,  when  the  pacifica- 


522     MELIKOFF,  COUNT  L0RI8.  METALLURGY. 

tion  of  the  Oanoasos  was  completed,  he  was  actnallj  cansed  the  cessation  of  Nihilistie  oot- 
appointed  aid-de-camp  to  the  Emperor,  and  rages  for  twelve  months.  The  Czar  had  beai 
after  ten  years  of  farther  service  in  the  Caaca-  persuaded  hy  G^n.  Melikoff,  who  was  his  Ifin- 
sns  was  made  a  generaL  He  was  the  trusted  ister  of  the  Literior,  to  sign  a  oonstitotion 
lieutenant  of  the  Grand  Duke  Michael,  Prince-  granting  representative  institutions,  when  his 
Governor  of  the  Caucasus,  and  when  the  Turk-  assassination  on  March  18,  1881,  pat  an  end  to 
ish  war  hegan  he  assumea  the  chief  command  all  hope  of  liberd  reforms,  and  caused  Gen. 
of  the  army  that  was  raised  to  invade  the  Asi-  Melikoff,  who  was  head  of  the  police  deput- 
atic  provinces  of  Turkey.  He  crossed  the  ment  and  was  therefore  held  responsible  for 
frontier  with  a  smaller  force  than  he  expected  the  Czar's  safety,  to  be  discarded  as  well  is 
to  mobilize,  and,  although  he  displayed  great  his  policy.  He  was  nevertheless  retained  as  i 
energy,  he  was  unable  to  cope  with  the  active  member  of  the  Council  of  the  Empire  by  Alex- 
strategy  of  Mukhtar  Pasha,  who,  fighting  on  ander  III.  His  health  began  to  fiul  about  1883, 
the  inside  line  and  resting  on  his  fortresses,  and  since  then  he  has  lived  much  of  the  time 
checked  the  Russian  advance.  Qen,  Melikoff,  in  the  soutii  of  Europe, 
understanding  the  risk  of  attempting  to  hold  METAUillRGT*  Itm  aad  StecL — ^In  his  prea- 
the  extended  position  in  the  face  of  the  victo-  dential  address  before  the  Iron  and  Steel  Inid- 
rions  Turkish  army,  retired  within  the  Rus-  tute,  Mr.  Daniel  Adamson  spoke  of  the  fsDiof 
sian  frontier  in  order  to  restore  his  troops  and  off  that  had  taken  place  in  the  manufacture  d 
receive  supplies  before  resuming  the  offensive,  iron  in  Great  Britain  since  1884,  and  the  \up 
By  the  middle  of  August,  1877,  he  was  able  to  increase  in  the  production  of  steel  daring  tbe 
take  the  field  with  a  stronger  and  better  pre-  same  period.    Thus  in  1884  about  one  and  i 

Eared  army.  Mukhtar  Pasha,  whose  forces  quarter  million  tons  of  Bessemer  steel  ingots 
ad  been  reduced  by  disease,  forced  on  a  gen-  were  produced,  and  in  1887  about  two  milJioQ 
eral  engagement  at  Aladja  Dagh.  Failing  to  tons,  being  an  increase  of  about  60  per  oeot; 
makethe  most  advantageousdispositidns,  he  was  in  1884  nearly  half  a  million  tons  of  Siema^s 
defeated  by  Melikoft*  after  eleven  hours'  fight-  open-hearth  steel  ingots  were  cast,  and  nearlj 
ing,  notwithstanding  the  desperate  courage  of  a  miUion  tons  in  1887,  the  actual  increase  dor- 
the  Turkish  soldiers.  Gen.  Melikoff  waited  for  ing  the  period  being  over  106  per  cent ;  aDd  a 
re-enforcements,  and  in  October  resumed  the  plant  is  in  course  of  erection  estimated  to  pro- 
advance,  and  after  several  stubbornly  fought  duce  another  quarter  of  a  million  tons  annaallj. 
battles,  compelled  the  Turkish  commander  to  There  has  also  been  an  jenormous  increase  io 
evacuate  his  advanced  line.  He  conducted  the  the  application  of  steel  to  ship- building  por- 
remaining  operations  of  the  campaign  includ-  poses.  Thus,  whereas  in  1878  less  than  Uiree 
ing  the  turning  of  the  main  position  of  the  thousand  tons  of  steel  were  employed  in  the 
enemy  by  Gen.  Lazareff*s  flank  march  on  Or-  manufacture  of  steamers  and  sailing-Tessds 
dok,  and  while  the  other  generals  pursued  built  under  Lloyd^s  survey,  and  over  three 
Mukhtar's  shattered  forces,  he  laid  siege  to  hundred  thousand  tons  of  iron,  in  1887  more 
Kars,  the  chiefobjective  point  of  the  campaign,  than  two  hundred  and  ten  thousand  tons  of 
When  he  had  carried  a  part  of  the  outer  works,  steel  were  employed,  and  about  fifty-two  thon- 
he  concluded  that  ^e  place  might  be  captured  sand  tons  of  iron.  The  proportion^  increase 
by  assault,  which  was  accomplished  on  the  in  the  use  of  steel  in  the  last  three  years  had 
night  of  November  18.  For  this  strikinff  feat  been  about  cent,  per  cent.,  and  the  falling  off  in 
of  arms,  Gen.  Melikoff  was  decorated  with  the  the  use  of  iron  during  the  samo  period  850 
cross  of  St.  George  and  at  the  dose  of  the  war  per  cent. 

he  was  made  a  count.  It  has  been  difficult  to  produce  pig-iron  with 

In  1879,  when  the  Nihilists  were  at  the  a  high  percentage  of  chromium,  on  account  of 

height  of  their  activity,  and  through  the  mur-  the  very  high  temperature  that  is  reqaired, 

der  of  Prince  Erapotkine^  Solovieff^s  attempt  for  complete  fusion  of  the  metal  takes  place 

on  the  life  of  the  Czar,  and  other  deeds,  had  only  at  a  temperature   at  which    the  best 

created  a  general  panic.  Count  Melikoff  was  graphite  crucibles  soften — ^that  is,  probably 

called  away  from  Tiflis  to  take  a  place  in  the  above  the  melting-point  of  platinum.    SQcb 

Central  Government    The  Ozar  nad  always  iron  has  been  produced  in  Sweden  in  small 

decided  to  make  political  concessions,  and  Meli*  quantities  by  modifying  the  composition  of 

koff  urged  that  these  should  be  definite  and  the  slag,  but  at  a  cost  too  high  to  make  it 

aubstantiaL    In  February,  1880,  he  was  ap-  compete  successfully  with  the  poorer  chroiDe 

pointed  president  of  a  supreme  executive  com-  iron  produced  elsewhere  in  bl^t-fumaoes  as-   i 

mission,  and  issued  a  proclamation  calling  on  ing  coke  as  fuel.    With  regenerative  cnicible 

all  friends  of  order  to  support  him  in  his  efforts  furnaces,  this  iron  could  not  be  obtained  is  a 

to  preserve  national  security  and  tranquillity  thoroughly  fused  condition,  but  the  rednoed 

when  he  assumed  the  office,  which  was  prac-  metal  is  always  intimately  mixed  with  slag. 

ticidly  that  of  dictator.     Alexander  II  was  A  pig-iron  can  be  produced  containing  70  per 

converted  by  him  to  the  idea  that  he  could  win  cent,  of  chromium.    It  contains  less  carboa 

the  affection  of  the  Russian  people  by  granting  than  the  metal  poorer  in  chromium,  and  acts 

a  large  measure  of  social  and  individusd  freedom,  less  as  a  carbonizing  material  when  added  to 

Melikoff^s  relaxations  of  tyranical  restrictions  the  steel- bath  than  would  a  metal  containing, 


METALLUEGY.  $23 

dIj  45  per  cent,  of  cbrominm.    B7  the  the  Bessemer  and  Siemens-Martin  processes, 

this  chromium  pig-iron  and  open-hearth  The  pig-metal  is  melted  in  a  ^*  rapid  "  cupola 

san  be  produced  which  will  compete  in  and  coUected  in  a  receiver,  from  which  it  is 

respect  with  the  best  English  cmcible  run  into  a  vertical  converter,  and  thence  drawn 

and  in  many  cases  even  excel  it.    Ohro-  off  in  the  ladle.    In  its  passage  through  the 

steel  is  harder  than  ordinary  steel  with  converter  the  mass  is  subiected  to  the  blast 
me  percentage  of  carbon,  but  it  is  more  from  the  cupola-blower.  As  soon  as  Uie  iron 
It  to  harden.  U  the  carbon  is  kept  0*2  is  collected  in  the  ladle,  the  latter  is  raised 
nt.  lower  than  would  be  used  if  no  chro-  from  its  trunnions  and  rapidly  revolved.  Stir- 
were  present,  and  that  amount  of  chro-  rers  effectually  mix  the  meted,  and  the  steel  is 

is  added  which  will  give  the  requisite  then  ready  for  the  mold.    The  system  can  be 

)  of  hardness,  a  steel  can  be  obtained  that  applied  to  existing  open-hearth  furnaces, 

tand  a  much  greater  welding  heat  than  A  practical  demonstration  has  been  given  at 

try  carbon  steel,  and  wiU  be  at  the  same  the  Lambeth  works  of  Messrs.  Brin  of  the  di- 

oth  tougher  and  harder.    The  percentage  rect  converdon,  by  a  new  process,  of  iron  into 

bon  in  a  chrome  steel  should  never  ex-  steel  containing  two  per  cent,  of  aluminum. 

1*9.    The  percentage  of  chromium  need  The  charge  consisted  of  about  forty  pounds  of 

exceed  1*5  per  cent.  If  it  is  desired  to  broken  cast-iron,  which  was  smeared  with  clay 
oe  a  harder  steel  than  that  containing  0*9  — the  source  of  the  aluminum — and  a  special 
mt.  of  carbon  and  2  per  cent,  of  chro-  flux.  This  charge  was  placed  in  a  small 
.  0'2  per  cent,  of  silicon  must  be  present  foundry-furnace,  and  was  speedily  transformed 
ure  freedom  from  blow-holes,  and  the  into  excellent  steel.  Other  metals  can  be  simi- 
horua,  on  account  of  the  presence  of  sili-  larly  treated,  and  any  percentage  of  aluminum 
bould  be  kept  below  0*8  per  cent.  can  be  alloyed  with  them.  The  plating  of  iron 
ew  direct  method,  applied  by  the  Gar-  with  aluminum  by  means  of  the  blow-pipe  was 
ran  Company  of  Pittsburg,  for  making  shown  on  the  same  occasion. 
:ht-iron  from  the  ore,  is  based  upon  the  A  second  report  has  been  made  by  the  com- 
s  a  reducing  agent,  of  a  new  kind  of  mittee  appointed  by  the  British  Association  to 
ite  from  Rhode  Island,  which  also  pro-  investigate  the  influence  of  silicon  on  the  prop- 
he  iron  from  reoxidation.  This,  having  erties  of  steel.  While  in  the  series  of  experi- 
^und  very  fine  and  mixed,  previous  to  ments  previously  reported  upon  the  committee 
ig,  with  water,  is  mingled  with  the  ore  had  used  specially  pure  iron,  in  the  present 
proportion  of  one  to  four  by  weight.  aeries  it  had  taken  ordinary  basic  iron,  in  the 
[nchavePs  method  of  producing  wrought-  condition  in  which  it  would  be  sent  into  com- 
jid  steel  direct  from  the  ore,  the  main  merce,  added  definite  quantities  of  silicon,  and 
e  of  the  furnace  consists  of  a  movable  examined  the  product  chemically  and  mechan- 
i  fitted  to  a  blast-furnace  constructed  ically.    The  general  results  of  the  investigation 

of  cast-iron  and  partly  of  wrought-iron  are  summarized  as  follow :  On  adding  silicon 
,  the  latter  of  which  form  a  double  skin  to  ingot  iron  containing  manganese  the  metal 
>  body  of  the  furnace,  while  the  space  rolls  well,  and  does  not  show  any  signs  of  red- 
en  the  skins  is  used  to  heat  the  blast,  shortness ;  it  welds  perfectly  well  with  all  pro- 
imace,  the  inventor  represents,  has  been  portions  of  silicon,  and  (with  one  somewhat 
illy  developed  from  the  simplest  form  of  doubtful  exception  containing  0*6  per  cent.)  is 
last  furnace,  under  the  stress  of  difficul-  not  brittle  when  cold.  With  less  than  about 
hich  were  from  time  to  time  encountered.  0*15  per  cent,  of  silicon,  the  limit  of  elasticity, 
nel  used  is  wood  charcoal.  From  mag-  the  breaking  load,  the  extension,  and  reduction 
ore  containing  58  per  cent,  of  iron,  the  of  area  are  but  little,  if  at  all,  appreciably  af- 
r  obtains  52*4  per  cent,  of  st«el ;  and  the  f ected  by  the  presence  of  silicon ;  but  with 
i  producing  wrought-iron  is  said  to  be  no  more  than  0*15  per  cent,  of  silicon  the  limit 
r  than  it  is  in  a  puddling-furnace.  of  elasticity  and  breaking  load  are  increased, 
i  paper  on  *^  Silicon  and  Sulphur  in  Oast-  while  the  extension  and  reduction  of  area  are 

Mr.  T.  Turner  reaches  the  conclusion  distinctly  decreased  by  the  presence  of  silicon, 

n  the  blast-furnace,  three  chief  agencies  The  effect  exerted  by  silicon  in  increasing  the 

.  work  tending  to  eliminate  sulphur,  of  tenacity  of  ingot  iron  is  not  nearly  so  great  as 

.  in  Cleveland  practice  not  more  than  that  of  carbon.    The  relative  hardness  is  very 

rentieth  passes  mto  the  iron :  1.  A  high  slightly  affected  by  the  proportions  of  silicon 

rature  tends  to  prevent  the  absorption  of  used  in  these  experiments.    On  account  of  the 

ir  by  iron ;  2.  A  slag  rich  in  lime  readily  small  scale  on  which  the  experiments  were 

nee  with  sulphur ;  and  8.  The  amount  of  conducted,  it  was  not  practicable  to  perform 

ir  actually  retained  by  the  metal  is  influ-  tests  with  reference  to  resistance  to  shock. 

by  the  proportion  of  silicon,  and  prob-  The  Oarlsson  modification  of  the  Bessemer 
ertain  other  elements  present  in  the  iron  process  is  employed  in  Sweden  in  the  treat- 
more  silicon  the  less  sulphur.  ment  of  a  charcoal  pig-iron — ^about  1*5  per  cent. 

*^  rapid "  steel-making  process  of  B.  H.  of  silicon,  0*1  to  0*15  of  manganese,  8*9  of 

ite  and  A.  Stewart  is  intended  to  com-  graphite,  and  0*1  of  combine<l  carbon.     The 

be  best  features  and  avoid  the  defects  of  slag  resultant  from  the  production  of  this  pig- 


624  METALLURGY. 

iron  approximates  more  closely  to  a  tri-silicate       In  H.  Haupt^s  process  for  proteoting  iron 

than  to  a  bi-silioate,  alumina  being  regarded  as  against  corrosion,  the  pipes  having  been  low- 

a  base.    After  the  pig-iron  has  been  charged  ered  into  the  retorts,  the  retorts  are  closed  an- 

into  the  converter,  it  is  blown  for  a  few  min-  til  the  contents  are  heated  to  a  proper  temper- 

utes,  till  the  bine  fiame  appears  that  marks  the  atnre.    Steam  from  a  boiler  at  60  poonds  prea»- 

beginning  of  the  combustion  of  the  carbon,  nre  is  then  introduced  into  the  superheater, 

The  blow  is  then  stopped,  and  a  definite  pro-  which  it  traverses,  and  from  which  it  escapes 

portion  of  the  charge — the  slag  being  removed,  at  the  temperature  of  the  iron  upon  which  it 

containing  usually  4*15  per  cent  of  carbon,  acts  for  about  one  hour.     A  measured  quanti- 

0*05  of   silicon,  and  0*07  of  manganese — ^is  ty  of  some  hydrocarbon  is  then  admitted  with 

poured  into  a  measured  ladle.    The  portion  of  a  jet  of  steam,  which  completes  the  procen. 

metal  remaining  in  the  converter  is  then  blown  The  protection  afforded  by  4;his  method  is  not 

until  most  of  the  carbon  has  been  eliminated  a  mere  coating,  like  paint,  but  is  said  to  be  an 

and  the  bath  converted  into  malleable  iron,  actual  conversion,  to  a  greater  or  less  depth, 

The  metal  previously  removed,  and  what  more  into  a  new  material.    When  properly  treated, 

may  be  needed,  is  then  added  to  the  bath,  this  material  does  not  seem  to  be  detaohible 

When  the  reaction  that  ensues  is  ended,  the  by  pounding,  bending,  rolling,  or  heating.   The 

metal  is  ready  for  pouring.  process  is  claimed  to  possess  advantages  o?er 

A  number  of  improvements,  designed  to  se-  the  Bower-Barff  process  in  Uiat  it  makes  a 
cure  increased  economy  and  greater  efficiency  coating  that  does  not  crack,  and  is  more  re- 
in working,  in  the  production  of  basic  Siemens  sisting. 

steel,  have  been  introduced  in  a  new  furnace  Prof.  A.  Ledebur  has  made  a  series  of  expe^ 
recently  erected  at  Bilston,  South  Staffordshire,  iments  upon  the  effect  of  acidulated  waters  in 
A  rectangular  furnace  with  rounded  ends  takes  producing  brittleness  in  malleable  iron.  The 
the  place  of  the  old  round  furnace,  producing  brittleness  arises  from  the  absorption  of  hydro- 
a  longer  flame,  which  seems  to  have  a  less  de-  gen  by  the  iron  causing  a  change  in  its  mechan- 
structive  cutting  power  upon  the  lining  and  ical  properties,  whereby,  while  the  modulos  of 
upon  the  gas  and  air  ports.  The  roof  and  part  tensile  strength  remains  unaltered  so  long  as 
of  the  internal  side-walls  are  built  of  silica  the  metal  is  not  sensibly  corroded,  the  ei^- 
bricks,  and  the  bottom  is  lined  with  basic  sion  under  stress  and  the  capacity  of  resistiog 
bricks  of  exceptional  density,  which  are  sepa-  bending  strains  are  notably  diminished.  The 
rated  from  the  silica  work  with  a  chrome  author  also  finds  tiiat  an  action  dmilar  to  that 
brick.  The  roof  is  fixed  instead  of  being  of  weak  acid  is  produced  by  the  atmosphere 
movable  as  before,  the  movable  roof  having  when  iron  is  exposed  to  it  in  an  unprotect* 
been  designed,  in  the  first  place,  to  enable  the  ed  condition.  Contact  of  the  iron  with  zinc, 
repairs  to  the  interior  of  the  furnace  to  be  which  renders  the  former  electro-negatiTe, 
more  easily  made ;  but  it  was  found  in  practice  proved  to  have  a  notable  effect  in  increaaiDg 
that  this  advantage  was  more  than  lost  by  the  the  influence  of  the  acid  on  the  unprotected 
destruction  that  ensued  to  the  roof  by  removals,  portion  of  the  surface,  so  that  a  very  moch 
The  repairs  are  now  provided  for  by  building  shorter  time  sufficed  to  produce  brittleness 
the  case  of  the  furnace,  instead  of  solid  steel  than  without  such  contact.  The  brittleness 
plates,  of  lattice- work,  with  silica  brick- work  produced  by  pickling  or  rusting  is  removed  bj 
inside,  which  can  be  removed  when  repairs  are  annealing,  and  also  disappears,  or  is  consider- 
necessary.  Three  doors  are  provided  m  front,  ably  diminished,  by  allowmg  the  brittle  metal 
and  one  at  the  back,  over  the  tapping-hole,  to  rest  for  some  time  in  a  perfectly  dry  place. 
The  regenerative  capacity  of  the  furnace  is  It  can  not,  however,  be  removed  by  mechanical 
doubled,  in  the  same  space,  by  making  the  treatment  in  the  cold.  Cast-iron  is  not  sensi- 
regenerators  rectangular,  with  rounded  ends,  bly,  or  is  only  slightly,  effected  by  pickling. 
This  is  effected  by  the  lengthening  of  the  flame,  Some  direct  determinations  were  made  of  the 
whereby  the  heat  tbat  formerly  passed  into  the  hydrogen  present  in  the  brittle  wires.  It  was 
chimney  and  was  lost,  is  now  all  absorbed ;  found  to  be  so  very  minute  as  to  raise  a  pos- 
besides  which,  it  is  possible  to  work  with  less  sible  question  whether  it  was  sufficient  to  pro- 
gas  while  obtaining  a  greater  amount  of  heat,  duce  the  remarkable  changes  in  mechanical 

Mr.  W.  Shimer,  of  Easton,  Pa.,  uses  for  de-  qualities  demonstrated  by  the  experiments.  In 

termining  phosphorus  in  steel  the  filtrate  ob-  considering  this  point,  the  author  suggests  that 

tained  in  the  nitric  and  sulphuric  method  for  the  influence  of  a  foreign  substance  upon  iron 

determining  silicon ;  it  has  the  desirable  quali-  may  be  determined  not  so  much  by  the  weight 

ties  of  being  easily  and  quickly  obtained  and  as  by  the  number  of  the  atoms  present,  and 

always  free  from  silica,    in  order,  however,  to  therefore  that  hydrogen,  whose  atomic  weight 

get  all  the  phosphorus  in  a  precipitable  form,  is  only  ^  that  of  phosphorus,  the  element 

the  solution  must  be  made  under  conditions  which  it  most  nearly  simulates  in  effect,  may 

more  strongly  oxidizing  than  simple  solution  be  sufficient  to  pi'oduce  very  decided  brittle- 

in  boiling  mtric  acid.    It  is  found  that  in  a  so-  ness,  even  when  present  in  scarcely  ^preci- 

lution  thus  made  the  presence  of  a  moderate  able  quantity. 

amount  of  free  sulphuric  acid  does  not  prevent       Almlnuk — Comparative  tests  of  aluminam 

complete  precipitation  of  the  phosphorus.  and  magnesium  have  been  made  at  the  labora- 


METALLURGY.  626 

he  Charlottenburg  Higb-Sobool,  Ber-    advantages  arising  from  a  change  of  carbon 
physical  properties  determined  were :    from  the  combined  to  the  graphitic  state,  at 

the  instant  of  crystallization,  are  that  all  of  the 
carbon  thns  liberated  is  imprisoned  uniformly 
thronghont  the  casting,  and  is  not  accomnlated 
in  pockets,  forming  soft  and  hollow  spots,  as 
would  be  the  case  if  liberated  while  the  cast- 
ing was  yet  fluid.    Aluminum,  more  than  any 


'BOPCRTnes. 

^^AlU&UBflDBD* 

BfafDMhun. 

Tlty 

8-67 

871  to  286 
8-5 

1-76 

sDffth,  ponndB  per  iq. 

881 

Deroent. 

1 

slum  can  be  best  worked  when  heated  known  element,  accomplishes  this.  Aluminum 
Tahr.,  at  which  temperature  it  can  be  takes  away  the  tendency  to  chill,  prevents  the 
sssed,  rolled,  and  drawn.  More  diffi-  formation  of  sand-scale,  and  modifies  the  hard- 
Dconntered  with  this  metal  when  cast-  ness  of  the  iron  by  refining  its  grain  so  that  it 
^Idering,  as  the  melting  and  boiling  may  be  more  easily  cut  than  iron  of  coarser 
e  only  a  few  degrees  apart,  and  the  grain.  It  increases  the  resistance,  or  strength 
•zidation  is  large.  The  molten  metal  to  sustain  a  constant  load,  and  in  a  greater  de- 
&11  tlie  molds  so  perfectly  as  aluminum,  gree  the  resistance  to  impact.  A  gfdn  is  ob- 
castings  obtained  are  always  rough-  served  in  elasticity,  while  the  fineness  and 
and  have  air-holes.  The  difiScultj  compactness  of  iron  alloyed  with  iduminum 
ing  magnesium  comes  from  the  fact  gives  less  permanent  set  than  iron  equally  soft 
ji  not  be  easily  kept  free  from  oxidiz-  when  such  softness  is  produced  by  silicon, 
even  the  slightest  l^er  of  oxide  ren-  Aluminum — when  a  sumcient  Quantity  is  ad- 
soldering  more  difficult.  The  same  ded— takes  ofF  or  reduces  shrinkage ;  but  the 
is  also  encountered,  and  has  not  yet  first  additions  of  it  seem  to  cause  shrinkage, 
>lly  surmounted  in  the  case  of  alumi-  through  the  closing  of  the  blow-holes,  llie 
ie  two  metals  show  little  dissimilarity  tests  for  influence  upon  fluidity  gave  less  defi- 
usoeptibility  to  atmospheric  influence  nite  results.  The  experiments  were  made  sep- 
ed  the  magnesium  is  pure.  Magne-  arately  with  a  white  iron,  in  which  the  carbon 
I  be  easily  worked  in  the  lathe.  It  is  combined,  and  with  a  Swedish  gray  iron,  in 
ngraved  and  polished,  and  rolled  in  which  the  carbon  is  in  the  form  of  graphite, 
ted  sections.  The  alloys  of  magne-  The  results  were  modified  according  as  these 
beautifully  bright  and  of  fine  color,  different  qualities  of  iron  were  dealt  with,  but 
easily  affected  by  atmospheric  influ-  mostly  in  degree,  and  not  essentially  in  nature, 
d  brittle.  Hence  they  are  ill-adapted  Copper. — For  extracting  copper  fi'om  its  py- 
ical  purposes.  rites,  Mr.  M.  J.  Pering  dispenses  with  the  un- 
cperiments  of  W.  J.  Keep  upon  the  pleasant  and  tedious  roasting  of  the  pyrites, 
of  aluminum  on  cast-iron  have  de-  and  finds  an  excellent  subf^titnte  for  it  in  the 
several  important  points.  It  is  known  property  possessed  by  ferric  nitrate  of  oxidiz- 
d  iron  of  any  kina  that  would  make  mg,  at  temperatures  between  122''  and  802^ 
;hat  would  be  full  of  blow-holes,  will  F^.,  the  copper  sulphide  of  the  ores  direct 
id  homogeneous  castings  if  as  small  to  copper  sulphate.  The  pulverized  copper 
y  of  aluminum  as  0*1  per  cent  is  ad-  pyrites  is  intimately  mixed  with  ferric  nitrate, 
[>efore  pouring,  and  that  such  addition  and  the  mixture  is  exposed  to  a  temperature 
e  iron  to  remain  fluid  long  enough  to  of  105^  Fahr.  Nitrous  fumes  at  once  begin  to 
ts  being  cast  into  molds,  ^uie  measure  be  evolved,  and  copper  sulphate  to  be  formed, 
aprovement  is  represented  by  a  gain  When  the  temperatore  is  gradually  increased 
44  per  cent,  in  resistance  to  weight,  to  212^  and  302°,  there  results,  after  washing 
per  cent,  in  resistance  to  impact.  The  with  water,  pure  copper  sulphate,  without  a 
ippear  of  slightly  finer  grain,  and  the  trace  of  iron,  while  the  residue  consists  of  un- 
*  of  the  crystaUization  is  somewhat  altered  iron  salphide,  silver  sulphide,  and  the 
but  *'the  secret  of  the  strength  lies  ferric  oxide  produced  from  the  ferric  nitrate. 
mng  of  the  spaces  between  the  grains  From  this  the  silver  may  be  extracted  by 
3ther  words,  in  the  increased  solidity  means  of  RusselPs  process,  and  the  subsequent 
iting."  It  had  been  a  question  whether  residue  used  for  sulphuric-acid  manufacture, 
inum  remains  in  the  iron  to  exert  an  and  finally  for  iron-smelting, 
when  the  iron  is  remelted.  To  this  Copper-wire  has  special  adaptations  for  tele- 
riments  gave  an  affirmative  answer,  graphic  service  in  its  great  mechanical  strength 
)  effect  upon  the  grain  of  the  changing  when  it  is  hard  drawn  and  pure  and  its  virtual 
&rbon  from  the  combined  to  the  gra-  freedom  from  those  effects  of  electro-magnetic 
ite,  ^*  aluminum  allows  most  of  the  car-  inertia  that  tend  to  throttle  the  fiow  of  elec- 
stain  its  natural  combined  form  until  tricity  through  iron-wires.  Several  wires  have 
1  is  too  thick  for  the  separated  carbon  been  put  up  on  the  line  from  London  to  Dub- 
,  but  at  the  instant  of  solidifying  alumi-  lin,  with  results  that  exceed  the  most  sanguine 
ses  the  iron  to  drop  a  portion  of  its  expectations  of  the  projectors.  So  much  de- 
*om  the  combined  state.  This  liber-  pends  on  the  care  and  accuracy  with  which 
x»n  takes  the  graphitic  form,  and  is  copper-wire  is  erected,  that  an  entirely  new 
id  in  the  otherwise  solid  iron.    The  mode  of  putting  it  up  has  been  adopted,  in 


526  HETALLUBGY. 

which  the  tension  is   exactly  measured   by  a  profit,  while  the  Ohinese,  with  their  primi- 

means  of  specially  designed  dynamometers  or  tive  methods,  can  tnrn  the  most  iinpromisiiig 

draw-vices.    Copper-wire  requires  very  care-  mine  to  advantage. 

fol  handling.  Flaws,  indentations,  scratches,  In  a  recently  patented  process  for  the  mann- 
and  kinks,  act  very  much  in  the  same  way  as  facture  of  tin  plates  of  great  length,  the  sub- 
diamond  scratches  on  glass.  The  continued  stratum  is  of  steel,  which,  first  rolled  hot  and 
application  of  heat  must  be  avoided,  for  it  soft^  then  cold,  is  gradually  reduced  to  the  required 
ens  and  weakens  the  wire;  therefore,  quick  thickness.  The  surface  of  the  metal  is  next 
soldering  is  essential.  In  consequence  of  its  scoured,  and  then,  in  the  form  of  a  continuous 
freedom  from  magneto-electric  inertia,  or  self-  plate,  it  is  fed  into  a  bath  of  molten  tin.  After 
induction,  the  speed  on  a  copper  aerial  line  the  metal  has  in  this  way  received  a  coating  of 
should  be  at  least  three  times  that  on  an  iron  tin  on  both  sides  it  is  passed  between  higb- 
one.  The  phosphor  and  silicon  bronzes,  also,  ly  polished  rolls  under  immense  pressure,  by 
when  of  high  conductivity,  are  nearly  pure  which  means  the  tin  and  steel  are  so  consoli* 
copper,  and  may  be  classed  with  copper.  dated  together  that  the  finished  plate  is  sope- 

The  Sudbury  copper-deposits  in  Canada  oc-  nor  in  every  respect  to  the  ordinary  article, 

cur,  according  to  Mr.  J.  H.  Collins,  in  Euro*  Argentine  is  a  name  given  to  tin  precipitated 

nian  rocks.     The  ore  exists  in  three  distinct  by  galvanic  action  from  its  solution.    It  is  oso- 

forms,  viz.,  as  local  impregnations  of  siliceous  ally  obtained  by  immersing  plates  of  zinc  in  a 

and  feldspathic  beds  of  clastic  origin,  in  the  solution  of  tin  containing  six  grammes  of  the 

form  of  patches  and  strings  of  cupreous  pyr-  metal  to  the  litre.    In  this  way  tin-scrap  can 

rhotite;  as  contact- deposits  of  the  same  ma-  be  utilized.    To  apply  the  argentine  a  batib  is 

terial  lying  between  the  impregnated  beds  and  prepared  from  argentine  and  acid  tartrate  of 

large  masses  of  diorite ;  as  segregated  veins  of  potash  rendered  soluble  by  boracic  add.  Fyro* 

chalcopyrite  and  of  nickeliferous  pyrrhotite,  phosphate  of  soda,  chloride  of  ammonium,  or 

filling  fissures  and  shrinkage-cracks  in  the  ore-  caustic  soda  may  be  substituted  for  the  add 

masses  of  the  second  dass.    The  author  con-  tartrate.    The  bath  being  prepared,  the  objects 

aiders  the  first  original,  or  of  high  antiquity,  to  be  coated  are  plunged  therein,  having  first 

while  the  latter  two  are  due  to  segregation,  been  suitably  pickled  and  scomred,  and  thej 

produced  either  by  intrusion  of  diorite  or  by  may  be  subjected  to  the  action  of  an  eleetrio 

internal  movements.    The  copper  can  not  be  current ;  but  a  simple  immersion  is  enoogh. 

extracted  so  cheaply  by  the  wet  method  as  The  bath  for  this  must  be  brought  to  boiling, 

from  the  Bio  Tinto  ore,  and  the  ore  is  of  no  and  objects  of  copper  or  brass,  or  coated  wi& 

avail  as  a  source  of  sulphur.    Nickel  is  every-  those  substances,  may  be  immersed  in  it. 

where  present  in  the  cupreous  pyrrhotite,  and  MiL — A  specimen  of   the   mineral  caDed 

is  of  no  advantage  to  the  smelter.  **  black  gold  '^  or  maldonite,  from  the  ^*  Nng- 

Tbk — ^The  tin-mines  of  Ewala  Eawsar,  the  gety  Reef/*  Maldon,  Victoria,  has  been  ansr 

capitalofPerak,  cover  an  area  of  several  square  lyzed  by  K.  W.  Maclvor.    It  is  described  as 

mOes,  and  are  worked  wholly  by  Cantonese  in  being  without  crysta^ne  character  and  msDe- 

the  most  primitive  manner.     After  washing  able,  and  having  a  bright  silvery  white  luster 

the  sand,  one  man  takes  up  the  minute  por-  when  freshly  broken,  which  dowly  tamisbes 

tions  of  tin,  which  have  the  appearance  of  on  exposure  to  the  air  till  it  ultimately  be* 

points  of  black-lead,  and  which  sink  at  once  to  comes  nearly  black.    The  composition  of  tbe 

the  bottom  of  the  trough ;   others  pick  out  mineral  was  found  to  be : 

stones   from    the   gravelly  mixture;    others,  j^. 

again,  push  up  the  heavier  portion  of  the  mud  Bismiitii '.'.'.'.               .*              '.'.','.'.'. '.   Sisse 

from  which  the  lead  is  not  yet  completely         BiUoeons mituir". laai 

separated,  so  that  it  may  pass  through  the  .j^^                                           iwm 

water  again  and  nothing  be  lost.    The  ore  is  | 

then  washed  once  more  in  special  washing-  If  the  silica  be  omitted  and  the  metals  caleo- 

houses,  and  is  thrown,  with  charcoal,  into  a  lated  to  make  100,  the  results  would  indicate 

simple  furnace  like  a  barrel  standing  on  end,  for  the  mineral  the  formula  AutBi. 

and  made  chiefiy  of  clay.     Tbe  molten  lead  Several  advantages  are  gained  by  extracting 

oozes  down  through  the  charcoal  and  escapes  gold  from  its  ore  with  a  dilute  solution  of  csl- 

through  a  hole  in  tbe  bottom  into  a  pit  hoi-  cium  chloride  mixed  with  an  equal  amount  of 

lowed  out  of  the  ground,  while  the  tin  is  left,  dilute  acid,  instead  of  with  chlorine  gas,  as  io 

The  tin-molds  are  simply  holes  pressed  mto  Plattner's  process.    The  chlorine  apparatus  and 

the  sandy  fioor  by  circular  wooden  rollers,  the  labor  employed  for  generating  the  gas  are 

each  consisting  of  half  a  section,  with  broad,  dispensed  with.    The  solutions  employed  be- 

wooden  lips,  which  have  indentations  similar  ing  much  diluted,  there  are  no  noxious  fumes 

in  shape  to  to  the  blocks  of  tin  shipped  abroad,  to  affect  the  health  of  the  workmen.   The  gc^ 

The  tin  is  left  here  for  several  days  to  cool,  is  dissolved  uniformly  and  completely.    The 

when  it  is  hauled  out  with  a  long  iron  rod  and  method  is  applicable  when  the  ore  contains 

dashed  with  water.    It  is  curious  that  the  only  silver  in  addition  to  the  gold.    It  has  been  in 

tin-mine  in  Perak  supplied  with  adequate  ma-  use  since  1885  at  the  Falun  copper-works  in 

chinery  and  worked  by  Europeans  fails  to  give  Sweden. 


METALLURGY.  627 

ial  feature  of  Mr.  J.  Holme  PoUok's  mnth,  the  metal  is  brittle  and  lacks  uniformity, 

•  the  extraction  of  gold  is  the  man-  the  parts  which  solidify  last  being  richer  in 

>rinating  under  hydraulic  pressure,  silrer.    The  coinage  bars  prepared  from  this 

i  represented,  enables  the  chlorine  silver  can  not  be  rolled  without  special  treat- 

the  gold  more  completely,  in  a  ment,  and  even  then  are  hard  and  unsuitable 

e,  and  at  less  expense  than  by  any  for  mintage. 

3  of  treatment.    In  trials  with  re-  Afleys. — The  following  results  were  reached 

es  and  tailings  which,  when  treated  in  Prof.  E.  J.  Honston^s  experiments  on  the 

nary  processes,  have  yielded  only  a  magnetic  relations  of  palladium  alloys  in  watch- 

K)rtion  of  their  gold,  almost  the  ee :  A  watch  whose  balance-wheel^air-spring, 

le  gold  is  said  to  have  been  extract-  and  escapement  are  made  of  the  Paillard  pid- 

Y  Qyerj  case.    The  earliest  attempt  ladiam  alloys  can  not  have  its  weight  sensibly 

rine  in  gold  extraction,  about  1864,  affected  by  the  influence  of  any  magnetic  field 

to  be  so  expensive  that  the  process  into  which  it  is  possible  to  bring  it  while  on 

I  into  nse.    An  improvement  on  this  the  person  of  its  wearer.   Experiments  showed 

by  Mr.  Mears,  of  America,  who  that  the  palladium  alloys  are  destitute  of  para- 

ilorine  gas  into  the  cylinder.    A  magnetic  properties.    As  far  as  the  amount  of 

Lion  is  that  of  Messrs.  Newbery  and  the  aUoys  at  the  author's  disposal  permitted, 

experiments  failed  to  show  that  they  possessed 

lescribed  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Maclvor  as  any  diamagnetic  properties.    In  four  of  the 

n  quantities  in  a  matrix  of  serpen-  alloys  described  by  Mr.  Paillard  the  complete 

ddagai,  in  New  South  Wales,  where  masking  of  the  paramagnetic  properties  of 

I  fine  flakes  distributed  irregularly  some  of  the  ingredients  would  seem  to  indicate 

3  rock.    The  appearance  is  as  if  the  a  true  chemical  union  of  their  constituents, 

been  painted  on  the  rock-surfaces  The  most  interesting  results  of  these  experi- 

d.    Tne  yield  of  gold  ranges  from  a  ments,  however,  were  those  in  which  it  was 

i^eights  to  several  ounces  per  ton.  established  that  no  matter  of  what  materials 

mrSerons  tellurium  are  anialyzed  by  the  balance-wheel  or  hair-spring  may  be  made, 

n  by  gently  heating  them,  flnely  provided  they  are  conductors  of  electricity, 

in  a  current  of  dry  chlorine.    The  their  movements  through  a  magnetic  field, 

needed  equally  well  by  treating  the  when  the  moving  masses  properly  cut  the  lines 

th  hydrochloric  acid,  with  the  addi-  of  force,  must  result  in  a  change  in  the  rate  of 

^e  nitric  acid.    Besides  silver,  gold,  their  movement,  and  consequently  in  a  change 

timony,  tellurium,  copper,  and  lead,  in  the  rate  of  the  watch ;  or,  briefly,  it  was  estab- 

merally  quantities  of  iron,  zinc,  lime,  lished  that  a  watch  placed  in  a  magnetic  field 

sulphur,  and  sulphuric  acid,  which  acts  like  a  dynamo-electric  machine.    The  fact 

inea  by  the  usual  methods.  that  the  watch  subjected  to  this  experiment, 

n  a  paper  at  the  Australasian  Asso-  after  its  removal  from  this  powerfxQ  field,  did 

silver-smelting,  rich  silver  mattes  not  manifest  any  sensible  change  in  its  rate, 

treatment,  and  on  *^  kernel  roast-  shows  the  extent  of  the  protection  the  padla- 

Bdgar  Hidl  showed  that  the  main  dium  alloys  give  it  against  the  effects  of  exter- 

the  smelter  was  to  get  clean  slags,  nal  magnetism. 

t  oonmder  that  the  dissemination  of  The  experiments  of  T.  H.  Norton  and  £.  H. 

lies  satisfactorily  expluned  the  losses  TwitcheU  with  alloys  of  calcium  and  zinc  had 

For  he  had  detached  perfectly  pure  in  view  a  clear  examination  of  the  alloys  and 

>m  the  very  heart  of  the  pot  from  an  inquiry  into  their  availability  for  the  pro- 

try  kind,  which  yet  often  contained  dnction  of  metallic  calcium.  Some  of  them  were 

r  than  the  main  body  of  the  slags,  made  with  the  proportions  indicated  by  Oaron, 

t  that  '^high''  silver  slags  might  be  who  claims  to  have  made  alloys  containing 

property  possessed  by  silver  of  pass-  from  10  to  15  per  cent,  of  calcium ;  and  in 

Iready  solidified  portions  of  a  body  others  the  amount  of  zioc  was  reduced  by  one 

is  present  into  any  portions  which  half.     An  alloy  containing  2*28  per  cent,  of 

liquid.  calcium  was  very  hard  to  dmtinguish  from  pure 

is  been  detected  by  J.  W.  Mallet  in  zinc.    Two  alloys  formed  from  preparations 

the  volcano  of  Ootopaxi,  in  the  pro-  containing  half  of  Garon's  proportions  of  zinc, 

one  part  in  88,600  of  the  ash,  or  contained  respectively  6*44  and  606  per  cent. 

fifths  of  a  troy  ounce  per  ton  of  of  calcium.  In  the  two  succeeding  expen- 
ds. This  seems  a  small  proportion,  ments,  Oaron's  proportions  were  restored,  and 
t  represent  a  very  large  quantity  of  the  resulting  alloys  contained  4*97  and  6*86  per 
bed  during  the  eruption  (July  22,  cent,  of  calcium.  In  all  efforts  to  obtain  ad- 
Q  ash  fell  at  Bahia  de  Oaraguez  to  loys  richer  in  calcium,  dthough  zinc  was  driven 
»f  several  inches.  off  in  notable  amounts,  there  was  still  a  pro- 
^land,  of  the  Japanese  mint,  has  portionate  loss  of  calcium.    The  residual  alloy 

when  small  quantities  of  bismuth  rich  in  calcium  was  left  in  so  spongy  aeon- 

0  in  silver,  as  is  often  the  case  when  dition  that  it  oxidized  immediately  in  contact 

>tained  from  copper  containing  bis-  with  the  air,  and  the  crucibles  showed  traces 


628  METALLURGY. 

of  being  attacked.    The  resnlts  of  the  ezperi-  and  practically  perfect  welds  have  be 

ments  tend  to  show  that  it  is  exceedingly  diffi-  in  one-half-inch  round  wroaght-iron  ii 

colt,  if  not  impossible,  to  obtain  by  Garon's  onds ;  in  inch  ronnd  wronght-iron  in  f • 

method  zinc-calciam  alloys  containing  more  seconds.    The  power  reqaired  to  weld 

than  from  6  to  7  per  cent,  of  the  latter  metal,  to  be  nearly  proportional  to  the  orosi 

It  has  been  shown  in  papers  read  at  the  Insti-  of  the  piece.    The  authors  are  able, 

tntion  of  Civil  Engineers  that  whereas  from  same  process,  to  solder,  braze,  anneal, 

2*5  to  7*5  per  cent,  of  manganese  in  steel  makes  and  do  other  heating  that  can  not 

it  as  brittle  as  glass,  so  that  it  will  break  under  economically  by  present  methods, 
a  much  less  transverse  load  than  iron,  from  12       A  mixture  of  compressed  oxygen, 

to  14  per  cent,  of  manganese  in  the  metal  se-  pared  by  Brings  cheap  process  with  < 

cures  high  carrying  power  with  great  elonga-  has   been   successfully    applied    by 

tion.    Thus,  a  bar  of  the  composition,  carbon,  Fletcher  to  brazing  and  welding. 

0'85  per  cent. ;  silicon,  0*23  per  cent. ;  sulphur,  half-inch  gas-supply,  a  joint  could  be 

0*08  per  cent. ;  phosphorus,  0*09  per  cent. ;  and  in  a  two-inch  wroaght-iron  pipe  in 

manganese,  18*5  per  cent.,  carried  a  load  of  minute,  and  without  heating  to  redne 

5702  tons  to  the  square  inch,  and  took  a  per-  than  one  inch  on  each  side  of  the  jc 

manent  set  at  29jt  tons,  with  an  elongation  of  good  weld  was  obtained  on  an  iron  ^ 

89'8  per  cent.    This  metal  is  toughened  by  eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter  with  a  bl 

heating  it  to  a  high  temperatore  and  plunging  having  an  air-jet  of  about  one  thirty-sc 

it  into  water  at  a  temperature  of  72°  Fahr.,  but  an  inch  in  diameter.   The  surface  of  iro] 

it  is  difficult  to  machine.  to  welding-heat  by  this  means  comes  o 

In  the  process  of  R.  N.  P.  Richardson,  of  and  free  from  scale. 
Pittsburg,  for  coating  iron  or  other  metallic       Oarbon  in  steel,  pig-iron,  and  othe 

surface  with  lead,  &e  sheets,  having  been  carbon  alloys  is  usually  determined  by  i 

pickled  and  cleanea,  are  placed  in  the  solution-  in  which  the  carbon  is  first  separated  ij 

vat  containing  various  chemicals  in  dilute  by-  of  proximate  purity,  and  afterward  bo 

drochloric  acid.   They  are  then  passed  through  a  current  of  oxygen.    To  effect  the  sep 

the  molten  lead,  from  which  they  come  out  the  particular  ferro-carbon  alloy  is 

the  first  time  with  a  clean,  bright,  even,  and  with  some  salt,  whose  base  can  either 

pure  coating  of  lead.    The  secret  of  the  pro-  stituted  entirely,  or  which  can  be  red 

cess,  according  to  the  author,  after  the  pickling  some  lower  compound  by  the  iron  that 

and  washing  of  the  sheets,  is  simply  in  the  so-  ent  in  the  alloy,  the  carbon  not  tak 

lution  to  which  the  sheet  is  subjected  before  part  in  the  reaction.  For  this  purpose  s 

its  immersion  in  the  molten  lead.   The  solution  solution  of  cnpric  chloride  has  hitherl 

also  forms  the  fiux  for  the  sheet,  bone-ash  the  most  satisfaction ;  but  its  use  is  i 

mixed  with  charcoal  being  used  to  prevent  the  by  the  inconvenience  that  the  cupreous  • 

oxidation  of  the  metal.  that  is  produced  is  comparatively  ii 

Ptmissm. — The  process  of  electric  welding  and  its  precipitation  has  to  be  provided 

discovered  by  Prof.  Thomson  several  years  This  inconvenience  is  entirely  obviatec 

ago  has  recently  been  greatly  developed.   Uav-  new  mixture  proposed  by  Mr.  T.  W.  H 

ing  started  with  the  welding  together  of  small  a  solution  of  ferric  chloride  and  cupric  c 

wires  of  iron  and  copper,  the  operators  are  When  these  substances  are  brought  t 

now  able  to  weld  bars  of  a  very  large  size  and  an  immediate  change  takes  place,  anc 

of  almost  any  shape  or  metal.    The  principle  chloride  and  ferrous  chloride  are  form< 
of  the  process  is  that  of  forcing  through  a  con-        In  M.  A.  Levy^s  process  for  depositi 

ductor  an  amount  of  current  that  it  wiU  not  sheets  of  metal  upon  other  metals,  I 

carry  without  heating.    The  resistance  in  con-  and  dynamos  are  dispensed  with,  and  i 

ductors  being  greatest  at  their  point  of  abut-  decomposition  is  depended  upon.    In 

ment  or  contact,  heat  is  first  generated,  and  ing  a  layer  of  nickel  upon  either  co 

this  heat  increases  the  resistance  at  that  point  iron,  a  solution  of  salt  of  the  metal  is  p 

so  greatly  that  more  heat  is  developed  at  a  — preferably  the  acidulated   chloride 

remarkably  rapid  rate.    A  great  advantage  of  after  the  object  has  been  scoured,  it 

the  method  arises  out  of  the  localization  of  the  pended  in  the  solution  at  the  extrero 

heat  at  the  points  or  point  where  it  is  desired,  zinc  wire,  which  partially  enters  th 

whereby  an  enormous  amount  of  energy  is  The  zinc  is  attacked  by  the  salt,  and  it 

saved  which  is  usually  wasted  in  welding  with  the  nickel  in  the  chemical  constitutioi 

the  forge  or  flame.    It  is  possible  by  it  to  weld  solution,  whereby  the  object  is  cover 

any  metal,  including  both  those  that  melt  at  a  layer  of  nickel.    In  conper-plating  ci 

very  low  temperatures — such  as  lead,  zinc,  and  an  alkaline  bath  is  employed  in  plac< 

tin — and  those  that  melt  at  enormously  high  acidulated  one. 
temperatures,  as  iridium,  platinum,  etc.    Al-        A  process  for  tempering  spring  w 

most  absolutely  perfect  automatic  control  of  ribbon,  by  introducing  a  current  of  elc 

the  current  is  obtained.    The  time  required  to  as  the  heating  power,  has  been  invei 

weld  metals  depends  upon  the  power  of  the  Mr.  Frederick  Sedgwick,  of  Chicago 

apparatus  and  the  skill  of  the  operator.   Strong  greatest  difficulties  met  with  in  temp 


METALLURGY. 


529 


3f  steel  bj  any  other  process  are  the 
>f  the  surface  of  the  metal  by  con- 
heated  with  the  air,  and  the  bnck- 
listing  of  the  ribbon  in  the  oil- bath, 
ese  troubles  are  avoided  in  Mr.  Sedg- 
cess. 

s. — The  advantages  of  magnesite  as 
7  material  in  furnace-linings  are  thus 
d  by  Herr  K.  Sorge:  The  charge 
sphosphorized  without  difficulty  to 
of  98  per  cent,  of  its  total  phos- 
agnesite  bottoms  allow  of  the  addi- 
I  charge  of  30  per  cent,  and  upward 
3,  and  thereby  facilitate  the  use  of 
[  of  said  material ;  magnesite  bricks 
ade  of  very  regular  shape,  so  that 
ig  of  the  hearth  in  an  accurate  and 
>rm  is  much  facilitated;  magnesite 
lilt  up  in  direct  contact  with  silica 
^  which  is  not  possible  with  any  other 
}rial;  the  durability  of  a  magnesia 
exceeds  that  of  any  other  basic  sub- 
d  it  is  therefore  less  costly  for  re- 
^esite,  when  exposed  to  the  action 
(ic  slags  and  metaUic  oxides,  resists 
better  than  any  other  known  sub- 
e  absolute  indifference  of  bricks  and 
gnesite  to  the  action  of  the  air  makes 
I  to  preserve  them  in  quantity  for 
nthout  fear  of  alteration.  The  dan- 
ng  a  partially  altered  material,  and 
ope  of  small  durability,  as  may  hap- 
iolomite,  is  completely  avoided  with 

culty  of  supporting  the  ore  and  fuel 
lace,  as  is  done  in  ordinary  furnaces 
ce,  which  was  the  chief  obstacle  to 
^  of  pig-iron  by  natural  gas,  is  met 
r.  Wainwright^s  furnace  by  a  series 
protected  with  fire-clay  tileM.  The 
:ept  cool  by  turning  a  portion  of  the 
the  space  between  them  and  the 
furnace  is  fitted  with  a  combination 
nto  which  the  gas  and  air  furnished 
'dinary  cupola  are  admitted  through 
ipes.  Ordinary  cupolas  may  be  easi- 
to  use  the  new  fuel, 
tha  refuse-burning  furnace,  acting 
calciner  and  a  smelting-furnace,  has 
)duced  at  the  Radabeksky  Copper 
^orks  of  Messrs.  Siemens  Brothers, 
ty-days^  run  it  smelted  2,076,911 
!  7-per-cent.  ore,  consuming  408,- 
Is  of  naphtha  refuse,  at  4Qs.  per  ton, 
»d  810,737  pounds  of  regulus,  con- 
►  per  cent,  of  copper;  or  to  pro- 
)  pounds  of  regulus  required  1,008 
refuse,  costing  21«.  3d,  This  is  said 
5  times  faster  than  the  ordinary  ore- 
id  to  be  cheaper  at  these  works  than 
d  is  used. 

3rtant  improvement  in  puddling,  in- 
\>y  the  North  Ohicago  Rolling  Mill 
includes  taking  the  molten  iron  di- 
n  the  blast-furnace  to  the  puddiing- 
The  results  are  very  satisfactory, 
L.  xxvin. — 84  A 


both  as  to  the  quality  of  the  puddled  bar  and 
in  a  considerable  saving  that  is  effected  in  fuel, 
time,  and  other  items. 

The  composition  of  the  Dinas  fire-bricks  and 
cement,  which  have  gained  an  excellent  repu- 
tation, is  shown  by  the  analysis  of  Mr.  James 
S.  Merry  to  be  siUca,  98-10;  alumina,  1*04; 
oxide  of  iron,  0*66 ;  lime,  0.53 ;  magnesia,  a 
trace ;  and  water,  0*1. 

The  Lash  open-hearth  furnace,  which  is  pe- 
culiarly adapted  to  the  use  of  gas,  is  largely 
employed  at  Pittsburg,  where  twelve  fiirnaces, 
varying  in  capacity  from  40  to  15  tons,  are 
actually  at  work  and  four  others  are  building. 

By  the  use  of  the  new  foundry  ladle  of 
Goodwin  &  How,  Westminster,  the  ordinary 
method  of  skimming  molten  metal  by  hand  is 
dispensed  with,  scoria  and  ashes  are  prevented 
from  entering  the  mold,  the  densest  and  clean- 
est metal  can  be  poured  from  the  bottom,  and 
the  metal  can  be  kept  hot  in  the  body  of  the 
ladle  by  the  usual  covering  of  sand  while  pour- 
ing. 

MlMenaMOU. — The  Director  of  the  United 
States  Mint,  in  his  report  on  the  production  of 
the  precious  metals  in  the  United  States  dur- 
ing 1887,  states  that  the  production  of  gold 
amounted  to  1,596,500  fine  ounces,  of  the  value 
of  $33,000,000.  The  production  of  silver 
amounted  to  41,269,240  fine  ounces,  of  com- 
mercial value  about  $40,450,000,  and  of  the 
coining  value  of  $53,357,000.  The  gold  pro- 
duction fell  off  from  that  of  the  preceding 
year,  when  it  was  $35,000,000.  The  produc- 
tion of  silver  increased  over  that  of  the  pre- 
ceding year,  when  at  coining  value  it  was  $51,- 
000,000.  The  production  was  contributed  by 
States  and  Territories  as  follows,  in  coining 
values: 


STATE  OR  TERRITORY. 


Aluka 

Arixona 

California 

Colorado 

Dakoto 

Qeorgla 

Idaho 

Moutana 

Nevada 

New  Mexico 

North  Carolina 

OrefTon 

Soath  Carolina 

Utah 

Washington 

Texaa 

Alabama,  TenneMee,  Vir- 
ginia, Yermont,  Michi- 
gan, and  Wyoinlng 


Total $88,098,000 


Gold. 


$8761,000 

880,000 

18,400,000 

4,000,000 

2,400,000 

110,000 

1,900,000 

5,280,000 

2,500,000 

500,000 

225,000 

900,000 

50,000 

220,000 

150,000 


Silvw. 


ToUl. 


$800 

8,800,000 

1,500,000 

15,000,000 

40,000 

500 

8,000,000 

15,600,000 

4,900,000 

2,800,000 

^000 

10,000 

500 

7,000,000 

100,000 

250,000 


2,500 


$675,800 

4,680.000 

14,900,000 

i9,ooaooo 

2,440,000 
110,500 

4,900,000 
20,780.000 

7.400,000 

2,800,000 

28a000 

910,000 

50,500 

7,220,000 
250,000 
250,000 


6,600 


|58,40S,&00  $86,501,800 


The  property  which  the  electric  current  pos- 
sesses, said  Mr.  W.  H.  Preece,  in  the  British 
Association^  of  doing  work  upon  the  chemical 
constitution  of  bodies  so  as  to  break  up  certain 
liquid  compounds  into  their  constituent  parts, 
and  marshal  these  disunited  molecules  in  regu- 
lar order,  according  to  a  definite  law  upon 
the  surfaces  of  metals  in  contact  with  the 
liquid  where  the  current  enters  and  exists,  has 


530  METALLURGY. 

led  to  immense  indastries  in  electro-metallnrgy  an  insoluble  form.    If  a  certain  alloj  of  potis* 

and  electro-plating.    The  extent  of  them  may  sinm  and  10  per  cent,  of  gold  is  throwo  opai 

be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  there  are  172  water,  the  potassium  takes  lire,  decomponng  tin 

electro-platers  in  SheflSeld  and  99  in  Birming-  water,  and  the  gold  is  released  as  a  dark  por- 

ham.    The  term  electro-metallurgj  was  orig-  der.    One  form  of  this  black  or  dark-brown 

inally  applied  to  the  electro-deposition  of  a  gold  appears  to  be  an  allotropic  modificitioo 

thin  layer  of  one  metal  on  another ;  but  this  is  of  the  metal  as  it  combines  with  water  to 

now  known  as  electro-plating.    In  1839,  Ja-  form  auric  hydride.     If  this  dark  gold  be 

cobi  in  St.  Petersburg  and  Spencer  in  Liver-  heated  to  dull  redness  it  readily  assnmes  tbe 

pool  laid  the  foundation  of  all  we  know  of  ordinary  golden  color.    The  Japanese  prodnce 

these  interesting  arts.    Copper  was  deposited  with  this  gold,  by  the  aid  of  certain  pickling 

by  them  so  as  to  obtain  exact  reproductions  of  solutions,  a  beautiful  patina  oq  copper  wMeh 

coins,  metals,  and  engraved  plates.    The  fine  contains  only  2  per  cent,  of  gold,  wbUeeveni 

metals,  gold  and  silver,  are  aeposited  in  thin  trace  of  the  latter  metal  is  sufficient  to  alter 

layers  on  coarser  metals,  such  as  German  sil-  the  tint  of  the  patina.    An  alloy  of  zinc  id 

ver,  in    immense   quantities.      Christofle,    in  rhodium  is  described  by  Debray  in  which  t 

Paris,  deposits  annually  six  tons  of  silver  npon  simple  elevation  of  temperature  induces  alio- 

articles  of  use  and  of  art    The  whole  of  the  tropic  change  in  the  constituent  metals.  Ibis 

copper  -  plates  used  in  Southampton  for  the  property  of  metals  and  alloys  of  passing  into 

S reduction  of  the  Ordnance  Survey  maps  are  allotropic  states  and  the  possibility  of  chang- 
eposited  by  current  on  matrices  taken  from  ing  the  mechanical  properties  of  metals  b;  tp- 
the  original  engraved  plates,  which  are  thus  parently  slight  influences  may  have  consider- 
never  injured  or  worn  and  are  always  ready  able  industrial  importance, 
for  addition  or  correction,  while  the  copies  A  new  mineral,  an  arsenide  of  platinnn, 
may  be  multiplied  at  pleasure  and  renewed  at  PtAst,  discovered  by  Mr.  Sperry  at  Sodbnrj, 
will  Nickel-plating,  by  which  the  readily  Ontario,  and  named  Sperrylite  by  Prof.  ^^ 
oxidizable  metals  like  iron  are  coated  with  a  is  of  interest  as  being  the  first  mineral  other 
thin  layer  of  the  more  durable  material,  nickel,  than  natural  alloys  with  metals  of  the  platiniuB 
is  becoming  a  great  industry.  The  electro-  group  of  which  platinum  is  an  important  cofr 
deposition  of  iron,  as  devised  by  Jacob!  and  stituent.  It  occurs  in  the  form  of  a  bea^Ti 
Klein,  in  the  hands  of  Prof.  Roberts- Austen,  brilliant  sand  composed  of  minute  well-definn 
is  giving  very  interesting  results.  The  designs  crystals.  After  removing  impurities,  tbe  Bpo^ 
for  the  coins  which  were  struck  at  the  mint  rylite  sand  appears  of  a  remarkably  increised  , 
on  the  occasion  of  the  Jubilee  of  the  Queen,  brilliancy,  with  every  grain  showing  extrem^J 
were  modeled  in  plaster,  reproduced  in  in-  bright  crystal  faces  of  a  tin-white  color,  re* 
taglio  by  the  electro- deposition  of  copper,  sembling  that  of  metallic  platinum  itself.  Itv 
and  on  these  copper  molds  hard,  excellent  iron  very  heavy,  possessing  a  specific  gravity  » 
in  layers  of  nearly  one  tenth  of  an  inch  was  10*6.  Yet,  although  it  is  so  heavy,  the  nnd  ^ 
deposited.  shows  a  marked  tendency  to  float  on  v*^  j 
Attention  has  been  given  by  Prof.  W.  Chand-  owing  to  its  not  being  easily  wet,  and  eTja  I 
ler  Roberts- Austen  to  the  allotropic  states  of  when  the  grains  do  Bii±  they  almost  inrani*  | 
metals.  Joule  and  Lyon  Playfair  showed,  in  bly  carry  down  bubbles  of  air  with  them.  ^  | 
1846,  that  metals  in  different  allotropic  condi-  certain  similarity  in  behavior  when  treatej  1 
tions  possessed  different  atomic  volumes.  Mat-  with  aqua  regia  with  that  of  pyrites  is  render^ 
thiessen  came  to  the  view  in  1860  that  in  cer-  all  the  more  important  in  view  of  the  fiact  th» 
tain  cases  when  metals  were  alloyed  they  the  platinum  and  iron  groups  both  occar  in  ^ 
underwent  allotropic  changes.  Instances  of  same  vertical  row  (the  eighth)  in  MendelejefTf 
allotropy  are  observed  in  Bolley^s  lead,  which  periodic  classification, 
oxidizes  readily  in  air ;  Schutzenberg's  copper ;  A  process  by  which  wood  is  made  to  takeoi 
Fritsche^s  tin,  which  falls  to  powder  when  ex-  some  of  the  special  characteristics  of  metal  bn 
posed  to  an  exceptionally  cold  winter ;  Gore's  been  turned  to  practical  account  in  Germans 
antimony ;  Graham^s  paUadium ;  and  allotrop-  By  this  process  the  surface  becomes  so  ban 
ic  nickel.  Joule  proved  that  when  iron  is  re-  and  smooth  as  to  be  susceptible  of  a  high  de^ 
leased  from  its  amalgam  by  distilling  away  the  gree  of  polish,  and  it  may  be  treated  with  i 
mercury,  the  metallic  iron  takes  fire  on  expos-  burnisher  of  either  glass  or  porcelain.  Tbi 
ure  to  the  air,  and  is  therefore  clearly  different  wood  then  presents  the  appearance  of  poBsbt^ 
from  ordinary  iron  or  an  allotropic  form  of  the  metal  and  has  the  semblance  of  a  metallic  mir 
metal.  Moissan  has  shown  that  similar  effects  ror,  with  the  advantage  that  it  is  not  affectei 
are  produced  in  the  case  of  chromium  and  by  moisture.  To  produce  this  property  tb 
manganese,  cobalt,  and  nickel,  when  released  wood  is  steeped  in  a  bath  of  caustic  alkali  fo 
from  their  amalgams.  Allotropy  also  appears  two  or  three  days,  according  to  its  degree  o 
in  metals  released  from  solid  alloys.  Certain  permeability,  at  a  temperature  of  between  IM 
alloys  may  be  viewed  as  solidified  solutions,  and  197^  Fahr.  It  is  then  placed  in  a  bathe 
and  when  they  are  treated  with  a  suitable  hyposulphite  of  calcium,  to  which,  after  som 
solvent  it  often  happens  that  one  constituent  twenty-four  or  thirty-six  hours,  a  concentrate 
metal  is  dissolved  and  the  other  is  released  in  solution  of  sulphur  is  added.    It  is  then  treatt 


METEOROLOGY.  531 

»in  thirty  to  fiftj  hoars  in  a  bath  of  ace-  each  parallel.    The  amount  of  heat  radiated 

r  lead  at  a  temperature  of  from  95°  to  from  the  smi,  when  compared  with  these  tera- 

^ahr.    After  being  thoronghly  dried  it  is  peratures,  was  about  the  same  for  each  1(>°  C. 

)ndition  for  being  polished  with  lead,  tin,  of  difFerence.     Comparison  of  the  tempera- 

o,  as  may  be  desired,  and  finished  with  tures  tbat  really  exist  with  those  thus  deduced 

lifiher.  showed  that  the  climate  on  the  sea  of  the  south- 

BOROLOCrT.    Tempentwe* — The  distribu-  em  hemisphere  is  colder  than  calculation  would 

of  heat  over   the  surface    of  the  earth  make  it — a  result  attributable  to  the  oceanic 

ien  studied  by  Dr.  Zenker.    The  amount  currents  of  cold  water;  while,  in  consequence 

at  that  reaches  the   earth^s  surface  is  of  the  disturbance  introduced    by  the  Gulf 

dent  on  the  distance  of  the  sun,  and  is  Stream,  the  continental  climate  in  the  north- 

ir  at  perihelion  than  at  aphelion  in  the  ern  hemisphere  is  slightly  too  warm, 

le  ratio  of  the  square  of  the  sun^s  dis-  Data  regarding  the  average  time  of  the  first 

The  varying  ellipticity  in  outline  of  the  killing  frost  in  the  United  States  have  been 

in  its  various  positions  is  not  of  enough  published  in  the  ^*  Monthly  Weather  Review.^' 

t  to  have  an  influence  on  the  amount  of  They  were  collected  from  four  hundred  and 

received.    If  any  one  point  of  the  earth^s  thirty-two  rural  stations,  and  embody  the  re- 

ce  is  alone  considered,  then  the  heat  re-  suits  of  observations  ranging  in  duration  from 

d  is  determined  by  the  sine  of  the  sun's  two  to  forty-nine  years,  of  which  thirty-six 

de  or  the  cosine  of  its  zenith  distance,  stations  have  records  of  fifteen  years  or  more. 

I  these  relations  it  follows,  leaving  the  air  From  them  it  appears  that  killing  frosts  oc- 

f  account,  that  the  heat  received  by  the  cur  throughout  the  year  along  the  northern 

on  a  summer  day  is  greater  than  that  border  of  Minnesota  and  Dakota.     In  Cali- 

b  falls  on  a  point  at  the  equator.    Thus  fornia  they  are  very  unusual  in  the  eastern  and 

g  as  unit  the  heat  received  during  twenty-  northeastern  parts,  but  light  frosts  occasion- 

hours  by  a  place  at  which  the  sun  is  in  ally  occur  in  the  western  part.    Hard  frosts 

enitb,  the  north  pole  receives  an  amount  come  about  the  first  of  September,  in  the  mid- 

^t  represented  by  0*397,  and  a  point  on  die  of  the  upper  lake  region ;  September  15  in 

)Qator  an  amount  represented  by  0*292.  the  lower  IskeB  and  the  south  end  of  Lake 

he  air  absorbs  a  large  part  of  the  sun^s  Michigan ;  October  1  along  the  New  England 

The  estimation  of  the  height  of  the  sea-coast  and  southern  Ohio;  October  15  in 

sphere  from  the  amount  of  heat  absorption  the  Carolinas ;  and  from  November  1  to  De- 

lot  be  relied  upon,  because  the  chief  ab-  cember  15  in  the  States  farther  south,  to  cen- 

on  takes  place  in  the  deeper  layers  of  the  tral  Florida.     The  observations   involve  an 

For  the  determination  of  the  coefficient  average  error  of  about  eighteen  days ;  and  will 

sorption,  the  author  accepts  the  values  therefore  have  to  be  continued  through  many 

led  by  Langley  from  his  bolometric  ex-  years  to  obtain  an  approach  to  reasonable  ac- 

ents,  with  a  reservation  regarding  the  curacy  in  fixing  the  date. 

>tion  taking  place  in  its  highest  layers,  According  to  Yon  Tillo's  "  Researches  upon 

i  he  does  not  admit.    One  factor  of  great  the  Distribution  of  Air-Pressure  and  Tempera- 

tance  is  the  diffusion  of  heat,  already  ture  over  the  Earth,'^  the  mean  temperatures, 

bed  by  Glausius,  from  the  small  particles  centigrade,  of  the  continents  are  as  follow : 
iter,  dust,  and  air  in  the  atmosphere, 

are  calculated  under  other  definite  as-  continents.               tmt.     January,     jniy. 
ions.    Another  factor  that  .must  not  be 


«ht  of  is  the  refiection  of' heat  at  the  NSthAme^.":;:::: ::::::::  ^ti  il-?  w't 

9  surface.    This  is  calculated  for  the  three  Soath  America *...!.!!!!  ss-o  251  209 

of  a  surface  of  land,  water,  and  snow.  iJJ^- ^"g  29  I  16  4 

)  calculations  for  the  sea,  Dr.  Zenker  Ck>DtineDt8'dtog«ther..'i. '.'!.'!!!.'  i5*o  7-8  22-9 
i  with  the  temperature  of  a  point  on 


face  which  was  quite  uninfiuenced  by  The  mean  of  the  air-pressure  of  the  whole 

ighboring  continents,  and  unaffected  by  northern  hemisphere  is,  in  January,  761*7  mm. ; 

or  cold  currents.    In  basing  the  cal-  in  July,  758*5  mm.;  or  about  8*2  mm.  less, 

ns  for  the  land  surface,  the  conditions  The  corresponding  values  for  temperature  are 

3rst  determined  under  which  the  influ-  8*8®  and  22*6® ;  difference,  14*8° ;   so  that  a 

>f  the  neighboring  sea  is  either  noth-  change  of  1  mm.  in  pressure  is  equivalent,  to 

minim  in  amount.    A  region  of  purely  one  of  4*5®  in  temperature. 

mtal  conditions  was  found  in  the  neigh-  The  greatest  winter  cold  known  to  exist  upon 

d  of  the  east  coast  of  Asia ;  while  all  the  globe  prevails  at  Werkolansk,  in  Siberia, 

)oint8  were  affected  to  a  greater  or  less  which  is  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  Jana, 

by  the  neighboring  sea.    The  observed  about  nine  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river,  in 

ature  on  the  land  was  therefore  only  latitude  67°  84'  N,,  longitude  183®  51'  E.,  and  at 

dependent  upon  the  position  of  the  place  a  height  of  about  850  feet  above  the  sea. 

given  parallel,  for  other  influences  make  Monthly  means  of  —58®  Fahr.  occur  in  Decem- 

Ives  felt.     Hence  the  real  and    "  ac-  ber,  and  minima  of —76°  are  usual  for  the  three 

'"   temperature  can  be  calculated  for  winter  months,  December  to  February.     In 


532  METEOROLOGY. 

# 

1886  March  had  also  a  minimnm  of   —77^  larlj    normal    carve  of  falling  teinpa«tnr& 

while  in  January,  1885,  the  temperature  of  Both  curves,  however,  show  negative  irregn- 

—89*'   was  recorded.     The  yearly  range  of  larities,  the  nnmber  of  which  may  be  tctt 

cloud  is  characteristic  of  the  climate  ;  in  the  considerable  in  any  one  month.    On  tfie  whole, 

winter  season  the  mean  amounts  only  to  about  the  number  of  these  irregularities  is  greater  Id 

three  tenths  in  each  month.  the  first  half  of  the  year  than  in  the  second, 

The  results  of  studies  concerning  the  rela-  so  that  the  heat  of  the  second  half  is  greater 

tions  of  pressure  and  temperature  in  high  and  than  that  of  the  first, 
low  conditions  of  the  barometer,  and  at  differ-        €ioid& — The  British  Association's  Committee 

ent  elevations,  have  not  been  harmonious.    M.  on  the  Ben  Nevis  Observatory  reported  tbit 

Dechevrens  concludes  that,  while  a  high  tern-  the  work  done  there  during  the  year  had  been 

perature  accompanies  a  low  pressure  at  sea-  mostly    directed   toward    obtaining  a  wid^ 

level,  the  fluctuations  are  reversed  at  some  knowledge  of  halos  on  clouds,  St  Elmo's  fins, 

height  above.     Mr.  H.  Allen  has  arrived  at  and  other  natural  phenomena.     St  Elmo's  ire 

a  nearly  opposite  result.    He  tries  to  remove  was    observable    at    definite   phases  of  tba 

the  disagreement  by  showing  that  the  minimnm  weather.    The  usual  difference  in  temperature 

pressure  on  a  mountain  does  not  coincide  with  between  the  summit  and  base  of  Beo  Nevis  is 

the  passage  of  a  storm-center  over  the  station,  about  16°  Fahr.,  but  in  the  driest  season  d 

but  lags  behind  it  to  an  extent  that  corresponds  1887  it  was  as  low  as  7°  Fahr.    It  appearsthit 

with  the  height  of  the  mountain  and  the  sur-  when  a  cloud  is  resting  upon  the  moontaio  tii« ; 

rounding  topography,  and  which,  on  the  sum-  telegraphic  wire  which  makes  commaDicatioB 

mit  of  Mount  Washington,  6,279  feet,  is  from  between  the  base  and  summit  has  an  eartb- 

ten  to  eleven  hours.    A  like  rule  prevails  with  current  passing  through  it  in  one  direction,  bot  j 

the  maximum.     He  also  concludes  that  the  that  after  the  cloud  has  passed  over,  the  di-  ^ 

temperature  change  at  the  base  precedes  very  rection  of  the  earth-current  changes.   '^Skj*  ] 

slightly  the  pressure  change,  but  at  the  summit  colored  "  or    illuminated    clouds   hare  bees 

the  chanffe  occurs  nearly  twenty-four  hours  remarked  by  several  observers  in  the  northern 

earlier ;  that  the  temperature  change  appears  sky  at  night,  during  about  six  weeks  near  the 

to  be  a  very  little  earlier  at  the  summit  than  at  summer  solstice  —  from  June  2  to  Jolj  ^ 

the  base,  and  varies  much  more  rapidly  at  the  They  are  not  usually  colored,  but  shine  vit^ 

former;  that  in  a  low,  the  difference  in  tem-  a  pearly  or  silvery  luster.    They  have  bett 

peratare  between  base  and  summit  is  less  than  seen  at  midnight  at  an  altitude  of  about  30 , 

the  mean  before  the  storm,  but  that  it  rapidly  but  are  more  usually  confined  to  aboat  tbe 

increases  after  the  center  has  passed.    Just  the  first  10°  above  the  northern  horizon.  Tber 

contrary  is  true  in  a  high.  are  supposed  to  be  very  high  cirras  cloo^ 

A  research  by  Supan  on  the  mean  duration  illuminated  by  the  sun ;  or,  by  Jes^^e,  as  con* 

of  the  principal  temperature  periods  in  Europe  sisting  of  small  crystals,  originating  from  tbe 

is  based  on  observations  at  four  hundred  and  condensation  of  gases  under  the  low  temp^ 

seventy-one  stations  of  the  length  of  the  frost-  ture  of  the  upper  regions  of  the  air. 
period  (temperature  of  0°  0.,  or  below),  the        Some  light  may  possibly  be  cast  upon  tw 

warm  period  (10^  0.  and  above),  and  the  hot  method  of  formation  of  hail,  by  Mr.  0.  C.  ^i'' 

period  (20°  0.  and  upward),  the  results  of  son's  observation  of  the  drops  that  fell  from* 

which  are  presented  graphically.     The  lines  pine-tree  during  a  cold  fog.    A  part  of  tbai 

sharply  mark  the  contrast  between  ocean  and  reached  the  ground  in  a  liquid  state,  wbiv 

continental  climates.    The  lines  of  e^ual  dura-  another  part  had  been  converted  into  peU^ 

tion  of  the  frost-periods,  like  the  winter  iso-  of  ice.    The  author  believes  that  the  ioedro]ii 

therms,  run  northward  into  the  interior  of  the  came  from  the  upper  part  of  the  tree,  haviif. 

continent  in  the  eastern  part,  sometimes  inclin-  been  frozen  during  their  traverse  of  the  greats 

ing  to  the  south  and  southeast;  those  of  the  distance  by  the  greater  loss  of  heat  which tbef 

warm  periods  usually  keep  to  the  parallels  of  suffered  from  the  more  rapid  and  loDger;C^ 

latitude;  while  those  of  the  hot  periods  run  tinued  evaporation.     An  instance  is  meotioDt* 

decidedly  to  the  northeast.  in  which  a  railway-train  became  coated  ^ 

Hans  Fischer^s  charts  of  the  equatorial  limits  ice,  in  traveling  through  an  atmosphere  abo^ 

of  snowfall  of  the  northern  hemisphere  likewise  the  freezing-point,  and  laden  with  mist      „ 
bring  out  the  difference  between  land  and  sea        After  continued  studies  of  the  *^  red  stm^^^ 

climates.    The  limit  on  the  land  runs  nearly  which  were  prominent  features  of  the  skies (ro* 

along  the  thirtieth  degree  of  latitude,  while  on  the  end  of  August,  1888,  to  June,  1886, 1^^ 

the  sea  it  recedes  to  the  thirty-fifth  degree.  ling  has  concluded  that  they  were  ^^^  ^? 

The  question  of  aperiodic  variations  of  tem-  other  cause  than  the   vapors   mingled  ^^ 

perature  has  been  investigated  by  Dr.  Perle-  combustion-prodncts  which  were  thro^^ 

witz,  on  the  basis  of  observations  made  during  into  the  atmosphere  by  the  volcanic  eif^ 

the  forty  years  1848-1887,  at  Beriin,  and  during  of  Krakatoa  on  the  27th  of  August  of  the  ro^ 

the  ninety-three  years  1790-1883,  at  Breslau.  mer  year.    He  is  convinced,  from  ©^""j^j 

If  a  year  is  divided  into  halves,  the  first  half  with  mechanically  produced  dust  thatthes<>i 

is  characterized  by  a  normal  curve  of  rising  ejecta — the  finely  powdered  puraioe-stone,  c^ 

temperature,  and  the  second  half  by  a  simi-  stituting  a  large  part  of  the  volcanic  asb-^ 


METEOROLOGY.  633 

rt  in  inteDsifying  the  coloring.  The  long  teras.  The  "  cold  wave,"  which  followed 
inance  of  the  matter  in  the  atmosphere  upon  the  track  of  the  great  trough,  as  it  ap- 
}  with  experimental  determinations  of  proached  the  coast,  as  explained  hj  Prof, 
bte  at  which  smoke  settles  in  atmospheric  Hajden  after  examining  the  reports  of  sailing- 
rhis  conclusion  is  in  substantial  harmony  vessels  on  the  ocean  at  the  time,  met  the  warm 
the  conviction  expressed  bj  Mr.  A.  W.  currents  of  air  from  the  south,  and  that  ac- 
ion  in  the  ^*  Journal  of  the  RojalMeteoro-  companjing  the  Gulf  Stream,  now  trending 
d  Society,"  that  vapor  played  the  principal  northwardly  after  a  winter  interval  of  compar- 
and the  other  emption-products  only  a  ative  quiet ;  and  the  difference  in  temperature 
'dinate  one,  in  the  coloration.  The  phe-  of  the  two  air-streams  being  very  great,  exces- 
mon  called  Bishop's  Ring  (see  ^^  Annual  sive  precipitation  was  the  result.  The  storm, 
opadia,"  1886,  article  **  Meteorology  ")  Prof.  Hayden  says,  so  far  as  it  has  been  possi- 
ao  ascribed  by  Ricco  to  the  eruption  of  ble  to  study  it  from  the  data  at  hand  (which 
catoa.  He  supposes  that  it  was  caused  by  need  to  be  re-enforced  by  fuller  ocean  reports), 
'efraction  produced  by  a  peculiar  conden-  furnished  a  striking  and  instructive  example  of 
n  of  vapors  into  extremely  minute  parti-  a  somewhat  unusual  class  of  storms.    Instead 

The  r^  twilight  phenomena  differ  from  of  a  more  or  less  circular  area  of  low  barometer 

ring  in  that  they  were  not  the  effect  of  at  the  storm-center,  there  was  here  a  great 

iction,  but  of  a  selective  transmission,  by  trough    of    "  low "   between  two    ridges    of 

11-known  and  common  property  of  the  at-  "  high,"  the  whole  system  moving  rapidly  east- 

here,  of  the  less  refrangible  rays.  ward,  and  including  within  the  arc    of  its 

lak — The  storm  of  the  11th,  12th,  and  18th  sweep  almost  the  entire  width  of  the  temperate 

trch,  commonly  known  as  the  "  New  York  zone.     **  The  trough  phenomena,  as  an  emi- 

ird,"  was  one  of  the  most  severe  ever  ex-  nent  meteorologist  has  called  the  violent  squalls 

need  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  with  shifts  of  wind  and  change  of  conditions 

?.    As  described  by  Prof.  Winslow  Upton,  at  about  the  time  of  lowest  barometer,  are  here 

B  "  American  Meteorological  Journal,"  it  illustrated  most  impressively."    One  thing  to 

peculiarly  characterized  by  the  rapidity  which  attention  is  particularly  called  is  the 

which  its  energy  was  developed,  and  by  fact  that  storms  of  only  ordinary  severity  are 

Etreme  precipitation  that  accompanied  it,  likely,   upon  reaching  the  coast,   to  develop 

paUyassDow.  West  of  the  seventy-second  increased  energy.    This  is  especially  so  in  a 

ian,  the  precipitation  was  almost  wholly  storm  of  this  kind,  where  the  isobars  are  elon- 

piled  up  in  immense  drifts,  while  east  gated  in  a  north  and  south  direction. 

3  meridian  it  was  rain  and  snow  mixed.  A  relation  between  the  velocity  of  a  storm's 

Bgion  in  which  it  prevailed  extended,  on  progress  and  the  extent  of  the  accompanying 

from  the  neighborhood  of  Gape  Hatteras  rain  area  has  been  established  by  Loomis,  who 

)  southern  part  of  Massachusetts.    The  found  also  that  the  chief  part  of  the  rain  area 

It  in  which  it  raged  with  unmitigated  vio-  was  in  advance  of  the  storm-center.    His  ob- 

included  New  Jersey,  southeastern  New  servations  are  confirmed,  as  to  their  ^incipal 

Block  Island,  and  southern  New  Eng-  features,  by  Ley  and  Abercromby.    The  last 

Through  the  latter  territory  snow  fell  author  has  shown  that  the  heaviest  rain  and 

estimated  average  depth  of  forty  inches,  cloud  areas  are  massed  toward  the  front  of 

it  was  massed  so  irregularly  in  immense  rapidly  advancing  cyclones,  while  immediately 

that  it  was  almost  impossible  to  measure  after  the  passage  of  the  line  of  minimum  press- 

Iroads  were  blockaded ;  telegraphic  com-  nre  the  sky  begins  to  show  signs  of  clearing, 

ation  was  stopped;  shipping  along  the  It  is  remarked  that  in  the  United  States,  when 

was  exposed  to  great  danger ;  many  lives  the  cyclones  are  moving  with  unusual  rapidity, 

lost  from  exposure ;  and  the  city  of  New  all  the  rain  and  almost  all  of  the  cloud  area 

was  cut  off  from  all  communication  with  are  confined  to  the  front  half  of  the  cyclone. 

places,   except   through    the   Atlantic  Loomis  first  regarded  the  rapid  advance  of 

.    According  to  €^n.  Greely's  summary  cyclones  as  the  effect  of  excessive  rain,  but 

I  history  of  the  storm,  the  storm-center  later  investigations  have  shown  that  the  rain- 

"st  noticed  in  the  North  Pacific  on  March  fall  is  not  an  essential  feature ;   and  certain 

mce  it  passed  southeast  from  the  Oregon  European  observations  recorded  by  Hann  sug- 

to  northern  Texas  by  the  9th.    An  ex-  gest  that  unequal  distribution  of  rain  around 

I  trough  of  low  pressure,  having  two  dis-  rapidly  moving  cyclones  is  not  the  cause  but 

centers,  was  gradually  formed,   which  the  result  of  the  cyclone's  advance.    H.  Helm 

d  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  valleys  on  Clayton  supposes  that,  in  cyclones  which  move 

th  ;  and  on  the  11th,  according  to  Prof,  very  slowly,  the  air  ascends  almost  uniformly 

in,   extended  from    the  west    coast  of  around  the  center ;  but  when  the  storms  have 

a  up  past  the   eastern   shore  of  Lake  a  more  rapid  progressive  motion,  the  air  in  the 

^  and  far  northward  toward  the  southern  rear,  which  has  not  only  to  enter  but  to  fol- 

of  Hudson  Bay.    The  northern  center  low  the  cyclone,  is  more  retarded  by  friction 

northeastward  and  disappeared,  while  than  the  air  in  front,  and  hence  does  not  enter 

•uthem   center  moved  slowly  eastward,  the  cyclone  so  freely,  so  that  the  formation  of 

I  off  the  Atlantic  coast  near  Cape  Hat-  cloud  and  rain  iu  the  rear  is  retarded ;  whDe 


\ 


534  METEOROLOGY. 

a  larger  volume  of  new  air  enters  the  progress-  (partly  by  the  friction  of  the  snperjac^i 

ing  cyclone  in  front,  and  increases  the  amount  ing  layer),  and  thus  the  gyratory 

of  precipitation.     Espy  showed  many  years  conditions  are  propagated  downws 

ago  that,  on  account  of  mechanical  heating  by  balance  is  struck  between  supply  and. 
compression,  no  descending  air  can  be  accom-        Thmdcf^StinM* — The  Council  of  1 1 

panied  by  precipitation ;  and  an  explanation  is  Meteorological  Society  has  appointe^^ 

thus  afforded  why  there  are  no,  or  but  little,  mittee  to  collect  volunteer   obserji 

cloud  and  precipitation  in  the  rear  of  rapidly  British  hail-  and  thunder-storms, 

moving  cyclones.    On  the  other  hand,  in  order  sought  are :  A  knowledge  of  the 

that  a  cyclone  may  advance  rapidly,  there  must  causes  of  the  different  kinds  of  thunde 

be  a  rapid  decrease  in  pressure,  and  consequent-  a  discovery  of  the  localities  where 

1y  a  rapid  removal  of  the  air,  in  front  of  the  thunder  are  most  frequent  and  der 

advancing  depression.    Since,  according  to  the  and,  if  possible,  to  obtain  an  increas.* 

normd  circulation  of  a  cyclone,  there  are  an  of  forecasting  hail  and  thunder,  whs 

inward  movement  near  the  earth ^s  surface,  hoped  that    eventually  damage    to        pt 

and  an  upward  and  outward  movement  near  stock,  and  property  may  be  lessened^ 
the  top,  the  upward  and  outward  movement  is        As  one  of  the  most  certain  pTogrMiosti 

necessarily  increased  in  unusually  rapidly  mov-  thunder,  Mr.  B.  Woodd-Smith  mer»<ioDs 

ing  cyclones,  and  with  it  also  the  cloudiness  formation  of  parallel  streaks  or  bars^  v^  <3 

and  precipitation  are  increased.    Observations  and  cirro-stratus,  and  on  the  surface^   ^ppw 

at  Blue  HiD  Observatory  indicate  that  velocity  ly,  of  nimbus  clouds.     In  cirrus  they  ^^«<*^ 

of  storm  movement,  and  especially  variability  almost  the  first  intimation  of  oomiKx^  (^ 

of  weather,  are  intimately  connected  with  the  after  settled  weather,  and  are  mo^-^,  °^ 

velocity  of  movement  of  the  general  atmos-  followed  within  twenty-four  or  thirtr^*^™'' 

sphere.     Hence,  the  author  concludes  that  the  by  thunder.  When  they  appear  on  nx«ni>wj 

main  cause  of  rapid  cyclone  progression  is  interval  is  much  less,  but  they  have-    ^^^  ^ 

an  unusually  rapid  drifting  of  the  atmosphere  seen  on  the  thunder-cloud  itself.    Tf^  ^^ 

over  large  regions;  and  the  unequal  distribu-  patches  of  definitely  marked  *^paraH^^'^ 

tion  of  rain  around  the  cyclone  is  due  to  its  should  be  distinguished  from  the  mor*^  P^ 

rapid  progress.  parallel  arrangement  which  is  often  ^^^^ 

An  attempt  has  been  made,  by  Mr.  E.  Doug-  much  larger  scale,  but  is  not  knowO  ^ ''' 

las  Archibald,  to  find  a  basis  of  reconciliation  any  very  distinct  value  as  a  weatls^^  P" 

between  Faye's  theory  of  storms  and  the  the-  nostic.  .  , 

ory  to  which  it  is  thought  to  be  opposed.    M.        The  typical  course  of  the  meteorolo^^ 

Faye's  theory,  to  express  it  in  brief,  considers  struments  at  the  advent  of  a  thunA^*y 

that  air-whirls  around  a  vertical  axis,  indud-  has  been  studied  by  Ferrari  on  the  ba^^? . 

ing  cyclones,  typhoons,  tornadoes,  and  water-  records  at  Bern,  Santis,  and  Rome.     P^^ 

spouts,  originate  in  the  upper  currents  of  the  to  the  storm,  the  pressure  and  relativ^^  ^ 

atmosphere,  and  are  propagated  downward  by  ure  diminish,  while  the  temperature  i:^^ 

a  descending  motion,  accompanied  by  gyration  so  that,  at  the  outbreak,  the  first  t'^^. 

round  a  vertical  axis.    The  opposite  theory  is  reached  a  minimum  and  the  last  a  m^^ 

not,  as  M.  Faye  describes  it,  that  the  move-  At  this  moment  pressure  and  moisture   ^^ 

ments  rise  from  the  ground  in  an  ascending  very  rapidly,  and  the  temperature  f^^i  « 

current  that  borrows  a  gyration  from  that  of  corresponding  rate,  so  that  at  the  ei*-^  ^. 

the  earth  itself;  but,  as  developed  by  Ferrel  storm  the  first  two  elements  have  rjS?^  < 

and  Sprung,  it  makes  the  action  begin  in  a  maximum  and  the  last  a  minimum.    '^^'^\ 

slight  upward  motion  in  unstable  air,  usually  of  the  wind,  which  was  slight  before  tlm^^ 

near  the  lowest  cloud-stratum,  and  possessing  augments  very  speedily  when  it  begii^ 

a  gentle   gyratory  motion    relative  to  some  quickly  stilled  after  it.    The  minimum 

central  point,  ^^  which  is  never  wanting  in  a  ure  and  relative  moisture  and  the  n» 

cyclonic  area."    Once  the  motion  is  started,  of  temperature  are  thus  simultaneoas 

and  the  air  that  feeds  it  is  nearly  or  quite  beginning  of  the  storm,  and  the  cou 

saturated,  the  action  will  go  on  and  be  prop-  temperature  is  opposite  to  that  of 

agated  downward,  not  by  a  descent  of  the  other  elements.    The  same  course 

air,  but  by  the  transference  of  the  physical  in  the  after-storm,   but  is  less  proi 

conditions  which  favor  the  continuance  and  The  force  of  the  accompanying  wind 

maximum  development  of  the  ascending  cur-  violence  of  the  shower  increase  with 

rent.    The  increasing  rapidity  of  gyration  of  locity  of  advance.    The  storms  seem    ^ 

the  air  as  it  approaches  the  axis,  however  gen-  nate  in  a  limited  region,  whence  the^^ ' 

tie  it  may  be  at  starting,  only  allows  it  par-  on  one  side.    The  ordinary  form  of        ^ 

tially  to  feed  the  initial  and  continuously  re-  pression  is  an  ellipse,  the  major  axis  ^^^K 

produced  vacuum,  which  is  thus  compelled  to  is  perpendicular'  to  the  axis  of  the        f^ 

draw  its  supplies  chiefly  from  the  non-gyrating  The  same  is  the  case  with  the  depr^«=^ 

air  at  the  lower  end  of  the  atrial  shaft.    As  temperature  that  follows  the  storm.         ^ 


this  is  drawn  upward,  the  centrally  aspiring    of  short  course,  or  local  showers,  ar^  ** 
surrounding  air  is  made  to  gyrate  more  rapidly    panied  by  light  winds,  extensive  stoc"^^ 


METEOROLOGY.  585 

troDger  winds.  The  run -tract  is  coDsiderablj  increased,  ninning  from  ten  to 
rallel  to  the  line  of  progress  of  the  fortj  years  back ;  in  Ohio,  where  most  of  the 
is  also  the  narrow  haii-tract.  forests  have  been  removed,  ten  to  forty-eight 
—The  results  of  investigations  into  years;  and  in  New  England,  where  the  forests 
ice  of  forests  on  rainfall  are  thos  far  having  been  removed,  have  been  restored  over 
)  the  supposition  that,  in  respect  to  nearly  half  of  the  territory— concur  in  indi- 
y  average,  it  is  materiaL  But  the  catiug  that  if  there  be  any  difference  in  the 
e  still  too  limited  and  imperfect,  and  amount  of  rainfall,  as  affected  by  the  forests, 
ions  are  too  complicated,  to  allow  a  it  is  too  slight  to  be  of  material  importance, 
usion  to  be  drawn.  Prof.  Greorge  F.  H.  F.  Blanford^s  observations  in  India  in- 
scribes the  present  condition  of  the  dicate  that  the  forests,  particularly  in  the  hot 
s  one  in  which  the  assumption  is  not  zone,  promote  an  increase  of  rainfall, 
it  observes  that  practically,  in  consid-  The  observations  of  Studinka  upon  the  effects 
effects  of  a  removal  of  the  woods,  we  of  altitude  and  other  conditions,  made  at  seven 
to  compare  regions  where  they  are  hundred  stations  in  Bohemia,  in  which  the 
•y  bare  grouud,  but  by  growths  of  un-  amount  of  rain  that  should  be  expected  at 
second  growths,  or  fields  of  grain  or  each  step  of  altitude  has  been  computed,  ap- 
influence  of  which,  as  regards  rainfall,  parently  point  to  an  excess  over  the  theoretical 
:e  that  of  the  forest  itseUE.  A  gradual  amount  in  the  neighborhood  of  densely  wooded 
3  the  tillable  quality  of  the  soil  and  in  regions.    In  Australia,  where  the  soil  in  the 

0  hold  moisture  in  the  plain  regions  forests  is  bare  and  hard  in  dry  weather,  it  has 
be  Mississippi  river,  which  has  been  been  observed  by  Lendenfeld  that  the  cutting 
since  the  lands  came  under  cultiva-  down  of  the  trees  is  followed  by  a  growth  of 
been  assumed  to  indicate  an  increase  permanent   grass  that  holds  the  water  and 

1  The  most  direct  evidence  on  the  renders  the  soil  permeable,  and  by  an  increase 
iould  be  sought  in  the  meteorological  of  humidity  in  the  air. 

?bere  they  have  been  kept,  at  mili-  While  the  average  yearly  amount  of  rainfall 

8.    Some  of  these  extend  for  many  may  not  be  visibly  affected  by  the  presence  or 

'k  previous  to  the  settlement  of  the  absence  of  forests,  there  is  still  room  for  the 

•they  having  been  kept  at  Fort  Leav-  inquiry  whether  the  distribution  of  precipita- 

and  Leavenworth  City,  for  instance,  tion  through  the  year  may  not  be  affected  by 

7.    Prof.  Harrington  has  concluded,  it.    Forests  tend  to  equalize  the  temperature, 

comparison  of  the  rainfall  charts,  making  the  air  cool  and  moist  in  summer,  and 

the  recent  Signal  Service  observa-  wardingoff  extremes  of  cold  in  winter.    What 

h  the  charts  contained  in  Blodgett^s  influence  this  fact  may  exert  upon  the  relative 

logy  of  the  United  States,"  that  the  amounts  of  rain  in  summer  and  winter  remains 

lines  have  advanced  westward  over  to  be  investigated.    Some  light  is  thrown  on 

s.    Gen.  Greely  has  expressed   the  this  subject  by  Hann^s  comparisons  of   the 

hat  the  rainfall  has  increased  in  this  mean  temperature  of  the  environs  of  Vienna, 

rhile,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  claimed  in  the  open  country,  with  that  of  the  forest 

dcords  at  certain  military  posts  within  station  of  Hadersdorf,  in  the  Wiener  Wald. 

it,  going  back  in  some  cases  as  far  They  indicate  that  the   temperature  in  the 

how  that  there  has  been  too  increase.  Wald  is  very  sensibly  lower  than  in  the  open 

rison  of  the  records  kept  at  Fort  country  around  the  forest.    The  differeuce  is, 

>rth  from  1887  to  1878,  with  those  of  in  January,  0°-5  0. ;  in  April,  0*-9 ;  in  July, 

1  Service  at  Leavenworth  City  since  1*''8;   in  October,  0®*8;    and  for  the  whole 

ws  an  apparent  average  increase  of  year,  0°'9.     The  influence  of  the  forest  is 

ihes  during  the  past  twenty  years ;  therefore  at  its  minimum  in  winter,  and  at  its 

bservations,  having  been  made  upon  maximum  in  summer.    In  the  daily  course,  the 

systems,  are  barmy  commensurable,  cooling  effect  of  the  forest  is  at  the  maximum 

y  Gannett  has  compared  the  obser-  in  the  evening  and  early  morning,  and  at  the 

*om  twenty-six  stations,  covering  a  minimum  during  the  warmer  hours. 

of  the  region  in  question,  for  periods  According  to  W.  0.  Dolberck's  comparisons, 

'om  six  to  twenty-six  years,  aud  giv-  the  rainfall  on  Victoria  Peak,  Hong-Kong,  for 

1  of  three  hundred  and  ten  years  of  the  past  ten  years,  exceeds  the  record  at  the 

Cutting  the  series  for  each  station  in  observatory,  about  1,700  feet   below  it,  by 

le,  he  has  added  the  earlier  halves  about  one  sixth.    The  fact  seems  to  be  the  re- 

ater  halves  separately,  assuming  that  suit  of  the  mountain  presenting  an  obstacle 

would  represent  respectively  the  rain-  to  the  wind  from  whatever  side  it  blows,  in 

earlier  and  later  term.    The  footings  consequence  of  which  the  air  is  forced  to  rise, 

e  show  an  apparent  increase  of  sixty  and,  beiug  thereby  cooled,  precipitates  more 

*  a  mean  of  o4  inch  per  year  for  the  moisture.    Even  when  the  air  is  moderately 

n>-a  difference  that  is  hardly  appre-  dry  at  sea-level,  its  temperature  may^in  rising, 

3ther  series  of  observations  compared  be  brought  below  the  dew-point.    The  com- 

aunett — in  the  prairie  regions  of  the  paratively  greater  rainfall  in  hilly  districts 

tates,  where  the  forest  area  has  been  may  be  similarly  accounted  for. 


636  METEOROLOGY. 

The  relations  of  variations  of  nndergroand  never  seen  to  descend  below  the  monntains  or 

water  to  precipitation  and  to  fires  caused  by  the  lower  clouds.    Measurements  by  parallai 

lightning  h&Ve  been   studied  in  Bavaria  by  gaveaverageheightsof  fromabout55  toSOkUo- 

0.  Lang.     He  finds  that  tiie  height  of  the  metres.    No  annual  variation  in  the  freqaencj 

water  underground  varies  according  to  the  of  the  auroras  conld  be  detected,  but  dailj 

amount  of   precipitation.     This  influence  is  ranges  in  frequency  and  form  were  observed, 
somewhat  obscured  by  the  fact  that  the  in-        It  was  shown,  by  a  collection  of  more  than 

crease  corresponding  to  a  certain  increase  of  fifty  photographs  of  flashes,  from  different  parts 

precipitation  is  greater  in  the  spring  and  au-  of  the  world,  at  the  Royal  Meteorolo^cal  So- 

tumn  than  it  is  in  summer.     When  the  nnm-  ciety^s  exhibition  in  March,  that  lightning  doe§ 

ber  of  recorded  fires  caused  by  lightning  was  not  take  the  zigzag  path  depicted  by  artists, 

plotted  together  with  the  record  of  the  varia-  but  usually  a  sinuous  and  often  erratic  one. 

tion  of  underground  water,  the  maximum  of  Sometimes  it  had  a  perceptible  breadth,  and 

one  curve  was  found  to  coincide  with  the  resembled  a  piece  of  tape  waved  in  the  air. 

minimum  of  the  other.  One  photograph  illustrated  a  dark  flash.    A^ 

Mr.  Blanf ord  has  found   indications  of  a  cording  to  the  committee's  report,  the  evidence 

periodical  recurrence  of  droughts  since  1799,  is  to  the  effect  that  lightning  assumes  variou 

at  intervals,  in  southern  India,  of  from  nine  to  typical  forms,  under  conditions  at  pr^ent  on- 

twelve  years,  but  usually  about  a  year  before  known.    These  forms  may  be  classified  proris- 

the  sun-spot   minimum.     In  northern  India  ionally,  as  stream,  sinuous,  ramified,  meander- 

they  sometimes  occur  in  years  of  maximum  ing,  beaded,  or  chapleted,  and  ribbon  lightning, 

sun-spots.  Inviting  photographs  to  be  sent  to  the  aocietf, 

A  study  of  the  rainfall  of  Paris  for  the  last  the  committee  explains  that  the  taking  of  them 
two  hundred  years  has  been  made  by  M.  Renon,  does  not  present  any  peculiar  diflicultiea.  ^If 
beginning  with  observations  made  by  Lahine  in  a  rapid  plate,  and  an  ordinary  rapid  lens  with 
1688.  At  the  time  of  Lahine  there  was  a  maxi-  full  aperture,  be  left  uncovered  at  night  dor- 
mum  in  July ;  now  there  are  two  less  marked  ing  a  thunder-storm,  flashes  of  lightning  wOl, 
maxima  in  June  and  September.  The  average  after  development,  be  found  in  some  cases  t^ 
number  of  rainy  days  per  year  is  169.  Snow  have  impressed  themselves  upon  the  plate. 
occurs  very  irregularly,  but  is  never  entirely  The  only  difficulty  is  the  uncertainty  whether 
absent  in  any  winter.  During  the  period  cov-  any  particular  flash  will  happen  to  ha?e  bea 
ered  by  the  observations  the  character  of  the  in  the  field  of  view.  A  rapid  single  lens  ii 
situation  has  essentially  changed;  and  what  much  more  suitable  than  a  rapid  doublet ;  and 
was  a  suburban  tract  some  distance  south  of  it  is  believed  that  films  on  paper  would  effect- 
the  city  is  now  in  the  midst  of  a  district  sur-  ually  prevent  reflection  from  the  back.  Tbe 
rounded  by  high  buildings.  focus  should  be  that  for  a  distant  object,  and, 

iSMtridty. — In  the  observations  upon  the  an-  if  possible,  some  point  of  landscape  should  be 

rora  borealis  made  by  Mr.  Garlheim-Gyllenski-  included  to  give  the  position  of  the  horizon. 

oldat  the  Swedish  station  in  Spitzbergen,  1882  If  the  latter  is  impossible,  then  the  top  of  the 

-'88,  the  diversion  of  the  culminating  point  of  picture  should    be  distinctly  marked.    Any 

the  auroral  arch  from  the  magnetic  meridian  additional  information,  as  to  the  time,  direc* 

was  found  to  be  11°  27'  W.,  while  the  corona  tion  in  which  the  camera  was  pointed,  and  the 

was    nearly  in   the    magnetic    zenith.      The  state  of  the  weather,  would  be  very  desira- 

breadth  of  the  arches  varies  with  their  eleva-  ble."' 

tion  above  the  horizon;   and  they  consist  of       A  periodicity  has    been   remarked  hr  H* 

rays  running  in  the  direction  of  the  breadth,  Moureaux   in    the  disturbances    of  masietit 

and  converging  toward  the  magnetic  zenith,  declination  and  horizontal  force  at  Pare  Saint- 

The  greatest  breadth  appears  to  be  at  a  height  Maur  Observatory  during  the  years  from  1^ 

of  46°,  while  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  ze-  to  1888.    The  monthly  values  of  both  the* 

nith  the  arches  are  very  narrow,  stretching  as  a  elements  exhibit  two  maxima  at  the  eqninoxea. 

luminous  band  across  the  heavens.     Sometimes  and  two  minima  at  the  solstices.    While  tbe 

the  light  also  formed  a  spherical  zone  parallel  monthly  variation  of  the  number  of  distorb- 

with  the  earth,  floating  in  space  as  a  horizontal  ances  appeared  to  follow  a  general  law,  the 

ray  of  light.    Sometimes  the  zone  was  broken,  diurnal  variation  seems  to  be  subject  to  com- 

with  dark  spots  or  irregular  spaces.    The  move-  plex  laws. 

ments  of  the  arches  did  not  prove  to  be  subject        In   his  observations    on  English    th^nde^ 

to  as  regular  laws  as  had  been  supposed :  the  storms,  which,  though  made  in  18o7  to  1S59, 

phenomenaof  the  waves  of  light  running  along  were  only  reported  upon  to  the  Rojal  Mete- 

the  arches— "the  merry  dancers" — took  place  orological  Society  in  1888,  Mr.  G.  J.  Symons 

nearly  equally  in  the  west  to  east  and  reverse  found  that  in  sheet-lightning  the  most  preva- 

directions.    The  light  of  the  aurora  was  yel-  lent  color  is  white,  and  after  it  follow  yellow. 

low,  monochromatic,  showing  in  the  spectrum  blue,  and  red.    In  forked  lightning  the  order 

the  yellow  lines  of  AngstrOm ;   or  crimson  or  is  nearly  reversed,  blue  being  more  than  twice 

violet,  resolvable  into  several  rays  and  bands,  as  frequent  as  any  other  color,  then  red,  white* 

No  sound  was  ever  heard  from  the  light,  or  and,  most  rarely,  yellow.     Sheet-lightning^* 

"  smell  of  sulphur  "  observed.    The  light  was  seen  about  twice  as  often  as  forked. 


METEOROLOGY.  537 

The  results  of  observatioDS  on  the  The  records  of  the  stations  of  the  English 

xiicity  in  the  velocity  of  the  wind  Royal  Meteorological   Society  for  the  eight 

over  two  years  have  been  communi-  years  1878-'85  show  that  the  southwest  wind 

^r.  Yettin.    From  direct  determina-  is  the  most  prevalent,  and  blows  on  the  aver- 

Q  movement  of  smoke  coming  from  age  seventy-four  days  in  the 'year,  while  the 

and  from  observations  with  a  home-  west  wind  occars  almost  as  frequently,  blow- 

nometer,  the  author  found  that,  in  ing  for  sixty-five  days.    The  least  dominant 

» the  well-known  maximum  velocity  winds  are  the  southeast  and  north,  which  oc- 

d  which  occurs  at  midday,  there  is  cor  on  twenty-seven  days,  and  the  northeast 

aaximum  just  after  midnight.    The  on  thirty-two  days.    Thunder-storms  are  most 

imum  is  very  small  in  summer,  but  frequent  in  the  eastern  and  midland  counties, 

t  is  much  greater.    It  is,  however,  and  least  frequent  in  the  north  of  Wales, 

larked  as  an  average  over  the  whole  The  name  dereeho^  or  *^  straight  blow  "  has 

been  proposed  by  Dr.  Gustavus  Hinrichs,  of 

vinds— that  is,  winds  that  blow  down  the  Iowa  Weather  Service,  to  designate  a  kind 

heights  of  mountain  crests  into  the  of  storm  on  the  prairies  which  has  been  classed 

d  depressions — may  evidently  have  with  tornadoes,  but  is  distinguished  fi'om  them 

haracters.    Two  classes  of  them  are  by  the  absence  of  spirality  in  the  motion.    It 

$tinguished,  warm  and  cold  falling  is  described  by  him  as  ^*  a  powerfally  depress- 

3  the  former  class  belongs  the  FOhn  ing  and  violently  progressing  mass  of  cold  air, 

ps,  on  the  northern  slopes  of  the  moving  destructively  onward  in  slightly  di- 

of  the  Ferral  in  Spain,  etc. ;  to  the  verging  straight  lines  (in  Iowa),  generally  to- 

Mistral  of  the  French  Mediterranean  ward  the  southeast,  with  its  storm-cloud  front 

the  Bora  of  Istria  and  Dalmatia.    H.  curving  as  the  storm-lines  diverge.    The  ba- 

shown,  from  the  labors  of  Hann  and  rometer  bounds  upward  and  the  thermometer 

igell,  that  these  winds  are  not  intrin«  falls  greatly  under  the  blow  of  this  cold  air  of 

drent  from  one  another.    A  vapor-  the  upper  strata  suddenly  striking  the  ground, 

iss  of  air  is  warmed  by  compression  The  derecho  will  blow  a  train  of  cars  from  its 

'**  0.  for  every  hundred  metres  of  track,  unroof,  overturn,  and  destroy  houses; 

bile  the  temperature  of  the  still  at-  but  it  does  not  twist  the  timbers  into  splinters 

descends  about  0*6°  for  every  bun-  and  drive  these  firmly  into  the  hard  soil  of  the 

3S  of  ascent.  prairie,*^  as  does  the  tomada     The  latter  is 

^nomenon  of  the  FOhn  is  supposed  described  as  **a  powerfully  lifting  column  of 

nd  Wild  to  be  simply  a  kind  of  gust  violently  revolving  air,  describing  a  narrow 

bich,  blowing  down  from  mountain-  path   of  destraction  as  it  moves  along  the 

warmed  by  compression.    This  ex-  earth^s  surface  in  a  northeasterly  direction;  it 

is  confirmed  in  a  popular  essay  pub-  is  surmounted  by  a  cloud  from  which  the  col- 

Srk  in  a  Bavarian  journal  by  descrip-  umn  seems  to  hang  down.    Its  track  is  gener- 

;ertain  marked  examples  of  Fohns  ally  marked  by  stakes  driven  into  the  ground 

een  observed  in  1885  and  1888.    On  beyond  where  it  has  destroyed  buildings,  these 

ese  occasions  a  marked  east  FOhn  stakes  being  the  longer  fragments  into  which 

rer  the  southern  side  of  the  Alps  was  the  tornado  has  torn  such  buildings."    As  the 

IS  the  effect  of  a  high  pressure  in  storm- front  of  the  derecho  sweeps  onward  and 

id  a  low  in  Western  Europe.  spreads  laterally  over  the  prairies,  it  is  plainly 

Waldo  has  determined  that  too  high  the  more  extensive  of  the  two  storms ;  but  the 

»f  multiplication — 3,  when  it  should  tornado  in  its  narrow  track  is  by  far  the  more 

as  been  used  in  deducing  wind-press-  destructive.    The  annual  period  of  the  two 

velocity-anemometers ;  and,  conse-  storms  is  very  marked.    Neither  of  them  oc- 

lat  the  pressures  thus  deduced  have  curs  in  the  cold  months.    In  Iowa,  the  rising 

ly  exaggerated.  tornado  season,   beginning  with  the  sudden 

3bservation8  at  Tarnople  on  the  daily  heated  and  moist  spells  in  April,  continues  for 

'  wind-velocity  indicate,  in  harmony  three  months,  till  early  in  July,  and  is  most 

heory  of  Espy  and  Eoppen,  that  the  intense  in  June.    Dereekos  ipay  also  occur  at 

Qore  sharply  defined  according  as  the  this  season,  and  in  midsummer  are  the  only 

are  favorable  to  a  vertical  circula-  storm  forms  by  which  the  unstable  equilibrium 

r,  and,  consequently,  to  its  descent  of  the  atmosphere  is  suddenly  restored  to  sta- 

e  to  the  surface  of  the  earth.    The  ble  equilibrium.    Tornadoes  may  again  occur 

between  maxima  and  minima  veloci-  in  September  and  October,  but  have  not  been 

lishes  with  increasing   strength  of  observed  from  November  till  April.    While 

the  daily  period  becomes  indistinct  the  Miezard  is  a  winter  storm,  bringing  the 

-ong  winds.    The  duration  as  well  as  surface  air  of  colder  regions,  the  derecho  is  a 

ty  is  influenced  by  the  temperature ;  summer  storm,  in  its  mode  of  progress  and  in 

laxima  of  frequency  swerve  around  some  other  features  resembling  the  blizzard, 

n,  following  the  sun  at  a  distance  of  but  more  restricted  in  extent,  confined  to  defi- 

',   with  a   regularity  corresponding  nite  limits,  and  supplied  with  cold  air  coming 

varmth  of  the  periods.  down  from  higher  strata  of  the  atmosphere. 


538 


METEOROLOGY. 


In  preparing  a  paper  on  "  Synoptic  Charts  " 
for  the  French  Meteorological  *'  Annales,"  M. 
Q,  RoUin  has  examined  day  by  day  the  move- 
ments of  the  atmosphere,  with  the  view  of  de- 
termining the  possibility  of  predicting  the  ar- 
rival of  storms  reaching  France  from  the  At- 
lantic. He  has  founds  as  has  also  been  the  case 
in  England,  that  the  American  telegrams  can 
not  at  present  be  turned  to  practical  use  in 
weather  prediction.  He  has,  however,  at- 
tempted to  make  them  usefal  in  the  future,  by 
establishing  certain  types  which  connect  the 
weather  of  the  Atlantic  with  that  of  adjacent 
continents;  and  he  finds  that  many  conditions, 
without  being  actually  identical,  are  sufScient- 
ly  alike  to  be  classified  together.  Bnt  he 
shows  that  much  further  inve£rt;igation  is  neces- 
sary before  any  definite  rules  can  be  laid  down, 
and  that  the  atmospheric  changes  are  often  so 
rapid  that  the  difficulties  of  weather  prediction 
on  the  exposed  coasts  of  Europe  are  likely  to 
remain  very  great  for  a  long  time  to  come. 

Appantns. — The  maximum  pressure  anemom- 
eter of  W.  H.  Diues  is  so  arranged  that  a 
quantity  of  shot  equivalent  in  weight  to  the 
whole  pressure  upon  the  wind-receiving  disk 
falls  from  the  upper  to  the  lower  part  of  a  ves- 
sel, after  which  the  machinery  is  automatically 
rea^usted. 

W.  N.  Shaw  has  described  an  apparatus  for 
determining  the  temperature  by  the  variation 
of  electric^  resistance,  which,  it  is  claimed, 
will  measure  to  within  one  three-hundredth  of 
a  degree  centigrade. 

M.  Brassard  has  devised  a  recording  rain- 
gauge,  by  which  the  fall  of  each  ten&  of  a 
millimetre  of  water  is  registered. 

M.  Bertelli,  of  Florence,  has  described  an 
apparatus  for  the  protection  of  telephones  from 
lightning. 

The  spring  vane  attached  to  the  window  of 
Dr.  Vettin^s  house  in  Berlin  indicates  the  di- 
rection of  a  wind  blowing  up  or  down  the 
street,  or  over  the  house  at  right  angles  to  this, 
or  at  any  other  angle.  It  is  speci^ly  adapted 
for  observations  in  narrow  mountain  valleys, 
where  the  direction  of  the  wind  can  not  be  as- 
certained by  any  other  means.  It  is  observed 
that  the  wind  that  blows  over  the  houses  gives 
rise  to  ascending  and  descending  currents 
along  their  walls. 

IHMiagraphy. — A  selected  list  is  appended  of 
the  more  important  and  those  possessing  a  more 
general  interest  among  the  numerous  meteoro- 
logical publications  of  the  year : 

Aberoromby.  Balph,  **  On  the  Belatlons  between 
Tropical  and  Extra-Tropioal  Cydonefl."    London. 

Berg.  E.^  **The  Signmcance  of  Absolute  Moisture 
in  the  Oriffin  and  Pro^^tion  of  Stonns."    German. 

Berghoier,  B.,  *^  Wind  and  Weather  as  Motors, 

Biedermann,  Detler  Frh.  v.,  **  Weather  Indications 
by  Animals,  and  their  Basis.'*    Leipsio. 

Birkinbane,  D..  '« KainfaU  and  Water."  Franklin 
Institute,  Philadelphia. 

Buys  Ballot,  ^*  Distribation  of  Temperature  over 
the  Earth." 


Chiminelli,  *^  On  the  First  International  Congroi 
of  Medical  Hydrology  and  Climatology,  held  at  Ei- 
arritx,  October,  1887/*^    Florence. 

Cruls,  L..  "  Dictionary  of  Universal  Climatology." 

De  Marcni,  L.,  ^^On  the  Influence  of  Moontim* 
Chains  on  the  General  Circolation  of  the  AtDH»- 
phere."    Turin. 

Deutsche  Seewarte,  *'  Transoceanic  Weather  0]^ 
servations.'* 

Dicrcks,  ^*  Atrial  Navigation  and  Eleotridtj." 
Ghent. 

Elstner  and  Geitel,  ^*  On  the  Development  of  Elec- 
tricity by  the  Friction  of  Water-Drop©  "  (in  Gtmuui). 

Exner,  F.,  *^0n  Transportable  Apparatus  for  tbe 
Observation  of  Atmospheric  Electricity."    Viemui 

*^  Dependence  of  Atmospheric  Electricity  on  tbe 
Moisture  in  the  Air."    Vienna. 

Findley,  A.  G.,  ''Text-Book  of  Ocean  Meteorolo- 
gy."   London. 

Flammarion,  Camille,  '*  The  Atmosphere ;  Popolir 
Meteorology."    Paris. 

Foli^,  ¥\, ''  Annual  of  the  Observatory  of  BnuBtU, 
1888^  Fi%-fifth  Year."    Brussels. 

Fntz,  H., ''  Belations  of  Terrestrial  PhenomensiDd 
Solar  Activity."    Zurich. 

Gordon,  A.  B.^  *'  Beport  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Expe- 
dition of  1 886^  with  Isothermal  Atlas. ' '     OttawB. 

Guist,  Montz,  ''On  the  Atmoepherio  Ebb  md 
Flood."    Hermannstadt. 

Hazen,  H.  A.,  "  Hand-Book  of  Meteorolocicil  Tar 
bles." 

Hinrich,  Gustavus, "  The  Climnte  of  Southern  Bos- 
da  and  Iowa  compared."    Ann  Arbor. 

"  Italian  Meteorological  Society,  Annuaiio  f» 
1887." 

Kiessling.  "  Contribution  to  the  Ann^la  of  Unwi^ 
Sun-  and  SKv-Colora."    Hamburg. 

Larroque,  F.,  "  On  the  Origin  of  Electridtv  in  tbe 
Atmospbere  and  of  the  greater  Electriod  PLfiDome 
na"  (in  French). 

Lieoeuow,  C,  "  A  Contribution  to  the  Tbeoiy  of 
the  Distribution  of  Air-Pressure  over  the  Earth's 
Surface."    German. 

Luvini,  Jean,  "  Contributions  to  Electric  Metaor- 
ology."    Turin. 

Millot,  C,  "  Course  of  Meteorology  in  the  Ftcolty 
of  Natural  Sciences  at  Nancy ; "  begun  in  1884. 

Mohn,  "  Year-Book  of  the  Norwegian  Meteoro- 
logical Institute  for  1886.    Christiania. 

Mtlttrich,  "  Annual  Report  of  Results  of  Forvt- 
Ezp^riment  Stations,  etc.,  1886."    Berlin. 

Oberbeck,  "On  the  Phenomena  of  Atmoepberic 
Movements."    Berlin. 

Plants,  Gustav^  "  Electrical  Phenomena  of  the  At- 
mosphere."   Pans. 

Riooo,  "  Obeervations  and  Studies  of  the  Bed  Twi- 
lights."   Rome. 

jRotch,  A.  Lawrence,  and  Upton.  Winslow.  "Me- 
teorological Observations  during  tne  Solar  EclipK, 
Aug.  19,  1887,  made  at  Chlamoetino,  Russia."  Aon 
Arbor. 

Saxony,  "  Teai^Book  of  the  Royal  Saxon  Meteoio- 
logical  Institute.  1886."    Chemnitz. 

Btoney,  G.  Jonnston,  "  On  the  Causee  of  the  IH- 
descenoe  of  Clouds."    Dublin. 

Toronto,  Ont  "General  Meteorologioal  Befliflter 
for  1887." 

Upton,  Winslow,  "The  Storm  of  March  11-li 
1888."    Ann  Arbor. 

Van  Bebber,  J.,  "Typical  Thunder-Storm  Ph^ 
noroena."    Hambuiv. 

Velschowj  Franz  A.  ♦'  The  Natural  Lawof  BeU^ 
between  Rainfall  and  v  egetable  Life,  and  its  Applio* 
tion  to  Australia."    London. 

Von  Bezold,  "Thermodynamics  of  the  AtmoB- 
phere."    Berlin. 

Wagner,  "  The  Cold  Climate  from  the  Point  of  View 
of  Human  Life."    Lille. 

Zenker,  Wilhelm,  "  Distribution  of  Heat  over  tbe 
Earth's  Surface."    Berlin. 


METHODISTS.  539 

IISFS.    L  flethodlflt  Episcopal  Chneh. —  churches  had  heen  aided  during  the  year.    The 

^ing  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  receipts  had  heen :  To  the  general  fund,  $163,- 

ch  as  they  are  tabulated  in  the  min-  657 ;  to  the  loan  fund,  $108,289 ;  giving  for 

i  annual  conferences  for  1888 :  Num-  use,  $206,896.    Fifty  special  gifts  of  $250  each 

inual  conferences,  110;  of  itinerant  for  frontier  churches  had  been  available  dur- 

,  12,832;   of  preachers  "on  trial,"  ing  the  year,  of  which  forty-three  had  been 

local  preachers,  14,032 ;  oflaymeiu-  placed,   accompanied   with    loans  of   $9,400. 

luding  probationers),   2,154,349;  of  The  full  number  (400)  of  such  gifts  contem- 

hoola,  24,941,  with  277,764  officers  plated  in  the  original  call  for  them  had  been 

ers  and  2,060,080  pupils ;  of  churches,  received  and  placed.    The  continoance  of  the 

tving  a  probable  total  value  of  $84,-  system    was    recommended.      The    churches 

of  parsonages,  7,858,  having  a  prob-  were  asked  to  contribute  the  sum  of  $245,600 

)  of  $12,567,084;  of  baptisms,  72,805  for  the  purposes  of  Church  extension  daring 

n,  and  91,506  of  adults.  the  ensuing  year. 

meem. — The  Book  Committee,  which  Board  ^  Education. — ^The  receipts  of  the 

barge  of  the  publishing  interests  of  Board  of  Education  for  four  years  had  been 

:;h,  reported  to  the  General  Confer-  $228,516,   and   the   disbursements    $199,569. 

i  the  net  capital  of  the  two  *^book  The  market  value  of  its  endowment  invest- 

''    and    the   depositories    connected  ments  on  the  1st  of  April,  1888,  was  $196,000. 

1  was  $2,892,866,  of  which  $1,658,197  The  educational  institutions  of  the  Church,  as 

■edited  to  the  New  York  house  and  reported  to  the  General  Conference,  include 

tiories,  and  $789,169  to  the  house  in  12  theological  institutions,  66  colleges  and  uni- 

i    and    its   depositories,  the  whole  versities,  54  classical  seminariea,  9  colleges  and 

\  total  increase  of  $774,916  in  four  seminaries  for  young  women,  and  66  foreign 

he  total  sales  (net)  of  publications  mission  schools,   with  which  are   connected 

$6,577,525.     Dividends   from  the  1,595  teachers  and  82,277  pupils.    They  pos- 

the  business  had  been  made  to  the  sess  buildings  and  grounds  that  were  valued  at 

»nferences  of  $85,000.    The  receipts  $10,088,725,  and  endowments  to  the  amount 

iditures  on  account  of  the  Episcopal  of  $11,079,682. 

been  balanced  at  $252,602.  Freedmen^s  Aid.— The  Freedmen's  Aid  So- 

'-School  Union, — The  board  of  man-  ciety — now  the  Freedmen's  Aid  and  Southern 

he  Sunday-School  Union  reported  to  Education  Society — reported  to  the  General 

'al  Conference  that  there  were  in  the  Conference  that  it  had  received  during  the  past 

14,225  Snnday-schools,  with  268,891  four  years  $610,647,  and  had  expended  $689,- 

ind  teachers,  and  2,006,828  pupils,  862.    Its  total  receipts  since  its  organization 

m  increase  during  four  years  of  2,772  had  been  $2,018,082,  in  addition  to  which  its 

8,826  officers  and  teachers,  and  812,-  endowment  fand  had  been  increased  by  $180,- 

8.    There  were  in  foreign  fields :  In  000.    The  institntions  aided  by  the  society  in- 

710  schools,  with   4,854  papils;   in  elude  7  universities  and  colleges,  18  normal 

schools,  with  81,752  pupils;  and  in  schools  and  seminaries,  1  theological  school,  4 

nd  South  America,  61  schools,  with  biblical  departments,  and  1  medical  college, 

ils.    Sunday-schools  had  been  estab-  with  which  were  connected  127  teachers  ana 

ong  German  and  Scandinavian  immi-  4,682  pupils. 

f  which  1,080  were  returned,  with  JUisaionary  Society, — The  General  Mission- 

icers  and  teachers,  and  57,788  pupils,  ary  Committee  met  in  the  city  of  New  York, 

pts  of  the  union  during  the  past  four  November  14.     The  treasurer  reported  that 

m   collections  in  the  churches   had  the  cash  receipts  of  the  society  for  the  year 

714.    Grants  of  aid  had  been  made  ending  October  81  had  been  $1,000,581,  of 

schools,  and  grants  of  money  to  for-  which  $985,121  were  from  conference  coUec- 

ion  fields  for  Sunday-schools  amount-  tions,  $41,984  from  legacies,  and  $23,476  from 

.0,000.    The  total  circulation  of  the  other  sources.    Appropriations  were  made  for 

>n8    of    the    union    (journals    and  the  support  of  missionary  work  for  the  ensu- 

f or    Sunday-schools)   for   the   year  ing  year  as  follow : 

been,  of  English  publications,  24,-  ^ 

ind  of  German,  1,287,550  copies.    In    ^- ^J'^S^^!'": Hsoo 

Germany,  Italy,  Switzerland,  India,  2!  Sontb  America.''..'!.'!.*!!.*.*.*!.".*.'.'.*.'.'.*!!.'*.'."      62,960 

ad  Mexico,   1,109,868   volumes  had        J  GSraM^*"  "^'**'"^ ^Msoo 

[)lished.     The  report  of  the  union  6.  BSiSwiimd .'.*!.' !.'!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!."!!!!. *.'!!!       »,'840 

the  statistics  of  Sunday-schools  con-        J-  Scandinavia  (B  miaBions) >I'S? 

ith  the  German  conferences  (aside  s!  icSaysu"!*!'?^!"?!'.:! '.!!!!!!!*!!!:!!!!!!*        Im 

schools  among  immigrants  already  9.  Bulgaria  and  Tnrkej'..  !'.*.*.!!*.'..!..!*. !..!..       19,220 

i)  1,288  schools,  with  11,408  officers  }«;  SSij::;::::::::::;::::::::::::;:::;::".    ikZ 

era,  and  72,195  pnpils.  12.  Japan 60,tM 

Extension.— The  Geuer^  Comxmttee      !?•  ?**"*•;,•  uV  • ; ^WSi 

1  Extension  met  in  Philadelphia,  No-      ^^^^^<^»^t^^ ]^ 

12,     The  report   showed   that   507  Toui  for  Foi«ign  MUsions $6M,189 


I 


540  METHODISTS. 

Total  for  Foreign  Missioofl $56«,189  however,  that  a  vote  be  taken  in  November, 

II.  M1B810NB  nf  THE  United  States,  hot  ik  As-  1890,  at  every  place  of  poblic  worship,  and  in 
l^o^i^MS^-T:™."."":"''™":  "      61.7M  1891   at  aU  the  annuaf  conferences  npon  «. 

III.  D0MB8T10  MiMioNB :  amendment  to  the  restrictive  rules,  providing 
Welsh  missioDB $1,500  that  the  lay  delegates  "  may  be  raen  or  women." 

^iS'iSS i"^!""'::::::::::::::;:;   S;IS  The  term  for  which  a  preacher  may  be  allow^d 

French  missions 7,660  to  remam  in  the  same  station  (previously  three 

Chinese  missions 9,600  years)  was  extended  to  **not  more  than  five 

AmerStti  LidUn  **.  !!.'.'.*!!!!.*!.!!!!!!.'!     ijioo  years,  after  which  he  shall  not  be  appointed  to 

Bohemian  and  others 9,450  the  Same  place  for  five  years  " ;  and  the  presid- 

^^'^tSS^^'^'.  ;;;/;.'.'. V/;;.V.V."  v.*.  .^.'!^     8X8,448  ing  elde^B  term  was  extended   to  six  years, 

rv".  Misoelianeoos. .!!........!!!...... ........       9«,ooo  with  a  similar  interval  of  six  years  before  be 

V.  For  outstanding  drafts 7T,69i  Can  be  appointed  again  to  the  same  district 

■  The  status  of  a  missionary  bishop  was  defined 

Grandtotai $1,200,000  ^s  that  of  an  officer  having  fall  episcopal pow- 

The  foreign  missions  returned  in  1887,  185  ers,  but  with  jurisdiction  limited  to  the  forea^ 

American  missionaries,  180  assistant  mission-  field  to  which  he  was  elected ;  not  subordinate 

aries  (wives  of  missionaries),  and  62  mission-  to  the  general  superintendents,  but  co-ordi- 

aries  of  the  Women^s  Foreign  Missionary  So-  nate  with  them  in  authority  there ;  and  receif- 

ciety ;  2,257  native  agents,  of  all  kinds,  male  ing  his  support  from  the  episcopal  fund.    Pro- 

and  female;  44,255   members,  16,018  proba-  vision  was  made  for  the  recognition  and  ad- 

tioners,  and  50,742  adherents;  6,228  conver-  ministration  of    self-supporting    missions,  of 

sions  during  the  year ;  2,409  adults,  and  8,099  which  two  have    been  organized — ^io  Sooth 

children  baptized  ;  15  theological  schools,  82  America  and  Africa — ^and  defining  their  rela- 

high-schools,  and  647  other  day  schools,  with  tions  to  the  Church  and  the  Missionary  Soci- 

a  total  of  22,458  pupils,  and  1,712  Sunday-  ety.    Consent  was  given  to  the  organization 

schools,   with  88,945  pupils.     The  domestic  of  an  autonomous  Methodist  Church  in  Japan, 

missions  returned  2,898  missionaries,  2,259  as-  by  the  union  of  Methodist  missions  in  thai 

sistant  missionaries,  5  agents  of  the  Women's  country,   whenever    the    missions    concerned 

Foreign  Missionary  Society,  60  other  agents,  shall  determine  to  take  the  step.    An  article 

8,442  local  preachers,  250,787  members,  44,644  concerning   deaconesses  defines   their  dotia 

probationers,  15,289  adults,  and  16,172  chil-  and  the  form  of  Christian  labor  to  which  Uiej' 

dren,  baptized;  84  day- schools  (in  New  Mex-  may  devote  themselves;  declares  that  noTov 

ico  and  Utah),  with  1,618  pupils;  and  5,067  shall  be  exacted  from  them,  and  that  ** any  one 

Sunday-schools,  with  250,304  pupils.  of  their  number  shall  be  at  liberty  to  relinqnisb 

General  Cotiferenee, — The  General  Confer-  her  position  as  a  deaconess  at  any  time*';  in- 
ence  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  met  etitutes  a  board  for  the  control  of  their  work, 
in  the  city  of  New  York,  May  1.  The  quad-  which  is  empowered  to  issue  licenses  to  them, 
rennial  address  of  the  bishops,  after  reviewing  A  constitutional  commission  of  seven  minia- 
the  growth  of  the  Church  and  its  interests  ters  and  seven  laymen  was  appointed  to  revise 
during  the  past  four  years,  called  attention  to  certain  paragraphs  in  the  discipline,  in  snch  a 
some  important  questions  that  had  never  been  way  that  they  shall  define  and  determine  the 
decided,  which  would  come  before  the  Confer-  constitution  of  the  General  Conference;  state 
ence  for  solution.  One  of  these  questions  was,  of  whom  it  shaU  be  composed  and  by  what 
whether  a  lay  electoral  conference  has  the  method  it  shall  be  organized ;  declare  its  pow- 
right  to  send  as  its  representative  a  person  ers  and  how  they  shall  be  exercised ;  proride 
who  has  no  membership  in  the  bounds  of  the  process  by  which  the  constitution  may  be 
the  conference  represented.  A  second  was,  amended;  and  report  to  the  next  General  Con- 
whether  women  were  eligible  as  lay  delegates  ference.  Provision  was  made  for  holding  in 
to  the  General  Conference.  Five  women  had  the  United  States  an  (Ecumenical  Conference 
been  chosen  by  as  many  lay  electoral  confer-  of  Methodism  in  1891,  the  particular  arrange- 
ences  to  represent  them,  and  were  expected  to  ments  for  which  were  intrusted  to  a  commit* 
be  present  to  claim  their  seats.  In  view  of  tee  of  five  ministers,  fivQ  laymen,  and  three 
the  novelty  of  the  question  which  this  action  bishops.  It  was  ordered  that  no  annual  coo- 
raised,  and  of  the  reception  of  protests  against  ference  should  be  organized  with  less  than 
the  admission  of  the  women-delegates,  it  had  twenty  efifective  members.  A  Bou^  of  Confer- 
been  determined  not  to  place  their  names  upon  ence  Claimants  was  instituted,  to  have  char^ 
the  roll  until  the  validity  of  their  claims  could  of  funds  contributed  for  the  benefit  of  soperan- 
be  decided  upon  by  an  organized  conference  nuated  preachers,  and  the  widows  and  orphans 
composed  of  delegates  whose  titles  were  not  of  preachers ;  auxiliary  to  which  boards  may  be 
questioned.  The  Conference  decided  that  lay  organized  in  the  annual  conferences.  Five  new 
delegates  must  be  members  within  the  confer-  bishops  were  elected,  to  wit :  The  Rev.  John 
ence  which  they  represent;  and  that  "  under  H.  Vincent,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. ;  the  Rev.  James  N. 
the  constitution  and  laws  of  the  Church  as  they  Fitzgerald,  D.  D. ;  the  Rev.  Isaac  W.  Joyce, 
now  are,  women  are  not  eligible  as  lay  dele-  D.  D. ;  the  Rev.  John  P.  Newman,  D.  D^ 
gates  in  the  General  Conference."    It  ordered,  LL.  D. ;  the  Rev.  Daniel  A.  Goosell,  D.  D. ; 


METHODISXa  541 

with  the  Rev.  James  M.  Thobnni,  General  Conference, — The  Greneral  Confer- 

)  missionary  bishop  in  India.    An  invi-  ence  of  the  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

as  offered  to  other  evangelical  denomi-  met  at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  May  7.     The  proc- 

to  co-operate  in  the  formation  of  a  Na-  lamation  which  had  been  4nade  since  the  last 

ibbath  Committee.    In  response  to  the  General  Conference  of  the  accomplishment  of 

»ns  of  the  House  of  Bishops  and  the  a  union  between  the  African  Methodist  £pis- 

f  Deputies  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  copal  Church  in  the  United  States  and  the 

on  the  subject  of  the  organic  unity  of  British  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  Canada 

Lrch,  the  Conference  expressed  itself  and  the  West  Indies,  was  ratified  and  con- 

>  fraternize  and  co-operate  with  that  firmed ;   and  the  present  Conference  was  de- 

as  with  all  other  churches  of  the  Lord  clared  to  be  the  legitimate  successor  of  both 

hrist,  and  to  extend  to  it  and  accept  the  uniting  bodies.     Delegates  from  the  con- 

Z/hristian  courtesies;  and  appointed  a  ferences  of   the  British  Methodist  Episcopal 

ion  of  three  persons — one  bishop,  one  Church  were  present  and  were  received  as 

of  an  annual  conference,  and  one  lay-  members  of  the  General  Conference.    Ques- 

onfer  with  other  bodies  on  the  increase  tions  relating  to  property  and  the  state  of  in- 

tian  and  Church  fraternity.  dividual  churches  were  referred  to  the  annual 

etlMdist   Episctpal    Chvch   Sovfh. — ^The  and  quarterly  conferences.    Bishop  Payne  an- 

umber  of  traveling  preachers  in  this  nounced  that  the  church  history  authorized  by 

on  May  1,  1888  was  4,530;    whole  the  General  Conference  of  1848,  upon  which 

of  preachers  and  members,  1,107,456,  he  had  been  engaged  for  forty  years  was  com- 

an  increase  of  41,079  from  the  previ-  ]>leted.    Four  new  bishops  were  elected,  viz., 

;  number  of  churches,  11,864,  having  a  W.  J.  Gaines,  B.  W.  Arnett,  D.  D.,  B.  T.  Tan- 

•bable  value  of  $15,204,888 ;  of  parson-  ner,  D.  D.,  and  A.  Grant. 

.99,  valued  at  $1,269,784.    The  year's  I¥.  Aftkaii  Methodist  EptaMpal  Zlw  Chnrdi.— 

for  home  missions  had  been  $92,426 ;  The  latest  published  statistics  of  this  Church 

ign  missions,   $219,649.     Appropria-  give  the  number  of  itinerant  ministers  as  2,110; 

re  made  for  missions  for  1888-^89,  of  of  local  preachers,  7,710 ;  and  of  lay  members, 

),  with  $25,610  additional  as  contin-  814,000. 

lie  receipts  of  the  Woman's  Foreign  The  expenditures  of  the  Book  Concern  dur- 

iry  Society  for  the  year  ending  April  1  ing  the  past  four  years  were  reported  to  the 

I  $69,729,  and  its  expenditures  $63,088.  General  Conference  to  have  been  $8,363.    The 

ored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  has,  amount  of  its  indebtedness  was  returned  at 

ast  published  reports,  1,729  itinerant  $8,980. 

s,  4,024  local  preachers,  and  165,000  A  rapid  growth  was  reported  for  livingstone 

ibers.  College,  Salisbury,  N.  C.     While  six  years  pre- 

frtan  Hett^dlst  EpisMpal  Chnth. — The  viously  it  had  had  only  three  teachers  and  the 

includes,  according  to  its  latest  pub-  same  number  of  students,  it  had  been  attend- 

atistical  reports,  2,550  itinerant  minis-  ed  during  the  term  just  closed  by  210  students, 

''60  local  preachers,  and  405,000  lay  in  whose  instruction  11  professors  were  em- 

s.  ployed.    The  institution  occupies  an  estate  of 

eport  of  the  Publishing  House  to  the  50  acres,  with  several  buildings,  and  returns 

Conference  showed  that  the  business  a  total  valuation  of  property  and  funds  of 

uadrennial  had  amounted  to  $229,014,  $100,000. 

59  more  than  the  business  of  the  pre-  Thie  African  Mission  returned — at  Brewer- 

adrennial.    The  indebtedness  had  been  ville,  Liberia^  1  elder,  8  deadens,  1  exhorter, 

led  by  more  than  $5,000;  and  the  house  100  members,  67  pupils  in  the  Sunday-school, 

return  of  $28,088  of  assets,  against  and  church  property  valued  at  $800 ;  at  Cape 

'ere  $8,946  of  liabilities.  Palmas  50  persons,  with  2  local  preachers,  who 

inadrennial  educational  report  repre-  have  called  upon  the  missionary  superintend- 

hat  the  educational  institutions  of  the  ent  to  be  admitted  into  the  connection.    The 

were  increasing  in  number  and  power,  missionary,  the  Rev.  Andrew  Cartwright,  was 

)rce  University  had  been  granted  by  empowered  by  the  General  Conference,  to  se- 

islature  of  Ohio  an  appropriation  of  lect  six  native  African  boys  and  girls  to  be 

for  an  industrial  department.    Allen  educated  at  Livingstone  College  at  the  expense 

ty,  Columbia,  S.  C,  returned  200  stu-  of  the  conferences.    A  plan  was  approved  by 

nd  a  debt  of  $4,000.    Paul  Quinn  Col-  the  General  Conference  for  sustaining  one  or 

Eico,  Tex.,  had  in  four  years  enrolled  more  woman  teachers  in  connection  with  the 

lents.    It  had  a  fine  industrial  school.  African  missions  by  means  of  contributions  to 

Brown  College,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  a  young  be  taken  in  the  Sunday-schools.    The  Ladies' 

on,  had  made  a  fine  start,  and  now  reg-  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  returned 

200  students.    Funds  had  been  raised  to  the  General  Conference  receipts  amounting 

the  amount  of  $18,000.  to  $914. 

;oUections  and  contributions  for  the  General  Conference, — The  General  Confer- 

iry  Society  in  four  years  since  the  last  ence  of  the  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion 

Conference  were  nearly  $40,000.  Church  met  in  Newbern,  N.  C,  May  2.    The 


642  METHODISTS. 

bishops  in  their  onadrennial  addrens,  reviewing  open  the  meeting,  he  is  fit  to  close  it*^ 

the  condition  ana  growth  of  the  Ohnrchdnring  bishops  were  made  a  committee  oncritv^ 

the  past  four  years,  represented  the  progress  to  pass  upon  all  literary  work  intended 

of  the  coDferences  and  chorches  in  the  United  pnblication  by  the  Church,  their  deciaon 

States  and  Ontario  as  having  been  very  en-  oe  final.  Two  additional  bishops  were  electee: 

couraging.    Two  new  conferences — the  Texas  the  Rev.  Charles  Calvin    Pettey,  who  i» 

and  South  Georgia — had  been  added.    A  still  General  Secretary  of  the  Connection,  and  d 

more  favorable  report  was  made  of  the  im-  Rev.  Prof.  C.  R.  Harris,  of  Salisbury,   N. 

provement  in  the  spiritual  and  temporal  inter-  A  collection  was  called  for  of  one  cent  frc 

ests  of  the  churches.  There  had  been  a  marked  each  member  in  the  several  pastoral  charge 

advance  in  the  addition  of  energetic  and  work-  for  the  support  of  the  General  Conferences^ 
ing  young  men  to  the  ministry;  also  in  the  in-        ¥•  Methodist  Prttostuit  Chmrdi. — The  statist^ 

crease  and  improvement  of  places  of  worship  of  this  Church,  as  returned  to  the  General  Gc 

and  a  manifestly  greater  interest  in  the  col-  ferenoe  in  May,  show   the  whole  namber 

lection  of  the  general  fund.    The  ministers  members  to  be  145,500 ;  value  of  church  pr^ 

seemed  to  be  seeking  the  fullest  qualification  erty,  $8,342,500;  net  increase  of  members  d^ 

for  their  offices.    A  special  report  was  made  ing  four  years,  12  per  cent. ;  of  propertj^^ 

by  the  bishops  on  the  subject  of  the  negotia-  per  cent 

tions  for  union  with  the  African  Methodist        The  Book  Directory  at  Pittsburg  retoj^^ 

Episcopal  Church,  lamenting  that  the  scheme  the  net  value  of  its  assets  as  $81,492. 

had  received  a  serious  check,  and  that  the  basis  receipts  for  the  last  four  years  had  been  f'lS. 

that  had  been  agreed  upon  by  the  committees  708,   and   the  disbursements  $127,116. 

at  Washington  had  gone  no  further  than  to  periodical  publications  include  the  '^Meifa^^ 

receive  their  approval.    But  the  Church  could  Recorder ''  (weekly)  and  six  papers  for      * 

wait  till  its  sister-church  should  be  ready  to  dren  and  Sunday-schools.     The    ^^Met^^ 

consummate  a  union.    The  report  was  adopted.  Protestant,"  Baltimore,  is  also  under  th^ 

A  board  of  commissioners  having  been  ap-  trol  of  the  Board  of  Publication, 
pointed  by  the  Colored  Methodist  Episcopal        Adrian   College   reported  to   the 

Church  on   the  organic  union    of   the  two  Conference  that  it  had  been  attended, 

churches,  a  like  board  was  appointed  to  meet  the  last  four  years  by  an  average  of  5 

them  and  arrange  terms.    A  provision  was  dents ;  that  its  endowment  funds  amou^^^ 

made,  for  the  first  time  in  the  nistory  of  the  $97,500 ;  that  its  property  was  valued  aC^    ' 

churches,  for  sending  fraternal  delegates  to  the  000 ;  its  museum,  at  $15,000 ;  and  that* 

General  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  debtedness  was  $21,765. 
Church  South.    The  bishops  were  authorized       Mtarieiis — The  receipts  of  the  Board 

to  appoint  delegates  to  the  (Ecumenical  Confer-  sions  for  the  year  ending  April  30  ha. 

ence  of  Methodist  Churches,  which  is  to  be  held  $14,900,  and  the  expenditures  $12,15 

in  the  United  States  in  1891.  receipts  for  the  four  years  had  been 

Resolutions  were  passed  approving  the  ao-  and  the  disbursements  $29,888.    Eigh 

tion  of  various  temperance  societies  and  urging  missionaries  bad  been  employed ;  seve 

ministers  to  organize  local  societies  and  in  sionaries  had  been  sent  abroad  ;  three  c~ 

every  way  to  practice  and  teach  temperance  were  returned  in   Japan,  having   in 

in  the  communities  where  they  may  be  called'  members,  with  565  pupils  in  day  and 

upon  to  labor ;  and  to  preach  several  sermons  schools.    The  property  of  the   missio 

on  the  subject  during  each  year.    A  financial  valued  at  $12,000,  while   $30,000  had 

plan  was  aaopted,  which  is  based  upon  the  as-  spent  upon  it.     A   chapel  was  in  ooi 

sessment  of  fifty  cents  a  year  upon  adult  mem-  erection  at  Yokohama, 
hers,  with  encouragement  to  children  under        General  CoT^erenee,-^The  fifteenth  q 

fifteen  years  of  age  to  contribute  according  to  nicd  Genercd  Conference  of  the  Methodist^^^ 

their  ability  to  the  general  fund.    The  ^*  Hand-  estant  Church  met  in  Adrian,  Mich.,  M^ 

book  of  the  Discipline,'*  which  the  General  The  Rev.  David  Jones,  of  Pittsburg,  P^*— • 

Conference  had  authorized  Bishop  Jones  to  chosen  president    The  commission  appc::^ 

prepare,  being  submitted,  was  approved,  and  at  a  previous  General  Conference  to  c^ 

an  edition  of  it  was  ordered  published.     A  with  a  similar  commission  of  the  Cumb^^ 

course  of  study  for  candidates  for  the  minis-  Presbyterian  Church,  reported  that  no 

try,  to  occupy  four  years,   was  adopted.    A  ence  of  creed  or  polity  stood  in  the  way 

committee  was  appointed  to  visit  the  Book-  organic  union  oi  the  two  bodies.     A 

Rooms  in  New  York  and  select  the  best  and  was  also  presented  of  a  conference  tha 

cheapest  works  on  theology,  church  history,  been  held  with  the  Congregational  Metb 

and  other  subjects  pertaining  to  the  work  and  of  Alabama,  on  the  subject  of  union, 

qualificationsof  the  ministry.    To  the  question  had  been  attended  with  no  practical 

presented  to  it,  whether  a  class-leader,  con-  Both  reports  were  referred  to  a  special 

ductor  of  a  prayer-meeting,  and  a  superintend-  mittee,  which  subsequently  made  an  ad**^ 

ent  in  the  Sunday-school  may,  in  the  absence  report  on  the  subject,  in  which,  while  r^ 

of  the  minister,  pronounce  the  benediction,  nizing  the  fraternal  character  of  the  comir:^ 

the  Conference  replied  "  Yes ;  if  he  is  fit  to  cations  as  a  favorable  indication,  it  afB 


METHODISTS.  643 

Methodist  Protestant  Obnrch  dahns,  Christian  men  phonld  rise  above  party  prejn- 

;on  for  distinct  denominational  exist-  dices  and  sectional,  jealousy,  and  give  their 

irtain  distinct  fundamental  principles,  suffrage  to  any  party  which  has  for  its  object 

dch  a  departure  in  the  least  degree  the  protection  of  our  hornet  by  the  destruction 

^olve  interests  and  questions  of  vital  of  the  unholy  traffic."     The  Conference  re- 

<;e,  not  only  within  our  denominational  fused  to  empower  pastors  of  churches  when 

also  with  our  common  Methodism  unordained  to  administer  the  ordinances,  and 

-nt  the  world.    To  abandon,  or  even  to  allow  supernumerary  and  superanuated  min- 

a  want  of  confidence  in  these  princi-  isters  to  be  represented  by  laymen  in  the  an- 

^  time  when  there  is  a  strong  senti-  nual  conferences.    A  committee  was  appointed 

'the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  now  to  formulate  from  the  articles  of  religion,  as 

Lg   ^tiem  to  the  adoption  of  the  views  of  found  in  the  "Discipline*'  of  the  Methodist 

B^h^^rs  upon  the  subject  of  church  polity,  Protestant  Church  for  1880,  and  from  the  rec- 

id  \>^  to  commit  a  grievous  blunder,  that  ognized  standards  of  doctrine  known  as  Wes- 

gec^    'vonld  be  equivalent  to  blotting  out  leyan  Arminianism,  articles  of  faith,  its  work 

lustOT-y  in  the  past,  and  a  tacit  acknowl-  to  be  completed  by  June  1,  1890,  referred  to 

emep.t;   that  the  early  reformers  were  in  the  annual  conferences  at  their  next  ensuing 

t  mlst;aken,  if  not  entirely  wrong,  in  the  meetings  for  acceptance  or  rejection,  with  criti- 

dtion    -they  had  announced  and  defended."  cisms  by  the  rejecting  conferences ;  returned  to 

e  committee  was  further  of  the  opinion  that,  the  committee  for  revision  and  perfecting ;  and 

long  as  the  question  of  organic  union  was  referred  to  the  ensuing  General  Conference.    A 

der  tlie  consideration  of  the  General  Confer-  cheap  edition  of  the  **  Discipline  "  was  ordered 

oe,  the   Church  would  be  in  continual  con-  printed,  copies  of  it  to  be  given  to  members 

«on  and  unrest,  and  the  church-work  would  when  they  join  the  Church.     Arrangements 

biodered ;  and  that,  in  case  any  changes  in  were  ordered  for  the  representation  of  the 

^  fundamental   laws  or  doctrines    of   the  Methodist  Protestant  Church  in  the  ^'  (Ecu- 

^'^b  should  be  required  and  attempted  for  menical  Conference  of  Methodists,"  to  be  held 

^ke  of  union,  causes  would  be  opened  for  in  the  United  States  in  1891.    The  Conference 

^'^op  in  regard  to  Church  property  and  the  resolved  to  be  represented  in  the  National 

•osition  of  trust  funds,  which  would  be  de-  Convention  on  Sabbath  Observance  which  was 

eta  ve  of  the  very  object  for  which  organic  proposed  by  the  General  Conference  of  the 

'V^®  proposed.    It  therefore  recommended  Meuiodist  Episcopal  Church.      An   overture 

™*"ther  overtures  on  the  subject  should  was  approved,  to  be  sent  to  the  annual  con- 

^      Tbe  report  was  adopted  by  the  Confer-  ferences,  contemplating  such  a  change  in  the 

-A.   proposition  to  authorize  women  to  constitution  as  would  grant  the  power  to  the 

'^  ^^'fts  disposed  of  by  declaring  that  the  annual  conferences  to  license  women  to  preach. 

!^^^  action  involved  a  change  in  the  con-  ¥1.  Piteitlfe  MctlMdlsIs  in  the  United  Sdit«»— 

^^ix     of  the  Church  which  the  General  The  Primitive  Methodists  are  represented  in 

"^Hce  had  no  power  to  make.    Ministers  the  United  States  by  two  conferences — the 

^^^l>idden  to  celebrate  the  marriage  of  Eastern  and  the  Western  Conferences — which 

"^^    I>ersons  who  had  violated  their  mar-  maintain  fraternal  relations  with  each  other, 

'^^^^s.    The  marriage  ritual  was  amended  and  with  other  Primitive  Methodist  bodies,  but 

^^^ixig  provisions  for  the  use  of  rings,  and  are  substantially  independent.     The  Eastern 

'I^^^xises  by  the  parties.    It  was  ordered  Conference  met  in  its  sixteenth  session  at  Tam- 

[^_2»fer8  of  ministers,  though  signed  by  aqua.  Pa.,  May  1,  the  Rev.  J.  A.  McGreaham 

J^^^^ent,  should  not  entitle  the  person  presiding.    Its  statistical  report  gave  the  fol- 


to  membership  in  another  annual  lowing  numbers :  Ministers,  85 ;  local  preach- 

^^  -   without  a  vote  of  that  body  accept-  ers,  110;  full  members,  2,626;  probationers, 

^^^Hsfer.  The  phraseology  of  the  Apos-  47Y;    class -leaders,   69;    Sunday-schools,  68, 

c^^^   was  modified  by  striking  out  the  with  940  officers  and  teachers,  and  6,607  pu- 


Q^oly  Catholic  Church,"  and  inserting  pils;  valuation  of  church  property,  $195,216; 
^^.^T>l ace  "Universal  Christian  Church."  debt  on  church  property,  154,678;  valuation 
^?    ^>f  Home  Missions  was  constituted,    of  Sunday-school  property,  $4,006;  amounts 


T>1  ace  "Universal  Christian  Church."  debt  on  church  property,  $54,678;  valuation 

;    ^>f  Home  Missions  was  constituted,  of  Sunday-school  property,  $4,006;  amounts 

j^^'^^eling  secretary  to  be  supported  by  raised   toward    improvements,   etc.,   $18,918. 

^^'ences,  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  The  business  of  the  Book-Room  was  balanced 

^^Pport  of  weak  churches  and  founding  at  $4,247.    The  Western  Conference  met  at 

^^       On  the  subject  of  temperance,  the  DodgeviUe,  Wis.,  May  23,  the  Rev.  John  Ralph 

^^^^^  resolved :  "That  we  are  unalterably  presiding.    The  following  is  a  summary  of  the 

to  any  form  of  license,  high  or  low,  as  statistics :   Number  of  ministers,   20,  with  1 

^      ^^^ng  in  principle  and  pernicious  in  superannuate;  of  local  preachers,  64;  of  class- 

^      ^  that  any  minister  or  any  member  leaders,  73 ;  of  approved  members,  1,707,  with 

^  -*^^^  buys,  sells,  or  signs  a  petition  for  140  on  trial;  of  churches,  40,  with  26  other 

sJ*^.^  Bell,  or  gives  to  others  as  a  beverage  preaching-places ;  of  Sunday-schools,  40,  with 

^1  ^/^^^ous  or  malt  liquor,  is  guilty  of  im-  889  teachers  and  2,820  pupils ;  value  of  church 

^\^^  ^nd  shall  be  dealt  with  accordingly,  property,  $62,620 ;  indebtedness  on  the  same, 

^{ftxy^tteve  that  the  time  has  fuUy  come  when  $8,112 ;  contributions  for  mission  fund,  $752. 


544 


METHODISTS. 


ni.  Methodist  Chnreh  tf  Ouiadju— This  Chnrch 
comprises  a  General  GonfereDce,  which  meets 
every  three  years,  and  eleven  annual  confer- 
ences. The  statistics  for  1887  gave  it  1,558 
traveling  preachers,  1,162  local  preachers, 
194,761  members,  and  16,847  probationers. 
The  statistics  of  1888,  not  completed  in  time 
for  this  publication,  indicated,  so  far  as  they 
had  been  made  up,  an  increase  of  more  than 
15,000  members,  and  a  total  of  2,871  Sunday- 
schools,  with  27,209  officers  and  teachers,  and 
197,538  pupils. 

Till.  Wesleyan  CoueetiM.  —  The  summaries 
published  with  the  minutes  of  the  Conference 
for  1888  give  the  following  totals  of  members 
(including  those  on  trial)  and  ministers  (includ- 
ing probationers  and  supernumeraries)  in  the 
British  and  affiliated  Conferences : 


CONFERENCES. 


Great  Britain 

Ireland 

France 

South  Africa , 

West  Indies .. 

Forei^  mission  stations 


Total 


Mod  ban. 


448,056 
26,9ftl 
1,541 
84  929 
46,588 
87,176 


594,241 


Mlnlsten. 


1,982 
284 

80 
166 

87 
858 


2,852 


The  numbers  of  ministers  and  members  in 
the  Australasian  Wesleyan  Methodist  Church 
and  the  Methodist  Church  of  Canada  are  given 
in  the  minutes  of  their  respective  conferences. 
The  whole  number  of  declared  Wesleyans  in 
the  regular  army,  mUitia,  and  Royal  Navy,  at 
home  and  abroad,  is  given  at  16,660.  The 
whole  number  of  day  scholars  in  843  school 
departments  was  178,918,  with  an  average  at- 
tendance of  188,813;  total  income  of  day 
schools  (from  school-pence,  Government  grants, 
subscriptions,  etc.),  £240,760;  total  expend- 
iture, £246,377.  There  were  also  228  stu- 
dents in  the  two  training  colleges,  the  West- 
minster for  young  men  (114)  and  the  Short- 
lands  for  young  women  (109).  The  number 
of  Sunday-schools  in  Great  Britain  was  6,851, 
with  128,752  officers  and  teachers  and  908,719 
pupils.  The  whole  number  of  children  re- 
ceived at  the  Children's  Home  and  Orphanage 
up  to  the  end  of  March,  1888  was  2,300,  of 
whom  1,472  had  been  provided  for  and  64  had 
died.  The  Temperance  Committee  returned 
8,344  Bands  of  Hope,  with  339,065  enrolled 
members,  and  520  adult  temperance  societies, 
with  32,389  members. 

A  tendency  was,  however,  noticed  to  ignore 
the  principle  on  which  the  Wesleyan  Metho- 
dist Temperance  Society  is  founded — the  co- 
operation of  abstainers  and  non-abstainers. 

Missionary  Society, — The  annual  meeting 
of  the  Wesleyan  Missionary  Society  was  held 
in  London,  April  30.  Mr.  Isaac  Hoyle,  M.  P., 
presided.  The  total  income  of  the  society  for 
the  year  had  been  £131,867,  and  the  total  ex- 
penditure, £187,967.  The  reports  from  the 
mission  fields  showed  that  the  increase  in  the 
number  of  chapels  had  been  114;  of  mission- 
aries, 9 ;  of  paid  agents,  175 ;  of  unpaid  agents, 


208;  of  full  members,  1,037;  of  members 
trial,  577;  and  of  pupils,  1,508.  Favoi 
accotmts  were  given  in  the  report  of  the  £ci^ 
pean  missions — in  France,  Germany,  Bavai^ 
Bohemia,  Italy,  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Utum 
A  Moslem  mission  had  been  established  J 
Cairo,  Egypt.  Reviews  of  the  missionw^ 
work  in  Ceylon,  India,  China,  the  Transvfe  - 
the  west  coast  of  Africa,  and  the  West  lad^ 
were  also  given  in  the  report. 

The  following  general  summary  was  gi\^ 
of  the  missions  under  the  immediate  direcir.^ 
of  the  Wesleyan  Missionary  Committee 
British  Conference,  in  Europe,  India,  C\t::f 
West  Africa,  the  Transvaal,  British  Bonder 
and  the  Bahamas : 

Central  or  principal  stattons,  called  drealts 

Chapels  ana  other  preaehing-placee 

Miflsionariea  and  assistant  missionaries,  incladiog  sa- 

pemumerarles 

Other  paid  agents  (catechisis,  interpreters,  daj-sduMi 

teachers,  etc) 

Unpaid  agents  (local  preachers,  Sonday-school  tescb- 

ers,  etc.) ^ 

Full  and  accredited  church-members ffl 

On  trial  for  church  membership < 

Pupils  attending  either  the  Sunday  or  day  schools...         m 

Conference, — The  Wesleyan  Conference  nw 
in  its  one  hundred  and   fifteenth  sessioo  it 
Camborne,  July  24.    The  Rev.  Joseph    Bash 
was  chosen  president.    A  committee  to  wbitb 
the  subject  had  been  referred  by  the  previous 
Conference  made  a  report  in  which  it  re^- 
nized  that  various  causes,  some  of  them  P^- 
taining  to  social  life,  militated  against  eoforcuig 
the  rule  making  attendance  upon  class-meetiog' 
a  test  of  membership,  and  suggested  certiu 
modifications  in  the  system.    A  committee  w« 
appointed  to  continue  the  inquiry  daring  |"* 
year.   A  proposition  was  discussed  for  chang>"<? 
the  order  of  the  sessions  of  the  Conferenc^^ 
that  the  "  representative  session,"  in  which  w 
members  participate,  and  which  has  charge^ 
the  general  business,  shall  precede  the   P«^ 
toral  session,"  which  is  composed  wholl/  ^ 
ministers,  and  conducts  the  ecclesiastical  ^ 
disciplinary  proceedings.    The  subject  was  ^ 
ferred  to  a  committee  representing  the  t^ 
orders,  and  to  the  district  meetings  of  ^' 
isters  and  laymen.    HbQ  reports  from  the  di^ 
trict  meetings  held  in  May  showed  that  to« 
greater  number  of  the  thirty-five  district*  h*^ 
united  in  protest  against  the  "oompenaati^ 
clauses"  of  the  local  government  bill  TW 
committee  of  the  Conference  had  united  «i^^ 
the  "Central  Committee  for  the  Prevention oi 
the  Demoralization  of  the  Native  Races  hy  tw 
Liquor  Traffic"  in  inviting  the  attention  oi 
Parliament  to  the  "  persistent  efforts  made  b! 
civilized  countries  to  introduce  the  sale  of  ^* 
and  pernicious  spirits  and  intoxicating  li<)°^f^ 
under  Government  sanction,  into  our  coloni^ 
and  dependencies."    The  Conference  referrw 
back  to  the  Committee  of  Privileges  the  qnc^ 
tion  of  the  introduction  into  Parliament  of  a 
bill  to  relieve  non-conformists  from  the  pr^ 
ence  of  the  registrar  at  marriages  celebrated  ij 
their  places,  with  instructions  to  consider  the 


METHODISTS.  545 

n  and  act  accordingly.  The  ration  of  a  systematic  method  for  training  na- 
s  farther  aathorized  to  secure  tive  missionaries  in  Africa,  and  for  the  defini- 
on  of  a  bill  to  enable  non-con-  tion  of  their  relation  to  the  Conference, 
[aire  sites  for  places  for  worship  X»  UaitMl  MctiMNlist  Free  Chirches. — The  follow- 
ed can  not  be  obtained  otherwise  ing  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  this  Church 
3zercise  of  compulsory  powers,  as  they  were  reported  to  the  Annual  Assembly 
was  approved  of  that  all  needful  in  June,  1888  ;  number  of  ministers,  874 ;  of 
d  be  given  for  the  compulsory  local  preachers,  3,846;  of  class-leaders,  4,014; 
at  of  chapels  erected  on  lease-  of  members,  76,786 ;  of  persons  on  trial  for 
le  committee  was  further  direct-  membership,  8,476 ;  of  chapels,  1,871 ;  of  Son- 
ic necessary  steps  to  secure  an  day-schools,  1,858.  The  income  of  the  Chapel 
he  burial  laws  amendment  act,  Relief  fund  had  been  £841,  and  its  expenditure 
ih  the  length  of  the  necessary  £470.  During  the  past  twelve  months  18  chap- 
ition  to  bury  may  be  reduced,  if  els  had  been  completed,  75  enlarged,  and  15 
elve  hours.  It  was  also  author^-  school-rooms  has  been  built;  while  debts  had 
ch  an  amendment  in  the  law,  or  been  reduced  by  £28,606.  The  receipts  from 
tration,  as  shall  secure,  within  the  Commemorative  fund  for  the  year  had  been 
lits,  the  uninterrupted  right  of  £8,728,  making  the  total  raised  by  this  fund 
pnblic  thoroughfares  and  open  for  Connectional  and  local  objects  of  £26,422. 
sion  was  made  for  considering,  The  sales  from  the  Book-Room  had  amounted 
ir,  the  electoral  disadvantages  to  to  £6,062,  and  its  profits  to  £840. 
m  ministers  are  ;3ubject  in  conse-  The  Annnal  Assembly  met  at  Manchester, 
itinerancy,  and  for  taking  such  July  10.  The  Rev.  Thomas  Wakefield  was 
be  advisable  for  having  them  re-  chosen  president.  A  resolution  was  adopted 
mmittee  was  appointed  to  con-  expressing  a  desire  that  the  question  of  union 
igislative  measures  affecting  Wes-  might  still  engage  the  attention  of  the  various 
ool  education,  and  to  take  such  Methodist  bodies,  and  that  friendly  feeling 
be  deemed  desirable.  Favorable  might  be  cultivated  in  every  way.  The  Con- 
received  from  several  *^  middle-  nectional  Committee  was  authorized  to  take 
,  and  efforts  were  decided  upon  such  steps  as  might  seem  expedient  to  give 
)  number  of  such  schools.  effect  to  the  resolution.  A  scheme  was  adopt- 
)  Metb«4lBt  Chvch. — The  statisti-  ed  for  the  organization  of  a  Connectional  fire- 
this  Church  in  1888  give  it  1,041  insurance  society.  A  resolution  bearing  upon 
iters,  16,219  local  preachers,  and  the  report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Educa- 
ers.  tion  aeprecated  sectarianism  in  the  schools 
imount  of  gifts  for  the  year  to  supported  from  national  funds,  and  expressed 
nal  funds,  was  returned  to  the  the  opinion  that  all  public  elementary  schools 
}  £9,000.  The  Book-Room  re-  should  be  nnder  the  control  of  the  parents  and 
)  business  of  nearly  £41,500,  with  rate-payers. 

f  more  than  £9,000.    The  Con-  The  annual  meeting  in  behalf  of  the  United 

ranee  Society  had  invested  £12,-  Methodist  Free  Churches^  Home  and  Foreign 

Mission  was  held  in  London,  April  28.  The 
ve  Methodist  Conference  met  in  income  of  the  missions  for  the  year  had  been 
le  6.  The  Rev.  Thomas  Whitta-  £21,876,  and  the  expenditures,  £21,498.  Re- 
en  president.  The  subject  of  port  was  made  of  the  condition  of  the  mission- 
>n  was  favorably  considered,  and  ary  work  in  East  and  West  Africa,  Jamaica, 
je  decided  to  inquire  whether  China,  and  the  colonies, 
could  not  ke  secured  with  one  The  Rev.  T.  Wakefield  was  present,  after 
Methodist  bodies.  The  General  having  served  for  twenty-five  years  in  the  East 
Committee  was  instructed  to  ap-  African  missions,  and  reviewed  their  progress 
itatives  to  assist  in  arranging  during  the  seven  years  since  he  had  last  visited 
menical  Methodist  Conference  *^  England.  Three  new  mission-stations  had  been 
roposed  to  hold  in  the  United  opened  in  East  Africa,  and  the  number  of  ad- 
.  The  Committee  of  Privileges  herents  had  been  more  than  doubled.  Aprint- 
1  the  steps  which  it  had  taken  ing-oflice  had  been  established,  and  a  book 
h  other  Methodist  bodies  to  se-  containing  three  hundred  hymns  had  been 
tive  action  on  public  questions  translated  into  one  of  the  African  dialects, 
r  common  rights  and  privileges  The  gospel  of  St.  Matthew  had  been  translated 
)lved.  The  care  of  the  Connec-  into  the  Eanika  language.  Most  important  of 
ary  enterprises  was  taken  from  all,  the  original  purpose  of  the  society  had 
»nnectional  Committee  and  given  been  carried  out  m  the  founding  of  a  mission 
mmittee  of  fifty  members,  which  to  the  Gallas. 

tings  fortnightly  in  London  and  XL  Methodist  Hew  ConnectlM* — The  statistical 

uch  large  towns  as  may  be  ap-  reports  of  this  body,  as  presented  to  the  Con- 

ime  to  time,  with  local  district  ference  in  June,  show  thnt,  without  the  Aus- 

Steps  were  taken  for  the  prepa-  tralian  churches,  it  has  512  chapels,  189  minis- 
:vin. — 86  A 


646  METHODISTS. 

tera,  1,270  local  preachers,  80,878  membera,  ditnres  £7,689.    A  favorable  report  w 

with  5,096  persoQs  on  trial  for  membership,  ceived  from  the  missions  in  Aastraliiif 

and  475  Sondaj-schools,  with  11,821  teachers  the  first  conference  in  Victoria  had  beei 

and  85,872  papils.  in  February.     The  missions  in  CluDa 

The  income  of  the  Mission  fund  was  £5,878,  prosecuted  vigorously, 
or  £225  less  than  the  income  of  the  previous        The  seventy -ninth  Conference  met  ii 

year,  while  the  expenditure  had  been  £6,405.  don,  July  31.    The  Rev.  J.  O.  Keen, 

The  receipts  of  the  Paternal  fund  had  been  was  chosen    president.      A  motion  re 

£3,189.    Tbe  capital  of  the  Trustees  Mutual  certain  limitations  by  which  the  power 

Insurance  fund  stood  at  £3,138 ;  that  of  the  Conference  to  appoint  a  minister  for 

Chapel  and  Loan  fund,  at  £6,855.     Tbe  re-  than  four  years  to  the  same  circuit  wi 

ceipts   for    the    Beneficent    fund    had    been  restricted,  was  defeated,  and  the  Coni 

£2,478 ;  for  the  College,  £778 ;  for  the  Con-  decided  that  it  would  be  unwise  to  in 

tingent  fund,  £665 ;  and  the  total  net  amount  with  the  existing  rule  in  view  of  tbe 

raised  for  Connectional  funds  was  £13,388.  decision  of  the  whole  denomination  agai 

The  ninety-second  Methodist  New  Connec-  "  extension  of  the  time  limit." 
tion  Conference,  met  in  Hanley,  June  11.   The       Xlll.  Wedeyai  Rtftm  UnlM. — ^This  be 

Rev.  T.  T.  Rushwortli  was  chosen  president.  18  itinerant  ministers  and  8,574  member 

A  scheme  was  approved  for  establishing  a  Conference  met  at  Bakewell,  July  21. 

General  Committee  of  Privileges,  representing  increase  of  237  members  and  714  pa 

all  the  Methodist  bodies  in  the  country,  for  the  Sunday-schools  was  reported. 

Sorpose  of    watching  over  the  interests    of       XIV.   Aistralashui  Methodist  Geicnl  Cm 

Lethodism  as  they  are  afiected  by  social  and  — This  body,  which  is  coinposed  of  tb 

political  infiuences  and  events ;  of  taking  com-  South  Wales,  Victoria  and  Tasmania,  ao 

mon  counsel ;  and  of  acting,  when  desirable,  Zealand  Conferences,  returned  for  1881 

with  combined  authority  with  reference  to  tal  of  580  ministers  and  79,477  lay  mc 

such  matters.    Provision  was  made  for  having  of  whom  7,692  were  "  on  trial."    The  ( 

the  Connection  represented  in  such  a  commit-  Conference  met  in  Melbourne,  May  9 

tee,  should  it  be  formed.    In  reply  to  a  com-  Rev.  J.  C.  Symons  was  chosen  presiden 

rounication  from  the  United  Methodist  Free  most  urgent  question  to  be  considers 

Churches,  the  Conference  expressed  its  desire  that  of  the  difficulties  in  Tonga.    In 

to  co-operate  in  every  possible  form  of  recog-  quence  of  certain  personal  and  politici 

nition  and  action  that  can  strengthen  the  bonds  culties,  the  Church  in  Tonga  had  been  < 

of  brotherhood,  and  recommended  joint  cele-  about  three  years  before,  and  an  indep 

bration  of  ordinances,  interchange  of  pulpits,  church  had  been  formed,  still  Metho 

and  the  improvement  of  other  opportunities  of  doctrine  and  policy,  but  rejecting  the  • 

intercourse  and  fraternal  greeting.    A  propo-  of  the  Australian  (New  South  Wales)  ( 

sition  submitted  by  the  previous  conference  ence,  carrying  with  it  about  16,000  m 

for  setting  apart  a  minister  as  an  evangelist  of  the  original  body,  and  having  the  ro 

had  been  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  cir-  fiuence  on  its  side.    The  separation  ha 

cuita,  and  was  carried  into  effect.    The  ap-  accompanied  by  a  serious  persecution 

Sroval  of  the  Conference  was  given  to  the  adherents  of  the  original  organization. 

fon-Conformist  Marriage  Bill ;  and  its  objec-  attempts  to  negotiate  for  a  settlement 

tions  were  expressed  against  any  recommenda-  difficulty,  the  Government  bad  insiste 

tions  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Education  the  removal  of  the  official  represents 

that  would  strengthen  the  denominational  use  the  Conference,  the  Rev.  J.  A.  Moulton. 

of  public  moneys,  or  weaken  the  '^  Conscience  pliance  with  this  condition  had  been  i 

Clause  "  in  public  elementary  schools.    A  reso-  The  debate  in  the  General  Conference  i 

lution  was  passed  remonstrating  against  the  that  a  considerable  difference  concerni 

publication  of  sporting  reports  and  demoraliz-  proper  course  to  be  adopted   existed 

ing  serial  stories  by  the  newspapers.     The  that  body.    A  decision  was  reached  t 

committee  of  the  Connectional  Temperance  the  Rev.  George  Brown  as  a  coromissi( 

Union  reported  that  it  included  268  bands,  Tonga,  with  instructions  to  inquire  and 

with  nearly  40,000  members.  upon  the  best  means  of  securing  honora 

XII.  BlMe  Cbristlaii  CMnectlM. — The  statistics  lasting  reunion  with  the  *^  Free  Chard 

of  this  denomination,  as  presented  to  the  Con-  generally  to  draw  up  a  scheme  for  tbe 

ference  in  July,  showed  that  there  were  on  nent  settlement  of  affairs  there ;  tbe  n 

the  home  stations,  145  itinerant   preachers,  his  efforts  to  be  submitted  to  a  commit 

1,471  local  preachers,  588  chapels,  41  preach-  Tongan  affairs,  and  through  it,  **  and  wit 

ing-places,  24,574  full  members,  574  members  modifications  ns  it  may  deem  necessary/ 

on  trial,  248  juvenile  members,  7,191  Sunday-  annual  conferences  next  ensuing,  and, 

school  teachers  and  38,525  pupils  in  Sunday-  prove<l  by  a  m^ority  of  them,  to  be  » 

schools,   and  that  8,496  members  had  been  by  the  General  Conference.     Applical 

added  during  the  year.    The  receipts  of  the  the   New    Zealand   Conference  for  ai 

chapel  fund  had  been  £24,695.    Tbe  receipts  pendent  organization  was  refused.    T 

for  missions  had  been  £7,012,  and  the  expen-  with   reference  to  attending  class -n: 


^ 


MEXICO.  547 

ed  hy  snbstitating  the  words  *^  are  that,  even  if  it  should  be  inclined  to  do  so,  the 

[vised  "  for  **  are  required "  in  the  transaction  coald  not  be  carried  oat,  because 

I  the  discipline  upon  the  snlject.  there  is  no  power  nnder  the  Oonstitution  aa- 

bidlaM  (Wcsteyai)  CIcMnl  Ctiiferaice.  thorizing  the  transfer  of  national  property. 

y  is  composed  of  the  Eastern  and  Treaty* — The  Japanese  minister,  Mr.  Mutsn, 

innaal  Conferences.     The  reports  and    the   Mexican   minister,   Sefior   Romero, 

;o  the  General  Conference  showed  signed,  at  Washington,  early  in  December,  1888, 

iladed  52,598  members,  of  whom  a  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce  between  their 

imior  members,  and  2,087  are  ''  on  respective  countries,  subject  to  ratification  by 

rest  being  "full  members."    The  their    governments.     Heretofore  there  have 

sssion  of  the  General  Conference  been  no  diplomatic  relations  between  the  two 

^:inning  March  20.  countries. 

i  AlHeaa  CMferciM  rWcsteyn).— This  Ffauneer— The  proceeds  of  the  £10,500,000 

met  at  King  William *s  Town,  in  6-per-cent.  loan,  negotiated  at  Berlin,  have  been 

3  Rev.  William  Tyndall  presided,  applied  in  part  to  buying  up,  at  40  per  cent., 

ics  for  the  year  showed  the  number  the  bonds  issued  nnder  the  English  conversion 

preachers  to  be  89 ;  of  local  preach-  debt  arrangement,  the  remainder,  over  $16,- 

id  of  members,  45,124.  000,000  in  gold,  being  applied  to  canceling  the 

a  confederated  republic  of  North  debt  the  Government  owed  the  National  Bank, 

area,  761,640  square  miles.     It  is  The  American  debt  has  meanwhile  been  can- 

>  twenty-seven  States,  one  Federal  celed,  so  as  to  leave  only  $300,000  unpaid, 

d  one  Territory  (Lower  California).  The  consolidated  internal  debt,  on  June  30, 

ition  is  about  11,000,000,  19  per  1888,  amounted  to  $16,052,000.    The  floating 

:  whites,  88  pure  Indians,  and  48  debt  was  of  equal  amount,  bearing  no  interest. 

f  mixed  races.    The  cities  of  over  The  budget  for  1888-'89  estimated  the  income 

bitants  were  in  1888:  Mexico,  850,-  at  $87,900,000,  and  the  outlay  at  $88,587,289. 

la,  112,000;   Guadalajara,  95,000;  The  report  of  the  Minister  of  Finance  for 

DO;    Guanajuato,  52,000;    M^rida,  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1887,  was  pub- 

n  Luis  Potosi,  85,000 ;  Zacatecas,  lished  on  Feb.  18,  1888,  and  reads  as  follows: 

'Z^%\^?'Ta  W.n  ^  v*'   r®'T  '  The  Fedend  revenues  were  $82,126,609.    Deduct- 

251 :  Saltillo,  26,000 ;  Moreha,  25,-  jn^  $958,156  of  the  part  collected  in  credits  of  the 

\  Oalientes,  22,000 ;   Vera  Cruz,  21 ,-  public  debt  throuifh  the  purchaae  of  waste  lands  and 

ba,  20,500;   Pachuca,  20,200;  and  nationalized  properties,  there  results  as  the  net  amount 

)  iQQ^  received  $81,168,852^  or  $8,857,448  more  than  the  col- 

*      tVa  T^m^^A^^i^  ;<!  n«^  T>^««.:^  lection  of  the  previous  year,  when  the  net  income 

t.-_The  President  IS  Don  Porfino  ^^jy  ,^^^  $^7,810,909 ;  and,  even  comparing  this 

3  term  of  office  will  expire  on  Dec.  product  with  the  most  favorable  one  of  the  last  quin- 

is  Cabinet  is  composed  of  the  fol-  quennium,  which  was  the  fiscal  year  1882-'88,  it  still 

listers :    Foreign   Relations,  Seflor  exceeds  that  by  $882^878.    The  principal  causes  of 

-iscAl-  War    Gen   Pedro  Hinninnfi*  *^**  increase  of  receipts  may  be  found  (1)  in  the 

3r^.       p  ^if  ^     T  ^-     ^  f   '  collection  of  import  duties,  which  in  this  fiscal  year 

•ks,  Gen.  Pachew);  Justice,  Seflor  rose  to  $17,268/60,  while  in  the  previous  year  they 

panda ;  Finance,  Seflor  Manuel  Du-  did  not  exceed  $14,852,980 ;  (2)  in  the  receipts  from 

ior,  Seflor  Manuel  Romero  Rubio.  stamps,  which  reached  $7,588,150,  when  in  the  pre- 

ill  be  called  upon  at  its  next  session  ^^<>^»  y^^  ^^fy  P^^y  P^^^ J^;®22^t^®  5  (»)  in  the 

a  new  Cabinet  office,  that  of  Min-  ""^^  ^  ^"^  "^"^'  ^**^^  ^nelded  $885,560. 

9ts  and  Telegraphs.    The  Minister  The  official  Government  organ,  in  its  issue  of 

»d  States  is  Sefior  Matias  Romero :  Dec.  5, 1888,  contained  a  decree  of  November 

states  Minister  at  Mexico  is  Edward  80,  through  the  provisions  of  which  the  import 

tie  Consnl-General  at  Mexico  Flaw-  duties  were  to  be  raised  2  per  cent.,  the  pro- 

s ;  at  Matamoras,  Warner  P.  Sut-  ceeds  to  be  set  aside  toward  defraying  the  cost 

)xican  Vice-Consul  at  New  York  is  of  harbor  improvements, 

o  Laviada  y  Peon ;  the  Consul  at  A  7-per-cent.  £400,000  loan  was  floated  in 

,  Don  Manuel  Trevifio ;  the  Con-  London  for  account  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  to 

at  San  Francisco,  Don  Alejandro  provide  means  for  the  finishing  of  the  Tesquis- 

at  New  Orleans,  Don  Manuel  G.  quiac  tunnel  for  draining  the  valley  of  Mexico. 

The  net  profits  realize<l  by  the  National  Bank 

laericaa  icqidsltlfe  •f  Uwer  Ctttfor^  in  1887  were  $1,288,864,  agamst  $1,128,758 

inderveer,  of  California,  introduced,  netted  in  1886,  the  dividends  declared  being 

,  1889,  a  joint  resolution  in  the  $880,000,  against  $800,000. 

epresentatives  at  Washington,  re-  Ar«y  and  Navy. — The  army  of  the  republic 

)  President  to  open  negotiations  consisted,  on  June  80, 1888,  of  19,466  infantry, 

for  the  cession  of  Lower  Califor-  with  1,110  officers;   6,095  cavalry,  with  465 

nited  States.     When  asked  about  officers;  1,688  artillery,  with  128  officers;  and 

of  consummating  such  cession,  Mr.  2,768  gendarmes,  with  247  officers — together, 

Mexican  minister,  replied  that  his  81,967.    The  navy  consisted  of  five  gun-boats. 

had  no  disposition  or  inclination  Pwtel  Service.— The  number  of  post-offices  of 

)ortioa  of  Mexican  territory,  and  the  first  class  in  1877  was  800;  minor  ones, 


1 


548 


MEXICO. 


724.  In  the  interior  22,885,092  letters  and 
postal-cards  were  handled  in  that  year,  while 
the  namber  of  international  letters  forwarded 
was  1,345,720.  The  service  employed  during 
the  year  1,528  persons,  the  receipts  amounting 
to  $749,967,  and  the  expenses  $857,424.  Ar- 
rangements were  nearly  completed  in  January, 
1889,  for  a  packet-post  between  France  and 
Mexico. 

About  the  success  of  the  foreign  parcel-post 
between  the  United  States,  Mexico,  and  other 
American  countries,  Mr.  Bell,  the  Superin- 
tendent of  Foreign  Mails  in  the  United  States, 
reports  as  follows :  ^^  The  effect  of  these  con- 
Tentions  has  been  to  remove  the  restrictions 
which  previously  existed ;  and  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  it  will  continae  to  augment  largely 
the  trade  relations  with  those  countries  with- 
out imposing  additional  burdens  on  the  postal 
revenue  of  the  United  States.  The  conclusion 
of  the  parcel-post  convention  with  Mexico  is 
of  special  iroportunce,  as  that  country,  with  its 
large  population  and  with  rapidly  developing 
industries,  naturally  looks  to  the  United  States 
for  every  possible  aid  in  strengthening  the 
bonds  of  commercial  relations  between  the  two 
great  sister  republics  whose  interests  are  the 
same;  and  it  will  be  found  that  new  and  hith- 
erto almost  inaccessible  markets  have  been 
opened  to  American  merchants.'^ 

CMiiieree.~Daring  the  fiscal  year  1886-^87 
exportation  was  distributed  as  follows,  reduced 
U)  thousands  of  dollars : 


OOUIfTROES. 


United  States  . . 

England 

France 

Germany 

Spain 

Other  conntries. 


Total. 


MmbandlM. 

SOtw. 

11,007 

16,676 

2,897 

11,122 

717 

4,401 

891 

1,290 

499 

104 

125 

68 

lfi,636 

88,561 

ToUl. 


27,588 

18,519 

5,113 

2,181 

603 

198 

49,197 


Mexican  spinners  imported,  in  18( 
bales  of  cotton  from  the  United  8tat4 
40,774  in  1887. 

Ttnllla. — ^Mexican  vanilla  chiefly  grc 
vicinity  of  Misantia  and  Papantia,  in 
of  Vera  Cruz.  Papantia  has  a  popi 
10,000,  and  is  in  the  Indian  District 
naso.  The  vanilla  is  a  creeping  pla 
ing  on  trees  and  shrubs  in  the  fore 
pods  mature  in  November  and  Decei 
are  gathered  by  women  and  child 
carry  them  to  market,  where  Ame 
Mexican  dealers  buy  them,  paying 
to  $12  a  pound  for  them.  About  1, 
pods  weigh  60  poanda,  reduced  to  1 
by  drying.  In  1887  the  price  for  s< 
was  $15,  but  an  abundant  crop  br* 
price  down  to  $10  and  $12  in  1888. 
exports  on  an  average  60,000,000  pods 

CMipetttlte  li  Mexicai  Tnie. — Germi 
which  nearly  control  the  wholesale 
Mexico,  owe  their  supremacy  to  the 
long  credits  given  to  customers  in  th 
of  the  country,  and  to  economical 
ment.  They  have  driven  oat  th( 
houses,  with  only  two  or  three  e: 
Failures  are  very  rare,  although  larg< 
are  constantly  due.  The  French  ha? 
olized  the  dry-goods  trade  in  the  lai^ 
Both  the  German  and  the  French  ] 
their  operations  in  Mexico,  have  th 
clearly  and  particularly  defined  in  cc 
treaties.  The  English  are  endeavorin, 
about  negotiations  for  a  compreheni 
mercial  treaty,  and  hope  to  gain  a 
American  interests,  although  now  s 
to  $200,000,000,  are  without  treaty  pi 
as  the  treaty  defining  the  status  of  A 
in  business  in  Mexico  has  lapsed. 


The  products  shipped  during  the  year  were 
(in  thousands  of  dollars) :  Sied  hemp,  8,901 ; 
coffee,  2,627;  hides  and  skins,  2,211;  cabinet 
and  dyewoods,  1,849 ;  tobacco,  851 ;  vanilla, 
694;  istle- fiber,  349 ;  cattle,  471;  argentiferous 
lead  bullion,  823;  other  merchandise,  2,360; 
silver,  83,561. 

The  export  of  merchandise  from  Mexico  from 
January  1  to  June  80, 1888,  reached  the  sum  of 
$10,169,485,  showing  an  increase  of  $1,146,192 
over  the  corresponding  period  of  the  previous 
year,  or  11  per  cent  The  United  States'  share 
therein  was  68  per  cent. ;  that  of  England,  21 ; 
that  of  France,  9 ;  and  that  of  Germany,  5  per 
cent. 

The  American  trade  (merchandise)  with 
Mexico  exhibits  these  figures : 


VESSELS   ENTERED 

IN  1886-'87. 

cijun. 

SlMIB- 

•n. 

Tianaf^ 

Sea-eoinff. 

658 
1,680 

877,518 
680,714 

j 

Coasturise 

4,! 

Totol  In  1885-'86 

2,S88 
1,904 

1,558,282 
1,548,557 

5,' 

4,1 

Increase 

429 

14,675 

1 

FISCAL  TEAR. 


1886 
1887 
1983 


Import*  into  lh« 
UaitodStatM. 


$10,687,972 
14.719.840 
17,829,889 


DotD««tie  exporta 
from  U>«  Unltad 

SUtM. 

$6,866,077 
7,267,129 
9,242,188 


The  maritime  movement  increase 
the  fiscal  year  1886-'87.  The  Mexi 
chant  marine  was  composed,  in  1881 
sea-going  vessels  and  847  ooasting-cr] 

Kallrtadiw— The  Mexican  Central 
threw  open  to  trafiic,  on  May  21,  the 
Irapuato  to  Guadalnjara,  259  kiloi 
length.  On  the  line  from  Tampico  lo 
Potosi,  188  kilometres  were  put  ii 
order,  up  to  the  banks  of  the  Gallii 
where  a  bridge  is  being  built,  an< 
which  the  embankments  have  been 
distance  of  282  kilometres.  On  tl 
Oalientes,  San  Luis  Potod  line,  the  Ic 
reached  Salinas  del  Pefion  on  Septemi 
kilometres  distant  from  Aguas  Cdien 
half  the  distance  intervening  betweei 


MEXICO.  549 

The  National  Mexican  Oompany  was  which  was  to  be  laid  immediately  between  that 

at  work  in  1888  to  finish  the  section  port  and  OalTeston,  Tex.,  for  the  Mexican  and 

line  that  separates  Saltillo  from  8an  Central  and  8oath  American  Telegraph  Com- 

^llende,  a  distance  of  565  kilometres,  panics.    This  will  duplicate  the  Gulf  systems 

August  81  the  portion  of  the  track  of  these  two  companies,  providing  increased 

from  the  north  reached  Ban  Luis  Po-  facilities,  and  insuring  rapid  communication  by 

e  junction  of  the  two  portions  of  the  the  American  route  via  Galveston,  with  Yal- 

ok  place  at  the  Boquillas  Viaduct,  thus  paraiso,  Buenos  Ayres,  and  other  places  in 

together  two   important  cities,   and  South  America. 

a  third  line  of  railway  from  the  capi-  iMcrkuSteaasblp-LiM. — The  sale  of  the  entire 

be  American  frontier.    The  Hidalgo  plant  of  the  Alexandre  line  to  the  New  York 

Company  finished  five  kilometres  on  and  Cuba  Mail  Steamship  Company,  in   the 

b — Tulancingo  line,  and  the  thirty  kilo-  spring,  increased  the  number  of  steamers  run- 

'^which    complete  the  line  from  San  ning  between  New  York  and  Mexico  via  Ha- 

1    to  Teoloyucan ;  these  works  consti-  vana  to  five,  so  that  since  then  a  steamer  has 

t^^r  track  connecting  Pachusa  with  the  left  New  York  every  Wednesday. 

>s  the  one  hand,  while  joining  the  htmi  Pudums.— In  January,  1888,  Sefior  M. 

cuid  National  Railroads  on  the  other  Gonzalez,  agent  for  severaK residents  of  Coa- 

xateroceanic  Railroad,  twenty  kilome-  huila,  closed  the  sale  of  500,000  acres  in  the  State 

3    finished  of  the  Yan tepee  and  Ama-  of  Coahuila  to  the  representatives  of  an  English 

isEion,  and  twenty  kilometres  of  the  syndicate,  which  already  owns  2,000,000  acres 

"^n  Mazapa  and  San  Martin  Texme-  in  that  State.    The  consideration  was  $125,000, 

be  Yucatan  lines  have  not  been  behind  or  twenty-five  cents  an  acre.    The  purchase 

completing  their  system.  Between  comprises  much  mountain  land.  English  capi- 
LKid  Calkini,  six  kilometres  have  gone  talists  now  own  one  quarter  of  the  State  of  Coa- 
r^tion,  and  between  M^rida  and  Val-  huila.  A  large  tract  in  northern  Chihuahua, 
teven.  The  aggregate  length  of  lines  known  as  *' Las  Palomas,"  owned  byOeorgeH. 
^y  in  running  order  in  Mexico  was  Sis:»on,  of  New  York,  and  Louis  Huller,  of  Mex- 
ometres  on  Sept.  16,  1888.  ico,  was  sold  in  January,  1889,  to  a  syndicate 
Ktepee  Skip  •Railway. — A  meeting  was  ofChicago  and  Nebraska  capitalists.  The  con- 
June  7,  1888,  at  Jersey  City,  of  those  sideration  was  $1,000,000.  These  lands  are  to 
^  in  the  project  to  build  a  ship-railway  be  colonized  with  Germans,  under  the  Hnller 
\te  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepeo.  The  Eads  colonization  concession  from  the  Mexican  Gov- 
&ion  Company  is  the  organization  that  ernment.  George  Hearst,  a  California  capital- 
possession  of  all  rights  in  the  con-  ist,  while  in  the  city  of  Mexico  in  May,  bought 
^  made  to  Capt.  Eads  by  the  Mexican  over  2,000,000  acres  in  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz, 
anient  in  1881.    About  six  months  prior  all  lying  in  the  ^'Tierra  Caliente,"  and  adapted 

date  of  this  meeting  a  construction  to  the  raising  of  cofiee,  sugar,  and  tobacco. 

^y  was  organized,  in  New  York,  under  In  July  it  transpired  that  a  French  company 

le  of  *'  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Ship-Rail-  had  purchased  the  San  Lorenzo  estate,  one  of 

>inpany."    The   English  civil  engineer  the  best  known  in  northern  Mexico.    The  busi- 

^in  Blake,  is  to  superintend  the  con-  ness  will  be  managed  in  Paris  and  by  two  di- 

>ii,  and  it  is  believed  it  will  not  be  difll-  rectors  in  the  city  of  Mexico, 

procure  the  $50,000,000  of  capital  that  The  Mormons  have  for  some  years  past  been 

necessary.    The  contract  stipulates  that  quietly  buying  large  tracts  of  agricultural  lands 

^rk  shall  begin  within  a  year,  dating  in  northern  Chihuahua,  principally  in  the  valley 

une,  and  be  completed  in  five  years,  of  the  Casas  Grandes  river,  and  in  1888  they 

leme  is  to  carry  loaded  ships  across  the  were  negotiating  for  more.     There  are  several 

^  in  cradles.    The  distance  is  about  one  flourishing  villages  in  that  neighborhood,  the 

d  and  fifty  miles.  principal  one  being  called  Porfirio  Diaz  ;  the 

^phsa — During  1888  there  were  in  op-  colonists  (who  are  probably  precursors  of  much 

21.458  kilometres  of  Government  lines,  greater  bodies  in  the  future)  are  very  quiet 

ilometres  of  lines  belonging  to  Individ-  and  unobtrusive, 

tea  of  the  confederation,  6,148  the  prop-  Anerlcai    Eaterprlw.  — Before    the  Mexican 

railroad  companies,  4,098  of  private  Congress   adjourned,   on  Dec.   15,   1888,  the 

l^d  2,926  of  Mexican  cable ;  a  grand  total  Union    Light,    Fuel,    and    Gas  Company,  of 

^07  kilometres.     The  Federal  Govern-  America,  organized  under  the  laws  of  Illinois, 

ad  839  ofSces  in  operation.    In  Decem-  in  which  St.  Louis,  Chicago,  New  York,  and 

^,  the  Mexican  Telegraph  Company  Detroit  capitalists  are  largely  interested,  ob- 

^  a  quarterly  dividend  of  2^  per  cent,  tained  a  concession  from  the  Mexican  Govern- 

Oovernment  has  declared  free  of  duty  ment  for  the  introduction  of  water,  fuel,  and 

^ing  entering  into  the  construction  of  gas  into  the  cities  and  Government  buildings 

ph  and  telephone  lines.  throughout  the  republic.    Among  the  items 

Bteamer  *'  Faraday  ^'  arrived  at  Coatza-  mentioned  in  the  concession  is  the  free  im- 

\  on  Jan.  18,  1889,  having  on  board  over  portation  for  fifteen  years    of  all    materials 

iles  of  the  most  improved  heavy  cable,  necessary  for  the  plant. 


660                      MEXICO.  MICHIGAN. 

Hfadif, — ^There  were  being  worked  in  Mexi-  9  p.  m.,  on  September  6.    The  osc 

oo,  at  the  close  of  1888,  824  silver-mines,  em-  from  the  northeast  to  sonthwee 

ploying  over  100,000  miners.    Eleven  of  the  24  seconds ;  at  Orizaba  9  second 

mines  produced  in  1888  $25,000,000  of  pure  State  of  Gnerrero  15  seconds,  th 

silver.    Mexico  produced,  between  1821  and  being  from  west  to  east. 

1880,  $900,000,000  in  silver,  and  only  $4,800,-  EdicatlM.— A  bill  was    introd 

000  in  gold.    A    rich    pocket  of  silver  was  Mexican  Chamber  of  Deputies  to 

discovered  in  Aogast,  in  the  Concepcion,  one  tons  elementary  school  instmotio 

of  the  Matchnala  mines.    Reports  were   re-  throaghout  the  republic.    For  ev 

ceived  on  July  24  at  Mexico  from  Las  Oruces,  habitants,  two  schools  are  to  be 

Lower  California,  that  gold  was  being  found  for  boys  and  one  for  girls,  and  pi 

in  excellent  ore-bodies.    Fourteen  ounces  of  not  send  their  children  to  school  i 

amalgam  gold  were  taken  from  a  ton  and  a  half  ished  with  fine  or  imprisonment, 

of  rock  at  the  Santa  Clara  mine,  in  Las  Cruces  cation  is  to  be  at  the  expense  o 

Cafion.    The  vein  at  this  mine  is  reported  to  Government, 

be  four  feet  in  width,  and  a  true  fissure  vein.  MICHIGAll*    State  CvrenBCBt — 

There  were,  at  last  accounts,  thirty  tons  of  ore  were  the  State  ofilcers  during  the 

on  the  dump.    This  mine  is  owned  at  Ense-  ing  Republican:  Governor,  Oyr 

nada.    The  vein  at  the  Bonanza  mine,  in  the  Lieotenant-GU)vemor,  James  H. 

Valladores  district,  has  widened  from  eight  Secretary  of  State,  Gilbert  R.  Osn 

inchea  to  two  feet  six  inches.    Expensive  ma-  General,  Henry  H.  Aplin ;  Stai 

chinery  had  been  erected  at  the  Fronteriza,  George   L.  Mdtz;  Attorney-Ge 

whence  they  were  to  begin  shipping  the  metal  Taggert;  Superintendent  of  Pnbli 

in  pigs  about  January  1.  The  nearest  shipping-  Joseph  Estabrook;    Member  8t 

£oint  to  the  mines  is  Baratorano  station,  on  the  Education,  Bela  W.  Jenks ;  Coi 

[exican  International  Railroad.    An  influx  of  State  Land-Office,  Roscoe  D.  Di: 

miners  in  great  numbers  and  prospectors  had  tice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Tho 

begun.    Many  of  these  mines  were  originally  wood ;  Associate  Justices  James 

worked  by  the  Spaniards,  and  were  destroyed  John  W.  Champliu,  Allen  B.  Mors 

and  filled  up  by  them  when  they  wore  driven  D.  Long.    The  principal  appointe 

off  by  the  native  Mexicans  during  the  revolu-  emor  were :  Private  Secretary,  I 

tion  of  1810.    News  was  received  on  Septem-  bell;  Commissioner  of  Railroads, « 

her  20  from  the  Santa  Rosa  mining  region  in  Commissioner  of  Insurance,  Be 

Mexico  to  the  effect  that  a  great  mining  ex-  mond ;  Labor  Commissioner,  Alfi 

citement  had  set  in.    Persons  who  own  the  Commissioner  of  Mineral  Statistic 

larger  mines,  like  the  Cedral,  the  Fronteriza,  Lawton ;  State  Librarian,  Barrie 

and  the  San  Juan,  were  said  to  be  trying  to  Oil  Inppector,   H.  D.  Piatt ;  8f 

keep  the  richness  of  the  ore  from  the  knowledge  George  W.  Hill;  Game  Warden^ 

of  the  public ;  but  it  transpired  that  these  and  den  Smith ;  Adjutant-General,  I) 

others  were  taking  ore   that  yields  $105  of  Quartermaster-General,  S.  B.  Da! 

silver  to  the  ton,  besides  a  large  percentage  of  or-General,  F.  D.  Newberry, 

lead.    The  rapid  rise  of  quicksilver  in  London  NitlcaL — The  State  officers  w< 

has  given  an  impetus  to  the  working  of  quick-  the  general  election  in  Novembei 

silver  mines  in  Mexico,  and  efforts  have  been  years  beginning  Jan.  1, 1889.    Tfa 

made  to  work  several  newly  discovered  depos-  parties  in  the  field  :  Republican 

its  in  the  northern  States.    The  Government  Greenback  (Fusion),  Prohibition 

is  about  to  assume  the  control  of  all  its  mints,  For  Governor  the  Republicans 

which  are  now  under  lease.  Cyrus  G.   Luce ;    the  Democral 

AMMit  ef  the  IztacdhiatI  Tolcaiie. — In  April  two  party,  Wellington  R.  Burt:  Pro 

German  travelers,  Lenk  and  Topf,  undertook  herst  B.  Cheney ;  Labor,  Wildmi 

the  ascent  of  the  volcano  Iztaccihuatl,   the  officers  above  named  were  re-el 

neighbor  of  Popocatepetl,  whose  summit  has  in  two  instances  where  the  inc 

an  elevation  of  about  17,000  feet.    They  failed  served  two  terms.    The  new  ol 

to  reach  the  very  top,  but  the  expedition  fully  were :  Stephen  V.  R.  Trowbridj 

rewarded  their  efforts,  as  they  report  the  ex-  General,  and  Perry  F.  Powers,  i 

istence  of  a  glacier.     It  has  not  been  supposed  Board  of  Education  (Republicane 

hitherto  that  there  were  any  glaciers  in  this  cast  for  the  respective  candidates 

part  of  the  American  continent.  were  as  follow :  Cyrus  G.  Luce 

Etrth^aakMi— On  Jan.  2, 1888,  a  sharp  shock  288,595 ;  Wellington  R.  Burt,  Fui 

of  earthquake  was  felt  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  Amhernt  B.  Cheney,  Prohibition,! 

at  7.30  A.  M.    During  the  last  quarter  of  1887  man  Mills,  Labor,  4,888. 

there  had  been  seismic  disturbances  through-  The  principal  State  issnee  in 

out  the  country.    A  slight  shock  was  felt  there  were  upon  questions  of  temperanc 

on  July  18,  about  midnight,  aud  a  high  wind  ing  taxation.    The  last  Legislati 

sprang  up    simultaneously.      Another    slight  local-option  law  permitting  the 

earthquake  visited  the  capital  at  16  minutes  to  ties,  by  a  vote  of  their  electors,  t< 


MICHIGAN.  551 

tnre  and  sale  of  liqnor  within  their  at  Lansing,  812,  and  the  Michigan  Mining- 
The  Supreme  Oonrt  of  the  State  de-  fc^chool  at  Houghton  aboat  100.  The  colleges 
be  law  nnconstitntional  by  reason  of  of  the  State  were  floarisbing  in  1888. 
)  title,  after  thirty-five  counties  had  The  principHl  education^  questions  being 
>r  prohibition  and  two  counties  had  agitated  in  the  State,  other  than  those  affect- 
najority  against  it.  Certain  provisions  ing  the  institutions,  are :  Uniformity  of  text- 
be  high-license  law  passed  by  the  last  books,  free  text-books  for  public  schools,  and 
ire  had  been  declared  uncoustitutional  a  change  from  the  school-district  plan  to  the 
upreme  Court  township-unit  system.  These  questions  are 
Republican  platform  included  the  fol-  not  new  in  the  State,  but  bills  are  being  intro- 
duced in  the  Legislature,  and  their  enactment 

Liiilly  indorse  the  progrefiBivetemperanoe  leg-  ^^??I^'^^^  "SFif^*  «,  ,     ,        , 

□Acted  by  tbe  last  Legislature,  and  regret  Pnsow. —  Ine   State  bas  two  prisons  com- 

11  fruits  were  not  realized,  owin^  to  the  tech-  pleted  and  in  operation,  and  a  third  one,  cost- 

=ta  in  the  law  held  by  the  Supreme  Court  to  ing  about  $300,000,  is  being  finished  at  Mar- 

lict  with  the  Coniititution.    We  record  our-  ^^^^  j     ^                peninsula.     On  Dec.  1, 

TL  favor  of  an  impartial  enforcement  of  the  Vooo   *i     j.  T  i       •        ^        i  a*         *  *i.    al  1 

« laws  of  the  State,  and  recommend  to  the  *S®®i  »^"®  ^^^^  prison  population  of  the  btate 

^lature  the  re-enactment  of  a  local-option  law  was  as  follows :  State  House  of  Correction  and 

txB  free  finom  constitutional  objections.  Reformatory  at  Ionia,  382 ;    State  Prison  at 

democratic  platform  included  the  fol-  Jackson,  754.    The  prison  population  of  the 

State  decreased  since  Deo.  1.  1884,  from  1,364 

^     i*i  V    ^     .   -.I.-  o^  *    ^  ^  V     J  ^  1,086,  Dec.  1,  1888,  while  the  population 

2  multiphcation  in  this  State  of  petty  boards,  ;«^'  „Ja  «k«>,.«.  qra  nnn  ^r.«;»»  ♦i*^  «««.«. 
us,  anS  officials,  with  such  po^^rs  and  surl  increased    about    850,000    during    the    same 

as  insure  neither  official  responsibility  nor  period.     Most  Of  the  labor  performed  m  the 

^  of  the  Legislature  or  the  people,  leaves  the  two  prisons  is  under  the  contract  system,  al- 

appropriations  for  State  mstitutions  to  bfe  though  during  the  past  two  or  three  years  the 

*'Iil'!2.We*^;^'^.yrm:^°attAb'^  State-apcount  systen.  ha,  been  in  operation,  to 
oonstant  increase  of  appropriation.  There-  »  certain  extent,  m  the  House  of  Correction  at 
xbmit  that  the  case  is  one  demanding  the  Ionia.  The  manufacture  of  furniture  and  knit 
€  a  Li^lature  and  State  officials  free  to  goods  is  under  the  State-account  plan  there, 
^*^(SSati^°^  economy  and  good  business  and  all  contracts  with  outside  parties  have  ex- 
aay  ctate.  pi  red,  except  one  for  the  manufacture  of  cigars, 
two  planks  presented  the  principal  Although  the  State-account  system  can  not  be 
nes  during  the  canvass.  The  fight  said  to  have  proved  a  failure,  yet  it  has  failed 
mainly  upon  the  Legislature  and  Gov-  to  meet  the  most  sanguine  expectations  of 
irovemor  Luce,  being  an  uncompromis-  those  who  advocated  the  change  from  the  con- 
trance  man,  was  opposed,  for  this  tract  plan.  Four  pardons  were  granted  during 
^some  within  his  party,  but  he  gained  tlie  year  and  two  sentences  commuted  by  the 
Trom  other  sources.     As  a  result  of  the  Governor. 

24  Republicans  and  8  Democrats  were  Insane  isylnns. — The  State  has  four  asylums 

^  the  Senate,  and  70  Republicans  and  for  tbe  insane,  in  which  are  2,400  patients, 

crats  to  the  House  of  Representatives.  During  the  past  two  years  it  has  been  deemed 

3  assembling  of  the  Legislature,  Hon.  the  better  policy  to  meet  the  increasing  de- 
tcMillan,  of  Detroit,  was  elected  to  mands  for  asylum  room  by  the  erection  of  cot- 
'  the  State  in  the  United  States  Senate  tages,  instead  of  establishing  new  plants.  Dur- 
bars from  March  4, 1889,  receiving  the  ing  tbe  year  five  cottages  were  thus  erected, 
is  support  of  the  Republicans  in  both  with  a  capacity  to  accommodate  fifty  patients 
CI  his  nomination  and  election.  each,  and  the  plan  seems  to  give  general  satis- 
■■aL — The  Superintendent  of  Pnblic  faction,  at  a  much  less  expense  per  patient  than 
dn,   in  his  forthcoming  report,   will  by  the  establishment  of  new  institutions. 

>  school  population  of  the  State  to  be  Other  State  Insdtntlons. — The  Reform  School 

between  five  and  twenty  years  of  age,  for  boys,  at  Lansing,  had  an  average  attend- 

^Qrollment  for  the  year  to  have  been  ance  during  the  year  of  444 ;  the  Industrial 

The  total  number  of  districts  in  the  Home  for  girls,  at  Adrian,  213.    The  State  also 

^087,  and  the  average  length  of  school  has  a  blind  school  at  Landing,  in  which  it  cares 

a  them  7*6  months.    There  are  7,428  for  88;  and  the  deaf  and  dumb  school  at  Flint, 

^nses,  and  the  estimated  value  of  school  298.    These  two  institutions  are  entirely  free 

is  $12,857,108.     The  whole  number  in  board,  care,  and  instruction.     The  Soldiers' 

-ts  not  having  school  during  the  year.  Home  at  Grand  Rapids  is  entirely  free  to  de- 

irious  causes,  was. only  81,  being  37  pendent  soldiers.     During  the  year,  450  de- 

han  during  the  previous  year.     The  pendent  soldiers  of  the  State  were  supported 

1^9  now  four  strictly  educational  col-  and  cared  for. 

The  State  University  at  Ann  Arbor,  The  State  Public  School  at  Coldwater,  a  horae 

1887-88,  enrolled  1,675  in  its  various  for  dependent  children  and  orphans  established 

Qents.     The   Stat«  N'ormal  School  at  many  years  since,  has  for  its  object  the  taking 

tti  enrolled  948,  the  Agricultural  College  of  children  out  of  poor-houses  and  other  places 


552  MICHIGAN.  MINING  LAW. 

• 

where  they  are  dependent  upon  the  pnhlic  for  Crops  aad  Sloek. — The  principal  orot-sm 

support,  and  caring  for  tbem,  securing  homes,  are  shown  by  the  following  table: 

and  exercising  guardianship  over  them  until 

they  become  of  age.     During  the  year,  194  crops.                 act-.         biu1mi«.      a^ 

children  were  thus  received  into  the  school,  'whMt^ 

aud  as  many  found  homes.    Since  the  school  Com..! 

was  estahlished  in  1874,  2,612  children  have  ^Irle* 

thus  been  cared  for  and  educated  while  in  the  uay..^ 

school,  indentured  into  homes,  and  otherwise 


ACTW. 

Biubtto. 

1,604,411 
889.646 

40,8fi0 
1,850,U00 

88,861.504 

86,0S9,(»6 

81,846.614 

l.l6H;tlO 

received  the  guardianship  of  the  State  during        The  number  of  horses  was  865,300; 

their  minority.  cows,    889,405;   other  cattle,   410,611; 

Mineral  Resonms. — During  the  year  the  State  456,436 ;  sheep,   1,975,662 ;  pounds  of 

produced  4,243,264  barrels  of  salt.    The  num-  11^98,047. 

ber  of  tons  of  iron  shipped  from  the  mines  of        The  average  rainfall  in  the  State  durin 

Michigan  during  the  year  was  3,934,839  tons,  year  was  28*68  inches. 
The   land-plaster  produced  during  the  year       MINIBfG  LAW.     Under  the  common  Ii 

was  28,794  tons;  stucco,  170,145  barrels.  The  England,  the  owner  of  the  surface  of  Ian 

amount  of  gold  produced  was  $32,338;  silver,  der  which  minerals  existed  was  entitled, « 

$2,592.03.     Valuable  deposits  of   gold  were  naturiB^  to  everything  beneath  it,  down  t 

discovered  at  and  near  Islipeming,    in    the  center  of  the  earth,  except  the  minerals  ol 

northern  peninsula.    The  total  number  of  tons  and  silver.    In  the  case  of  mines  under 

of  refined  copper  produced  in  the  State  during  ways  and  non-navigable  streams,  the  mil 

the  year  was  38,112.  belonged,  as  a  matter  of  right,  to  the  own 

HUitbu — ^The  State  militia  consists  of  2,376  the  adjacent  soil.    All  mines  subjacent  tc 

men.  An  encampment  was  held  for  two  weeks  igable  streams,  and  all  gold  and  silver  n 

in  the  summer  of  1888  at  Mackinac  Island,  with  belonged,  by  prima-facie  right,  to  the  c^ 

an  enrollment  of  2,062.    The  militia  is  sup-  Where  the  precious  metals  were  interm^ 

ported  by  a  tax  that  is  levied  upon  the  prop-  with  a  baser  metal,  if  the  gold  and  silren 

erty  of  the  State,  and  is  equtfl  to  three  and  worth  more  than  the  cost  of  extracting 

a  half  cents  for  each  person  in  the  State  ao-  the  mine  belonged  to  the  crown.    But 

cording  to  the  last  census.  tain  cases  the  owner  was  permitted  tc= 

Railroads. — Of  the  86  counties  in  the  State,  the  mine  on  payment  of  a  royalty.    Tl* 

only   five  are    now  without   railway  connec-  teen  States  that  formed  the  original  ^ 

tions.    During  the  year,  275  miles  of  road  were  Union  adopted  the  English  common  1ft 

completed  and  put  in  operation.     The  State  body,  as  a  part  of  their  inorganic  la^ 

now  has  6,043  miles  of  railway,  and  24,057,-  the  greater  part  of  the  lands  in  all  of  t^^ 

719  passenger  fares  were  paid  during  the  year,  em  States  were  patented  to  settlers  at  ^ 

at  an    average  rate  per  mile  of  2*39  cents,  period,  and  all  minerals  passed  as  a  tO-^ 

Freight  to  the  amount  of  41,209,880  tons  was  right  to  the  owners  of  the  surface  or 

moved,  and  the  average  charge  for  carrying  a  the  doctrine  of  crown  reservations  did 

ton  a  mile  was  1*09  cent,  the    rates  being  tain  in  this  country  except  in  the  State 

higher  than  at  any  time  since  1876.    By  acci-  York.    Such  questions  as  have  ariseiy^ 

dents  to  passengers  during  the  year,  two  per-  various  Eastern  States  in  relation  tC 

sons  were  killed  and  32  injured.    In  accord-  and  mining  concern  chiefly  title-deed^ 

ance  with  the  law  of  1887,  many  of  the  roads  of  support,  drainage,  administration,  ^ 

have  put  in  steam-heaters  connected  with  the  of  mining  properties,  etc.,  and  have  not> 

engine,  and  others  are  complying  with   the  do  with  what  is  technically  known  as 

statute  as  rapidly  as  possible.    The  total  tax  law.    By  virtue  of  title  xi,  chapter  9,  ^ 

paid  by  the  railway  companies  of  the  State  I  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  New  Yor 

during  the  year  was  $715,680.24.    The  total  tain  mines  of  gold  and  silver  are,  und 

costs  of  railroads  in  the  State,  as  reported  to  tain  conditions,  reserved  to  the  people 

the  present  time,  has  been  $240,000,000.  State.    In  the  States  and  Territories  tJ 

InsnriDce. — The  Legislature  of  1887,  by  stat-  of  Spanish  origin  the  law  is  different    ^ 

nte,  prohibited  the    contract  system  of  fire  time  of  the  cession  to  the  United  States 

insurance  in  the  State.    During  the  year  the  territory  originally  Spanish   or  Mexica 

Supreme  Court  declared  the  law  constitutional.  Spanish  or  Mexican  law  as  to  mines  i 

Bat  in  effect  the  contract  system  of  rating  force  with  the  same,  and  became  a  part 

remains  intact,  and  the  old  rates  are  virtually  inorganic  law  of  the  United  States,  so 

unchanged.     A  commission,  appointed  by  the  that  territory  was  concerned.    The  M 

Governor  for  the  purpose,  has  established  a  law  was  naturally  of  Spanish  origin,  and 

uniform  policy  for  all   fire  companies  doing  its  root  in  the  code  of   Francisco  G: 

business  in  the  State.  The  so-called  grave-yard  (1761).    This  code  was  modified  in  17 

insurance  coippanies  were  also,  by  the  Legislat-  the  so-called  code  of  Galvez,  entitled  ^^  ] 

ure  of  1887,  prohibited  from  doint?  business  in  Ordinance  of  New  Spain,"  which  left  all 

this  State,  and  during  the  year  Michigan  has  of  the  code  of  Gainboa  still  in  force,  < 

been  freed  from  them.  where  it  was  expressly  repealed.    These 


MmiNO  LAW.  558 

9vite  and  fohnnincos.    The  code  of  iziiig  the  Presideiit  to  lease  lead-minee  for  a 

1  loved  to  tbe  discoTerer  of  mineral  limited  period.    Throughoat  the  Kast  tliere 

mizth  of  160  Taras  or  yards,  and  80  were,  eTen  at  the  time  of  the  Federal  Union, 

With  oo  the  Teia»  and  upon  reloca-  practically  no  pablio  lands,  and  in  the  West 

TioQsIy  discovered  mine,  120  yaraa  few  or  no  lands  had  been  occupied  by  miner:*. 

60  Taraa  in  width  on  the  vein.  Nevertheless,  at  an  early  period  Congress  di;»* 

of  mines  or  ^Streamworks"  of  oassed  the  question  of  the  undivided  public 

locators  were  alio^red  80  varas  lands,  and  even  in  1785  it  passed  an  act  by 

d  40  varas  in  width  ;  and  in  case  which  it  reserved  one  third  of  all  gold,  silver, 

L     location  60  varas  in  length  and  30  lead,  and  copper  mines.    In  many  instances 

KM  the  vein.    This  code  required  de-  thereafter,  lead>mines  were  reserved  from  the 

^wrorking,  and  registry  of  the  claim,  sale  of  certain  portions  of  the  public  domain, 

»     perfect  title.     The  code  of  Gal-  and  the  general  pre-emption  law  excludes  from 

U    among  other  subjects,  judges  and  its  provisions  ^^  all  lands  on  which  are  situated 

f     mining   districts,  jurisdiction  of  any  known  salines  or  mineral:^**    In  the  va- 

K^^es,  ownership  of  mines,  drainage,  rious  acts  admitting  the  later  States  to  the 

id  mining  generally.    It  created  a  Union,  mineral  lands  were  nut  expressly  re- 

^^nk  of  supplies,  and  provided  for  served,  except  so  far  as  they  were  included  in 

sJ^ment  of  mining-schools.    It  con-  what  are  termed  ^Mands  generally  reserved.** 

1^  curious  provisions,  among  others  Tbe  reservation  of  lead- mines  under  certain 

S^e  of  nobility  to  the  scientitio  pro-  local  acts  relating  to  pre-emption  has  led  to  at 

Oiining,  relieved  mine-owners  and  least  one  important  case  in  the  Supreme  Court. 

^^ir  subordinates  from  imprisonment  In  the  Eastern  States  the  Englisn  doctrine  of 

^nd  created  a  preference  in  favor  of  royal  mines  has  never  been  established,  with 

>orer8  as  against  other  persons  for  the  single  exception  of  the  State  of  Now  York. 

=^    It  aUowed  the  original  discoverer  The  States  granted  their  public  lands  to  set- 

or  yards  in  length  on  the  length  of  tiers  at  an  early  date,  and  there  never  was  any 

Ud  a  hundred  level  yards  mea^'ured  reservation  of  the  minerals;  hence  the  title  to 

aide  of  or  divided  on  both  sides  of  all  mines  became  inseparably  vested  in   the 

Where  the  vein  was  inclined,  an  owner  of  the  soil,  and  tlie  ordinary  rules  of 

Ui  width  was  allowed,  in  proportion  the  law  of  real  property  have  always  applied 

^ee  of  inclination.    Under  this  code,  to  them.    No  record  is  found  of  litigation  on 

of  every  sort  belonged  to  the  crown,  any  questions  growing  out  of  location  of  minea 

^  l)e  acquired  by  any  person  other  than  in  the  Eastern  States,  by  virtue  of  any  State  or 

^tnbersof  religious  orders,  and  certain  Federal  laws,  except  in  so  far  as  the  cases  are 

*  dignitaries,  upon  discovery  followe<l  found  in  Morrison's  "Mining  Reports.** 

>>i,  denunciation,  and  working  in  the  From  1849  until  1866  Congress  did  prac- 

•»"e8cribed.  ticaliy  nothing  toward  the  promotion  of  mines 

^xican  statutes  modified  certain  pro-  and  mining,  and  the  seekers  for  precious  met- 

f  the  code  of  Galvez,  and  extended  als  in  the  new  West  were  left  to  their  own 

"ivileges  to  miners  of  quicksilver,  and  devices.    The  result  was  a  rapid  encroachment 

>   of  Oct.  7,  1823,  the  disabilities  of  upon  the  public  domain,  ana  the  passage  of  a 

»  were  removed  so  far  as  to  enable  vast  number  of  statutes  and  regulations  by  the 

oontrart  with  mine-owners  needing  local  legislatures  and  tribunals  of  the  mining 

^d  as  a  consequence  to  hold  shares  in  districts  of  the  Territories,  based  upon  the  lo- 

*s.  cal  mining  code  of  old  Spain,  if  the  Territory 

fch  16,  1848,  the  treaty  of  Guada-  was  of  Spanish  origin,  or  upon  the  common 

Ugo  was  ratified,  by  virtue  of  which  law  of  England  if  it  was  of  British  origin. 

-«  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  Kecent  L^^atlte* — After  the  civil  war  it  was 

CDolorado  were  ceded  to  the  United  proponed  to  promote  the  sale  of  the  public 

bat  year  gold  was  discovered  in  Call-  domain   then  undisposed  of,  with  a  view  to 

1  the  law  that  sprang  up  and  grew  to  diminishing  fhe  puolic  debt.     In  1866  a  joint 

i^organic  law  of  the  self- constituted  resolution  of  Congress  was  passed,  reserving  all 

«*trict8  of  these  newly  acquired  Ter-  mineral  lands  from  any  grants  made  by  thvin  in 

^^  a  fusion  of  the  old  Spanish  law  as  the  previous  cessions  to  States  or  corporations. 

^y  Mexican  decrees,  and  the  com-  On  July  26,  1866,  Congress  poxscd  the  first 

*t^  England  as  it  existed  in  the  Eastern  federal  mining  law  which   conceded  to  first 

^tes.  For  a  review  of  the  mining  law  discoverers  of  mineral  dcponitH  moHt  of  the 

^ountries,  see  article  by  R.  W.  Ray-  privileges  granted   by  the  SparuHh  codes,  and 

^illiains's  "Mineral  Resources  of  the  by  the  earlier  district  laws.     This  net  was  the 

^tes,  1883  and  1884**  (Washington,  first  ottempt  of  Congrens  to  deal   prwticully 

with  the  question  of  mining-titlcH  on  the  public 

;;.^4!|iilatlaii. — From  1795  to  1865  the  domain.    It  recognized  many  of  the  local  mln- 

^^tes  Government    adhered  to   the  ing  customs  to  an  extent  that  made  it  full  of 

^  deserving  the  public  mineral  lands  uncertainties.     Under  it  the  diw;nvery  of  any 

^'    la  1805  an  act  was  passed  author-  part  of  the  lode  was  made  a  basis  for  a  claim. 


554  MINING  LAW. 

The  lode  was  what  was  claimed  and  snbse-  "  apex »' section,  and  is  ad^Mutore  froin^ 

quently  acquired  by  patent.    The  locator  was  i^^^*^"  ^  "^dpS^^m^^he^S^ 

entitled  to  claim  along  the  lode  the  number  of  tion  wldom^covera'X'^ex  l^m  one?i«» 

feet  that  the  local  laws  permitted.     Ine  snrfaoe  other,  and  as  deposits  constantly  vary  i^ 

was  not  conveyed  to  the  locator ;  he  merely  and  are  seldom  or  never  continuous,  tbo 

acquired  an  easement  to  occupy  it  with  struct-  pf  thu  section  is  obvious.    For  a  Ml  disc^ 

ures  necessary  for  the  working  of  his  mine.  ^^e^iTx  J^^^^S^So^  ^^^ 

On  July  9,  1870  a  new  act  was  passed  re-  Mining  Sgineers,"  vol.  xii),  various 

lating  more  particularly  to  water-nghts  and  author  of  this  article,  in  tlie  ^*  School  ^. 

placer  claims;  and  on  March  3, 1873,  one  relat-  terly,"  vols,  vii  and  viii,  and  Morrises' 

mg  to  coal-lands.    On  May  10,  1872,  the  general  Rightein  Colorado"  (Denver,  1887).    17 

«»?-.:«^  «^i.  «.«-  ^^«^r.A   n.t;^  •a,va<Jia^  a^A4^»«.a  tiou  recnuates  the  location  ot  tunnels,  an 

mining  act  was  passed,  whidi  repealed  sections  p^^J^I^  ^^^  ^y^^  j^^j^^  ^^  ^.^.^^  J^^ 

1,  2,  8,  4,  and  6  or  the  act  of  1868,  and    was  nual  labor  necessary  to  hold  them,  de 

subsequently  codified  as  title  xzzii,  chapter  6,  specific  prerequisites,  such  as  distindlv 

of  the  Revised  Statues  of  the  United  States,  location  on  the  ground,  what  the  record  i 


But  a  single  act  of  any  importance  has  been  refore°f  t»  some  natural  object  or  pcti»^ 

,    .  '^    .T  .  li..     \    j,u        4.  ^r  V  u  ment,eto.  It  provides  that  one  hundred  cm -• 

passed  since  then,  and  this  is  the  act  of  Feb.  ^j-  ^niiual  labor  must  be  expended  upo-^3 

11,  1875,  relating  to  tunnels  on  mining-claims,  for  each  lOO  teet  along  the  vein  until  the      ' 

The  Edsdlg  Law. — The  act  of  1872  is  now  a  sued.    It  allows  the  various  mining  distf  ' 

part  of  the  organic  law  of  the  United  States,  further  rules  and  regulations  not  in  oonfl^^ 

and  is  the  only  specific  mining  kw  existing  Sl'X^*corrlbJte*hu";r^,Sn'or* 

therein.    It  supersedes  all  local  customs,  rules,  icquired  by  the  act. 
and  regulations,  and  all  State  or  Territorial       The  eighth  section  concerns  the  form 

laws  in  conflict  with  it,  but  is  expressly  limited  saiy  for  obtaining  apatent,  and  vests  tii 

to  claims  located  after  May  10, 1872,  and  makes  *^<>'^  ^^  ^®  •'•'^A    u  *^'"  J*!l  g^nting 

«^  »4.4.^»..v4-  ♦r^  {««4^A«#«»^  «UT»  ««»  »,:»:«»  »i«;^o  concerned,  m  the  hands  of  the  General     — 

no  attempt  to  mterfere  with  any  mmmg  claims  ^^  ,'  ^gg  therefrom  to  the  Secreta^ri: 

theretofore  granted.    It  ingrafted  upon  the  ju-  tenor  (see  Lands,  P.ublio). 

risprudence  of  the  country  the  so-called  ^'  doo-        The  ninth  section  relates  to  adverse 

trine  of  the  apex,"  which  is  totally  foreign  to  particular  location,  and  defines  what  pro 

all  known  systems  of Jurisprudence  and  of  3erS7et'?i±r"lt^SSS.'tr'if 

doubtful  expediency.     This  innovation  has  led  a^t,  within  thirty  days  after  filing  his  cte 

to  much  litigation  and  uncertainty  and  has  register  of  the  particular  mining-distric(^ 

made  the  working  of  the  law  generally  nnsat-  ia  situated,  to  begin  proceeding  in  a  oouM 

isfactory.    The  following  are  some  of  the  more  tent  iurindiction  to  determine  the  right  of 

;.»«.^«4-».«f  *v»rv»;c.;rv««a  ^/%u^  !<>«•.  Failure  to  do  this  works  a  forfeiture  of 

important  provisions  of  the  law :  ^^bt    After  judpnent,  tiie  law  provides 

Tide  xxxii  of  chapter  6  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  oi  the  patent  or  patents  to  the  proper  parT^ 

United  States  contains  twenty-eiffht  sections,  and  em-  if  there  be  such  who  al^e  entitled  to  separ:^ 

bodies  parts  of  the  acts  of  1866  and  1872,  chiefly  the  lat-  fcrent  portions  of  the  claim),  on  their  fili^^ 

ter.   The  first  section  expressly  reserves  mineral  lands  register  of  the  Land  Oiiice  a  certified  cf^^ 

from  sale  under  pre-emption,  and  the  second  gives  all  1ud|nnent-roll  of  the  court,  and  a  oerti^^ 

citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  those  intending  to  be-  Surveyor-General,  that  the  requisite  amo 

come  citizens,  Aill  privilege  of  free  and  open  explora-  has  been  done  upon  the  claim,  and  upon 

tion  and  purchase  of  mineral  lands  belonpnf?  to  the  five  dollars  per  acre,  as  required  by  law. 

Federal  Government  under  the  rules  prescribed  by  law  and  eleventn  sections  refer  respectively  to 

and  the  local  rules  and  customs  of  the  mining  districts  which  vein  or  lode  claims  shajl  be  descriB^ 

not  inconsistent  with  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  the  prosecution  to  final  decisions  of  applies  ^ 

The  third  section  limits  the  size  of  the  claim  to  1,500  prior  to  the  act,  provided  no  adverse  righ'^^ 

feet  along  the  vein  or  lode,  and  prohibits  the  location  isted.    The  next  five  sections,  taken  partL^ 

until  a  **  discovery  "  of  the  vein  or  lode  is  made  with-  act  of  July  9, 1870,  and  parti v  from  uiat  ^ 

in  the  limits  of  the  claim  located,  and  it  limits  the  1872,  relate  solely  to  placer  mmes.    The  fi^^ 

width  to  800  feet  on  each  side  of  the  middle  of  the  sections.  No.  2,329,  defines  placers,  and  8ut::=^ 

vein  at  the  suriiice.    It  also  provides  that  no  mining  to  entry  and  patent  as  other  mineral  lands, 

regulation  shall  so  limit  any  claim  as  to  be  less  than  No.  2,880,  limits  all  placer  claims  to  160  a(^^ 

twenty-five  feet  on  each  side  of  the  middle  of  the  vein  or  more  persons  or  associations  of  person^^ 

at  the  surface  except  where  adverse  rights  existing;:  at  vides  for  subdivision  of  legal  subdivisioiB^  ^ 

that  date  render  such  limitation  necessar;|r.   The  fourth  acres,  into  ten-acre  tracts,  and  permits  joit:^ 

section  defines  what  is  proper  proof  of  citizenship.  The  two  or  more  persons  or  associations  havinj^ 

fifth  provides  that  locators  shall  have  the  ri^ht  of  pos-  ous  claims  of^any  size,  reserving  all  rights  o  ^ 

session  and  enjoyment  ^^  of  all  the  surface  included  pre-emption  or  homestead  claims  upon  &f^ 

between  the  lines  of  their  location,  and  of  all  veins,  lands.     The  next  section,  No.  2,831,  reqis-^ 

lodes,  and  ledges,  tiiroughout  their  entire  depth,  the  where  placer  claims  are  located  upon  o^ 

top  or  apex  of  which  lies  inside  of  such  surface  lines  lands,  tney  shall  be  located  as  nearly  as  t^ 

exccndea  downward  vertically,  although  such  veins,  conformity  with  the  general  system  of  putr  ' 

lodes,  or  ledges  may  so  &r  depart  from  a  perpendicu-  and  shall  not  include  more  than  20  acrett  for^ 

lar  in  their  course  downward  as  to  extend  outside  dividual  claim,  and  provides  also  certain  IM 

the  vertical  side-lines  of  such  surface  locations."    It  in  eases  where  the  olaun  can  not  be  laid  oa^ 

confines  the  rieht  of  posset^sion  of  such  extra-lateral  form  to  the  lepal  surveys.    Section  2,832  is  M 

portions  to  sush  parts  of  the  vein  or  lode  as  lie  be-  statute  of  limitations  in  favor  of  such  person^ 

twecn  vortical  lines  drawn  downward  through  the  ciations  as  have  held  and  worked  their  dai^ 

end-lines  of  the  location  so  continued  in  their  own  di-  to  the  act,  and  gives  them  the  benefit  of  the  1^ 

rection  that  such  planes  will  intersect  such  exterior  ute  of  limitation  of  the  State  or  Territorr  ^^ 

parts  of  such  veins  or  ledges.    This  is  the  tamoua  claim  is  situated  on  giving  evidence  of  tneil' . 


MINING  LAW.  555 

rejudioe  to  any  Kens  that  have  State  over  all  mines.    Pennsylvania  has  a  gen- 

r  to  1^0  Usue  of  the  patent.   The  eral  regulative  act,  passed  in  1870.    But  all  acts 

ms,  No.  2,833,  refere  to  the  pat-       m  n^JL^^^^  «««.^^  J.«-«^rv.,««.  »,,4-k^^4...   ««^^ 

018  where  a  loie  or  vein  is  found  of  Oongre^  are  of  paramount  authority,  super- 

8.   If  the  application  for  the  pat-  sede  local  laws  and  regulations  upon  the  same 

I  or  lode,  then  the  applicant  mikit  subject,  and  abrogate  all  those  in  conflict  there- 

icre  for  such  vein  or  lode  claini,  with,  so  far  as  they  concern  mineral  lands  upon 

pl^^S?irt^^p^d*fo?a^^^^  ^*»^  ^^^^^^  domain.    This  has  been  distinctly 

nd  a  half  an  acre,  together  with  ^^^^  ^7  ^^  United  States  Supreme  Court,  in 

seeding.    It  alao  }>iovide8,  th^  Basey  vs.  Gallaghear,  20  Wallace's  Reports, 

e  is  kno^-n  to  exist  within  the  670.     Miners'  customs  and  regulations,   once 

ilwm,  an  applicatipn  for  a  patent  adopted,  are  presumed  to  be  in  force  until  the 

'■in  or  lode  claim  is  construed  to  ««„!«««'  ;„  ^1,^„^a       a  ^^^^11^4^1^-^  ^t  4\^^  „« 

of  aU  right  to  possession  of  the  opntrary  ^  proved.     A  compilation  of  the  va- 

8 18  Otherwise  if  the  lode  claim  is  nous  laws  of  eastern  States  relative  to  mines 

[n  such  case,  the  placer  claim  oar-  aud  mining  is  found  in  Day's  ^*  Mineral  Re- 

luently  discovered  valuable  min-  sources  of  the  United  States  for  1886,"  pub- 

,5l«T8!3'?^.nd'^M8  ^f^VlS:  I'-^ed  by  the  U.  8.  Geological  Survey  (W^ash- 

,  and  fees  of  deputy  surveyors,  iDglon,  it5o7;. 

and  proofe,  reservation  of  home-  CMHtmctiMi  of  tlie  Law. — The  principal  sections 

•f  agricultural  lands,  creation  of  of  the  existing  laws  under  which  controversies 

.'resident,  and  exemption  of  min-  hgyg  arisen,  calling  for  a  construction  of  the 

''%^^,^^.r^t:r^.  ?«»«  »>,  the  conru,  are  as  follow:   1   Section 

vem  when  two  or  more  veins  in-  2,820,  reiatmg  to  the  dimensions  of  claims.     2. 

other,  and  gives  the  prior  locator  Section  2,822,  the  apex  section.     3.  Section 

itained  within  the  space  of  inter-  2,324,  relating  to  location  and  annual  labor.  4. 

^w^v^S^^uSSf  tfe^'vttw  ^^^^^^  ^'^^^»  ^^^*^*"«  *^  P^^^^"*  ^^«^™  ^'^- 

given  to  the  prior  locator.    Sec-  }S^^^^f^  ^ej"?  ^r  lodes  within  their  boundaries, 

tor  the  acquisition  by  the  owner  The  remaining  sections  have  received  judicial 

!r  similar  to  that  provided  for  the  interpretation. 

of  adjacent  lan<f«  not  to  exceed  LocatiM  and  DbMverXr— The  status  of  locators 

l^Ji^rX^'cl^mVul  ^Z  and  patentees  of  lodes,  as  far  as  their  rights  of 

s  or  reduction-works  not  owning  possession  and  enjoyment  are  concerned,   is 

a  therewith,  a  similar  privileg;e.  practically  the  same  that  it  was  formerly,  with 

es  that  the  local  legislatures,  in  all  claims  other  than  placer  claims.    The  law 

•ai  legislation,  may  provide  suit-  requires  locations  to  be  made  along  the  lode  or 

workimr-mmes,  invommj  ease-  •      i      _^-t     »         m  -i.                     ^                  J.^ 

.  other  means  fir  their  develop-  v®^«  lengthwise  of  its  course,  at  or  near  the 

■essed  in  the  patent.  surface.    Each  locator  is  entitled  to  follow  the 

dip  of  the  lede  or  vein  to  an  infinite  depth, 
-After  the  incorporation  of  within  the  planes  passing  vertically  downward 
to  the  Revised  Statutes,  vari-  through  his  end-lines,  provided  his  claim  con- 
rritories,  in  conformity  with  tain  the  apex  of  the  lode  or  vein.  These  end- 
ted  them  by  section  2,388,  lines  must  necessarily  be  parallel  to  each  other, 
ig  to  the  working  and  drain-  A  location  of  a  mining  claim  can  not  be 
dso  to  such  matters  as  are  ne-  made  by  a  discovery  shaft  upon  another  claim 
Qplete  development  and  pres-  that  has  been  previously  located  and  is  a  valid 
3re  also  passed  relating  to  the  location.  The  weight  of  Federal  and  State 
lineSf  transfer  and  mortgage  authority  is  in  favor  of  the  validity  of  locations 

formation  of  mining  com-  where  the  work  required  by  statute  has  been 

r  as  the  location  of  mines  is  performed,  even  if  there  are  irregularities  in 

f  the  acts  are  mere  re-enact-  the  location  papers,  and  actual  possession  is  not 

leral  statutes.     Among  the  essential  to  the  validity  of  the  title  obtained  by 

>ries  that  possess  such  local  a  valid  location ;  and  until  such  location  is  ter- 

izona,  California,  Colorado,  minated   by  abandonment  and  forfeiture,  no 

innesota,  Montana,  Nevada,  right  or  claim  to  the  property  can  be  acquired 

gon,  Utah,  Washington,  and  by  an  adverse  entry  thereon  with  a  view  to  the 

vcnient  compilation  of  these  relocation  thereof.   Mere  possession,  however, 

Oopp's  ^'  American  Mining  not  based  upon  a  valid  location  is  valueless  as 

ton,    1886)    and  in   Waders  against  a  subsequent  valid  location.    Where  a 

g  Law  *'  (St.  Louis,  1882).  location  notice  fails  to  state  the  number  of  feet 

ilation,  by  Clarence  King,  is  claimed  on  each  side  of  the  lode,  the  location 

of  the  tenth  census  (Wash-  is  limited  to  an  equal  number  of  feet  on  each 

Certain  of  the  States  have  side  of  the  discovery,  and  to  an  equal  number 

ire  officers  or  commissioners  of  feet  on  the  course  of  the  lode  or  vein  in  each 

mining  interests  in  those  direction  from  that  point.    A  failure  to  record  a 

Constitutions   and    revised  certificate  of  location  of  a  mining  claim  within 

n  States   provide    for    the  the  time  prescribed  by  law  will  not  render  the 

eneral  police  power  of  the  location  invalid,  provided  the  other  necessary 


556  MININQ  LAW. 

steps  be  oompUed  with.    The  tendenoj  of  the  in  place  was  discovered  in  the  discovery  shaft, 
decisions  of  the  Federal  courts  has  been  to  sap*-  and  provided  also  that  it  extended  to  the  groood 
port,  as  far  as  possible,  locations  made  in  good  in  controversy.    No  location  can  be  made  upon 
faith,  notwithstanding  existing  informalities ;  the  middle  part  of  a  vein,  or  otherwise  than  &t 
and  hence  claims  for  more  than  the  statutory  the  top  or  apex,  which  will  enable  the  locttor 
length  apon  the  lode  have  been  held  good  to  to  go  beyond  his  lino.     While  the  common  Uw 
the  extent  of  the  number  of  feet  allowed  by  never  recognized  extra-lateral  rights  as  tbej 
law,  but  void  as  to  the  remainder ;  but  the  loca-  exist  to-day,  it  did  provide,  nnder  certain  cod- 
tion  of  a  mining  claim  upon  a  lode  or  vein  of  ditions,  for  the  separation  of  the  minerals  from 
ore  should  always  be  made  lengthwise  of  the  the  surface  under  which  they  lay. 
course  of  the  apex,  at  or  near  the  surface;  liUHal  Lalbor* — The  law  requires,  as  abore 
otherwise,  it  will  only  secure  so  much  of  the  stated,  a  certain  amount  of  work  to  be  done 
lode  or  vein  as  it  actually  covers.    Thus,  where  annually  upon  each  claim,  in  order  to  presem 
a  location  is  laid  crosswise  of  a  lode  or  vein,  so  the  location.    As  a  rule,  the  law  in  this  pv^ 
that  its  greatest  length  crosses  the  lode,  instead  ticular  has  been  strictly  construed,  and  finan- 
of  following  the  course  thereof,  it  will  secure  cial  embarrassment  and  threats  to  deter  re- 
only  such  surface  as  lies  within  it,  and  its  side-  sumption  of  labor,  have  been  held  not  to  be 
lines  will  become  its  end-lines  for  the  purposes  sufficient  excuses  for  non-performance  of  the 
of  defining  the  rights  of  the  owner.  work.    It  has  also  been  held  that,  where  work 
The  ipex  Seetton  aid  Rights  inder  It* — The  law  was  done  uf»on  one  of  several  adjoining  claims 
of  1872  ingrafted  upon  the  old  common-law  held  in  common,  it  could  only  count  for  the 
right,  which  included  primarily  the  surface  and  other  claims  within  the  meaning  of  the  statote 
everything  beneath  it^  the  additional  right  of  where  it  actually  inured  to  the  benefit  of  all  of 
following  certain  viens,  under  certain   condi-  them,  and  was  of  equal  beneficial  valae  to  all 
tions  and  limitations,  into  adjacent  territory.  Placer  CtolHS. — In  the  case  of  placer  claims, 
This  is  the  so-called  right  of  ^^  extra-lateral  the  owner  of  the  claim  holds  everything  oot- 
pursuit,^^  which  is  met  with  only  in  American  ered  by  his  patent,  except  such  lodes  as  were 
jurisprudence.    This  right  carried  with  it  the  known  to  exist  within  the  placer  claim,  prior 
liability  of  being  intruded  upon  by  an  adjoin-  to  the  granting  of  the  patent.     In  this  respect, 
ing  owner  in  the  exercise  of  the  same  right,  placer  claims  differ  from  lode  daima.    The 
The  old  right  of  discovery,  which  was  original-  courts  have  held  that  by  ^^  known  to  exist''  is 
ly  the  foundation  of  the  miner's  title,  is  no  meant  a  vein  duly  located  or  recorded  and 
longer  of  importance ;  for  the  right  to  follow  owned  by  a  third  party  before  the  placer  claim* 
a  vein  outside  of  the  side-lines  of  the  claim  ant  applied  for  the  patent,  and  that  the  mere 
depends  solely  upon  the  possession  of  the  apex  existence  of  the  lode  by  geological  inference, 
within  the  surface  survey.    Thus  the  original  general  rumor,  or  belief,  did  not  serve  to  ex- 
discovery  may  prove  valueless ;  but  the  right  empt  it  from  the  placer  claim.     The  reqnire 
of  extra4at6ral  pursuit  may  make  a  claim  of  ments  of  the  Federal  statute  in  regard  to  labor 
extreme  value.   This  has  several  times  occurred  performed  have  been  held  to  apply  to  placer 
in  the  mining-camps  of  the  West.    For  full  ex-  claims  also.   There  are  no  extra-lateral  rigotsia 
planation    of   this,   see  ^^The  Emma-Durant  connection  with  placer  claims. 
Case,"  "  School  of  Mines  Quarterly,"  vol.  viii.  BiMiogrt|ihy« — The  literature  of  mining  law  i* 
The  terms  **  veins,"  **lode,"  and  "ledge,"  and  not  large.    AH  mining  cases  of  general  impor- 
the  expressions,  *'  top  of  the  vein,"  and  "  apex  tance,  both  English  and  American,  are  report- 
of  the  vein,"  appear  to  be  synonymous,  but  ed  in  Morrison's  "Mining  Reports"  (Chicago, 
they  have  not  yet  been  judicially  settled.    A  fourteen  volumes).  This  series  contains  reports 
vein  or  lode,  in  order  to  be  followed  outside  of  of  many  cases  that  in  no  wise  form  a  part  of  the 
the  side-lines  of  the  claim,  must  be  continuous,  general  body  of  the  American  mining  law. 
Continuity  is  a  question  of  fact,  but  as  yet  there  Morrison's  "  Digest  of  American  and  &iglish 
is  no  case  that  squarely  defines  the  evidence  of  Decisions,"  found  in  the  reports  from  the  earii- 
continuity.    In  one  case,  however,  it  has  been  est  times  to  the  year  1875  (8an  Francisco,  1875) 
held  that  a  vein  or  lode  must  be  a  continuous  is  of  great  valae  to  the  practitioner  and  is  the 
body  of  mineralized  rook,  lying  within  any  best  book  for  the  practical  wants  of  attorneys, 
well-defined   boundaries   on   the  earth's  sur-  For  definitions  of  technical  terms,  see  Rossiter 
face  or  under  it.    Each  locator  is  entitled  to  W.  Raymond's  "  Glossary  of  Mining  Term8,^'io 
follow  the  dip  of  the  lode  or  vein  to  an  indefi-  vol.  ix  of  "  Transactions  of  the  American  Insti- 
nite  depth,  though  it  carries  him  beyond  the  tute  of  Mining  Engineers."  Rockwell's  "Span- 
side-line  of  his  claim,  provided  that  these  side-  ish  and  Mexican  Mining  Law"  (New  York, 
lines  substantially  correspond  with  the  course  1851)  is  a  most  learned  and  valuable  treatise, 
of  the  vein  at  the  surface.    A  locator  working  but  is  now  antiquated.   Blanchard  and  Weekes 
subterraneously  into  the  dip  of  the  vein  belong-  on  "Mines,  Minerals,  and  Mining  Water  Rights" 
ing  to  another  who  is  in  possession  of  his  loca-  (1887)  is  valuable,  but  is  no  longer  up  to  date, 
tion,  is  a  trespasser ;  and,  as  between  two  lo-  So   are   also   Sickles's   "  United    States  Mio- 
cators,  the   boundaries  of   whose   respective  ing  Laws  and  Decisions"  (1881),  and  Wade's 
claims  include  common  territories,  priority  of  "American  Mining  Law"  (Denver,  1882).    A 
location  confers  the  better  title,  provided  a  vein  convenient  work  is  Harris's  "Titles  to  Min^  ia 


MINNESOTA.  657 

lited  States  ^  (LoDdon,  1877),  which  is  to  eluding  new  buildings,  was  $4,388,695.41. 
rticularly  recommended  to  laymen  on  ao-  The  number  of  enrolled  pupils,  high  and  nor- 
of  its  briefness  and  thoroughness.  The  mal  schools  included,  for  the  year  1888,  was 
[>le  English  text-booic  is  MacSwinneys  259,335,  and  the  number  of  persons  in  the 
»  and  Minerals,''  and  the  American  is  State  between  the  ages  of  five  and  twenty-one 
ridge,  on  the  ''  Law  of  Mines  and  Miner-  is  estimated  at  416,550.  The  average  daily  at- 
First  American  Edition  from  Third  Lon-  tendance  has  been  126,468,  and  the  average 
dition,  1878).  length  of  school  during  the  year  has  been  6*1 
iiSOTA*  State  GaYenneiit — The  follow-  months.  There  have  been  1,884  male  teachers 
ere  the  State  officers  during  the  year:  employed  at  an  average  monthly  salary  of 
nor,  Andrew  R.  McGili,  Republican;  (40.10,  and  5,671  female  teachers  at  an  average 
nan t- Governor,  Albert  E.  Rice;  Secre-  monthly  salary  of  $30.52.  The  number  of 
f  State,  Hans  Mattson  ;  Auditor,  W.  W.  teachers  that  have  taught  in  the  same  district 
n;  Treasurer,  Joseph  Bobleter;  Attorney-  three  or  more  years  is  727  for  1888,  which  is 
al,  Moses  £.  Glapp ;  Superintendent  of  an  increase  of  46  per  cent,  over  1887,  and  120 
Instruction,  D.  L.  Eiehle ;  Railroad  and  per  cent,  over  1886.  The  number  of  normal 
lOuse  Commissioners,  Horace  Austin,  graduates  teaching  in  1888  was  571,  an  increase 
L,  Gibbs,  George  L.  Becker;  Chief -Jus-  of  60  per  cent,  over  1886;  while  tbatof  teach- 
f  the  Supreme  Court,  James  Gilfillan;  ers  attending  normal  school  in  1888  was 
iate  Justices,  John  M.  Berry,  William  1,427,  an  increase  of  40  per  cent,  over  1886. 
»]1,  Daniel  A.  Dickenson,  and  Charles  E.  The  amount  paid  to  teachers  in  wages  for  the 
»rbnrgh.  year  was  $1,942,665.73,  and  $1,121,304.83  was 
Mf& — The  report  of  the  State  Treasurer  paid  for  new  school  houses  and  sites.  The  law 
88  gives  the  following  statement  of  fi-  requiring  the  teaching  of  temperance  hygiene 
I  for  the  year  ending  July  81,  1888 :  Re-  in  the  public  schools  has  been  generally  com- 
,$8,097,610.25;  balancein  treasury  Aug.  plied  with.  Under  a  recent  law  granting  aid 
37,  $648,860.66;  total,  $3,746,470.91.  to  schools  in  purchasing  libraries,  there  have 
rsements,  $2,404,108  42;  balance  in  been  furnished  by  the  State  811  of  these  libra- 
ry July  31,  1888,  $1,842,862.67;  total,  ries.  '^The  growth  of  the  schools  has  been 
^,470.91.  Of  this  balance,  only  $139,-  further  enhanced,"  says  the  Governor,  "  by  the 
1  stands  to  the  cre<lit  of  the  revenue  fund  recent  amendment  to  the  State  Constitution 
ble  for  general  expenses.  The  estimated  permitting  the  State  school  funds  to  be  loaned 
ts  and  disbursements  for  such  expenses  to  school  districts  for  building  purposes  in  pro- 
e  ensuing  three  years  are  as  follow  :  viding  new  and  better  school-houses.      The 

amount  so  loaned  in  the  twenty-one  months 
the  law  has  been  in  operation  is  $291,124.91. 
One  of  the  greatest  stimulants  and  benefits 
ever  received  by  our  common  schools  comes 
through  the  law  of  1887,  which  levies  a  straight 
one-mill  tax  annually  on  the  taxable  property 
of  the  State  and  devotes  the  proceeds,  based 
on  the  enrollments  of  the  schools,  to  the  Yari- 
ous  school  districts  of  the  State.    This  levy,  as 

)  deficiency  for  1889  is  thus  $820,658.94.  extended  on  the  tax  rolls  of  1888,  amounted  to 

^tate  debt  consists  of  but  one  class  of  $486,670.03." 

,  viz.,  Minnesota,  4i-per-cent.  adjust-  Through  an  appropriation  made  by  the  last 
bonds,  bearing  date  July  1,  1881,  due  in  Legislature,  a  handsome  new  building  has  been 
y  years,  and  redeemable  at  the  State's  erected  at  Moorhead  for  the  fourth  normal 
I  after  ten  years.  The  amount  outstand-  school,  which  is  now  in  operation.  The  estab- 
$3,965,000;  the  State  holds  of  her  own  lishment  of  this  school  probably  supplies  the 
as  follows:  Invested  school  fond,  $1,-  last  demand  in  the  State,  in  the  way  of  new 
)0 ;  invested  university  fund,  $288,000 ;  normal  schools,  for  many  years  to  come. 
$2,269,000.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  During  the  year  schools  of  law  and  medi- 
iebt  is  $3,965,000;  from  this  should  be  cine  have  been  organized  in  the  State  univer- 
ted  $1,994,209,  which  represents  the  ac-  sity.  The  school  of  medicine  embraces  a  eol- 
ation in  the  internal  improvement  land  lege  of  medicine,  a  college  of  homoepathic 
which  is  by  law  set  apart  as  a  sinking-  medicine,  and  a  college  of  dentistry.  The 
The  State  debt,  less  the  available  sink-  course  of  instruction  covers  three  years.  The 
nd,  is  then  reduced  to  $1,970,791.  schools  will  use  the  medical  college  building 
ntl0B« — The  permanent  school  fund  now  in  St.  Paul,  and  the  hospital  college  building 
Its  to  $8,268,096.70,  having  increased  in  Minneapolis.  A  school  of  agriculture  with 
iaies  of  land  $954,080.66  during  1887  and  a  two-years^  course  has  also  been  opened  for 
It  is  expected  that  this  fund  will  eventn-  practical  instruction  in  farming.  The  presi- 
mount  to  $18,000,000  or  $20,000,000.  dent  of  the  university  reports  that  the  large 
vhole  amount  expended  on  the  public  science  hall  and  museum,  which  were  begun 
B  for  the  year  ending  June  80,  1888,  in-  in  1887,  are  nearly  completed. 


iCAL  YEAR. 

R«OBlp*k 

|l,S54,e90  73 
l,747,dOO  00 
1,818,000  00 

$2,175,249  66 
1,813.850  00 
1,614,850  00 

Bl 

$5,490,190  73 

$5,108,449  66 

inuitedBarplafl.... 

$816,741  06 

558 


MINNESOTA. 


Mdten'  Htae*— Tbe  last  Legislatnre  made 

Ero vision  for  the  establishment  of  a  home  for 
onorably  disoharged  soldiers  and  sailors,  and 
appropriated  $50,000  for  that  purpose.  The 
oitj  of  Minneapolis  gave  a  site  therefor,  con- 
sisting of  fifty-one  acres  of  land  at  Minnehaha 
Falls,  to  be  eventually  connected  with  the  park 
system  of  that  city.  Temporary  quarters  were 
rented  on  grounds  a^acent,  and  in  November, 
1887,  the  home  was  opened.  The  full  capacity 
of  these  quarters  was  soon  reached,  and  at  the 
date  of  the  annual  report  of  the  trustees  (Au- 
gust 12),  81  soldiers  had  heen  admitted,  and  65 
others  bad  applied.  During  the  present  winter 
fully  200  will  have  to  be  provided  for.  The 
appropriation  of  $50,000  for  purchasing  a  site 
and  erecting  new  buildings  did  not  become 
available  until  1888.  This  appropriation  has 
been  expended  in  the  erection  of  two  commo- 
dious and  comfortable  dwellings  and  it  is  ex- 
pected that  with  these  buildings  and  the  tem- 
porary quarters  all  applicants  now  entitled  to 
admission  will  be  accommodated.  But  this 
number  is  constantly  increasing. 

Slate  Prison. — The  last  Legislature  abolished 
the  contract-labor  system,  and  appropriated 
$25,000  to  put  in  motion  the  public-account 
system.  This  amount  was  considered  by  the 
prison  inspectors  too  small  to  warrant  them 
m  undertaking  the  work,  and  nothing  has  been 


Aid  te  Mtten,— The  Legislatnre  of  188T  ap- 
propriated $40,000  for  the  relief  of  farmen 
whose  crops  had  been  destroyed  by  hail  in 
1886.  The  cities  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis 
were  repaid  $10,000  advanced  by  them  lor 
distribution  in  Marshall  County.  Of  the  bal- 
ance, $20,815.59  was  distributed,  more  than 
half  of  which  went  to  Marshall  Goanty  wh^ 
the  greatest  loss  occurred.  The  sum  of  $25,- 
177.60  was  also  loaned  to  these  farmers,  to 
purchase  seed-grain.  Under  the  first  appro- 
priation much  actual  want  was  relieved  and 
suffering  averted,  and  when  the  season  of  18^ 
opened,  farmers  who  had  lost  their  all  by  hail 
the  previous  year,  and  but  for  the  aid  extended 
by  the  State  would  have  been  in  absolute  want, 
were  ready  with  their  teams  for  work.  Good 
crops  were  raised  where,  but  for  the  means 
furnished  by  the  State  to  purchase  seed,  notii- 
ing  could  have  been  planted.  The  benefits  con- 
ferred under  this  law  are  well  illustrated  in 
the  case  of  Marshall  County,  which,  althoo^ 
the  most  impoverished  by  the  losses  infiict«d, 
has  already  paid  back  $5,584.91  of  the  $11,625 
apportioned  it,  besides  providing  comfort  and 
plenty  in  the  homes  of  a  desolated  portion  of 
the  State. 

¥aliallM«— The  following  table  shows  tbe 
increase  in  value  of  the  taxable  property  of  tbe 
State  in  1888 : 


ITEMS. 

1888. 

1887. 

ma^ 

Acres  of  land  usessed 

27,260,821 

28,820,691 

8,4»,«) 

Value  of  land  with  Btmctnres  

$188,614,809 
261.4I»,56T 
106,126,015 

$190,883,518 

200,989.817 

94.846,604 

$2,268,7W 

6n,51&,750 

11,279,411 

Value  of  city  property 

Value  of  taxable  penonal  property 

ToUl 

$556,196,491 

$486,669,964 

$69,666^ 

•1 

[)ecrease. 

done.    The  prisoners  have  been  idle,  and  the 
inspectors  recommend  the  repeal  of  the  law. 
High  license. — Qov.  McGill  says  in  his  mes- 
sage to  the  Legislature: 

While  no  offioial  data  have  been  gathered,  infor- 
mation of  a  character  to  be  relied  upon  shows  a  de- 
crease of  fully  one  third  in  the  number  of  saloons,  and 
an  increase  of  one  quarter  in  the  revenue  derived 
from  licenses.  The  consumption  of  liquor  has  been 
lessened,  and  the  cause  of  temperance  materially  pro- 
moted. There  is  not  so  much  intoxication  as  existed 
before  the  law  was  enacted  ;  the  saloon  is  no  longer  a 
dominant  power  in  the  politics  of  the  State  ;  public 
opinion  for  a  thorouu^h  control  of  the  liquor  traffic  haa 
strengthened,  and  in  many  ways,  directly  and  indi- 
rectly, good  has  resulted  to  our  State  and  its  people 
from  the  high-license  law  of  1887. 

From  unofficial  statistics  gathered  by  a  State 
journal  in  Auinist,  at  the  beginning  of  the  sec- 
ond year  of  the  law,  the  reduction  in  the  total 
number  of  saloons  appears  to  be  from  2,806 
under  the  old,  to  1,597  under  the  new  system. 
In  Hennepin  County  the  reduction  is  from  346 
to  242  ;  in  Ramsey  County,  from  688  to  352  ; 
in  Winona  County,  from  166  to  40;  in  St. 
Louis  County,  from  113  to  72;  and  in  Stearns 
County,  from  109  to  61. 


Agilciltm.— Tlie  Commissioner  of  Statistia 
reports  for  1887  a  total  product  of  39,070,159 
bushels  of  wheat,  raised  on  8,053,887  acres; 
87,669,199  bushels  of  oats,  on  1,325,810  acren; 
17,284,422  bushels  of  corn,  on  642,477  acres; 
6,216,891  bushels  of  barley,  on  322,612  acres; 
and  1,818,121  bushels  of  flax,  on  167,264  acres. 
The  amonnt  of  wheat  for  1888  is  estimated  at 
3,019,919  acres;  oats,  1,538,134  acres;  con, 
687,069  acres;  barley,  370,075  acres;  flax, 
166,206  acres. 

Beci8lMs.^On  November  22  the  State  8q- 
preme  Court  rendered  an  important  decision, 
annulling  the  mechanics*  lien  law  of  the  last 
Legislature,  on  the  ground  that  many  of  its 
provisions  were  unconstitutional.  The  act 
aimed  to  give  labor  a  first  lien  upon  property 
created  by  it,  and  the  furnisher  of  materials  a 
second  lien ;  but  its  provisions  were  so  nnskill- 
f  ully  drawn  that  procedure  under  it  was  im- 
possible. As  a  result,  men  could  not  appeal  to 
the  old  law,  for  that  was  presumptively  super- 
seded, nor  could  they  appeal  to  the  new,  for 
the  ablest  lawyer  whom  they  might  employ 
could  make  nothing  of  it.    The  only  effect  of 


MINNESOTA.  559 

kw  has  been  to  enspend  for  a  year  the  disoham  the  ob1iflatioii8  of  a  political  oampuffn. 

and  safeguards  of  the  former  act  of  J^dej  liiin  the  judiciarvof  this  State,  for  the  Cret 

^u  K„  ♦u;^  ^««:«: ;«  «^^  -^«4.^««^  time  in  our  hiBtoiy,  has  been  prostituted  for  the  pur- 

5h  by  this  decision  is  now  restored.  p^,^  ^f  Actional  partLBanship,  and  men  of  acknowl- 

^slature  of  1885  passed  a  law  regn-  edited  incompetency  have  been  dothed  with  the 
removal  of  oonnty  seats,  which  pro-  judg^e's  ermine  as  a  compensation  for  their  political 
nst  other  things  for  the  removal  by  a  services  in  the  caucus  and  upon  the  stump.  We  sub- 
vote  of  the  electors,   excepting  in  mit  that  the  time  has  come  for  the  decisive  ^ 

1-         li_          ^'wi/vxo.   ^Av«|/««u|3   *.*  of  the  politicians  who  have  so  long  directed  the  afiEairs 

where  the  question  had  previously  of  our  State. 

litted  to  a  vote,  and  the  county  seats  q^  ^     „g^  28  a  conference  of  farmers  and 

id  been  fixed  by  such  vote,  and  m  this  j^^^^  organizations,  under  the  name  of  the 

ounties  a  three-fifth  vote  should  be  uFann  and  Labor  Party,"  met  at  St.  Paul  for 

In  the  case  of  Nichols  w.  Walter  this  ^i^^            3^  ^^  nominating  a  State  ticket  to 

Bclared  by  the  Supreme  Court  to  be  represent  the  interests  of    organized    labor, 

o  that  part  of  the  Constitution  which  This  conference  nominated :  For  Governor,  Ig- 

^K^'^M''  q!  T^ tI?  '""'^^fl'  T'"""  natius  Donnelly;  Lieutenant-Governor.  JamSs 

ighout  the  State.    There  is,  therefore,  McGaughy ;  Attorney- General,  William  Welch ; 

t  present  providing  for  county-seat  g^^^^  freMurer,  W.   G.  Jebb;   Secretary  of 

TO.     T»_  i--v^-     -A         ^  •     a.  J,  State,  J.  P.  Schonbeck.    The  platform  favors 

"■^^fi.^p^'^^'T'i^  o'?®*  T  ^^^  a  '•evision  of  the  tariff,  governmental  control 

►n  at  St.  Paul  on  July  25,  and  nomi-  ^^  telegraphs,  and  further  restriction  of  rail- 

»  following  ticket:   For  Governor,  roads,  ind  also  demands : 

mson ;   Lieutenant-Governor,  Theo-  mu  I  .i.                   j  .i  ^         u          v  •       j  j- 

f^ir^aflA  .   Q^^^r^^^,^  ^f  af«f  J    i>»4>«.  That  the  money  needed  for  exchanges  he  issued  di- 

^  o!^^ ;  Secretary  of  State,  Peter  ^^  ^  ^he  people,  without  the  intervention  of  banks. 

1;   Dtate  ireasurer,  John   H.  Allen;  The  adoption  of  a  system  of  votinjr  embodying  the 

General,  Charles  £.  Shannon.     The  principle  of  the  Australian  law,  which  abolishes  the 

30nteins  the  usual  prohibitory  resolu-  caucus  system  and  secures  to  each  voter  an  oppor- 

lands  a  law  of  Congress  prohibiting  *^'Jy.^„?"^*/i:®!  and  untrammeled  ballot., 

.   ..         .  V          .   .    'lu        OA  i.     *u  *  That  the  right  to  vote  is  inherent  m  citizenship, 

tation  of  liquor  into  those  States  that  ^uhout  regard  to  sex. 

uor-selling,  and  concludes  with  the  The  reduction  of  freight  and  passenffcr  rates  on 

resolution :  railroads  to  a  sum  sufficient  to  pay  only  uie  operating 

and  maintaining  expenses,  when  economically  admin- 

8  the  duty  of  the  State  Legiftlature  to  re-  istered,  and  a  fair  rate  of  interest  on  the  actual  cost  of 

railwajr  companv  doing  business  in  the  the  roads,  thus  saving  to  the  producers  of  the  State 

►vide  suitable  and  adequate  stock-yards,  at  several  millions  now  wrung  from  them  to  pay  interest 

ns  as  may  be  designated  by  the  ndlroad  on  fictitious  stock.* 

lers,  for  the  handling  and  shipping  of  grain.  The  enactment  of  a  law  allowing  the  mortgagor  to 

other  products,  under  such  rules  and  regu-  deduct  from   the   amount  due  the   mortgagee,  the 

«rill  insure  to  every  shipper  equal  rights,  amount  of  all  taxes  paid  upon  that  part  of  the  aAsesscd 

id  privileges.  valuation  of  the  estate  taxed,  represented  by  the  mort- 

ief-Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  F.  ^^^  enactment  of  a  fiictory-inspection  law  for  the 

,  was  later  placed  m  nomination,  and  protection  of  the  health  and  safety  of  employ^  in 

late  Justice,  George  S.  Li  verm  ore,  mines,  factories,  workshops,  and  places  of  husiness. 

•ust  15  the  Democratic  State  Conven-  ,  The  enactment  of  a  law  defining  the  liabiUty  of  em- 

held  at  St.  Paul,  and  nomioated  the  fc^^^ZTelLSSrv^.^?  ^S'uL*l.  IS  ^ 

candidates :  For  Governor,  Eugene  pations  dangerous  to  life,  limb,  or  health. 

;  Lieutenant-Governor,  Daniel  Buck;  That  eight  hours  shall  constitute  a  day's  work  in 

of  State,  W.  C.  Bredenhagen ;  Treas-  all  towns  and  cities  on  State  and  municipal  work,  and 

IS  Nelson ;  Attorney-General,  0.  D'-  ^^  «"^  ^^'^  ^^^  ^  ^<>°«  ^y  ***®  ^y*  *°^  ^"^^  ^y 

It;    Chief  Justice   of   the   Supreme  ^The  enactment  of  a  law  regulating  the  employment 

tagrave   Smith ;    Associate  Judge  of  of  detectives  and  peace-officers,  and  forbidding  the 

me  Court,  George  W.  Batehelder.  employment  of  secret  or  private  detectives  by  other 

ition    to  commending  the   National  than  the  State  or  raunidpal  governments. 

•ation  and  policy,  the  resolutions  de-  „S?„^"?^?*  ffwft,^^?n«v  h^th^  p,?oC«™  of 

•^    ^•"    ,           m  .t     csi.  t.  weekly  wages  m  lawnii  money  by  tne  employers  or 

e  grain-inspection  laws  of  the  State,  labor  in  dties,  and  by  raUroad  companies  and  other 
the  multiplicity  of  offices,  accuse  the  corporations,  and  at  the  hands  of  Congress, 
emment  of  extravagance,  and  reflect  whereas,  Any  rat«  of  interest  above  the  average  in- 
State  Executive  in  the  following  Ian-  f^^  f  we^tfi  of  Uie  nation  is  robbery  therefore  we 

^  demand  a  reduction  ot  mtcrest  m  this  State  to  a  rei^ 
sonable  rate. 

cularly  arraign  the  present  Executive  of  A  few  weeks  later,  Mr.  Donnelly,  the  guber- 

[)r  he  has  pereistently  refused  to  interpose  narional  candidate,  announced  his  refusal  to 

^Ji^^vCi^B"  emes^^^^^  accept  the  nomination  and  his  purpose  of  sup- 

.    We  commend  to  his  consideration  the  porting  the  Repubucan  ticket  as  the  surest  way 

r  Grover  Cleveland,  as  eridenoe  of  the  of  securing  the  demands  of  the  laboring  man. 

influence  upon  vicious  legislation  which  J.  H.  Paul  was  then  nominated  to  fill  the  va- 

;nt  Executive  can  exercise  by  a  judicious  cor|«y 

e  exercise  of  the  veto  power.    He  has  de-  mi: '  t>       vi»                ^  •                  x*             a 
vil  service  of  tiie  State  by  remoring  officers  The  Republicans  met  in  convention  on  Hep- 
experience  in  order  to  pay  the  deots  and  tember  6,  and  after  fuur  formal  ballots  nomi- 


660  MINNESOTA.  MISSIONS,  PROTESTANT. 

nated  William  R.  Merriam  for  Governor.    The  extending  the  legislative  session  to  ninety  days, 

other  principal  candidates  before  the  conven-  new  bills  not  to  be  introduced   in  the  Isst 

tion  were  Gov.  McGill  and  Arthur  Scheffer.  twenty  days,  was  also  adopted  by  a  vote  of 

The  Secretary  of  State,  Auditor,  Treasurer,  and  150,008  yeas  to  62,946  nays^ 

Attorney-General  were  renominated.     For  the        MISSIONS,  PftOTESTANT,  DUTiSNATIOlliL  €01- 
Supreine  Oourt,  Chief -Justice  Gilfillan  was  re-  Fi!BENCE  OF.    An  International  Conference  of 
nominated,  and  L.  VV.  Collins  was  made  the  Foreign  Missions  was  held  in  London  in  Jane, 
candidate  for  Associate  Justice.    The  platform  It  has  become  usual  to  hold  such  conferencef 
pledges  the  party  to  maintain  the  high-license  once  in  ten  years ;  and  the  present  meeting 
system,  commends  the  administration  of  Gov.  was  also  associated  with  the  centenary  of  tbe 
McGill,  approves  civil-service  reform,  the  in-  institution  of  missionary  work.     Tlie  call  for 
terstate  commerce  law,  and  liberal  pensions,  the  Conference  was  addressed  to  Christians  of 
and  condemns  the  fishery  treaty  and  the  re-  all  Protestant  communions  engaged  in  misioo- 
f  asal  of  Democrats  to  admit  Dakota  as  a  State,  ary  service  of  whatever  kind,  ^'  to  confer  with 
It  further  declares  that  the  party  adheres  to  one  another  on  those  many  and  important  aod 
the  repeated  declaration  of  State  and  National  delicate  questions  which  the  progress  of  ci?ili- 
platforms,  in  favor  of  the  modification,  read-  zation  and  the  large  expansion  of  missionarr 
jastment  and  reduction  of  the  tariff.    It  de-  work  have  brought  into  prominence,  with  i 
clares  that  all  measures  of  tariff  adjustment  view  to  develop  the  agencies  employed  for  tba 
should  be  framed  and  conceived  in  a  cautious  spread  of  the  Gospel  of  the  grace  of  God.^ 
and  conservative  spirit,  so  as  not  to  disturb  and  One  htmdred  and  twenty -nine  societies  were 
impair  interests  which  have  grown  up  under  represented  in  the  Conference ;  fifty-four  Brit- 
existing  revenue  laws,  and,  as  far  as  possible,  to  ish  societies,  by  1,254  delegates ;  fifty-two  so- 
relieve  the  people  from  unnecessary  taxation  cieties  in    the   United  States,   by  140  dele 
upon  articles  which  do  not  enter  into  competi-  gates;  six  in  Canada,  by  27  delegates;  and 
tion  with  American  industry.    It  declares  its  seventeen  on  the  Continent  of  Europe,  by  2S 
hostility  to  trusts  so  called,  and  to  all  monopo-  delegates.    Of  the  whole  number  of  societies, 
listic  combinations,  of  every  form  that  seek  to  twenty-two  were  women^s  societies  or  boards, 
limit  the  production  or  the  price,  or  in  any  way  The  opening  meeting,  for  the  reception  of  dele- 
control  the  commodities  of  the  country.    It  gates  and  interchange  of  greetings,  was  held 
approves  the  reform  of  the  voting  system  called  June  9,  under  the  presidency  of  tlie  Earl  of 
the  Australian  system.    In  view  of  the  recent  Aberdeen.    It  was  addressed  by  the  Rev.  Dr. 
revelations  showing  the  abuses  to  which  the  Underbill,  chairman  of    the  Executive  Com- 
immigration  and  naturalization  laws  have  been  mittee,  who  gave  an  outline  of  the  history  of 
subject,  it  demanded  of  the  National  Congress  the    missionary  conferences,   from  the  first, 
a  thorough  revision  of  those  laws ;  and,  in  the  which  was  held  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Duff,  in  New 
mean  time,  a  more  efficient  execution  by  the  York,  in  1854;  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Thompson,  of 
National  Administration  of  such  laws  as  we  the  American  Board,  who  spoke  of  the  work 
have,  especially  that  prohibiting  the  importa-  of  the  women^s  boards,  of  which  there  were, 
tion  of  contract  labor.  he  said,  thirty-five  in  the  United  States,  witli 

At  the  November  election,  Merriam  received  thousands  of  auxiliaries ;  and  by  speakers  rep- 
184,355  votes  for  Governor;  Wilson,  110,251 ;  resenting  societies  of  Continental  Earooe. 
Harrison,  17,150;  and  Paul,  385.  Merriam  Forty-five  meetings  were  held,  which  are  de- 
ran  over  5,000  votes  behind  his  ticket.  Of  the  scribed  as  sectional  meetings,  for  memhen 
legislative  candidates,  31  Republicans  and  1^  only;  open  meetings  for  conference;  and  public 
Democrats  were  elected  to  the  Senate ;  and  89  meetings  in  the  afternoons  and  evenings.  Ai 
Republicans,  9  Democrats,  and  5  Independents  the  sectional  meetings  were  discussed  such  top- 
to  the  Lower  House.  Five  Republican  Con-  ics  as  missionary  methods  and  agencies,  medi* 
gressmen  were  chosen,  and  the  National  Re-  cal  missions,  women^s  work ;  the  place  of  edo- 
publican  ticket  received  a  large  minority.  cation  in  mission  work;  the  organization  and 

At  the  same  election,  a  constitutional  amend-  government  of  native  churches,  their  training 
ment  declaring  combinations  to  monopolize  or  and  support;  the  missionary  and  his  relation 
restrict  the  market  for  food-products  to  be  to  literature,  Bible  and  tract  societies ;  home- 
criminal  conspiracy,  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  work  for  missions;  missionary  comity,  union, 
104,932  in  its  favor,  to  13,064  against  Another  and  co-operation ;  and  commerce  and  diploma- 
amendment  adding  to  section  12  of  Article  I  cy  in  relation  to  missions.  The  purpose  of  the 
the  following  words:  open  conferences  wps  described  to  be  not  so 

Provided,  however,  that  all  property  so  exempted  much  to  awaken  sympathy  for  any  particular 

shall  be  liable  to  seizure  and  »alo  for  any  debts  incurred  branch  of  mission  work,  as  to  inquire  into  the 

to  any  person  for  work  done  or  materials  furnished  in  ^»eak  points  of  missionary  labor  with  a  view 


service  performed,  Mohammedanism."   The  chairman.  Sir  William 

was  adopted  by  the  following  vote:    Yeas,    W.  Hunter,  remarked  that,  after  carefully  going 
158,908;   nays,  48,649.     A  thu-d  amendment,    over  the  figures,  he  was  convinced  that  while 


MISSIONS,  PROTESTANT.  MISSISSIPPI.                   56J 

ig  the  past  ten  years  Islam  bad  increased  tween  the  different  missions,  and  special  topics 
per  cent.,  Christianity  had  gained  64  per  of  ministerial  qualification  and  agencies.  An 
.  Another  like  session  was  devoted  to  the  agreement  was  adopted  for  the  purpose  of  se- 
ission  of  ''*'  Buddhism  and  other  Kindred  curing  harmony  in  the  workings  of  the  several 
;hen  Systems;  their  Character  and  Influ-  missions  and  avoiding  interferences  between 
,  compared  with  those  of  Christianity."  them ;  and  a  committee  was  constituted  with 
snbject  of  a  third  session  was  ^*  The  Mis-  authority  to  provide  for  another  assembly  at 
I  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  to  Heathen  some  suitable  time  in  the  future, 
is ;  their  Character,  Extent,  Influence,  and  MISSISSIPPI.  State  G«fcinuMBtr— The  follow- 
ona."  On  this  subject  the  Rev.  Principal  ing  were  the  State  officers  during  the  year : 
\ricar,  of  Montreal,  represented  that  while  Governor,  Robert  Lowry,  Democrat ;  Lieu- 
increase  of  Roman  Catholic  converts  in  tenant-Governor,  G.  D.  Shands ;  Secretary  of 
%  was  ^  per  cent.,  the  United  Protestant  State,  George  M.  Govan ;  Auditor,  W.  W. 
ions  were  able  to  show  an  increase  of  9  Stone;  Treasurer,  W.  L.  Hemingway;  Attor- 
^nt.  The  fourth  subject  was  '* Missions  ney-General,  T.  M.  Miller;  Superintendent  of 
Commerce."  The  fifth  and  last  open  con-  Public  Instruction,  J.  R.  Preston ;  Chief-Justice 
ice  was  devoted  to  the  discussion  of  ^^  The  of  the  Supreme  Court,  J.  A.  P.  Campbell ; 
nate  Relations  between  Home  and  Foreign  Associate  Justices.  J.  M.  Arnold  and  Timothy 
ions  and  the  Reaction  of  the  Foreign  Mis-  £.  Cooper.  In  January,  the  Legislature  in 
iry  Spirit  on  the  Life  and  Unity  of  the  joint  session  chose  J.  F.  Sessions,  J.  C.  Kyle, 
rch/^  Among  the  subjects  considered  at  and  Walter  McLaurin,  to  be  Railroad  Commis- 
>ublic  meetings  were  "  Christianizing  Chi-  sioners,  to  succeed  J.  F.  Sessions,  J.  C.  Kyle, 
"Japan  and  China,'*  "Missions One  Hun-  and  William  Mc Willie. 

Tears  Ago,''  "  Medical  Missions,"  "  Mis-  LestslatlTe  ScsdM. — The  regular  biennial  ses- 
i  in  Turkey,"  "  The  Nile  and  the  Niger,"  sion  of  the  Legislature  began  on  January  8, 
e  Work  in  Oceania,"  "East  and  Central  and  ended  March  8.  Eany  in  the  session 
ca,"  **  Women's  Mission  to  Women,"  Edward  C.  Walthall  was  re-elected,  without 
>rth  and  Central  India,"  "  South  India  and  opposition,  to  the  United  States  Senate,  for  the 
nah,"  "  Missions  and  Bible  Societies,"  term  beginning  in  March,  1889.  The  most  im- 
kterial  Agencies  at  Home,"  "The  Church's  portant  legislation  of  the  session  relates  to  the 
r,"  "The  Missionary  in  Relation  to  Litera-  State  finances.  An  act  was  passed  authorizing 
"  and  "  Missionary  Comity."  the  issue  of  $500,000  of  bonds  payable  in  thirty 
isolations  were  passed  denouncing  the  years,  and  bearing  4  per  cent,  interest,  the 
m- trade  in  China — which,  it  was  asserted,  proceeds  to  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  $80,- 
prejudiced  the  people  of  that  country  000  deposited  by  insurance  companies  with  the 
38t  all  missionary  efforts — and  the  manu-  State  under  an  act  of  March  14,  1884 ;  to  the 
ire  of  opium  in  India ;  demanding  the  en-  payment  of  bonds  issued  in  March,  1880,  to 
oppression  of  the  trade;  condemning  the  the  amount  of  $246,000;  and  of  bonds  issued 
ring  on  of  the  traffic  in  strong  drink  by  in  March,  1884,  to  the  value  of  $168,600. 
;hants  belonging  to  Christian  nations  Another  act  provides  that  the  rate  of  interest 
3g  native  races,  especially  in  Africa;  ex-  payable  by  the  State  upon  the  Chickasaw 
dng  "  grateful  appreciation  "  of  what  His  dchool  fund  shall  be  7  instead  of  8  per  cent. 
>sty,  the  King  of  the  Belgians  had  done  in  after  May  1.  Over  $8,000  will  annually  be 
iause  of  humanity  and  religion  in  Central  saved  to  the  State  by  this  reduction.  The 
Z&,  especially  in  founding  the  Congo  Free  former  railroad  law  was  amended  by  giving 
3 ;  and  deploring  the  extension  of  "  state-  the  railroad  commissioners  additional  power, 
sed  vice  "  in  India.  A  committee  was  ap-  and  an  act  was  passed  requiring  all  steam  rail- 
ted  to  present  a  memorial  to  the  King  of  roads  to  provide  equal  but  separate  accommo- 
Relgians,  urging  him  to  use  his  influence  in  dations  on  each  train  for  the  two  races,  giving 
CJongo  Free  State  to  secure  the  suppression  conductors  power  to  eject  passengers  who  re- 
le  liquor-traffic  there.  fuse  to  ride  in  the  car  provided  for  their  race, 
vicstant  HiffiiMiarx  ioeaUy  li  Mexico. — A  and  imposing  a  mie  on  roads  that  do  not  coui- 
eral  Assembly  of  Protestant  Missionary  ply  with  the  act.  Another  law  provides  for 
kers  in  Mexico  was  held  in  the  city  of  Mex-  the  organization  and  equipment  of  an  active 
beginning  January  31,  at  which  the  missions  militia  of  the  State,  to  be  known  as  the  Missis- 
le  Methodist  Episcopal,  Methodist  Episcopal  sippi  National  Guard.  An  act  for  equalizing 
th,  Northern  rresbyterian.  Southern  Pres-  assessments  separates  the  counties  into  classes, 
;rian,  Cumberland  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  and  fixes  the  valuation  of  diflerent  qualities  of 
gregational,  and  Episcopal  Churches  and  land  in  each  class.  In  a  majority  of  counties, 
Society  of  Friends  were  represented.  Dis-  popular  election  of  county  superintendents  of 
ions  were  held  upon  the  questions  of  the  education  is  provided  for,  instead  of  appoint- 
nde  to  be  borne  toward  the  Roman  Catho-  ment  by  the  State  Board  of  Education.  The 
Dhnrch,  a  revision  of  the  Spanish  version  sum  of  $80,000  is  appropriated  annually  for 
be  Scriptures  and  translation  into  the  In-  the  relief  of  disabled  Confederate  soldiers  and 

dialect,  the  means  of  combating  skepti-  of  the  widows  of  those  who  wore  killed  in  the 

I  in  Mexico,  comity  and  co-operation  be-  war.    Payments  from  this  sum  are  awarded 
TOL.  xzvin. — 86  A 


562  MISSISSIPPI. 

bj  a  State  board  of  inquiry  to  sacb  as  it  shall  from  usual  sources  $858,786.38.   The  dial 

delect  from  those  certified  to  it  by  county  ments  on  all  accounts  for  the  same  time   ' 

boards  of  inquiry  as  needing  assistance.    Re-  $1,029,638.06.     Deducting  from  this  n^ 

fusal  to  pay  the  poll-tax  was  made  a  misde-  borrowed  and  returned  with  interest,  the^ 

meanor,  punishable  by  fine  and  imprisonment,  bursements  on  ordinary  accounts  for  1887 

In  accordance  with  the  recommenaation  of  the  $844,675.42,  the  receipts  on  usual  acccc 

Governor,  it  was  enacted  that  the  trial  of  mis-  thus  exceeding  the  disbursements  by  $9,S 

demeanors  may  be  assigned  by  the  grand  jury  06.    The  Treasurer  gives  the  entire  indeU 

to  justices  of  the  peace,  by  directing  them  on  ness  of  the  State  on  Jan.  1,  1888,  at  $3,7 

information  to  inquire  into  them.    This  will  904.01,  of  which  the  sum  of  $1,088,266.40 

relieve  the  State  circuit  courts  of  a  large  num-  floating  debt,  paying  no  interest    This  par 

ber  of  small  cases  which  hitherto  have  occu-  the  debt  was  increi^ed  during  1886  ana  1 

pied  much  of  their  time  at  great  expense  to  by  $317,560.17.    A  part  of  this  deficiency 

the  State  and  to  the  exclusion  of  more  im-  due  to  the  diminution  of  revenue  by  reasoi 

portant  business.    The  State  tax  for  1888-^89  the  operation  of  the  local-option  law,  by  wh 

was  fixed  at  8^  mills  for  the  general  fund,  and  from  1883  to  1887,  Uiere  was  an  aggregate 

\  mill  for  the  payment  of  interest  on  the  bonds  crease  in  the  receipts  from  liquor  licensee 

of  1886.    A  resolution  for  submitting  to  the  the  amount  of  $178,795.88,  an  average  of  $ 

people  the  question  of  calling  a  constitutional  759.18  per  annum.     Another  cause  was 

convention  passed  both  Houses,  but  was  vetoed  low  tax-rate  that  was  in  force  up  to  1887.   ' 

by  the  Governor.    An  attempt  to  pass  the  bill  Legislature  in  1886  raised  the  rate  from  2j 

over  the  veto  failed  to  secure  the  necessary  8  mills,  and  in  the  present  year  from  3  to 

two-third  vote  in  the  Senate,  the  vote  standing  mills,  for  general  purposes. 

19  to  16  in  its  favor.    Other  acts  passed  at  the  Ouulttes. — ^At  the  Jackson  Insane  Asylum 

session  were  as  follow  :  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year,  there  were  \ 

RepealiDg  the  act  of  1886  imposing  a  tax  upon  com-  patients ;  at  the  East  Mississippi  Asylum,  % 

mercial  trovelen.  and  at  the  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb, 

To  provide  for  obtaining  and  publishinsr  reports  of  These  institutions  are  supported  by  a  libi 

banking  institutions  doing  business  in  the  State.  annual  appropriation  from  the  State. 

To  abolish  the  present  boards  of  trustee?  of  the  sev-  /i^^^      a  -^^«;«i  ««^«-*  «,-    ^  ;i     *^  . 

eral  charitable  institutions  of  the  State,  and  to  provide  ^  CMvlcte.— A  special  report  was  made  to  t 

for  the  appointment  of  new  boards.  Lower  House  of  the  Legislature  m  February 

Providing  for  the  assessment  and  collection  of  past  a  committee  appointed  to  examine  the  pris 

due  and  unpaid  taxes  on  raih-oads  that  have  escaped  system  of  the  State.     Of  the  lease  system  g; 

•"iXririnTthe  State  B<»rd  of  Health  to  pu«h,se  f.^'^'y.  *"d  of  the  treatment  of  prisoner, 

and  distribute  vaccine  virus  free  to  regular  practicing  ^"®  lessees,  the  Gulf  and  Ship  Island  RaiJr- 

physicians  during  1888,  and  every  three  years  ti^ere-  Company,  the  report  says : 

"^o  provide  for  the  prevention  and  Buppression  of  „2^Ur,!!  V4^S^  h?S,^  VJll^Sl'^S 

AcoeptinK  Uie  provision  of  the  act  of  Confrress  con-  this,  that  it  i»  without  any  of  the  aafetruarda  ranS: 

tempUtiM  the  eetabliahment  of  agnoultural  expcn-  f„^  ownership  of  the  efcve ;  and  tftl^iwi 

A n^J^lnnin^  ^^ ^."^^l^'^y,.  nn,nW  nf  fr..  ^^  »  objeOtioSable,  thrt  of  BUb-leasing  i.  dou™ 

■*,^S2^n^^J^.f  r.  RtJ^A^Vnlt,,~(  ITa  Thetreattnentof  oonvict. under sub-leOees  wife 

MV^w^l  p^ni.!^2^<l^f  5£S  ln^n.,ri!rfniS}J?.  ^A  l>ave  been  generally  harah,  if  not  pogitively  onife^ 

Meohanical  CoUege  and  at  the  Industrial  Inatitute  and  this  is  shown  by  the  evidence  talSn  by  de  6(^ 

?s^°„'''^h''f''f^p"'r'^''^L?'"''"?r'"'T  -d'[?lirJM78'87Tthr'6'?'di^rr^X 

tioi'*o?rr^ro^thr.^m'^.B°'^°'"«''''  "«"""■  x^^-^^^irt^i^  ^"^^z^'^r^ 

To  p«vent  pu^hase™  of  cotton  from  deducting  two  S'«ar."oVthaTu."e"^ve?^'  d1^5fV« 

.rv^fSrefcTeS"^dVk^r  "^^  ^""'^-  ^^^^  ^S^'^t^^'^-  Z^&L"^''^'!^^ 

ary-lme  between  the  State  and  Arkansas.        .        ^  of  different  and  worse  treatment  suffered  by 

Bi^  Bl«k  rive?                                 navigation  of  the  tendent.    Within  the  Penitentiary  we  Und, 

.ifef  iS^.'eStrU'nJeaL^S""''  "  '  ^'r&or''<^^'^  ^/^;SKJ^J'a. 

^.t?^^J?-?.    f^!.;^i?M  f  K^^^^                            .  feebledSnd  disabled  convicts,  and  the  iea. 

^xt^na^^o^Z  t^t^^^rn^^^Z^''^  ''''^  ^^'T  low  uuder  the  circumstances.  In  1886 1 

^^^o^kS^I^MaS^^^^^^^^                                     not  '^^^l  ^eStr^'JJ  a^St '^'r  "ce'nT 

Sft^ot^^'^n^e^nT^^          ^°^  ^"" '""  ^^  were tlted^l^'co'^lf of^^^^ 

the  date  ot  this  enactment.  death-rate  of  2-08  per  cent    These  deaths 

FfauuiMS. — The  receipts  from  all  sources  for  eluded  in  the  aggregate  number  of  deaths  fo  ^ 

the  year  1887  amounted  to  $1,069,568.88,  of  J^^^  ^^^^  H'   .1  ™?  '^  ^I?®7J"*  ^  ^f^"'^ 

^Tit^Ti  fiii*  or.rv»  rx4?  ^oi  K  '7QO  «r«o\.««i;-«^  #J«w«  "^®  avcn^c  death-rate,  we  find  the  death-ra^ 

which  the  sum  of  $215,782  was  realized  from  campa  fo7l886  about  7  per  cent,  and  in  ISST 

the  sale  of  bonds,  leaving  as  the  total  receipts  oent    8uch  a  low  nte  in  the  general  hoajut^ 


•                           HISSISSIPPT.  668 

r,  where  convicts  an  nsnally  siek,  ta  oom-  $10,000  to  the  Confederate  Honnmental  Asao- 

itatja  the  camps,  where  oonncts  are  sup-  elation,  for  aiding  in  the  erection  of  a  mona- 

to  the"toi?w  "«°'''»"»  o'  ^'  treatment  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  Confederate  dead,  and  also  setting 

t.   *  lu    cl  *   o    _j  «»  ri 4..„i  ..J  apart  a  portion  of  the  Capitol  grounds  as  a  site 

•i  of  the  State  Board  of  Control  imd  tfierefor      The  Legislature  gitinted  the  site, 

n,  created  hy  the  Legislature  of  1886,  ^^^  ^^f^^^  ^  appropriatioi,  whereupon  the 

by  the  committee  to  be  altogether  .agooiation   deterSn^   to   wise  the  neces- 

Several  important  recoramenda-  „„t  ^         ^^  subscription.    Largely 

.  made  by  this  committee,  but  the  ^j^^^^  ^^^^  ^g^^f,  ^f  ^^.^^^    the  sum  of 

t  took  no  action  upon  the  subject.  ^^^^  j^  ^^  ^.^^  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^ 

the  year  complaints  were  made  of  Jj^^  ^^  „^  t^^  25th  of  that  month  the  cor- 

treatment  of  the  convicts,  and  on  j^^ll^^^^  ^as  laid  at  Jackson.    A  letter  of 

lessees  failed  to  pay  to  the  State  the  ^  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^^  Jefferson  Davis,  who 

«xpensee  of  the  superintendent  of  ^^  ^^^  j^^^^^  t^  l^          „,  ,„^,  ^  ^^,4^^,^ 

ntiary,  according  to  their  contract,  j.^^^^  „,  ^^^  occasion  was  the  presentation 

^iMsees  were  themselves  dissatisfied,  ^^  j^j^g  ^.^^j^  j,^^,    ^.^  daughter,  who  waa 

3   to  cancel  their  agreement    The  m^  ,,f  ^  ^ij^^^  ^^^^^  ,„^  ^^^  father.    The 

Control  investigate.!  various  com-  {Monument  is  designed  to  be  forty-five  feet  in 

a  early  in  December  found  snflScient  j,^.  ^^    ,„j  ^j,i  »,^  ^u,000.    A  statue  of 

«clare  the  contract  forfeited.    The  jj^^j,  D.^ig  j,  to  form  a  part  of  the  me- 

en  were  non-payment  of  money,  in-  m^-jfti 

fctment,  sublettiM  without  authority  ^^^  Riw.— On  September  20  three  well- 

•a,  failure  to  make  monthly  reports,  ^^g^g^  ^^^^  ^f     „,,^  f^^^^.  ^^^^  discovered 

care  for  sick  convicts,  and  other  ^t  Jackson,  among  laborers  engaged  upon  a 

3jr  this  order  248  men  were  released  „^^  passenger-station  of  the  IlMois  Central 

**  XfK^  ^^i  P?'"'!"*''^^  t"  Pt  Railroad.    On  the  foDowing  day  four  addi- 

;    156  others,  having  been  sublet  by  tional  cases  were  found,  and  one  death  occurred 

on  a  contract  expiring  Jannary  1  ,^^^  the  disease.    An  exodus  from  the  city 

w-ed  to  remain.    Before  the  end  of  ,,         ^t  once,  and  in  a  few  days  only  a  small 

^e  board  had  negotiated  a  new  lease  »tion  of  the  population,  consisting  largely  of 

the  returned  men.     The  total  num-  J         ^^  ^^  left.  Quarantine  regulations  were 

zl^''Tir*7**.°r-              .;,  ,  ,  speedily  established  at  all  points.  The  Howard 

•tUL-Tbe  Legislature  provided  for  citizens'  Association,  which  had  taken  control 

*ee  to  examme  the  Capitol  building  ^,  ^  ^^^^^  epidemic,  was  revived,  and  arrange- 

V"  "fr  1 »?.  «<»I«''t»*>''-    I?  ^Y  *'i  nients  were  made  for  a  long  struggle  with  the 

©published  lU  findm^  which  showed  jj^^^     La     ,    through  Aese  efforts,  the  in- 

'Dg  to  be  insecure  and  in  need  of  im-  j^^ted  area  was  confined  to  its  original  limits, 

repairs  tp  render  it  safe.    For  these  ^p  to  September  27  there  were  fifteen  cases 

«©  gum  ot  $4,650  was  needed  and  for  ^^^  g^^  ^^^ths.    No  new  cases  occurring  after 

cessary  repairs  the  sum  of  $112,300  that  date  the  excitement  gradually  subsided, 

zS?  '■eqnis'"'-    ^  ^              ,       ,.       ,  and  before  the  middle  of  October  many  refu- 

Mta.— Pursuant  to  a  proclamation  of  ^^  returned  and  business  was  resumed. 

»>y,  a  large  number  of  citizens  met  in  "  ii,||ttaU._Party  conventions  for  the  selection 

>t»  at  Jackson  on  May  24  for  the  pur-  ^^  delegates  to  the  National  Conventions  were 

jrganizing  a  movement  to  attract  se^  j,^,^  ^^^j    j^  the  year.  At  the  Republican  Oon- 

•he  State.    The  convention  organized  ^^„tion,  in  Jackson,  April  4,  the  following  ar- 

(>  an  iinmigrafaon  association,  whose  raignment  of  the  State  Government  was  em- 

ere  stated  as  follow :  ^^^^^  i^  the  resolutions  passed : 

fou  of  this  aasooiation  shall  bo  to  coUect  The  present  State  Government,  according  to  leportt 

Umte  accurate  and  rehablo  intonnation  as  made  by  leinslative  committees,  is  not  only  weak, 

climate,  and  rerources  of  our  State,  to  the  inefficient,  and  incompetent,  but  extravagant    It  is 

a^iigrafaon  may  be  fostered  and  encouraf^ed  ^jh  tnown  that  our  present  State  Government  waa 

people  of  our  own  and  aU  other  countnea  brought  into  existence  through  a  fraudulent  and  vio- 

•denptythenMelves  with  ns  and  contribute  lent  suppression  of  free  auffisge.    Popular  elections 

»l,  labor,  and  enterprise  to  swell  the  tide  of  a„  nothing  more  than  farcical  formaliUes.    Those 

iO«  prospenty  of  our  great  State;  and  we  ^ho  are  in  control  of  the  State  machinery  seem  to 

.^°.*  <»™'«1  invitation  to  all  such  persons  j„ve  no  regard  for  laws  and  no  respect  for  the  rights 

uteir  lot  with  as,  with  the  assurance  that  gf  citizens 

•  treated  justly  and  fairly  and  on  a  perfect  when  the  city  of  Jackson,  just  preceding  the  last 

aU  respects  with  our  own  people.  municipal  election,  was  taken  possession  of  by  an 

'  -were  choeen  and  an  executive  com-  ^*^SS^'^^°'"gaft,^*^d°*reVenT*^  a'fi'^d 

Pointed  to  put  in  operation  the  proper  jS'Sion,"  Uie'sSrA^nraS^as  iHumb 

^  to  secure  these  results.    The  forma-  as  an  oyster,  and  could  not  be  induced  to  take  any 

^ordinate  associations  in  the  various  notice  of  wliat' was. going  on.    Whenever  mob  law 

i«i    counties  was   recommended,  and  breaks  out  in  any  part  of^the  State,  even  if  it  results 

eiations  were  formed  in  many  places,  j?  ^'•?  <*«•*  »'  innocent  persons   a»  at  CarroUton, 

-^wvjuo  .T^  •»>  t"^  •"  "•»"/  |«ovoo.  Copiah    and  Yazoo  City,  the  State  Administration 

[■le  mmumtm. — A  bill  waa  introduced  takes  no  more  notice  of  them  than  if  they  occurred  in 

-•Qglslatare  in  Jannary,  appropriating  Germany  or  Great  Britain. 


J 


564  MISSOURI.  • 

Our  penitentiary  system  is  a  disgraoe  to  the  State  5-per-oeDt.  certificates   aggregating  $225,000. 

and  to  the  civilization  of  the  age.    .  The  seminary  fond  consists  of  one  6-per-cent. 

The  Legislamre  recently  aswm^^  certificate  for  $122,000  and  one  6-per-cent 
did  nothmff  that  deserves  commendation  ;  on  the  ^.^     ^    ^       ATn^r  nV^A      tu  i   •  »     -» 

contrary,  it  passed  a  number  of  bills  which  merit  the  certificate  for  $407,000.     The  annual  interest 

condemnation  of  every  one.  payable  on  these  certificates  is  $213,460.    The 

The  act  in  relation  to  poll-taxes  is  not  onl;jr  cruel  Governor  says  in  his  annnal  message :  "  Mis- 

and  unjust,  crudely  and  carelessly  drawn,  evidently  g^Q^j  ^^^jg  ^^  financial  policy  in  the  fotnre, 

i^ruS'^St.SfblVT^coCtPtXr'  '"'  "  "'^'^  If  the  present  rate  of  ta^^ation  is  maint«n<4 

The  act  making  it  obligatory  upon  railroad  comi)a-  of  20  cents  on  the  $100  valuation  tor  the  pur- 

nies  to  provide   separate   accommodation  for  white  pose  of  paying  the  public  debt  and  the  interest 

and  colored  persons  is  one  of  the  most  barbarous  and  thereon,  the  State  debt  proper  will  be  paid  in 

disgraceful  acts  of  that   extraordinary  Legislature.  j  ,  ^  •  £  obligation  will  be 

We  believe  it  to  be  unconstitutional  and  void,  and  ^•»"»'  ^*  **"*«/ ^*mo.        ^*j     j,  g«   v 

that  the  enforcement  of  it  should  be  resisted  by  the  paia  at  or  before  malunty.     There  was  m  the 

public  in  every  lawful  wav  that  is  possible.  treasury  to  the  credit  of  the  mterest  fund  on 

The  Judicial  District  bill  is  also  crude  and  care-  the  first  day  of  the  present  year,  after  paying 

lessly  drawn.  ^     .    ^      ,  all  interest  and  due  obligations,  the  snm  of 

opIteelTrii'^'^Sm''""'^"'^"'*'"''  «825,000.    The  net  receipts  to  thisfand  the 

Under  the  hollow  pretense  of  economy  and  reform,  present  year  will  be  at  least  $1,460,000,  whicH, 

it  has  crippled  the  humane  institutions  of  the  State,  with   the  amount  in  the  treasury,  will  make 

and  sought  to  destroy  the  higher  institutions  of  learn-  $1^776,000  applicable  to  the  payment  of  inter- 

ing  by  withholding  proper  aPP^<>Priations  for  theu"  ^      ^  principal  of  the  public  debt  for  the  year 

support  while  expending  large  sums  on  other  and  -oon      /^  vt     j  ^5  i.  j       j  ♦!.* 

^important  ob5ects,1Sid  hS  been  so  unmindful  of  1889.     Our  public  debt  may  be  reduced  the 

its  duties  to  the  citizens  and  the  public  ofthe  State  as  present  year  $1,100,000.     The   next    general 

to  adjourn  and  leave  the  Capitol  building  in  which  it  assessment  of  taxable  property  in  the  State 

assembled  in  such  an  unsafe  condition  as  to  be  now  ^jji  probably  aggregate  $900,000,000,  wheD  br 

unfit  tor  occupation,  and  pronounced  so,  m  less  than  ^,«^„*  „„  Jm  i.irjr  n^«o*;f„f;r^l»  ♦v*/*  ♦««-  i^,t^  fn'r 

one  month  aftSr  they  adjourned,  by  a  competent  and  provisions  of  the  Constitution  the  tax  levy  for 

experienced  architect.  ^'  '  ^  the  purpose  of  paying  the  public  debt  and  the 

interest  thereon  will  be  reduced  to  fifteen  cents 

There  was  no  election  for  State  ofiicers  or  on  the  $100,  which  will  be  ample  to  meet  ail 
members  of  the  Legislature  during  the  year,  obligations  of  the  State  for  this  purpose.  In 
At  the  presidential  election  in  November,  the  fact,  within  the  next  four  years  the  State  inter- 
Democrats  were  successful  by  the  usual  large  est  tax  can  be  reduced  to  ten  cents  on  the  $100, 
majority.  Seven  Democratic  Congressmen  were  and  meet  every  obligation  at  matarity." 
elected  at  the  same  time.  EdncttlMi* — ^Tlie  Governor  says    upon   this 

HISSOIJftI*    State  GovenuMnt. — ^The  following  subject,  in  his  annual  message :  *^  During  the 

were  the  State  oflScers  daring  the  year;  Gov-  past  four  years  more  than   100,000  children 

ernor,  Albert  G.  Morehouse,  Democrat,  elected  have  been  added  to  our  public  schools,  and  the 

Lieutenant-Governor,  but  succeeding  the  late  number    is   now    865,750.      Our   permanent 

Governor   Marmaduke    in    December,   1887 :  interest-bearing  school  fund  on  July  1, 1888, 

Secretary  of  State,  Michael  K.  McGrath ;  Treas-  was  $10,688,125.08,  and  the  sum  actually  pai«l 

urer,  James  M.  Seibert ;  Auditor,  John  Walker ;  out  by  our  people  in  the  support  of  our  public 

Attorney-General,  D.  G.  Boone ;  Superintend-  schools  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1888,  was 

ent  of  Public  Schools,  William  E.  Coleman;  $4,848,323.15.     The  thirty-fourth  General  As- 

Register  of  Lands,  Robert  Mc  Culloch ;  Rail-  sembly  appropriated  to  the  common  school 

road  Commissioners,  John  B.  Breathitt,  James  one  third  instead  of  one  fourth  of  the  general 

Harding,  William  G.  Downing ;  Chief-Justice  revenue  as  had  been  done  by  former  legiskt- 

of  the   Supreme  Court,   Elijah   H.   Norton ;  ures.    This  cost  the  State  over  $50,000  and 

Associate  Justices,  Thomas  A.  Sherwood,  Rob-  only  benefited   the  school  -  children  7i  cents 

ert  D.  Ray,  Francis  M.  Black,  Theodore  Brace,  each.     It    is   doubtful  if    this  small  amoant 

Floancest — On  Jan.  1,.  1885,  the  bonded  State  benefited  the  schools  as  much  as  it  depressed 
debt,  not  including  the  common  -  school  and  the  finances  of  the  State.^' 
seminary  indebtedness,  amounted  to  $11,803,-  Charities. — The  State  supports  three  asyloms 
000;  on  Jan.  1,  1889,  it  was  $9,525,000,  a  for  the  insane — one  at  Fulton,  one  at  Si 
reduction  of  $2,278,000  in  four  years.  The  Joseph,  and  one  at  Nevada.  The  construction 
debt  in  1885  was  drawing  interest  at  6  per  of  the  last  named  was  authorized  by  the  Leg- 
cent  per  annum,  amounting  to  $708,180.  Since  islature  of  1885,  which  appropriated  $200,000 
Jan.  1,  1885,  $9,278,000  of  this  debt  has  ma-  therefor,  to  which  the  Legislature  of  l»8i 
tured,  of  which  $7,000,000  has  been  funded  in  added  $150,000.  A  farther  appropriation  will  { 
6-20  bonds  bearing  interest  at  3  i  percent.,  and  be  needed  to  finish  and  furnish  the  building,  f 
the  remainder  has  been  paid.  The  State  institute  for  the  deaf  and  damb  at    * 

The  $7,000,000  in  bonds  sold  for  a  premium  Fulton  suffered  the  destruction  of  its  building    ] 

of  $86,321.43.     The  interest    on   the  public  by  fire  in  February,  causing  a  loss  to  the  State 

debt  proper  is  now  $396,500  per  annum,  or  of  over  $100,000,  partially  covered  by  an  in- 

nearly  one  half  less  than  it  was  four  years  ago.  surance  of  $65,000.    There  were  185  pupils  in 

The  school-fund  indebtedness  consists  of  one  the  institution,  who  were  accomodated  tern- 

6-per-cent.  certificate  of  $2,909,000  and  three  porarily  in  the  town,  so  that  the  work  of  the 


MISSOURI.  565 

as  not  seriously  interrupted.     The  city  of  Boonville  offered  the  best  indacements, 

expended  the  insurance  in  beginning  and  a  tract  of  165  acres,  adjoining  the  city 

on  of  a  new  building,  which  the  State  proper,  was  secured.    The  Legislature  appro- 

iked  to  finish.  priated  $5,000  for  the  purchase  of  grounds, 

-The  strength  of  the  State  militia  ag-  for  erection  of  buildings  $40,000,  for  furnish- 

24  companies  with  1,800  men  of  dl  ing  building  $2,000,  for  maintenance  and  inci- 
dental expenses  $5,000.    A  building  four  stories 

^uiks. — The  following  is  a  financial  high,  and  an  attached  boiler-house,  kitchen, 

^  of  the  State  banks  and  bankers  at  dining-room,  and  laundry,  have  been  erected 

of  business,  April  80,  1888.     The  at  a  total  cost  of  $81,525.    When  completely 

t  shows  an  increase  of  $1,500,000  over  furnished  these  buildings  will   accommodate 

nent  on  Dec.  81,  1887,  as  returned  to  from  180  to  200  boys.    The  committee  has 

tary  of  State :  furnished  them  for  the  occupancy  of  75  boys, 

RESOURCES  within  the  appropriations  allowed  to  them. 

nwnai  wcaritic .* $49,134,789  "vw  ]Uw8.-The  Governor  says  in  his  mes- 

UesUto 8,6T8.8S8  sage  to  the  Legislature :  "  At  present  we  have 

•  — — —      SiioS  the  *  Downing  law,' fixing  the  maximum  State 

Indstocki !.*.*..'!.'.'.*.*.'.'.*.''.'.*.*.*.*.* .'.*.'     4,7^661  ^^^  county  tax  on  license  for  dramshops  at 

uxk« ......'...'."..    12,882,707  $1,200  per  annum.    The  law  also  requires  a 

id'flxtures".'..  .'.."."."".'.*/. .*.**"*'.'.     ^^172  Petition  signed  by  two  thirds  of  the  tax-naying 

cash  items .  .*  .*  .* . . . . .' !  .* .' .'        '.'.'.' '.  .* .'     2,112,629  citizeus  of  cities,  towus,  and  townships  before 

i's87'flS  ^^  ^®  mandatory  on  the  county  court  to  issue 

.**.'.".'.*.*..'.*'.!*. v.*. '.'.'.*. '.*.*.*'.'.'.'.*.'. '.v.*.      '868^701  license.    We  have  also  the  *  Wood  local-option 

8,187,802  law,' under  which  elections  have  been  held  in 

$89  704,818  eigbty-seven  counties  *  submitting  the  question 

LiABiLiTiis '  ^^  prohibiting  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors.' 

* * $18,866,295  Fiftj  couuties  have  adopted  this  law,  which  is 

' 7,84,\088  virtually  prohibition  in  those  counties.    The 

?ht*!*"^:  :::::;::::;*:: :  47  m  Isl  ^*^«  ®^  ^^^  ^^^  ^®  ^^^^  ^^**  ^y  county  or 

M ^'^'^'.\V.'^'.^'.V/^'V^'.\'.V.'.V..    ii',644^6fi8  any  city  of  2,500  inhabitants  may  have  pro- 

' sossiiM  ^**^^tion  or  they  can  tax  the  license  of  the 

'. . . '. ! '.  *.      '....!.*.*.!!*.!*.'.!!!!'.!!!!      *  sfiso  li quor-dealer  as  high  as  they  please,  so  that  it 

—  does  not  amount  to  absolute  prohibition,  as  a 

$89,704318  mgjority  of  the  voters  may  prefer.    In  fact, 

—The  cost  of  the  Penitentiary  for  the  the  liquor-traffic  is  left  to  the  control  of  the 
years  to  the  State  has  been  $167,000,  citizens  of  each  county  and  city.  Some  com- 
dit  is  given  for  the  increased  value  of  munities  are  opposed  to  prohibition  or  high 
3rty  by  way  of  new  buildings,  it  will  license  and  only  collect  the  minimum  State, 
id  $50,000  or  $25,000  a  year.  The  county,  and  municipal  tax  on  license.  In  such 
bI)  earnings  for  the  past  two  years  places  saloons  are  more  numerous  and  not  as 
)  nearly  $350,000.  The  average  num-  respectable  as  where  high  license  prevails." 
soners  worked  by  contractors  during  In  April  the  State  Supreme  Court  rendered 
has  been  about  950,  while  the  aver-  an  important  decision  on  the  question  of  Sun- 
der confined  has  been  over  1,600.  day  liquor-selling.  A  State  law  forbade  the 
I  of  the  thirty -fourth  General  Assem-  sale  of  liquor  on  Sundays  and  closed  all  saloons 
^87,  much  needed  and  long  delayed  on  that  day.  There  was  opposition  to  the  en- 
1  was  begun  looking  toward  the  re-  forcement  of   the  law  in  St.  Louis,   which 

reforming,   and  educating  juvenile  claimed  exemption  by  reason  of  an  old  city 

By  the  provisions  of  those  acts,  an  ordinance  that  allowed  the  sale  of  wine  and 

home  for  girls  has  been  established  beer  on  Sunday.    A  local  judge  sustained  the 

othe.  and  a  reform  school  for  boys  at  ordinance  when  a  test  case  was  brought  before 

.    For  the  Ohillicothe  institution  the  him ;   but  the  Supreme  Court  held  that  the 

re  appropriated  $5,000  for  the  pur-  city  government  had  no  authority  to  pass  such 

grounds,  $80,000  for  the  erection  of  an  ordinance,  and  that  therefore  St.  Louis 

uildings,  $5,000  for  furnishing  such  must  obey  the  law  in  common  with  all  other 

and  incidental  expenses,  and  $10,000  cities  in  the  State. 

it  expenses.    Besides  the  appropria-  The  BiM-KMbtaSi — The  trial  of  the  leaders 

;he  State,  the  citizens  of  Chillicothe  of  this  organization  for  the  murder  of  William 

sd  $5,000  to  secure  the  location  of  Edens  and  Charles  Green  in  March,  1887,  was 

at  that  place.    The  board  of  control  not  held  in  August  following,   at  the  time 

he  cottage  or  family  plan,  and  have  when  their  followers  were  brought  before  the 

k1  completed  beautiful  and  substantial  Christian  County  Circuit  Court  and  fined  or 

west  of  and  adjoining  the  city  of  imprisoned  for  their  connection  with  the  or- 

e  at  a  cost  of  $80,025.    The  build-  ganization,   but  was  postponed  until   March 

accommodate  fifty  inmates.  and  April  of  the  present  year.    William  Walk- 

3  location  of  the  reform  school,  the  er,  son  of  David  Walker,  the  chief,  and  two 


666  MISSOURI. 

men  named  Matthews  were  first  tried  and  PttHtlctL — ^The  Republican  Oonyentio^ 

convicted,  receiving  the  death    sentence  on  held  at  Sedalia  on  Mav  15,  and  the  foM 

March  28.    The  Enobber  chief  was  tried  early  State  ticket  was  nominated  without  a  cCT-  '^ 

in  April,  and  was  sentenced  to  death  on  April  For  Governor,  E.  E.  £imball ;    Lieut^ 

12,  at  which  time  three  other  leaders,  having  Governor,  George  H.  Wallace;  Secret^ 

confessed  their  guilt,  were  sentenced  to  prison.  State  F.  W.  Mott ;   State  Treasurer,  ^^ 

one  for  twelve  jears  and  two  for  twenty-one  Frowein ;  State  Auditor,  George  W.  M^ 

years  each.    The  execution  of  the  four  con-  Attorney-General,  L.  L.  Bridges;  Registfi 

demned  men  was  set  for  May  18;  but,  an  ap-  Lands,  John  H.  Chase;  Railroad  Commit 

peal  being  taken  to  the  State  Supreme  Court,  er,  B.  W.  Yedder ;  Supreme  Judge,  J.  S. 

the  date  was  postponed  to  December  28.    In  ford.    Delegates  to  the  Nations!  Repulc 

October  the  Supreme  Court  affirmed  the  de-  Convention  and  State  electors  at  large  ' 

oision  of  the  lower  court.    Seeing  that  no  chosen  at  the  same  time.    The  followia 

hope  was  left,  the  Bald-Knobber  friends  of  from  the  platform  adopted : 

the  condemned  leaders  determined  to  have  Monopolies  and  trusts  oppressing  the  peopl 

vengeance,  and  on  the  night  of  November  14  unfiEurly  discriminating  against  lo^  interests^ 

visited  the  homes  of  ^ve   of  the   witnesses  wrong  in  principle,  and  should   be  restrainea 

against  the  prisoners,  seized  them,  and  hanged  ^^^  ^^^^  ^  ^^  ^^^  ^^  ^  ^^^^  ^ 

them  together.    A  large  number  of  men  were  ^very  legal  baUot ;  that  one  vote  in  the  South  ek 

engaged  m  this  raid,  none  of  whom  were  dis-  count  as  much  as  one  vote  in  the  North,  £aa 

covered.    Emboldened  by  this,  on  December  West,  and  no  more ;  that  one  vote  in  the  Norther 

28  (a  second  postponement  of  the  execution  or  West  should  count  as  much  as  one  vote  in 

having  been  had)  they  attempted  a  rescue  of  a^-S^i^'thTwioi^wT^  tlSS^JjsSS 

their  fnends  from  the  county  jail.     Ihe  two  publicW  admitted  by  the  leaders  of  the  Demoa 

Matthews  and  other  prisoners  escaped ;   the  pai^. " 

Walkers  refused  to  accept  the  opportunity.  while  we  at  all  times  favor  a  proper  nevisionK 

Two  days  later  one  of  the  Matthews  was  capt-  a<^iu6tmcnt  of  the  tariff  so  as  to  give  lc«itim«t- 

11  r All  oouragement  to  commerce,  we  demand  that  snc- 

"^®"*        .«„    ,.         rm      ^                           .1.  vision  shall  be  made  on  the  basis  of  protecting  irf 

BeTter  TrtmWeS.— The  Governor  says  m  his  loan  industries  and  labor  and  of  piwenring  the  L 

message :  "  There  has  been  for  several  years  a  market  to  the  home  producer,  and  we  are  uiudtes 

bad  state  of  affairs  existing  at  Bevier,  in  Macon  opposed  to  the  doctrine  proclaimed  by  Prew 

OouBty,  where  are  located  8on.e  of  the  best  t^L^^ZmU't:^Bm'  ""^ 

coal-mines  m  the  State.     Labor  strikes  have  The  placing  of  wool,  lead,  zinc,  and  iron  oa 

been  freauent,  riots  have  occurred,  and  deaths  fVee  list  is  a  direct  blow  at  the  material  interesus 

and  murders  have  been  the  result     The  civic  prosperity  of  the  State  of  MissourL 

authorities  have  been  unsuccessful  in  bringing  The  Union  soldiers  are  entiUed  to  the  gratitoc 

4.1.*    ^■ff*.^^^  4.«   4r.a4>:^^    «uv.^n»i«    »4..^».?^.,o  the  nation.    It  was  their  heroic  services  that  » 

the   offenders  to  justice,  dthough  strenuous  freedom  national  and  preserved  the  Government 

efforts  have  been  made  m  that  direction,    ihe  lief  for  disabled  veterans  should  be  extended,  nm 

last  strike  at  Bevier  occurred  the  last  of  Sep-  aims  to  paupers,  but  as  a  partial  compensation  ibr» 

tember.     The  mine-owners  brought  in  new  ioes  rendered,  and  we  condemn  the  action  of  Pi 

men  to  take  the  place  of  strikers.    One  of  the  S'on  S^'p^d  bv^S              ^^^""^  ^*  ^ 

operators,  Thomas  Wardell,  was  killed,  it  is  to  We  approve  of  wuit^taxation,  retching  cor 

be  supposed,  by  the  mmers  on  the  night  of  rations  as  well  as  individuals,  as  a  correct  tjti 

December  7.     The  strikers  and  the  employ^  which  should  be  perfected  ana  enforced  throogk 

of  Messrs.  Loomis  &  Snively*s  mine  engaged  the  State.  .                                 ^^    .  ,,. 

m  a  fasillade  of  fireimns,  In  which  ^evenjl  han-  .J^^r^^ Xf^^^^^^^J  5?^^^ 

area  shots  were  fared,  enoangenng  the  hves  of  Supreme  Court  may  have  a  speedy  determinatior 

the  citizens  of  Bevier.     One   of  Loomis  &  their  case.    Delays  for  jrears  are  suffered  by  tb 

Snively's  men  was  wounded,  from  the  effects  which  work  great  hardships  upon  the  people,  anc 

of  which  he  died.     On  December  9  I  visited  "^^7  instances  amount  to  a  denial  of  justice. 

Bevier  and  found  a  deplorable  state  of  affairs.  A  Democratic  convention  for  the  nomi 

The  people  were  alarmed,  fearing  that  at  any  tion  of  a  candidate  for  Supreme  Judge  and 

time  the  town  would  be  the  scene  of  riot  and  district  judges  met  at  Springfield  on  August 

bloodshed.    I  therefore  ordered  some  forty  Judge  Shepard  Barclay  was  nominated  for 

members  of  the  National  Guard  at  Kansas  former  office  after  eighteen  ballots.  One  w* 

City  to  Bevier.    I  believed  that  all  parties  later  a  second  convention  met  at  Jeffen 

feared  that  they  would  he  injured  in  their  per-  City,  and  nominated  the  following  Democn 

son  or  property  by  the  other  side,  and  that  if  candidates  for   executive  offices:    For  G 

they  were  afforded  protection  for  a  short  time  ernor,  David  B.  Francis ;  Lieutenant-Gove 

they  would  adjust  their  difficulties ;  but  I  am  or,  Stephen  H.  Glaycomb ;  Secretary  of  Sti 

not  prepared  to  say  that  my  hopes  have  been  Alexander  A.  Lesneur ;    Auditor,  James 

realized  or  that  the  feeling  is  much  better  be-  Seibert ;  Treasurer,  Edward  T.  Koland ;  . 

tween  the  contending  elements  than  before  the  tomey-Gkneral,  John  M.  Wood;  Register 

troops  were  ordered  there."    Before  the  end  Lands,  Robert  McCulloch ;  Railroad  Comiz 

of  the  year,  by  order  of  the  Governor,  the  sioner,  James  Hennessy.    The  platform  oi 

troops  were  withdrawn.  tains  the  following : 


MOHAMMEDANS.  567 

Catxfldent  of  the  integrity  and  wisdom  of  the  Demo-    who  was  identified  with  Mr.  Schnmano,  a  man 
itic  p*rty  in  condnctoig  the  affairs  of  this  State,  we    of  letters  residing  in  Hanover,  the  latter  gen- 

m»^    *K«/*  /»l<^a<^r     myiw%t-fw*rr     a«t/4     imra     ^M\'m /worn  I  or  a     rkA  V'..       _  .'     . ._  .     _    9 


by  the  servants  of^the  people  and  the  represeiita-  conditions  on  which  he  could  he  received  as  a 

as  of  the  Democratic  party.  Mnssolman.    The  reply  of  this  officer,  which 

Fe  '^PP^^^^^/^2\'^t  r^!^^^^?r.^^i^l  was  published  in  French  in  the  "  Levant  Her- 

resell  tatives  of  the  present  Coninreas  m  pasymir  uii  i  xj  i  ^.j.  j.  ^ 

mils  BUI,  and  declai^  it  to  be  in^bedienc^to  thS  ^^    maj  ^e  accepted  as  a  clear  statement  for 

IS  of  the  Constitation,  limiting  taxation  to  the  pur-  foreigners  of  the  orthodox  Mohammedan  uuth. 

of  raising  the  revenue  for  the  payment  ot  the  It  points  out,  first,  that  it  Is  not  necessary  to 

isary  expenses  and  obligations  of  the  Govern-  ^gk  permission  to  become  a  Mussulman,  "  for 

e  I>cniocTmtic  partv,  as  the  special  champion  of  1?^*°^  ^^^f  '''''  ^^^'  ""J  ??^  mediators  like  the 

e<>p]e.  condemns  all  trusts  and  rings,  and  favors  Clergy  between  God  and  his  servants,''  and  con- 

wi»e  I<5^Iation  as  will  secure  to  both  producers  sequently  conversion  to  its  faith  entails  neither 

onsumerB  prices  based  on  the  laws  of  supply  and  religious  formality  nor  any  person^s  authority, 
ad. 

In  short  fit  oontinues|  the  basis  of  the  religion  of 

e    TTnion  Labor  Party  placed  in  the  field  Islam  is  belief  in  the  nnitv  of  God  and  in  the  mission 

'olloiWTng  candidates:  for  Governor, o^.l»Ja  servant,  the  most 'beloved  Mohammed  (upon 

ung,     Lieuten«.^Governor.  JO.   Sea-  So'n^M^nt^Kh^tTn^SJl/rtS 

tt  ;    Secretary  of  State,  Boswell  Fox ;  Au-  in  his  heart  and  avow  it  in  word,  as  is  expressed  by  the 

J  William  H.  Noerr;    Treasurer,  Warren  phrase  (written  In  Arabic),  "There  is  but  one  God, 

rees  ;   Attorney-General,  L.  L.  Bridges  (the  '^^  Mohammed  is  his  prophet."    Whoever  makes 

jblican  candidate)  ;  Register  of  Lands,  G.  this  profession  of  faith  becomes  a  Mussulman  without 

:    T^^*^...^:     i>«:ii  «j  ^  ^    •    •  Tr'\y  havmg  to  obtain  the  consent  and  approbation  of  any 

»e  Keraardi ;  Railroad  Commissioner,  Will-  one.  If.  as  you  premise  in  your  letter,  you  so  make 

p.    Bell;  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  this  profession  of  fwth— that  is,  if  vou  declare  that 

\yill  I^.  Jones.     The  nominees  of  the  Prohi-  there  is  but  one  God  and  Mohammea  is  his  prophet — 

on  party  were:    for  Governor,  Frank  M.  7^^  become  a  Mussuhnan  without  needing  any  ap- 

*e ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  William  C.  Wil-  ff^T  *»y  ^  ?  »"^  T  ?^*^\P^",^y  *°^  J?y.^lr 

**    h^^^  .  roy^.      TT*    "'"**Vr  ^      .  feDcitate  you  on  your  havmg  been  touched  with  di- 

^ ;  becretary  of  State,  Herman  P.  Fams;  vine  grace,  and  we  shall  b^  witness  in  this  world 

^^itor,   James  S.  Cobban ;  Treasurer,  Will-  as  in  the  next  that  you  are  our  brother  in  religion 

m  fl.  Craig;  Attorney-General,  George  T.  (the  faithful  are  all  brothers), 
o^^^^  i,  Repster  of  Lands,  John  F.  McMur-        Concerning  the  mission  of  Mobammed  and 

^j;  Uailroad  Commissioner,  D.   H.  Lancy;  the  inspired  character  of  the  Koran,  the  Sheik 

;,idg«  ^t  the  Supreme  Court,  Loren  G.  Rowell.  declared : 

Kt  the  election  in  November,  the  Democratic       »,        i*    .  .     ^  ^v     ^v        i     i   v    

?1  kc.  tLj\A  «««^« 1  4A^Z  Z  f!/i     ix  Man,  who  is  superior  to  the  other  animals  by  rea- 

^tftte  Md  national  tickets  were  successful,  after  gon  of  ^  intelligence,  was  produced  ftx)m  nothing  to 

ft  spinvea  canvaas.     For  Governor,  Francis  re-  adore  his  Creator.    His  adoration  may  be  described  as 

ceived  255,764  votes ;  Kimball,  242,581 ;  Man-  obeving  the  commands  of  God  and  having  compassion 

ning,  15,438 ;  and  Lowe,  4,389.  But  Francis  ran  o^.P^  creatures.    This  double  adonrtion  exists  in  all 


tin,  236,696 ;  Noerr,   19,069  ;   Cobban,  4,885.    ministers;  but  human  intelli^nce  is  not  adequate  to 


Democrats,  78;    Republicans,  51 ;  Labor,   11.  writings  and  books,  and  thus  revealing  the  true  re- 
Democratic  Congressmen  were  elected  in  the  ^^^^  ^  ^«™i  ^^  loaded  his  servants  with  hw  bene- 

first  seven  and  in  the  Eleventh,  Twelfth,  and  55^"4-    The  book  of  G<>^-^7i|fl»  «»;^  tZ^Ml 

v^»^^>^i.i   T\*^  -^       AD       LI'              »^,  €»"v*  ^m  Heaven  is  the  Holy  Koran,  whose  mvanable 

ronrteenth  Districts.    A  Republican  was  elect-  precepts,  preserved  ftt)m  Uie  first  day  in  written  vol- 

Bd  in  the  Thirteenth  District,  and  the  fusion  umes  and  in  Uie  memory  of  thousands  of  recitere. 

candidates  of  the  Republican  and  Union  Labor  shall  endure  till  the  day  of  final  judgment.    The  first 

Mrties  in  the  other  three  districts.  ^^^^^  prophets  was  Adam  and  the  l^tMohammed  (to 

■ABAMWE^Ava       i^a  v.i*h   ^  i.ft»       Tu^  wfaom  may  God  flTOnt  salvatiou  I).  Between  these  two 

mmmEDASS.     •»•  Fattt   tr  WUb  —  The  prophets  many  others  have  passed  over  the  earth ; 

■eign  of  Sultan  Abdul  Hamid  has  been  marked  the  number  of  whom  is  known  by  God  alone.    The 

)y  considerably  more  zeal  in  spreading  the  ffrcatestofall  is  Mohammed.    After  him  come  Jesus, 

teod  of  Mohammed  than  was  exhibited  under  Moses.  Abraham,  and  then  Noah  and  Adam  (to  whom 

hose  of  any  of  his  immediate  predecessors,  ^^  ^^  ^°^  salvation  I), 

uid,  according  to  the  lists  pubbshed  in  the  Concerning  the  future  state  and  the  day  of 

oamals  of  Constantinople,  an  unnsually  large  judgment: 

inmber  of  accessions  from  among  Christians  All  the  actions  of  every  one  in  this  world  shall  be 

md  Jews  to  the  Mohammedan  faith  occurred  on  that  day  examined  one  by  one,  and  while  all  the 

inring  1887.     For  the  most  part  the  converts  a<^  <>*"  aoldiers  who  have  fought  in  the  holy  war,  even 

^wrVh  J!r?s^s>"'?T^^'';  """■  Sitbiarthr/i^^o^^^^^ 

Jer  were  Chaphaz  Effendi,  a  judge  and  mem-  account  of  themselves.    There  afe  no  exceptions  ex- 

oer  of  an  old  Armenian  family,  and  a  foreigner  ccpt  in  the  case  of  those  who  die  for  the  holy  cause ; 


5d8  MONTANA. 

that  iB^  the  martyrs,  who  will  go  into  paradise  with-  269.18;    licenses     and    property    tax,  $188^- 

out  being  questioned.  642.63 ;  from  insurance  companies,  etc,  $8,- 

Of  the  origin  of  good  and  evil:  748.77;    total,    $248,655.48.      Disborsements 

It  is  required,  as  an  article  of  faith,  to  attribute  good  ^OT  the  year    $207,628^1.      Balance  on  Jan. 

and  evil  to  the  providence  of  God.    To  say  that  the  1,    1888,  $86,026.87.     Of  the   disbursements, 

creator  of  good  is  the  an^l.  and  the  author  of  evil  the  about  $60,000  was  for  the  care  of  the  insane, 
devil,  is  one  of  those  prejuoices  that  must  be  avoided. 


a  true  believer.    But  to  be  a  perfect  believer,  it  is  prompt  repeal  at  the  extra  session  of  that  year 

necessary  to  perforai  one's  duties,  to  praj  to  God,  an^^  saved  tUe  treasury  from  bankruptcy.    In  the 

to  avoid  falling  into  such  sins  as  assassination,  thett,  „„-^„^  o*««i,  a,/^^   fi,^  K«i«*./.iL  X«   To«  i 

adultery,  and  lodomy.  yjrioas  stock  funds,  the  balances  on  Jan.  1, 

,.    '  ., .         ^         ,.  .         ^  ,.        ^  1887,  were  $17,657.97;  the  revenue  for  the 

After    descnbmg    the    religious    duties  of  y^^r  was  $18,084.87;   and  the  balances  on 

prayer,  charity,  fasting,  and  pilgrimage,  the  d^c.  81,  1887,  were  $12,389.66.    At  the  close 

paper  continues :  of  iqqq  the  balance  in  the  general  fund  had 

If  a  b^^liever  does  not  conform  to  these  commands  risen  to  $114,840,48,  and  in  the  stock  funds  to 

of  God  and  avoid  the  acU  which  he  forbicU,  he  does  |i5  862.28.    There  is  no  Territorial  debt. 

S*.S^rs\L\T?^^tT,t'a^  ,,^^  DevekH^-oit-The  Governor  says  in 

astray,  and  he  will  merit  a  provisional  punishment  in  his  annual  report : 

the  otncr  world.    He  remains  at  the  divine  disposal.        This  Territory,  oontuning  more  than  145,000  square 

God  pardons  him  or  condemns  him  to  pass  in  nell  a  miles,  is  divide<i  into  sixteen  counties,  and  in  each  of 

lapse  of  time  proportioned  to  his  sins.     Faith  annuls  fourteen  of  these  there  is  a  good  court-house,  and  ih* 

all  sin.     Whoever  is  converted  to  Islam  becomes  as  necessary  public  buildings  to  facilitate  the  tiansadioo 

innocent  as  one  newly  bom^  and  is  responsible  only  of  all  puolic  business.    The  city  of  Helena  is  theoni- 

for  the  sins  which  ho  commits  after  his  conversion.  tral  point  of  legislative,  judicial,  financial,  commercBl, 

Islam,  the  Sheik  exolaine,  has  no  clergy  the  ?i?,^  ;:^",^°^n,f  "^t^  ^^ISS^^'S 

doctors  of  the  faith  being  simply  instructors  more  than  16.000,  and  is  rapidly  growing.    The  dtr 

and  guides;  for  it  holds  that  a  man  does  not  ofButte,  in  Silver  Bow  County,  is  the  lar>^  and  most 

need    the   priest's  aid    to   approach  God   in  i^pulous  city  west  of  Denver,  between  the  MiaaisapjH 

prayer,  nor  his  presence  at  social  duties-the  "^«''  »°*i,,*^«  ^aff  <^  «»»^  ^""^  i«  ^^'I'^Ii,?!!;^ 

'         £    u'lj  u     •  1     -.J  *i     Ti  camp  in  the  world.    The  annual  output  of  the  minw 

naming  of  children,  burial,  and  the  like :  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^  estunated  at  |7,o«)0,000 ;  now  U  s 

In  a  word,  in  all  religious  acts,  there  is  no  interme-  over  $81,000,000.  The  total  value  of  taxable  propertj 
diary  between  God  and  hb  servants.  It  is  necessary  in  the  Territory  then  was  $12,000,000 ;  now  it  Is  f^r 
to  learn  the  dispositions  revealed  on  the  part  of  the  600,000  (not  counting  the  value  of  the  mining  prop- 
Creator  by  the  rrophet,  and  to  act  in  conformity  with  erty).  The  number  of  cattle  in  the  Territory  then 
them.  Only  the  performance  of  certain  ceremonies,  was  220,000,  now  it  is  1,500,000 ;  the  number  ofeheep 
like  the  prayers  of  Friday  and  the  Balram,  is  subor-  then  was  120,000,  now  it  is  over  2,000,000 ;  the  num- 
dinated  to  the  pennission  of  the  Khalif  of  the  Prophet  ber  of  horses  then  was  40,000,  now  it  is  200,000 ;  ^ 
and  Sultan  of  the  Mussulmans,  because  the  keeping  number  of  acres  of  land  then  under  cultivation  vts 
of  the  ceremonies  of  Islam  is  one  of  his  holy  attri-  265.000,  now  there  are  over  2,000,000  acres  appropn- 
butes.  Obedience  to  his  orders  is  one  of  the  most  atea  and  settled  for  farming  purposes ;  then  tne  corn- 
important  religious  duties.  merce  of  the  whole  Territory  was  $20,000,000,  bo* 

lowing  were  the  1  erntonal  omcers  during  the  lation  was  80,000,  now  it  is  140,000 ;  then  the  Tem- 

year :  Governor,  Preston  H.  Leslie ;  Secretary,  tory  was  in  debt  $112,000,  now  it  is  out  of  debt,  and 

William   B.    Webb;    Treasurer,    William    G.  there  is  plenty  of  money  in  the  treasury. 

Preuitt;   Auditor,  James  Sullivan;    Superin-       Minlig.— This  industry  continues  to  be  the 

tendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Arthur  C.  Lo-  leading  pursuit  of  the  people  of  Montana.  The 

gan ;  Chief-Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  N.  mines  are  more  productive  than  ever.    Im- 

W.  McOonnell;  Associate  Justices,  Thomas  C.  proved  methods  in  working  and  the  better  or- 

Bach,  W.  J.  Galbraith,  succeeded  by  Stephen  ^^^  ^f  machinery  used  enable  men  to  prose 

De  Wolfe,  and  James  H.  McLeary,  succeeded  ^ute  this  branch  of  industry  to  a  greater  extent 

Moses    B.  Liddell.    Chief-Justice  McConnell  ^nd  with  more  success.     Many  mines  that 

resigned  at  the  close  of  the  year.    The  office  ^ould  not  pay  twenty  years  ago,  on  accoaot 

of  Attorney-General  was  created  by  the  Legis-  of  the  primitive  mode  of  working,  together 

latnre  at  its  extra  session  in  1887,  and  a  nomi-  ^jtb  the  high  price  of  labor,  are  now  beinf? 

nation  was  made  thereto  by  the  Governor,  but  worked  at  good  profit.    The  amount  of  diri- 

the  nominee  was  rejected  by  the  Council,  and  ^^j^^^  declared  by  mining  companies  during 

the  session  adjourned  without  filling  the  va-  igSS  was  greater  than  ever.    The  product  of 

cancy.    On  December  81  the  Governor  ap-  gold  and  silver  in  1887  was:  Gold,  |5,77a- 

pointed  William  K  CuUen  to  hold  the  office  536.28;  silver,  $17,817,548.95;  total,  $23,796,- 

daring  1888  and  until  the  close  of  the  next  085.28. 

Legislative  session.  CwiTicte.— The  Governor  says  in  his  message: 

FlaM«efc-.Tbe  following   is  a  statement  of        The  Territory  haa  never  yet  built  or  owned  a  Stat. 

the  finances  of  the  Territory  for  1887:  Balance  prison.    The  United  States  haa  a  Penitentiary  at  Deer 

in  the  general  fund   on  Jan.  1,  1887,   $57,-  Lodge,  and  ever  since  the  beginning  of  1874*Uie  Te^ 


MONTANA.  MONTENEGRO.  569 

^Ty  has  secured  the  confinement^  care,  and  support  allowance  to  citizens  of  the  Territory  of  the 

'  Us  convicted  criminals  in  that  pnspn.   No  prisoner  fr^e  ^^  of  timber  on  the  public  domain.     The 

x>vided, 

ttting 

that  number,  there  are  periods  of  time  when  ten  to        ^      ^l^ose    platform  and    nominees    they 

been  others  have  to  be  accommodated  and  guarded.  I  .'/J  ««.«^i«:«   ^#  *u^  „^«  •^^:««;^«  ^p  ^il 

ic  Territory  haa  thus  paid  for  boarding  in  idleness  ratify,  complam  of  the  non-admission  of  tlie 

3  convicted  criminals  since  January,  m4,  $270,000,  Territory,  attack  the  Canadian  fishery  negotia- 

d  the  Auditor^s  office  shows  that  these  annual  outlays  tions,  and  repeat  the  Democratic  declaration 

J  increasing  from  $8,000  to  $7,000  every  year.  against  Chinese  immigration.      The   Prohibi- 

■limtLaid  CMTeatioii* — ^Early  in  February  tion   party  placed   in    the  field,  as  its  first 

ferritorial  convention  ofcitizens  interested  in  candidate  for   delegate,  Davis   WiUson.     At 

ining  met  at  Helena  to  devise  means  for  pre-  the  November  election  the  Republican  ticket 

inting  the  mineral  lands  of  the  Territory  from  was  successful,  poling  22,482  votes,  to  17,860 

ting  taken  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  for  the  Democratic  nominee,  and  148  votes  for 

ompany  under  its  grant  from  the  Govern-  the  Prohibition  candidate.    At  the  election  in 

lent  of  certain  sections  of  the  public  lands.  1886,  Toole  (Democrat)  was  chosen  delegate 

dthough  the  railroad  was  obliged  to  make  its  by  8,718  plurality.     Seven  Republicans  and 

elections  out  of  non-mineral  surveyed  lands,  5   Democrats    were  elected   to  the  Council, 

fet,  by  procuring  surveyors  to  make  return  of  and  19  Republicans  and  5  Democrats  to  the 

nineral  land  as  non-mineral,  it  might  acquire  Lower  House  of  the  Legislature. 
ntle  to  very  valuable  property.    Cases  had  al-        MONTENEGRO,  a  principality  in  Southeast- 

■eady  happened  in  Deer  Lodge  County  and  Sil-  em  Europe.    The  reigning  Prince  is  Nicholas 

?er  Bow  County,  near  the  city  of  Butte,  in  the  I,  bom  Oct.  7,  1841.    (For  description  of  the 

■ichest  mineral  region  of  the  Territory,  where  Government    see  "Annual  Cyclopadia"  for 

^d  returned  as  non-mineral  had  been  certi-  1884,  page  586).    The  area,  including  the  dis- 

iedto  the  company,  which,  in  fact,  contained  trict  of  Dulcigno,  ceded  by  Turkey  in  1880,  is 

valuable  deposits  of  metals.    The  means  adopt-  about  8,630  square  miles,  and  the  population 

^  hj  the  convention  to  prevent  the  company  286,000.    The  bocmdaries  on  the  south  and 

'lorn  acquiring  full  title  to  such  land  consisted  east  of    the    annexed   district  were   a^eed 

n  the  appointment  of  a  central  executive  com-  upon  in  November,  1887,  and  the  delimitation 

Dittee  of  five  persons,  with  power  to  appoint  was  not  completed   till  August,   1888.    The 

ub-committees  and  employ  professional  assist-  uncertainty  as  to  the  boundary  has  led  to  fre- 

^soe,  to  forward  to  the  Department  of  the  In-  quent  fights  between  the  Eutchi  tribe  on  the 

crior,  with  the  least  possible  delay,  proofs  Montenegrin  side  and  the  Albanian  tribes  of 

€tting  forth  the  mineral    character  of-  the  Hoti    and  Gmdi.    Prince   Nicholas   receives 

ands  heretofore  designated  and  selected  by  subsidies  from  tiie  Russian  Government,  and 

lie  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  in  the  endeavors  to  promote  Russian  policy  in  the 

"erritory  of  Montana,  and  likewise  of  all  other  Balkan  Peninsula.    Montenegrins  have  taken 

inds  included  within  the  land-grant  to  said  part    in    all   the   revolutionary    attempts   in 

fiilroad  company.    Means  were  also  taken  to  Bulgaria  and  in  the  guerilla  warfare  against 

ring  the  subject  before  Congress.  the  Austrians  in  Herzegovina.    On  the  occa- 

Mu  RcservatlM. — By  an  act  of  Congress,  sion  of  the  promulgation  of  the  new  civil  code, , 

assed  and  approved,  in  the  early  months  of  Prince  Nicholas  issued  a  ukase  in  which  he 

bis  year,  a  large  tract  of  land,  covering  more  expressed  deep  gratitude  to  the  Czar  as  the 

ban  20,000,000  acres,  heretofore  reserved  and  **  protector  of  all  Slavs,"  an  expression  against 

H  apart  to  the  use  of  the  Piegan  and  other  which  the  official  organs  of  Austria  strongly 

Qdians,  was  redeemed  from  Indian  ownership,  protested. 

Dd  is  soon  to  be  surveyed  and  offered  for  pur-        The  Montenegrins  live  to  a  great    extent 

base  and  occupancy.  under  the  communistic  and  patriarchal  insti- 

PMtkaL — On  April  19  a  mass- meeting  of  tutions  of  the  early  81avs.    The  inhabitants 

jTohibitionista  of  the  Territory  was  held  at  are  divided  into  forty  tribes,  each  governed  by 

elena  to  form  a  Territorial  Prohibiiion  party,  elders,  who  are  elected.    The  Prince  is  repre- 

n  organization  was  duly  effected  and  delegates  sentod  in  each  of  the  eighty  districts  by  a  k^jas 

^osen  to  the  National  Prohibition  Conven-  or  captain,  who  acts  as  a  magistrate  in  time 

on.    The  Democratic  Convention  to  nomi-  of  peace,  and  a  military  commander  in  war. 

ite  a  candidate  for  Territorial  delegate  was  The  inhabitants  raise  live-stock  of  all  kinds, 

^Id  at  Butte  on  September  11,  and  resulted  and  export  hides,  cattle,  goats,  smoked  mutton, 

the  choice  of  William  A.  Clarke.     A  plat-  and  cheese,  besides  smoked  sardines,  skins  and 

rra  was  adopted  approving  of  the  St.  Louis  furs,  sumac,  and  insect-powder.  Grain  is  grown 

atform,    the  President's  message,   and  the  in  insufficient  quantities,  and  much  of  the  food 

iil's  Bill,  favoring  free  coinage  of  silver,  op-  must   be    imported  from  Russia.    When  the 

ising  Chinese  immigration,  demanding   the  crops  fail,  there  is  much  suffering,  as  was  the 

mission   of  the  Territory,  urging  a  diniinu-  case  in  the  Zeta  valley  in  the  winter  of  1887- 

tn  of  lodian  reservations,  and  favoring  the  '88.    The  Government   owes    700,000  florins 


670 


MORAVIANS. 


to  Russia  for  grain  supplied  in  1879,  besides 
1,000,000  florins  borrowed  in  Vienna  at  64  per 
cent,  in  1881. 

The  €iTtl  Code. — The  Montenegrins,  like  the 
rest  of  the  Balkan  Slavs,  have  heretofore  con- 
tented themselves  with  laws  adopted  from 
European  jarisprndence  that  often  conflict  with 
their  traaitional  customary  law.  Balthazar 
Bogishich,  a  scholar  and  jurist,  who  is  widely 
known  in  Slavic  countries,  was  commissioned 
by  Prince  Nicholas  to  elaborate  a  body  of  laws 
in  which  the  peculiar  institutions  and  customs 
of  the  land  should  be  conflrmed  as  they  could 
be  brought  into  harmony  with  modem  juris- 
prudence. The  civil  code  was  promulgated  by 
the  Prince  with  great  ceremony  on  May  8, 
1888,  and  went  into  force  on  July  1.  It  is  the 
first  attempt  to  formulate  in  scientific  terms 
the  customs  and  conceptions  of  justice  exist- 
ing among  the  South  Slavs.  The  collective 
family,  with  the  principle  of  the  solidarity  of  all 
the  family  members,  is  preserved  from  extinc- 
tion ;  though  in  certain  cases  the  responsibil- 
ity of  individuals  is  afiBrmed.  Since  many 
Montenegrins  now  seek  their  fortunes  abroad, 
it  was  found  necessary  to  modify  the  old  law 
by  relieving  families  of  responsibility  for  the 
debts  and  taxes  of  absent  members,  which  in 
the  past  has  brought  financial  ruin  on  many 
families.  Several  paragraphs  are  devoted  to 
international  private  laws,  regulating  and  lim- 
iting the  operation  of  the  laws  of  other  states 
within  the  principality.  In  order  to  preserve 
the  land  of  the  people  from  falling  into  the 
hands  of  usurers,  restrictions  are  placed  on  the 
acquisition  of  real  estate.  Land  can  be  alien- 
ated, but  the  new  owner  only  acquires  the 
right  to  the  commons  in  wood,  water,  and 
pasture,  belonging  to  the  property,  in  case  he 
cultivates  it  himself,  a  restriction  which  is 
expected  to  prevent  the  acquisition  of  large 
estates.  Foreigners  are  not  permitted  to  own 
real  estate,  except  by  gift  of  the  Prince.  The 
law  of  contracts  is  worked  out  with  careful 
application  of  legal  theories  to  the  conditions 
of  the  people.  Definitions  and  elucidations 
are  given  at  the  end  of  the  code.  Prof.  Bogis- 
hich has  published  in  Paris  a  hroehure  ex- 
plaining his  method  of  codification,  and  is 
writing  a  work  on  the  principles  of  the  system 
of  laws  that  he  has  collected. 

HORATIANS.  The  following  are  the  general 
statistics  of  the  Church  of  the  United  Brethren, 
commonly  known  as  the  Moravian  Church : 


PROVINOES. 


American  Northern,  60  congregations. 
American  Soathera,  0  oongr^atifmB.. 
British,  88   congregations,  including 

home  missions 

German,  27  congregations,  Including 

Bethel 

German  Diaspora  laborers 

Bohemia 

Missions,  107  stations 

Missionaries  and  their  Ikmiliea,  about. 

Total 


Total 
memben. 

15,054 
2,518 

5,M7 

8,874 

150 

400 

81,201 

480 


50,782       116,709 


"Whole  number  of  teachers  in  Snn< 
2,748 ;  of  pupils  in  the  same,  26, 6( 
of  boarding-schools,  41,  with  1,84 
day-schools,  268,  with  21,477  pupil 
ravian  Church  throughout  the  woi 
a  single  organization,  which  is 
Unity  s  Elders'  Conference,  and  fo 
Provincial  Elders'  Conference  fo 
The  other  provincial  synods  are  re 
it,  and  are  dependent  upon  it  for 
tion  of  their  principal  acts.  Its  r< 
offices  are  at  Herrnhut,  Saxony. 

The  American  Province  comprii 
em  and  a  southern  division,  each  c 
its  separate  synod,  and  the  north 
is  divided  into  five  districts,  each 
convenient  number  of  congregatioi 
ically  related  to  one  another.  In 
astical  nomenclature,  the  congreg 
prise,  generally  speaking,  the  older 
to  which  are  added  from  time  to  ti 
flocks  resulting  from  home  missio 
This  happens  whenever  a  home  mi 
to  satisfy  the  conditions  required  : 
port  of  a  regular  ministry ;  and  tl 
till  then,  it  is  entitled  to  represent 
Provincial  Synod.  The  four  sch 
American  Province,  at  Bethlehem 
Nazareth,  Pa.,  and  Salem,  N.  C, 
toward  the  close  of  the  last  or  the  I 
the  present  century,  and  retnm,  in  i 
ers  and  600  boarding  pupils.  Tb 
College  and  Theological  Seminary 
hem,  ra.,  includes  three  classes,  pn 
years'  course  of  stndy,  and  retun 
students.  The  Theological  Semin 
endowment  fund  of  about  $75,000. 
a1  expenses  of  sustentation  (of  rel 
ters  and  the  widows  of  ministers)  ii 
ern  Province  average  about  $9,000. 
in  Library  "  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  p< 
most  valuable  collection  of  Moravii 
that  exists.  The  synod  of  the  nortb 
of  the  American  Province  met  in 
Pa.,  September  19;  Bishop  A.  A, '. 
chosen  president.  The  most  imp< 
ness  was  the  designation  of  three  I 
candidates  were  nominated.  Their 
submitted  by  ocean  telegraph  to 
Elders'  Conference  in  Hermhnt,  8i 
the  request  that  in  making  the  8< 
"  apostolic  lot "  be  used.  Breth 
Bachman,  J.  M.  Levering,  and  A. 
were  thus  chosen,  and  were  duly 
during  the  session  of  the  synod, 
were  adopted  welcoming  any  effor 
in  good  faith  to  secure  closer  fell 
communion  between  the  churches; 
mittee  was  appointed  to  confer  wi 
tees  of  other  bodies  on  this  subject 

The  peculiar  European  home  mi 
the  Diaspora  has  been  carried  on 
direction  of  the  German  Provin( 
Conference  since  1729.  It  seeks  n 
proselytes,  or  to  draw  members 
Protestant  commnnities,  but  to  exc 


^ 


MOROOOO.  671 

;aal  life  by  means  additional  to  those  and  sometimes  resides  for  a  few  months  at 
1  by  the  established  ohnrohes.  Its  agents  Mequinez,  Marakish,  or  Rabat.  He  has  an 
rant  in  wide  circuits  and  hold  meetings  army  of  10,000  infantry  and  2,400  cavalry, 
ohapels  at  hoars  not  interfering  with  which  is  quartered  in  the  city  where  he  hap- 
^  the  parish  charch ;  and  they  form  pens  to  reside.  The  present  Grand  Vizier  is 
of  persons  who  incline  toward  Mora-  Mohammed  el  Arbi  ben  el  Moghtar,  whose 
?B,  bat  do  not  feel  called  apon  to  leave  brother  is  Minister  of  War.  The  Vizier  for 
>lished  charch.  The  Diaspora  work  Foreign  Affairs  is  Mohammed  el  Mofdel  Gar- 
d  on  in  Germany,  Russia  (chiefly  the  rit,  while  Mohammed  ben  el  Arbi  el  Torres  is 
-oyinces  and  Pol^d),  Switzerland,  and  the  minister  charged  with  the  foreign  rela- 
L  tions  of  the  Saltan  at  Tangier.  Muley-Hassan, 
Dity's  work  in  Bohemia  is  carried  on  a  more  energetic  ruler  than  his  ancestors,  de- 
wo  centers — Pottenstein  Landskron,  oides  all  matters  of  policy  without  consultation. 
I  eastern  district,  among  the  Bohemian  Aiea  and  PipilatlM. — The  area  of  the  empire 
population;  and  Dauba,  the  northern  is  estimated  at  812,800  square  kilometres  or 
&roong  people  speaking  German.  260,000  square  miles,  of  which  197,100  square 
burch  has  sustained  a  mission  among  kilometres  consist  of  mountainous  districts  and 
r  sixty- seven  years.  It  was  begun  in  large,  fertile  plains,  67,700  square  kilometres 
the  hospit^  erected  by  the  Gape  Ool-  are  poorly  watered  tablelands,  and  547,500 
ch  remained  under  the  care  or  partial  square  kilometres,  including  the  province  of 
be  Moravians  till  1867,  when  the  Gov-  Twat,  lie  within  the  borders  of  the  Great  Sa- 
*8  chaplain  took  charge  of  it  In  the  hara  Desert.  The  population  has  been  various- 
ir  the  Moravian  missionaries  assumed  ly  estimated  at  from  6,000,000  to  10,000,000, 
of  the  asylum  for  lepers  that  had  been  and  by  Dr.  Gerhard  Rholfs  as  low  as  2,750,000. 
led  by  the  Baroness  von  Eeffenbrinck  Two  thirds  of  the  people  belong  to  the  Moor- 
den,  at  Jerusalem,  where  three  agents  ish  or  Berber  race,  while  the  remainder  are 
stationed.  Bedouin  Arabs,  negroes,  and  Jews,  of  whom 
ncome  for  missions  among  the  heathen  there  are  840,000.  About  50,000  of  the  peo- 
1887  was  $84,015,  and  the  ezpenditares  pie  are  slaves. 

00,966.    The  sum  raised  annually  at  the  €«HHem«— The  total  value  of  the  imports 

stations  toward  the  support  of  this  work  in  1885,  exclusive  of  specie,  was  88,724,000 

ited  at  about  $125,000;  and  including  francs,  against  21,482,000  francs  in  1884;  of 

estofcapitals  left  for  the  support  of  par-  the  exports,  80,015,000  francs,  against  19,211,- 

lissions,  Government  aid,  etc.,  the  act-  000  francs.    In  1886,  the  cargoes  landed  at  the 

snditnre  for  the  whole  mission  work  ports  were  valued  at  86,418,000  francs,  and 

a  total  of  about  $250,000.    The  nam-  those  taken  away  at  82,816,000  francs.    The 

•rethren  and  sisters  employed  in  this  irapoils  of  cotton  and  cotton  goods  in  that  year 

from  its  beginning,  in  1782,  is  about  were  valued  at  15,598,000  francs;  of  sugar. 

The  missions,  which  constitute  by  far  5,798,000  francs;   of  silver  money,  8,158,000 

t  important  division  of  the  Moravian  francs.    The  chief  exports  were  beans  and  peas 

work,  are  conducted  in  Greenland,  of  the  value  of  5,465,000  francs ;  maize,  4,084,- 

r,  Alaska,  among  the  North  American  000  francs;  olive-oil,  8,855,000  francs;  wool, 

in  the  West  Indies,  the  Mosquito  Coast,  2,756,000  francs;  goatskins,  2,648,000  francs; 

,  South  Africa,  Australia,  and  Central  cattle,  2,450,000   francs;    almonds,  1,861,000 

itish  Tibet).     They  are  served  by  886  francs.    The  export  of  silver  coin  was  1,578,- 

ries,  of  whom  48  are  natives,  and  1,618  000  francs.      Of  the  total  imports  in  1885 

Bsistants,  and  return,  besides  comma-  Great    Britain    famished    21,680,000    francs 

md  members,  already  enumerated,  228  worth,  and  the  exports  to  that  country  were 

»ols,  with  18,280  pupils,  and  98  Sunday-  14,582,000  francs  in  value,  while  the  share  of 

with  14,099  pupils.  France  in  the  imports  was  8,298,000  francs, 

)€0,  an  empire  in  Northern  Africa,  and  in  the  exports,   6,675,000  francs.     The 

an  is  the  unrestricted  spiritual  ruler,  trade  in  cotton  cloths  has,  till  recently,  be- 

Qo  Ulema  to  guide  him,  such  as  exists  longed  exclusively  to  England,  but  Swiss  mus- 

Mohamroedan  states,  and  the  absolute  tins  and  grenadines  are  replacing  Manchester 

the  state,  although,  in  civil  affairs,  the  goods.    Belgium  supplies  iron  goods,  Germany 

sors  of  the  present  Sultan  have  usually  and   Austria  cloths,  and  France  loaf-  sugar, 

e  advice  of  the  Vizier  and  other  min-  which  is  the  usual  article  sent  in  Morocco  as 

The  reigning  Sultan  is  Muley-Hassan,  a    complimentary   present.      Chemicals    and 

g  to  the  Hachan  family,  Sheri&  of  the  matches  also  come  from  France,  and  candles 

.ribe,  of  the  Aliweein  branch  of  the  and  various   other   manufactures   that  Great 

in  family,  being  the  direct  descendant,  Britain  used  exclusively  to  furnish  are  import- 

lirty-fifth  generation,  of  Ali,  uncle  of  ed  in  increasing  quantities  by  the  Germans, 

phet,  and  of  Fatima,  the  Prophet^s  The  total  number  of  vessels  entered  at  all  ports 

'.     He  succeeded  his  father,  Sidi-Mo-  in  1886  was  1,989,  of  567,619  tons,  of  which 

,  in  1878,  at  the  age  of  forty-two.    He  854,  of  256,062  tons  were  English,  and  868,  of 

I  court  alternately  at  Fez  and  Morocco,  238,126  tons  were  French. 


572  MOROCCO. 

Natml  RceontMt— Morocco  has  been  always  amassed  great   wealth,  it  is  no  nncommoa 

closed  to  European  commerce,  except  the  port  occurrence  for  the  Saltan  to  invite  him  to 

of  Tangier,  owing  to  the  jealousy  of  its  rulers  the   capital  and   after  his    arrival  cast  him 

and  the  fanaticism  of  the  Inhabitants.    Even  into  prison  and  load  him  with  cliains  until  1m 

travelers  and  explorers  have  been  excluded,  parts  with  his  gains.    The  inmates  of  the  pris* 

and  not  till  recently  have  the  great  natural  ons  die  in  great  numbers,  from  foul  air,  cniel 

resources  of  the  country  been  even  suspected,  treatment,  and  starvation.     The  law  requirei 

The  climate,  cooled  by  the  snow-capped  Atlas  every  man  to  give  a  tenth  part  of  bis  goods  to 

in  the  south  and  by  the  breezes  of  the  Atlantic,  the  poor,  but  the  tithes  are  collected  by  the 

is  mild  and  genial.    The  soil,  especially  in  the  Sultanas  officers,  and  the  greater  part  of  them 

southern  part  of  the  country,  is  exceedingly  is  retained  in  their  hands  or  diverted  into  the 

fertile.    Large  navigable  rivers  flow  through  imperial    treasury.      Slavery    exists   withont 

the  land,  the  Azamoor  and  the  river  of  Rabat  restrictions,  and  slave  markets  are  held  in  the 

being  the  most  important.  public  streets.    The  slaves  are  brought  from 

Political  and  Etwmlt  CoMUnuk  —  Although  the  Soudan,  having  originally  been  kidnapped 
descended  from  the  Moors,  who  for  four  cent-  or  taken  in  war.    They  are  weU  treated  by 
uries  governed  Spain    and  built  the  cities  of  their  masters  as  a  rule,  and  some  are  set  free. 
Cordova,  Seville,  and  Granada,  and  although  There  are  no  roads  in  Morocco.    Wheat  b 
possessing  now  one  of  the  finest  countries  in  often  sold  in  the  interior  for  one  fifth  of  th« 
the  world,  the  inhabitants  of  Morocco  have  price  that  it  would  bring  at  the  seaboard.  The 
been  reduced  to  misery  and  barbarism  by  op-  difficulties  of  transportation  are  sach  that  onlj 
pression.    The  Sultan,  as  the  successor  of  the  one  half  of  the  land  is  cultivated,  and  even 
Caliphs  of  Cordova,  does  not  acknowledge  the  under  those  circumstances  the  grain  is  often  left 
superiority  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey,  but  con-  to  rot  in  the  fields.    The  Sultan   sometimes 
siders  himself  the  head  of  the  faithful.    His  forbids  the  exportation  of  grain,  even  in  jeare 
spiritual  character  enables  him   to    exercise  of  abundance.    The  regular  sources  of  the 
absolute  despotic  power  over  the  Berbers  and  public  revenue  are  the  tithe  on   a^coltoral 
Arabs,  which  the  present  Sultan  and  his  pred-  produce,  a  tax  of  2  per  cent,  on  domestic  ani- 
ecessors  have  so  abused  that  the   laws    are  mals,  a  tax  on  shebbel  (a  kind  of  fish  caught  in 
simply  instruments  of  pillage  and  oppression,  the  rivers),  the  monopoly  of  tobacco  and  bash- 
and  every  person  seeks  to  hide  his  property  eesh,  a  poll-tax  on  Jews,  and  10  per  ceot 
lest  he  should  lose  both  it  and  his  life  or  lib-  duty  on  all  goods  imported  or  exported,  and 
erty.    The  authorities  of  the  state,  from  the  on  all  produce  brought  to  the  towns.    Fio^ 
Sultan   down,   plunder  those  beneath  them,  are  levied  on  every  pretext,  and  the  scale  of 
Muley  Hassan  is  said  to  have  amassed  enormous  the  regular  imposts  is    frequently   raised  or 
wealth.    There  is  no  Minister  of  Finance  or  lowered  according  to  the  impulse  of  the  Snltan. 
Treasurer,  and  the  key  of  the  treasury,  which  Fines  are  simply  a  method  of  extortion.   A 
is  supposed  to  be  in  Mequinez,  is  kept  by  the  quarrel  between  two  members  of  a  kabylamaj 
Sultan.    It  often  happens  that  the  meanest  deprive  both  of  half  their  possessionfl,  aDd 
slave  is  raised  to  the  highest  office  of  state,  when  a  robbery  is  committed  it  is  a  comiooD 
and  as  often  that  the  most  upright  official  is  thing  to  fine  every  inhabitant  of  the  village 
ordered  to  execution.    The  Sultan  is  conse-  double  the  amount  of  the  stolen  property,  he- 
crated  by  the  Grand  Sherif  of  Wazan,  who  sides  beating  and  imprisonment  many  forms  of 
exercises  a  power  only  second  to  that  of  the  torture  are  used.    The  Sultan  alone  can  con- 
Sultan,  and  is  held  in  such  fear  and  veneration  demn  a  criminal  to  death ;   yet  the  pashtf 
that  his  mere  presence  in  battle  has  often  de-  order  punishments  that  result  in  more  crael 
cided  the  fortunes  of  the  day.    Education  in  forms  of  death  than  decapitation  by  the  Saltan'* 
Morocco  is  usually  confined  to  learning  by  rote  decree.   The  tobacco  and  hasheesh  monopolies 
a  few  chapters  of  the  Koran.    Justice  is  ad-  were  recently  abolished  by  a  Shereefian  decree 
ministered  daily  in  the  residence  of  the  pasha  forbidding  the  use  of  those  narcotics,  to  which 
of  each  province.    Stealing  is  punished  by  cut-  the  Moors  were  greatly  addicted,  and  are  stiD, 
ting  oflf  the  hands  or  feet.    The  officials  receive  for  notwithstanding  the  severe  punishments 
no  pay,  but  are  at  liberty  to  extort  as  much  as  infiicted  they  continue  to  indulge  their  habit 
they  like  from  those  under  them,  while  they  of  smoking,  and  now  the  officials  have  become 
are  obliged  to  deliver  large  sums  to  the  Sultan,  less  vigilant  in  enforcing  the  decree.    In  1888 
Every    officer,    from   the    Minister  of   State  the  Sultan  issued  a  decree  against  intoxi(»nt8 
down  to  the  sheikh  of  a  village,  pays  for  his  of  all  kinds.    The  Jews  in  Morocco  are  objects 
appointment,  and   must  pay  to  continue  in  of  detestation  and  contempt,  and  are  subject 
office.    Their  exactions  and  arbitrary  assess-  on  all  hands  to  indignities  and  cruelties,  socb 
ments  are  the  cause  of  frequent  revolts.    No  as  the  fanatical  Moors  would  inflict  as  eager!; 
one  takes  pains  to  mak*^  the    ground  more  on  Nazarenes  or  Christians  if  they  were  not 
productive,    because    its    produce  would   be  restrained  by  the  Government, 
seized  by  the  Government.    The  merchants  Treaty  Negotlatitii8. — The  Sultan  has  been  able 
are  compelled  to  carry  on  their  trade  secretly,  to  persevere  in  his  policy  of  isolation  and  non- 
to  conceal  their  stock,  and  to  bury  their  sav-  intercourse  only  through  the  jealousy  of  the 
ings.    When  a  pasha  is  suspected  of  having  European  powers.     Great  Britain,  being  io 


MOROCGO.  573 

on  of  two  thirds  of  the  existing  foreign  of  the  means  of  life  to  the  natives,  while  the 

as  been  anzions  to  prevent  any  power  profits  arising  from  the  development  of  the 

ining  a  commercial  footing,  which  might  resources  of  the  country  would  all  accrue  to 

political  ascendancy,  and  thus  weaken  strangers,  who  would  eventually  become  the 

dtion  at  Gibraltar.     The  power  most  owners  of  the  land. 

ed  by  others  has  been  France.  She  Fofeign  PrttectfMt — ^The  principal  objection 
first  to  establish  her  rule  on  the  Medi-  of  the  Sultan  to  enlarging  the  commercial 
in  coast  of  Africa,  and  is  the  only  land  privileges  of  foreigners  was,  that  under  the 
•r  of  Morocco,  and  in  recent  years  has  existing  arrangements  the  allegiance  of  a  con- 
ed to  push  the  frontiers  of  her  West-  siderable  section  of  his  subjects  was  alienated, 
colonial  possessions  northward  so  as  and  that  with  closer  commercial  relations  with 
>se  Morocco  on  every  side.  Italy  feels  European  countries  he  would  be  deprived  of 
pest  interest  in  preventing  France  from  his  power  over  the  rest.  The  legations  have 
^  her  dreams  of  an  African  empire  that  the  right  in  Morocco,  as  in  several  other  Mo- 
n  the  natural  course  of  events  swallow  hammedan  countries,  of  granting  protection  to 
oli,  the  special  object  of  Italian  ambi-  persons  employed  in  any  capacity  in  the  con- 
Austria,  as  a  Mediterranean  power,  also  sular  service,  or  acting  as  commercial  agents 
watchful  interest  in  Morocco,  and  is  for  firms  belonging  to  the  country  giving  pro- 
ged  by  Germany,  which  has  an  eye  on  tection.  Such  protigSs  are  no  longer  subject 
nroercial  possibilities  of  the  country,  to  the  jurisdiction  of  Moorish  courts.  All 
a  the  only  power  that  has  definite  complaints  or  suits  against  them,  or  that  they 
nowledged  aspirations  toward  Morocco,  bring  against  others,  are  adjudicated  in  the 
he  regs^s  as  her  heritage,  not  only  on  consular  courts  of  the  country  of  which  they 
of  geographical  proximity,  but  by  rea-  become  qutui-Buhjecis.  They  not  only  escape 
I  historical  title  based  on  the  expulsion  taxation  and  the  exactions  of  native  officials, 
ioors  from  Spanish  ground.  but  are  able  to  practice  extortions  themselves 
)84  the  intrigues  of  the  Frenchman  by  making  false  claims  or  accusations,  which 
vagnac,  who  endeavored  to  stir  up  re-  will  lead  to  imprisonment  by  order  of  the  con- 
in  Morocco,  and  secure  a  footing  for  suls  if  their  blackmailing  demands  are  not  sat- 
in Riff,  aided  as  they  were  by  the  isfied.  The  incumbents  of  diplomatic  and  con- 
minister  in  Tangier,  Ord^ga,  aroused  sular  posts  in  Morocco  are  often  men  who  are 
in  Madrid,  and  were  regarded  with  open  to  the  temptations  of  the  great  bribes 
in  the  foreign  ofl&ces  of  other  capi-  that  are  offered  for  consular  protection  and 
he  French  Government  manifested  the  for  the  support  of  the  protiges  in  their  dishon- 
of  its  intentions  by  recalling  M.  Ord^ga  est  schemes;  and  even  those  who  are  honor- 
3  had  attempted  to  extract  a  secret  able,  being  usually  ignorant  of  the  language  of 
Toni  the  Sultan.  Germany  began  to  the  country,  are  easily  misled  by  dragomans 
8  relations  with  Morocco  about  1876,  and  interpreters.  The  Madrid  Convention  lim- 
dually  obtained  such  influence  that,  in  ited  the  number  of  protegSs  to  two  for  each 
le  pressed  for  a  revision  of  the  commer-  commercial  house ;  yet  some  of  the  diplomatic 
ities  on  the  basis  of  a  considerable  re-  representatives  issued  fifteen  and  twenty  pro- 
of the  import  and  export  duties,  the  tections  to  pretended  agents  of  the  same  firm, 
of  the  whole  country  to  the  free  cur-  and  the  Moorish  authorities  allowed  the  others 
of  foreigners,  and  the  right  of  foreign-  to  do  the  same  for  the  sake  of  avoiding  dis- 
cquire lands  and  to  engage  in  commer-  putes  under  the  most-favored-nation  clause, 
ining,  and  railroad  enterprises.  The  So  great  is  the  fear  of  the  Moorish  Govem- 
Is  were  rejected  by  the  Sultan,  but  ment  of  foreign  complications,  leading  possibly 
ire  renewed  when  England,  and  later  to  the  annexation  of  the  country,  that  the 
joined  in  the  demands.  The  existing  authorities  were  ordered  to  obey  implicitly  all 
vas  made  in  1866  by  Sir  John  Drum-  foreigners  or  persons  protected  by  foreigners, 
[ay,  who  still  represented  Great  Britain  For  many  years  the  French  Government  more 
;ier,  and  had  undergone  no  alteration  than  the  others  laid  itself  open  to  blame  for 
the  addition  of  stipulations  of  minor  protecting  unworthy  persons  and  supporting 
nee  at  the  conclusion  of  the  Spanish  fraudulent  claims.  Afterward  the  representa- 
dnst  the  Moors  in  1860  and  changes  in  tives  of  the  United  States  were  the  chief  of- 
',  dues  made  at  the  Madrid  Convention  fenders.  A  wealthy  American  citizen.  Ion  Per- 
'.  France  endeavored  to  remove  the  dicaria,  with  the  assistance  of  his  secretary, 
s  to  a  new  arrangement  by  sending  Captain  Rolleston,  an  Englishman,  made  it  his 
and  as  minister  to  Tangier  with  direc-  task  to  unearth  consular  abuses  and  defend  the 
reform  the  abuses  connected  with  the  victims  of  revenge  or  cupidity  who  were  chained 
consular  service,  of  which  the  Saltan  in  dungeons,  and  often  allowed  to  die  of  starva- 
iu  complained.  Neither  the  Sultan  nor  tion,  on  account  of  debts  that  they  had  never 
iects  could  expect  any  advantage  from  owed,  or  had  already  paid  in  full  or  in  part, 
g  open  the  country  to  European  enter-  There  were  more  than  160  native  Jews  or 
>r  it  would  not  only  hasten  the  day  of  Moors  who  enjoyed  the  protection  of  the 
I  annexation,  but  would  raise  the  prices  United  States  flag,  and  who  claimed  debts 


574  MOROCCO. 

amonnting  to  $100,000,  for  which  many  no-  preservation,  and  were  willing  to  pay  Ingb 
protected  natives  were  cast  into  prison  and  premiums  for  the  appointment  of  nmMor  to  t 
were  unable  to  obtain  a  trial  in  order  to  prove  foreign  commercial  nrm.  Manj  of  them  €s- 
the  fraadulent  character  of  the  claims  against  tablished  Europeans  in  some  ostensible  com- 
tbem.  A  Jew  money-lender  named  Reuben  mercial  business  in  Tangier,  really  paying  them 
Tergeman,  enjoying  American  protection,  pro-  salaries  for  the  privilege  of  acting  as  their  pre- 
oured  the  imprisonment  of  nearly  a  score  of  tended  agents.  The  latter  arrangement  was 
persons  in  one  province  alone,  some  of  whom  more  secure  and  permanent,  since  the  immnni- 
were  kept  in  chains  for  two  years,  although  ties  of  the  simsar  terminate  with  the  agenej. 
they  had  paid  their  debts  two  or  three  times  M.  Ferraad  reduced  the  number  of  Moors 
over.  Mr.  Perdicaris,  in  attempting  to  right  claiming  French  protection  from  800  to  6a 
such  wrongs,  came  into  conflict  with  the  Amer-  There  is,  however,  a  large  number  of  French 
loan  consul,  and  by  the  latter^s  order  was  him-  subjects,  bom  in  Algeria,  who  practice  nsarj 
self  committed  to  prison.  He  succeeded  in  and  extortion  under  cover  of  Uieir  French  pro- 
bringing  the  matter  to  the  attention  of  the  tection,  while  the  British  Government  is  called 
United  States  Government,  which  recalled  the  upon  to  protect  the  misdeeds  of  many  Barbarf 
consul  and  sent  out  Reed  Lewis,  who  dismissed  Jews  whose  birthplace  was  Gibraltar.  The 
all  the  old  employes  of  the  consulate.  The  Sultan  is  led  to  believe  that  the  number  of 
evidence  that  Mr.  Perdicaris  had  collected  con-  protected  Moors-  is  much  greater  tJian  it  reaHj 
demned  the  system  of  consular  protection  so  is,  because  often  when  he  gives  direcdoiu  to 
thoroughly  in  the  eyes  of  Congress,  that  it  confiscate  the  property  of  some  person  of  whose 
passed  an  act  in  the  early  part  of  1887  abolish-  wealth  he  hears,  the  kaid  of  the  district  is 
iDg  the  extension  of  American  protection  for  bribed  by  the  man  to  report  that  he  is  under 
commercial  purposes  to  natives  in  Morocco  and  foreign  protection. 

in  other  countries.    All  persons  incarcerated  The  SntaMilM  Cabtoi — ^The  British  Govenh 

for  debts  due  to  American  citizens  and  protegis  ment  has  for  twelve  years  past  sought  the  per- 

were  released  by  order  of  Mr.  Lewis,  and  usu-  mission  of  the  Sultan  to  lay  a  cable  from  Tan- 

rers  suspected  of  having  made  false  claims  gier  to  connect  with  the  European  telegraph 

were  arrested.  system  at  Gibralter.    The  French  and  Span^ 

The  present  system  of  foreign  protection  has  governments  objected  to  the  oonoession  being 

existed  since  1767,  when  it  was  secured  in  a  granted  unless  they  too  should  have  the  priri- 

treaty  of  peace  and  commerce  with  France  for  lege  of  laying  cables.    Sir  William  Kirby  Green, 

persons  in  the  service  of  consuls,  secretaries  who  succeeded  Sir  John  Dmramond  Hay  as 

of  political  agents,  interpreters,  and  represen-  British  minister  at  Tangier  in  1886,  wrote  to 

tatives  of  foreign  commercial  establishments,  the  Sultan  for  his  final  consent.    The  British 

The  Madrid  Convention  of  1880  contained  pro-  legation  is  the  only  one  that  communioafiei 

visions  that  were   intended   to    restrict  the  directly  with  the  court  by  means  of  couriers, 

number  of  protections,  while  it  added  to  the  the  other  ministers  being  compelled  to  present 

privileges  and  immunities  of  those  who  were  their   communications  through    the  Moorish 

protected.    The  restrictions  were  evaded,  and  Foreign  Minister  in  Tangier.    When  no  ansirer 

the  traffic  in  protections,  which  were  made  came  to  the  letter  of  the  British  representative, 

more  valuable  by  the  convention,  was  conducted  he  wrote  again,  saying,  that  if  the  Sultan  did  not 

on  a  larger  scale.    Every  wealthy  Moor  sought  reply  within  a  certain  time  he  would  take  his 

the  protection  of  a  foreign  power.    Even  the  consent  for  granted.    This  and  a  third  letter 

Sheriff  of  Wazan  became  a  French  proUge,  and  remained  unanswered,  and  at  the  time  indicated 

by  that  act  sacrificed  a  great  part  of  his  pros-  the  cable   was  put  down,  in  February,  1887. 

tige,  which  was  already  impaired  through  his  Then  the  Sultan  sent  word  that  he  would  pay 

marriage  to  an  English  woman.    The  conven-  all  expenses  if  it  were  taken  up  again.    This 

tion  of  Madrid  limits  the  number  of  protected  the  British  Government  refused  to  do,  and 

persons  to  the  employes  of  the  legations  and  when  the  Sultan,  in  a  communication  convejed 

consulates,  simsare  or  commercial  agents  of  for-  through  the  Foreign  Minister  to  the  diplomatic 

eign  traders,  two  being  allowed  for  each  firm,  body  at  Tangier,  formally  protested  against  the 

and  Moorish  subjects  who  accept  foreign  alle-  cable,  and  demanded  the  sospension  of  its  use 

glance.   The  powers  claimed  the  right  to  protect  until  the  matter  was  diplomatically  regulated, 

the  last-named  class  by  right  of  custom,  but  no  attention  was  paid  to  his  remonstrances, 

agreed  to  limit  the  number  to  twelve  for  each  ReMNM ef  tke  Beat  Zchmt. — In  1887  the  Beni 

of  the  thirteen  signatory  powers.    The  pro-  Zemour,  a  powerful   tribe  dwelling  between 

tection  extends,  however,  to  all  the  chilaren  Marakish  and  Mequinez  rebelled  against  the 

and  the  numerous  dependents  of  the  protected  exactions  of  the  Sultan,  who  was  then  at  Hara- 

persons.     The  representatives  of  the  powers  kish,  where  his  presence  was  manifested  as 

were  desirous  of  securing  as  proteges  the  wealth-  usual  by  wholesale  pillage.    Mnley  Hassan  aest 

iest  and  most  powerful  of  the  Sultan's  subjects  word  that  if  they  would  submit  themselves  and 

as  a  means  of  extending  their  own  influence,  bring  tribute  in  token  of  subjection,  be  would 

The  Moors  whose  wealth  was   sufficient  to  pardon  them  and  leave  their  territory  in  peace, 

attract  the  cupidity  of  the  Sultan  or  his  officers  The  Beni  Zemour  complied  at  once,  and  more 

tought  foreign  protection  as  a  means  of  self-  than  70,000  men  and  women  carried  baskets 


MOROCCO.  575 

of  supplies  on  their  heads  to  Marakish.  The  the  hope  that  Spain  as  a  great  power  would 
jSoItan,  after  he  had  received  their  offerings,  be  able  to  press  her  historical  claims  to  Mo- 
tariied  his  soldiers  loose  on  the  tribe  to  plun-  rocco  with  more  weight.  "When  the  Madrid 
der  and  marder  as  they  pleased  for  two  days,  statesmen  perceived  that  the  right  of  their 
ID  order,  he  said,  to  teach  the  rebels  to  respect  country  to  dispose  of  the  fortunes  of  the  Moor- 
bis  authority.  The  Beni  Zemour  in  retaliation  ish  empire  was  disputed  by  all  the  powers, 
poisoned  aJl  the  wells,  with  the  result  that  the  they  resorted  to  another  method  of  placing 
Sultan's  favorite  wife  and  many  members  of  his  Spain  in  the  lead.  On  October  2  Sefior  Moret 
lousehold  died.  He  himself  was  taken  very  suggested  the  advisability  of  reassembling  the 
U,  it  was  supposed  from  the  same  cause.  couference  of  1880.  In  the  note  of  October  5 
HiTalDeBfo^ntlMi. — The  prospect  of  a  change  he  dwelt  upon  the  reasons  for  Spain^s  taking 
)f  rulers  is  regarded  with  consternation  by  the  initiative  and  uniting  with  the  powers  in 
11  the  inhabitants  of  Morocco,  the  foreigners  demanding  in  Morocco  the  reforms  demanded 
loins  business  there  not  excepted.  The  death  by  civilization,  declaring  that  the  policy  of 
i  Muley  Hassan  would  be  followed  inevita-  Spain  is  opposed  to  any  idea  of  territorial  ag- 
Aj  by  a  conflict  among  all  the  tribes,  each  grandizement.  The  Spanish  interest  in  the 
»f  which  would  fight  for  the  candidate  for  fate  of  Morocco  was  recognized  in  1880  by  the 
he  throne  with  whom  it  is  most  nearly  con-  powers  to  the  extent  of  an  understanding  that 
lected.  A  new  Sultan  is  supposed  to  be  se-  the  views  of  Spain  should  be  heard  in  the  first 
ected  by  his  predecessor,  but  he  must  be  instance  on  all  questions  affecting  Morocco, 
icoepted  by  the  majority  of  the  people  before  The  powers  assented  in  principle  to  the  pro- 
le  is  permitted  to  take  his  seat  under  the  She-  posed  conference.  France,  however,  in  order 
■eefian  Umbrella.  The  present  Sultan,  in  the  to  close  the  way  to  any  further  assertion  of 
>eginning  of  his  reign.  Killed  off  bis  two  un-  the  pretensions  of  Spain,  insisted  that  the  busi- 
sles  and  the  most  prominent  member  of  the  ness  of  the  conference  should  be  restricted  to 
[hissian  branch  of  the  Shereefian  family,  and  the  revision  of  the  Madrid  Convention.  This 
dien  banij>hed  all  his  male  relatives  to  the  limitation,  which  was  supported  by  Great  Brit- 
>asis  of  Tafilet.  where  they  have  been  kept  in  ain,  Spain  was  finally  forced  to  accept  The 
[)enQry  and  solitude.  His  sons  are  so  young  English  Government  made  the  suggestion  that 
that  none  of  them  is  likely  to  be  accepted  as  the  powers  should  guarantee  the  integrity  of 
dis  successor.  There  are,  however,  several  the  Sultan's  dominions  in  return  for  concessions 
lescendauts  of  both  the  Aliweein  and  the  Dris-  of  facilities  for  commerce  and  of  improved  gov- 
dan  dynasties  who  have  powerful  tribes  at  emment.  The  various  cabinets  accepted  the 
their  back,  ready  to  defend  their  claims  to  the  invitation  to  take  part  in  the  conference,  which 
raccession.  The  jealous  powers,  whose  mutual  was  to  meet  at  Madrid  before  the  end  of  Janu- 
iistrust  has  prevented  the  introduction  of  ary,  1888.  The  countries  represented  in  the 
civilizing  agencies,  regard  the  situation  with  Madrid  Conference  of  1880  were  Germany, 
vrat^hfol  anxiety.  In  September,  1887,  when  Great  Britain,  Austria,  Belgium,  the  United 
the  news  of  the  probably  fatal  sickness  of  Mu-  States,  Erance,  Italy,  Holland,  Portugal,  Swe- 
ley  Hassan  was  brought  to  Madrid,  the  Span-  den  and  Norway,  and  Morocco  itself.  The 
ish  Government  at  once  got  its  fleet  ready  and  Spanish  minister  resident  at  Tangier,  Sefior 
moved  an  army  corps  to  the  ports  nearest  the  Diosdado,  was  instructed  to  inform  the  Sultan 
Moorish  coast.  On  October  1  Sefior  Moret  of  the  circumstances  that  had  occurred  in  con- 
advised  the  governments  of  Germany,  Eng-  sequence  of  his  illness,  and  to  urge  upon  him 
Umd^  Austria,  France,  and  Italy  of  Spain^s  in-  the  necessity  of  granting  the  commercial  rigbti 
tendon  to  send  troops  to  the  Spanish  fortresses  demanded  by  the  powers.  Muley  Hassan  bad 
Dn  the  coast  of  Morocco.  Great  Britain  was  himself  requested  the  Spanish  Government  in 
prompted  by  the  Spanish  armaments  to  dis-  August  to  reopen  some  of  the  questions  that 
patch  a  naval  force  to  Morocco,  and  France  were  discussed,  but  not  finally  settled,  at  the 
umJ  Italy  were  equally  alert.  These  powers,  previous  international  conference.  The  Snan- 
in  their  replies  to  the  Spanish  dispatch,  which  ish  minister  at  Paris  sounded  the  French  Gov- 
Bras  amplified  on  October  5  in  a  circular  to  all  ernment,  and  found  it  willing  to  consider  the 
Jie  signatories  of  the  Madrid  Convention,  ex-  subject,  whereas  in  1880  it  had  categorically 
;>res^  approval  of  the  steps  taken  by  Spain,  refused  to  acquiesce  in  a  modification  of  the 
md  declared  their  intention  of  sending  ships  rights  of  protection.  At  the  suggestion  of  M. 
«o  Tangier  to  protect  the  lives  and  property  of  Flourens,  the  Spanish  Government  directed  its 
>heir  subjects.  A  few  weeks  later,  powerful  political  representatives  in  Morocco  to  collect 
irar-ships  of  the  various  nations  anchored  in  evidence  regarding  the  inconveniences  and 
^he  bay  of  Tangier,  and  remained  to  watch  abuses  of  the  protection  system.  The  Sultan 
^ents  until  the  recovery  of  the  Sultan  and  had  reason  to  suspect  the  French  of  aggressive 
Lbe  progress  ofdiplomatic  negotiations  removed  designs  on  his  western  frontier,  because  they 
^e  cause  of  their  presence  tnere.  had  very  recently  engaged  in  expeditions 
PlwiiaaMl  MerocM  Ctifcraee.  —  The  Morocco  against  the  Figuig  and  Twat  tribes,  whose 
^sis  impelled  the  Spanish  Cabinet  to  urge  the  lands  lie  within  the  borders  of  Morocco,  and 
elevation  of  the  representatives  of  the  great  had  established  military  posts  and  fortifications 
powers  at  Madrid  to  ambassadorial  rank,  in  close  to  the  boundary,  if  they  did  not  encroach 


576 


MOROCCO. 


MORTON,  LEVI  PARSONS, 


upon  the  Soltan^s  dominions.  The  Spanish 
Government  was  the  only  one  whose  dealings 
with  the  Saltan  had  heen  marked  throughout 
with  sincerity  and  justice.  The  conference  at 
Madrid  was  rendered  practically  abortive  by 
France's  refusal  to  accede  to  the  proposals  on 
behalf  of  Morocco  made  by  Spain,  and  then 
supported  by  Great  Britain.  The  Spanish  lega- 
tion at  Tangier  is  the  only  one  that  has  kept 
itself  entirely  clean  from  the  illegitimate  use 
of  the  right  of  protection,  and  the  Spanish 
Government  has  consistently  urged  the  justice 
of  the  Sultanas  demand  that  foreign  protection 
should  be  done  away  with.  England  acknowl- 
edged the  evils  of  the  system,  but  refused  to 
consider  proposals  for  remedying  them,  except 
in  return  for  substantial  commercial  conces- 
sions, and  in  this  position  was  supported  by 
several  other  powers.  The  Spanish  minister 
to  Morocco  then  endeavored  to  persuade  Muley 
Hassan  to  concede  the  demands  of  the  powers, 
the  meeting  of  the  proposed  conference  being 

Sostponed  from  time  to  time,  but  could  not  in- 
uce  him  to  throw  the  country  open  to  foreign 
capital  and  enterprise.  A  new  rebellion  of 
more  formidable  dimensions  than  that  of  1887, 
followed  by  a  recurrence  of  the  Sultan's  sick- 
ness, interrupted  the  negotiations,  and  caused 
the  conference  to  be  indefinitely  postponed. 

Oitrages  mi  Empeaiu. — Owing  to  the  failure 
of  the  conference  negotiations  and  the  exhi- 
bition of  discord  among  the  Christian  powers, 
or  to  the  unsettled  condition  of  the  country 
resulting  from  rebellions  and  the  precarious 
health  of  the  Sultan,  the  Moors  were  more 
insolent  toward  Christians  in  1888  than  they 
had  been  for  many  years.  British  proteges 
were  stripped  of  their  possessions,  imprisoned, 
and  tortured  by  order  of  the  kaids.  An 
American  protegS  was  arrested  at  Rabat,  and 
the  American  Consul- General  demanded  his 
release,  which  the  Moorish  authorities  refused 
to  grant,  on  the  ground  that  a  suit  was  pend- 
ing against  him  when  the  protection  was  is- 
sued. The  matter  was  finally  submitted  to  the 
decision  of  arbitrators.  Numerous  other  out- 
rages were  reported. 

KeToK  of  Berlber  Tribes. — The  warlike  mount- 
aineers inhabiting  the  Beni  M'Gilol  hills  on 
the  northern  slope  of  the  Atlas,  have  never 
been  subdued.  They  boast  that  eleven  sultans 
have  entered  their  territory,  and  that  only  two 
of  them  returned  alive.  The  Sultan  Muley 
Hassan,  who  had  extended  the  boundaries  of 
his  dominions  in  some  directions,  and  aims  at 
a  confederation  of  the  Mohammedan  states  of 
the  Western  Soudan  as  far  as  Timbuctoo,  re- 
solved to  conquer  this  troublesome  tribe,  which 
still  clings  to  the  Drissian  dynasty,  having  in 
its  midst  a  pretender,  and  became  aggressive 
when  the  ferment  pervaded  Morocco  that  was 
caused  by  the  Sultan's  illness.  Muley  Has- 
san, who  was  at  Mequinez,  took  the  field  with 
his  array  in  the  summer,  and  after  two  months 
of  almost  daily  fighting,  during  which  his  army 
was  twice  nearly  cut  in  two,  he  succeeded,  as 


he  supposed,  in  putting  down  the  revolt,  viatc^ 
cruel  vengeance  on  the  kabylas  that  were  re- 
duced to  submission,  placed  governors  oth 
the  conquered  districts,  and  marched  toward 
the  seacoast  with  the  intention  of  making  a 
promised  visit  to  Tangier,  which  he  had  neTcr 
seen.    Kaid  Maclean,  the  English  officer  who 
instructs  his  troops  and  commands  the  cst- 
alry,  was  left  at  Fez  with  a  part  of  the  amiT, 
in  order  to  quell  any  fresh  outbreak.    In  Sep- 
tember the  Sultan,  who  had  reached  the  bor- 
ders of  the  Zimouri  and  Beni  Hassan  country, 
received  intelligence  of  a  fresh  rising  of  the 
tribes,  and  of  the  massacre  of  his  cousin  Mnlej 
Souro,  who  had  been  entrapped  in  an  arobosb 
and,  with  800  of  his  followers,  was  put  to  the 
sword.    Muley  Hassan  immediately  set  out 
upon   an  expedition  to   avenge   his  cousin's 
death.    The  tribes  rose  in  the  rear  of  the  Sal- 
tan's army,  exasperated  by  the  taxes  he  had 
levied  on  them  to  maintain  his  army  of  70,000 
men,  the  troops,  perishing  of  starvation,  de- 
serted in  large  numbers,  the  enemy  attacked 
him  in  front,  and  at  last  Muley  Hassan  found 
himself  far  in  the  hills,  with  neither  food  nor 
ammunition.    Raid  Maclean  was  shut  up  in  Fei 
by  the  Beni  M'Gilol  tribe,  who  were  joined  bj 
others  in  that  region.    The  Sultan  had  excited 
general  indignation  by  ordering  all  the  mem- 
bers of  a  certain  tribe  to  be  beheaded,  on  the 
mistaken  supposition  that  they  were  concerned 
in  the  massacre  of  his  cousin's  force.    Mesea- 
gers  reached  Tangier  at  last,  and  Sir  Wflliam 
Kirby  Green,  the  British  minister,  obtained 
from  the  Governor  of  Gibraltar  160  rounds  of 
ammunition,   which   he  sent  to  Fez.     Raid 
Maclean  broke  through  the  Beni  M'GUol  tribe 
who  besieged  Fez,  and  reached  the  Snltan^fl 
camp   with  the  ammunition.     Muley  Hassan 
then  abandoned  the  expedition. 

MORTO!r,  LEVI  PABSOITS,  Vice-President  of 
the  United  States,  bom  in  Shoreham,  Vt,,  May 
16,  1824.  His  first  ancestor  was  George  Mor- 
ton, who  came  in  the  ship  **  Ann  "  from  Eng- 
land, and  landed  at  Plymouth  in  1623.  The 
Morton  family  afterward  settled  at  Middlebor- 
ough,  Mass.  Mr.  Morton's  father,  the  Re^. 
Daniel  Oliver  Morton,  was  a  CongregatioDsl 
minister,  and  his  mother,  Lucretia  Parsons,  wts 
the  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Justin  Parsons,  while 
her  brother,  for  whom  the  Vice-President  was 
named,  was  the  first  American  missionarr  to 
Palestine.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Morton  sent  his  eldest 
son  to  college,  but  even  the  marvelous  economy 
of  a  New  England  minister's  family  could  not 
make  the  few  hundred  dollars  of  salary  stretch 
far  enough  to  cover  the  second  boy's  expenses, 
and  after  partly  preparing  Levi  for  Middle- 
bury  College,  the  father  reluctantly  consented 
to  let  him  go  as  clerk  into  a  store  at  Enfield, 
Mass.,  where  he  remained  for  two  years.  Be 
was  then  sixteen  years  old,  and  returning  to 
his  home,  which  had  been  removed  to  Bristol, 
N.  H.,  he  taught  a  district  school  for  a  while, 
and  then,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  entered  the 
store  of  a  Mr.  Esterbrook,  in  Concord.    Bi3 


MORTON,  LEVI  PARSONS. 


677 


uployer  was  so  pleased  with  his  aptitude  for  of  L.  P.  MortoD  &  Co.,  one  member  of  which 

imeei  that  he  established  him  in  h  branch  waaCharleaW.  HcCane,  afterward  of  the  Baf- 

}re  in  Hanover,  N.  U.  (the  seat  of  Dartmouth  falo  "  Courier."  In  1668  Mr.  MoCune  withdrew, 

lUt^e),  giving  the  ^oung  proprietor  an  inter-  while  the  remaining  partners  established  the 

I  in  the  boainesa.     He  soon  became  a  favor-  banking-honae  of  L.  P.  Morton  &,  Oo.,  at  No.  36 

with  the  students,  and  remained  there  six  Wall  Street.    A  London  brtmch  was  soon  estab- 

ira,  and  then  went  to  Boston,  where,  in  lisbed  under  the  title,  L.  P.  Morton,  Bnms  Jk 

',9,  he  entered  the  house  of  James  M.  Beehe  Co.,  but  in  1869  that  firm  was  dissolved,  Sir 


Co.  Two  years  later,  the  firm  made  him  a 
riner,  opened  a  branch  in  New  York  known 
J.  M.  Beehe,  Morgan  &  Co.,  and  placed  him- 
it.  In  1854  Mr.  Morgan  (father  of  Pierpont 
>rgaD,  of  Morgan,  Drezel  ic  Co.)  went  to 
□don,  and  Mr.  Morton  soon  afterward  or- 
lized  the  firm  of  Morton  &  Grinnell,  which 
itinned  in  bosinesH  until  the  beginning  of 
■  ciril  war.  In  18B6  Mr.  Morton  had  niar- 
i  Miss  I.ncj  Kimball,  daughter  of  Elijah  11. 
nball,  of  Flatlands,  Lon^  Island.  Late  in 
II  Mr.  Morton  fonnded  the  mercantile  firm 


John  Rose,  Finance  Minister  of  Canada,  be- 
coming Mr.  Morton'n  partner  in  London,  nnder 
der  the  lirm-name  of  Morton,  Rose  &  Co.  At 
the  same  time  George  Bliss  entered  the  New 
York  firm.  At  home  the  house  of  Morton, 
Bliss  &  Co.  rendered  material  aid  to  the  Gov- 
ernment; and  abroad,  Morton,  Row  &  Co.  be- 
came the  fiscal  agcnt-s  of  the  United  States, 
and  were  active  in  the  negotiations  that  end- 
ed in  the  Geneva  and  Halifai  fisheries  awards. 
In  18TS  Mr.  Morton  was  nominated  for  Con- 
gress b;  the  Repablicans  of  the  Eleventh  New 


578       MORTON,  LEVI  PARSONS.  MUSIC,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  1 

York  District.    In  accepting  the  nomination  MUSIC,  PROGRiSS  OF,  IN  1888.    To 

he  wrote;   *'  It  is  a  distinction  which  I  have  productions  brought  out  on  the  oper 

not  solicited,  and  I  am  not  sore  of  my  fitness  in  1887  are  to  be  added  :  **  Faust,'* 

for  the  place.    I  have  never  been. a  politician,  drama,  in  a  prelude  and  four  acts,  bj 

have  never  sought  or  contemplatea  holding  Zdllner  (Oologne,  Stadttheater,  Decei 

office,  and  am  by  training  and  tastes  simply  a  9uce^  d^estime;  the  third  act  found 

man  of  business.     If,  however,  in  your  judg-  favor.     "Die  Oamisarden"   (former] 

ment,  I  can  serve  the  district  and  protect  its  Cavalier  '*),   by  Anton  Langert,  ent 

int-erest  in  Congress,  I  shall  feel  constrained  to  written  (Coburg,  Hofbheater,    Deceu 

regard  your  nomination  as  a  plain  call  to  pub-  conducted  by  the  composer,  and  recei 

lie  duty,  which  I  have  no  right  to  shirk.    I  be-  great  applause.    "  Per  Svinaherde  "  (I 

lieve  the  Republic  has  a  right  to  command  the  Swineherd),  in  three  acts,  by  Ivar  Hi 

services  of  its  humblest  citizen,  and  in  obedi-  libretto    by    Christiemson    (Stockhc 

ence  to  that  conviction  I  accept  |he  nomina-  cember    29) ;  with   success,   repeated 

tion.'*    His  opponent  was  Col.  Benjamin  A.  houses  eleven  times.    The  music  is 

Willis,  a  forcible  speaker  and  able  politician,  at  times  characteristic,   the  libretto 

Mr.  Morton,  although  defeated,  reduced  Willis's  several  striking  scenes,  and  the  misi 

majority  from  2,600  to  400.    In  1878  he  was  was  magnificent.     "Don  Pedro  dei 

renominated,  and  defeated  Col.  Willis  by  7,000  an    operetta  by    Lanzini,   libretto  b 

majority.     In  1880  he  was  again  successful  (Rome,  Teatro  Costanzi,  October),  wi 

against  James  W.  Gerard,  Jr.    The  New  York  success,  in   which  the  libretto  has  i 

"World,"  opposed  to  him  in  politics,  said  :  share,  being  one  of  the  happiest  conce] 

"  Against  Mr.  Morton's  individual   character  its  kind. 

and  his  fitness  to  represent  his  district  in  Con-  During  1888  the    dramatic-musica 

gress,  no  one  who  knows  him  can  have  a  word  ment  did    not  rise  above  the  avera 

to  say."  great  accomplishment  is  to  be  recoi 

In  1881  PresidentGarfield  appointed  Mr.  Mor-  event  of  significant  augury  fell  to  it 

ton  minister  to  France,  and  he  remained  such  The  number  of  new  grand  operas  pro< 

under  President  Arthur.    In  1871  Mrs.  Morton  France,  Belgium,   and   Germany  was 

haddiedin  their  country  home,  Fairlawn,  New-  England  furnished  only  one;  and  ey( 

port,  R.  I.    She  was  noted  for  he^  benevolent  was  more  reserved  than  usual.    Nor 

nature,  and,  carrying  out  her  feeling,  as  well  field  of  comic  opera  worked  very  exfo 

as  his  own,  Mr.  Morton  gave  a  park  of  twelve  On  the  other  hand,   the  production 

acres  to  the  people  of  Newport,  and  built  in  operettas  was  fairly  overwhelming, 

her  memory  in  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York,  con-  following  we  record  the  facts  in  chrou 

tiguous  to  Grace  Church,  the  beautiful  build-  order,  grouped    according   to  their  i 

ing  known  as  Grace  Memorial  Chapel.    Among  origin  : 

his  other  benefactions  was  the  first  contribu-  Openh — *•*  La  Dame  de  Monsorean,^ 

tion  of  one  quarter  of  the  cargo  for  the  ship  acts,  by  Gaston  Salvayre,  libretto  by  . 

"Constellation,"  which  was  sent  by  our  Gov-  Maquet,  Paris,  Op6ra,  January  30,  waa 

ernment  to  the  sufierers  from  the  Irish  famine,  plete  failure,  in  spite  of  the  gorgeons 

In  1878  Mr.  Morton  was  honorary  commis-  sehie,  and  the  creditable  perform'aDce 

sioner  to  the  Paris  Exposition,  and  he  was  part  of  the  artists ;  the  displeasure  oft 

American  commissioner-general  to  the  Paris  lie  was  aroused  as  much  by  the  libret 

Electrical  Exposition,  and  representative  of  the  the  music.     '*  Jocelyn,"  in  four  acta,  b^ 

United  States  at  the  Submarine-Cable  Conven-  min  Godard,  libretto  by  Armand  Silve 

tion.     He  publicly  received,  in  the  name  of  the  Victor  Capoul  (Brussels,  Th6&tre  de  1 

people  of   the  United  States,  the  Bartholdi  naie,  February  25),  obtained  a  brillic 

statue  of  "  Liberty  enlightening  the  World."  cess  on  this  occasion,  but  it  remains  to 

In  1882  and  1887  he  was  candidate  for  a  United  how  much  of  it  was  due  to  the  inflaem 

States  Senatorship,  from  New  York.    Middle-  friends  of  the  composer  and  the  lit 

bury  College,  where  he  has  recently  founded  a  who  had  flocked  over  from  Paris ;  to 

professorship,  and  Dartmouth,  conferred  upon  partial,  the  weaknesses  of  both  the 

him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.     He  married  Miss  score  and  the  libretto  are  evident;  th 

Street,   of  Poughkeepsie,  whose  accomplish-  sentation,  including  the  mise-en-nche^ 

ments  and  amiability  did  much  to  render  his  cellent.     The  opera  was  subsequentlv  i 

foreign  mission  successful  and  his  home  mem-  Paris,  at  the  Th^tre  Lyrique  du  ChAteai 

orable  for  its  hospitality.    They  have  five  chil-  October  18,  with  no  particular  effect;  tl 

flren,  and  a  few  years  ago  selected  as  their  sentation   was  insufScient,  and   the  t 

summer  home  a  beautiful  place  called  Filers-  »c^ne  paltry.     "  Le  Roi  d'Ys,"  in  thi 

lie,  at  Rhinebeck,  on  the  Hudson.  by   Edouard  Lalo,  libretto   by  Ednai 

In  July,  1888,  Mr.  Morton  was  unanimously  (Paris,  ()p6ra-Comique,  May  7),  wasgi' 

nominated  for  Vice-President  by  the  Republi-  decided  success ;  singers,  orchestra,  an< 

can  National  Convention,  on  the  ticket  with  Gen.  managers   deserved   great  credit     ** 

Harrison,  which  was  successful,  and  he  was  in-  Lear,"  in  four  acts,  by  Armand  Bayn» 

augurated  March  4,  1889.  by  Henri  Lapierre  (Toulouse,  Th6Atre  t 


MUSIC,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  1888.  579 

let  with  a  favorable  reception.  York,  Academy  of  Music,  April  16,  by  the 

Gilbert  des  Roches— Baroness  Campanini  troupe,  with  great  artistic  success. 
•gne-sur-Mer,  during  the  sum-  The  novelties  in  Italy  were :  **  Asrafil,"  by  Ai- 
de," in  four  acts  and  ten  tab-  berto  Franchetti,  libretto  by  Fontana  (Regpo 

Matthieu,  who  also  wrote  the  d*£milia,  Teatro  Municipale,  in  February,  with 

dls,  Th^&tro  de  la  Monnaie,  De-  brilliant  success.    *^ Diana  d^ Almeida,"  by  Raf-« 

s  given  with  great  success ;  the  faele  Ronco  (Genoa,  Teatro  Carlo  Felice,  Feb- 

ibject  is  from  the  medisBval  his-  ruary   22),   met  with   a  favorable  reception. 

),  shows  dramatic  skill  and  much  *^I1  Saggio,"  by  Alfredo  Sotfredini  (Lucera, 

r ;  the  instrumentation  is  excel-  Collegio  Reale,  February)  had  great  success, 

geoas  mise-enschie  contributed  "Nestorio,"  by  Galignani  (Milan,  Scala,  April 

''  Hertha,"  a  romantic  opera  in  3),  with  indifferent  result.     **  Carmosina,"  by 

'ranz  Curti  (Altenburg,  in  Feb-  Joao  Gomes  de  Aranjo,  a  Brazilian  composer, 

hrodite,"    by    Nicolaus    Milan  libretto  by   Ghislanzoni    (Milan,   Teatro    Del 

a,  in  February),  with  consider-  Verme,  in  April),  was  received  with  applause. 

*■'  Eonig  Arpad,"   by  Verhey,  "  Don  Pedro,"  by  Castegnaro  (Vicenza,  June 

a  Loghem  (Rotterdam,  German  21),  was  very  successful.     **Ivanhoe,"  by  Ci- 

February).  "  Dido,"  in  three  ardi  (Prato,  Teatro  Metastasio).  "  Don  Pros- 
Teitzel  (Weimar,  March  18),  ob-  pero,"  by  Garzia  (Naples,  Teatro  Rossini,  in 
jcess.  " Harold," by Eduard  N4-  September).  "Bice  di  Roccaforte,"  by  Gia- 
[t  time  outside  of  Russia  (Prague,  como  Medini  (Savona,  Politeama,  in  October), 
re,  in  April),  was  well  received ;  "  Medgd,"  by  Spiro  Samara  (Rome,  Teatro 
not  very  original,  but  appears  Costanzi,  December  12),  met  with  a  most  fa- 
be  the  product  of  a  refined  mu-  vorable  reception.  There  were  also  two  Italian 
nella,"  by  Reznicek  (Prague,  operas  given  in  Portugal :  "  La  Donna  Bianca," 
destheater.  May  13),  met  with  a  by  Alfredo  Keil,  and   "  Ribelli,"  by  Marino 

reception.     "  Der  Sturm,"  in  Mancinelli  (both  at  Lisbon,  Teatro  San  Carlos). 

Anton  Urspruch,  text  by  Erail  C«m1c  Opms. — "  Die  Drei  Pintos,"  in  three 

after  Shakespeare^s  "  Tempest "  acts,  by  Carl  Maria  von  Weber  (Leipsic,  Stadt- 

adttheater.   May   17),   was   re-  theater,  January  20),  based  upon  the  sketches 

2;reat  applause.     "Murillo,"  in  and   manuscripts  left  by  the  composer  and 

Ferdinand  Langer,  libretto  by  E.  upon  the  libretto  by  Theodor  Hell,  the  opera 

lim,  Hof theater,  September  16) ;  was  compiled  and  finished,  the  musical  part  by 

been  given  last  year,  but  ap-  Kapellmeister  Gustav   Mahler,   the   dramatic 

remodeled,  and  obtained  a  com-  part  by  Capt.  Carl  von  Weber,  grandson  of 

deserved  success.    "  De  Geuzen-  the  composer.    This  work  occupied  the  mas- 

Ds,  libretto  by  Marnix  ( Amster-  ter  before  the  composition  of  the  "  Freischtltz  " 

t)  ;  "  Eatherine  und  Lambert,"  was  completed,  and  as  late  as  the  end  of  1824 

inden  (Amsterdam,  in  Kpvem-  he  had  not  given  up  his  intention  to  finish  it, 

,"  in  three  acts,  by  Carl  Bou-  although  the  last  note  of  the  existing  sket^^hes 

it,  in  November).     "Aladdin,"  was  written  in  November,  1821.    Meyerbeer 

man,  who  also  wrote  the  libret-  proposed  to  complete  the  opera,  but  desisted ; 

Arabian  Nights  "  (Copenhagen,  Jules  Benedict,  Weber's  pupil  and  biographer, 

November  19).     "  Eugen  On&-  declined  to  undertake  the  task,  which  has  now 

acts,  by  Tschaikowsky,  the  first  been  very  creditably  achieved    by  the  able 

'Russia  (Prague,  National  The-  orchestra  leader  of  the  I^eipsic  Stadt-theater 

December),  conducted  by  the  and  Capt.  Weber.     Both  were  recipients  of 

7ery  successful.  "  Die  Gletscher-  ovations  on  the  night  of  the  first  performance, 

Franz  Curti   (Altenburg,  Hof-  which  was  unusually  brilliant,  the  house  being 

her  25).    "  Das  Fteinerne  Herz,"  crowded  to  its  utmost  capacity  by  a  most  en- 

ra,  in  four  acts,  by  Ignaz  Brail,  thusiastic  audience,  among  whom  were  to  be 

V.  Widmann,  after  HaufTs  tale  seen  many  foreign  musical  and  dramatic  celeb- 

jches  Landestheater,  December  rities.     The  director,  Herr  Stagemann,  who 

ht  out  with  signal  success,  tak-  had  taken  charge  of  the  entire  mise  en  sc^ne, 

hold  with  its  popular  strains  and  the  artists,  shared  largely  in  the  generous 

hms,  which  never  fall  below  the  applause.     The  opera  was  subsequently  given 

of  the  composer's  refinement;  at    Hamburg  (April   5),   Munich   (April   10), 

ird  acts  are  the  most  attractive.  Dresden  (May  10),  Prague  (August  18),  Coburg 

e  example  of  the  good  old-time  (November  6),  Breslau  and  Bremen  (also  in 

produced   by  Dittersdorf   and  November).     "Turandot,"  by  Theobald  Reh- 

lized.      "The  Corsican  Broth-  banra,  text  freely  after  Gozzi's  tale  (Berlin, 

e  Fox,  libretto  by  Charles  Brad-  Royal  Opera  House,  April   11).     The  work, 

,  Crystal  Palace,  September  25).  which  was  very  favorably  received,  contains 

t  operas  may  be  mentioned  Ver-  many  pleasing  melodies;  composer  and  per- 

as  having  been  produced  for  the  formers  were  called  after  each  act.     "  Im  Na- 

^his  side  of  the  Atlantic,  in  New  men  des  Gesetzes,"  in  three  acts,  text  and 


580  MUSIO,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN   1888. 

tnQsio  by  Siegfried   Ochs   (Hamburg,   Stadt-  of  the  performance  and  overwhelmed 

theater,  November  3),  met  with  a  kindly  re-  applaase.    As  the  work  was  soon  after  | 

ception.     '^  Die  Ednigin  von  Leon,"  romantic-  in  this  city  at  the  Casino,  and  held  that 

comic  opera,  by  V,  E.  Becker  (Nuremberg,  for  several  months,  New   Yorkers  are 

November  15),  obtained  a  fair  success.     ^*  Le  ciently  familiar  with  its  subject  and  mofe^ 

,  Diable  A  Yvetot,"  by  Gessler,  libretto  by  Paul  need  no  commentary.    **Babette,"  by  G 

Stark  (Rouen,  Th6&tre  des  Arts).     "  La  Fan-  Micbiels,  libretto  by  Ordonneau  and  Ve 

vette  du  Temple,"  by  Andr6  Messager  (Brus-  (London,  Strand  Theatre,  Jan.  26).    "  ^ 

sels,  Alhambra,  January  26) ;  the  work  is  very  by  Julia  Woolf,  libretto  by  F.  L.  Bla 

attractive,  and  received  much  applause  for  its  (London,  Op^ra-Comique,  in  October),  m 

mise  en  sc^ne  as  well  as  its  clever  interpreta-  a  friendly  reception.     "  La  S6r6nade," 

tion.     "  La  Perle  de  Brimborio,"  by  Oastelain  Batchelor  and  O.  Gaggs,   libretto  by 

and  Ooupin  (Marseilles,   in  February),  with  M^Hale  (Manchester,  Prince's  Theatre), 

great  success.     "  Les  R6servistes,"   by  F61ix  Grand  Duke,"  by  Tito  Mattel,  libretto  ^ 

Boisson,  libretto  by  E.  Le  Roy  (Oh&lons-sor-  neyandMurray  (London,  Avenue  Thest- 

Marne,  in  February).    "  Le  Diner  de  Madelon,"  Italy  appeared  "  II  Grembiulino  rosa,'* 

by   Maurice  Lef^vre,  libretto   by  D6saugiers  Azzo  Albertoni,  who  also  wrote  th& 

(Brussels,  Th^&tre  de  la  Monnaie,  March  6) ;  (Oastelfranco,  Venetia,  in  spring), 

the  audience  found  the  '* <Zi?*^ "  much  to  its  success;  "I  Oerretani," in  three 

taste,  especially  as  it  was  extremely  well  served  naldo  Oaffi  (Oremona,  Teatro  Ricci)   ^ 

by  the  artist  waiters.     "  Le  Bossu,"  in  four  Martin,"  by  Cagnoni  (Rome,  Teatro  N" 

acts,  by  Charles  Grisart,  libretto  by  Bocage  in  June) ;  "  Gli  Student),"  by  Rota  C 

and  Livrat,  after  Paul  F6val's  novel  (Paris,  Teatro  OontavalH,  in  October)  was  ve 

TheAtre  de  Gait6,  in  March),  was  a  fair  sue-  ably  received ;  **  Una  Tazza  di  T^" 

cess.     "  Le  Puits  qui  parle,"  by  Edmond  An-  rano,  libretto  by  Ugo  Flores  (Turin^ 

dran,  libretto  by  Nuitter,  Beaumont,  and  Bu-  Artistico),  met  with  considerable  appl 
rani  (Paris,  Th6Atre  des  Nouveaut6s,  middle  of        Operettas. — "Mam'zelle  Or^nom,"  L 

March),  found  great  favor,  and  will  probably  Vasseur,  libretto  by  Jaime  Duval  (Paris,  ^ 

continue  on  the  repertory.     "Une  Aventure  Parisiens,    January  19),   pleased   par 

d^Arlequin,"  by  Paul  and  Lucien  Uillemacher,  because  of  its  amusing  subject    *^  La 

libretto  by  Judicis  (Brussels,  Th6&tre  de  la  by  Charles  Lecocq  (Paris,  Tb6&tre  d 

Monnaie,  March  22),  was  fairly  successful,  the  veaut^s,  February  8).     "  La  Belle  Sop 

music  being  tine  and  spirited,  while  the  libretto  Edmond  Missa,  libretto  by  Paul  Bur^-^ 

proved  rather  dull,  and  the  performance  was  Eugene  Adenis  (Paris,  Menus-Plaisir^^^ 

only  moderately  good.     "Le  Dragon  de  la  11),  with  moderate  success.     "Le  V-^ 

Reine,"  by  Leopold  Wenzel,  libretto  by  Pierre  Coeur,"  by  Raoul    Pugno,    libretto  Ip^  ^ 

Decourcelle  and  Francois  Beau  vail  et  (Brussels,  Ferrier  and  Charles  Clairville  (Paris, 

Alhambra,  March  23),  was  given  with  signal  Parisiens,  between  April  15  and  22),  w 

success,  well  deserved  by  the  attractive  music  applauded.    "  Le  Masque  de  Velours," 

and    the   interesting    libretto,   which  is   fre-  music  by   Prosper  Morton   (Laval,  M 

quently  amusing;  the  time  of  action  is  1736;  "Miette,"  in  three  acts,  by  Edmond  ij^ 

mise  en  se^ne  and  ballet  were  above  reproach,  libretto  by  Maurice  Ordonneau  (Paris,  'M^ 

"Le  Baiser  de  Suzon,"  by  Herman  Bemberg,  de  la  Renaissance,   in    September),  ^"f"^ 

text  by  Pierre  Barbier  (Paris,  Op6ra-Comique,  indifferent    result.      "  Oscarine,"    by 

June  4),  sueces  d'estime,     "L' Amour  an  Vil-  Roger,  text  by  Nuitter  and   Albert 

lage,"   by  fimile   Camys,   libretto  by  Albert  (Paris,  Bouffes- Parisiens,   October   16)-,- 

R6andel  (Paris,  Menus-Plaisirs,  in  July).     "  Le  fair  result.     "  La  Gardeuse  d'Oies,"  b 

Bouquet,"  by  Ohaulier,  libretto  by  V.  Duleron  Lacome,  text  by  Leterrier  and  Vanloo  ^ 

(Boulogne-sur-Mer,  in  August)  was  well  re-  Th6toe  de  la  Renaissance,  October  26  _, 

ceived.     "  L^H6ritage  de  Chaudebec,"  by  Bag-  well  received.     "  I>a  Petit«  Fronde,"  b 

gers,  libretto  by  Riesse  (Vichy,  in    August),  dran,  libretto  by  Bisson  and  Duru  (Paris, ' 

with  fair  success.     "  Nella,"  by  Sudessi  (Bag-  Dramatiques,    middle    of   November). 

ndres-de-Luchon,  Th6&tre  du  Casino,  in  Au-  Veill6e  des  Noces,"  by  Fr6d6ric  Toulmc^ 

gust).     "L'Escadron  volant  de  la  Reine,"  by  libretto  by  Bisson  and  Bureau-Jetdot  ( 

Henry  Litolff,  libretto  by  D'Ennery  and  Br6-  Menus-Plaisirs,    end    of   November),    e^^ 

sil  (Paris,  Op6ra-Coraique,  December  14),  had  much  applause.    "  Le  Mariage  avant  la  Le' "** 

only  a  succh  cTestime,     "  Isline,"  fairy  opera,  by  Olivier  M6tra,  libretto  by  Jaime  and  ^ 

by  Audr6  Messager,  libretto  by  CatuUe  Men-  (Paris,   Bouffes- Parisiens,   December  5),-*- 

d^s  (Paris,   Th64tre  de  la   Renaissance,   last  given  with  doubtful  success ;  the  music  o< 

week  in  December),  afforded  much  pleasure  to  popular  dance  composer,  to  which  the  F^ 

connoisseurs.    "The  Yeomen  of  the  Guard,"  in  ians  had  looked  forward  with  great  exp^ 

two  acts,  by  Arthur  Sullivan,  libretto  by  Gil-  tions,  pleased  only  partially  and  was  pow^ 

bert,  after  Victor  Hugo  (London,  Savoy  The-  to  elevate  the  disreputable  libretto.    "  1^ 

atre,  October  4),  conducted  by  the  composer,  tr'acte,"  by  Andr6  Martinet,  libretto  by^ 

who,  with  the  librettist  and  the  representiatives  xime  Boucheron  (Paris,  Cercle  de  la  IV^ 

of  the  principal  rdles^  was  called  at  the  close  last  week  in  December),  was  received  witM^ 


MUSIC,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  1888.  581 

**  X>er  Ednigspage/^  by  Franz  Soucoup  Triebel,  libretto  by  Sigard  Ring  and  Sigward 
wx^^LT  Vienna,  Febraary  4),  was  favor-  Roche  (Frankfort,  Stadttbeater,  November 
eived.  "Der  Sanger  von  Palermo,"  16),  was  received  with  much  applause.  "Mi- 
d  Zamara,  Jr.,  text  by  Bernhard  Bach-  rolan,"  by  M.  Fall,  libretto  by  M.  Heldem 
Viejnna,  Carl-Theater,  February  14),  (Olmdtz,  Stadttheater,  in  November),  won  a 
3  ^l1  success ;  composer  and  librettist  complete  success  in  spite  of  the  deficient  per- 
^a.'tedly  called  before  the  footlights;  formance.  '^£in  Deutschmeister,  romantic- 
i  Is  distinguished  by  great  wealth  of  comic  operetta,  by  Carl  M.  Ziehrer,  libretto 
Old  a  certain  bearing  of  dignity ;  a  by  Gen6e  and  Zappert  (Vienna,  Carl-Theater, 
'^  love-duet,  a  terzet  in  waltz  form,  November  80),  was  given  with  brilliant  suc- 
ilian  folk  song,  were  particularly  ap-  cess.  The  truly  Viennese  dance  and  march 
••*  Der  Farst  von  Sevilla,"  by  Fritz  rhythms  of  the  music  electrified  the  public, 
»:xrt;  by  Mordtmann  (Nuremberg,  Stadt-  whose  merriment  was  roused  at  the  same  time 
A^pril  8),  met  with  a  very  favorable  by  the  amusing  libretto.  **Karin,"  by  Her- 
^  ^  tiie  music  is  full  of  life  and  melody,  mann  Zumpe,  text  by  Fr.  Wilibald  Wulff  and 
^*"©iche,"  by  Carl  Weinberger,  text  by  Eduard  Pocbmann  (Hamburg,  Carl-Schultze 
^l^tmann,  after  Eotzebue's  comedy  Theater,  December  1),  conducted  by  the  com- 
>  Tbeater  an  der  Wien,  April  28),  was  poser,  who  was  rewarded  with  generous  ap- 
^<^es8ful,  and  bore  testimony  to  the  plause;  most  of  the  musical  numbers  had  to 
^omposer^s  talent  and  skill.  ^^  Der  be  repeated,  and  the  interesting  subject,  based 
^^1,"  in  three  acts,  by  J.  Bartz,  text  by  upon  historical  facts,  contributed  essentially 
^t;Toh  (Moscow,  German  Club,  April  19),  to  the  effectiveness  of  the  skillfully  elaborated 
■^^  by  the  composer,  who  received  libretto.  "  Die  Bonifaciusnacht."  a  romantic- 
applause  for  his  skillful  production,  comic  operetta,  by  Friedrich  von  Thul,  text  by 
'^^vi,"  text  and  music  by  Adolf  "Wilt  Ludwig  Sendlach  (Prague,  Deutsches  Landes- 
*^g,  Carl-Schultze  Theater,  May  15),  theater,  December  8),  was  very  successful. 
'O  success.  "  Der  Savoyard e,"  by  Otto-  "Der  rosaunist  von  Scherkingen,"  by  Franz 
^^b,  text  by  Franz  Josef  Brackl  and  Beier,  text  by  Otto  Ewald  (Cassel,  Hoftheater, 

I-^on  (Munich,  GSrtnerplatz-Theater,  December  17),  a  parody  of  Nessler's  *^rompe- 

^    was  kindly  received.     **  Madelaine,^'  ter  von  S&kkingen,"  which  put  the  audience 

^'ig  Engl&nder,  text  by  Carl  Hauser  in  the  merriest  frame  of  mind.     "  Die  Royal- 

^i"^,  Carl-Schultze  Theater,  June  26).  isten,"  by  Manas,  text  by  A.  Philipp  (Magde- 

^iplomaten,"  in   three  acts,   by  Carl  burg,   Wilhelm-Theater,   December  27),   was 

^>  text  by  Heinrich  Eadelburg  and  the  given  with  fair  success.    In  England  we  find 

^i*  (Carlsbad,  Stadttheater,  August  1),  only   "Quits,"  by  John  Crook,  libretto  by 

^ceived    with    applause.     **Der    Frei-  Hugues  (London,  Avenue  Theatre);   and  in 

ffirst  given  in  Paris  under  the  title  Italy  we  gather  from  among  a  score  the  fol- 

^  Surcouf "),  by  Planquette,  libretto  by  lowing,  which  were  reported  as  having  won 

and  Duru  (Vienna,  (5arl-Theater,  Sep-  fair  success :  '*  Le  Nozze  sospirate,"  by  Oreste 

1),  had  decided  success.    "Der  Schelm  Carlini  (Florence,  Teatro  Alfieri,  in  January), 

^^gen,"  by  Alfred  Oehlschlegel,  libretto  "  Ercole  ed  Euristeo,"  by  Virgilio    Galleani 

U-ad  Loewe  and  Carl  Lindau,  freely  after  (Milan,    Teatro   Foscati).      "  Lorenzino,"    by 

^on  der  Traun's  tale  of  the  same  title  Lanzini  (Rome,   Teatro  Metastasio,  in  June), 

^B,  Theater  an  der  Wien,  September  29),  "  La  Mandragola,"  by  Achill]e  GrafiSgna,  and 

'^th  a  kind  reception.     "Grftfin  Wild-  "Raffaelo  e  la  Fomarina,"  by  Maggi  (both 

hy  Wilhelm  Bebre,  text  by  Ludwig  Or-  at  Turin,   Teatro    d' Alfieri).     In    Spain  and 

O  (Berlin,  Friedrich-Wilhelmst&dtisches  Portugal  appeared  a  few  operettas  and  zarzue- 

^f,  October  5),  received  only  limited  ap-  las,  among  which  may  be  mentioned,  for  the 

*  *"*■  SatanieV  in  three  acts,  by  Adolph  sake  of  the  curious  title  more  than  for  any 
^  (Brtlnn,  Stadttheater,  October  26),  was  other  reason,  "  O  Imperador  Alchim  Fit 
aful.     "  Die  Jagd  nach  dem  Gltick,"  by  XVIII,"  by  Rio  de  Carvalho  (Lisbon,  Teatro 

•  text  by  Richard  Gen6e  and  Zappert  do  Rato). 

^a,  Carl-Theater,  October  27),  conducted  The  Ballet  —  No  notice  has  hitherto  been 
^  composer,  with  brilliant  success,  fully  taken  of  a  theatrical  composition  closely  con- 
chy the  melodious  music  and  the  amus-  nected  with  the  operatic  stage  which,  if  an- 
^etto;  the  performance  was  admirable,  swering  the  proper  artistic  conditions,  may 
omposer  and  actors  were  repeatedly  possess  as  much  merit  and  claim  as  great 
before  the  footlights.  "  Simplicius,"  by  prominence  as  any  drama  or  opera — the  scenic 
^  Stranss  (first  given  in  Vienna  last  representation,  through  pantomime  and  dance, 
Completely  remodeled  (Prague,  Deutsches  of  a  dramatic  or  comic  action,  accompanied  by 
^theater,  November  10),  conducted  with  music — the  ballet.  Although  its  origin  may 
Occess  by  the  composer.  "  Der  Liebes-  be  traced  back  to  the  pantomimes  of  the  an- 
»3r  Adolf  Mtdler,  Jr.,  text  by  Hugo  Witt-  cient  Romans,  it  was  developed,  in  its  modern 
^nd  Oscar  Blumenthal  (Vienna,  Theater  form,  in  Italy,  toward  the  end  of  the  fifteenth 
Wien,  November  14),  obtained  a  fair  century,  when  it  appears  as  a  theatrical  per- 
^      "Der    Zaunkdnig,^'    by    Bernhard  formance,   enacted    by  dancing,   but    accora- 


582 


MU8I0,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  1888. 


panied  by  speech  and  often  also  bj  singing. 
These  entertainments  were  devised  in  the  serv- 
ice and  for  the  pleasure  of  the  ooarts;  and 
princes,  princesses,  and  oonrtiers  took  part  in 
the  performances,  which  from  that  time  forth 
counted  among  the  most  brilliant  festivities  of 
the  splendor-loving  courts  of  Earope,  and  often 
were  executed  with  an  extravagance  surpass- 
ing all  reasonable  limits.  The  ballet  reached 
its  true  artistic  development  at  the  court  of 
France,  for  which  Baltazarini,  one  of  the  fore- 
mmt  violinists  of  his  time,  composed  his  fa- 
mous ^^  Ballet  Oomique  de  la  Reine,"  in  1581, 
for  the  wedding  of  the  Due  de  Joyeuse.  More 
than  eighty  grand  ballets  were  performed  at 
court  during  the  reign  of  Henry  IV,  and  in  the 
beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century  the  ballet 
was  essentially  improved  by  Ottavio  Rinuncini, 
whom  Maria  de  Medici  patronized  with  royal 
liberality.  Under  Louis  XIV,  who  often,  and 
as  late  as  1699  took  part,  with  his  courtiers,  in 
the  performances,  the  ballet  attained  to  great 
perfection.  A  new  epoch  began  for  it  with 
the  fotmdation  of  the  grand  opera  through 
LuUy  and  Quinault,  when  dance  and  panto- 
mime were  required  to  heighten  the  sumptn- 
ousness  of  their  operas.  The  first  attempt  of 
this  kind,  which  the  author  called  a  pastorale, 
was  *^  Les  F6tes  de  Bacchus  et  de  F  Amour, ^' 
given  with  extraordinary  success  in  1671,  and 
these  ballet-operas,  in  which  the  dance  was 
entirely  subordinate  to  the  lyric  part,  were 
much  admired,  until  Antoine  Houdart  de  la 
Motte  reformed  it  in  1697,  by  expressing  the 
dramatic  action  through  the  ballet  itself.  The 
first  work  of  this  kind  was  "  L'Europe  Galante," 
which,  with  the  music  by  Oampra,  was  per- 
formed in  1697,  and  served  as  a  model  for  the 
time  following.  Through  several  modifica- 
tions, the  most  important  of  which  was  made 
by  Oahussac  in  1747,  the  ballet  reached  its 
dramatic  independence  about  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  when  Jean  Georges  No- 
verre  became  its  true  creator  as  a  special 
branch  of  histrionic  art,  by  separating  it  en- 
tirely from  the  opera,  and  raising  it  to  an  in- 
dependent performance  enacted  by  dance, 
pantomime,  and  music,  divided  into  several 
acts.  A  most  peculiar  and  brilliant  feature 
were,  in  the  beginning  of  this  century,  the 
great  pantomimic  ballets  of  Vicenzo  Galeotti, 
royal  ballet-master  at  Copenhagen,  who,  fol- 
lowing in  Noverre^s  path,  went  a  step  further, 
subordinating  the  dance  to  the  dramatic-plastic 
])rinciple,  in  the  spirit  of  the  antique  panto- 
mime. These  gorgeous  and  ingenious  crea- 
tions became  very  little  known  outside  of  Den- 
mark, and  ceased  there  with  Galeotti's  death 
in  1817.  In  a  similar  manner  they  were  con- 
tinned  longest  in  Milan,  which  in  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  grandest  tableaux  and  the 
daring  attempts  in  pantomimic  expression  had 
no  equal.  As  regards  the  music  to  the  ballet, 
its  function  is  not  merely  that  of  ordinary 
dance  music,  to  support  the  rhythmical  mo- 
tions, but  it  has  to  interpret  situations,  and 


lends  a  sort  of  language  to  the  mimic  and  pin- 
tomimic  exhibition ;  ample  scope  is  therefore 
given  it  for  characteristic  instruaientatioo,  ud 
the  description  of  various  sentiments,  and  even 
great  musicians,  like  Giuck,  ChembiDi,  and 
Beethoven,  have  not  deemed  it  beneath  their 
dignity  to  write  ballet  music,  and  have  achieved 
important  results  in  this  field.  In  the  follow- 
ing we  enumerate  the  new  ballets  that  h^n 
made  their  appearance  since  1876 : 

1876:  **Sy  1  via ou  La Nymphede Diane,"  my^ 
ological  ballet  in  three  acts  (four  tableaux),  bj 
Jules  Barbier  and  Louis  M^rante,  music  by  L6o 
Delibes  (Paris,  Op^ra,  June  14);   the  fandft- 
mental  idea  of  this  work  is  borrowed  from 
Tasso^s  pastoral  ^^Aminta,*^  which  in  the  Italiao 
poet^s  fiorid  language  created  siicL  a  sensatioo 
(1572),  but  whose  barren  subject,  transformed 
and  amplified  in  '^  Sylvia,"  could  scarcely  bare 
aroused  great  interest  in  its  stale  mythologicil 
apparatus,  if  the  composer  had  not  succeeded 
in  producing  such  music  as  would  not  only  as- 
sume a  more  prominent  part  than  usual  in  the 
ballet,  but  hold  its  own  even  if  severed  from 
the  latter.    Among  the  numbers  that  pleased 
particularly  were  the  waltz  in  the  first  act,  tbe 
introduction  to  the  second,  and  the  pizzictto 
polka  in  tbe  third  act.     ^^  Madeleine,"  panto- 
mimic ballet  by  Taglioni,  music  bj  Peter  Led- 
wig  Hertel  (Berlin,  Royal  Opera  House,  io 
March) ;  there  is  much  dramatic  life  and  action 
in  this  ballet,  which  in  scenic  effects,  ensembk- 
dances,  and  grouping  must  satisfy  the  most 
fastidious  taste.    The  music  contributed  moob 
to  the  success  of  the  new  work.     "  Les  Fd- 
meurs  de  Eiff,"  by  Gaston  Berardi,  music  bj 
£mile  Matthieu  (Brussels,  Th^tre  de  la  Mod- 
naie). 

1877 :  "  Loreley,"  by  Monplaisir,  music  by 
DairArgine  (Milan,  Teatro  delta  Scala,  in  Jano- 
ary),  won  great  applause.  ^^  Le  Fandango,'^  by 
MeUhao  and  Hal^vy,  music  by  Salvayre  (Paria, 
Op6ra,  November  26). 

1878 :  "  La  Stella  di  Granata,"  by  Mara- 
gora  (Rome,  Teatro  Apollo,  in  March).  "  Ein 

fltLckliches  Ereigniss,"  by  Taglioni,  music  bj 
[ertel  (Berlin,  Royal  Theatre,  m  October),  in- 
troduces us  to  the  circle  of  the  famous  Dutch 
artists  Jan  Steen,  Jan  van  Goyen,  Rembrandt, 
Hals,  and  Van  der  Heist,  telling  of  merry  and 
interesting  episodes  in  their  lives;  the  com- 
poser has  again  successfully  displayed  his 
charming  talent  as  the  great  ballet-master's 
musical  accompanist. 

1879:  "Yedda,"  music  by  Metra  (Paris, 
Op6ra,  January  17).  "Djellah  oder  die  Toiu^ 
isten  in  Indien  "  (Vienna,  Opera  House). 

1880:  "Morgano,"  bv  Taglioni,  muao  by 
Hertel  (MUan,  Teatro  della  Scala).  *'  Sieba,"" 
in  twelve  tableaux,  by  Manzotti,  music  by 
Venanzi  and  Marcuso  (Trieste,  Teatro  Com- 
munale,  in  March) ;  the  subject  is  taken  from 
the  Edda ;  Sieba  is  a  Valkyna  who  falls  in  love 
with  Arnoldo,  the  young  king  of  Thule,  and  in 
consequence  is  renounc^  by.  Odin  and  loses 
her  immortality,  but  ui  the  end   finds  ber 


MUSIC,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  1888.  683 

thlj  bappinesB  in  the  anion  with  Amoldo.  1882 :  ^'  Namoana,''  by  Naitter  and  Petipa, 

>er  Stock  im  Eisen,''  in  three  acts,  by  Pas-  music  by  Edoaard  Lalo  (Paris,  Op6ra,  March 

Je  Borri,  after  an  old  Vienna  legend,  masic  6) ;  the  subject  is  borrowed  from  tne  charming 

Franz  Doppler  (Vienna,  Opera  House,  in  poem  of  Alfred  de  Mnsset,  in  which  the  beaa- 

x>ber) ;  the  extremely  popular  subject  of  the  tiful  slave  Namouna  appears  repeatedly  as  the 

mysterious  Vienna  landmark  secured  at  guardian  angel  of  her  benefactor  Ottayio,  who 

ontset  a  favorable  reception  for  this  choreo-  had  given  her  her  freedom  ;  neither  libretto 

phic  product,  successfully  accompanied  by  nor  music  did  justice  to  the  poet^s  conception. 

composer^s  music,  which  reaches  its  climax  ^^  Melusine,*^  by  Oarl  Telle,  after  Moritz  von 

1  waltz  in  the  first  act,  and  in  the  spirited  Schwind^s  well-known  pictorial  cycle,  set  to 

rch  of  the  fiuale.    *^  La  Eorrigane,"  a  fautas-  music  by  Franz  Doppler  (Vienna,  Opera  House, 

ballet  in  two  acts,  by  Francois  Oopp^e,  October  4),  met  with  immediate  and  great  snc- 

sio  by  Oharles  Widor  (Paris,  Op6ra,  Deoem-  cess.     The  music  of  this  composition  is  very  at- 

'  1) ;  the  libretto  is  based  upon  a  popular  tractive  and  melodious,  incluaing  mauy  spirited 

end  of  Brittany,  where  Eorrigane  is  the  dances,  and  describing  the  situations  very  char- 

ne  of  some  fairies  who  compel  the  belated  acteristically. 

nderer  to  dance  with  them  in  the  moon-  ^^  1888 :  Les  Poup^es  £lectriques,"  music  by 

It,  and  otherwise  exert  great  magic  power.  Fr6d6ric  Barbier  (Paris,  Palace  Th64tre,  mid- 

i  mise-en-idne  by  Louis  M^rante,  deserves  die  of  March).     *'  La  Vague,''  by  Justament, 

ch  credit,  but  the  great  success  is  mainly  music  by  Victor  Roger  (Paris,  Palace  Th6Atre, 

3  to  the  composer's  poetic  score,  which  rises  April  9).    "  Endymion/'  by  Louis  Gallet,  mu- 

above  the  level  of  ordinary  ballet  music.  sic  by  Albert  Cohen  (Paris,  Cirque  d'HiverV 

1881 :   **  Excelsior,"    a   fantastic-allegorical  *^  Die  Assassinen,"  by  Archduke  «lohann,  music 

let,  in  six  acts  (eleven  tableaux),  by  Man-  by  J.  Forster(  Vienna,  Opera  House,  November 

ti  (Milan,  Scala,  in  January),  was  greeted  19) ;  the  scene  is  laid  in  the  time  of  Frederick 

th  enthusiastic  applause  by  the  Milanese  11  of  Hohenstaufen,  and  the  whole  work,  for 

blio  and  critics;  the  fundamental  idea  of  the  which  the  royal  author  had  even  made  the 

itest  between  the  spirit  of  light  and  that  of  drawings  for  all  the  decorations,  was  greeted 

rkness  runs  through  the  six  acts  of  this  spec-  with  unanimous  applause.     '^  La  Farandole," 

lular  curiosity,  in  which  several  modern  in-  music  by  Theodore  Dubois  (Paris,  Op^ra,  early 

itions  and  discoveries  play  a  part,  carrying  in  December),  obtained  full  and  well-deserved 

i  spectator  into  various  countries,  and  end-  success ;  the  action  is  simple  and  easily  com- 

l  in  a  most  briUiant  apotheosis,  intended  to  prehensible,  at  the  same  time  having  its  poetic 

^resent  the  union  of  all  nations  through  charm,  and  the  music  contains  much  tnat  is 

)deni  science.      ''.In  Versailles,"  a   lyric-  fine  and  ingenious. 

oreographic  tableau  in  one  act,  by  Louis  1884 :  "  Nurjahd,"  in  two  acts,  by  Ch.  Guil- 

appart,  music  by  Franz  Doppler  (Vienna,  lemin,  music  by  Eichelberg  (Berlin,  Royal  Op^ 

)er&  House,   March  9)  ;   the   scene  of  this  ra  House,  end  of  February).     '*  Der  Vater  der 

arming  conception  being  the  court  of  Louis  Debtitantin,"  anonymous,  after  the  farce  with 

[V,  ample  opportunity  was  offered  for  the  the  same  title,  music  by  A.  M.  Willmer  (Vienna, 

splay  of  gorseous  costumes,  which,  added  Opera  House,  March  26).   *'  Harlekin  als  Elek- 

tbe  pretty  dances  and  the  graceful  music,  tnker,"  by  Julius  Price,  music  by  Josef  Hell- 

mred  for  the  novelty,  a  most  favorable  re-  mesberger,  Jr.,  (ibid).     *'  Die  Rheinnixe,"  by 

ption.    *'  Der  Spielmann,"  by  Telle,  after  a  Annetta  Balbo,  music  by  Josef  Miroslav  Weber 

etch  of  Gauthier,  music  by  J.  Forster  (Vi-  (Wiesbaden).     "  Un'Avventura  di  Camevale," 

na,  Opera  House,  in  June) ;  the  subiect  is  by  Borri,  music  by  Giorza  (Milan,  Teatro  dal 

)deled  partially  after  the  well-known  legend  Verme).    *' Sakuntala,"  by  Friedrich  Uhl,  aft- 

the  rat-catcher,  the  music,  especially  of  the  er  Kalidasa's   drama,   music    by  S.  Bachrich 

St  part,  has  a  good  deal  of  merit,  and  was  (Vienna,  Opera  House,  in  October),  met  with 

ich  applauded.    *'  Pygmalion,"  in  three  acts,  tolerable    success  ;   the  music,  abounding  in 

retto  and  music  by  Prince  J.  Trubetzkoi  reminiscences,  offers  here  and  there  an  ind^ 

ienna,   Opera  House,    November  22) ;  the  pendent  trait,  moving  in  piquant  rhythms.    In 

i  of  the  pretty  fable  in  Ovid's  narrative  is  the  waltz  and  cs&rdiis  the  composer  is  at  his 

)  starting-point  in  the  ballet.    The  sculptor  best,  and  it  was  altogether  a  happy  thought  to 

^ven  a  palm-branch,  whose  touch  imparts  associate  the  gypsy  music,  on  this  occasion, 

i  to  his  creation,  but  which,  when  broken,  with  its  Indian  home. 

uiges  the  living  again  into  a  statue ;   an  1885 :  *^  Wiener  Walzer,"  in  three  tableaux, 

yptian  king,  who  is  present  at  the  miracle  by  Louis  Frappart  and  Franz  Gaul,  the  mu- 

Is  in  love  with  the  maiden,  and  carries  her  sic  adapted  by  Josef  Bayer  (Vienna,  Opera 

to  make  her  his  queen,  but  Pygmalion  ap-  House,  January  10),  was  a  successful  attempt 

\rs  with  the  palm-branch,  breaks  it,  and  life  to  give  in  these  tableaux  a  sketch  of  the  his- 

lishes  from  the  blooming  form.    She  is  re-  tory  of  the  Vienna  waltz ;  the  intermediate 

ed  by  the  goddess,  who,  rejecting  the  cruel  music  consisted  of  waltzes  by  Schubert,  Josef 

ist,  ascends  heavenward  with  the  beauty ;  Lanner,  and  Johann  Strauss  (father  and  son), 

music,  though  pleasing,  can  hardly  be  called  and  the  public  greeted  its  old  favorites  with 

i;inaL  enthusiastic  applause.     '^  Messalina,"  by  Luigi 


584  NAZABENES. 

Danes],  music  bj  Giac^ninta  (Milan,  Scala,  in  5);    the  subject  is  borrowed   from  the  w 

Janaarj),  was  given  with  great  success.     ^'  La  known  poem  by  Freiligrath,  and  was  m 

Tzigane,"  by  Edmond  Oattier,  mnsic  by  Stou-  skillfully  interpreted  by  the  composer.    *•  X 

raon  (Brussels,  Th6&tre  de  la  Monnaie.  jira,"  by  Nuitter,  music  by  Paid  GrenneTiiS 

1886 :  **  Amor,"  by  Manzotti,  music  by  Ma-  (Monte  Carlo,  Monaco,  in  February),  wa^ 
renco  (Milan,  Scala,  in  February),  had  great  given  with  great  success.  **  Die  verwaiideit^ 
success,  and  was  immediately  accepted  for  Katze,"  by  Zell,  music  by  Josef  HeUmesber — 
performance  at  the  Opera  House  of  Vienna,  the  ger,  Jr.  (Vienna,  Opera  House,  February  U)^ 
Th^&tre  Eden  of  Paris,  the  Victoria  Theatre  earned  cordial  applause,  especially  for 
in  Berlin,  the  Teatro  Oostanzi  of  Rome,  and  composer^s  refined  music,  which  includes  w 
the  National  Theatre  in  Prague.  ''  Uriella,"  a  eral  charming  dances.  **  Orpb^e  et  les 
fantastic  ballet-divertmement  after  Mazielier  chantes,"  by  D^Alexandri  and  Felix  6«lej, 
(Frankfort,  Stadttheater,  March  16).  "Pierrot  music  by  the  latter  (Toulouse,  Th^&tre  da 
Macabre,"  by  Hannot  and  Hansen,  music  by  Capitole,  in  March),  was  successful.  ''L» 
Lanciani  (Brussels,  Th^&tre  de  la  Monnaie,  in  Gitanos,"  by  G.  Adrien,  music  by  Marius  Car- 
March).  **  Fata  Morgana,"  lyric-choreographic  man  (Paris,  Folies-Berg&res,  in  March).  *'Nft- 
drama  in  four  acts,  by  Mosenthal,  music  by  renta,"  by  Manzotti,  music  by  De  Giorza  (Mi- 
Josef  Hellmesberger,  Jr.  (Vienna,  Opera  House,  Ian,  Scala,  in  March).  "  Le  Lion  amoureax,'' 
March  30),  an  attempt  to  blend  opera  and  bal-  in  one  act,  with  choruses,  by  Cosseret  and 
let ;  the  work  is  well  equipped  musically,  and  Agoust,  after  La  Fontaine,  music  by  Felix 
was  heartily  applauded.  "Les  Deux  Pigeons,"  Pardon  (Brussels,  Th64tre  de  la  Monnaie, 
in  two  acts  (three  tableaux),  by  Henry  R^gnier  about  the  middle  of  March).  "  Lauretta,"  com* 
and  L.  M6rante,  after  La  Fontaine^s  fable,  ic  ballet  by  Ginghini,  music  by  Bemhand  Trie- 
music  by  Andr6  Messager  (Paris,  Op6ra,  Octo-  bel  (Frankfort,  Opera  House,  April  21).  "Le 
ber  18),  was  eminently  successful ;  the  scene  Oh4teau  de  Mac- Arrot,"  music  by  Cieutat  (Par- 
is on  the  coast  of  Thessaly,  and  presents  a  se-  is,  Folies-Bergdres,  in  April).  ^^  Les  CoosUl- 
ries  of  brilliant  pictures  and  surprising  effects,  lations,"  music  by  Laffont  (Marseilles,  Grand- 
well  accompanied  by  the  composer's  easily  Th^tre,  in  April),  met  with  decided  soccer 
flowing  music.  "  Deutsche  M&rsche,"  in  three  **Die  Harlemer  Tulpe,"  music  by  Sched  (St 
acts  (four  tableaux),  by  Alfred  Holzbock  and  Petersburg,  in  October). 
Louis  Frappart,  music  by  Josef  Bayer  (Berlin,  1888:  '^Teodora,"  by  Grassi,  music  by  Mir 
Royal  Opera  House,  October  23),  received  cor-  renco  (Naples,  Teatro  San  Carlo,  in  Jannan). 
dial  applause.  "  Viviane,"  by  Gondinet,  rau-  "  Au  fond  des  Bois,"  by  Leopold  Roux,  moac 
sic  by  Raoul  Pugno  and  Clement  Lippacher  by  Gustave  Mack  (Nantes,  in  March).  ^^Galirr- 
rParis,  Th6&tre  Eden,  October  28),  met  with  lio6,"  by  Elz6ar  Rougier,  music  by  Mile,  Cbt- 
aecided  success.  ^^  Dresdina,"  by  Hansen,  mu-  minade  (Marseilles,  Grand  Th64tre,  in  March), 
sic  by  M.  Jacobi  (London,  Alhambra  Theatre,  '*  Fleur  de  Neiges,"  by  Ricard,  music  by  Albert 
in  November),  in  which  the  finest  products  of  Cahen  (Geneva,  Grand  Th^4tre,  April  6). 
German  ceramic  art  in  the  last  century  are  ^^Rolla,"  by  Manzotti,  music  by  Angeli(Pam, 
impersonated  upon  the  stage ;  the  exquisite  Th6&tre  Eden,  May  24).  ^^  La  Rose  d^Amoar,^ 
figures,  created  by  the  industry  of  Dresden,  by  EathiLanner,  musicbyHerv6,and^^DitDa," 
Meissen,  and  Ludwigsburg  were  represented  by  the  same  authors  (London,  Empire  Theatre, 
faithfully  after  the  models,  the  unique  combi-  the  first  in  July,  the  second  in  December), 
nation  of  colors  of  that  art  period  producing  a  *^  Antiope,"  by  Casati,  music  by  Georges  Jacobi 
dazzling  effect  **  Myosotis,"  by  Saracco,  mu-  (London,  Alhambra  Theatre,  in  July).  "1^ 
sic  by  Flon  (Brussels,  Th64tre  de  la  Monnaie,  Reclata,"  comic  ballet,  by  Le  Grassi,  mnsio  bj 
December  11).  '*  Ein  M&rchen  aus  der  Cham-  Herbin  (Palermo,  Circo  Universale,  in  July  or 
pagne,"  an  allegorical-fantastic  ballet,  by  Will-  August).  "Die  Puppenfee,"  pantomimic  di- 
mer,  music  by  Ignaz  Brail  (Vienna,  Opera  vertissement^  in  one  act,  by  J.  Hassreiter  awi 
House,  December  14),  met  with  a  compliment-  Franz  Gaul,  music  by  Josef  Baier  (View* 
ary  reception  ;  the  music,  without  showing  Opera  House,  October  4).  "  H  Saltimbanco," 
prominently  characteristic  qualities,  is  pleasing  by  Pogna,  music  by  Bonicioli  (Milan,  Tea^ 
and  elegant.  dal  Verme,  in  October).     "  Milenka,"  mB9« 

1887:    "Der  Blumen    Rache,"   by  August  by  Jan  Blockx  (Brussels,  Th^Atre  de  UMoo- 

Reissmann  {Weisbaden,  Hofbheater,  February  naie,  first  week  in  November). 


N 

NIZAKENES.    The  Nazarenes  are  a  denomi-  that  depravity,  as  expressed  in  the  article  of  1 

nation  composed  of  persons  who  seceded  from  the  Christadelphian  "Statement  of  First Prin- 

the  Ghristadelphians  in   1873,  on  account  of  oiples,"    "He  (Christ)   inherited    the   con«- 

dissent  from  the  doctrines  of  that  sect  on  the  quences  of  Adam^s  sin,  including  the  sentence 

depravity  of  the  human  race  and  their  ascrip-  of  death."    This  doctrine  the  Nazarenee  v^* 

tion  to  Christ  of  a  share  and  inheritance  in  orously  oppose,  and  teach  that  Jesus  Obiist 


NEBRASKA. 


585 


od's  onlj  begotten  son,  that  he  was 
harmless,  undefiled,  aod  separate  from 
.^^  by  virtue  of  this  divine  begetting; 
IS  possessing  an  nnforfeited  life,  he  was 
sition  to  give  that  life  as  a  ransom  for 
;e  of  which  he  was  not  a  member.  The 
Des  are  looking  for  the  early  second 
:of  Christ,  when  he  and  ^^his  immor- 
thren "  will  rule  the  whole  earth  in 
usness  from  Jerusalem.  They  are  be- 
in  conditional  immortality,  regard  sin 
only  devil,  hold  that  the  fourth  com- 
ent  is  abrogated,  and  disbelieve  in  the 
f  God  and  Christ.  Their  churches  are 
and. 

iSKl.  State  €i«Tennent— The  follow- 
e  the  State  officers  during  the  year: 
or,  John  M.  Thayer,  Republican ;  Lieu- 
Grovemor,  H.  H.  Shedd:  Secretary  of 
(reorge  L.  Laws;  Treasurer,  Charles 
ard;  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts,  H. 
50ck ;  Attorney-General,  William  Leese ; 
tendent  of  Public  Instruction,  George 
>;  Commissioner  of  Public  Lands  and 
^  Joseph  Scott ;  Chief -Justice  of  the 
e  Court,  M.  B.  Reese;  Associate  Jus- 
imnel  Maxwell,  Amasa  Cobb. 
MS. — The  financial  condition  of  the 
highly  satisfactory.  The  receipts  and 
tures  of  the  treasury  for  the  past  two 
'e  as  follow :  Balance  in  treasury,  Nov. 
6,  $944,362.76;  receipts,  Dec.  1,  1886, 

80,  1888,  $4,286,528.94;  total  receipts, 
581.70;  disbursements,  Dec.  1, 1886,  to 
>,  1888,*$4,244,582.98 ;  balance  in  treas- 
►V.  30,  1888,  $936,298.72.  Of  the  total 
^  $2,287,093.43  was  raised  by  taxation, 
681,136.45  was  revenue  from  land  and 
mrces.  The  levy  of  1888  will  yield  the 
ig  amounts:  General  fond,  $871,668.63; 
fund,  $66,004.80;  capitol  fund,  $132,- 

sinking  fund,  $27,596.49;  with  other 
taking  a  total  of  $1,325,887.79. 
he  next  two  years  the  Legislature  is 
^o  appropriate  $2,890,294.57  for  the 
s  of  the  State  Government  and  public 
ons.  This  is  an  increase  of  $846,- 
)ver  the  estimates  of  two  years  ago. 
isseSsment  of  1888  gave  the  value  of  the 
y  of  the  State  for  taxation  at  $176,012,- 
a  total  increase  for  two  years  of  $82,- 
.94.  The  rate  of  taxation  for  State 
s  for  1887  was  8i  mills,  and  for  1888, 
)  on  each  dollar  valuation.  The  Gov- 
n  his  message,  says  the  valuation  rests 
titious  basis,  and,  if  property  had  been 
[  at  its  true  value,  the  amount  given 
¥ould  have  been  ten  times  as  large. 
)ms  to  be  due  to  a  desire  of  the  counties 
pe  taxation  for  State  purposes.  The 
or  fdves  the  following  table,  compiled 
ficial  sources,  showing  the  assessment 
'  the  principal  kinds  of  property  in  Ne- 
Etnd  the  adjoining  States  to  prove  that 
esement  valuation  in  Nebraska  is  far 
he  actual  valne. 


PROPERTY. 


Land,  per  acre . 

Hones 

Cattle 

Mulee 

Hogs 


MinoeMta. 

KauM. 

Iowa. 

$7  46 

67  80 
22  21 

68  dS 
2  47 

14  24 

81  61 

9fi0 

.  •  • . 

I  60 

$7  98 
81  56 
10  97 
86  07 
1  91 

Nebnuka. 

$8  68 
19  67 

6fi8 
28  01 

1  07 


Edncatiti. — ^The  report  of  the  State  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction  shows  the  schools 
to  be  in  a  prosperous  condition.  The  total 
amount  contributed  for  public  education  for 
the  year  just  closed  was  $4,057,274.66,  an  in- 
crease of  $934,659.84  over  the  amount  of  the 
previous  year.  The  value  of  school  property 
is  reported  at  $5,123,179  for  1888,  $4,779,- 
116.22  for  1887,  and  $3,821,317  for  1886.  The 
total  number  of  school-children  is  298.006.  Of 
these,  215,889  are  enrolled  as  pupils  in  the 
schools.  This  is  an  increase  of  nearly  50,000 
children  in  two  years.  The  total  number  in 
average  attendance  for  the  year  was  129,623. 
The  following  table,  giving  the  number  of 
teachers  employed  and  the  amounts  paid  in 
salaries  to  teachers,  shows  the  rapid  increase 
in  school  accomodations : 


ITEMS. 

1880. 

1888. 

Number  of  males 

2,605 

6,S84 

217,741 

494,766 

$464,662  78 

$868,644  46 

$42  68 

$84  70 

2,762 
7,184 

Number  of  females 

Days  employed,  males 

Days  employed,  females 

Wages  paid,  males. 

268,162 

642.886 

$667,118  87 

Wages  paid,  females 

Average  monthly  wages,  males. 
Average  monthly  wages,  females 

$1,142,670  74 
$48  18 
$86  64 

One  of  the  most  striking  features  of  the 
growth  in  education  is  the  increase  in  graded 
schools.  In  1888  there  were  243  such  schools 
in  the  State,  while  two  years  before  there  were 
but  188.  The  schools  in  the  rural  districts  are 
making  progress,  and  a  united  effort  is  being 
made  to  bring  a  large  percentage  of  all  chil- 
dren into  the  schools  and  give  them  a  system- 
atic course  of  instruction.  The  State  Univer- 
sity has  grown  rapidly  in  all  departments 
except  the  medical  school,  which  was  sus- 
pended in  1887.  There  were,  in  the  autumn 
term  of  1888,  186  students  in  the  colleges,  126 
in  the  preparatory  department,  and  94  in  the 
School  of  Fine  Arts.  Graduates  of  high- 
schools  in  the  State  are  admitted  to  the  uni- 
versity on  the  presentation  of  their  diplomas. 

The  tabulated  statement  shows  that  the  num- 
ber of  acres  granted  and  confirmed  to  the  State 
for  educational  purposes  is  2,884,398  acres; 
162,051*66  have  been  deeded,  leaving  2,722,- 
846*34  acres,  title  to  which  is  still  vested  in  the 
State.  There  are  now  under  contract  of  sale 
639,454*16  acres,  and  under  lease  contract, 
1,427,46019  acres,  and  665,431*99  acres  that 
have  not  been  leased  or  sold.  The  increase  in 
the  permanent  school  fund  in  the  past  two 
years  has  been  about  13 J  per  cent.  There  is 
now  invested  $1,807,142.35;  unpaid  principal 
on  sales,  $4,432,048.51,  and  cash  on  hand  in 
the  treasury,  $293,602.10,  making  a  grand 
total  of  the  permanent  fund  of  $6,532,792.96. 


586  NEBRASKA. 

Pursuant  to  an  act  of  the  Legislature  approved  ceived  by  commitment  dnring  the  two 

March   81,   1887,   the  Board  of  Educational  ending  Nov.  80,  1888,  was  316.     The  n 

Lands  ordered  a  reappraisement  of  the  unsold  discharged  in  the  same  period  under  the 

educational  lands  in    about   thirty  counties,  time  act  was  269. 
More  than  double  the  value  by  the  former  ap-        Kef^ni  SchMl. — This  institution  is  now  1 

praisement  is  shown.  as  the  Industrial  School,  and  is  opera 

Sekllers'  Hmw. — The  main  building  in  this  in-  the  open  or  family  system  as  disting 

stitution  was  completed  in   July,  1888,  and  from  the  prison  system.     There  are  n 

opened    for    the    reception    of    inmates,    52  walls  or  fences  or  grated  windows,  b 

in  number.    The  home  is  on  a  tract  of  640  school,  reading-room,  and  workshops  ] 

acres  given  by  the  citizens  of  Grand  Island,  sorted  to  as  aids  in  the  work  of  refoni 

The  main  buUding  is  to  be  occupied  by  unmar-  The  attendance  of  184  boys  and  61  girls 

ried  men,  as  the  plan  contemplates  the  erection  an  increase  of  109  over  that  in  1886. 
of  cottages  on  tracts  of  from  two  to  five  acres        !fonul  Schttl. — The  aggregate  attendai 

each,  where  soldiers  having  families  may  live,  the  past  two  years  at  the  State  Normal 

Nebraska  is  one  of  the  first  States  to  establish  at  Peru  was  645.    There  were  fi^aduat 

a  home  for  soldiers  where  families  are  not  teachers,  nearly  all  of  whom  are  now  ei 

separated.    The  Legislature  is  asked  to  appro-  iu  the  schools.    The  attendance  for  18< 

priate  $189,500  for  the  home  during  the  en-  458,  and  for  1888  492.    There  were  31 

suing  two  years.  dents  iu  the  normal  classes  at  the  end 

iMane  isylmBS. — The  hospital  at  Lincoln  has  year,  besides  40  in  the  training  classes, 
been  overcrowded  during  the  year,  its  accom-        (Mtto  IHseaseB* — Thorough  quarantine  i 

modations  being  only  for  800  patients.    There  tions  have  been  established  and  effort 

were  in  the  hospitfd,  Nov.  80,  1888,  892,  and  been  made  by  the  live-stock  agents  and 

there  have  been  present  at  one  time  as  many  inarians  to  stamp  out  all  cattle  diseases, 

as  414.     A  new  asylum  at  Norfolk  was  opened  hundred  and  thirty  horses  and  mules  w< 

in  February,  1888,  and  a  portion  of  the  pa-  stroyed  by  the  Live-Stock  Commiasioi 

tients  were  transferred  from  Lincoln,  but  al-  Nov.  80,  1886,  to  Dec.  1,  1888.     The  i 

ready  this  is  filled.    Two  new  wings  are  being  nity  allowed  was  $86,071.60,  averaging 

built  to  the  latter  hospital,  and  an  asylum  for  a  head.    At  the  present,  forty  counties 

incurables  is  approaching  completion  at  Hast-  freedom  from  disease  among  cattle, 
ings :  but  even  after  these  buildings  are  com-       NatlMal  Giank — Since  July  1, 1887,  on 

pleted  and  filled  there  will  be  a  large  number  ment  of  infantry  and  one  troop  of  cavalr 

of  insane  in  poor-houses  and  jails.  been  organized,  so  that  the  militia  of  tb< 

The  institution  for  feeble-minded  children,  now  numbers  1,200.    New  uniforms  hav 
at  Beatrice,  was  opened  in  May  1887,  and  the  purchased  for  the  whole  command,  wit 
capacity  of   the  building    has   already  been  arms  and  equipments.     An  encampm^ 
reached,  70  pupils  being  accommodated.     A  held  in  Lincoln  in  1887,  and  in  Wahoo  h 
large  addition  to  the  building  has  just  been        New  CsntlM. — During  the  past  two 
completed ;  but  this  will  not  provide  for  all  the  five  new  counties  have  been  organized- 
applicants.    The  superintendent  estimates  that  Butte,   Thomas,   Grant,   Perkins,    and 
there  are  over  700  feeble-minded  children  in  Four  more  will  complete  their  organi 
the  State.    The  law  gives  a  preference  for  ad-  early  in  1889 — Banner,  Deuel,  Sootts 
mission  to  the  institution  to  the  '^  most  improv-  and  Kimball.    The  last  four  are  being 
able  cases,''  thus  practically  debarring  the  most  ized  out  of  Cheyenne  County, 
helpless  and  unfortunate.  New  Stale  BiiMliigs. — The  following  is 

Other  Charities.— In  the  Institute  for  the  Deaf  of  the  State  buildings  erected  by  virtue 

and  Dumb  at  Omaha  during  the  past  two  propriations  made  by  the  last  Legislatui 

years,  150  children  have  been  cared  for  and  the  cost  of  each,  most  of  them  being  adc 

instructed.    There  have  been  admitted  to  the  to  buildings  previously  erected :   Asyla 

blind  institute  during  the  biennial  term  end-  Incurable  Insane  at  Hastings  $68,900 ;  ! 

ing  Nov.  30,  1888,  81  blind  children,  and  the  trial  Home  at  Milford,  $13,700 ;  Soldier 

total  enrollment  has  reached  56.     The  number  Sailors'  Home  at  Grand  Island,  $28,00< 

remaining  at  the  close  of  the  period  was  41.  stitute  for  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Omaha,  $1< 

At  the  State  Home  for  the  Friendless  there  Industrial  School  at  Kearney,  $29,975 ; 

were  72  inmates  in  December,   1888.     Since  pital  for  Insane  at  Norfolk,  $84,292; 

that  time  875  have  been  admitted  and  831  for  the  Friendless,  $5,651.20;    Peuitei 

have  been  surrendered  to  friends,  placed  in  $89,200 ;  Feeble-Minded  Institute  at  Be 

homes,  or  otherwise  cared  for,  leaving  at  the  $18,218;  Institute  for  Blind,  $30,700; 

close  of  this  year  116  inmates.  Memorial   Hall,  $19,100;    Industrial  C 

Penltestiary.— There  have  been  received  into  building  (Nebraska  Hall),  $41,000. 
the  Penitentiary  since  its  establishment  1,465        Political. — A  full  set  of  State  officer 

convicts.     The  number  of  those  discharged  or  members  of  the  Legi^ature  and  of  Cod 

pardoned  is  1,118,  and  the  number  of  deaths  men,  as  well  as  presidential  electors,  w* 

9,  leaving  in  prison,  Nov.  80,  1888,  338,  an  in-  be  chosen  at  the  election  this  year.    Th< 

crease  of  ten  in  two  years.     The  number  re-  ticket  for  State  officers  ui  the  field  was 


NETHERLANDS.  587 

Bated  by  the  Probibitionists  in  conventioD  at  proclaimed  on  November  80.  The  States-Gren- 
Omaha  od  Angnst  16,  and  was  as  follows :  For  eral,  as  the  national  legislature  is  called,  con- 
Governor,  George  E.  Bigelow ;  Lieutenant-  sists  of  a  First  Chamber  of  50  members  elected 
GoverDor,  John  Dale;  Secretary  of  State,  by  the  provincial  states  for  nine  years,  one 
John  £.  Hopper ;  Auditor,  John  F.  Holin ;  third  retiring  every  three  years,  and  a  Second 
Treasurer,  James  H.  Stewart ;  Attomey-Gen-  Chamber  of  104  deputies  elected  directly  by 
eraJ,  John  Barud;  Commissioner  of  Public  the  people  for  four  years.  The  Government 
Lands,  Artemas  Roberts ;  Superintendent  of  and  the  Second  Chamber  have  the  right  of  in- 
PabJic  Instraction,  Horatio  S.  Hilton.  The  troducing  legislation,  but  the  First  Chamber 
Qsoal  prohibitory  resolutions  were  adopted.  possesses  only  a  veto  power. 

A  week  later  the  Republicans  met  at  Omaha  The  reigning  sovereign  is  Willem  III,  born 

and  renominated  Governor  Thayer,  Secretary  Feb.  19,  1817,  whose  second  wife  is  Queen 

of  State  Laws,  Attorney-General  Leese,  and  Emma,  daughter  of  Georg  Victor,  the  reigning 

Snperintendent  of  Pubfic   Instruction   Lane.  Prince  of  Waldeck-Pyrmont.    Their  only  child 

For  lieutenant-Govemor,  George  D.  Meikle-  is  the  Princess  Wilhelmina,   bom  Aug.   81, 

jobo  was  nominated ;  for  Auditor,  T.  H.  Ben-  1880,  who  will  succeed  her  father  under  the 

ton ;  for  Treasurer,  J.  E.  Hill ;  and  for  Com-  Netherlands  law  of  succession  which  admits 

missioner  of  Public  Lands,  J.  Steen.  female  heirs  in  default  of  males.    In  case  there 

The  Democrats  nominated   the    following  is  no  legal  heir  the  King  can  appoint  his  suc- 

ticket :    For  Governor,  John    A.    McShane ;  cesser  with  the  consent  of  a  specially  elected 

Lieutenant-Governor,  Frank  Folda;  Secretary  legislature,  and  if  he  dies  witbout  an  heir 

of  State,  Patrick  A.  Hines ;  Auditor,  W.  A.  being  nominated  the  States-General,  consisting 

Poynter ;  Treasurer,  James  M.  Patterson ;  At-  of  twice  the  usual  number  of  members,  elects 

tomey-Gfeneral,  W.  H.  Hunger;  Commissioner  a  king  by  a  joint  vote  of  both  Chambers, 

of  Public  Lands,  P.  H.  Jussen ;  Superintendent  The  following  ministers  were  in  oflSce  at  the 

of  Public  Instruction,  Marion  Thrasher.  beginning  of  1888 :  President  of  the  Council 

The  Union  Labor  party  held  its  convention  and  Minister  of  the  Interior,  Dr.  J.  Heems- 

at  Hastings  on  September  4  and  nominated :  kerk  Az,  appointed  April  22,  1883 ;  Minister 

For  Governor,  David  Butler ;  Lieutenant-Gov-  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Jonkheer  A.  P.  C.  van  Kar- 

«mor,  C.  W.  Potter;   Secretary  of  State,  I.  nebeek;   Minister  of  Finance,  J.  C.   Bloem; 

Hentbem  ;   Auditor,  H.  S.  Alley ;  Treasurer,  Minister  of  Justice,  Baron  du  Tour  de  Bellin- 

B.  C.  Nash ;  Attorney-General,  M.  F.  Knox ;  chave  ;  Minister  of  the  Colonies,  J.  P.  Sprenger 

Oommissioner  of  Public  Lands  and  Buil<Ungs,  van  Eyk ;  Minister  of  Marine,  F.  C.  Tromp ; 

W.  F.  Wright ;  Superintendent  of  Public  In-  Minister  of  War,  General  A.  W.  P.  Weitzel ; 

stniction,  Mrs.  M.  F.  Wood.    The  resolutions  Minister  of  Commerce,  J.  N.  Bastert 

denounce  the  national  banking  system,  call  ina  aid  P«piUitlMi. — The  area  of  the  king- 

for  free  sugar,   free  wool,   and  free  woolen  dom  is  88,000  square  kilometres  or  12,648 

goods,  free  lumber,  coal,  and  salt ;  favor  the  square  miles.    ,  The  population  on  Dec  81, 

fixing  of  local  f  reign t-rates  on  the  same  scale  1887,  was  computed  to  be  4,450,870,  as  com- 

witb  through  rates,  with  proper  allowance  for  pared  with  4,012,693  in  1879,  when  a  census 

terminal  facilities;  demand  the  suppression  of  was  taken.    The  population  of  1887  was  di- 

trosts;  and  condemn  the  Chicago,  Burlington  vided  into  2,204,259  males  and  2,246,611  fe- 

tnd  Quincy   road  in  its  action  toward  the  males.    The  number  of  marriages  in  1887  was 

Brotherhood  of  Engineers.  80,924;   births,  166,906;  deaths,  94,842;   ez- 

The  canvass  was  unmarked  by  features  of  cess  of  births,  62,064.    The  largest  cities  are 

^)ecial  note.     At  the  November  election  the  Amsterdam,    having    390,016  inhabitants  on 

republican  national  ticket  was  successful,  and  December  31, 1887 ;  Rotterdam,  with  193,658 ; 

OoT.  Thayer  was  re-elected,  receiving  108,983  and  the  Hague,  with  149,447. 

votes  to  85,420  for  McShane,  9,511  for  Bige-  FliuuMe. — The  revenue  is  estimated  in  the 

low,  and  3,941  for  Butler;  but  Gov.  Thayer  budgetof  1888  at  118,966,686  guilders,  of  which 

nn  about  4,000  votes  behind  the  rest  of  his  26,705,100  guilders  are  derived  from  direct  tax- 

^cket.    The  Legislature,  elected  at  the  same  es;  42,725,000  guilders  from  excise  duties;  22,- 

time,  will  contain  27  Republicans  and  6  Demo-  003,500  guilders  from  stamps,  registration,  and 

crats  in  the  Senate,  and  76  Republicans,  22  succession  duties ;  5,010,600  guilders  from  cus- 

pemocrata,  1  Union  Labor,  and  1  Independent  toms ;  5,850,000  guilders  from  the  post-office ; 

in  the  House.    Republicans  were  elected  in  the  2,210,000  guilders  from  railroads;  2,585,000 

three  congressional  districts.  guilders  from  domains;  1,120,800 guilders  ft*om 

lETHEBLAHDS,  a  constitutional  monarchy  in  the  telegraphs ;  1,050, 000  guilders  from  pilotage 

irestern  Europe.    The  Constitution  adopted  on  dues ;  and 9,726,786  guilders  from  other  sources, 

there-establishment  of  the  kingdom  in  1815  The  total  expenditures  are  estimated  at  186,- 

WBs  revised  in  1848,  and  in  1887  it  was  amend-  039,594  guilders,  of  which  36,853,966  guilders 

Mi  by  a  law  extending  the  right  of  suffrage  to  are  for  the  debt ;   24,048,701  guilders  for  the 

dl  male  citizens,  twenty-three  years  of  age,  expenses  of  the  ministry  of  Waterstaat,  com- 

rho  pay  ten  guilders  in  taxes  on  real  estate  or  merce,  and  industry  ;  24,045,212  guilders  for 

•  personal  tax  of  similar  amount,  that  passed  financialadministrationand  worship;  20,274,391 

be  Second  Chamber  on  October  14,  and  was  guilders  for  military  expenses ;  12,656,786  guild- 


588 


NETHERLANDS. 


era  for  the  navy ;  10,387,497  pruilders  for  the  De- 
partment of  the  Interior;  5, 108, 789  guilders  for 
the  Department  of  Justioe;  1,269,691  guilders 
for  the  central  administration  of  the  colonies ; 
692,766  guilders  for  the  diplomatic  service; 
651,795  guilders  for  the  Oabinet;  and  650,000 
guilders  for  the  civil  list  of  the  King.  The 
Government  has  authority,  when  the  expendi- 
tures exceed  the  revenue,  to  emit  treasury  bills 
for  not  more  than  18,000,000  guilders. 

The  capital  of  the  public  debt  in  1888  amount- 
ed to  1,072,021,650  guilders,  including  15,000,- 
000  guilders  of  paper  money,  showing  a  reduc- 
tion in  twelve  months  of  2,110,700  guilders. 
The  expenses  of  the  debt  in  1888  were  30,589,- 
555  guilders  for  interest  and  5,164,400  guilders 
for  amortization. 

Change  of  Ministry.— The  first  elections  for  the 
Second  Chamber  under  the  new  Constitution 
took  place  on  March  6,  1888,  and  those  for  the 
First  Chamber  a  few  days  later.  The  new  Sec- 
ond Chamber  was  composed  of  45  Liberals,  27 
Anti-Revolutionaries  or  Calvinist  Clericals,  26 
Roman  Catholics,  1  Conservative,  and  1  So- 
cialist. The  Socialist  member  is  Nieuwenhuis, 
the  leader  of  the  party,  who  was  elected  in 
Schoterland  by  1,167  out  of  2,208  votes.  The 
members  of  the  First  Chamber  were  divided 
into  85  Liberals,  10  Ultramontanes,  4  Conserv- 
atives, and  1  Calvinist.  Since  the  Liberal  min- 
istry was  left  without  a  mcyority  in  the  Lower 
House,  Heemskerk  and  his  colleagues  banded 
in  their  resignations  to  the  King.  The  new 
Cabinet  was  not  constituted  till  April  19.  It 
is  composed  of  the  following  members:  Minis- 
ter of  the  Interior,  Baron  A.  E.  Mackay;  Min- 
ister of  Justice,  Jonkheer  G.  L.  M.  H.  Ruys 
van  Beerenbeck;  Minister  of  Finance,  Jonkheer 
E.  A.  Godin  de  Beaufort ;  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  Jonkheer  C.  Hartsen ;  Minister  of  the 
Colonies,  Dr.  L.  W.  C.  Keuchenius ;  Minister 
of  War,  Col.  J.  W.  Bergansius;  Minister  of 
Waterstaat,  Commerce,  and  Industry,  J.  P. 
Havelaar ;  Minister  of  Marine,  Capt.  H.  Dyse- 
rinck.  The  new  ministers,  of  whom  Hartsen 
and  Ruys  van  Beerenbeck  were  High  Conserva- 
tives, the  former  being  a  Protestant  and  the 
latter  a  Catholic,  Dyserinck  a  Liberal,  and  Een- 
chinius  a  Radical,  were  pledged  to  the  principle 
of  confessional  education.  They  were  in  favor 
of  introducingnni  versal  obligatory  military  serv- 
ice, of  which  Col.  Bergensius  was  an  advocate, 
and  the  Minister  of  the  Colonies  was  anxious 
to  purify  and  reform  the  colonial  administra- 
tion. Otto  van  Rees,  the  Governor-General  of 
India,  resigned  at  once,  anticipating  removal. 
The  Minister  of  the  Interior  unfolded  the  minis- 
terial programme  in  the  States-General  on  May 
1,  the  opening  day,  the  chief  feature  of  which 
was  the  removal  of  hindrances  to  the  develop- 
ment of  denominational  schools.  The  inquiry 
regarding  social  reform  in  both  the  agricultural 
and  the  industrial  branches  of  labor  was  to  be 
pursued  further,  and  a  commission  was  ap- 
pointed with  instructions  to  prepare  new  laws 
for  the  national  defense. 


^ 


LegMatife  SmbIm. — ^The  serious  illness 
King  made  it  necessary  for  the  States-G 
to  come  together  on  July  12  for  the  p 
of  considering  the  question  of  the  goardi 
of  the  Princess  Wilhelmine.  Queen  Emi^ 
made  guardian  of  her  daughter,  but  in  r 
to  her  sojourn  at  any  time  outside  the  co 
as  also  in  respect  to  the  persons  to  who 
education  shall  be  confided,  the  advice 
council,  consisting  of  five  high  officials,  de 
nated  in  the  law,  and  fonr  persons  nomiDa^ 
by  the  King,  must  be  followed.  If  the  Qa< 
marries  again  her  guardianship  ceases,  onl 
it  is  continued  by  a  special  law.  The  regii^^ 
session  began  on  September  18.  Baron  'SLukMf 
read  the  speech  from  the  throne,  in  which  aP 
amendment  to  the  Constitution,  a  new  law  o^ 
elementary  education,  the  division  of  the  \up 
cities  into  separate  electoral  districts,  an  «^ 
to  restrict  child  labor  in  factories,  and  a  chufe 
in  the  sugar-tax  summed  up  the  minist^ul 
programme. 

CMiHerce. — The  total  value  of  the  special  iio- 
ports  in  1886,  inclusive  of  the  precious  meUbi 
was  1,091,488,000  guilders,  and  that  of  tl» 
special  exports  949,489,000  guilders.  The  im- 
ports from  Dutch  colonies  amounted  to  9i- 
490,000  guilders,  the  share  of  Java  hemg  90,- 
188,000  guilders  and  that  of  the  Dutch  We^ 
Indies  2,302,000  guilders,  while  the  valae  of 
the  exports  to  the  colonies  was  47,624000 
guilders,  44,826,000  guilders  represeoting  tbe 
exports  to  the  East  Indies  and  2,798,000  gnild- 
ers  those  to  the  West  Indian  possessions.  TiM 
commerce  with  foreign  countries  in  1886  is 
shown  in  the  following  table,  which  gives  tbe 
value  in  guilders : 


OOUNTRIBS. 


Oermaiiy  Zollverein. . 

Great  Britain 

Belglmn 

United  States 

Rnsflia 

Hanae  Towns 

British  India 

France  

Sweden  and  Norway. 

Spain 

Italy 

Peru 

Denmark 

Japan 

Portugal 

Aufttiu 

Other  oountries 


Impwrte. 


Total 


295^8.000 

262,188,000 

157.9e0,000 

66,978.000 

74,716,000 

20,160,000 

86,428,000 

17,976,000 

10,894,000 

16,819,000 

4,875,000 

8,127,000 

984,000 

4,762,000 

1,451,000 

642,000 

81,089,000 


8ML7«&W 
2S6.*«,«» 

1ST..'«,«» 
45.75«,0» 

1T.545,«» 

10,8liaii 

5T7.<« 

1M«* 
i,4AOoe 


1,102,698,000 


949.4SI,«* 


NavlgatlMk— The  number  of  sailing-ve«els 
entered  at  Dutch  ports  in  1887  was  2,802,  of 
1,799,181  metric  tons,  of  which  2,060,  of 
1,751,858  tons,  had  cargoes.  The  total  nnm- 
ber  cleared  was  2,827,  of  1,838,616  tons,  m 
of  these  1,481,  of  956,854  tons,  shipped  cargo^ 
Of  the  total  number  entered  883,  of  638,676 
tons,  and  of  those  cleared  911,  of  582,710  tons, 
were  registered  in  the  Netherlands.  The  ste«nh 
vessels  entered  numbered  6,340,  of  11,667,436 
tons,  of  which  6,029,  of  11,269,718  tons,^ 
with  cargoes ;  the  number  cleared  was  6,296, 


h 


\ 


NETHERLANDS.  589 

,4S  1,874,  of  which  4,282,  of  7,180,827  large  profit  from  the  privately  grown  tobaoco 

aliipped  cargoes.     Of  the  steamers  en-  of  Java,  which  is  purchased  at  one  fifth  or 

1,657,  of  8,428,661   tons,   carried   the  one  sixth  of  the  price  for  which  it  is  sold  in 

H    flag,   and  of  those  cleared   1,784,  of  the  auction  sale  at  Amsterdam.  The  opium  mo- 

^>^97  tons.    The  mercantile  navy  of  the  nopoly  adds  to  the  revenue  of  the  Government, 

Wetlands  on  Jan.  1,  1888,  comprised  516  although  the  introduction  of  the  narcotic  has 

^^g- vessels,   of  440,480  metric   tons,   and  tended  to  impoverish  the  people.    The  natives 

►  steamers,  of  284,927  metric  tons.  of  Java  were  formerly  submissive  and  satisfied, 

Mittds. — There  were  2,550  kilometres  or  but  of  late  years  the  failures  of  the  coffee-crop, 

>^  mOes  of  railroads  in  operation  on  Jan.  the  crises  in  the  sugar  and  indigo  trades,  and  the 

IW.    The  state  owned  1,890  kilometres,  irregularities  that  have  crept  into  the  colonial 

be  earnings  of  all  the  lines  in  1885  amounted  administration  have  produced  widespread  dis- 

» 25,319,000  guilders,  and  the  expenses  were  content.    In  1888  an  msurrection  took  place  in 

M^^fOOO  guilders.  The  earnings  of  the  State  the  spring  in  the  district  of  Bantam,  which  was 

lilroads  were  1 1,876,000  guilders,  and  the  ex-  put  down  with  diflSculty  by  the  prompt  and 

aises  7,210,000  guilders.    The  capital  invest-  energetic  action  of  the  military  authorities, 

I  in  railroad  construction   up  to  1885  was  who    sent  a  large   force  into    the    disturbed 

9,651,089  guilders.  district.    A   pretender  appeared   who  falsely 

rdegnphs. — The  State  had  4,908  kilometres  claimed  to  be  a  descendant  of  the  former  sul- 

^legraph  lines  and  17,288  kilometres  of  wires  tans,  and  obtained  a  large  following,  but  was 

Jan.  1,  1888.     Of  657  stations  in  the  coun-  finally  arrested  and  proved  to  be  an  impostor, 

358  belonged  to  the  State  and  299  to  com-  and  was  condemned  to  four  years^  imprison- 

ies.    The  number  of  messages  that  passed  ment.    In  the  summer  the  rumor  of  a  general 

r  the  wires  in  1887  was  8,784,065,  of  which  insurrection  spread  through  the  eastern  part 

16,628  were  internal,  1,706,896  international,  of  the  island,  and  the  Europeans  were  plunged 

31,041  oflScial.    The  receipts  were  1,176,-  into  a  state  of  extreme  anxiety.    At  Soera- 

guilders ;  the  expenses,  1,519,028  guilders  baya  the  civic  guard  had  orders  to  take  up 

>rdinary,  and  28,689  guilders  for  extraor-  arms  at  the  first  alarm,  and  the  whites  who 

iry  purposes.  lived   outside  brought  their  families  into  the 

fee  Arny. — The  war  strength  of  the  Europe-  town.    The  expected  uprising  was  prevented 

irmy  in  1887  was  2,842  oflSeers  and  68,891  by  the  timely  action  of  the  police.     There  was 

,  exclusive  of  the  active  schutteryen,  num-  a  conspiracy  extending  through  central  and 

ng  41,217  men,  and  the  territorial  militia,  eastern  Java.    In    Surakarta,   where  nightly 

ibering  76,467  men.    The  Vitali  system  of  meetings    took  place  in    various  places,  the 

rerted  rifle  has  been  adopted  for  the  infantry,  authorities  seized   the    principal   ringleaders, 

le  Navy. — The  fleet  of  war  in  July,  1888,  who  confessed  that  their  object  was  to  estab- 

dsted  of  24  iron-clads,  12  monitors,  6  river  lish  a  new  Javan  empire.    In  the  residencies  of 

•boats,  28   cruisers,  8  paddle-wheel   gun-  Eediri,  Madiun,  and  Pasuriian  the  head  con- 

'&,  80  coast-guard   gun-boats,  81  torpedo-  spirators  were  caught  in  time  and  brought 

A,  5  batteries,  and  21  other  vessels.  behind  bars.     In  Vorstenlanden  a  nocturnal 

itoaies. — The  Dutch  possessions  in  the  East  assembly  was  surprised  by  the  police,  and  in 

es  are  divided  into  the  colony  of  Java  and  the  house  of  one  of  the  leaders  was  found  a 

inra,  where  there  is  a  settled  government,  seal  of  state  on  which  was  engraved  the  name 

the  so-called  outposts,  which  include  Su-  Mangku  Negoro  IV,  as  the  prospective  ruler 

ra,  Borneo,  the  Riouw-Lingga  Archipelago,  of  the  restored  empire  was  called. 

ka,  Billiton,  Celebes,  the  Molucca  Archi-  The  island   of  Sumatra  is   divided  into  a 

go,  and  the  Sunda  Islands.    Java  has  been  number  of  districts,  provinces,  or  kingdoms, 

3rned  since  1882   on  the  culture  system,  some  of  which  are  directly  under  Dutch  rale, 

er  which  the  labor  of  the  natives  is  official-  whereas  others  continue    under    the    native 

aperintended  and  directed  so  as  to  produce  rulers  aided  by  Dutch  advisers.     The   latest 

I  crops  sufficient  for  the  population  and  as  official  statements  give  the  population  at  2,792,- 

b  colonial  produce  for  the  European  market  561  natives,  105,823  Ohinese,  and  8,847  Euro- 

I  possible.  Under  this  system  coffee,  indigo,  peans. 

ir,  pepper,  tea,  tobacco,  and  other  articles  The    military  authorities  were    no  nearer 

3  been  cultivated  for  the  Government  by  mastering  the  rebellion  in  1888  than  they  had 

forced  labor  of  the  natives.    Forced  labor  been  in  previous  years.     A  falling  out  between 

been  abolished  except  in  the  cultivation  of  the  Sultan  and  one  of  his  vassals,  who  was  a 

ee  and  sugar,  and  will  cease  in  connection  formidable  enemy  of  the  Dutch,  was  a  favor- 

1  the  latter  crop  after  1890  in  accordance  able  circumstance.    Yet  the  strongest  foe  that 

1    a  law  that  was  passed  in   1870.    The  they  had  to  encounter,  the  berri-berri  disease, 

ore  system  has  not  been  introduced  in  the  was    worse    than   ever    before.     It    attacked 

K»ts  except  in  the  tobacco  districts  of  the  European  women,  who  had  previously  been 

b  coast  of  Sumatra  and  in  the  residency  of  spared.    A  medical  commission  that  was  sent 

ado  on  the  island  of  Celebes,  where  it  is  to  study  the  nature  of  the  plague  and  means  of 

led  to  the  cultivation  of  coffee.    The  Gov-  prevention,  suggested  preventive  measures  that 

aent,  by  monopolizing  the  trade,  derives  a  reduced  the  ravages  among  the  soldiers.     The 


590  NEVADA. 

hospital  doctor  made  the  disooverj  that  the  two  years  for  exigencies  that  have  aiisex 

solmers  were  able  to  simulate  the  disease  very  hoped  that  the  Legislature  at  this  sessit 

perfectly  in  order  to  be  transferred  and  thus  not  make  the  mistake  of  reducing  the  ta 

escape  the  real  sickness.    In  the  budget  for  without  discovering  some  compensating 

188^^89  a  sum  is  appropriated  for  a  body  of  or  sources  of  revenue." 

troops  composed  of  the  soldiers  who  are  sent  In  ^  addition  to  the  debt  above  men 

back    to    Holland   on    account    of   tempora-  the  State  holds  in  the  school  fund  an  irr 

ry  sickness,   and   who   will   serve  as   cadres  able  bond  for  $880,000,  on  which  it  pay 

of  instruction  for  the   new  troops  that  are  cent,  interest  annuaDy. 

raised    for   India.     The  Government  is  now  Edicatton* — The  number  of  children  of 

attempting  to  bribe  the  Acheenese  chiefs  into  age  in  the  State  for  the  school  year  1^ 

submission.     In  the  Indian  budget  the  sum  of  was  9,716,  a  decrease  of  112  from  the  pi 

45,000  guilders  is  set  down  for  pensions  to  year.    The  amount  apportioned  by  th< 

those  who  have  ceased  their  hostilities.    The  from  its  school  funds  to  the  public  8cho< 

plan  of  restoring  the    Sultanate,   evacuating  about  $68,000. 

Acheen  and  retiring   to  Oleh-leh  is  contem-  The  second  year  of  the  State  Universit 

plated  by  the  present  Government.  its  removal  to  Keno  has  proved  pros] 

NEVADA*    State  GovoiiMeiit. — The   following  At  its  opening  in  the  autumn  of  188' 

were  the  State  officers  during  the  year :  Gov-  being  closed  six  months  for  extensive  i 

emor,  Christopher  C.  Stevenson,  Republican ;  the  number  of  students  in  attendance  wi 

Lieutenant-Governor,  Henry  G.  Davis;  Secre-  86;  but  before  the  close  of  1888  ther 

tary  of  State,  John  M.  Dormer;    Treasurer,  115  on  the  rolls,  outside  of  the  normal  < 

George  Tufly ;   Comptroller,   J.   F.   Hallock ;  An  agricultural  experiment  station  is 

Attorney-General,  John  F.  Alexander ;  Super-  lished  in  connection  with  the  University, 

intendent  of  Public  Instruction,  W.  C.  Dovey;  receives  annually  $15,000  from  the  G 

Chief-Justice,  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Orville  Government  for  its  support.      A  sch 

R.  Leonard ;    Associate  Justices,  Charles  H.  mines,  a  school  of  agriculture,  a  school 

Belknap,  Thomas  P.  Howley.  eral  arts,  a  business  department,  and  a  i 

Flmnees. — The  total  State  expenditures  for  school  are  all  organizea  under  the  unive 

1887   were   $528,412.84,   of  which  $180,980  The  liuHuie.— By  an  act  of  1887  the  Gov 

represents  interchanges  between  the  various  Comptroller,   and  Treasurer   were  crei 

State  funds,  leaving  the  actual  Stat«  expenses  board  of  commissioners  for  the  care 

$892,582.84.    These  expenditures  exceeded  the  indigent  insane.    The  board  at  once  too 

income  for  the  year  by  about  $50,000.    Of  the  trol  of  the  State  asylum,  and  made  a  the 

above  amount  $41,498.07  was  expended  for  examination  of  its  condition.     Grave  cl 

the  support  of  the  State  Prison,  $50,988.44  for  having  been  made  against  the  snperinte 

the  State  Insane  Asylum,  $18,022.90  for  the  the  board  in  May  instituted  an  investij 

Orphan^s   Home,   $18,164.25   for  completion  whichresulted  in  the  exoneration  of  that  o 

and  improvements  of  the  State  University,  and  An  attempt  to  provide  a  supply  of  wat 

$11,112.55   for  its  support.     The  legislative  the  asylum  from  Truckee  river,  has  le 

session  cost  $52,487.84,  and  $58,682.87  was  board  into  an  expensive  litigation,  nc 

paid  for  the  support  of  schools.  ended.     The  number  of  inmates  darin 

Concerning  the  State  debt,  the  Comptroller  year  has  averaged  162. 

says  in  his  report  at  the  close  of  1888:  ^^The  Mtnlig* — The  bullion-product  of  Neva 

reduction  of  the  rate  of  taxation  in  1879,  from  1888   amounted   to   about    $12,305,603 

ninety  cents  to  fifty-five  cents  on  each  $100  of  1887  it  was  $10,232,458 ;  for  1886,  $9,16 

property  valuation  and  the  net  proceeds  of  Silver  Callage. — The  Governor  says  i 

mines,  resulted  in  a  loss  of  revenue  of  about  annual  message :  '*  This  question  is  one  ( 

$240,000  for  the  years  1879-'80,  and  was  the  njost  important  to  the  people  of  Nevadi 

means  of  creating  a  bonded  debt  for  general  it  may  be  said  to  be  paramount  to  ail  o 

expenses,  the  interest  on  which  has  already  The  difference  in  the  price  paid  for  sih 

amounted  to  $39,688,55,  and  will  probably  the  Government  and  the  price  at  which  ii 

amount  to  much  more  before  the  debt  can  be  it  out  would  make  a  good  profit  for  thei 

di«iposed  of,  as  $106,000  of  the  principal  is  still  For  the  past  year  the  price  paid  for  silv* 

unpaid,  and  the  necessities  of  this  year  will  averaged  about  ninty-three  cent«  a  fine  ( 

probably  increase  this  amount  by  $80,000  or  while  it  is  paid  out  at  $1.2928.    Thusthi 

more.     In  view  of  these  facts,  and  with  the  emment  makes  in  seigniorage  about  thii 

knowledge  that  the  revenue  has  fallen  off  in  cents  on  every  ounce  of  silver  purchase^ 

the  last  two  years  in  the  sum  of  about  $16,000  this  is  taken  from  the  comparatively 

a  year,  through  loss  of  the  drummer  tax  and  number  of  miners  in  the  United  States^ 

the  reduction  of  poll  taxes;  that  the  State  is  pared  with  the  entire  population  interee 

now  almost  entirely  dependent  upon  the  tax  silver  money.    The  low  price  paid  by  the 

on  property,  for  revenue ;  and  of  the  strong  emment  for  silver  has  closed  down  hui 

probability  that  appropriations  from  the  gen-  of  mines  that  would  to-day  be  in  active  ' 

eral  fund,  largely  in  excess  of  those  for  past  tion,  giving  employment  to  thousands  of 

years,  will  be  found  necessary  for  the  ensuing  if  silver  were  on  the  same  footing  in  reg 


NEVADA.  591 

at  our  mints  as  gold.     The  gold-miner  made  as  will  furnish  the  means  of  education  to  all 

3  his  gold  to  the  mint  and  receive  the  chiWren  in  the  State. 

•  *^    ij      u-  1-  •      --i.     n    r ^'^         We  are  in  favor  of  reopening  the  Carson  Mint  for 

ne  m  gold,  which  is  virtnally  free  com-  coinage,  and  raising  the  wagefiTbf  its  employes  to  the 

iim ;  bat  the  silver-mmer  must  sell  to  standard  paid  by  the  last  Republican  Administration. 
t  at  a  price  regulated  by  the  London       xhe  Democratic  State  Convention  met  on 

It  is  believed,  as  the  silver  question  ^^y  ^g^  ^t  Reno,  and  nominated  for  Congress, 

r  understood,  we  shall  have  free  coinage  George  W.  Oassidy ;  for  Justice  of  the  Su- 

white  metal.    When  that  is  brought  preme  Court,  William  M.  Sewell ;  for  Regents 

lis  State  will  become  prosperous."  ^f   the    State  University,   M.  S.  Bonnifield, 

MS.— The  Legislature  of  1887  passed  an  s.  D.  King,  and  F.  M.  Edmunds.    Presiden- 

king  It  necessary  to  subscribe  to  mi  ^ial   electors   and    delegates   to  the  National 

:ain8t  Mormonism,  in  order  to  qualify  Convention  were  also  chosen.    The  platform 

er.    By  a  decision  of  the  State  Supreme  adopted  strongly  urges  the  free  coinage  of 

jarly  in  October,  this  act  was  found  to  gilveT,  opposes  Chinese  immigration,  and  ap- 

nstitutional.     , ,.        -         _  .  proves  civil-service  reform.    The  National  Ad- 

•L—The  Republican  State  Convention  ministration  is  commended.    At  the  election 

led  to  meet  at  Winnemucca  on  May  16.  j^  November,  the  Republican  State  and  Na- 

ied  delegates  to  the  National  Conven-  ^ional  tickets  were  successful.    For  Congress- 

l  presidential  electors,  and  the  follow-  q,^^  Bartine  received  6,921  votes,  and  Cassi- 

et  for  State  officers :  For  Justice  of  the  ^y  5^(192.    The  vote  for  Justice  of  the  Supreme 

e  Court,  M.  A.  Murphy;   Regento  of  Oourt  was:  Murphy,   6,467;    Sewell,   6,122. 

be  University,  f.  H.  Wells,  H.  L.  Fish,  xhe  State  Legislature,   elected  at  the  same 

r.  George.    As  candidate  for  Congress,  ti^e,  will  stand  15  Republicans  and  6  Demo- 

3artine   was  selected.      The  platform  crats  in  the  Senate,  and  26  Republicans  and  U 

contains  the  following :  Democrats  in  the  House. 

QcUl  policy  whereby  both  gold  and  silver        At  the  same  election  a  vote  was  taken  on 

n  the  hasis  of  c'»^ulation,  ^J^^^^J;**®^^''^^  the  question  whether  a  convention  to  revise 

J^F^th,  M  wnveSence  m?y  ^uire.'te  ^^^  State  Constitution  should  be  called,  and  also 

rely  demanded.  on  eleven  proposed  constitutional  amendments, 

tempt  to  substitute  National  bank-notes,  cost-  The  proposition  for  a  constitutional  conven- 

tovemment  millions  of  dollars  annually,  for  tion  was  rejected  by  a  vote  of  1,644  in   its 

'SrS?Z?e7i^"TrS?%KS^  favor  to  2,740  against     Of  the  amendmenta, 

the  sovereign  power  of  the  Government  to  *e°  '^'ere  adopted  and  one,   which  had  been 

oey,  and  which  has  fVaudulently  demonetized  irregularly  adopted  two  years  before,  provid- 

d  seized  the  revenues  of  the  Government  for  ing  that  constitutional   amendments  may  be 

iTOculation,  shocks  the  moral  sense  of  the  submitted    to    the    people    after   passage  by 

id  destroys  respect  for  Government  and  law.  ^^^  ▼  ^  :^i»4^...^   -.„«  »^4j;««./wi      Tk«  a.,^^<,oA-.i 

9  in  favor  of  thrprotection  of  home  industry,  ^^^  legislature,  was  rejected.    The  successful 

the  laborers  of  this  country  have  a  right  to  amendments  change  the  time  of  meeting  for 

vork  required  to  supply  the  people  of  the  the  Legislature  from  the  first  to  the  third  Mon- 

totes,  and  that  we  are  in  favor  of  hijfh  wages  day  of  January ;  empower  each  branch  of  the 

«S^tiSMS'ti?e\tiLpP'urr*'oro?grr  Legislature  to  expel  a  member  for  disorderly 

^  '^  conduct;   enable  the  Legislature  to  establish 

i  in  favor  of  the  absolute  exclusion  of  Chi-  and  regulate  the  compensation  and  fees  of 

the  restriction  of  immi|jation,  by  which  the  county  and  township  officers,  and  to  regulate 

verchargwi  condition  of  the  labor  market  U  the  rates  of  freight  on  railroads  incorporated 

rse,  and  also  favor  legislation  by  which  a  re-  „ ,uk:«    fU«    G*«f «  .     ^,.^v.;K:f    t*  ooiai.<<r  «i.«Vk  " 

'  oir  naturalization  Ind  land  laws  may  be  Z^^^^^  v^^,?  u^l*^  L  prohibit       salary-grab 

fthed.  hills ;  abohsh  the  office  of  Lieutenant-Govern- 

mand,  in  behalf  of  our  various  industries,  the  or;  provide  that  the  President  of  the  Senate 

I  of  the  duties  on  lead,  borax,  soda,  hides,  and  ehall  be  elected  by  its  members  and  succeed  to 

ind  to  restore  the  tariff  of  1 867  on  wool.  ^j^    governorship  in  case  of  vacancy,  and  that 

jognize  the  nght  of  labor  to  orcranize  for  its  .        ^       -  ,  .    ^*^4.i  j.  «k:i:*«.  A.\  c*^»«1i^^. 

•otedion.  **  in  case  of  his  death  or  disability  the  .Speaker 

ror  the  submission  by  the  Legislature  to  the  of  the  House  shall  succeed  to  the  governor- 
an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  giving  the  ship;  regulate  the  impeachment  of  public 
ire  the  power  to  rejpilate  the  liquor-traffic.  officers  by  the  Legislature ;  regulate  the  reve- 
'^'^l't!^,!X^rsX7/^^l%X  n-e*  for  educational  purposes  and  prohibit  the 
nd  that  the  waste  waters  may  be  preserved  transfer  of  school  moneys  to  any  other  fund  ; 
urpoee  of  irrigation.  authorize  the  levy  of  a  special  tax  for  the 
ror  the  reduction  of  the  Treasury  surj^lus  bv  maintenance  of  the  State  University  ;  and 
lent  of  pensions  to  Union  soldiers,  their  w^d-  m^ke  it  obligatory  upon  the  State,  instead  of 
orphans,  the  improvement  of  nvers  and  har-  .,  ^  «4.:^«  4.^  „.,  ^!v«*  :..^:»^»f  ;nfi«.rT^  ^^  ^fii 
»  building  of  decreases  tor  our  searcoaste,  the  ^^^  counties,  to  support  indigent  infirm  or  oth- 
of  public  buildings,  the  creation  of  a  navy,  erwise  unfortunate  citizens  needing  aid.  A 
haae  of  bonds,  and  the  repeal  of  the  internal-  question,  however,  soon  arose  as  to  the  legal- 
laws  taxing  tobacco.  ity  of  the  procedure  by  which  these  amend- 
le  dut:r  of  the  State  to  maintain  free  non-wc-  ^  adopted.  An  act  of  the  Legislat- 
boolsmthe  rural  and  sparsely  settled  dis-  •"«"•*'  ^aa^t  *  -lv  •  *  'a^a  «.i.«4. 
well  as  in  towns  and  thictlv  settled  sections,  «re  of  1897  upon  this  point  provided  that 
1  a  division  of  the  school' money  should  be  publication  of  proposed  amendments  should  be 


592 


NEW  BRUNSWICK. 


made  **  for  a  period  of  ninety  days  next  preced- 
ing any  general  election  held  in  this  State, 
when  any  proposed  amendments  are  pending.'* 
There  had  been  publication  of  the  amendments 
two  years  before  prior  to  a  general  election, 
and  through  a  misapprehension  of  the  terms  of 
the  new  act,  a  second  publication  this  year  was 
not  deemed  necessary ;  but  the  State  Supreme 
Court,  by  a  decision  rendered  late  in  Decem- 
ber, decided  that  such  publication  should  not 
have  been  omitted,  and  that  the  election  was 
therefore  illegal  and  of  no  effect. 

NEW  BRUNSWICK.  There  were  no  changes 
in  the  Executive  Government  of  the  Province 
of  New  Brunswick  in  1888.  Three  members 
of  the  Legislative  Council  died  during  the  year, 
viz.,  Hon.  William  Hamilton,  who  was  the  last 
surviving  member  of  the  Council  appointed 
directly  by  the  Crown,  Hon.  John  Lewis,  and 
Hon.  W.  M.  Kelly.  Dr.  Lewis,  a  member  of 
the  Assembly,  resigned  during  the  year,  and 
H.  R.  Emmerson  was  elected  in  his  stead. 

AgrinltHTe. — The  year  was  remarkable  for 
excessive  rainfall  and  early  frosts.  At  St.  John 
the  rainfall  during  the  twelve  months  was 
55-675  inches,  against  an  average  of  41*959 
inches  for  the  preceding  eight  years.  The  au- 
tumn freshets  were  unusually  high,  and  consid- 
erable damage  was  done  to  bridges  and  to  the 
crops  stored  on  low  lands.  Nearly  all  crops 
were  below  an  average,  owing  to  the  wet  har- 
vest and  early  frost. 

In  1886  the  Provincial  Government  imported 
from  Europe  and  the  United  States  a  number 
of  pure  bred  stallions,  retaining  the  ownership 
and  leasing  the  animals  at  public  competition 
annually.  In  1888  a  further  importation  was 
made,  and,  in  order  to  encourage  the  raising  of 
pure  bred  stock,  an  importation  of  pure  bred 
mares  was  also  made.  The  latter  were  sold  at 
public  auction,  subject  to  the  restriction  that 
they  should  be  kept  in  the  province  and  bred 
to  pure  bred  sires  of  their  respective  breeds. 
The  sale  was  very  successful.  An  importation 
of  pure  bred  sheep  was  made  at  the  same  time, 
and  the  animals  were  sold  under  restrictions. 

The  Legislature  in  1888  passed  an  important 
act  relating  to  agriculture.  The  Board  of 
Agriculture,  which  formerly  supervised  tlie 
expenditures  for  this  service,  was  abolished, 
and  a  Department  of  Agriculture  was  created, 
presided  over  by  a  member  of  the  Executive 
Government,  who  is  known  as  the  Commissioner 
for  Agriculture.  Hon.  David  McLellan  was 
appointed  commissioner.  Under  the  new  law 
the  province  is  divided  into  sixty  districts,  and 
in  each  district  an  agricultural  society  may  be 
established.  A  membership  of  fifty  and  a  sub- 
scription list  of  $100  is  necessary  to  constitute 
a  society,  which  will  receive  a  charter  and 
also  an  annual  appropriation  from  the  pro- 
vincial treasury.  The  object  of  establishing 
this  new  department  is  the  promotion  of  im- 
proved husbandry  and  stock-raising,  the  hold- 
ing of  exhibitions,  and  the  dissemination  of 
information  in  regard  to  agriculture. 


htffdaHmu — The  principal  other  acts  of  ^ 
era!  interest  passed  by  the  Legislature  in 
session  of  1888  were:  An  act  relating  to 
and  mining- leases,  providing  for  the  fortdr^ 
of  leases  under  which  no  minerals  ha?e  Icf 
raised  for  twelve  months  continuously,  ot^^  ^ 
case  of  breach  of  conditions,  and  exemp'n 
limestone  and  gypsum   from  crown  roy^^ 
An  act  prohibiting  the  killing  of  moose,  ^^ 
or  red  deer  for  three  years.  ^*' 

SUpplig. — The  following  shows  the  nmc^^ 
description,  and  tonnage  of  vessels  r^gist^^ 
in  New  Brunswick  on  Dec.  31,  1880: 


CLASS  OF  VESSELS. 


Number. 


Ships 

BaAs 

Barkentlnes. 

Brigs 

BrigantineA . 
Schooners. . . 
Wood-boats. 

Sloopn 

Steamers — 


Total. 


146 

~"^^ 

ISS 

4 

13 

^f^ 

2 

•^ 

8S 
605 

68 

4Uf  / 

6 

»  / , 

85 

<«  / 

fftrz 

1,109 

^ff?  rhii 

There  was  a  loss  on  tonnage  of  31,796  tow 
from  the  previous  year. 

€•■■«!«.— The  foreign  trade  of  NewBruM- 
wick  during  the  year  ending  June  30,  '"^ 
was  as  follows : 


MOVEMENT. 


Imports. 
Exports. 


Dutikble  goods. 
$S,T83,828 


Ktm  goodt. 


Tetil. 


♦2,274.261  ♦«.OK,S 
I    M»^ 


Total  foreign  trade. 


tii3«.«' 


The  principal  countries  with  which  thistrwle 
was  carried  on  and  the  valne  of  the  trade  witb 
each  were  as  follow : 

Imports  ftt)m  Qreat  Britain |i,lC** 

Exports  to  Great  Britain ITW^ 

Imports  from  the  United  SUtes 8.028^1 

Exports  to  the  United  States  2.««^ 

Imports  from  the  West  Indies *&^ 

Exports  to  the  West  Indies. H«* 

The  largest  item  in  the  export  trade  is  com- 
posed of  products  of  the  forest,  which  were 
valued  at  $4,891,882,  of  which  a  little  more 
than  half  was  sent  to  Great  Britain.  The 
United  States  imported  $981,235  worth  of  prp- 
vincial  lumher,  and  $1,209,538  worth  cat  io 
the  United  States  was  manufactured  in  and  ex- 
ported from  the  province  to  the  United  State* 

RailwtyB. — Tlie  following  new  lines  of  railwsy, 
in  whole  or  in  part  in  New  Brunswick,  were 
opened  for  traffic  during  the  year :  The  Riviere 
du  Loup  and  Temisconata  Railway,  from  K- 
mundston  on  the  New  Brunswick  Railway  to 
Riviere  du  Loup  on  the  Intercolonial  Railway, 
90  miles,  of  which  18  miles  are  in  New  Bron-^ 
wick;  the  Fredericton  Railway,  connecting 
the  Northern  and  Western  and  New  Brna<«wick 
Railways,  1  mile  long.  The  following  liD«* 
were  under  construction  during  the  year:  The 
Central  Railway,  from  Norton  on  the  Inter- 
colonial Railway  to  the  head  of  Grand  Lak^i^^ 
miles ;  the  Albert  Southern  Railway,  12  niil«*i 
the  Fredericton  and  Woodstock  Railway,  ^ 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  593 

fche  Tobiqae  Railway,  28  miles.    The  Smith,  William  H.  H.  Allen,  Lewis  W.  Clark, 

ixsg  is  the  mileage  of  railway  in  opera-  Isaac  N.  Biodgett,  AIodzo  P.  OarpeDter,  and 

I  the  province  during  the  year:  Inter-  George  A.  Bingham. 

II  and  branches,  874  miles;  New  Bruns-  !!■&■€«• — The  annual  report  of  the  State 
^r'^d  miles;  Northej'n  and  Western,  121  Treasurer,  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  May  81, 

^Grand  Southern,  80  miles ;  Albert,  48  1888,  shows  the  following  tacts : 

.ent  Northern  and  St.  Louis,  88  miles ;  receipts. 


1-4  miles;  Chatham,  9  miles;  St.  Martin's    caah  on  band,  Jane  i,  1887 1^0,616  11 

f>  bam,  80  miles ;    Uavelock,   Elgin,   and     Total  receipu  during  the  year 1, 170,990  48 

►<Hac,  12  miles;  Oaraquet,  66  miles;  New  .j,^^                                                |i 4ii  eoe  &9 

«r  i  ck  and  Prince  Ed  ward  Island,  80  miles;  DisBURssMENTS. ' 

n.    and  Buctouche,  40  miles;  St.  John  -,^i  .,  v           *  ^  _•     *».                      m,€,^,.aKr.^ 

J     T^  .,  AM  r>-    •  J        Total  disbursements  dnrinff  the  year $1,81(^i850  67 

and    Railway,   2   miles;    Rmere  du    caah  on  hand,  June  i,  1888 100,73698 

LX&<i  Temisconata,  18  miles;  Fredericton 


^     1  mile— total,   1,817  miles.    The  in- 


Total $1,411,606  69 

SXnce  1886  is  297.  LlabUlties,  June  l,  1888 *. $2,966.868  24 

^•«. — ^The  revenue  of  the  province  dur-    Assets,  June  i,  1888 io7,7oa  67 

i«  year  was  as  follows :  From  Dominion  „    .  ^  ^    ,                                      : — ,^^^   ,_ 

^les,    $487,806.58;    territorial    revenue.         Net  indebtedness $2.858,660  67 

^04.17;  other  sources,  $67,968.98 — total,     LlabiHtles,  June  l.  18S7 .* $8,079,161  80 

B79.68.    The  principal  items  of  expendi-    Assets,  June  i,  1887 247,m  61 

^ere :    Education,   $166,676.88  ;    road;".  Net  indebtedness $2,88i,800  79 

S^  and  public  buildings,  $218,482.81  ;   in-     Increase  ofdebtduringr  the  yen- 27,859  78 

*^   (95,187.50 ;    agriculture,   $80,599.17  ;  The  total  receipts  of  the  Treasury  from  ordi- 

'^tive  and  legislative  expenses,  $50,912.70 ;  nary  revenue  were  $584,528.86,  and  the  total 

^  of  the  insane,  $85,000.    The  minor  items  State  expenses  $561,888.14.    Among  the  larger 

*^l  the  expenditure  for  the  year  to  $676,-  receipts  were :  From  State  tax,  $400,000 ;  from 

•22.    The  provincial  debt  on  Dec.  81,  1888,  railroad  tax,  $99,757.61 ;  from  insurance  tax, 

*  $768,000  at  6  per  cent. ;  $148,200  at  5  per  $6,980.22;  and  from  charter  fees,  $15,088.50. 

t;  1280,000  at  4^  per  cent. ;  $910,000  at  The  disbursements  include  $822,288  for  ordi- 

)er  cent. — total,  $2,106,200.    The  average  nary  State  expenses,  $68,998.24  for  extraordi- 

irest  is  4*86^  per  cent.,  entailing  a  future  nary  charges,  and  $175,596.90  for  interest  on 

1^  of  $102,490.  the  State  debt. 

bip-bailding  was  at  a  comparatively  low  Edacttlaii* — The  report  of  the  State  Superin- 

in  New  Brunswick  in  1888 ;  only  2  steam-  tendent  for  the  school  year  of  1887  shows  that, 

md  20  schooners,  aggregating  1,967  tons,  under  the  recent  law  permitting  town  manage- 

)  built  in  the  province  during  the  year  end-  ment  of  schools,  five  school  districts  gave  up 

Fane  80,  1888.    The  additions  to  the  ship-  their  special  organization  during  the  year,  and 

register  of  the  province  iu  the  same  period  went  into  the  town  system,  leaving  only  270 

d^  39  vessels,  aggregating  8,865  tons,  and  districts  reported  in  the  State. 

i  w^ere  sold  to  other  countries  5  vessels,  The  average  length  of  the  schools  in  weeks, 

dgating  4,688  tons  and  valued  at  $55,648.  for  the  whole  State,  was  22*9.     For  1885,  un- 

le  arrivals  and  departures  at  New  Bruns-  der  the  old  system,  it  was  only  19*95.    Thus 

ports  during  the  same  period  including  the  new  law  gives  on  the  average  three  weeks 

>ls  engaged  in  the  foreign  and  coasting  additional  to  every  school  of  the  State.    The 

J  were :  whole  number  of  enrolled  scholars  for  1887  was 

■""""";; ~ 61,826.    The  whole  number  in  1877  was  68,- 

MoviMKNT.                   N«n,b«.     Toon.^.  ^gg     j,^^^  .^  ^  ^^^rease  of  6,209  in  ten  years. 


o^'                                                   QKOAiT  ^^®  whole  number  reported  in  private  schools 

^^i^^ia'::::::::;:::*.:::::::      4,1^      m^l]  in  1887  was  7,652.     the  number  reported  in 

"turea:                                                   '  1877  was  1,498.     This  shows  an  increase  of 

^^ta.:;::::"';::::::::::      i.728       K  ^^159  in  ten  years,  and  measurably  to  what 

extent  children  have  been  drawn  into  parochial 

W   HAKPSHlftE.     State  G^vemMent.— The  schools  in  that  time.     It  does  not  vary  materi- 

wing  were  the  State  officers  during  the  ally  from  one  tenth  of  the  entire  school  popu- 

:  Governor,  Charles  Henry  Sawyer  (Re-  lation  of  the  State.     As  yet  this  movement 

can) ;  Secretary  of  State,  Ai  B.  Thomp-  has  been  confined  to  the  cities  and  larger  towns. 

Treasurer,  Solon  A.  Carter ;   Attorney-  There  has  been  an  increase  of  twenty-two 

ral,  Daniel   Barnard ;  Superintendent  of  graded  schools  resulting  from  a  union  of  small 

ic  Instruction,  James  W.  Patterson;  Insur-  schools.    Twenty -eight  new  school-houses  have 

Ck>mniissioner,  Oliver  Pillsbury,  who  died  been  built,  and  the  average  attendance  upon 

sbmary  22,  and  was  succeeded  by  Henry  the  schools  was  45,877*72,  an  increase  of  2,788*- 

[ase ;  Railroad  Commissioners,  Henry  M.  72  over  the  previous  year.     Of  the  town  sys- 

3y,  Edward  B.  S.  Sanborn,  Benjamin  F.  tem,  the  Superintendent  says: 

ott ;   Chief- Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Towns  that  have  abolished  their  unnecessary  schools 

es    Doe  ;    Associate  Justices,    Isaac   W.  havo  given  to  the  children  more  schooling  tnan  ever 
TOi^  xxviiL — 38  A 


694  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

before  for  the  same  moDey,  and  in  towns  that  have  believe  that  the  Goyemment  is  thus  made  a  bnlvsk 

not  the  only  practical  effect  of  the  law  has  been  to  to  protect  and  perpetuate  it,  and  we  therefore  denttDd 

five  an  improved  system  of  supervision,  a  less  bur-  the  abolition  of  the  system, 
onsome  method  of  providing  and  maintaining  school  We  approve  the  emictment  by  the  Lefrislatim  of 
property,  and  more  ec^uitable  educational  pnvile^s.  this  State  of  the  so-called  nuisance  law,  calculated  to 
In  putting  the  system  mto  operation  there  may  have  make  prohibition  more  effective,  and  we  call  upon  the 
been  cases  of  hardship.  There  were  under  tne  old  officials  elected  for  that  purpose  to  continue  the  en- 
law,  and  will  be  under  any  system  in  a  sparsely  settled  tbrcement  of  this  and  other  reatures  of  the  prohibitorr 
locality.  law,  until  the  liquor-traffic  is  exterminated  in  New 

SUte  PrtoaiL— The  report  of  the  warden  of  "api»hi«-    W«  >»oW  thattheparty  in  powerinthe 

^,  ^7  '^  .         >      Jl                    A'       \7       1  legislative  and  executive  departments  or  the  State u 

the  State  Prison  for  the  year  endiug  May  1  reiponsible  for  the  making  aSd  execution  of  the  Uws: 

contains  the  following  statistics :  Number  of  and  we  therefore  affirm  that  the  Bepublioan  party « 

prisoners,  May  1, 1887,  121 ;  committed  during  New  Hampshire  is  guilty  of  the  evils  of  the  liquor- 

the  year,  88;  discharged,  etc.,  daring  the  year,  traffic  in  this  State.    With  an  efficient  law  on  u» 

44;numberinpri^a,M.yl,1888,116;earn-  Tt^^^}:'^.^^^r^^'^^il^^^S^ 

mgsfor  the  year,  $15,190.98;  expenses  for  the  existence  among  us  of  a  lawless  institution,  whick 

year,  $19,450.80;  deficit,  $4,259.82.  they  might  at  any  hour  overthrow.     We  arrMga 

Saflngs-lUlks. — The  total  number  of  deposi-  that  party  as  faithless  to  the  intcreBts  of  the  people, 

tors  in  the  savings-banks  on  April  1  was  189,-  ^  ^°^^.'H'^  ^  ^  ^»^^?f^  '"^  power.  JJ^e  iJio 

OCT     ««   :««««««Jr  «#  «,«-«,  ♦!,««   TAHA   .»t4>k:U  affirm  that  the  record  of  the  Democratic  party  w  u» 

967— an  increase  of  more  than  7,000  withm  gtate  is  a  record  of  opposition  to  tempenJnoe  in  lep»- 

the  year.     The  average  amount  due  each  de-  lation  and  in  practice,  and  that  it  is  equaUy  unworthy 

positor  was  $885.86,  and  the  average  to  each  the  su£&%^?ea  of  temperance  men. 

person  in  the  State,  estimating  the  population  Wo  beheve  m  tlie  right  of  the  people  to  the  enj<7- 

at  855,000,  was  $161.94.    The  total  number  of  ™®"^  ""^'^  **^'l®*c^t^l "!?  ^®  ^"^^l  *^®  "?"^ 

«v  »*,^,y,Kjy,  .T»o  V  '^  •     •          ««..«.  *^wwj^^*  v/i  compmiies  ot  the  fcstate  to  disoontinuo  the  naming  of 

savings-banks  was  69— an  increase  of  three.  Sunday  trains.    We  oppose  the  publication  and  oreo- 

Three  trust  companies  were  reported,  and  one  lation  of  Sunday  newspapers,  and  wo  call  upon  the 

additional   has   been    organized    since   April.  Legislature  to  pass  such  laws  as  shall  be  best  ada^ 

Twenty-five  of  the  banks  paid  a  5-per-cent.  to  secure  the  people  of  the  State  from  aU  forms  of  bsb- 

dividend  in  1887,  thirty-two  paid  4  per  cent.,  ^^  desecrauon. 

^ve  paid  4i  per  cent.,  two  paid  4  per  cent,  and  The  Republican  State  Convention  metatCon- 
an  extra,  one  paid  8^  per  cent.,  one  paid  8  per  cord,  on  September  4.  Several  candidates  for 
cent.,  and  three  were  recently  organized.  The  gnbematorial  nomination  were  before  the  con- 
total  earnings  of  the  banks  for  the  year  1887  vention,  receiving  upon  the  first  ballot  the  fd- 
was  $8,645,504.71,  and  the  total  amount  of  lowing  support :  Hiram  A.  Tuttle,  209  votes; 
dividend  paid  was  $2,861,888.95.  John  B.  Smith,  187;  David  H.  Goodell,  121; 

Insimee.- The  annual  report  of  the  Insur-  Woodbury  L.  Melcher,  68 ;  Albert  S.  Twitcbell, 

ance  Commissioner  for  1887  shows  the  fol-  28;  John  A.  Spalding,  14.     Six  ballots  were 

lowing  facts  with  reference  to  the  business  taken  without  a  choice,  although  on  the  foarth 

of  the  fire-insurance  companies  of  the  State:  Tuttle  received  306  votes,  or  within  seven  votes 

Cash  capital,  $1,255,000.70;  gross  assets,  $2,-  of  the  number  necessary  for  the  nominaUon. 

595,067.87;  liabilities,  except  capital,  $1,851,-  On  the  seventh  ballot  Goodell  received  855 

803.91 ;  net  assets  as  to  policy-holders,  $8,850,-  votes;  Tuttle,  205;  Melcher,  22;    Smith,  17; 

067.97 ;   surplus  as  to  capital,  $804,044.28  ;  and  Goodell  was  declared  the  nominee.    The 

cash  income,  $1,544,869.95 ;  cash  expenditures,  platform  contained  the  following : 

$1,814,074.66;  dividends   paid   stock-holders,  We  heartUv  approve  of  the  declaration  in  the  Ni- 

$49,850;   fire  risks   written,  $188,088,758.86;  tional   Republican  platform  in  favor  of  tempeniM 

premiums  received,  $1,710,804.82;  fire  losses  and  morafity;  of  such  laws  as  will  best  proteci  oar 

paid,  $809,568.09.  Pe<>Ple  ^'^fite  m7'^?  Mle"'"^"*^  *^^  and  of  the  a?- 

There  are  twenty-three  life-insurance  com-  ^'wolnWte'lhe  c^oi^i^don  of  all  who  believe  in  tb 

panics  doing  busmess  in  the  State.  enactment  of  laws  for  the  protection  of  our  indostnes 

Statlstle8« — According  to  the  report  of  the  State  from  the  competition  incident  to  the  free  importitiM 

Board  of  Equalization  for  1887  there  were  in  of  the  products  of  the  pauper  labor  of  the  Old  Worid; 

the  State  59,285  horses,  22,419  oxen,  94,829  ''i''''^  ^^^^i;' ^^^^f^^^^'TJL^^r 

AH  MHO    i.u          a.^1     tt't'  oe%tf   i_            iA  of  our  property -owneri*,  trom  the  attacks  or  aMrcnT 

cows,  47,476  other  cattle,  155,685  sheep.    Com-  ^^  communism,  and  of  all  classes  fh«n  the  evib  of 

parison  with  the  report  for  the  previous  year  illiteracy  and  immorality. 

shows  a  gain  of  2,445  horses,  862  oxen,  8,866  _        ,        i  *      au    rw             *•    o*-.»«  finn. 

cows,  2,474  other  cattle,  and  5,172  sheep-^in-  Two  days  later,  the  Democratic  State  C^ 

creasing  the  value  of  the  live-stock  of  the  State  mention  inet  at  Concord,  and,  on  the  first  ba^ 

$499  608  nonuuHted  Charles  H.  Amsden  for  Governor. 

Pol*itieaL-A  State  convention  of  the  Prohibi-  ^"^  }^^,  November  election    the   Rep^^^ 

tion  party  met  at  Concord,  on  June  19,  and  National  ticket  was  successful,  but  there  w« 

nominated  Edgar  L.  Carr,  for  Governor.    The  ^^  election  of  Governor  by  the  people.    G^ 

convention  adopted  resolutions,  of  which  the  ?,"   ""^T^^^  44,809  votes;    Amsden,  ^(^ 

following  are  the  more  important:  ^ajr,  1,567.    A  majonty  of  all  the  vowsc^ 

w          -J  *u        .        r  *     *•      V      V  V  *u  being  necessary  to  elect,  the  choice  of  \to\ 

We  reofard  the  Rvstem  of  taxation  by  which  the  ^.^^^  „;n  a„ii  ttrxf^n  *\xtx  nt^^f  rxkfrielotnM  which 

traffic  in  fiquors  is  u'sed  to  support  the  revenues  of  the  ^^^"^  ^*i^  .^*"  "P^'^.^J^  "®^*   If  •     t  ^.l!fn^ 

Government  as  a  virtual  partnership  of  the  United  will  meet  m  June,  1889.     In  this  LegMOfttonN 

States  in  the  crime  and  iniquity  of  that  traffic    We  as  chosen  at  the  same  election,  the  KepobbcaBi 


34 


NEW  JERSET.  695 

)  Senatora  and  169  Representatives,  raised  hj  private  subscription,  and  a  oommis- 

nocrats  6  Senators  and  144  Repre-  sion  was  created  to  erect  such  monument.     A 

Republican  Congressmen  were  home  for  the  care  and  training  of  feeble- 
narrow  majorities  in  both  of  the  minded  women  was  established,  and  the  sum 
Ed  districts,  a  gain  of  one  seat  for  of  $10,000  apprqpriated  for  the  purchase  of 

At  the  same  election,  delegates  buildings.     An  appropriation  of  ^0,000  was 

1  by  the  people  to  a  constitutional  made  for  the  construction  and  equipment  of 

appointed  by  the  Legislature   to  buildings  for  the  Soldiers*  Home,  as  provided 

in.  2,  1889.    This,  the  sixth  oonsti-  by  an  act  of  1886,  and  $80,000  was  devoted  to 

ivention  in  the  history  of  the  State,  additions  and  improvements  at  the  asylum  for 

of  821  members,  of  which  the  Re-  the  insane  at  Morristown.    Other  acts  of  the 

ected  180  members  and  the  Demo-  session,  which  exceeded  the  work  of  itsprede- 

me  member  being  ranked  as  Inde-  cessors  by  passing  886  general  measures,  were 

as  follow : 

ISET*      State  G^TCHUMBt. — The  fol-  Providing  a  penalty  for  mutilating  books,  maga- 

i  the  State  officers  during  the  year:  zines,  etc.,  m  an  incorporated  library. 

Robert  8.  Qreen  (Democrat) :   Sec-  Providing  for  the  appointment  of  a  vice-ordinary 

tate  and  Insurance  Commissioner,  ^'  vice-surrogate  general  of  the  prerogative  court. 

•  ,          7p  *""'**  »"^«    y'    J   nn "cT    ]  Authorizing  incorporated  towns  and  township  com- 

elsey;    Ireasurer,  Jonn  J.  loiiey;  mittces  to  borrow  money  and  issue  bonds  toprovida 

r,  Edward  L.  Anderson ;  Attorney-  for  the  construction  of  sewers  or  drains. 

hn  P.  Stockton ;  Superintendent  of  Authorizing  towns  to  widen  private  streets  in  oer- 

ruction,  Edwin  O.  Chapman,  sue-  ^  <»»««:     ^.          ^  ^                 , . 

^1 i^„  nr  T?.,n«« .  r<k:«r  t««*L^  ^*  Regulating  the  construction,  care,  and  improvement 

.harles  W.  Fuller ;  Chiet-Justice  of  ^f  ^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^^  ^„y^^  ^^  ^^;„  i^^  ^^\  ^^^^  ^. 

9  Court,  Mercer  Beasley ;  Associate  cept  those  of  the  first  class,  and  providing  for  a  street 

inning  M.  Enapp,  Alfred  Reed,  £d-  commissioner  therein. 

5udder,  Bennet  Van  Sy  ckel,  David  Enabling  cities  to  purchase  lands  for  public  parks  or 

ronathan  Dixon,  William  J.  Magie,  ^l^JJ]^'  "i^  ^  improve  the  same,  and  to  issue  bonds 

«^»w  4»u  i^i  w*x,         *  «*.*  w.  «i.(»f^  «,  £^j.  ^j^g  ^j^^  of  such  purchase  and  improvement 

G.  Crarnson.     Judge  (ramson  sue-  Empowering  corporations  to  diminish  the  number 

Parker,  deceased,  bemg  nominated  of  their  directors. 

srnor  and  confirmed  by  the  Legis-  Providing  for  the  ftirther  relief  of  the  poor  in  cities, 

munry.     Chancellor,  Alexander  T.  ^  Providing  a  penalty  for  selling  liquors  m  a  boarding- 

.    ir;"!.^  nk ««««!!«««     Ak.»k»,v«  tt  house  without  license. 

;    Vice-chancellors,  Abraham  V.  Providing  for  the  condemnation  of  lands  held  by 

ind  John  1 .  Bird.  anv  school  district  the  title  to  which  is  defective. 

SesBiaiL — The    one  hundred    and  To  provide  for  the  erection  of  armories  tor  the  Na- 

islatnre  was  in  session  from  Janu-  ^onal  Guard  in  incorporated  towns,  boroughs,  etc. 

arch  80.     Its  action  on  the  liquor  ^o  promote  manual  training  by  contributing,  to 

"         _^C^       A  1       1       J.       1  every  school  distnct  that  mamtains  a  manual-trainmff 

\a  noteworthy.    A  local-option  law  ^^^^i  ^  gum  equal  to  the  amount  raised  by  such  di^ 

,  providmg  for  special  elections  as  trict  for  such  purpose. 

^e  in  three  years,  if  desired,  in  any  To  secure  the  certification  of  births,  marriages,  and 

petition  of  one-tenth  of  the  legal  deaths,  and  of  the  vital  facts  relating  tiiereto,  and  to 

by  the,»an,e  act  the  license  fees  of  PTo'tkWp';!^!^'  ^t7L<^  of  land  .t  Se.  Gbt, 

were  increased  to  f  100  in  places  jn  the  county  of  Monmouth,  to  vacate  the  streets  and 

m  3,000  inhabitants,  $150  in  places  wa^s  thereon  and  certain  easements  therein. 

)00  to  10,000,  and  $250  in  places  lor  the  better  protection  of  homing  pigeons. 

000.     This  act  was  vetoed  by  Gov.  Authorizing  the  abolishment  of  the  ofllce  of  sur- 

J         .               ^v         i.     V  vevor  of  highways  m  cities, 

passed  again  over  the  veto  by  a  Ratifying  and  confirming  the  a^ement  madebe- 

House  of  34  to  24,  and  in  the  Sen-  tween  the  commissioners  of  the  State  of  New  York 

8.    The  governing  boards  of  incor-  and  those  of  New  Jersey  locating  and  marking  the 

ns  were  also  given  power  to  license,  boundary-line  between  the  two  States  in  lands  under 

pn,hibjtliqaor.eelling  within  their  ^f.^^^X^^h^'ISx^^imd  .,»««»«■>*  levied  by 

.   Another  a^t  provides  that  no  hon-  boards  of  trustees  shall  be  a  first  lien  on  real  estate, 

barged  soldier  or  sailor  holding  a  and  that  the  same  may  be  sold  to  pay  such  taxes  ana 

ce  under  any  city  or  county,  whose  assessments. 

ce  is  not  fixed  by  law,  shall  be  re-  Autiiorizing  cities  and  to^niship  committees  to  boi^ 

«    ^fl?«^  *^«  «^i;«.:««i   .^oo^r^o    k.,*  row  money  m  anticipation  ot  tax^. 

n  office  for  political  reasons,  but  Requiring  savings-banks  not  having  a  capital  stock 

3d  cause  shown  after  a  hearing.  to  pay  an  annual  tax  of  one  half  of  one  per  cent,  on 

lection  law  was  passed,  requiring,  the  amount  of  ti^eir  deposits  not  otherwise  taxed  or 

T  things,  the  closing  of  the  polls  at  exempt.  .       ,        ,    .       ^  ,     „       _ 

personal  registratioD  in  iTewark  ^^^^SS^^'SllltVlSTc^  1^ ''""  ^"^""^  ""' 

City.     The  welfare  of  convicts  is  DeclaiTnc  that  if  anv  person  in  possession  of  a  build- 

r  by  an  act  requiring  persons  under  ing  or  buildings,  anil  not  the  owner  thereof,  shall 

rs  of  age,  confined  in  county  insti-  bum  or  cause  to  be  burned,  or  aid,  counsel,  or  procure 

>e  kept  separate  from  older  prison-  Jhe  burning  of  such  buildings,  ^hereb^  a  dwcUing- 

,««,  ^*  ttiKAnn  „,««   «..*^../^^«i'«fA/i  house  if»  burned,  such  person  shall  be  gmlty  of  arson. 

3um  of  $15,000  was  appropriated  providing  tiiat  tanj^Re  personal  property  used  in 

!tion  of  a  monument  at  the  rnnce-  any  business  shall  be  taxed  at  the  place  where  such 

ground,  provided  an  equal  sum  be  business  is  carried  on,  shipping  excepted. 


\ 


596 


NEW  JERSEY. 


Empowering  aflsigneeB  to  sell  land  of  their  insolvent 
assij^nor  at  private  sale,  on  obtaining  leave  of  the 
court. 

To  enable  the  boards  of  commissionn  and  improve- 
ment oommissionH  in  towns  and  villages,  or  within 
townships,  to  employ  polioe. 

Permitting  registered  physicians  to  practice  in  any 
part  of  the  state. 

ProvidinflT  for  the  election  of  an  assessor,  collector, 
and  commissioners  of  appeals  at  each  annual  borough 
election. 

Proving  for  the  support  of  certain  indigent  and 
feeble-minded  women  m  suitable  homes  selectea  by 
the  Governor. 

Authorizing  the  issue  of  bonds  for  building  public 
bridges  in  counties. 

Enabling  counties  to  aoquire  and  improve  lands  for 
public  parKs, 

To  provide  for  vacating  dedicated  streets,  roads, 
and  alleys. 

Regulating  the  procedure  in  selling  lands  for  unpiud 
taxes  or  assessments. 

Providing  for  the  extension  of  borou«rh  boundaries. 

Punishing  the  sale  or  circulation  of  obsoene  papers, 
books,  or  periodicals,  or  those  having  indecent  pict- 
ures therein,  or  three  or  more  pictures  purporting  to 
Illustrate  criminal  act^. 

Declaring  bicycles  and  tricycles  to  be  carriages,  and 
regulating  their  use  on  public  ways. 

To  provide  for  the  preservation  and  protection  of 
State  Doundary  marks  and  monuments. 

To  prevent  the  shooting,  trapping,  or  hunting  of 
Englisn  hare  for  three  years. 

Authorizing  any  city,  town,  or  borough  to  establish 
and  maintain  a  fire  department. 

To  provide  for  the  temporary  custody  of  dangerous 
lunatics. 

Oivine;  dyers  a  lien  upon  goods  dved  by  them. 

Proivding  for  armories  in  cities  of  the  first  and  sec- 
ond class. 

Providing  for  the  retirement  and  pensioning  of 
firemen. 

To  establish  standard  packages  for  cranberries. 

Making  valid  instruments  in  which  a  scroll  or  ink 
or  other  device  is  used  instead  of  a  seal. 

Providing  for  the  appointment  by  the  Legislature 
of  commissioners  of  juries  for  each  county. 

Providing  for  descriptive  indexes  of  land-records  in 
counties  havintr  over  200,000  inhabitants. 

Begulating  the  consolidation  of  any  city  with  another 
city^  or  with  a  borough,  town,  or  township,  or  any 
portion  thereof. 

To  prevent  persons  from  unlawfully  wearing  the 
insignia  of  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of 
the  United  States. 

To  provide  for  the  support  of  the  New  Jersey  School 
for  Deaf  Mutes. 

To  prevent  adulteration  of  vinegar  and  deception  in 
its  sale,  and  providing  for  the  appointment  of  inspect- 
ors of  vinegar. 

Authorizing  any  municipal  corporation  to  contract 
for  a  supply  of  water,  or  for  a  further  or  other  supply 
of  water  therefor. 

Dividing  the  counties  of  the  State  into  sections, 
known  as  game-sections,  and  fixing  the  time  for  shoot- 
ing certain  game  birds  and  animals  therein. 

Appropriating  $2,000  for  stocking  the  waters  of  the 
State  with  food-fishes. 

Authorizing  the  board  of  chosen  freeholders  of  any 
county,  upon  the  approval  of  the  electors  thereof,  to 
lay  out,  construct,  and  maintain  a  public  road  therein. 

Requiring  savings-banks  to  report  and  publish  lists 
of  unclaim^  deposits. 

Authorizing  cities  to  construct  public  docks  and 
piers,  and  to  purchase  necessary  land  under  and  near 
thereto. 

Providing  for  the  incorporation  of  library  asso- 
ciations. 

To  provide  for  the  construction  of  a  State  labora- 
tory for  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 


To  encourage  the  formation  of  assodationitoT^ 
improvement  of  public  grounds  in  any  city,  tf^ 
township^  in  borough  in  the  State.  • 

Providing  for  the  formation  and  goveraD^^^ 
towns. 

Enabling  cities  to  pay  past  due  improvoo^sas^^ 
tificates  out  of  their  general  funds. 

Authorizing  the  appointment  of  a  comml 
locate  and  mark  out  the  boundary  between  t 
and  New  York,  in  Hudson  River,  New  Yo 
Kill  von  Kull,  and    Arthur  Kill  or 
Sounds. 

Consolidating  with  the  city  of  Trenton  the 
of  Chambersburg  and  the  township  of  Mil" 


Total  revenae 

Balance  on  hand  Oct  81, 1887. 


fliiMMfl. — Of  the  bonded  State  debt, 
of  $100,000  becomes  due  and  payable 
OD  January  1  of  each  year,  but  the 
of  the  debt  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  ^ 
81  was  but  $98,000,  as  $2,000  of  hondi 
ing  dne  were  not  presented  for  red( 
The  total  bonded  debt  on  the  latter  < 
$1,298,800.  The  total  receipts  of  the  ^^ 
fund  for  the  last  fiscal  year  were  l^^^^^l^^ 
and  the  payments  $179,635.67.  Thef^^^S 
on  October  81  amounted  to  $645,385  ^Sd  ^ 
revenue  and  expenses  of  the  State  ^^::^rgeoeni  i 
purposes  for  the  fiscal  year  were  as  fallow:     I 

RECEIPTS. 

state  tax  on  railroad  oorporatloDB ^Sf  2 

Tax  on  miacellaneoiiB  O(uporations ^?Siig 

State  Prison  receipts loSi 

From  other  souroes -  •  _^^^- 

-••  «s,»« 

XXPENDrrURSS.  jj 

On  account  of  pnblio  debt --    ^mn 

Charitable  and  reformatory  institutions -'     Z^Mii 

Courts,  State  Prison,  etc -  -     J^fi 

State  ( Joyernment,  including  Legislature -     T^Z  "i 

Mllitaiy -  •     "rfi 

Printing  laws,  etc.,  in  newspapem •      i;£; « 

Printing  and  binding  reports,  etc -      ,v2?2 

Blind,  Deaf-Mute  School,  feeble-minded ^£  f 

Scientific,  sanitary,  etc J*-^  * 

Miscellaneous O*"* 

Total  disbursementa *W<»;2 

Balance  on  Oct  81, 1S88 $!«;»<•• 

During  the  year,  in  order  to  meet  iirg«»^ 
demands,  the  Treasurer  was  obliged  too^^Uin^ 
temporary  loan  of  $150,000,  so  that  theacti* 
cash  in  the  treasury  on  October  81  was  $HV 
940.48.    It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  sis^^ 
ment  that  the  expeuses  of  the  year  exeeeM 
the  actual  income,  exclusive  of  the  balance  0& 
hand  at  the  beginning,  by  nearly  $200,000,  ao^ 
in  consequence  the  balance  of  $208,429.43  ev 
isting  on  Oct.  81,  1887,  was  nearly  wiped  oo^ 
In  addition,  there  remained  unpaid  on  Oct  81. 
1888,  of  appropriations  already  made,  whieb 
are  a  charge  on  the  general  receipts,  $352,- 
776.16.    Before  the  end  of  December  the  de- 
mands upon  the  treasury  were  snch  that  a  sec- 
ond temporary  loan,  of  $100,000,  was  necee- 
sary.     The  estimated  receipts  for  1889  are 
$1,478,161,  and  the  estimated  expenses  for  or- 
dinary purposes  $1,250,000,  leaving  a  balance 
of  $228,161,  to  apply  to  the  temporary  indebt- 
edness of  $250,000.    This  estimate  omits  ex- 
traordinary expenses,  which  may  be  iDcarred 


NEW  JERSEY.  697 

re  of  1889,  and  which  will  mar  The  Legislature  at  its  session  this  year  ap- 

he  amount  applicable  to  pay-  propriated  $10,000  to  the  establishment  of  a 

nporarj  debt.    The  Governor  home  for  feeble-minded  women,  with  an  addi- 

sage,  in  January,  1889 :  *'  The  tional  $2,000  for  its  maintenance.    The  man- 

le  State  Capitol  and  the  add!-  agers  purchased  a  property  in  Vineland,  and 

iton  asylum  have  made  imper-  report  that  they  require  additional  accommo- 

apon  the  treasury  during  the  datlon. 

nd  the  amounts  paid  for  these  There  were  under  instruction  at  the  School 
11  as  the  appropriations  and  for  Deaf  Mutes  during  the  year  117  pupils, 
le  Soldiers'  Home,  Gettysburg  with  an  average  daily  attendance  of  96.  The 
form  and  Industrial  School,  amount  expended  in  the  maintenance  of  the 
le- Minded  Women,  and  State  school  has  been  for  the  fiscal  year  $26,162;  for 
ments,  all  extraordinary  ex-  improvements  and  repairs,  $5,000.  This  school 
not  only  exhausted  the  annual  is  in  that  part  of  the  city  of  Trenton  which 
ose  years,  but  some  of  the  an-  was  formerly  Ohambersburg,  and  consists  of  a 
9  of  the  next."  large  building  which  was  erected  for  other 
e  amount  raif^ed  by  State  tax  purposes,  and  is  not  especially  well  adapted  to 
d  to  the  public  schools  during  the  use  of  this  institution. 
,870,055,  to  which  was  added  The  blind  children  who  are  supported  at 
inual  appropriation  from  the  the  expense  of  the  State  are  placed  in  institu- 
ting an  increase  of  $418,895  of  tions  in  the  city  of  New  York  and  Philadel- 
)6eof  the  preceding  year.    The  phia,  81  being  in  New  York  and  8  in  Phila- 

law  of  last  winter,  raising  the  del  phia.    The  amount  paid  during  the  year  for 

from  four  to  five  dollars  to  each  the  former  was  $8,704.78 ;  for  the  latter,  $2,- 

]  satisfactory.    The  amount  of  410.88. 

-tax  ordered  to  be  raised  was  There  have  been  108  feeble-minded  chil- 
e  amount  received  from  the  dren  provided  for  by  the  State  during  the 
lurplus  revenue  fund  was  $82,-  year,  82  of  these  being  at  the  Pennsylvania 
lount  of  district  and  city  tax  Training-School  for  Feeble-minded  Children  at 
laries  was  $474,298.45.  The  Elwyn;  5  at  the  Connecticut  Institution  for 
ivoted  during  the  year  to  the  Imbeciles,  and  21  at  the  Educational  Home  for 
the  schools  was  $2,525,424.95.  Feeble-minded  Children  at  Vineland,  N.  J. 
is  amount  $590,016.46  was  or-  The  amount  expended  for  the  maintenance  and 
sed  for  building  and  repairing  support  of  these  children  was  $24,821.87. 
The  school  accommodation  has  By  the  report  of  the  managers  of  the  Sol- 
and  the  buildings  improved ;  diers'  Home,  it  appears  that  there  were  867  in- 
lew  school-houses  erected  and  mates  on  Oct.  81,  1888.  There  were  admitted 
*emodeled.  The  total  value  of  during  the  year,  266;  discharged,  190;  ex- 
erty  in  the  State  is  $7,837,706,  pelled,  11 ;  died,  26.  The  average  number  of 
151,500  during  the  year.  Nine  inmates  was  849  per  day.  Since  the  home 
s  have  established  libraries,  was  opened  there  have  been  15,818  inmates 
the  close  of  the  school  year  cared  for  by  the  institution.  The  total  receipts 
)ols,  employing  4,121  teachers,  for  the  year,  including  the  balance  on  hand 
ction  to  887.847  pupils.  There  Oct.  81,  1887,  was  $87,769.58.  The  expenses 
endance  at  the  Normal  School  for  the  same  time  were  $86,887.78.  The  bal- 
>ol  year  ending  in  1888,  241  ance  on  hand  Oct.  81,  1888,  $981.85. 
rage  attendance  was  189.  The  The  commissioners  appointed  to  erect  a  suit- 
ed from  the  advance  course,  able  home  for  the  disabled  soldiers,  report  that 
graduated  from  the  elementary  their  work  has  been  substantially  completed, 
d  graduates,  85.  The  whole  and  that  in  October  the  inmates  of  the  old 
ndance  at  the  Model  School  home  were  removed  to  their  new  quarters. 

was  471,  and  the  average  at-  Prisoiis. — There  were  in  confinement  at  the 

P'aduates,  18.    The  attendance  State  Prison  on  Oct.  81,  1888,  881  prisoners. 

School,  Beverly,  amounted  to  The  total  number  during  the  year  was  1,805, 

e  attendance,  129.  and  the  daily  average  874,  of  whom  835  were 

e  number  of  patients  under  males  and  39  females.    There  was  expended 

Trenton  Insane  Asylum  dur-  for  maintenance  the  sum  of  $67,000.76,  and 

I  905,  and  there  remained  there  the  total  expenditures  were  $151,048.81,  a  per 

r61.    The  total  amount  of  re-  capita  cost  of  47-i%  cents  per  diem  and  $172.82 

;  balance  on  hand,  Oct.  81,  per  annum.    The  earnings  for  the  year  were 

108.29.    The  amount  disbursed  $67,287.18. 

At  the  Morristown  asylum  Concerning  prison  labor  the  Governor  says : 

1  patients,  of  whom  904  re-  "The  contracts  made  to  put  the  piece-price 

81,  772  being  public,  and  131  system  in  operation  will  expire  during  the  year 

ceipts  for  the  year  were  $241,-  1889.     The  supervisor  reports  that,  in  his  opin- 

3xpenditures,  $229,764.08.  ion,  the  trial  of  the  system  has  not  been  en- 


M 


598  1!^W  JERSEY. 

oonragiDg.    I  can  not  but  think  that  these  con-    bracing  over  thirtj-five  oorporationa,  wUt^ 

tracts  were  made  ander  disadvantageoas  cir-  has  contested  ever/  point  from  the  constits- 

cnmstances.    It  is  difficult  to  understand  why,  tionality  of  the  law  to  the  minutest  et^neot 
under  a  system  which  throws  the  whole  risk    which  constitutes  valuation,  has  entirelj  dii- 

on  the  State  and  none  on  the  contractor,  con-  appeared  during  the  past  year,  and  that  tbi 

tracts  less  advantageous  to  the  State  were  se-  representatives  of  the  various  railroad  oomps- 

cured  than  under  a  system  which  reverses  the  nies  now  manifest  a  desire  to  assist  in  the  vd- 

conditions  and  the  liabilities  of  loss,  and  throws  nous  labor  of  settling  up  the  arrears  of  taxi- 

the  risk  upon  the  contractor/^  tion,  as  well  as  aiding  the  Board  of  Asaemn 

At  the  State  Reform  School  the  whole  num-  in  arriving  at  proper  results  in  its  valuatko. 

her  of  persons  con6ned  daring  the  year  was  Of  the  State  tax  payable  in  1888,  nearly  97  per 

424.      There  remained,   Oct  81,   1888,   298.  cent,  has  been  collected,  and  of  the  State  Ui 

There  were  received  daring  the  .year,  on  ao-  payable  in  1887,  nearly  95  per  cent,  has  beei 

count  of  maintenance,  $42,817.24   from  the  received. 

State;  from  the  farm  and  other  works,  $7,-  1kM9m» — ^The  local-option  and  high-lieeiM 

028.60,  which,  with  a  balance  on  account  Oct.  act  of  the  Legislature  this  year  was  speedilj 

81«  1887,  of  $2,088.87,  in  all  amounting  to  brought  before  the  State  Court  of  Errors  and 

$51,488.20    received,    is    chargeable    to    the  Appeals  in  order  to  test  the  constitutioDality 

maintenance  account  during  the  fiscal  year,  of  its   provisions.     In    the    two   test  casa 

The  amount  of  expenditures  and  expenses  dur-  brought  before  it,  the  court  rendered  a  dects- 

ing  the  same  period  was  $50,664.49,  leaving  a  ion  about  August  1,  by  which  the  high-Iieeose 

balance  on  hand,  Oct  81,  1888,  of  $828.72.  features  of  the  act  were  unanimously  bostaine^ 

The  State  Industrial  School  for  Girls  had,  at  and  the  local-option  portion  upheld  by  a  nu- 

the  close  of  the  fiscal  year,  76  girls  under  its  jority  of  the  court,  eight  judges  being  in  faror 

charge,  an  increase  of  9  over  the  number  one  of,  and  seven  against  its  oonstitutionaiitj. 

year  previous.    Of  these,  26  are  out  at  service  PeUtlcaL — On  May  9  a  Republican  State  Goo* 

and  50  at  the  home.     As  this  institution  was  vention  was  held  at  Trenton  for  the  seleetiog 

intended  to  provide  for  only  thirty-five  girls,  of  delegates  to  the  National  Con  vention  of  tia 

an  enlargement  of  its  buildings  is  needed.  party.     A  platform  was   adopted,  of  wbieb 

The  Governor,  in  his  message,  strongly  urges  only  the  following  portion  refers  directlj  to 

the  need  of  a  State  reformatory  to  secure  the  State  questions : 

separation  of  young  offenders  from  the  class  of  We  favor  ijrotection  to  the  homes  of  the  people  Ijt 

old  and  hardened  criminals.    The  Legislature  the  due  restriction  of  vice  and  intemperance,  asd  ^ 

of  1888  made  a  step  forward  in  prison  man-  congratulate  the  Legislature  of  this  State  on  tlwir  hoa- 

agement  by  enacting  a  law  requiring  those  in  ^^,  *^"f 'v»°<^  courageous  efforts  to  restrain  ^ 

charge  of  the  jaUs^  keep  all  persons  under  "^^^'^  ""^'^^  hquor-traffic,  and  mdorse  their  actm 

the  age  of  sixteen,  who  are  sent  to  such  jails  On  the  following  day  a  Democratic  Conreo- 

for  any  purpose  whatever,  separate  and  apart,  tion  for  the  same  purpose  was  held  at  the  same 

so  that  no  commanication  can  take  place  be-  place.    The  platform  adopted  contains  the  fol- 

tween  them  and  other  persons  above  such  age ;  lowing : 

but  reports  at  the  close  of  the  year  showed  The  partv  confidently  directs  tho  attention  of  tbe 

that  in  only  two  counties  had  the  law  been  people  of  tibe  State  to  the  administration  of  Slate  «f- 

fully  complied  with,  while  four  counties  had  r">yP*'!®™j'^^™^'^-.L^r^.^S''^'*'''?^S: 

A,«4^:.^i«.  aL^^^^^a^a  u  tion  devised  and  inau^rated  by  his  Democratic pwd«- 

entirely  disregarded  it.              ^    ,_     ^  cessor  has  been  placed  upon  a  firm  foundatioi  twi 

HUltia* — From  the  report  of  the  Inspector-  driven  the  authority  of  Executive  and  judidalappronl; 
General  of  the  last  annual  master  and  inspeo-  the  dimiity  of  the  Executive  has  been  sealooslyiie- 
tion,  the  strength  of  the  National  Guard  is  feuded  against  tho  most  bitter  and  dangerous  en- 
shown  to  be  316  commissioned  officers  and  c'^chmente ;.  the  Qualified  power  of  the  veto  b^ 
omn  r  i.  J  \,  !^i  r  i^r^e  T^^  exercised  against  legmlation,  which,  in  its  cxtriT*- 
8,719  enlisted  men,  a  total  or  4,035.  Two  new  ^nce,  attacked  alike  economical  government  and  th* 
companies  have  been  added,  the  force  now  inherent  and  constitutional  ri^^hts  of  the  p^>ple. 
consisting  of  65  companies  of  infantry  and  2  It  denounces  as  subversive  of  the  principle  of  osr 
Gatling-gun  companies.     Negotiations  to  se-  repre^ntotive  government  the  cauca^  Icidslan^^ 

«r.»«  «  4.-««*  ^f  1 .«  1  «♦  a««  ?>:««.    \t ^««.i  ticed  by  the  BCepubhcan  Lemslnture  at  It"  last  aessioa. 

cure  a  tract  of  land  at  Sea  Girt,  Monmouth  ^y  whibh  the  votes  of  the  Republican  membere  of  each 

County,  for  the  use  of  the  nulitia  have  not  yet  House  were  massed,  directed,  and  controlled  by  the 

met  with  success.  decision  of  a  secret  onucus.  for  or  against  lawo  of  j^ 

Riparian   CtmalBBlMers.— The   grants,    leases,  ©ral  "nport  upon  which  the  individual  jud^nt  and 

and  leases  oonverU^  into  grants  during  the  "rrS  Bt^^gSSS'o'/ J^ill^A'?^^ 

year,  amount  to  $104,479.89.    The  rentals  paid  inc:  evil  of  combined  corporate  power,  and  thaUhtO 

to  the  State  during  the  past  year  on  leaf^es  make  it  unlawful  to  maintain  an  armed  band  or  drilled 

heretofore  made  by  legislative  acts  and  by  the  and  uniformed  army  in  private  hands  for  hire  as » 

commissioners   amount   to    $59,754.48.      The  menace  to  the  people. 

amount,  which  represents  the  principal  for  On  September  27  another  Democratic  Con- 
land  disposed  of  by  grants  or  leases  from  April  vention  was  held  to  nominate  presidential  elcct- 
4,  1884,  to  Oct.  81,  1888,  is  $8,182,847.66.  ors,  and  on  October  4  the  Repoblicans  in  con- 

RaUraad  TixatlM. — The  Attorney-General  re-  vention  nominated   their  candidates  for  the 

ports  that  the  formidable   combination,  em-  same  office.    Similar  conventiona  of  the  Pro- 


NEW  JERUSALEM  CHURCH.  699 

3  partj  were  also  held.    There  was  no  langerich  fnnd,  $86,696 ;  fand  for  photo-litho- 

i  election  for  State  officers  this  year,  but  graphing    Swedenborg^s  manuscripts,   $2,400 

nbers  of  the  State  Senate  and  all  mem-  subscribed,  $191  paid.    The  committee  of  this 

*  the  Lower  House  of  tbe  Legislature  fund  was  authorized  by  the  Convention  to  make 

tiosen.    The  Democratic  National  ticket  arrangements  for  the  publication  of  the  manu- 

xsesaful  at  the  November  election.   Four  scripts  as  soon  as  the  amount  raised  io  the 

six  State  Senators  elected  were  Demo-  United  States  and  in  England  for  the  work 

there  will  consequently  be  10  Repab-  should  warrant  begiDning  it.    The  trustees  of 

md  11  Democrats  in  that  body  in  1889),  the  lungerich  fund  had  distributed  during  the 

e  Assembly  will  have  82  Democrats  to  year  5,508  copies  of  Swedenborg's  works,  mak- 

>ublicans,  giving  tbe  Democrats  a  ma-  ing  the  whole  number  of  copies  distributed  un- 

9f  5  on  joint  ballot.    In  the  Legislat-  der  this  fund  since  its  institution  88,816.    The 

1888  the  Republicans  had  a  majority  receipts  of.  the  Board  of  Home  and  Foreign 

m  joint  ballot.    For  members  of  Con-  Missions  had  been  $8,888,  and  its  expenditures 

iepublicans  were  elected  in  tbe  First,  $8,804.     It  expected  also  to  receive  a  legacy  of 

,  Fifth,  and  Sixth  Districts,  and  Demo-  $1,000.     Report  was  made  of  mission  work  in 

Q  the  Third,  Fourth,  and  Seventh,  the  Nova  Scotia,  Canada,  Southern  and  Western 

rats  gaining  a  member  in  the  Third  Dis-  States  and  Territories  of  the  United  States, 

Sweden,  Denmark,  Italy,  France,  and  Switzer- 
JEBSSALEH  CHURCH.  The  General  Con-  land.  The  Swiss  Union  of  the  New  Church 
1  of  this  body  is  composed  of  the  Canada  having  indicated  a  desire  to  be  received  into 
ition,  7  societies;  the  Illinois  Association,  the  Convention  as  an  association,  the  Cou- 
nties; the  Maine  Association,  6  societies;  vention  responded,  that  on  account  of  the  in- 
ryland  Association,  5  societies,  and  indi-  convenience  with  which  such  a  position  would 
members ;  the  Massachusetts  Associa-  be  attended  by  reason  of  distance,  it  seemed 
9  societies;  the  Michigan  Association,  better  that  the  Union  should  act  as  a  sister 
4es ;  tbe  Minnesota  Association,  2  socie-  body,  having  a  position  in  Switzerland  corre- 
ie  New  York  Association,  14  societies;  spending  with  that  of  the  Convention  in  Amer- 
io  Association,  12  societies;  the  Gen-  tea,  with  which  annual  messages  should  be  ex- 
nference  of  Penns}lvania,  12  societies;  changed,  *'to  be  conveyed  personally  when- 
e  societies ;  and  four  members  by  elec-  ever  it  can  be  done."  In  the  address  adopted 
The  list  of  ministers  of  the  General  Con-  by  the  General  Convention  to  the  General 

includes  the  names  of  8  '*  general  pas-  Conference  in  Great  Britain,  reference  is  made 

100  *^ pastors  and  ministers";   and  9  to  the  growing  strength  of  the  State  Associa- 

rized  candidates  and  preachers."    The  tions,  which  were  becoming  less  dependent 

-  of  members  is  not  given  in  the  reports,  upon  the  general  body.    With  some  of  them 

General  Convention  of  the  New  Jeru-  there  was  a  desire  for  more  latitude  in  the 

)burch  in  the  United  States  met  in  Bos-  choice  of  a  General  Pastor  and  in  the  rules  in 

iss.,  May  19.    The  Rev.  Chauncey  Giles  regard  to  his  continuance  in  office.    Thegener- 

d.    The  treasurer  gave  the  anK>unts  of  al  body  had  shown  a  willingness  to  leave  to  the 

>ital  investments  of  the  funds  of  the  State  associations  the  particular  arrangement 

1  Convention  as  follow:  Simpkins  fund,  and  classiOcation  of  their  ministers,  so  far  as 

) ;  Wales  fund,  $5,000 ;  Jenkins  f nnd,  their  rules  did  not  conflict  with  the  order  of 

;   Wilkins  fund,  $8,750  ;  White  fund,  the  general  body.    By  the  observance  of  this 

i  Richards  fund,  $1,000;  in  all,  $86,250.  principle  the  freedom  of  the  local  bodies  would 

ard  of  Publication  reported  that  the  col-  be  recognized,  and  the  general  order  of  the 

J  for  the  "  Fifty- Thousand-Dollar  fund  "  Church  at  the  same  time  preserved.    The  rela- 

amounted  to  $42,065,  $421  having  been  tion  between  the  organized  bodies  of  the  New 

during  the  year.    The  property  of  the  Church  and  those  ofother  churches  had  engaged 

ing  house  was  valued  at  $9,274.    The  the  attention  of  a  portion  of  the  New  Church 

business  showed  a  net  loss  of  $1,009.  people  in  the  United  States.   How  much,  if  any, 

ndowment    fund    of    the    Theological  affiliation  and  co-operation  could  or  ought  to 

was  returned    at  $81,870 ;    and  the  exist  could  not  well  be  determined  by  any 

amount  of  funds  the  income  of  which  formal  action ;   and  only  a  single  instance  of 

cable  to  the  support  of  the  institution  such  action — in  which  members  of  the  New 

»9,810.    Eight  students  for  the  ministry  Church  were  excluded  because  they  were  not 

ended  the  school  during  the  year.    The  regarded  as  orthodox — was  mentioned.     An 

of  instruction  inclades  Latin,  Greek,  address  was  received  from  the  Australian  Con. 

threw,  Swedenborgian  theology,  Church  ference. 

,  and  homiletics  and  pastoral  duties,  the  The  Brltlsli  Chireb. — The  whole  number  of 
r  pupils  beginning  with  the  "  Athana-  New  Church  societies  in  association  in  Great 
eed."  The  New  Church  Building  fund  Britain  was  reported  to  the  Conference  in  Au- 
:;ed  to  $1,269.  The  amounts  of  other  gust  to  be  70,  and  the  whole  number  of  mem- 
funds  and  legacies  were  returned  as  fol-  hers  5,920.  The  number  of  churches  had  in- 
Uce  legacy,  $8,519  ;  Rotch  legacy,  $24,-  creased  by  three,  and  the  number  of  members 
th  $8,507  invested  in  plates,  books,  etc. ;  by  200,  during  the  year. 


t 


600  NEW  MEXICO. 

r 

Tiie  British  Annual  Oonference  met  at  Ao-  land  pay  little  or  no  taxes  for  lai 

crington,  August  14.   About  120  delegates  were  definition.     Another  serions  sour 

present.     The  Rev.  Richard  Sterry  presided,  revenue  is  in  the  fact  that  7,000, 

Reports  were  received  from  the  Students*  and  taxable  lands  are  included    in    { 

Ministers  Aid  Committee,  of  New  Church  work  Mexican  grants,  patented  and  unc< 

on  the  Continent,  and  concerning  the  support  these  lands  were  assessed,  the  ta] 

of  ^*  Weak  Societies."  be  increased  by  several  million  do] 

The  seventy-eighth   annual  meeting  of  the  Pralteitlanr. — The  only  public  bn 

Swedenbor^ian  Society  was  held  in  London,  Territory,  besides  the  Capitol,  is  1 

June  12.    Mr.  Samuel  Teed  presided.    The  in-  tiary,  constructed  in  1884-^85.     ' 

come  for  the  year  had  been  £1,155.     Ttie  of  prisoners  confined  there  has 

report  of  the  committee  represented  that  2,854  creased  since  its  opening,  and  in  \ 

volumes  of  the  society's  publications  had  been  year  had  reached  114.     In  conseq 

delivered  during  the  year,  and  700  volumes  had  fects  in  its  construction  a  large 

bden  presented  to  free  libraries  and  other  in-  guards  are  needed,  thereby  increa 

stitutions  and  individuals.  of  its  maintenance. 

BTEW  MEXICO.     Territorial   GovemieBt— The  Railreads.— The    only    raUwaj 

following  were  the  Territorial  officers  during  during  the  year   was  the  Denv( 

the  year:  Governor,  Edmund  G.  Ross;  Secre-  Worth, about  eighty  miles  across  l 

tary,  George   W.   Lane ;    Treasurer,  Antonio  comer  of  the  Territory.    The  coi 

Ortiz  y  Sdazar;    Auditor,   Trinidad  Alarid;  this  line  has  been  the  means  of 

Attorney -General,    William    Breeden  ;    Com-  three  thriving  towns  in  eastern  C< 

missioner  of  Immigration,  Henry  C.  Burnett ;  — Folsom,  Clayton,  and  Texline. 

Chief- Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Elisha  of  this  line  makes  the  aggregate 

Van   Long;    Associate  tJustices,    William   H.  railway  in  operation  in    the  Tei 

Brinker,  William  F.  Henderson,  and  Reuben  miles,  182  of  which  is  narrow-gau 

A.  Reeves.  Stock-Raisliig. — This  industry  was 

Popilatlon* — As  estimated  by  the  Governor  perous  during  the  year  as  previou 

in  his  annual  report,  the  number  of  people  in  cattle  during  the  winter  and  low 

the  Territory  in  October  was  about  175,000,  tributing  to  this  condition.      As 

an  increase  of  10.000  or  12,000  during  the  low  prices,  the  appraisement  for 

year  preceding.     Fully  one  quarter  of  the  im-  reduced,   at    the    request  of    cal 

migration  has  been  to  the  southeast  portion  of  from  $12  to  $10  a  head  for  the  y< 

the  Territory,  and  largely  from  Texas.  though  the  assessment  rolls  for  \\ 

ilwuins. — At  the  convening  of  the  twenty-  increase  of  135,000  head  over  the  i 

seventh  Legislative  Assembly,  Dec.  27,  1887,  the  assessments  show  a  diminntioi 

the  funded  debt  of  the  Territory  was  $350,000,  000.    The  assessment  rolls  of  the 

and  the  amount  of  outstanding  warrants  or  of  the  Territory  show  1,750,000  f< 

floating  debt  $203,117.92,  making  a  total  of  1,500,000  for  1888,  a  loss  of  250 

$558,117.92.    Since  that  date  the  public  debt  corresponding  reduction  on  the  tii 

has  increased  to  $762,192.    The  face  value  of  being  uniformly  assessed  for  taxa 

warrants  issued  during   the  same  time   was  head  each  year. 

$512,162.72,  and  the  cash  receipts  of  the  Treas-  Mining. — The  gold-product  of  tl 

nrer  (general  fund)  $357,162.72,  leaving  a  defi-  was  greater  during  1888  than  in  s 

cit  of  $155,631.09.  year.     In  addition  to  the  old  mi 

In  1887  the  total  expenses  of  the  Territory  portant  gold  deposit  recently  disw 

were  $265,255.42,  of  which  the  expenses  for  ing  operated  at  Elizabethtown,  in 

courts  alone  amounted  to  $164,384.25.      In  ains  of  Colfax  County,  with  a  1 

1888  the  expenses,  up  to  Dec.  15,  1888,  were  another  valuable  lead    in    centn 

$247,538.39,  and  the  expenses  at  the  courts  County  is  developing  into  a  prod 

amounted  to  $156,042.64.  while  in   the  Jicarilla  mountains 

AssesBMentSt — The  rate  of  taxation  prescribed  County,  in  the  Organ  mountains  ii 

by  law  for  Territorial  revenue  is  one  half  of  Coanty,  and  other  portions  of  th 

1  per  cent,  for  ordinary  revenue,  one  fourth  gold  finds  have  been  numerous, 

of  1  per  cent,  for  county  revenue,  and  for  Iron-ore  has  lately  been  diseove 

school  purposes  three  mills  on  the  dollar.     The  quantities  in  the  Guadaloupe  and 

assessments  for  18:^8  show  an  aggregate  valua-  mountains,  in  Lincoln  County.     Il 

tion  of  taxable  property  of  $43,151,920.     Of  considerable  quantities  in  different 

this  amount  $15,370,900  is  on  live-stock,  $7,-  the  Territory;  but  this  latter  disci 

466,869  on   lands,  and   $6,858,350  on  houses  extensive.    The  total  mineral  pre 

and  improvements.      These  amounts  are  ex-  Territory  for  1886  is  estimated  at 

clasive  of  $300  exemption  to  each  property  and  for  1887  at  $4,220,234. 

owner,  of  poll-taxes,  and  of  a  specified  extent  An  indication  that  the  great  mil 

of  tree  culture.    The  proper  aggregate  of  taxa-  of  this  district  was  known  to  the 

tion  is  greatly  diminished  by  the  ineffective-  ish  colonists  is  the  discovery  wit 

ness  of  the  revenue  system.     Large  areas  of  few  years  of  fully  developed  silvei 


NEW  MEXICO.  NEW  YORK  (STATE).          601 

ctsj  hundred  feet  of  drifts,  tuDDels,  claimB  involving  from  twenty  to  forty  acres  that  have 

but  the  openings  of  which  had  SnttrTnttTp'^l^t'^a^iofi^X'T 

up  and  all  sarface  trace  of  them  penditure  in  costs  and  fees  of  more  than  the  value  of 

at  the  time  of  the  Pueblo  Indian  the  land,  thereby  virtually  working  a  confiscation 

itilon  two  hundred  years  ago,  when  the  thereof. 

^      residents   were    all    slaughtered    or  j^^  Republican  Territorial  Convention  met 

out  of  the  country  and  permitted  to  ^^  g^nta  F6,  on  M^  16,  to  elect  delegates  to 

several  years  later  only  on  condition  ^^^  Chicago  Convention,  and  adopted  a  long 

a?  '^'Pi®^  ^^r^'^  °u®''®'"  ^^"^  ^  worked,  geries  of  resolutions,  of  which  the  following 

c.?^i^^'®  have  been  rediscovered,  and  „^  ^^^  ^^^e  important: 

ox    them  are   being  redeveloped   with 

t.  We  earnestly  denounce  the  wholesale  and  unwar- 

aL^^TKa  r>aii»«v  »«;.«Aa  ««  ♦i^A  «».Ao4-A,»«  wv«,*  ranted  action  of  the  Administration  in  procuring  to 

•W-The  Gallup  mines,  in  the  western  part  ^  brought  hundreds  of  indictments  against  respecta- 

►^^Willo  County,  on  the  line  of  the  Atlan-  ble  and  honest  citizens  of  tins  Territory  for  alleffed 

ind  Pacific  Railroad,  are  the  most  extensive  violations  of  the  land  and  timber  laws,  and  assert  that 

l-mines  in  the  Territory.     These  mines  are  ^^ch  action  was  taken  for  political  purposes,  and  for 

posed  to  be  on  the  southern  point  of  a  the  obtaining  of  fees  by  ^e  different  court  ofllciaU 

r  j^^    •*.u4.i/i       •!          'ir               i,  and  tlie  smu-ching  for  political  effect  of  the  characters 

I  deposit  about  10  miles  wide  from  east  of  good  and  reputable  citizens. 

rest,  and  widening  northward  into  Colora-  That  we  denounce  the  administration  of  the  Gov- 

a  distance  of  200  miles.     The  output  for  ernor  of  this  Territory,  Edmund  G.  Boss,  appointed 

year  was  800,000  tons.     The  Monero  and  ^y  Pre»ident  Cleveland,  as  characterized  by  oomip- 

am/^  tn;n^  ;»  Tf\^  A,.-iY^a  n^r.nf»    ^Tx  ♦!»«,  tion,  imbecility,  and  a  total  disregard  ot  the  laws  of 

argo  mines,  m  Kio  Arnba  County,  on  the  ^^^  territory  of  New  Mexico. 

>rado  border  and  near  the  Denver  and  Rio  That,  it  being  the  plain  intent  of  the  act  of  Con- 
ode  Railroad,  also  produce  an  excellent  gress  creating  the  office  of  surveyor-general  to  submit 
ity  of  coal.  Excellent  bituminous  coal  is  the  inquiry  as  to  the  existence,  validity,  nature,  and 
found  in  Lincoln  County,  in  the  vicinity  extent  of  our  Mexican  land-titles  to  a  leanied.honw^^ 
rK;*«  n«t=  Ti»«  ««*«..♦  Jv*  ♦u^  Di^ooK.,.!  *"d  impartial  tribunal,  we  view  with  indignation  and 
hite  Oaks.  The  output  of  the  Blossburg  dig^u^^  the  action  of  the  President  in  forcing  upon 
«,  near  the  Colorado  border,  was  156,000  our  Territory  as  surveyor-general  such  an  embodi- 
and  of  the  San  Pedro  Coal  and  Coke  ment  of  stilted  vanity  and  mendacious  [partisanship 
pany  in  Socorro  County,  59,000  tons,  the  ^l  George  ^y.  Julian,  who,  coming  hither  in  the  guise 

r  rendered  into  14,000  tons  of  coke.    Coal  ^^  *  fair-minded  judge,  has  devoted  himself  to  the 

,          /  «v*  imnv  x^,x,v/v/ V  xxa  vi  vvrjxv.     ^2\*^»  vaudal  work  of  overtumiug  loug-scttlcd  titles  granted 

t)een  found  also  in  other  portions  of  the  by  Spain  and  Mexico,  fullv  rccoj^nized  by  those  Gov- 

itory.  emmcnts  and  guaranteed  by  the' treaty  of  Guadalupe 

IgltiM* — The  Governor,  in  his  last  annual  Hidalgo,  and  in  this  criminal  work  of  destruction  has 

rt,  says  it  has  become  evident  that  the  prostituted  mi  oflBce  judicial  in  nature  to  personal  and 

mt  system  of  independent  ditching  must  ^Thatwr  condemn  the  action  of  Gov.  Ross  in  the 

)anaoned,  and  that  in  its  stead  the  State  exercise  of  the  pardoning  power,  by  which  he  has 

assume  jurisdiction  of  the  water-supply  released  from  the  Territorial  Penitentiary  large  num- 

its  distribution  by  a  carefully  devised  and  hers  of  the  most  atrocious  criminals,  who  had  been 

Jted  system  that  shall  economize  the  wa-  convicted  at  great  expense. 

apply  and  guarantee  equal  rights  in  it.  Early  in  July  the  Prohibitionists  placed  in 
DtlcaUt — On  May  7  a  Democratic  Territorial  nomination  J.  C.  Tiffany  as  delegate  to  Con- 
tention met  at  Santa  F6  and  nominated  gress,  and,  a  few  weeks  later,  a  Republican 
?«te8  to  the  National  Convention.  The  convention  nominated  M.  S.  Otero  for  the 
brm  adopted  at  that  time,  after  approving  Bame  oflBce.  The  Democrats  renominated 
le  administration  of  President  Cleveland,  Delegate  Joseph.  At  the  November  election 
inues  as  follows ;  Joseph  received  17,526  votes,  and  Otero  15,775. 
8t  we  approve  of  that  portion  of  the  Democratic  But  the  Republicans  elected  a  majority  of  the 
>rm  which  promised  that  Territorial  offices  should  Legislature  for  1889,  which  will  stand:  Senate 

'''^.K^*^'^''-^'^i^*'5^f  **'^?'®"^,^"^'*?.'^  —Republicans,  6 ;  Democrats,  5;  House— Re- 
re  that  the  omy  method  of  securing  Democratic  ,,.*^         aa     t\\^        *     n 
.*B  is  by  a  fair,  honest,  and  manly  Tulflilment  of  Publicans,  14 ;  Democrats,  9. 
promise.  NEW  YORK  (STATE).    State  G«TeniMCiit.— The 
at  we  feel  that  no  prosperity  can  come  to  this  following  were  the  State  officers  during  the 
e  until  the  titift*  to  our  lands  are  finally  settled  year:    Governor,   David  B.   Hill,   Democrat; 

I'Sl'^ir  H«V"?1  fn^h^t^n^^^  Lieutcnant-Govemor,  Edward  F.Jones;  Sec- 

I  by  our  aele:;ate  tor  tnat  purpose,  and  most  re-  ^           t»c^^  ^     -m     j.ia^i     i      n\        Jn 

fbllv  request  all  of  our  friends  in  Congress  to  aid  retary  of  State,  Frederick  Cook ;  Comptroller, 

n  tfce  passage  thereof,  calling  to  their  attention  Edward    Wemple  ;    Treasurer,    Lawrence    J. 

ct  that  under  the  existing  laws,  which  have  now  Fitzgerald;     State    Engineer    and    Surveyor, 

In  force  for  forty  years,  not  one  twentieth  of  the  ^^^^  Bogart ;  Attorney-General,   Charles  F. 

^w^re^tS^dtTu^daSTe'dr^^  Tabor;  s|perintendeii/of  Public' Instruction, 

§,  the  greater  number  of  which,  though  small  Andrew  S.  Draper ;   Superintendent  of  Tris- 

isignificant  as  to  the  quantity  of  land  claimed,  ons,  Austin  Lathrop  ;    Superintendent  of  In- 

tute  the  homesteads  of  fully  10,000  of  our  peo-  gurance  Department,  Robert  A.  Maxwell ;  Su- 

2J,^b.e°v:fc"^lror?runt'a'Sf  Permtendent  of  Bank  Department,  Willis  8. 

nure  of  title  which  has  during  all  of  this  time  Pa^^e  ;     Superintendent    of    Public    Works, 

upon  it,  and  that  there  is  a  multitude  of  small  James  Shanahan ;   Chief-Judge  of  the  Court 


602  NEW  YORK  (STATE). 

of  Appeals,    William    0.    Roger;    Assooiate  registered,  every  female  voter  shall  describe 

Judges,  Charles  Andrews,  Robert  Earl,  George  the   property  which  she  leases  for  buanoL 

F.  Danforth,  Raf  as  W.  Feckham,  Francis  M.  The  Governor  vetoed  a  bill  to  amend  the  ad 

Finch,  and  John  Olinton  Gray.    Judge  Gray  of  1887  so  as  to  give  half-holidays  during  oalj 

was  appointed  by  the  Governor  on  January  June,  July,  August,  and  September. 

22  to  ml  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  A  law  was  passed  providing  that,*  instetdof 

Jud;^e   Rapallo   in    1887   until   his   successor  taking  fees  variously  estimated  at  from  $50,000 

should  be  elected.  to  $100,000,  the  health  officer  of  the  portof 

LeglslitiTe  Session* — Laws  were  passed  amend-  New  York  should  hereafter  give  the  feei  to 

ing  tlie  Revised  Statutes  so  that  inventories  the  State,  and  receive  a  salary  of  $10,000.  The 

shall  be  filed  more  accurately ;  authori^ng  a  Governor  vetoed  a  bill  providing  that  qasran- 

compromise  by  executors  and  administrators  tine  commissioners  should  be  elected  by  a  joist 

of  debts  due  their  testators  relative  to  the  sale  ballot  of  the  two  Houses  of  the  LegiaUtore, 

of  doubtful  claims ;  extending  the  time  for  the  instead  of  being  nominated  by  the  GoverDor 

payment  of  capital  stock  in  certain  corpora-  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate,  as  at  present 

tions;  providing  that  in  making  assignments  A  concurrent  resolution   for  amending  Hat 

the  nature  and  place  of  business  shall  be  stat-  Constitution  was  passed,  and,  having  ptned  t 

ed;    providing  that  dealers   in  grave-stones  previous  Legislature,  will  now  be  submitted  (o 

shall  have  a  lien  upon  the  property ;  exempt-  the  people,  which  provides  that  the  Govenor 

ing  railroad  equipment  or  rolling-stock,  sold,  shall  select  seven  justices  of  the  Supreme  Govt 

leased,  or  loaned  under  a  contract,  from  the  to  act  as  associate  juetices,  and  to  form  a  se^ 

law  requiring  the  filing  of  contracts  for  the  ond  division  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  for  tb« 

conditional  sale  of  personal  property  on  credit,  relief  of  the  latter.    Another  concurrent  re»>- 

The  Legislature  made  scant  appropriations  for  lution  was  passed  (but  must  pass  another  Legi^ 

the  State  prisons,  which  will  probably  result  in  lature  before  it  is  submitted  to  the  peopH 

keeping  the  prisoners  in  idleness  for  a  part  of  which  prohibits  the  manufacture  and  sale  of 

the  year.     A  law  was  passed  providing  that,  intoxicating  liquors  as  beverages.    A  biU  vtf 

whenever  it  can  be  so  arranged,  the  sentences  introduced  (but  not  passed)  providing  for  i 

of  convicts  shall  expire  during  the  summer  convention  to  revise  and  amend  the  GonstitB- 

months.    Several  bills  were  introduced  as  the  tion  of  the  State.    It  was  similar  to  the  bill 

result  of  an  investigation  by  the  Senate  Com-  vetoed  by  the  Governor  the  year  before, 

mittee  on  General  Laws  into  the  working  of  A  law  was  passed  appointing  a  committee  of 

tho-^e  combinations  known  as  '*  trusts.*'    But  five  assemblymen  to  investigate  all  the  resem- 

none  of  these  bills  were  passed.  tions  within  the  State,  and  report  to  the  next 

The  Governor  vetoed  a  bill  for  th^  preven-  Legislature  what  should  be  done  in  regard  to 

tion  of  bribery  at  elections ;  also  a  bill,  based  civilizing  the  Indians.   Another  bill  was  pised 

upon  the  Australian   system,  providing  that  allowing  a  commissioner   to    investigate  tb« 

ballots  shall  be  printed  at  the  expense  of  the  claims  of  that  branch  of  the  Cayuga  Incto 

city  or  county;  that  voters  shall  have  separate  which  has  lived  in  Canada  since  the  wsr  of 

compartments  in  which  to  prepare  their  bal-  1812   because  it   fought  against   the  United 

lots ;  and  that  no  electioneering  shall  take  place  States  at  that  time.    The  Canadian  Cayagaf 

within  one  hundred  feet  of  the  polls.    The  fac-  claim  a  portion  of  the  annuity  that  is  paid  b/ 

tory-inspectors  were  required  to  see  that  the  the  State  to  the  nation, 

obligations  of  employers  to  their  apprentices  A  bill  was  passed  appropriating  $570,000  to 

are  enforced ;  and  mechanics^  hens  were  ex-  continue  the  work  of  lengthening  the  loeb 

tended  to  cover  gas  and  electric  fixtures.  and  improving  the  canals.    A  law  was  ptfM^ 

A  bill  passed  the  Senate,  but  was  adversely  providing  that  in  New  York,  Brooklyo,  ao^ 

reported  in  the  Assembly,  providing  that  every  Buffalo,  the  charges  for  elevating,  receifiuf. 

adult  citizen,  irrespective  of  sex,  shall  here-  weighing,  and  discharging  grain  shall  be  fi^t 

after  be  entitled  to  vote  at  any  municipal  elec-  eighths  of  one  cent  a  bushel.    The  former  rate. 

tion,  or  at  any  election  for  supervisor  or  excise  including  five  days^  storage,  was  three  fooitb* 

officers ;  and  that  no  poll-clerk  or  inspector  of  of  a  cent. 

election  shall  refuse  to  register  or  receive  the  A  bill  was  passed  appropriating  $143,260 

vote  of  any  adult  citizen  at  such  election  on  to  finish  the  State  Library  and  the  Law  Li- 

account  of  sex.     Another  bill  providing  that  brary,  and  to  remove  the  books,  the  work  to 

there  shall  be  no  discrimination  on  account  of  be  in  charge  of  the  Capitol  commissioner  sod 

sex  at  any  election  was  not  reported  from  the  three  of  the  ofiicers  of  the  Senate  and  Assen)* 

Senate  Committee.     A  third  bill,  killed  in  the  bly.     Another  bill  appropriates  $287,000  to 

Committeeofrhe  Assembly,  provided  that  at  all  repair  the  Assembly  staircase,  and  to  repJ«« 

municipal  elections,  for  five  years  and  no  long-  the  stone  ceiling  of  the  Assembly  Chmnber 

er,  all  females  who  pay  taxes  on  property,  or  with  a  ceiling  of  wood,  the  work  to  be  iti 

lease  a  whole  building  or  premises  in  which  charge  of  a  committee  composed  of  the  spesl^^^ 

they  reside  or  carry  on  business,  may  vote  for  and  four  members  of  the  Assembly  whom  b* 

municipal  officers;  and  that  at  elections  where  should  appoint;  $20,000  was  appropriated  to 

only  male  tax-payers  can  now  vote,  female  tax-  lay  out  the  park  in  ^ont  of  the  Capitol, 

payers  can  vote  under  the  act ;  and  that,  if  Laws  were  enacted  amending  former  acts 


h 


Sr" 


."^ 


*ir 


NEW  YORK  (STATE).  •     603 

to  facilitate  the  formation  of  a?ricnltural  and  required  for  use  therein,  shall  be  fnmished  to 
horticultural  societies ;  amending  the  acts  re-  the  several  institations,  supported  in  whole  or 
lating  to  contagious  diseases  among  animals ;  in  part  by  the  State,  for  the  use  of  their  in- 
incorporating  the  Western  New  York  Horti-  mates,  upon  the  requisitions  of  the  trustees  or 
cultural  Society;  authorizing  the  State  Agri-  managers  thereof  upon  the  Superintendent  of 
cultural  Society  to  borrow  money  for  the  erec-  State  Prisons,  and  no  article  so  manufactured 
tion  of  new  buildings;  for  the  destruction,  at  shall  be  purchased  for  the  use  of  such  inmates 
the  expense  of  the  State,  of  animals  afflicted  unless  the  same  can  not  be  furnished  upon 
with  glanders;  appropriating  $2,500  to  extend  such  requisitions.  The  Comptroller,  the  Su- 
dairy  knowledge  throughout  the  State;  allow-  perintendent  of  State  Prisons,  and  the  Presi- 
ing  the  State  dairy  commissioner  to  appoint  dent  of  the  State  Board  of  Charities  shall 
five  extra  bntter-and-cheese-makers  to  inspect  constitute  a  board  whose  duties  shall  be  to 
batter  and  cheese  throughout  the  State.  determine  the  price  at  which  all  articles  manu- 

A  bill  was  passed  which  substitutes  electric-  factured  in  such  penal  institutions,  and  fur- 

itj  for  hanging,  to  take  effect  in  the  execution  nished  for  use  in  the  several  institutions  of  the 

of  sentences  for  crimes  committed  after  Jan.  1,  State,  shall  be  so  furnished,  which  price  shall 

1889.  be  uniform  to  all  institutions ;  the  comptroller 

It  was  provided  that  the  thin  paper  used  shall  devise  and  furnish  to  the  several  institu- 

on  type-writers  shall  hereafter  be  classed  as  tions  a  proper  form  for  such  requisitions,  and 

legal  paper.  also  a  proper  system  of  accounts  to  be  kept 

The  following  became  laws :  For  the  incor-  for  all  such  transactions.  All  moneys  received 
poration  of  societies  for  providing  play-grounds  for  such  articles  so  furnished  upon  requisition 
for  children;  providing  for  police  matrons  in  shall  be  paid  into  the  treasury,  as  now  re- 
cities  of  the  State,  who  shall  serve  in  places  of  quired  by  law  in  case  of  sales  of  the  products 
ietention,  no  more  than  two  to  be  appointed  of  State  prisons.  There  was  appropriated 
in  any  city;  permitting  the  burial  without  a  $250,000  to  purchase  materials  and  to  carry 
soroner^s  inquest  of  persons  dying  suddenly  out  the  provisions  of  the  act.  The  Governor 
prithout  medical  attendance,  in  case  of  accident  signed  the  bill.  The  Governor  sent  in  a  mes- 
or  organic  diseases,  where  no  suspicion  of  foul  sage  advising  that  the  conspiracy  laws  of  the 
play  can  exist;  requiring  all  plumbers  in  Al-  State  be  so  amended  that  workingmen  might 
tMiDy  to  be  registered;  providing  schools  for  gather  for  peaceful  discussion  with  less  em- 
Dnrses;  providing  that  the  remains  of  persons  barrassment  than  at  present;  but  the  recom- 
iying  at  the  Quarantine  Hospital  in  New  York  mendation  was  not  acted  upon.  Another 
»hal]  be  cremated  unless  taken  away  by  rela-  message  by  the  Governor  called  attention  to 
tivea;  amending  the  act  to  protect  owners  of  alleged  irregularities  in  the  work  of  the  com- 
bottles  by  including  those  used  for  medical  mission  appointed  to  construct  the  new  aque- 
preparations,  perfumery,  etc.  Provision  was  dnct  for  New  York  city.  The  Legislature 
made  for  supplying  water  to  Albany,  Syracuse,  immediately  passed  a  bill  legislating  the  old 
Schenectady,  Watkins,  and  Little  Falls.  commissioners  out  of  office  and  making  the 

An  extra  session  was  held  on  July  17-20.  new  commissioners  the  Mayor,  the  Comptrol- 

Tbe  Governor  did  not  give  his  reasons  for  call-  ler,  and  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Works, 

ing  the  session,  as  had  been  the  custom  here-  together  with   four  citizens  (two  Democrats 

fcofore.     When  the  Legislature  convened,  his  and  two  Republicans),  to  be  appointed  by  the 

first  message  said  thet  the  convicts  in  the  State  Mayor.    The  Governor  signed  the  bill,  and  the 

prisons  were  in  idleness,   and  recommended  board  was  appointed. 

legislation  applying  to  all  State  institutions.  FbuuiMS. — The  State  debt  was  reduced  $601,- 
The  Legislature  passed  a  bill  the  main  points  650  during  the  year  by  the  payment  at  niatur- 
of  which  were  as  follow:  No  motive-power  ity  of  $100,000  Niagara  reservation  bonds;  by 
machinery  foV  manufacturing  shall  be  placed  the  purchase  and  cancellation  of  canal  stock, 
or  used  in  any  of  the  penal  institutions  of  the  forming  part  of  the  canal  debt,  to  the  amount 
State;  and  no  person  in  such  institutions  shall  of  $408,250;  and  by  the  redemption  of  canal 
be  required  or  allowed  to  work,  while  under  stock  that  matured  on  July  1, 1887,  amount- 
sentence  thereto,  at  any  trade  or  industry  ing  to  $98,400.  On  Sept.  80,  1888,  the  total 
where  his  labor,  or  the  production  or  profit  of  funded  debt  was  $6,965,854.87,  classified  as 
his  labor,  is  farmed  out,  contracted,  given,  or  follows:  Indian  annuities  (general  fund),  $122,- 
»old  to  any  person  or  persons  whomsoever;  694.87;  canal  debt,  $6,142,600;  Niagara  reser- 
the  Superintendent  of  State  Prisons,  and  all  vation  bonds,  $700,000;  canal  debt  sinking- 
other  officers  having  in  charge  the  manage-  fund,  $4,076,289.89.  Total  debt  unprovided 
cnent  of  the  penal  institutions  of  the  State,  for  but  not  yet  due,  $2,889,065.48.  The  latter 
ihall  hereafter  cause  to  be  manufactured  there-  sum  is  about  one  twelfth  of  1  per  cent,  of  the 
in,  by  the  inmates  thereof,  such  articles  only  valuation  of  the  State.  On  Sept.  80,  1887,  the 
IS  are  commonly  needed  and  used  in  the  pub-  total  debt  was  $7,567,004.87,  and  the  sinking- 
lie  institutions  of  this  State,  for  clothing  and  fund  $4,061,188.84,  leaving  as  the  net  debt 
>ther  necessary  supplies  of  such  institutions  $8,505,816.03.  The  increase  of  the  sinking- 
ind  the  inmates  thereof;  and  all  the  articles  fund  during  the  year  was  $15,100.55.  Yalu- 
manofactored  in  such  penal  institutions,  not  ing  investments  at  par,  the  capital  of  the  more 


604 


NEW  YORK  (STATE). 


important  trnst  fands  held  by  the  State  on 
Sept.  80,  1888,  was  as  follows : 


FUNDS. 

SworitlM. 

Money  faith* 
trmMnrj, 

ToiiL 

Common-school 

fVind      ,  ,  -  .  T  T  T  T 

18,957,176  69 

8,979,476  78 
280,000  00 

415,400  00 

$16,464  08 

87,748  98 
4,201  86 

59,009  12 

$8,978,640  77 

United   States   de- 
posit ttiad 

Literatnre  fund 

College  land-scrip 
ftmd 

4,017,220  n 
284,201  80 

474,409  12 

Total 

18,632,058  42 

$117,418  48 

$8,749,471  90 

The  capital  of  the  same  funds  on  Sept.  80, 
1887,  was:  Securities,  $8,498,045.49;  money 
in  treasury,  $208,445.23 ;  total,  $8,706,488.52. 

The  canal  debt  sinking-fund,  as  above  stated, 
contained  on  Sept.  80,  1888,  securities  and 
cash  to  the  amount  of  $4,076,289.89.  The 
total  amount,  therefore,  of  cash  and  secnrities 
held  by  the  Comptroller  for  the  principal  funds, 
Sept.  30,  1888,  was  $12,825,761.29. 

For  the  current  year  the  State  tax  is  $9,089,- 
803.8t>,  the  rate  being  two  and  sixty-two  one 
hundredths  mills,  and  the  valuation  $3,469,- 
199.945,  the  tax  to  be  devoted  as  follows: 
School  purposes,  $8,469,199.95;  canals,  in- 
cluding canal  debt,  $2,254,979.96;  general 
purposes,  $8,865,128.95.  The  direct  school- 
tax  for  the  last  fiscal  year  produced  $3,697, 
240.99.  The  total  expenditure  from  the  State 
treasury  for  education  was  $4,192,814.92.  The 
total  expenditure.  State  and  local,  for  the 
maintenance  of  schools  was  $15,696,012.89. 

The  balance  in  the  treasury  on  Oct.  1,  1887, 
amounted  to  $5,222,256.68.  There  was  paid 
into  the  treasury  from  all  sources  during  the 
fiscal  year  $17,800,755.42.  There  was  drawn 
therefrom  for  ail  purposes  $17,626,557.35, 
leaving  on  Oct.  1,  1888,  a  balance  of  $5,396,- 
454.75.  The  balance  in  the  general  fund  on 
Oct.  1,  1887,  was  $3,826,127.06;  the  receipts 
for  the  year  were  $9,855,472.75,  and  the  pay- 
ments $10,061,718.49,  leaving  $8,119,881.32. 
Among  the  receipts  of  the  general  fund  were : 
From  State  tax,  1887,  $5,005,500.78;  from 
tax  on  corporations,  $993,677.82 ;  from  tax  on 
organization  of  corporations,  $181,838.27;  from 
tax  on  collateral  inheritances,  $736,084.88; 
from  salt  duty,  $52,115.69;  and  from  State- 
Prison  earnings,  $2,110,042.84.  Among  the 
expenses  of  the  same  time  are:  For  the  State 
Capitol,  $167,957.60 ;  for  normal  schools,  $71,- 
481.24;  for  legislative  expenses,  $410,981.07; 
for  the  militia,  $546,105.67;  for  the  Utica 
Lunatic  Asylum,  $57,373.20 ;  Willard  Asylum, 
$47,425;  Buffalo  Asylum,  $92,414.38;  Homoe- 
opathic Asylum.  $35,729.20;  Hudson  River 
Asylum,  $173,747.78;  St.  Lawrence  Asylum, 
$133,338.10;  Binghampton  Asylum,  $101,- 
358.20 ;  institutions  for  the  blind,  $87,812.61 ; 
institutions  for  deaf  and  dumb,  $265.369.05 ; 
Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home,  $143,000;  State 
Reformatory,  $195,000;  State  Industrial 
School,  $217,300;  Asylum  for  Insane  Crimi- 
nals, $161,516.63;  State  prisons,  $1,967,315.- 
74;   for  canal  purposes  (canal  tax),  $2,805,- 


788.93.    The  canal  receipts  for  the  year  were 
$3,246,552.68 ;  expenditures,  $2,788,046.71. 

AsBCflOMats. — The  Comptroller  says  in  hii 
annual  report :  ^*  Our  taxing  system  is  in  mu? 
respects  glaringly  defective.  Real  estate  is 
overburdened,  while  personal  property  escapes 
its  due  proportion  of  liability.  The  total  as- 
sessed valuation  of  the  property  of  the  people 
of  the  State  for  the  purpose  of  taxation  fur 

1887  was: 

PenooAl $8$Sc8SM9 

Eeal 8,W3,2«,» 

Total $S,861,128,m 

'*The  assessed  valuation   of  the  same  for 

1888  was: 

Personal $S4«.«lt»l 

Eoal 8,l215a8,«6« 

Total $8,4eM»,M 

'*  This  shows  an  increase  in  one  year  on 

Real  estate $97JIH9I 

Personal  estate 10,718,4^ 

Total  Increase $1OS,O7U0 

'^  These  valuations  clearly  exhibit  the  nnjost 
proportion  of  the  burdens  of  taxation  borne  bj 
the  real  over  the  personal  property.  It  cao 
not  be  that  the  personal  property  amounts  to 
less  in  value  than  the  real,  and  in  that  case  we 
have  within  the  State  to-day  over  $2,600,000,- 
000  of  personal  property  that  is  not  but  ought 
to  be  subject  to  taxation." 

EAieatliNk— For  the  school  year  ending  An^ 
20,  1887,  the  total  amount  expended  for  pob- 
lic  education  was  $14,461,774.94,  which  vis 
greater  than  ever  before  by  nearly  half  a  milt- 
ion  dollars.  Of  this  sura,  the  amount  paid 
directly  for  common  schools  was  $13,760,669.- 
57,  an  increase  of  $475,682.98  over  the  pre- 
ceding year.  The  sum  expended  in  the  cities 
was  $8,340,117.77,  and  in  the  towns  $5,420,- 
551 .80.  The  total  valuation  of  school  boildingf 
and  sites  is  reported  at  $36,876,553,  of  which 
$24,217,240  is  in  the  cities  and  $12,159,S1S  in 
the  towns ;  in  this  item  the  increase  was  |71i* 
469,  of  which  $708,729  were  in  the  cities  and 
but  $5,740  in  the  towns.  There  were  paid  for 
teachers'  wages  during  the  year,  $9,306,425.68; 
for  libraries,  $89,722.45  ;  for  apparatus,  $360,' 
208.08 :  for  new  buildings,  sites,  repairs,  etc., 
$2,394,004.85.  The  total  number  of  teachers 
employed  during  the  year  was  31,318,  and  the 
number  employed  for  terms  of  twenty-eight 
weeks  or  more,  22,708.  Of  the  whole  nnmb^ 
of  teachers  employed,  5,821  were  males  an^ 
25,497  females.  The  average  annual  salary 
paid  was  $687.12  in  the  cities,  and  $262.44  io 
the  towns.  The  amount  paid  for  teachers' 
wages  was  greater  last  year  than  ever  before 
by  $204,167.11.  The  number  of  children  of 
school  age  (between  five  and  twenty-one  years) 
was  1,763,115.  There  are  178,173  more  chil- 
dren of  school  age  resident  in  the  cities  than 
in  the  towns.  The  total  number  enrolled  in 
the  schools  during  the  year  was  1,087,812,  and 
the  average  daily  attendance  625,610.  For  the 


NEW  YORK  (STATE).  605 

nding  Aug.  SO,  1888,  out  of  a  total  of  as  the  publio-accouDt  system  was  concerned, 

S,01 2.39  expended  for  education,  the  sum  was  the  sufficient  appropriation  of  money  to 

980,841.47  was  paid  for  support  of  com-  carry  on  that  system,  which  was  the  only  sys- 

«hools,  wliich  is  an  increase  of  over  tern  then  permitted  by  statute,  in  an  eifective 

,000  over  1887.     Of  this  sum,  $9,209,-  way.    This  was  withheld,  and  the  effect  has 

was  expended  in  cities  and  $5,771,-  been  in  every  sense  discouraging  and  detri- 

iu  towns.    The  total  number  of  teach-  mental,  in  spite  of  the  greatest  diligence  and 

iployed  during  the  year  was  81,726,  of  most  assiduous  energy  of  the  officers  who  have 

5,651  were  males  and  26,075  females,  conducted  the  prisons." 

avernge  annual    salary  in    cities  was        The  report  attributes  the  causes  of  the  change 

2,   and  in  towns  $266.75.     The  total  to  the  legislation  of  1888.     The  million-dollar 

tpaid  for  teachers^  wages  was  $9,676,-  prison  appropriation  bill,  introduced  early  in 

There  were  1,772,958    children   of  the  session,  was  reduced  to  $250,000  and  passed. 

age,  997,155  in  the  citie$>,  and  775,803  In  a  month  tbis  sum  was  exhausted,  and  a  fur* 

towns.    Of  these  1,083,269  were  en-  ther  appeal  was  made,  which  procured  $500,- 

and  630,595  were    in    average   daily  000  additional.     The  Legislature  thus  appro- 

Emce.    The  State  Superintendent  says  priated  in  all  only  $750,000  to  provide  for  the 

innnal  report :  "  We  have  a  compulsory  eqiployment  of  2,600  men,  when  during  the 

ion  law  upon  our  statute  books,  but  it  previous  year  the  preceding  Legislature  had 

V  which  does  not  compel.    It  has  never  furnished  $1,800,000  for  the  employment  of 

cted  under  to  any  considerable  extent,  an  average  number  of  1,800  men,  then  engaged 

lis  being  so  after  fourteen  years  of  trial,  on  the  prison  industries.    Before  the  year  was 

ir  to  presume  that  it  never  will  be."  half  completed  the  money  was  exhausted,  and 

111  Seb^ok. — In  the  nine  normal  schools  on  July  1  the  superintendent  looked  forward 

State  there  was  a  total  enrollment  dur-  to  six  months  or  more  of  idleness  and  the 

school  year  1887  of  5,995  pupils,  and  attendant  evils.     At  his  request  the  Governor 

1888  of  6,328.     The  total  enrollment  in  convened  the  Legislature  in  July  to  provide  for 

rmal  departments  proper  for  1887  was  the  emergency.    The  passage  of  the  Yates  bill 

for  1888,  3,012.    The  value  of  normal-  at  that  session  overthrew  the  public-account 

property  is  estimated  at  $1,827,775.84.  system,  as  well  as  every  other  system  of  pr9- 

st  of  the  schools  for  1888  was  $248,-  ductive  labor.     It  introduced  idleness  instead 

A  tenth  school,  at  Oneonta,  estab-  of  industry,  withdrew  the  convicts  from  the 

in  1887,  will  be  opened  in  1889.  shops  and  put  them  into  their  cells.     The 

many  years  the  State  has  recognized  that  change  in  the  law  wrought  a  great  decline  in 

chools  would  not  be  able  to  train  teach-  the  material  and  moral  conditions  that  hav^ 

sufficient  numbers  to  meet  the  needs  of  existed  in  the  State  prisons.    As  a  result,  the 

nmon  schools.    It  has  undertaken  there-  deficit  is  more  than  twice  as  large  as  in  any 

>  supply  the   deficiency  by  organizing  other  year  since  the  reform  prison  system  was 

TS*  classes  in  the  academies  and  union  established.    In  1888  the  cost  of  maintenance 

L  During  the  school  year  1887-'88  there  was  $404,509.94  and  the  deficit  $158,924.46. 
195  of  these  classes  organized  in   142        On  September  30  the  number  of  convicts  in 

it  schools.     The  number  of  students  the  prisons  was  as  follows:  at  Auburn,  1,248; 

)ceived  instruction  for  ten  consecutive  at  Clinton,  755;   at  Sing  Sing,  1,405:    total, 

or  more,  was  8,258.    The  number  com-  8,408.     This  total  is  an  increase  of  129  over 

the  course   of  study,  and  for  whom  1887.    At  the  same  date  there  were  confined  in 

was  allow^  from  the  State  appropria-  the    several  penitentiaries  in    the  State  622 

as  2.676.  State  convicts,  828  in  the  State  Reformatory 

BSi — Superintendent  Lathrop,  in  his  re-  at  Elmira,  and  108  in  the  House  of  Refuge  for 

>r  the  year  ending  Sept.  80,  1888,  an-  Women  at  Hudson. 

8  that  **  the  prisons  have  distinctly  and       The  Insne. — The  following  was  the  number 

ely  receded  in  condition  and  in  their  tend-  of  patients  in  the  several  asylums  at  the  close 

iring  the  last  year.     In  the  previous  year  of  the  fiscal  years  ending  Sept.  30,  1887  and 

lad  been  much  difficulty  and  embarrass-  1888 :  * 

which  were  incident  to  the  change  of  

Drsystem  in  the  prisons  and  the  establish-  location.  1887.         1888. 

f  new  industries,  or  the  change  from  the 


;t  system  to  public  account  of  the  same    ^h^i-^ im3  1969 

ies  formerly  pursued.     But  at  the  open-  Poaffhkeepsie .* ! .'    ."!'..'.*!*.!!!!'.!!        4i 9             476 

the  last  fiscal  year  these  changes  had    If^iJ!*''**^^ ^  f^ 

)   far  advanced,  the  system  of  public  BlDghunU)nV^V^'.'.V/^V^'.'/.'.'.      i,oa9           i,07T 

t  had  been  generally  introduced  and  put  

actical  operation,  and  any  other  change         "^^^^ ^^^^ **^^ 

>t  anticipated,  at  least  until  the  new  sys- 

d  had  a  fair  trial.    The  prime  factor  on  On  September  80  there  were  450  patients  in 

the  solution  of  the  problem  of  successful  the  Idiot  Asylum  at  Syracuse,  and  194  in  the 

ons  in  the  prisons  then  depended,  so  far  Custodial  Asylum  at  Newark. 


e06  l^^EW  YORK  (STATE). 


October  I  there  were  130  buikB  Similar  reports  oome  from  nearly  all 

of  deposit  and  discoant  in  actiTe  operation,  an  tribes,  except  the  Oneidas,  Tascaroras, 

increase  of  25  banks  and  $2,235,000  capital  in  Reffia,  where  the  land  is  generally  held 

one  year.   The  aggregate  resources  of  the  State  enuty.     The  committee  recommend  i 

banks  on  September  22  were  $217,398,717,  an  lands  of  the  Indians  be  allotted  in  ee 

increase  over  18S7  of  $26,440^70.    Of  the  25  and  that  they  be  admitted  to  the  rights 

new  banks,  2  w«re  converts  firom  the  national  zenahip  and  sobjected  to  the  general 

system  and  7  are  in  New  York  city  and  hare  the  State.    On  the  several  reservation 

a  capital  amoanting  to  $950,000.    Of  the  total  are  1,54&  Indian  children  of  school  a{ 

increase  in  banking  capital,  $250,000  represents  these,  1,082  were  enrolled  in  the  30  rese 

the  increase  of  existing  institutions  and  $1,-  schoolsduringthe  school  year  1887-^88, 

985,000  the  capital  of  new  associatioDS.    As  average  daily  attendance  was  only  420. 
evidence  ot  the  prosperous  condition  of  the       The  Erie  Ctaal* — In  1888  the  number 

State  banks,  it  is  noted  that  there  baa  been  no  of  freight  carried  was  4,942,948,  or  a  d 

reduction  in  the  capital  of  any  of  the  number  of  610,857  over  1887.    The  figure  for 

during  the  year,  and  not  a  single  staspension  or  however,  is  somewhat  in  excess  of  the  a 

ftiilure  has  occurred  in  that  period.    There  are  for  the  past  five  years.    Among  the  r 

25  trust,  loan,  and  mortgage  companies  in  op-  assigned  tor  the  falling  off  are  these: 

eration,  which  show  to^  resources  of  $224,-  contracts  made  with  rauroads  centering 

0l8,liiCi.t^  and  liabilities  amoonting  to  $224,-  falo  with  vessels  of  deep  draught  loadeA 

554,3:24.51.   The  total  amount  of  interest-bear-  coal  and  other  freight  for  the  ports 

lug  depiviits  was  $lt>5,3 17,364.07,  an  increase  northern  lakes,  their  return  cargoes  b 

oi$l8,6cN\90<>.50.   Three  new  trust  companies,  grain  (the  chief  reliance  of  the  boats  o^^    ^ 

with  a  capital  of  $1,500,000,  were  organixed  Erie  Oanal),  which  is  turned  over  by  th»     ^^^ 

during  the  vear.    The  total  capital  employed  vessels  to  the  railroads  that  furnish  the  ^^^ 

by  the  trust  companiea  operating  nnder  the  em-bound  freight;  2.  Short  crops,  causi'^, ' 

State  laws  shows  an  incre«»e  of  1^498,000  in  decreased  export   trade ;    8.    The  comer  ^ 

the  same  period.    At  the  close  of  the  fiscal  grain,  which  overturned  the  markets  in  Ci^ 

year  there  were  17  safe-depo6it  companies  in  cago  and  New  York  for  several  weeks;  4  Ttf^ 

o^^orat ion  in  thi^  State,  with  an  aggregate  capi-  insistance  of  the  oanal  boatmen  for  higi^ 

tal  of  $3,ldd,^H),  an  increase  during  the  year  rates,  in  consequence  of  which  much  of  t^ 

of  $2^0iKK  freight  was  sent  by  rail.    Daring  the  past  jar 

Kattraa^—The  followmg  statistics  show  the  the  work  of  lengthening  the  locks  so  as  toil- 
work  of  the  railroads  of  the  State  during  the  low  the  passage  of  two  boats  tandem  has  pit)- 
past  two  years:  Gross  earnings,  1888,  $152,-  greased  until  now  there  are  only  fifty-one  miles 
U2,7iW^.73 ;  1SS7,  $1 43,724^490.62.  Net  earn-  on  the  Erie  Canal  containing  single-tiered  locb 
hivr«,  1SS8,  $V>,5l7,ti4S.?W;  1887,  $51,284,-  to  interfere  with  the  navigation  of  "double 
MrK04,  Taxes.  IS88,  $5,252,224.10;  1887,  headers."  Other  locks  are  now  in  process  of 
$5,018,^)7.2).  Surplus,  1888,  $5,362,202.58;  lengthening,  and  many  of  them  will  be  cod- 
)vSS7,  $8,2S4.4iUt.60.  Milee  of  road  built  in  pleted  before  the  season  of  1889  opens. 
Now  York  State.  1888,  7,437.85;  1887,  7,-  The  Erie  Canal  was  completed  in  1825.  It* 
aHa.38.  The  iuorxNiise  in  tons  of  freight  carried  dimensions  were  40  feet  wide  on  the  surfan, 
ono  mile  i?t  5*27  (>er  i^eut.  It  will  be  seen  that  28  feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  with  single  locks 
thort^  has  Ihh^ii  a  distinct  reduction  in  the  net  90  feet  long  and  12  feet  wide,  and  a  water 
en^ulu>r^  although  a  gr\'ater  amount  of  business  way  at  the  aqueducts  of  19  feet.  The  ca- 
lian  heou  done  than  previously.  This  res^ult  is  pacity  of  boats  was  100  tons.  In  1838  (be 
Nttrihutod  by  the  railrvmd  commissioners  to  mcreased  business  on  the  canals  exceeded  iH 
Novorul  ouuHv^s,  Hiiioug  them  the  clause  in  the  public  expectation,  and  the  Legislature  of  18S4 
IntorKtnto  i\>uunen'e  act  prohibiting  pooling;  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  construction  of 
the  rooklcvM  otforts  of  si>me  railroad  managers  a  second  set  of  locks  to  increase  the  facility 
to  prtuMire  biisinoss  at  any  rat«a»  however  un-  of  transportation.  This  was  supplemented  in 
protltuhlo;  the  building  of  new  roads  in  ad-  1835  by  the  passage  of  an  act  directing  tbe 
vaiioo  Of  tuiy  noivssity ;  strikes,  and  the  delib-  canal  commissioners  to  enlarge  and  improTe 
orate  riHluotion  of  rates  to  unprofitable  points  the  canal,  giving  them  discretionary  powers  ts 
for  stork-jobbing  purposes.  to  its  dimensions,  location,  etc,  to  alter,  a- 

Tbe  lailais. — From  a  report  of  a  committee  range,  and  construct  new  feeders  and  otbtf 

appointed  by  the  Legislature  of  this  year,  it  works,  as  they  might  deem  necessary,  for  saiv 

appears  that  there  are  still  in  the  State  tribal  plying  the  enlarged  canal  with  an  addidooal 

reservations  having  the  following  population :  supply  of  water.     At  a  meeting  of  the  canal 

Onontlajra,  4.50;  Oneida,  178;  Tnscarora,  439 ;  board,  June  30,  1835,  it  was  resolved  to  make 

Tonawanda,  500;  Shinnecock,  160;  St  Regis,  the  canal  60  feet  wide,  with  6  feet  depth  d 

1,044;    Cattaraugus,  1,305;    Allegany,   834;  water.     At  a  subsequent  meeting,  in  October, 

total,  4,900.     The  Onondaga  reservation,  near  the  board  decided  to  increase  its  capacitjto 

Syracuse,  is  reported  to  be  in  a  deplorable  con-  70  feet  wide  and  7  feet  depth  of  water,  to 

dition,  the  Indians  defying  all  attempts  to  edo-  build  the  locks  110  feet  long  and  18  feet  wide, 

'>te  thorn  or  to  induce  them  to  till  the  soil  thus  giving  boats  a  carrying  capacity  of  240 


•    : 


NEW  YORK  (STATE).  607 

eni^eera  made  a  suryey  for  the  provides  for  licensing  agents  to  do  fire-insor- 
ei3t,  following,  or  using,  as  far  as  ance  basiness  in  this  State,  througli  unadmitted 
&l>le,  the  line  of  the  old  oanal,  and  in  companies  of  other  States  or  countries.  The 
»lci.o«8  building  a  portion  of  it  new.  or  experience  of  one  more  year  in  observing  its 
direct  line  than  the  old  canal  Tlie  practical  operation  confirms  the  impression, 
immediat^y  put  under  contract,  on  the  part  of  the  insurance  department,  that 
of  men  were  employed,  and  the  the  incorporating  of  this  act  into  the  insurance 
of  1888  aathorized  the  commis-  laws  of  the  State,  makes  them,  in  a  very  mate- 
V  c»f  ^e  caufd  fund  to  borrow  $4,000,000  rial  respect,  anomalous,  illogical,  inconsistent, 
'y  oo  the  work.  The  canal  commission-  and  radically  bad.  The  theory  on  which  the 
iv^  directed  to  prepare  and  put  under  law  was  enacted,  that  the  insurance  thus  au- 
ct^  iKrith  as  little  delay  as  possible,  such  thorized  could  be  kept  strictly  within  the  limit 
as  of  the  work  as  would  complete  the  of  '*  surplus  line  ^' — in  other  words,  could  be 
enlargement.  The  work  progressed  confined  to  such  insurance  only  as  could  not  be 
f  iizit.il  1842,  when  what  is  known  as  the  obtained  from  duly  authorized  companies — has 
l&^w  ''  was  enacted,  suspending  further  proved  fallacious,  and  the  superintendent  is 
se  on  public  works.  The  canal  remained  disposed  to  think  tliat  most  of  the  insurance 
unfinished  condition  for  five  years  fol-  written  under  the  proviHions  of  this  statute 
ig«  until  1847,  when  the  Legislature  made  could  have  been  obtained  in  duly  authorized 
)propriation  to  continue  the  work.  Other  companies  if  the  policy-holders  had  made  rea- 
iftl  appropriations  were  made  up  to  1862,  sonably  diligent  efiforts  to  obtain  it,  which, 
u  tixe  enlargement  was  completed*  however,  the  statute  does  not  require  them  to 
gg**<e,— The  latest  reports  of  the  insur-  make.  He  thinks  the  statute  ought  to  be  re- 
ib  ^^partment  show  that  the  aggregate  as-  pealed,  and  that  the  penal  provisions  of  the 
g  of  the  fire  and  fire  marine  companies  of  statutes  enacted  with  special  reference  to  the 
is  country  doing  business  in  the  State  of  prevention  of  unauthorized  fire  insurance  need 
ew  York  is  $163,041,841.32,  classified  as  fol-  some  material  amendments  to  give  them  wider 
)w :  Hew  York  joint-stock  companies,  $60,-  scope  and  practical  efifect. 
ft9,147.70;  joint-stock  companies  of  other  In  March,  1888,  an  important  decision  was 
|tates,  $99,645,876.83 ;  New  York  mutuals,  made  in  regard  to  insurance  law  in  the  State 
»1,961,934.53 ;  mutuals  of  other  States,  $504,-  of  New  York.  It  was  on  an  appeal  taken  by 
'82.76.  Compared  with  1886,  these  figures  defendant  from  an  order  of  the  Supreme 
iow  an  aggregate  decrease  of  $1,372,808.66.  Court,  sustaining  plaintiff's  exceptions,  taken 
xoeptiog  scrip  and  capital,  their  liabilities  at  the  trial  in  the  Monroe  circuit,  and  ordered 
t:  New  York  joint-stock  companies,  $24,-  to  be  heard  in  the  first  instance  at  General 
15,447.25  ;  other  State  joint-stock  compa-  Term  and  directing  a  new  trial.  The  trial  jus- 
BS,  $35,573,822.53 ;  New  York  mutuids,  tice  had  directed  a  verdict  for  the  defendant. 
68,994.89;  other  State  mutuals,  286,646.19;  The  property  insured  was  a  merchant's  stock 
al,  $61,474,910.36,  an  increase  of  $3,159,-  of  goods  in  Phelps,  Ontario  Co.,  and  it  was 
1.65.  The  total  amount  of  scrip  liabilities  destroyed  by  fire  May  3,  1884.  The  policy  was 
(701,017,  and  of  capital,  $60,542,620.  The  for  $1,500,  and  plaintiff  as^erted  a  lo5^  value 
i  premiums  received  were  $18,425,955.69;  of  over  $3,000.  The  answer  was  that  plaintiff 
I  losses  paid,  $13,419,011.99;  fire  losses  in-  had  effected  subsequent  inrarance  without  noti- 
red,  $13,937,470.98.  The  estimated  amount  fying  defendant's  agent,  in  violation  of  the 
expense  for  the  transaction  of  this  business  terms  of  his  policy.  The  trial  justice  held  that 
$5,527,786.72,  which,  if  added  to  the  in-  this  vitiated  the  policy,  and  directed  a  verdict 
red  losses,  make  a  total  of  $1 9,465,257.70 ;  for  defendant,  to  which  ruling  plaintiff  ex- 
wing,  as  compared  with  the  premium  re-  cepted.  On  the  hearing  of  the  exceptions  at 
>t8,  an  apparent  loss  of  $1,039,302.01.  At  the  General  Term  the  Supreme  Court  held  that 
close  of  1887  the  marine  and  fire  insurance  the  clause  in  the  policy  reading :  *'  If  the  assured 
ipanies  doing  business  in  the  State  of  New  shall  have,  or  shall  hereafter  make,  any  other 
-k  were  possessed  of  $227,702,323  of  ad-  insurance  on  the  property  hereby  assured,  or 
ted  assets,  not  including  assets  held  abroad  on  any  part  thereof,  without  the  consent  of 
>remioro  notes  of  mutual  companies,  a  loss  the  company  written  thereon,  then  the  policy 
1146,222  as  C/ompared  with  1886.  The  lia-  shall  be  void,"  is  a  part  of  a  contract  that  re- 
;ies  of  these  companies,  excepting  scrip  and  quires  the  written  consent  of  the  assured  to 
ital,  were  $90,263,202,  an  increase  of  $4,-  render  valid  and  obligatory,  and  that,  as  no 
,146  over  the  return  of  the  preceding  year,  written  indorsement  to  that  effect  appears  on 
income  was  $444,506  and  the  expendi-  the  policy  the  clause  is  of  no  binding  effect.  It 
fS  were  $103,957,598,  an  increase,  as  com-  was,  therefore,  held  that  the  question  of  fact 
id  with  1886,  of  $1,504,841  in  income  and  for  a  jury  to  pass  upon  was  whether  the  de- 
»34,517  in  expenditures.  The  whole  nnm-  fendant^s  agent  had  or  had  not  orally  consented 
of  companies  reporting  in  1887  was  182,  to  the  subsequent  insurance.  The  defendant, 
[g  fonr  less  than  in  1886.  In  the  last  an-  instead  of  going  back  to  the  circuit  for  a  new 
I  report  there  were  pointed  out  some  of  the  trial,  took  a  direct  appeal  to  the  court  of  last 
ictionable  features  of  the  statute,  which  resort,  to  have  the  matter  fully  and  finaUy  de- 


608  NEW  YORK  (STATE). 

termined,  stipalating,  as  the  nile  requires,  that  supplies  tb rough  the  Erie  Canal,  Cajuga  Lake, 

if  the  principle  was  found  against  the  defend-  and  Ithaca.      Binghamton   and  Elmira  were 

ant  judgment  absolute  should  be  rendered  for  tributaries  to  Ithaca  at  that  time ;   but  tbej 

plaintiff.     It  was  accordingly  argued  in  the  have  since  distanced  her,  owing  to  largely  im- 

Court  of  Appeals,  and  the  court  handed  down  proved  railroad  facilities.    It  was  necessary  in 

its  decision,  unanimously  affirming  the  judg-  the  early  days  to  reach  Ithaca  in  order  to  teike 

ment  of  the  General  Term,  and  ordering  judg-  steamboats  on  Cayuga  Lake  to  go  to  Albany  or 

ment  absolute  for  plaintiff  with  cost?.     No  to  the  West,  and  a  large  territory  was  depend- 

opinion  was  written,  that  of  the  justice  in  the  ent  upon  Ithaca  for  cheap  and  rapid  transpor- 

Supreme  Court  being  adopted  as  fully  covering  tation.    The  turnpike  was  used  by  early  staga 

and  deciding  every  point  at  issue.  to  Catskill,  Geneva,  and  Buffalo.    A  ship-caaal 

New  Cities. — In  1888  Hornellsville,  Ithaca,  and  was  devised  to  Lake  Ontario ;  and  the  price  of 
Middletown  were  incorporated  as  cities.  This  property  in  Ithaca  rose  very  high.  Bot  when 
makes  the  total  number  of  cities  in  the  State  the  Erie  Railway  was  constructed,  in  1849,  the 
30.  The  other  27  are  Albany,  Amsterdam,  whole  territory  southward  of  Itliaca  bet^ma 
Auburn,  Binghamton,  Brooklyn,  Buffalo,  Co-  tributary  to  Elmira  and  Binghamton.  Tbe 
hoes,  Dunkirk,  Elmira,  Hudson,  Jamestown,  late  Ezra  Cornell  removed  to  the  village  in  its 
Kingston,  Lockport,  Long  Island  City,  New-  day  of  distress,  and  by  his  wealth  and  enter- 
burg,  New  York,  Ogdensburg,  Oswego,  Pough-  prise  restored  much  of  its  former  prosperitj. 
keepsie,  Rochester,  Rome,  Schenectady,  Syra-  The  university  bearing  his  name  was  bot  t 
cuse,  Troy,  Utica,  Watertown,  and  Yonkers.  part  of  the  great  work  that  he  accomplisbei 

Hi)rnellsvi11e,  in  Steuben  County,  secured  a  The  city  has  12,000  inhabitants.    The  railroad 

charter  on  March  2,  1888.    The  city  is  divided  connections   are  the  Delaware,  Lacks wanaa 

into  six  wards.    Tbe  mayor,  chamberlain,  over-  and  Western,  the  Utica,  Ithaca  and  Elmira, 

seer  of  the  poor,  recorder,  sealer,  game-con-  and  two  smaller  roads.     There  are  manj  fu- 

stable,  and  three  commissioners  of  excise  are  tones   producing    clocks,  stoves^  agricoltoral 

to  be  elected  on  the  general  ticket.    All  other  implements,  steam-engines,  organs,  and  riflei 

officers  are  elected  on  ward  tickets.    The  city  The  city  is  an  important  center  for  the  distri- 

contains  about  12,000  inhabitants.     It  is  oa  bution  of  coal  from  the  mines  of  Pennsylvaoia. 

Canisteo  river  which  runs  southward  into  the  There  are  14  churches,  8  schools,  a  public  li- 

Alleghany.    Hornellsville  is  at  the  junction  of  brary,  8  banks,  8  hotels,  2  daily  and  4  weeklr 

several  railroads.    A  short  railroad  to  Bath,  newspapers.    The  city  is  lighted  by  the  electne 

in  the  same  county,  connects  that  village  with  light  and  by  gas ;  and  it  has  a  fine  system  of 

Hornellsville  and  with  the  Delaware,  Lacka-  water- works. 

wanna  and  Western  Railroad.  There  are  Middletown  became  a  city  on  June  9, 1888. 
planing-mills  and  shoe-factories;  but  the  chief  The  number  of  wards  is  four.  The  officers 
industry  is  in  the  shops  of  the  New  York,  Lake  elected  on  the  general  ticket  are  the  mayor, 
Erie  and  Western  Railroad,  and  its  employes  treasurer,  alderman-at-large,  recorder,  two 
form  a  large  part  of  the  population.  There  are  justices  of  the  peace,  two  constables,  WM 
six  churches,  five  schools,  and  a  free  public  members  of  the  board  of  education,  three  ex- 
library.  The  city  is  known  as  a  tri-shire  town,  cise  commissioners,  five  water  commissiooen, 
the  remaining  public  buildings  of  the  county  and  three  assessors.  The  city  lies  on  Walkill 
being  in  the  villages  of  Bath  and  Corning,  river,  nearly  seventy  miles  northwest  of  Nev 
Hornellsville  is  the  center  of  a  large  agricult-  York  city.  The  New  Jersey  Midland  Kailroid, 
ural  interest  which  is  shown  in  the  farmers*  the  New  York,  Lake  Ontario,  and  Western, 
clubs  and  in  what  are  claimed  to  be  the  largest  the  New  York,  Lake  Erie,  and  Western,  tbe 
county  fairs  in  any  rural  city  of  the  State.  Susquehanna  and  Western,  and  the  Middle 

Ithaca  became  a  ,city  by  an  act  of  the  Legis-  town  and  Crawford  Railroads,  all  center  st 

lature  on  March  2,  1888.    The  city  is  divided  this  point.     The  population  is  about  15,000. 

into  four  wards.    The  ruayor,  recorder,  and  The  city  is  a  large  manufacturing  center,  more 

two  supervisors  are  the  only  officers  elected  on  especially  for  nails  files,  fanning-implemeD^ 

a  general  ticket.     The  charter  is  considered  a  saws,  condensed  milk,  and  iron  castings.    It  is 

marvel  of  brevity  and  thoroughness,  by  those  also  the  center  of  a  large  dairy  and  agriooltunl 

who  have  paid  attention  to  the  charters  of  interest.    It  has  wat-er-works  and  gas-worb 

cities.    This  city  is  at  the  southern  end  of  There  are  twelve  churches  and  a  graded  higb 

Cayuga  Lake.     As  a  village  it  was  founded  school,  with  twelve  other  public  schools.   IGd* 

in  1796  by  Simeon  De  Witt,  who  was  then  dletown  is  the  site  of  the  Homoeopathic  Aft- 

surveyor-general  of  the  State  of  New  York,  lum  for  the  Insane.    The  buildings  have  been 

The  opening  of  the  Erie  Canal  and  the  second  erected  on  what  is  known  as  the  hospital  sts- 

railroad  built  and  operated  in  the  State  from  tem  of  treatment ;  but  new  ones  will  be  erected 

Ithaca  to  Owego,  connecting  the  waters  of  according  to  the  cottage  system. 

Cayuga  Lake  with  Susquehanna  river,  gave  a  Political. — On   May   15  a  Democratic  State 

rapid  growth  to  the  village,  and  it  became  an  Convention  met  in  New  York  city  and  elected 

important  distributing  point    The  lower  tier  delegates  to  the  St.  Louis  convention,  who 

of  counties  in  New  York  and  the  northern  were  instructed  to  vote  for  the  renooiiDiti(tt 

tier  in  Pennsyslvania  brought  many  of  their  of  President  Cleveland.    Presidential  electors 


NEW  YORK  (STATE).  609 

)   selected.      The  resolntioDS  of  the  to  merit  the  approval  of  the  people  of  the  State.    We 

n  approve  the  National  and  State  Ad-  J^^n^^nce  ^«  "'i'^^b  ^^^f  **Y«;  "^^  hypocritical  Icg- 

^'^     A     i.         1  A  ^«    ♦-.,«4.«  islation  of  the  Kepublican  Lefinslature  upon  the  liquor 

ons,   and  strongly   condemn   trusts.  <,ue8tion  in  the  Ikst  few  years,  much  of  which  was 

on  electoral-reform    bill,  which  was  clearly  inconsistent,  not  honestly  designed  or  calou- 

'  the  Legislature  but  vetoed  by  the  lated  to  aid  the  cause  of  temperance^  but  intended 

.  was  also  condemned.     The  Repob-  only  to  mislead  the  people  ancf  for  pohtical  effect, 

srention  met  at  Buffalo  on  May  16,  and  ,.  ^he  Democratic  party,  now  as  ever  earnestly  favors 

rvuvivru  uj^i.  ow  x^m**€mw  v" -"^^  J      7  "  l\^Q  prcseutation  of  the  punty  of  elections,  the  protec- 

lelegates  at  large  to  the  Chicago  con-  ^ion  of  the  ballot,  and  of  honest  returns.    It  believes 

he  four  leaders  of  the  party  in  the  that  these  conditions  are  the  safeguards  of  our  free  in- 

lator  Hiscock,  ex-Seoators  Piatt  and  stitutions,  and  that  all  good  citizens  should  cordially 

id  Chauncey  M.  Depew.     The  dele-  unite  in  promoting  such  conditions  and  inpromotin^ 

^  .,'^„4 ^/^A     i>«-ri.,*;^«-  ««  G*«*^  all  adverse  and  traudulent  mfluences.     We  favor  all 

s  uninstructed.    Resolutions  on  State  reasonable  and  practical  measures  which  may  conduce 

»nal  issues,  as  well  as  the  nomination  to  these  ends,  and  of  all  chances  in  our  election  laws 

:s  at  large,  were  referred  to  a  subse-  which  will  then  more  effectualh^  preserve  to  every  citi- 

iventiod  for  the  nomination  of  State  zen  the  right  of  free  ballot,  fairly  counted  and  honestly 

This  latter  convention   was  held  at  returned.   We  favor  any  practical  and  properly  framed 

'     *c»ii^       v«  .     ^  J        o  measure,  however  stnngent  and  severe,  which  will 

on  August  28.    It  nominated  ex-bena-  ^^^^  g^rely  prevent  and  punish  bribery  and  fraud, 

?r  Miller  for  Governor  by  acclamation,  as  well  as  intimidation  and  coercion  at  elections.    We 

ied  as  candidates  for  Lieutenant-Gov-  approve  the  veto  of  the  so-called  Saxton  electorid  bill, 

1  for  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  because  it  contained  provUions  which  were  unconsti- 

V  Wcaused  by  the  death  ofTudge  X°.1je^e^oSl^^^^^^^^ 

3.  V.  R.  Oruger  and  William  Rumsey,  have  failed  to  accomplish  the  reforms  desired. 

jly.    The  platform  included  the  fol- 

The  Prohibitionists,  at  their  State  conven- 

.  1  ^       ^  ,««o  /.   r  .1-  tion  held  in  Syracuse,  June  27,  nominated  W. 

'^}?r4i^X^te"^J?tX?Z  Martin  Jones  for  Governor,  George  F  Powell 

teresta  of  the  people.   The  reduction  in  the  for    Lieutenant-Governor,    and    Charles    W. 

:e  taxation  bears  witness  to  the  spirit  which  Stephens  for  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals, 

islation.    The  investi^tion  mto  trusts  and  The  United  Labor  party,  at  their  convention 

ns,by  making  their  evils  known,  pointe  j      ^        york   city,   September   20,  accepted 

effectual  remedies.    The  examination  into  .^  ,,.„        .,    •'I,       '^i*  •  'a. 

St  of  affairs  in  connection  with  the  New  Warner  Miller,  the  Republican  nominee,  as  its 

iuct,  still  in  progress,  has  already  exposed  candidate  for  Governor,  and  nominated  John 

ch  call  for  reparation,  and  has  given  warn-  H.  Blakeney  for   Lieutenant-Governor,  and 

e  campaign  expens^  of  a  Democratic  gov-  Lawrence  J.  McParlin  for  Judge  of  the  Court 

be  met  out  of  contracts  paid  by  the  tax-  ^  Anneals 

mblican  party  favor  the  pavment  by  the        On  September  23  the  Socialists  of  New  York 

e  legitimate  expenses  for  ballota  and  their  city,  at  a  public  meeting,  resolyed  to  nominate 

a,  and  the  punishment,  by  disfranchise-  candidates  for  national.  State,  and  municipal 

'**'^1^'X'1P®°/Iu"^'^5i^    •  i'l"''^^i?-  offices,  and  at  a  subsequent  meeting  Edward 

The  effort:^  of  the  last  Legislature  in  this  tt  n  Jj     ^  a  j'j  *>.  ^^   n  /^v  • 

ieserve  commendation,  ^ile   Gov.  HUl  Hall  was  made  a  candidate  for  Governor,  Chns- 

lure  and  rebuke  for  his  veto  of  a  measure  tian   Pattberg  for  Lieutenant-Governor,  and 

>urify  the  ballot  and  to  assure  absolute  in-  Francis  Gerau  for  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Ap- 

e  to  vote  at  the  polls.        ,      .      ,      ^  peals.     The  canvass  was  one  of  great  interest, 

jf  the  recent  reyelataons  showing  the  abuse  ^^   j       unusual  excitement.    As  in  1884,  the 

Lralization  and  immigration  laws,  we  desire  j     .  .         "«"o«.m^av.»v«*««uu.    ^*.o  «u  ^^^-x,  vu^ 

%  thorough  revision  of  said  laws,  in  order  decision  of  the  national  contest  was  considered 

untry  and  fellow-citi2en8  may  be  protected  to  depend  on  the  vote  of  New  York,  and  large- 

Miuper  and  criminal  classes  of  other  ooun-  ly  also  upon  the  vote  of  New  York  city.     At 

the  election  in  November,  while  the  Republi- 

^mocratic  convention  for  nominating  cans  carried  the  State  on  the  national  ticket, 

;ers  met  at  Buffalo  on  September  12,  their  candidates  on  the  State  ticket  were  de- 

>minated  Gov.  Hill   and  Lieut.-Gov.  feated.    For  Governor,  Hill  received  660,464 

acclamation.     For  Judge  of  the  Court  votes;    Miller,  681,298;   Jones,  80,215;    and 

lis  John  Clinton  Gray  was  nominated.  Hall,  8,848.     Gray,  for  Judge  oif  the  Court  of 

orm  contained  the  following:  Appeals,  was  elected  by  only  8,425  plurality, 

»se  all  sumptuary  laws,  needlessly  interfer-  ^f  ?to°l^  ^It'®^^  "^"^^^'o ^,f  V^^L^^^  ^P™"^^] 

le  pereonal  Uberties  and  reasona'ble  habits  31,178  for  btephent*,  8,841  for  McParhn,  and 

IS  of  any  part  of  our  citizens.    We  believe  8,528  for  Gerau.     The  Republicans  elected  20 

iktion  and  restriction  of  the  liquor-traffic  members  of  the  State  Senate,  and  79  members 

*-St *?i!^riS^i^'^throuli^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^"*® '  ^^®  Democrats  securing  1 1  Sena- 

S'^ve^S'^^°by  Stote^law,  like  othir  tors  and  49  members  of  the  House.     Democrat- 

J  revenue  laws,  should  be  applied  in  lessen-  ic  Congressmen  were  elected  in  the  first  four- 

xlena  of  local  taxation.    We  favor  a  revision  teen  congressional  districts  (except  the  Third), 

iselaws  and  approve  the  recommendation  and  in  the  Nineteenth  and  Thirty-third  Dis- 

t^^  o^rSw^^^fe^  -f^^i'ISS^^^li^®  tricts;  the  remaining  nineteen  districte  elected 

ature,  and  adopted  by  it,  whereby  a  com-  r»        i  !•  a    al  i     a.-  j 

m  appointed  to  make  such  revision,  and  we  Republicans.     At  the  same  election  an  amend- 

iie  work  of  the  commission  will  be  such  as  ment  to  the  State  Constitution,  providing  that 
JL.  xxTiii. — 89  A 


610 


NEW  YORK  (CITY). 


the  Goyemor  may  select  seven  Sapretne  Court 
judges  for  service  at  Albany  as  a  second  coart 
of  appeals,  to  visit  the  regular  conrt,  was  adopt- 
ed by  a  vote  of  498,114  yeas  to  56,822  nays. 

BHEW  YORK  (CITT).  fioferuMBt— The  follow- 
ing is  the  list  of  officers  during  the  year :  Mayor, 
Abram  S.  Hewitt,  Democrat;  President  of  the 
Board  of  Aldermen,  George  H.  Forster ;  Regis- 
ter, James  J.  Slevin ;  Sheriff,  Hagh  J.  Grant. 

DeU. — The  following  table  gives  the  condi- 
tion of  the  finances : 


the  borrowing  capacity  of  the  corpon&f^^^ 
limited  to  about  $130,000,000,  and  as  tU»^ 
bilities  which  it  has  already  incurred         ^^ 
to  over  $98,000,000,  it  follows  that  the 
of  money  which  the  city  may  raise  by  p 
its  credit  for  further  improvements  can 
ceed  the  sum  of  $82,000,000. 

Schftb. — The  president  of  the  Board 
cation  is  J.  Edward  Simmons,  and  the 
tendent  is  John  Jasper.    There  are  84 
mar  schools  and  39  primary  schools 


^ 


FUNDJCD  DEBT. 


1.  Pavftble  from  the  rinklcg-ftrnd,  under  ordinances  of  the 
Common  Council 

S.  Payable  from  the  sinking-fund,  under  provisions  of 
diapter  388,  section  ft,  Laws  of  18T8,  and  section  17ft, 
New  York  Ci^  Consolidation  act  of  t882 

8.  Payable  from  tne  sinklnff-ftmd.  under  provisions  of 
chapter  888,  section  8,  Laws  of  1878,  and  section  192, 
New  York  City  Consolidation  act  of  1882 

4.  Pajrable  ftt>m  taxation,  under  provisions  of  chapter  490, 

Laws  of  1883 

5.  Payable  from  the  sinking-fund,  under  provisions  of  the 

constitutional  amendment  adopted  Nov.  4, 1884 

ft.  Payable  from  taxation,  under  the  several  statutes  author- 
ulng  their  issue 

7.  Bonds  isdued  for  local  improvements  after  June  9, 1880. . 

8.  Debt  of  the  annexed  territory  of  Westchester  County . . . . 


1. 
2. 
8. 


Total  ftinded  debt 

TucpoBAiT  Debt.— JSeeentf#  Bonds. 

Issued  under  special  laws 

Issued  in  anticipation  of  taxes  of  1887 

Issued  in  anticipation  of  taxes  of  1888 


OatilaiidlBff 
Dk.  81,  186T. 


H.«n,9oooo 

9,700,000  00 

19,900,887  9ft 

44fi,000  00 

18,760,000  00 

72,288,481  49 

8,788,000  00 

090,000  00 


durtng 
1888. 


$128,288,719  45 

19ft,74ft  70 
4,807,800  00 


Total  amounts 


1182,828,086  18 


$8,707,215  15 


4,160,000  00 


880,000  00 


$8487,215  15 
895,180  49 


17,210,475  00 


$25,792,820  «4 


dari^1888. 


$78,500  00 


8,900,880  14 

sioiio'oo 

$4,010,88$  14 

196,748  70 

4357.800  00 

14,802,875  00 

$22,888,000  84 


DK.& 


«, 


$182,4A-f## 
8H,^# 


1183^747^  « 


Total  ftinded  debt $182,445,095  4ft 

Less  amount  held  by  commis- 
sioners of  the  sinking  ftind 
as  investments $88,898,425  95 

Cash  (includes  Marine  Bank, 

$110,000) «,088,2«4  17 

44,484,090  12 

Net  ftmded  debt,  Dec  81, 1888 $88,010,405  84 

fievenue  bonds 8,802,780  49 

Debt  including  revenue  bonds,  Dec.  81, 
1888 $91,318,185  88 

By  the  new  constitntional  amendment,  the 
city  is  forhidden  to  increase  its  indebtedness 
beyond  an  amount  eqaal  to  ten  per  cent,  of 
the  yalaation  of  the  real  estate  within  its  limits. 
The  assessed  valuation  for  1888  was  $1,302,- 
818,879.  An  examination  of  the  above  state- 
ment will  show  that  the  gross  bonded  indebt- 
edness is  $132,445,095.46,  while  the  amount 
held  by  the  sinking-fund  for  the  redemption 
of  the  city's  debt  is  $44,434,690.12.  The  net 
indebtedness  of  the  city,  therefore,  amounts 
to  $88,010,405.34.  For  the  purchase  of  new 
parks,  for  the  improvement  of  the  river-front, 
and  for  the  discharge  of  other  obligations  al- 
ready imposed  upon  it,  says  the  Mayor,  the 
city  will  be  compelled  to  issue  additional  bonds 
amounting  to  about  $19,561,000.  The  city's 
net  income  accruing  to  the  sinking-fund  for 
1889  is  estimated  at  over  $9,000,000.  It  is 
fair,  therefore,  to  assume  that  during  the  cur- 
rent year  the  city  will  be  compelled  to  increase 
its  indebtedness  by  about  $10,000,000.  As  by 
the  provisions  of  the  constitutional  enactment 


a  school-ship,  the  "  St.  Mary's."  The  aTen|t 
attendance  at  the  grammar  schools  daring  tbe 
year  was  114,710;  at  the  primary  school  IV 
538 ;  total  134,248.  The  total  number  tangbt 
at  the  grammar  schools  during  the  year  wtf 
214,461 ;  at  the  primary  schools,  40,828;  to- 
tal, 254,789.  At  the  evening  schools  thetter* 
age  attendance  was  7,357,  and  the  total  nuol^tf 
taught  was  21,839.  According  to  the  fioAndtl 
statement  of  funds  down  to  Jan.  1, 1889,  the  to- 
tal resources  were  $5,589,625.59 ;  total  expeod* 
iture,  $4,503,797.71 ;  total  sum  relinqmsbed, 
$18,503.55 ;  total  balance  of  all  funds,  DecSl^ 
1888,  $1,067,224.33.  The  chief  details  ci  tbe 
expenditures  were :  Salaries  of  teacfaen  is 
grammar  and  primary  schools,  $2,824,827.69; 
salaries  of  janitors  in  grammar  and  primtfj 
schools,  $124,232.68 ;  salaries  of  professors  ^ 
ah  in  Normal  College,  $74,468.94 ;  salaries  of 
teachers  in  training  department,  $19,185.6^ 
salaries  of  janitor  and  engineer  in  Normal  Col- 
lege, etc.,  $3,999.99  ;  salaries  of  teachers  o^ 
janitors  in  evening  schools,  $109,661.69;  ssU- 
ries  of  officers  and  clerks  of  Board  of  EdacatioQ^ 
$39,490.56;  salary  of  counsel  to  the  board, 
$3,000 ;  salaries  of  city  superintendent  and  i^ 
sistants,  $34,558.47 ;  salaries  of  truant  agents 
$11,781.79;.  support  of  nautical  school,  $27/ 
541.86 ;  depository — books,  maps,  supplies,  elc? 
$144,709.19;  rents  of  school-buildings,  $40,* 
664.24;  fuel,  $93,021.34;  gas,  $18,381.89. 

Vital  8tatl8dcB.~The  president  of  the  BoiM 
of  Health  is  James  C.  Bayles.     According  to 


NEW  YORK  (CITY).  611 

lade  under  his  direotioD,  the  total  Mitlcal. — In  addition  to  the  excitement  in- 

leaths  daring  the  year  was  40,175 ;  cidental  to  a  presidential  canvass,  the  local  poli- 

,360  were  of  children  under  five  tics  were  somewhat  complicated  hjr  the  nomi- 

.     Classified  according  to  diseases,  nation  hj  Tammany  Hall  of  Hagh  J.  Grant  for 

iportant  were :  Small-pox,  81 ;  ty-  Mayor.     Ahram  S.   Hewitt  two   years    pre- 

438 ;  whooping-cough,  573 ;  scar-  viously  had  heen  the  nominee  of  Tammany, 

361 ;  diphtheria,  1,914;  diarrhoeal  hot  hy  his  independence  while  in  office  he  in- 

189 ;  pneumonia,  4,288 ;  consnmp-  cnrred  the  ill-will  of  the  politicians  and  con- 

The  death-rate  was  26*33  in  a  sequent  repudiation  hy  that  local  faction  of 

There  were  36,136  births  during  the  Democratic  party.    But  he  was  promptly 

icluding  3,239  that  were  reported  nominated  by  an  independent  convention,  and 

3;  14,533  marriages  were  recorded,  his  candidacy  was  accepted  by  the  Coanty 

Doroners^  certificates  were  issued,  Democracy.    At  the  election,  Hugh  J.  Grant 

be  necessity  of  an  inquest     The  (Tammany)  received  114,111  votes;  Joel   B. 

the  deaths  are  very  perfect,  as  no  Erhardt  (Republican),  78,037 ;  Abram  S.  Hew- 

take  place  without  a  permit;  but  itt  (County  Democracy),  71,979;  JamesJ.  Coo- 

tion  concerning  the  marriages  and  gan  (United  Labor),  9,809  ;  William  T.  Ward- 

^essarily  defective.    The  estimated  well  (Prohibition),  832.     George  H.  Forster 

)f  New  York  city  on  July  1  was  (Tammany)  was  elected  President  of  the  Board 

This  was  determined  from  the  pro-  of  Aldermen,  but  his  death  before  his  inaugn- 

crease  between  the  State  census  ration  led  to  the  selection  of  John  H.  Y.  Ar- 

5  and  the  national  census  of  1880.  nold  for  that  place.    The  Board  of  Aldermen 

ly  1,  the  weekly  increase  of  the  consists  of  16  Tammany,  2  County  Democrats, 

was  estimated  at  845,  and  since  and   7  Republicans.     Besides  the  foregoing, 

872.  James  A.  Flack  was  elected  sheriff,  Edward 

bis  department  is  controlled  by  four  F.  Reilly  county  clerk,  and  Ferdinand  Levy, 

)rs,  of  whom  Stephen  B.  French  is  Daniel  Hanly,  and  Louis  W.  Schultze  coroners. 

?he  superintendent  is  William  Mur-  The  presidential  vote  in  New  York  city  was: 

)  force  under  his  command  num-  Mr.  Cleveland,  162,735 ;  Gen.  Harrison,  106,- 

m.  1,  1889,  3,351,  of  whom  2,253  922  ;  Gen.  Fisk,  1,848. 

3n.    These  were  distributed  among  Hayw'g  Message* — ^This  document  contained 

and  1  sub-precinct,  each  of  which  the  following  paragraphs  of  general  interest : 

the  special  supervision  of  a  cap-  The  parks  of  the  city  have  been  established  for  the 

>  were  85,049  arrests  during  the  useandeiyoymentof  the  whole  people.  Everything 
e  following  offenses :  Assault  and  that  they  contain  should  therefore  be  freely  aocesnible 
1      A  nf\n   5        1      KOI      j^     J    1  to  the  Citizens.    The  doemg  of  the  Museums  of  Art 

e,  4,709,  fipmale,  521 ;   disorderly  ^nd  Natural  History  on  Sundays  is  a  practical  exclu- 

le,  40,350,  female,  7,180;  mtozica-  sion  of  the  industrial  masses  from  all  opportunity  to 

14,282,  female,   6,461 ;   petty  lar-  visit  them.    I  hope  that  some  means  will  soon  t>c  de- 

2,843,  female,  418 ;  suspicious  per-  j|»«<^  V  ^^^?|l  these  museums  wUl  be  made  accessi- 

8,279,  female,  298 ;  violatione  of  ^•i^ptj^fthZb'S&nocU^iflc.tionof  .hip- 

ordinances,   male,  4,942,    female,  ping  at  our  docks.    Ferrv-boats,  sea-going  vessels, 

»ns   of  health   law,   male,    14,040,  and  the  smaller  craft  which  ply  between  this  city  and 

;    violation   of  excise   law,  msJe,  adjacent  towns  are  crowded  mSiscriminately  tojrether. 

g   J20  Passen^r- boats   and    freight- vessels  sail  from  the 

.«««  'a^^^^^^^4^  i«  ^^^^.^A  V-  same  piers.    Lines  of  trucks  laden  with  merchandise 

)  tre  department  is  managed  by  a  render  the  streets  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  freight 

ee  commissioners,  of  which  Henry  depots   impassable   to   foot-passengers.    The  pave- 

is  president.     Charles  O.   Shay  is  ments  along  the  streets  fronting  on  the  river  are  in  such 

department,  and  the  force  includes  wretched  condition  that  travel  upon  them  is  danger- 

nniHrir*   1  ftftft   ♦V.^rn    ur^fr^    11  Aoo  ous  to  vehiclcs.    Great  Hits  aud  holcs  act  aft  traps  for 

T5  o.l      !  T^  "^^'^31?  i^^a^ily  J»den  trucks,  and  it  is  no  uncommon  sight  to 

•e,  and  8,217  actual  tres.     Of  the  gee  the  entire  traffic  of  the  street  suspended  while  a 

I    were   confined   to   the   point  of  driver  vainly  urges  his  team  to  pull  from  a  break  in 

)   were   confined   to   the  building  the  street-bed  a  Toad  which  would  tax  the  full  strength 

re  originated,  49  extended  to  other  ^* '^jjf  *^°"^  ^  ?"7.u P^". ^"^  ^''?''  payment. 

Q    «,™   «™«ia     ««.!    KA    «.«-«  «f  The  pavements  of  the  city  are  in  such  pressing  need 

8   were   vessels,    and   54   were  of  of  repair  and  improvement  that  attention  shoSld  be 

than  buildings  or  vessels  ;  2,078  immediately  devoted  to  them.    I  have  already  men- 
extinguished    without   an    engine-  tioned  the  inexcusable  condition  in  which  I  have 

with  one  engine-stream  ;  347  with  ^^^^^  the  streets  fronting  on  the  rivers,  and  I  vent- 

I  pmriTM-strfiftma  •  and  lOftrAniiirftd  ^ire  to  say  that  there  are  few  thoroughfares  which 

>  engine-Streams ,  ana  lUO  requirea  ^  -^  ^^^  condition  that  befits  the  trade  and  eom- 

hree  engine-streams.     1  he  follow-  merce  of  this  city.    Under  the  law  the  public  authori- 

es  the  damage  to  structures  :  ties  are  limited  to  an  expenditure  of  $500,000  annu- 
ally for  the  repavement  of  the  highways,  which  sum 

is  utterly  inadequate  to  the  extensive  alterations  and 

!>••  improvements  which  are  now  absolutely  essential. 

itroyed.  With  proper  pavements  an  effective  system  of  street- 

~  cleaning  could  oe  easily  maintained.    Xt  present  it  is 

t  generally  conceded  that  our  street-cleaning  system 

fails  properly  to  provide  for  the  public  comfort.   Sub- 


\ 


612 


NEW  YORK  (OITT). 


■tantial  Bums  are  «Pprf)priBted»nnu»lly  from  the  pub-  the   harbor,  telegraph  lines  were  torn  dows, 

lie  treuunrfortha  detming  of  tha  BtreeW,  bol  their  fo^   (wo  days  an  aliiioM   total   BDBpenaon  ol 

fo^^^mpLnt         "^        '""■"'™''  ""^  "«"-  bnaineaa  ocoorred,   and   for   it  week  from  lb. 

Form«ny7CflrHthuioityhBbeenooiiipelledtor.ay  beginning  of  the  Btorm  its  effecta "^i' 

anuajustproportianof theeipeDsegoI'lheSUleOor'  lelt    in    the    etagnati( 


I  of  busineas  t 


.  "^TIIb  einte  Board  ofAsMOBors  has  fixed  the  ArtideB  of  food"  became  ^^..^.  ^..■.  „_  — , 

'^__"'_^¥-^t"?Pf1L."'oJ"5,a'g'■^i^'^^  to  be  had  in  the  city,  and  condensed  milt  btd 

a  oonsequently  com-  '"^  ^^  "^^  ^J  ^''     ^^  price  of  all  prorinou 

peiied  to  bearW'per  cent,  nfllia  entire  Stalo  [«xa-  began ' 


e,  notably  that  of  meat  and  poaltr;. 


tioQ.  The  injustice  of  this  diBtributJoQ  of  the  burden 
of  ([ovemiuont  between  this  and  other  counties  is  ap- 
parent from  the  mere  statement  of  it.  Motvithstand- 
ing  the  unjust  proportion  oC  State  taiation  which  is 
impo^ud  upon  ua,  the  city  hap  no  repreaentitioD  in  the 
BmrI  of  State  Asseeaors.  Were  such  roprosentation 
afTordcd  it  in  probable  that  the  itijustice  from  which 
we  now  aufier  would  be  to  some  extent  les'teaed,  and 
the  burden  of  our  taxation  sensibly  reduced. 

NotwithatandinK  the  eeneral  demand  for  the  burial 
of  electric  wires  and  for  flie  removal  oCthepolca  which 
disfigure  our  streete.  tha  nui-umce  temaiiiB  unabated. 
Laws  have  been  enacted  which  were  intended  to  afford 

count  of  imperfections  in  the  law  or  remissness  of 
the  otflcers  charged  with  it4  exeoution,  Che  polot  and 
wires  oontiQue  to  obstruct  our  thoroughfares.  All  tha 
provisions  of  tlie  existing  law  tihould  be  invoked  to 


Tke  Hbnrd. — A  Bnow-Btorm  of  great  sever- 
ity,  preceded  by  rnin,  visited  New  York  city 
and  vicinity  on  March  11,  12,  and  13.  For 
over  forty-eight  bonrs  a  very  heavy  northwest 
wind  prevaiiud  and  caused  tbe  snow  to  drift 
in  all  directions.  Rulroad  commnnioation  was 
oat  off,  vessels  were  detained  from  reaching 


In  tbe  suburbs,  where  many  bnsiness  men  !*■ 
side,  thonsands  van  detained  either  in  iIm 
hoDses  or  on  trains  of  cars.  On  aiJ  tbe  roKii 
the  morning  traine  of  the  12tb  were  stopptrf 
by  the  storm,  and  in  some  cases  two  oipo 
were  spent  by  passengers  on  board  tbe  trua 
Tbe  New  Jersey  railroada,  and  those  nu' 
ning  from  tbe  Grand  Central  Depot  (o'M^ 
the  north  and  east,  saffered  greatly.  Wben 
tlie  trains  were  delayed  at  stations  the  rapw^ 
of  the  aeigbboring  country  was  taied  to  iu 
utmost  to  provide  food  for  the  passengers.  At 
soma  places  long  lines  of  cars  and  eogii^ 
representing  ten  or  more  separate  trains,  ^f* 
anow-bonnd.  The  eospension  of  mail  facillii<> 
was  absolute  for  over  forty-eifcht  hoars. 

The  immediate  effect  of  the  storm  "«■* 
suspend  all  traffic  on  the  surface  street-rot^ 
Tbe  elevated  roads,  it  would  be  supp<»'^< 
would  be  free  from  trouble ;  bat.  owing  loib 
position  of  their  ruls.  on  each  side  of  wbieti 
two  heavy  wooden  guard-rails  are  bolted  do«. 
they  ezperienoed  mnoh  difflcolty.  The  nio 
coated  the  ruls  with  ice,  snow  was  i^omtii 


NICARAGUA.  613 

ice,  and  the  increasing  fall  of  snow  the  exception  of  $200,000,  which  are  to  be 

lied  up  the  space,  burying  the  rail  withdrawn  gradually;  to  provide  for  which, 

y,  ana  preventing  transit  over  the  10  per  cent,  of  the  duties  on  imports  at  the 

some  instances  the  cars  were  all  day  seaports  are  to  be  set  aside  until  the  amount 

he  length  of  the  road.     The  people,  is  canceled.     The  bank  bound  itself  to  take  at 

cases,  came  down    on  ladders,  the  par  in    silver  coin  all  such  paper  money  on 

ng  detained  between  stations.  presentation.     In  this  manner  specie  payment 

e  department  set  to  work  to  build  has  virtually  been  resumed, 

id  hire  all  suitable  ones  in  order  to  irmy^ — The  effective  strength  of  the  perma- 

I  for  the  transportation  of  engines,  nent  army  is  1,25B  men,  commanded  by  83  offi- 

1  ladders  to   nres.     The  telephone  cers;  and  of  the  militia  14,000,  officered  by  581. 

finding  its  wires  were  in  many  in-  iBerlcan  irUtratloih — The  President  of  the 

ossed  by  the  electric-light  wires,  it  United  States,  in  his  message  of  December  3,  ex- 

ecessary  as  a  precaution  against  con-  pressed  himself  in  the  following  terms:  ^^The 

to  shut  off  the  light  currents,  so  that  long-pending  boundary  dispute  between  Costa 

ras  for  one  or  two  nights  practically  Rica  nnd  Nicaragua  was  referred  to  my  arbi- 

llumination.    Coal  was  delivered  with  tration;  and  by  an  award  made  on  March  22 

Sculty  to  many  private    residences,  last,  the  question  has  been  finally  settled  to 

m  Supply  Company  supplied  steam  the  expressed  satisfaction  of  both  of  the  parties 

aterruption  to  all  its  customers.    The  in  interest.'*    A  dispute  having  arisen  after- 

•anies  supplied  gas  without  trouble,  ward  between  the  two  republics,  in  relation  to 

1  and  all  objects  that  had  to  be  trans-  the  site  of  the  proposed  llicaraguan  Canal,  the 

the  surface  were  only  with  great  de-  American  minister  to  Guatemala  was  instructed 
t  the  cost  of  great  efforts  delivered  to  to  use  his  good  offices  to  bring  about  an  under- 
airing  them.  standing  between  the  two  governments.  The 
ose  of  the  masses  of  snow,  fires  were  following  dispatch  from  him  was  received  at 
nst  the  heaps,  and  in  other  places  the  Department  of  State  on  Jan.  17,  1889: 
jam  were  used  to  melt  the  accumula-  "  The  convention  between  Nicaragua  and  Costa 
irting  the  snow  to  the  docks  and  Rica  to  arbitrate  questions  affecting  the  Nica- 
it  into  the  river  was  the  most  effi-  raguan  Canal  was  signed  on  the  10th  Instant, 
le  methods  adopted.  The  East  River  The  President  of  the  United  States  is  named 
as  operated  at  a  disadvantage,   the  the  arbitrator.*' 

isport  having  stopped.    In  the  midst  ionexttlon  9t  Cora  Idand* — The  "  Gaceta  Ofic- 

>ckade  thus  occasioned  an  ice  bridge  ial  '*  of  Sept.  22,  1888,  announced  the  taking 

TOSS  the  East  river,  and  several  thou-  possession  of  Corn  Island  by  the  Government 

tie  crossed  upon  it.     A  very  sad  feat-  on  August  30.     This  small  island  lies  off  the 

lie  loss  of  life.     Owing  to  the  expos-  Nicaraguan  coast,  on  the  Atlantic  side,  thirty- 

al  persons  perished  in  the  city  and  six  miles  east  of  Bluefields.     It  has  a  popula- 
tion of  500,  and  a  good  port  with  a  depth  of 

SIJi,  a  republic  in  Central  America ;  forty  feet.    The  island  is  fertile,  and  exports 

00  square  miles ;  population  in  1886,  a  large  amount  of  cocoanuts.     There  is  also 
The  capital  is  Managua,  population,  a  ship  -  yard,    where   sloops  of  twenty  tons 

capacity  are  built. 

imU — The  President  is  Don  Evaristo  Postal  Scrfice. — During  1885-'86  the  number 

hose  term  of  office   will  expire  on  of  items  of  mail  matter  handled  was  2,480,153, 

1891.     The  Cabinet  is  composed  of  while  the  expense  involved  was  $71,406 ;  the 

ing  ministers :  Foreign  Affairs,  Don  receipts  did  not  exceed  $22,717. 

vala;  Finance,  Don  Beruab6  Porto-  Tetegrapbs. — The  number  of  telegrams  sent 

interior,  Don  David  Osorno;  Public  during    1885-'86   was  261,116,    87,010   being 

)nOhos^Chamorro;  War,  Gen.J.  Eli-  Government  dispatches  and   174,106   private 

le  Nicaraguan  Minister  at  Washington  messages.     The   latter  were  91,607  in   1884, 

oracio  Guzman;  the  Consul- General  88,580  in  1885,  and  85,526  in  1886;  the  cable- 

ork,  Alexander  Cotheal ;  the  Ameri-  grams  numbered  9,267.    The  receipts  during 

il  at  Managua  is  Charles  H.  Wills.  1886  were  $49,101,  and  the  expenses  $83,800. 

. — The  income  in  1885  was  $1,479,-  There  were  in  operation  in  1887  808  miles  of 

outlay,  $2,191,076 ;  in  1886  the  for-  telegraph  and  32  of  telephone.     In  October 

11,594,236,  and  the  latter,  $1,998,667.  several  new  telegraph  offices  were  opened.     A 

m  debt  is  represented  by  £285,000,  line  went  into  operation  a  distance  of  forty 

per  cent,   interest,  and  the  home  miles  between  Eteii  and  Sauce,  to  be  soon 

luding    paper  money  in  circulation,  followed  by  one  between  Matagalpa  and  Jui- 

to  $491,123  on  Oct.  81,  1886.     In  galpa,  which  will  connect  the  former  with  the 

r,  1888,  the  Minister  of  Finance  made  Department  of  Chon tales. 

t  with  the  Banco  de  Nicaragua  by  Electric   Light. — The   municipality   of    Leon 

which  the  Government  engaged  to  made  a  contract  in  October  for  the  lighting  of 

and  cancel  all  the  paper  money  in  the  city  during  twenty-five  years,  at  the  end 

1  on  November  15  of  that  year,  with  of  which  time  the  city  has  the  option  of  buy- 


614 


NICARAGUA. 


ing  the  plant  or  exteoding  the  privilege  for 
another  equal  period,  on  the  expiration  of 
which  the  plant  becomes  city  property  without 
compensation. 

Sallrwids. — There  are  in  operation  two  lines 
of  railway,  one  between  Oorinto  and  Momo- 
tombo  via  Ghinandega  and  Leon,  and  one  be- 
tween Managua  and  Granada  via  Masaya, 
measuring  together  159  kilometres  in  length. 

Lake  NaflgatlaB. — In  July  the  Government 
made  a  contract  for  the  establishment  of  a 
new  line  of  steamboat?  to  ply  on  the  lake  be- 
tween Managua  and  Momotombo;  the  first 
steamer  to  begin  its  trips  in  eighteen  months, 
and  DO  steamer  of  the  line  to  register  less  than 
150  tons  harden. 

CMiMerce. — During  four  biennial  periods  the 
total  foreign  trade  of  Nicaragua  was  as  follows : 

1879>'80 |«,644,816  1 188S-*84 $8,699,080 

1881-'82 7,881,66«  I  1885-'86 8,410,188 

The  imports  and  exports  daring  the  last  two 
were  distributed  as  follow : 


moveme;^. 


Import 
Export. 


1883-'84. 


Total  trade. 


$8,794,981 
4,904,649 


$8,699,680 


1885-*86. 


$8,684,178 
4,7^015 

$8,410,188 


During  the  last  two  years  the  products  ex- 
ported were:  India-rubber,  28,007  quintals; 
gold,  19,785  ounces;  coffee,  142,472  quintals; 
cattle,  406  head. 

The  American  trade  with  Nicaragua  has 
been  as  follows : 


FISCAL  YEARS. 

Import  into  the 
Unit«d  StatM. 

to  Niovagaa. 

1888 

1887 

$1,496,171 
1,668,169 
1,067,902 

$861,166 
701,161 
471.671 

1886 

Edintloii. — In  1887  there  were  283  common 
schools,  attended  by  9,083  pupils,  who  were 
taught  by  256  teachers,  and  10  colleges,  at- 
tended by  998  students,  taught  by  &  pro- 
fessors. The  painter,  Don  Jos^  Maria  Ibarra, 
is  about  to  open  a  school  of  arts  at  the  capi- 
tal ;  simultaneously  a  young  ladies*  educational 
institute  is  to  be  established.  Dating  from 
May  1,  the  academies  at  Leon  and  Granada 
were  changed  to  national  universities.  The 
Government  in  1888  spent  $1,940  monthly  in 
aid  extended  to  colleges  and  universities,  and 
$5,362  per  month  for  common  schools;  add- 
ing thereto  other  subsidies  for  education,  the 
monthly  state  aid  aggregated  during  the  year 
$14,04ff. 

Nieangu  Caial. — The  apparent  collapse  of  the 
Panama  Canal  and  the  slight  interest  taken 
in  the  Tehauntepec  Ship-Canal,  bring  into 
prominence  the  Nicaragua  Canal  The  Mari- 
time Canal  Company  of  Nicaragua,  which  had 
already  received  a  charter  from  the  State  of 
Vermont,  received  also  a  charter  from  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States  in  February, 
1889.  After  debates  and  investigations  in 
both  houses  of  Congress,  of  the  most  exhaust- 


ive nature,  continued  at  intervals  tbroogboot 
a  period  of  more  tb^n  a  year,  this  set  oi  '^' 
corporation  was  signed   by  President  C\«'^ 
land  in  the  same  month,  after  careful  ei&^ 
nation  by  himself  and  cabinet  of  the  <MyD^ 
tionality  of  the  measure,  and  of  the  cIsijiQS^ 
objections  of  previous  concessions.   TI:^\8TD«I' 
lire  is  in  line  with  the  joint  resolatic^n  ol  t^ J 
Senate  Committee  on  Foreign  Affair^^  t\\it^ 
ship-canal  should  not  be  under  Eurc^^^eaBt 
trol.     It  requires  the  president,  vice- 7  " 

and  a  m^ority  of  the  directors  of  the^.     com^ 
to  be  citizens  of  the  United  States. 
The  first  concession  to  build  a  8bif]^^.cgiuil 

the  route  now  proposed  was  granted^ i)j 

ragua  in  1849  to  the  Atlantic  and  Pa cific 

Canal  Company.    The  original  conmmp«iy 
succeeded   by  the  Central  Americ^^^n  Tr 
Company.    This  organization  is  8ti^^9]  jo 
ence,  and  its  members  claim  that  it         has 
prior  to  those  of  any  other  conc«— ^rn,  wl 
must  be  respected  by  any  compa^Knj  that 
tempts  to  construct  a  canal  on  tb( 
ered  by  the  concessions.     These 
been  frequently  denied  by  the  Go^ 
Nicaragua,  and  the  action  of  the  U 
Congress  and  President  in  granti^^*JgJ^* 
approval  to  the  present  company  c^^^^^^ 
denial.     A  report  was  made  givB."«g^»*' 
and  description  of  the  route  of     ^  ™^1 
from  the  harbor  of  San  Juan  I>€J  Jon«» 
Greytown,  on  the  Atlantic,  to  tl^^^^ 
Brito  on  the  Pacific,  in  Nicaragua--       ^' 
lines  were  surveyed,  but  were  de^«^*^^.*"P' 
ticable.    The  estimated  cost  of  tli€>    ^ntireti 
was $31,500,000.    The  undertakiix^  J[**' 
on  for  several  years  with  consider*^"'® ^| 
It  was  purely  an  American  enterT^^"^*® '  " 
therefore  encountered  considerate!^  opposil 
through    representatives  of    for^*^.  ^^ 
ments.    Complications  with  politi^?^^^""" 
led  to  assurances  by  the  Governing''* /^ 
ington,  in  1858-'59,  that  the  int>er-«M8  or 
zens  of  the  United  States  would   l>^  ^^^  ~ 
The  Bulwer  and   Clayton   treaty     ^^  f< 
tiated  partially  in  behalf  of  the  co^W*    , 
terests.     In  1862  the  Government  of  Aic»^ 
gua  confiscated  the  property  of  the^  wmpa^. 
Through  the  intervention  of  the  ^^^^^^ 
minister,  the  property  was  return^    Owiaf 
to  the  civil  war  in  this  country  tb«  ^mpuj 
was  left  to  protect  its  own  interest  *o<' a 
1863  the  Government  of  Nicaragua  tootary 
the  exclusive  privileges  held  by  tbe  conipao/, 
and  ratified  a  contract  with  Capt.  ^^  '^ 
represented  an  English  company  that  propoierf 
building  a  railroad  across  the  Isthmus.  After 
the  exclusive  right  had  been  taken  a»'V  "^ 
the  charter  of  the  company  modified,  ii  '^ 
a  new  contract  with  Nicaragua,  and  proceeded 
with  its  work.     In  1868  the  company's  st«w- 
er  on  Lake  Nicaragua  was  seized  by  the  troops 
of  the  Government,  the  franchises  of  the  com- 
pany were  declared  forfeited,  and  all  its  pw? 
erty  was  seized  for  debt  and  sold.    This  Ust«A 
drove  the  company^s  employes  out  ot  thecooft- 


1/7.      j£     '  "^.j    yi»" 


further  work  was  im- 
waa  decided  that  tbe 
United  State*  Got- 
ihonld    he    invoked. 


r.  ' 


1  No- 


i;  made  a  form&i  re- 
■esident  Grant  for  in- 

t'kims  against  Nioa- 
le  amount  of  proper- 
ad  destroyed  and  the 
ucDrred,  were  filed 
wretarj  of  State. 
h.   1887,  a  contract 

witli  Nicaragua,  ge- 
^he  New  York  Asbo- 
loBive  right  of  way 
B  territory  of  the  re- 

the  const  rnctioD  of 
i  between  the  Atlan- 
Paoifio  Ocean.  The 
D  has  been  anrveyed 
ea — twice  by  erpe- 
;  out  by  tbe  United 
'  Department.  Dnr- 
rant'a  presidency  it 
ed  as  the  moat  prao- 

feasible  route  for  a 
through  tbe  Ameri- 
a,  by  a  OoTemment 

consi^ing  of  the 
^oeersof  the  Army, 

the  Bureau  of  Nav- 

the  Superintendent 
wi  Survey,  after- a 
laminatioQ,  ex  ten  d- 
iveral  years,  of  tlie 
9ct  of  interooeanic 
ion.  The  detailed 
tbe  cost  of  constroc- 
ting  to  (60,000,000, 
led  and  accepted  by 
[ineers  in  tliis  conn- 
>pe.  Enpneers  and 
'ere  sent  to  Nics- 
i7,  and  the  wort  of 
)eeu  carried  on  nn- 
nt  time.  The  route 
lea  in  length,  hnt 
ailes  can  really  be 
lal.  It  begins  at 
n  the  eastern  side, 
course  of  the  San 
wveOohoa,  through 
gna,  n  distance  of 
ind  thence  to  tbe 
ito,  the  Pacific  ter- 
Buriace  of  tba  lake, 
ve  the  sea,  ia  the 
i.  At  the  eastern 
lake  tbe  San  Juan 
backed  up  and  kept 
evel  by  a  dam  for 
>f  M  miles,   thas 

extension  of  the 
rill  have  a  width  of 
d  a  depth  of  from 


rACIFIC  OCSAN 


NORTfl  CAROLINA.  617 

erm  of  ninety-niDe  years,  on  condi-  tax  an  interference  with  interstate  commerce, 

lying  25  per  cent,  of  the  annual  net  This  tax  had  yielded  an   annaal  average  of 

the  enterprise  to  the  Government  of  $83,000.     The  Auditor  and  Treasurer  concur 

lie,  heside  the  dividends  due  to  it  for  in  the  opinion  that,  in  order  to  meet  the  ex- 

in  the  capital  stock.     All  misonder-  penditnres  of  the  next  two  years,  it  will  be 

that  may  arise  between  the  state  of  necessary  to  raise  the  general  tax  rate  to  thirty 

I  and  the  company  will  be  submitted  cents  on  each  $100  worth  of  property.     The 

tion.     A  valuable  concession  has  also  chief  items  of  expenditure  for  1888  were :  De- 

iined  by  the  canal  association  from  partmentsofthe  State  Government,  $22,607.34; 

3a,  on  a  basis  similar  to  that  men-  judiciary,  $46.721.82 ;  agricultural  department, 

ove.  $24,500;  asylums  and  institutions,  $197,400; 

iimed  that  there  are  many  points  of  interest  on  State  debt,  $267,687 ;  Penitentiary, 

)  for  the  Nicaragua  Canal.     In  the  $100,000 ;   pensions  to  Confederate  soldiers, 

0,  it  has  no  such  bar  to  its  way  as  $29,583.80 ;  university,  $27,500 ;  public  print* 

>ra  mountain,  the  cutting  through  of  ing,  $13,139.16;  State  guard,  $4,583.82.    The 

om  the  fact  that  there  is  danger  of  estimated    resources  for  the  same  time  are 

)f  the  mountain  sliding  into  the  cut,  $702,395.    These  estimates  are  based  on  a  tax 

be  a  doubtful  task.     It  has  no  such  levy  of  thirty  cents  on  $100,  on  the  assessed 

e  difficulty  to  contend  against  as  the  valuation  of  $211,700,000. 

iver,  the  controlling  of  which  for  the  The  principal  of  the  bonded  debt  recognized 

ison  is  an  unsolved  problem.     The  in  the  act  of  1879  was  as  follows:  Bonds  issued 

river  at  Nicaragua  is  not  comparable  before  May.  1861,  $5,477,400  ;  issued  during 

that  river  is  known  as  the  only  river  and  since  the  late  war,  by  authority  of  acts 

pics  not  subject  to  sudden  rises,  and  passed  prior  thereto,  $3,261,045  ;    issued    in 

rer  occur  either  in  the  lake  or  in  the  pursuance  of  the  funding  acts  of  March  10, 

I  for  the  first  sixty-four  miles  of  its  1866,  and  Aug.  20,  1868,  $3,888,600  ;    total 

At  that  point  (San  Carlos)  a  dam  is  recognized  debt,  $12,627,045.   By  that  act  this 

which   is  said    to   be  practicable,  sum  was  to  be  refunded  in  4-per-cent.  bonds 

'  flows  through  a  narrow  valley,  and  at  a  discount,  and  bonds  have  been  surrendered 

irge  tributaries,  and  the  heavy  rains  and  exchanged  as  follow :  Class  1,  at  40  per 

on  the  Isthmus  at  Panama  are  un-  cent.,   $4,925,900;   class  2,  at  25   per  cent., 

1  this  locality.    The  Chagres  river  $2,591,045;  class  8,  at  15  per  cent.,  $8,1 97,- 

le  the  Panama  Canal,  and,  though  it  000.    Total  exchanged,  $10,753,945.    New  4- 

^  more  than  a  slow  stream  in  the  dry  per-cent.  bonds  have  been  issued  for  these  re- 

et  in  the  flood  season  it  is  1,560  feet  deemed   bonds  as  follow  :  Bonds  at  40  per 

feet  deep,  and  very  rapid.    Still  an-  cent.,  $1,970,360;  bonds  at  25  per  cent.,  $647,- 

antage  claimed  for  the  Nicaragua  is,  761.25  ;  bonds  at  15  per  cent.,  $479,550.    To- 

climate  is  much  more  healthful  than  tal  new  bonds  issued,  $8,097,671.25.    There  is 

mama  route.  still  outstanding  of  the  old  bonds,  $1,918,100 ; 

CiBOLDfi.     State  GovenuMBt  —  The  when  the  exchange  is  completed,  the  amount 

were  the  State  officers  during  the  of  the  4-per-cent.  bonds  will  be  $3,613,511.25. 
►vernor,  Alfred  M.  Scales  (Democrat);  Exchanges  have  continued  under  the  act  of 
It -Governor,  Charles  M.  Stedman;  March  14,  1879,  to  adjust  and  renew  that  por- 
of  State,  William  L.  Saunders;  Treas-  tion  of  the  State  debt  incurred  in  aid  of  the 
nald  W.  Bain ;  Auditor,  William  P.  construction  of  the  North  Carolina  Railroad. 
Attorney-General,  Theodore  F.  Da-  The  commissioners  have  received  $2,606,000 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  of  the  old  bonds,  and  new  bonds  of  the  same 
.  Finger ;  Commissioner  of  Agricult-  amount,  bearing  6  per  cent,  interest,  maturing 
I  Robinson;  Chief-Justice  of  the  8u-  April  1,  1919,  have  been  issued,  and  there  re- 
3urt,  William  N.  H.  Smith  ;  Associ-  main  $189,000  outstanding,  the  larger  part  be- 
tes, Augustus  S.  Merrimon  and  Joseph  ing  held  by  the  United  States  Treasury.    The 

total  debt  of  the  State  will  thus  be  funded  at 

s.— The  receipts  for   1888,  including  $6,408,511.25. 

wrought  over,  were  $897,644.09 ;  the  At  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature,  the 

ires,  $824,611.88 ;  balance,  $78,032.21.  Treasurer  was  authorized,  with  the  sanction  of 

>alance,  $13,450.38  was  deposited  in  Governor  and  Auditor,  to  sell  4-per-cent.  bonds, 

National  Bank  of  Raleigh,  which  bus-  as  many  as  may  be  necessary,  at  not  less  than 

1  March,  1888.   The  revenues  applica-  par  value,  and  to  apply  the  proceeds  to  the 

meral  purposes  were  $515,693.78  for  payment  of  the  6-per-cent.  construction  bonds, 

ecrease  of  $140,000  from  1887.    This  wherever  found.     At  the  passage  of  the  act, 

ispartly  due  to  a  lower  rate  of  taxation  these  4-per-cent.  bonds  were  at  par,  but  they 

being    twenty  cents  on  $100,  against  soon  began  to  fall,  and  now  command  in  the 

ve  cents  in  1887,  and  to  the  suspension  market  about  ninety-one  cents, 

lection  of  the  tax  on  commercial  travel-  Edacatlon. — The  whole  number  of  white  and 

isequence  of  a  decision  of  the  Supreme  colored  children  between  the  ages  of  six  and 

'    the  United    States    declaring   the  twenty-one  years  in  1887  was  566,270.    The 


fJ18  NORTH  OAROUNA. 

white  children,  daring  the  foar  years  ending       Maiifactutaig. — Daring  the  past  two  yein 

in  1887,  increased  from  821,561  to  353,481 ;  twenty  factories  have  been  established  for  cm- 

the  colored  children  from  198,843  to  212,789.  ning  frait  and  vegetables,  and  have  beenau- 

Daring  1887  there    were    enrolled   in  the  formlj  saccessfnl.    There  is  a  marked  activity 

white  i«chools  57*2  per  cent.;  in  the  colored  in  cotton  and  wool  manufacture,  fortjone  new 

schools  57*8  per  cent    The  average  daily  at-  factories  having  been  established  in  1888.  Tbe  ' 

tendance  in  white  schools  was  35*2  per  cent.,  only  silk-factory  in  the  Southern  States  hu 

and  in  the  colored  schools  33*5  per  cent.    The  been  established  in  North  Carolina  during  the 

total    expenditure  for   schools  in    1887  was  past  twelve  months  by  Northern  capitalists, 

$653,037.33,  and  the  average  length  of  the  and  is  highly  successful.     A  larae  amoimt  of 

school  year  sixty  days.  machinery  has  been  put  into  the  oam  Chriataan 

For  1888,  the  average  length  of  the  school  gold-mine.    Water  is  conveyed  five  miles,  aod 

year  was  sixty-three  days,  the  amount  of  money  is  forced  by  a  500-hor8e- power  engine  agaimt 

spent  $729,388.02,  and  the  number  of  children  tbe  hill-sides. 

of  school  age  580,810 — whites,  363,982;  col-  Cri|M.  —  Un&vorable  weather  during  tbe 
ored,  216,837.  The  total  enrollment  in  tlie  spring  and  summer  injured  the  crops;  tbe 
schools  was  58  per  cent.,  the  average  attendance  corn-crop  is  imusually  short,  and  tlie  cotton 
about  35  per  cent.  At  the  State  University,  is  below  the  average;  so,  also,  the  ti>bacco- 
owing  to  the  reductions  in  the  income  made  crop  is  shorter  than  for  several  year&  Tbe 
by  the  last  Legislature,  it  has  been  found  neces-  culture  of  sorghum  cane  is  increasing,  and 
sary  to  diminish  the  number  of  teachers.  The  three  times  as  much  land  is  devoted  to  grape- 
new  building  for  the  Oollege  of  Agriculture,  at  culture  as  there  was  two  years  ago. 
Raleigh,  begun  in  1888,  is  approaching  com-  OysteiMSirTey.— The  oyster-survey  has  been 
pletion.  It  is  built  of  brick  made  at  the  Peni-  completed  with  the  aid  of  the  Federal  Got- 
tentiary.                                                               ^  ernment.    An  area  of  over  1,000,000  acres  bis 

State   iBstttattons. — Over  400  convicts  have  been  examined,  and  583,000  acres  are  reported 

been  employed  on  the  railroads  and  in  the  suitable  for  oyster-cnltnre.   Since  May  1, 188S, 

swamps,  and  have  done  much  work  also  upon  472  entries  of  oyster-ground  have  been  made 

the  Supreme  Court  room  and  other  public  in  Hyde,  Carteret,  and  Dare  Counties;  tbe 

buildings.    There  are  400  convicts  under  the  total  area  entered  is  about  53,000  acres, 
age  of  twenty  years.  Boudary-LlMS. — The  survey  between  NorUi 

The  State  asylums  are  insuflScient  for  the  Carolina  and  Virginia,  in  the  counties  of  Cor- 
accommodation  of  the  insane  patients.  A  large  rituck,  Camden,  and  Gates,  has  been  completed, 
number  are  now  confined  in  poor-houses  and  and  the  line  permanently  marked  with  stones, 
jails,  and  there  are  many  others  in  private  The  line  between  North  Carolina  and  Tenner- 
families.  The  State  Asylum  at  Raleigh  has  see  and  South  Carolina  is  in  dispute,  and  refer- 
292  patients,  and  there  is  accommodation  at  ence  to  arbitration  is  proposed, 
the  Morganton  Asylum  for  about  500.  PMsImu. — By  the  acts  and  amendments  of 

The  Institution  for  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  1885  and  1887,  $30,000  wasi  appropriated  toi 

Blind  is  well  managed,  and  its  pupils  now  certain  defined  class  of  soldiers  and  widows 

number  287,  an  increase  of  47  in  two  years.  of  deceased  soldiers,  in  the  expectation  tbat 

Militia. — The    State    Guard,    organized    in  each  entitled  would  receive  the  sum  of  thirty 

March,  1877,  began  its  existence  without  State  dollars.     So  great  has  been  the  number  of  ap- 

aid,  and  continued  to  be  supported  by  private  plications  under  these  acts  that  the  amonnt 

individuals   till    1883,   when  the   Legislature  received  by  each  applicant  has  been  reduced 

granted  an  appropriation  of  $150  a  year  to  to  a  mere  pittance.    The  number  of  soldiers 

each  company,  limiting  the  number  of  com-  drawing  pensions  during  tbe  year  was  1,083, 

panics  to  twenty-five.    In  1887  this  was  in-  and    the   number    of   widows,    2,625;   total 

creased  to  $300.     With  this  aid,  and  the  Fed-  3,708 ;  making  the  allowance  for  each  soldier 

eral  appropriation  of  $10,000  per  annum  in  and  widow,  $8.25. 

arms,  ammunition,  equipment,  and  clothing,  iBidgratloii* — A  convention  of  delegates  from 
etc.,  the  Guard  is  now  on  a  good  financial  basis,  nearly  all  the  Southern  States  east  of  the  Mis- 
It  has  increased  from  1,043  officers  and  men  in  sissippi  river  met  at  Hot  Springs  on  April  25, 
1886  to  1,192  in  1887  and  1,459  in  1888.  under  the  auspices  of  the  Southern  railroad 

Ratlroails. — There  are  2,550  miles  of  railroad  and  steamship  companies,  to  promote  immi- 

in  the  State  owned  by  fifty-one  companies,  gration  into  these  States.     The  Governors  of 

Two  railroads  are  in  great  part  owned  by  the  Virginia,  South   Carolina,  and  Georgia  were 

State — the  North  Carolina  and  the  Atlantic  present.     After  a  discussion  it  was  resolved 

and  North  Carolina.    The  former  is  leased  at  that  an  immigration  association  be  established 

a  yearly  rental  of  $260,000,  and  the  State  is  with  headquarters  in  the  city  of  New  York,  to 

thus  enabled  to  pay  the  interest  on  its  6-per-  be  styled  tue  Southern  Immigration  Associa- 

cent,  bonds  issued  in  aid  of  the  con<>truction  tion.    The  object  of  the  association  is  to  direct 

of  the  road.    The  other  road  was  built  as  an  immigrants,  inunediately  upon  their  landing  is 

extension  of  the  former  road  to  the  sea.    The  New  York,  to  homes  in  the  South. 
State  is  contemplating  building  branch  lines  as        Faraen'  CMventlM* — The  annual  meeting  o^ 

feeders  to  tbe  roads  thus  owned.  the  Interstate  Farmers*  Association  was  hdd 


NORTH  CAROLINA.  NOVA  SCOTIA.                619 

^  jear  at  Raleigh,  August  21.     It  brought  internal-revenue  system  as  a  war  tax  not  to  be  justi- 

t(^ether  over  one  hundred  deleeates,  represent-  ^^  \^  ^?«®  ^*'  P«**»»  "*  *  grievous  burden  to  our 

bg  nearly  all  the  Southern  Itat^.     Reaolu-  Ef^P^r'^^r^^f  .'S°°r~,'°.K?' P!^<?.  .T 


agement  for  sheep-raising,  were  discussed  and  repad  of  this  onerous  system  of  taxation  enacted  by 

passed  ^^^^  P^^7  while  the  Republicans  in  Congress  are 

d.xmL.1      tv.^  -d  ^«ui: o*  *    r«            *•  taxing  their  eneigies  to  obstruct  all  legislation  inau- 

P»iltletL--The  Republican  btate  Convention  gyrated  by  the  representatives  of  t&  Democratic 

met  at  Raleigh  on  May  28,  and  nominated  a  party  to  relieve  the  people  of  all  or  a  part  of  this  odi- 

oomplete  State  ticket  as  follows:    For  Gov-  ous system. 

jmor,  Oliver  H.   Dockery ;    lientenant-Gov-  That  to  meet  an  existing  evil  we  will  accept  for 

»mftr     T     P     Pnifn>ioi>f1 .    flani>Afoi*v  r*f  Qfofo  educational  purposes  from  the  Federal  Government 

^   '     w    Q*       *        V    ^^^^^^^l  ^l   ?J?^>  our  pro^nu/ B^SjTof  \he  surplus  in  ito  Treasury; 

ieorge  W.  Staunton ;  Treasurer,  G.  A.  Bmg-  Provided,  that  it  be  disbursed  through  State  agenti 

lam;    Auditor,  C.  F.  McKesson;    Attorney-  and  the  bill  for  the  distribution  be  free  from  oojeo- 

^eneral,  Thomas  P.  Devereux;  Superintend-  tionable  features. 

ml  of  Public  Instruction,  James  D.  Mason;  That  it  is  due  to  the  people  of  our  eastern  counties, 

\^A^^^  r^f  fk*  a.-.,..^.^^  nZL^  T\  T    -D „^ii  4.1  ^^^  "'*'^®  ^  cheerfully  borne  their  share  of  our  com- 

rudges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  D.  L.  Russell,  to  mon  burdens,  that  the  present  or  some  equaUy  eflfect- 

iucceed  to  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  ive  system  or  county  government  shall  be  maintained, 
fudge  Ashe,  and  Ralph  B.  Buxton  and  David 

If.  Forcbes  as  the  two  Associate  Judges  pro-  The  Prohibition   party    also   nominated  a 

rided    for    by    the    proposed    conetitutional  State  ticket,  with  William  T.  Walker  for  Gov- 

imendment  to  be  submitted  to  the  people  at  emor,  Moses  Hammond  for  Secretary  of  State, 

he  November  election,    llie  following  reso-  Hugh  W.  Dixon  for  Treasurer,  James  W.  Win- 

utions,  among  others,  were  adopted :  stead  for  Auditor,  John  W.  Moody  for  Attomey- 

We  look  upon  the  purity  of  the  ballot-box  as  the  General,  and  Robert  T.  Bonner  for  Superin- 

)e8t  possible  security  against  threatening  evils,  and  tendent  of  Public   Instruction.      Before  the 

ve  demand  such  reasonable  State  legislation  as  will  election  the  name  of  W.  A.  Guthrie  was  sub- 

;he  elective  franchise  by  fraud  or  violence  poisons  the  ^-  h  ^P^^"*  ^^  l&tter  having  declmed  the 

springs  of  power.  nomination.    The  November  election  resulted 

As  the  means  of  preventing  any  further  accumula-  in  the  usual  Democratic  victory  for  both  State 

tionfof  surplus  in  the  United  States  Treasuiy]  we  de-  and   national   tickets.    For  Governor,  Fowle 

nand  the  repeal  of  the  mtemal-revenue  system  of  -^„^:„^j    tA*T  aoK    ^^4-^^,    "n^«i,«-„     Voo  >i»tk 

taxation,  and  the  passage  of  the  Blair  educational  bill,  ^®^®IZ?^,  ^*¥??.  ""^Jf '  ^^^^57/    \SS,m  ; 

Bs  the  best  method  of  public  education  and  of  distrib^  a^<*  Walker,  8,116.     Members  of  the  Legislat- 

ating  the  already  accumulated  surplus  in  the  Treasury,  ure  of  1889  were  elected  asfoUow:   Senate — 

We  are  opposed  to  the  present  system  of  county  Democrats,   87;    Republicans,    13.      House — 

ErSSv'Sffirrs^by^^^  Democrats,  83;   Republicans,   35;   Independ- 

Weoppoee  tiie  present  syst^  of  hiring  out  convicts  f^ts,  2.    Democratic  Congressmen  were  elected 

by  the  state,  so  as  to  bring  other  labor  in  competition  m  the  First,  Third,  Fourth,   Sixth,   Seventh, 

nrith  free  labor.  and  Eighth  Districts,  and  Republicane^  in  the 

The  Democratic  State  Convention  convened  Second,  Fifth,  and  Ninth,  a  gain  of  one  seat 

It  Raleigh  on  May  80.    There  were  three  prin-  by  the  Republicans.     At  the  same  election  the 

sipal  candidates  for  the  gubernatorial  nomina-  constitutional  amendment  increasing  the  num- 

;ion,  Lieut.-Gov.  Stedman,  Daniel  G.  Fowle,  ber  of  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  from  three 

ind  S.  B.  Alexander,  each  of  whom  received  to  five  was  a<lopted  by  121,961  to  29,893. 

>n  the  first  ballot  the  following  vote :  Fowle,  NO?A  SCOTIA.    There  were  no  changes  in  the 

)74;  Stedman,  831;  Alexander,  245.    Fowle  Executive  Government    of   the  Province  of 

iras  nominated  on  the  twenty-third  ballot  by  a  Nova  Scotia  during  1888. 

rute  of  523  to  485  for  Stedman.    The  conven-  Legislatlti* — The  session   of  the   Provincial 

ion  thereupon  nominated  Alexander  for  Lieu-  Legislature  in  1888  was  characterized  by  the 

enant-Govemor,  but,  upon  his  declining  to  ac-  passage  of  several  statutes  of  great  local  im- 

«pt  the  nomination,  chose  Thomas  ]£  Holt,  portance.    The  Towns  Incorporation  act  is  a 

Secretary  of  State  Saunders,  Treasurer  Bain,  measure  to  provide  for  the  local  government  of 

Vttomey-General  Davidson,  and  Superintend-  all  towns  already  incorporated  within  the  prov- 

jnt  of  Public  Instruction  Finger  were  renomi-  ince,  and  for  the  incorporation  of  other  towns, 

lated.      For   Auditor,   George  W.   Sanderlin  without  necessity  for  special   legislation.     Its 

ras  nominated;    for  Judge  of  the  Supreme  principal   provisions   are   as   follows:    When 

^urt,  to  succeed  Judge  Ashe,  Joseph  J.  Davis,  fifty  of   the    rate-payers  of  any    unincorpo- 

nd  as  additional  judges,  in  case  the  constitu-  rated  district  desire  incorporation,  they  may 

ional  amendment  should  be  adopted,  James  band  to  the  sheriff  of  the  county  a  requisition 

L  Shepherd  and  Alphonso  C.  Avery.     The  for  an  election  to  test  the  sentiment  of  the  dis- 

Lfttform  approves  the  administration  of  Gov.  trict.     On  receipt  of  this,  the  sheriff"  shall  pro- 

cales  and  President  Cleveland,  favors  a  tariff  ceed  to  define  the  boundaries  of  the  proposed 

>r  revenue  only,  and  contains  the  following :  town ;  but  on  the  application  often  rate-payers 

Tb»t  we,  as  her^tofore^  favor,  and  will  never  cease  ^°  ^^®  district  the  sheriffs  conclusions  in  this 

demand,  the  unconditional  abolition  of  the  whole  regard   will  be  reviewed  by  the  Lieutenant- 


620 


NOVA  SOOTIA. 


Governor  in  Conncil,  and  altered  by  that  body 
in  its  discretion.  After  twenty  days'  notice, 
the  election  is  held,  at  which  all  persons  en- 
titled to  vote  in  the  district  for  members  of  the 
provincial  Legislature  may  vote,  and  if  the  de- 
cision is  in  the  affirmative,  or  if  half  of  the 
votes  are  in  the  affirmative,  the  Lieutenant- 
Grovernor  issues  a  proclamation  declaring  the 
town  incorporated.  The  sheriff  is  the  officer 
to  hold  the  election.  Every  town  already  in- 
corporated within  the  province,  or  becoming 
incorporated  under  the  act,  is  declared  to  be  a 
separate  school- district,  and  the  schools  are 
under  the  control  of  a  board  of  five  commis- 
sioners, two  of  whom  are  appointed  by  the 
Lieutenant-Governor  in  Council,  and  three  by 
the  town  council.  This  board  determines 
what  amount  shall  be  assessed  upon  the  town 
for  school  purposes,  and  under  certain  condi- 
tions may  pledge  the  credit  of  the  towns  for 
school  loans.  The  towns  are  made  distinct 
from  the  municipalities  in  which  they  are 
situated,  but  their  liability  for  indebtedness  in- 
curred by  the  municipality  previous  to  the  in- 
corporation of  the  town  continues.  Full  pro- 
visions are  made  for  the  atisessment  and  collec- 
tion of  taxes,  the  laying  out  of  streets,  the  es- 
tablishment of  local  courts  of  civil  and  crimi- 
nal jurisdiction,  the  regulation  of  the  proced- 
ure in  such  courts,  the  establishment  of  a  local 
police  force,  and  in  general  to  meet  all  probable 
exigencies  likely  to  arise  in  a  town  corporation. 

The  Assessment  act  of  1888  consolidates 
and  amends  all  previous  statutes  on  the  same 
subject,  and  is  very  fall  in  it«  provisions.  Un- 
der it  the  incidence  of  taxation  falls  upon  real 
and  personal  property  and  income.  One  fourth 
of  the  taxes  in  any  year  may  be  raised  by  a 
poll-tax,  provided  each  individual  poll-tax 
does  not  exceed  fifty  cents;  but  a  mimicipal 
council  may  omit  to  levy  a  poll-tax  if  it  deems 
it  expedient  to  do  so. 

The  Miners'  Arbitration  act,  1888,  provides 
for  the  appointment  of  a  board  of  arbitration 
to  settle  disputes  between  persons  employed  in 
mines  and  their  employers.  This  board  con- 
sists of  five  persons ;  two  are  appointed  by  the 
Lieutenant-Governor  in  Council,  each  of  the 
parties  to  the  di-^pute  appoints  one,  and  the  two 
so  appointed  choose  the  fifth.  The  arbitrators 
are  sworn,  and  have  full  powers  to  compel  the 
attendance  of  witnesses,  to  administer  oaths, 
and  to  examine  documents.  Their  award  may 
be  made  a  rule  of  the  Supreme  Court  on  mo- 
tion, and  be  enforced  in  the  same  manner  as 
other  rules  of  court. 

The  Public  Health  act,  1888,  authorizes  the 
Governor  in  Council  to  make  all  necessary  or- 
ders to  promote  sanitary  precautions,  including 
such  steps  as  are  needed  to  prevent  the  spread 
of  infectious  diseases ;  to  ref^ulate  burials ;  and 
to  supply  medical  aid,  medicine,  and  hospital 
accommodation  in  cases  of  epidemic,  endemic, 
or  contagious  diseases.  It  provides  for  the 
annual  appointment  of  boards  of  health  in  all 
the  cities,  towns,  and  municipalities,  the  ap- 


pointment being  vested  in  the  city,  town,  or 
municipal  councils,  as  the  case  may  be ;  bat  in 
case  the  councils  do  not  appoint,  the  Lieoten- 
ant-Govemor  in  Council  may   do  so.    Each 
city,  town,  or  municipality  is  made  a  healtL- 
district,  and  a  sanitary  inspector  is  to  be  ap- 
pointed in  each,  whose  salary  and  expenses,  ts 
well  as  all  the  necessary  expenses  of  the  board 
of  health,  are  to  be  borne  by  the  district  Pro- 
vision  is  made  for    compulsory   vaccinstion, 
which  is  to  be  gratuitous  in  the  case  of  indigent 
persons.     Houses  in  which  persons  are  ml 
from  any  infectious  disease  are  to  be  qoaras- 
tined ;  children  of  families  so  inflicted  most  be 
detained  from  school.     Heavy  penalties  are  im- 
posed for  violation  of  the  act  or  any  of  the 
regulations  made  under  it. 

Many  important  amendments  were  made  in 
the  details  of  the  Liquor-License  act,  1886 ;  also 
in  the  County  Courts  act.  All  the  statutes 
relating  to  trustees  were  consolidated  and 
amended,  and  an  act  was  passed  to  provide  for 
the  compulsory  attendance  of  children  at 
school ;  but  the  provisions  of  the  latter  statute 
only  apply  to  Halifax. 

gOilpplBg. — Five  steamers,  aggregating  397 
tons,  and  101  sailing-vessels,  aggregating  18,- 
976  tons,  were  built  in  ^  ova  Scotia  during  the 
year  ending  June  80,  1888.  There  were  added 
to  the  Provincial  Registry  of  Shipping  daring 
the  same  period,  126  vessels,  aggregating  16,- 
231  tons,  and  there  were  sold  to  other  countries 
13  vessels,  a^regating  3,633  tons  and  Talaed 
at  $59,150.  The  arrivals  and  departures  fivo 
Nova  Scotia  ports  during  the  year  ending  June 
30,  1888,  were  as  follow  : 


MOVKBOEMT. 


HnolMr. 


Arrivals: 

Steamers 

Salling-veasela. 
Departures  : 

Steftmera 

Bailing- vessels. 


8,078 
1M27 

8,021 
18,8&5 


T«afc 


Provlncitl  ReveiEC  nd  Expendltire.— The  rev- 
enue of  Nova  Scotia  for  the  year  ending  Dec. 
81,  1888,  was  as  follows:  From  dominion  sub- 
sidies, $504,882.32  ;  mines,  $151,208.72 ;  crown 
lands,  $14,258.15 ;  other  sources,  $53,003.30; 
total,  $712,951.49.  The  principal  items  of  ex- 
penditure were:  For  education,  $212,000: 
road  surplus,  $113,829;  intere-t,  $49,877; 
agriculture,  $21,283;  subsidies  to  steamers, 
$36,923  ;  legislative  expenses,  $40,620;  salaries. 
$17,658;  hospital  maintenance,  $20,048;  rail- 
way subsidies,  $28,038.  A  balance  of  $44,551 
was  carried  over  to  1889. 

Railways. — Following  is  a  statement  of  the  rail- 
ways in  operation  in  Kova  Scotia  in  1888:  Ip- 
tercolonial,  251  miles;  Windsor  and  Annapolif, 
84 ;  WePtern  Counties,  67 ;  Eastern  Extension, 
80;  Joggins,  14;  Springhill  and  Parrsboro, 
32 ;  Sydney  and  Louisburg,  32. 

The  following  roads  were  under  construction 
during  the  year:  Oxford  and  New  Glasgow,  72 
miles ;  Cape  Breton,  98 ;  Nictaux  and  Atlantic, 
75: 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.  621 


O 

iUSSSj  AMEUCAM.     Sketches  of  some  Medical  College ;  secretarv  of  the  flret  sanitary  reform 

>re  noted  Americans  that  died  in  1888  ^BociatioD  onj^ized  in  New  York ;  and  president  of 

J    .      ...       1  1.  V  4.»     1  _i  '^  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society  in  1872.     Hewaa 

ound  m   their  alphabetical  places  in  a  popular  and  effective  lecturer,  and  published,  amon^ 

me,  accompanied  by  portraits.  many  works,  "  A  Contribution  to  the  Surgery  ol 

Divergent  S<iuinti"  **  Trephining  the  Cornea  to  Re- 
mnah  Shepherdsoiii  publisher,  bom  in  East  move  a  Foreign  Body,''  and  '^  Cauthoplasty  as  a  £cm- 
e,  R.  1.,  Aug.  10,  1806 :  died  in  Baltimore,  edy  in  Certain  Diseases  of  the  Eye." 
1  19, 1888.  He  learnea  the  printer's  trade,  Alezanderi  Edmniid  Brooke,  soldier,  bom  in  Harmar- 
two  partners,  issued  the  flrst  number  of  the  ket,  Va.,  Oct.  6,  1802 ;  died  in  Washington.  D.  C, 
lia  **  Public  Ledger,"  on  March  25,  1836.  Jan.  3,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States 
went  to  Baltimore,  and  on  May  17  brought  Military  Academy  in  1823,  assigned  to  the  Sixth  In- 
st number  of  the  **  Sun."  He  retained  his  fentry  as  brevet  second  lieutenant,  promoted  captain. 
1  the  Philadelphia  *^ Public  Ledger"  till  and  appointed  assistant  quartermaster  in  1838,  ana 
in  the  Baltimore  ^*  Sun  "  till  death.^  Mr.  transferred  to  the  general  staff.  He  resigned  his  staff 
absociated  with  Prof.  Morse  in  establishing  appointment,  and,  as  senior  captain,  commanded  the 
Stic  telegraph,  published  the  first  message  Third  Infantry  tli rough  the  Mexican  War.  His  regi- 
tlie  wires  oetween  Washington  and  Balti-  ment  carried  tne  enemy's  breastworks  with  the  bayo- 
844,  and  received  for  publication  the  first  net  at  Cerro  Gordo ;  and  he  was  brevetted  mxyor  for 
Ed  messa^  ever  transmitted  by  wire,  May  this  action,  and  lieutenantpoolonel  for  gallantry  at 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  believed  to  Contreras  and  Chnrubusko.  Afler  the  war  he  served 
ilthiest  citizen  of  Baltimore,  and  had  an  es-  in  New  Mexico,  was  promoted  major  and  assigned  to 
the  city  that  originally  cost  him  $500,000,  the  Eighth  Infantry,  and  was  selected  by  President 
lich  he  subsequently  expended  $1,000,000  in  Pierce  for  one  of  the  new  colonelcies  on  the  enlarge- 
ents.  ment  of  the  army  in  1855.  He  was  in  command  at 
ohn  JohTintoH|  railroad  official,  bom  in  Pais-  Fort  Laramie  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war,  and 
nd,  Oct.  30, 1807 :  died  in  Teoumseh,  Mich.,  was  kept  at  remote  frontier  posts  as  chief  mustering 
$8.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  officer;  was  brevetted  brigadier-jj^eneral  for  faithful 
n  1826,  removed  to  the  United  States,  and  services;  and  retired,  after  forty -nine  years  of  contin- 
itlerward  appointed  principal  of  Meadville,  uous  service,  in  1872.  _ 
amy. 
ks  a  r 

lonstitution 

of  the  State  Senate;  and,  alter  a  service  in  was  ^dusted  at  the  United  States  Military  Acad- 

louse  of  Representatives,  was  elected  State  emy  in  1847,  served  in  the  Mexican  War  as  second 

He  was   appointed    Auditor-General   of  lieutenant  in  the  Third  United  States  Artillery,  and 

in  1845,  and  m  January.  1851,  resigned  the  after  its  close  was  on  garrison  duty  at  Fort  Preble, 

ccept  one  with  the  Michigan  Central  Rail-  Mexico,  and  on  similar  and  fVontier  duty  in  the  Unitea 

o  years  afterward  he  became  auditor  of  the  States  till  1859,  when  he  was  ordered  to  the  Artillery 

Southern  Railroad  Company,  with  which  he  School  at  Fort  Monroe.    With  the  exception  of  a  three 

until  1868.    Mr.  Adam  was  a  member  of  the  months'  sick-leave,  he  was  actively  engaged  throu^rh 

boards  of  regents,  under  which  the  State  the  civil  war.    He  was  promoted  first  heutenant  in 

-  was  reorganized.  Mareh,  1852;  captain  in  May,  1861;   brevet-m^jor, 

OamaUns  Bet,  surgeon^  bom  in  New  York,  July  2, 1863 ;  lieutenant-oolonel.  May  5, 18C4 ;  colonel, 

830:  died  there,  Aprd  18,  1888.    He  was  Aug.  18,  1864;  brigadier-general  and  m^ior^neral, 

at  Columbia  College  in  1849,  and  at  the  Mareh  13, 1865 ;  was  mustered  out  the  volunteer  serv- 

'  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1852,  and  be-  ice  as  full  migor-general,  April  30, 1866,  and  was  pro- 

ccte3  with  the  New  York  Hospital.    Sub-  moted  lieutenant-colonel.  Twenty-eighth  United  States 


and  skin  in  Paris.  On  his  return  to  New  brevets  were  conferred  for  gallant  and  meritorious 
assumed  the  duties  of  surgeon  to  the  Eye  services  in  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  in  the  Wilder- 
Infirmary  and  engaged  in  private  practice,  ness,  on  the  Weldon  Railroad,  at  Five  Forks,  and  dur- 
)v.  Morgan  appoint^  him  Surgeon-General  ing  the  war,  and  for  conspicuous  gallantrv  in  the  Wil- 
ite  of  New  York,  and  shortly  after  his  re-  derness.  at  Spottsylvania  Court-House,  Jericho  Mills, 
1  1860  made  him  Medical  Director  of  the  Bethesoa  Church.  Petersburg,  and  Globe  Tavern, 
inteer  Hospital.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  Baoonf  John  Williamf  jurist,  bom  in  Natick,  Mass., 
lited  States  Sanitary  Commission,  and  as  a  in  1818  ;  died  in  Taunton  Mass.,  March  21,  1888.  He 
ner  devoted  almost  his  entire  time  to  its  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1843,  admitted  to  the  bar 
Ting  the  civil  war.  He  joined  three  other  in  1846,  elected  a  State  Senator  in  1859  and  1862,  ap- 
in  establishing  the  Union  League  Club  of  pointed  chief-justice  of  the  municipal  court  of  Boston 
.  In  1866  he  established  ophthalmia  clinics  in  1866,  and  elevated  to  the  bench  of  the  Superior 
lege  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  three  Court  in  1871.    He  was  suddenly  taken  ill  while  nold- 

*  was  elected  Clinical  Professor  oi  diseases  of  ing  court.  In  the  evening  he  was  stricken  with  apo- 
id  Ear.    In  1870  he  organized  the  Brooklyn  plexv,  and  died  in  a  few  minutes. 

Ear  Hospital,  and  the  Manhattan  Eye  and        Bi^eri  William  EnMnon,  manufacturer,  bom  in  Bos- 

ital  in  New  York;  and  he  was  one  of  the  ton.  Mass.,  April  16.1828;  died  there,  Jan.  6.1888. 

of  the  School  of  Mines  in  Columbia  College,  He  oegan  business  lire  in  a  dry-^2roods  store,  and  sub- 

le  a  trastee  of  the  college  in  1874.     He  was  sequently  joined  W.  O.  Grover  m  forming  the  Grover 

*  of  the  State  Lunatic  Asylum  at  Pough-  i&  Baker  Sewing  -  Machine  Company.  Mr.  Baker 
id  secretary  of  the  executive  committee  of  spentseveralyearsabroad,  contesting  patent  suits,  and 
;  president  of  the  Board  of  Education  of  on  retuminsr  to  the  United  States  bought  Ridge  Hill 
I ;  a  governor  of  the  New  York  Women's  farm  at  WeUesley,  Mass.,  and  spent  the  remainder  of 


622  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 

his  life  in  gratifyiDg  an  extreme  ecoentrioity  for  ouri-  ward  retired,  and  Mr.  Barnes  retnmed  to  New  Toik 
ous  buildings,  fantastic  decorations,  and  mirtn-provok-  in  1855.    In  1868  the  firm  erected  the  building  on  tbe 
ing  apparatus.    His  farm  comprised  over  500  acres,  comerof  John  and  William  Streets.  New  York,  and  in 
and  on  it  he  erected  an  immense  stable  which  he  dec-  1880  put  up  another  large  one  on  tne  comer  of  Liber- 
orated  within  and  without  with  eictraordinary  paint-  tjr  and  Nassau  Streets,  Brooklyn,  where  all  the  maoo- 
lugs ;  a  tall  tower,  whose  successive  floors  constituted  noturing  is  done.    The  firm  has  confined  itself  al- 
a  combined  museum,  zoological  cabinet,  and  kinder-  most  exclusively  to  school-books,    lir.  Barnes  retiicd 
garten;  several  pavilions  from  the  Centennial  nounds;  from  the  active  management  in  1880,  leaving  Ave  soofr 
a  chapel  in  which  he  placed  a  huge  bronzed  Buddha;  in  charge.    He  was  president  of  the  Brooklvn  City 
a  pig-pen  of  vast  proportions  and  re^l  splendor,  its  Mission' Societv,  ana  a  director  in  several  nnancial 
interior  covered  with  large  oilpaiptings;  numerous  corporations.    He  gave  the  Faith  Home  $25,000,  sod 
costly  mausoleums  in  which  favorite  departed  pi^,  the  Young  Men^s  Christian  Association  of  Cornell 
restored  by  a  taxidermist,  were  exhibited  on  magnifi-  Universitjr,  $40,000 ;  and  bequeathed  $50,000  to  v»- 
oent  pedestals  :  and  many  grotesque  edifices,  all  gaud-  rious  charities,  churches,  and  schools, 
ilv  painted.    He  constru<^ed  an  artificial  lake,  and  BameSf  BemaSj  manufacturer,  bom  in  Gorham,  On- 
placed  in  it  a  curious  steamboat  that  would  go  equally  tario  County,  N.  Y.,  April  4, 1827 ;  died  in  New  Y(ffk 
well  on  land  or  in  water :  tunneled  a  subterranean  city  May  1, 1888.    He  removed  to  New  York  when 
labyrinth  through  the  rock ;  and  filled  his  grounds  fourteen  years  old,  learned  the  drug  business,  and  m- 
witn  stuffed  animals  and  all  the  extravagant,  (xld,  and  tablished  a  store  of  his  own  four  years  afterward.  At 
nondescript  things  he  could  make  or  buy.    He  was  one  time  he  had  branch  stores  in  San  Frandfioo,  New 
fond  of  entertaining  distinguished  people,  and  opened  Orleans,   and  Montreal.    In  1866  he  was  elected  to 
his  grounds  to  the  public  &yej7  day  but  Sunday.  Congress  as  a  Democrat  from  the  second  CongreBsiooil 

Baldwin,  OharleB  iL,  naval  officer,  bom  in  New  York  District,  which  included  the  greater  port  of  the  ci^  of 

city,  Dec.  23,  1822 ;  died  there,  Nov.  17^  1888.    He  Brooklyn,  and  in  that  body  served  as  a  member  of  tbe 

entered  the  United  States  Navy  as  a  midshipman,  committees  on  banking  and  currency,  education,  sod 

April  24, 1889,  was  promoted  passed  midshipman  July  labor.    He  aided  in  procuring  legislation  for  the  con- 

2, 1845,  was  engaged  in  the  operations  in  tne  vicinity  stmction  of  the  East  Biver  Bridge,  and  became  one  of 

of  Mazatlan,  fVom  November,  1847,  till  June,  1848,  its  first  trustees,  and  abl^  supported  the  demand  fori 

was  commissioned  lieutenant  in  November,  1858,  and  new  post-office  building  in  New  York  ci^.    He  w» 

resigned  Feb.  28, 1854.    At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  one  of  the  foundere  of  the  Brooklyn  ^'  Eagle '*  but 

war  m  1861  he  was  appointed  acting  lieutenant    Dur-  withdrew  from  it  in  1878  and  established  the  Brook- 

inff  Farragut's  passage  of  Forts  JacKson  and  St  Philip  lyn  "  Argus,"  from  which  he  retired  in '  Febnarr, 

below  New  Orleans  and  the  capture  of  the  city  he  was  1877.    Afterward  he  joined  the  independent  mo^e- 

in  command  of  the  steamer  ^*-  Clifton,"  and  at  the  first  ment  in  Brooklyn,  and  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 

attack  on  Vicksburg  in  1862  he  rendered  important  committee  of  one  hundred  citizens,  who  undeitook  to 

service  on  the  same  vessel.    He  was  commissioned  check  municipal  abuses.    Mr.  Barnes  moved  to  Nev 

commander  Nov.  18, 1862,  was  on  special  service  in  York  city  in  1882.  but  continued  his  relations  with  vt- 

command  of  the  **  VanderbUt "  in  1 868-' 64,  was  in  rious  financial,  eaucational,  and  charitable  iostitutiott 

charge  of  the  ordnance  bureau  at  Mare  Island  Navy  of  Brooklyn  till  his  death. 

Yard,  San  Francisco  in  1864-^67,  was  fleet  captain  of  Banon,  Samuel^  naval  officer,  bom   in  Hampton, 

the  North  Pacific  squadron  in  1868-*69,  was  commis-  Va..  in  1802;  died  in  Essex  County,  Vs.,  Feb.  «, 

sioned  captain  June  12. 1869,  commodore  Aug.  8, 1876,  1888.      He  was  commissioned  midithipman  in  the 

and  rear-admiral  Jan.  81,  1883,  and  was  retired  Sept  United  States  Navy  when  only  three  years  oldj  beinf 

8,  1884.    In  the  interval  of  Ms  naval  service  he  was  the  youngest  Government  officer  ever  known  m  inj 

captain  of  a  mail  steamship  plying  between  New  York  country,  except  the  scions  of  ro^*alty,  and  when  ei^t 

and  San  Franci.sco.    As  commander  of  the  *^  Vander-  years  old  roaae  his  first  sea-cruise,  up  the  Meditem- 

bilt,"  he  chased  tiie  Confederate  privateer  *^  Alabama  "  nean.    He  served  with  honor  in  various  parts  of  tbe 

hfljf-way  round  the  world,  and  as  commander  of  the  world,  rendered  efficient  aid  through  the  Mexioin 

European  squadron  after  his  promotion  to  rear-admi-  War,  was  commandant  of  the  naval  station  at  Norfolk 

ral  he  represented  the  United  States  at  the  coronation  during  the  yellow-fever  epidemic,  and  was  in  eofo- 

of  the  present  Emperor  of  Bussia.  mand  of  the  United  States  mgate  "  Wabash  "  st  the 

Bamardf  Daniel  P.,  lawyer,  bom  in  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  when  his  State  seceded 

in  1812 ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  18, 1888.     He  he  resigned  his  commission  in  the  United  States  Ktrr. 

removed  to  New  York  in  1824,  and  for  a  time  was  entered  that  of  the  Confederacy,  with  the  rank  of 

engaged  in  a  banking-house.    Subsequently  he  was  commodore,  and  while  on  his  firat  service,  as  oom- 

admitted  to  the  Baltimore  bar,  and  became  a  Demo-  mander  of  Fort  Hatteras,  at  Hatteras  Inlet,  was  cspt- 

oratic  member  of  the  city  council.     In  1842  he  settled  ured  with  his  entire  command  by  the  National  fbroes. 

in  Brooklyn,  in  1852  was  elected  a  member  of  the  After  a  confinement  of  about  a  year  in  Fort  Wanes 

council,  and  in   1 855  was  chosen  president  of  the  he  was  exchanged,  and  during  the  remainder  of  tbe 

board  of  aldermen,  to  which  office  were  then  added  war  served  the  Confederacy  in  London,  superintend- 

the  duties  of  city  judge.    He  was  one  of  the  foremost  ing  the  equipment  of  cmisers. 

advocates  of  the  consolidation  of  Williamsbur^h  with  Beldan,  David,  lawyer,  bom  in  Newtown,  Faiiilfcld 

Brooklyn,  and  of  tlie  introduction  of  water  into  the  County,  Conn.,  Augl  14,1882;  died  in  San  Jos^,  Calf 

city,  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  convention  Mav  14,  1888.    He  was  apprenticed  to  a  carpentfl', 

of  1867-'68,  settled  the  famous  Jackson  Hollow  litiga-  ana  on  attaining  his  majority  removed  to  Marrsvilie, 

tion,  and   successfully  defended  Cortland  Sprague,  Cal.,  where  he  worked  at  his  trade.    He  there  attrs<^ 

citv  treasurer,  Isaac  Badeau,  collector,  and  Evan  M.  ed  tne  attention  of  James  Churchman,  a  lawyer  of 

Jonnson,  comptroller,  on  charges  of  malfeasance.  Nevada  City,  who  induced  him  to  remove  to  thstoity 

Bameif  Alfred  Smita,  publisher,  bom  in  New  Ha-  and  study  law.    In  1856  he  was  admitted  to  tbe  bar 

ven,  Conn.,  Jan.  28,  1817;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  of  the  Supreme  Court;  in  1858  was  elected  judge  of 

Feb.  17, 1888.  He  entered  the  bookstore  of  D.  F.  Rob-  Nevada  County,  and  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  de- 

inson  <&  Co.  in  Hartford,  removed  with  the  firm  to  dined  a  re-election  ;  and  in  1865  was  elected  a  Stst> 

New  York,  and  in  his  twenty-first  year  associated  senator  and  served  four  yeaiSj  during  which  hfT™* 

himself  with  Prof.  Charles  Davies  and  began  pub-  first  a  member  and  then  chairman  of  the  judidarj 

lishinff  his  mathematical  works.    He  personally  can-  committee.    He  settled  in  San  Joa6.  and  in  1871  waft 

vassed  e verv  State  in  the  country  with  their  first  pub-  appointed  judce  of  the  newly  created  Twentieth  Jwh' 

lication,  and  pursued  the  same  course  for  several  years  cial  District  of  the  State,  and  on  the  expiration  of  bi» 

with  subsequent  ones.    The  firm  opened  a  bookstore  first  term  was  unanimously  re-elected.     Under  the 

in  Philadelphia  in  1840,  and  removed  their  mauufact-  new  Constitution  the  iudiciary  system  of  the  State  waa 

ory  to  that  city  in  1842 ;  but  Prof.  Davies  soon  after-  reoi^nized,  and  at  the  first  eleotion,  in  1880,  be  waa 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.  623 

d^  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  was  re-  to  the  field  as  a  military  sui^g^n  in  1870,  and  for  hi» 

M.    Judge  Belden  was  a  Democrat  until  services  in  -  hosmtals  received  public  commendation 

',  and  then  became  a  strong  Union  man.  f^m  the  Grand  Duke  of  Baden.     In  1871  he  came  to 

nthusiastic  meteorologist,  established  an  this  country  at  August  Fetermann^s  suggestion,  and 

1  horticultural  garden  on  his  estate,  and  was  made  naturalist  and  surgeon  to  the  expedition 

an  instrument  that  registered  automati-  sent  to  the  polar  regions  under  Capt.  Charles  F.  Hall, 

details  of  an  earthquake.  Most  of  the  scientific  results  of  this  voyage  were  the 

uuni  HenxT  Templei  artist,  bom  in  Cawn-  fruit  of  his  personid  efibrts,  and,  after  the  rescue  of 

itan,  April  18,  1828  ;  died  on  Long  Island,  the  survivors,  he  was  occupied  for  several  years  at  the 

29, 1888.    He  was  the  son  of  a  British  Smithsonian  Institution  preparing  for  pumication  the 

ed  art  in  France,  and  in  1850  came  to  this  scientific  results  of  the  voyage,  one  of  which  was  the 

ire  his  immediate  success  as  a  caricaturist  proof,  just  advanced  bv  him.  of  the  insularity  of 

>ugham'B  ** Lantern"  led  him  to  devote  Greenland,  which  he  deduced  m>ro  the  tidal  observa- 

■ely  to  drawing.   When  this  venture  failed,  tiona  secured  on  the  expedition.    This  work  he  issued 

bomas  Strong  in  founding  ^*  Yankee  No-  as  ^^  Report  on  the  Scientific  Besulta  of  the  Polaris 

later  joined   William   Levison   in  the  Expedition"  (Washington,  1876).     In  1879  he  pub- 

'    He  also  wrote  and  drew  for  ^^  Harper's  lished  a  German  narrative  of  the  expedition,  iilus- 

and  *^  Harper's  Weekly^"  and  afterward  trated  with  his  own  sketdies.  Subsequently  he  under- 

ious  papers,  among  which  were  *^  John  took  an  ethnological  voya^^  to  the  northwest  coast  of 

id  *^  Vanity  Fair."    In  1860  he  returned  America^  but  it  was  termmated  prematurely  by  the 

where,  with  George  Augustus  Sala  and  wreck  of  the  vessel  in  Seynq^ur  Narrows,  British  Co- 


ndent  for  the  New  York  *^  Tribune  "  and  1885.    Dr.  Bessels  then  went  to  Germany  and  settled 
rated   London   News "  at  the  battle  of  in  Stuttgart,  where  he  was  engaged  in  literary  pur- 
Hi  s  later  sketches  and  writinffs  ap-  suits,  the  study  of  art,  and  geographical  instruction 

Harper's  Magazine,"*  '*  Harper's  Young  until  his  death. 

St.   Nicholas,"    '^  Texas  Sinin^,"  and  BixgeyHenirWaniar,  soldier,  bom  in  Hartford,  Conn., 

ications.    He  established  a  daily  called  Aug.  25j  1825;  died  in  New  York  city,  June  1. 1688. 

1885,  but  it  failed.    His  forte  was  writ-  He  received  a  classical  education,  and  at  the  oegin- 

ching  stories  for  children.    He  published  ning  of  the  dvil  war  organized  the  Fourth  Begiment 

cteristics  of  the  Three  Kingdoms  "  (1850)  of  Connecticut  Volunteers,  and  was  commissioned 

rt  of  Amasing"  (New  York,  1865).  its  migor  on  May  28, 1861.     After  service  in  Mary- 

ijf  bom  in  New  York  <nty  in  1823 ;  died  land  and  Virginia,  he  was  recalled  bv  his  uncle  Gov. 

1 12, 1888.    He  Was  of  German  and  £ng-  Buckingham  and  appointed  colonel  or  the  Thirteenth 

lineage,  and  the  son  of  Christian  Bergb,  Begiment  in  November.    In  March,  1862,  he  took 

er.    Henry  received  a  collegiate  educa-  this  regiment  by  sea  to  join  Gen.  Butler's  army  in 

gan  studying  law  in  Columbia  College,  New  Orleans,  and  on  reacning  that  city  was  placed  in 

mpleting  the  course  went  to  Europe.    He  command  of  its  defenses.    In  December  he  accom- 

ilaa,  daughter  of  Thomas  Taylor,  m  1848,  panied  the  army  up  the  Mississippi  to  co-operate  with 

etveled  in  almost  every  part  of  the  Conti-  Gen.  Grant  in  the  siege  of  Vicksourg.  was  appointed 

the  East.    In  1861  President  Lincoln  ap-  to  the  command  of  a  brigade,  which  ne  held  tnrough 

Secretary  of  the  American  Legation  m  the  first  Bed  Biver  campaign  and  the  siege  of  Port 

soon  afterward  United  States  consul  at  Hudson,  and  volunteerea  to  lead  a  storming  party 

irg.    The  failing  health  of  his  wife  led  against  the  works  of  the  latter  stronghold.    He  was 

rn  in  1864  and  return  to  New  York.    In  promoted  brigadier^neral  in  September,  1868.    Dur- 

lade  the  acquaintance  of  the  Earl  of  Bar-  mg  Gen.  Grant's  Virginia  campaign  he  was  assigned 

dent  of  the  Koyal  Society  for  the  Preven-  to  the  command  of  a  division  in  the  Nineteenth  Corps, 

Ity  to  Animals,  became  intensely  inter-  and  was  with  Gen.  Sheridan  in  his  most  brilliant 

i  work  of  that  organization,  studied  its  movements  in  the  Shenandoah  valley.    In  February, 

ughly,  and  formuuited  a  plan  for  a  simi-  1865,  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  defenses  of 

n  New  York.    In  1865  he  founded  the  Savannah,  and  held  that  post  until  the  following  No- 

xsiety  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  vember,  when  he  resigned  with  the  rank  of  brevet 

B  chosen  its  president,  and  in  1866  secured  migor-general.    After  tne  war  he  traveled  considera- 

of  an  act  giving  the  society,  through  its  bly  in  the  Southwest  and  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

[x>wer  of  making  arrests  and  carrving  on  BHtiiigeri  William)  merchant,  bom  near  Hanover, 

for  violations  of  the  statute  on  which  the  Pa.,  Nov.  21.  1820;   died  in  Abbottstown,  Adams 

was  instituted.    From  the  day  the  society  County,  Pa.,  March  8, 1888.    He  became  a  clerk  in  a 

until  his  death  he  remained  its  president  store  in  Abbottstown  when  fifteen  years  old,  and, 

spirit,  living  wholly  in  its  work,  and  with  the  exception  of  one  vear  spent  m  teaching,  was 

lout  salary.     Through  its  efforts  dog-  in  mercantile  Dusiness  all  Lis  life.    His  will  disposed 

k-fighting,  and  rat-baiting  were  almost  of  an  estate  valued  at  $225,000,  of  which  a  farm  worth 

>res^,  and  branch  societies  were  oigan-  $45,000  was  given  to  Pennsylvania  College,  in  C^ettys- 

ir-six  States.    Mr.  Bergh  was  an  cnthusi-  buryrwhich  also  was  made  residuary  letratee  to  found 

t  of  geology,  and  author  of  a  drama,  the  William  Bittinger  professorship  of  Intellectual 

emativej"  produced  at  the  Union  League  and  Moral  Science  :  another  farm,  valued  at  $40,000, 

timore,  m  1881,  and  several  poems.  to  Lebanon  Valley  College,  in  Annville,  to  endow  the 

Dill  naturalist,  bom  in  Heidelberg,  Ger-  Josephine  Bittinger-Eberly  professorship  in  that  in- 

2,  1847 ;  died  in  Stuttgart,  Germany,  stitution ;  and  $3,000  to  the  Lutheran  congregation  in 
(88.  He  was  educated  at  the  university  Abbottstown  for  a  new  church-building. 
!  place,  where  he  received  the  degree  of  Bobbett,  Albert,  wood-engraver,  bom  in  London, 
as  maae  an  assistant  at  the  Boyal  Museum  England,  in  1813;  died  in  New  York  city,  Aug.  6, 
,  and  there  became  interested  in  Arctic  1888.  He  leamed  to  engrave  on  wood  in  London,  re- 
in 1869  he  made  the  voyage  into  sea  be-  moved  to  New  York  city  about  1843,  and  was  con- 
)er^n  and  Nova  Zembla.  By  his  obser-  nected  with  nearly  every  effort  to  establish  illustrated 
lis  joumev  he  traced  the  influence  of  the  periodicals  in  this  country.  He  engraved  illustrations 
east  of  Spitzbergen,  and  added  much  to  for  P.  T.  Barnum,  in  Boston,  for  Gleason's  *^  Picto- 
nowledge  of  that  region.    Ho  was  called  rial,"  for  Frank  Leslie's  early  publications,  for  the 


624  OBirdARIES,  AMERICAN. 

first  issues  of  Harper's  "  Magazine  "  and  "  Weekly,"  squadron,  in  1867-*68.  was  on  special  duty  in  1869-'70, 

and  for  publishers  of  educational  works,  and  oontin-  and  in  JuW  of  the  latter  year  wan  promoted  rear- 

ued  work  till  his  death.    He  was  a  member  of  the  admiral.     In  1871-'72  he  cbmmandea  the  European 

American  Water-Color  Society,  a  man  of  extensive  squadron,  and  then  served  as  light-house  inspector 

reading  and  artistic  taste,  and  the  instructor  of  many  tin  1878,  when  he  was  retired, 
of  the  best  enffravers  on  wood  of  the  present  day.  Booth,  James  OnrtiBi  chemist,  bom  in  Philadeli^ua, 

Bodley,  Saonel  Littner,  physician,  t)om  in  Cmcin-  Pa.,  July  28,  1810;  died  in  West  HAvertbrd,  Pn, 

nati,  Onio,  Dec.  7,1881;  dfed  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  March    21,  1888.     He  was  educated    at   Hurtsvi^k 

June  15,  1888.    She  was  educated  at  Wesleyan  Col-  Seminary  and  was   graduated  at  the  Universitj  of 

lege  in  Cincinnati,  and  in  1860  was  appointed  pre-  Pennsylvania  in  1829,  after  which  he  spent  a  year  at 

ceptor  in  the  higher  collegiate  branches  in  that  insti-  the  Bensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute.      During  the 

tution.     Subsequently  she  entered  the  Polytechnic  winter  of  1831-*82  he  delivered  a  course  of  lecture  oo 

College  in  Philadelphia  as  a  special  student  in  chem-  chemistry  in  Flushing,  L.  I.,  and  in  December,  ISSS, 

istry  and  physics,  and  after  a  two  years'  course  was  he  went  to  GermanVj  where  he  entered  the  private 

appointed  Professor  of  Natural  Sciences  in  the  Cin-  laboratory  of  Prof.  Fnedrich  Wohler  in  Cassel.    It  is 

cmnati  Female  Seminary,  and  held  the  chair  three  believed  that  he  was  the  first  American  to  study  azuh 

years.    In  1865  she  was  elected  Professor  of  Chemis-  lytical  chemistry  in  Germany.    A  year  later  he  went 

try  and  Toxicology  in  the  Woman's  Medical  College  to  Berlin,  and  tliere  studied  under  Gustav  Magnus  for 

of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  being  the  first  woman  a  year,  after  which  he  devoted  some  time  to  the 

professor  of  chemistry  on  record.    She  was  elected  practical  study  of  chemistry  applied  to  the  arts  in  the 

dean  of  the  faculty  in  1877,  and  held  both  offices  till  manufacturing  centers  of  Europe.      In  1886  he  re- 

her  death.    In  1864  she  b^me  a  corresponding  mem-  turned  to  Philadelphia  and  established  a  laboratoij 

ber  of  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin ;  1871  for  instruction  in  chemical  analysis  and  applied  chem- 

a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  istir.     This  soon  acquired  considerable  reputation, 

Philadelphia,  and  received  the  degree  of  M.  A.  from  ana  students  from  various  parts  of  the  coimtry  came 

her  alma  miUer ;  1879  received  the  d^rec  of  M.  D.  to  him  for  instruction.     His  analytical  practice  io- 

from  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania;  creased,  and  he  was  assisted  by  Dr.  Martin  H.  Boj^ 

in  1882  was  elected  a  school  director  in  Philadelphia,  until  1845.    Three  years  later,  Thomas  H.  Garrett 

and  received  many  similar  honors.  became  his  associate,  and  in  1881   the  finn  became 

Bogarty  WilUam  Bxaajt  journalist,  bom  in  Albany,  Booth,  Garrett,  and  Blair.    He  was  made  Profesec? 

N.  Y.,  in  1810 ;  died  in  Aurora,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  21,  1888.  of  Chemistry  Applied  to  the  Arts  in  the  Franklin  b- 

He  was  graduated  at  the  Albany  Law  School  in  1881,  stitute  in  1886,  and  for  nine  successive  winter  he 

but  after  practicing  his  profession  a  short  time  aban-  continued  his  lectures^  making  three  fiill  coursee  of 

doned  it  tor  journalism.    His  first  permanent  employ-  three  years  each  ;  also  m  1842-'46  he  was  Professor  oi 

ment  was  as  legislative  correspondent  for  the  New  Chemistry  in  the  Central  High-School  of  Philadel- 

York  "  Courier  and  Enquirer,''  then  edited  by  Gen.  phia.    Soon  after  his  return  from  Europe  he  wts 

James  Watson  Webb.     He  remained  with  that  paper  called  on  to  take  part  in  the  geological  survey  of 

till  it  was  merged  into  the  New  York  **  World,"  and  Pennsylvania,  and  during  1837-'88  he  had  charge  <J^ 

then  severed  his  connection  with  it,  and  established  the  geological  survey  of  Delaware,  in  connection  vith 


clerk  to  the  Senate,  member  of  the  Albany  Institute,  and  refiner  at  tlie  United  States  Mint  m  Philadelpbu, 

and  one  of  the  first  trustees  of  Wells  College.     He  which  office  he  held  until  Jan.  7,  1888,  when  bis  rei- 

travcled  extens^ivelv  in  early  life,  and  was  well  known  i^piation  was  accepted,  to  take  effect  on  the  quaiiflca- 

as  an  aocomplishea  after-dinner  speaker.  tion  of  his  successor.    In  his  official  capacity  Mr. 

BoggSy  Oharlea  Staart,  naval  officer,  bom  in  New  Booth  was  frequently  consulted  by  the  Goveromeoi 

Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Jan.  28,  1810;  died  there,  April  on  questions  pertaining  to  chemistry,  and  his  studies 

22,   1888.      He  was   appointed  midshi|)man  in  the  of  the  nickel  ores  of  Pennsylvania  led,  in  1856,  to  tbe 

United  States  Navy  in  1826,  and  served  in  the  Medi-  adoption  of  nickel  as  one  of  the  components  of  the 

terranean  squadron  till  1880,  was  attached  to  the  East  alloys  used  in  the  coinage  of  the  cent  issued  in  1857- 

India  squaaron  from  1880  till  1832,  was  promoted  The  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  bv  the 

passed  midshipman  in  1882,  and  was  commissioned  University  of  Lewisburg  in  1867,  and  that  of  Po.  D. 


a4A     ifAAv     oiV'K\^     \^M      V  vac*    x^a^a^i*    svaava  \/vraajiafla»aiivft^^v&     vJkAv      ^^x^caw  awtava      \^a     \^vkm.x*m      c7x>«x^aavaA«V'     •■»7k7v/^v«*«Mk^^a-M.'«    —ax*     «««     «w^v      •'- 

expedition  that  destroyed  the  United  States  brig  was  president  of  the  American  Chemical  Society.  Ib 
**  Truxton  "  after  her  surrender  to  the  Mexicans.  He  addition  to  scientific  papers,  he  published  "  Eikyclo- 
was  executive  officer  of  the  fVigate  **  Lawrence  "  at  the  psedia  of  Chemistry,  Practical  and  Theoretical,"  in 
World's  Fair  in  London  in  1848,  served  as  light-house  the  preparation  of  which  he  was  assisted  bv  Martin 
inspector  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  was  promoted  H.  Boye.  Richard  S.  McCulloh,  and  Campbell  Morft 
commander  in  1855.  Assigned  to  command  the  (Philadelphia,  1850),  and  *^  Recent  Improvements  in 
"  Varuna,"  of  Farragut's  fleet,  in  1862.  he  distin-  the  Chemical  Arts,"  issued  bv  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
guished  himself  in  the  attack  on  Forts  Jackson  and  tution  (Washington,  1852).  He  edited,  with  notes,  a 
St.  Philip,  below  New  Orleans,  by  running  ahead  of  translation  from  the  French  of  Begnault's  "  Element* 
tlie  other  vessels,  attacking  the  Confederate  squad-  of  Chemistry"  (2  vols.,  Philadelphia,  1853). 
ron  above  the  forts,  and  destroying  six  of  its  gun-  Bovee,  Marvin  H.,  reformer,  bom  in  Amsterdam, 
boats  before  his  own  ves«el  was* sunk  by  two  rams.  N.  Y.,  in  1827;  died  in  Whitewater,  Wis.,  May  7, 
The  "  Varuna"  set  both  rams  on  fire,  ana  discharged  1888.  He  removed  with  his  parents  to  Wisconsin  in 
a  parting  shot  when  the  water  was  nearly  on  a  level  1848,  and  alter  teaching  for  several  years  was  elected 
with  her  last  serviceable  gun.  He  was  made  bearer  State  Senator  from  Waukesha  County.  As  chairman 
of  dispatches  to  WashingtoUj  promoted  captain,  and  of  the  select  committee,  one  of  his  first  acts  was  to  w- 
given  command  of  the  *' Juniata."  During  1864-'65  port  a  bill  for  the  abolition  of  capital  punishment, 
ne  was  on  duty  at  the  Brooklyn  Navy-Yard,  superin-  which  became  a  law.  At  the  close  of  his  term  he  de- 
tending  the  construction  of  steam  picket-boats,  and  livered  over  1,200  addresses  to  the  Legislatures  and 
there  designed  and  fitted  out  the  torpedo-boat  with  people  of  half  the  States  in  the  Union,  and  in  several 
which  the  Confederate  ram  '*  Albemarle"  was  de-  of  tnem  secured  the  passage  of  laws  making  the  pun- 
stroyed.  He  was  promoted  commodore  in  July.  1866,  ishment  for  murder  life  imprisonment  as  well  as  death, 
commanded  the  *'  De  Soto,"  of  the  North  Atlantic  His  labon  were  self-imposed,  and  cost  him  many 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


625 


dollars,  besides  his  time  and  labor,  as  he 
accept  money  for  his  efforts  or  even  hall- 
;  1860  he  established  a  State  reformatory 
Waukesha  on  original  plans.  He  believed 
way  to  effect  a  permanent  reform  was  to 
youthful  criminal  with  wholesome  influ- 
\i\m  kindly,  and  teach  him  to  be  Indus- 
>rdingly  he  placed  the  boys  in  home-like 
e  them  all  judicious  liberty,  taught  them 
■ought  to  encourage  a  pnde  in  elevated 
fr.  Bovee  was  an  active  Democrat,  and 
presidential  canvass  of  1884. 
Bt  PetigrDi  educator,  bom  in  Greenville, 
11,  1827;  died  in  Fau,  France,  Dec.  28, 
as  graduated  at  Brown  University  in 
Mnceton  Seminary  in  1851.  and  was  or- 
r  of  a  Baptist  church  in  Columbia,  S.  C. 
ecame  Professor  of  Theology  in  Furman 
Greenville,  S.  C,  and  three  years  after- 
lied  to  the  same  chair  in  the  Southern 
^logical  Seminary,  then  also  in  Qreen- 
r3,  through  the  endowments  of  fViends  in 
d  a  large  donation  from  Prof.  Boyce,  the 
IS  removed  to  Louisville,  and  he  was 
lent,  which  office  he  filled  until  his  death, 
istee  of  the  John  F.  Slater  educational 
bed  numerous  sermons,  addresses,  and 
tides,  and  had  received  the  degrees  of 
u.  D. 

rl,  artist,  bom  in  Lautereicken,  Bavaria, 
i  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  July  22, 1888.  He 
Jie  United  States  when  a  boy,  settled  in 
nd  became  a  si^-painter.  lie  studied 
I  landscape-painting,  and  soon  obtained 
acy.  His  first  notaole  exhibition  was  at 
in  1876,  and  from  that  time  his  paint- 
be  found  in  most  of  the  large  exhibitions 
ry.  He  was  very  industrious,  and  found 
ubjects  in  glimpses  of  scenery  in  which 
«  was  conspicuous. 

teijainin  Hurrii,  lawyer,   bom  in  Salem 

r.,  Oct.  13,  1816;  died  in  Philadelphia, 

1888.    He  was  graduated  at  Princeton 

34,  and  adnutted  to  the  bar  in  Philadel- 

In  1846  he  was  appointed  a  commis- 

udicate  the  claims  or  the  Cherokee  In- 

the  United  States ;  in  1867  was  appointed 

neral  of  Pennsylvania ;  and  in  December. 

pointed  Attorney-General  of  the  Unitecl 

ssident  Arthur.     These  were  all  the  pub- 

ever  held,  though  he  was  twice  a  candi- 

Jnited  States  Senate,  and  came  very  near 

time.    He  was  wedded  to  his  profession, 

d  it  with  great  assiduity  and  success. 

the  death  of  President  Garfield,  he  was 

ined  by  United  States  Attomev-General 

3  assist  in  the  prosecution  of  the  Star 

rators.    Prior  to  the  civil  war  Mr.  Brew- 

imocrat,  but  when  Fort  Sumter  was  fired 

me  one  of  the  most  zealous  supporters 

nistration.    He  was  widely  esteemed  for 

md  scholarly  attainments;  and  was  an 

rator.    He  received  the  degrees  of  A.  B., 

iL.  D.  froni  Princeton  College,  and  the 

om  Dickinson  College..    The  disfigure- 

ice  was  caused  by  bums  received  in  early 

npting  to  rescue  his  sister  from  a  fire  into 

lad  fallen.     (See  portrait  in  **  Annual 

for  1882.  i>age  812.) 

avid,  abolitionist,  bom  in  Westborough. 
1, 1794;  died  in  Bridgewater,  Mass.,  April 
was  graduated  at  Union  College  in  1818, 
)  course  in  theology,  was  ordained  a  Cou- 
lergvman,  and  settled  over  the  church  at 
»h,  Mass^  Dec.  29,  1819.  Subsequently 
•rates  in  Framingham,  Bridge  water,  Fal- 
k>uth  Plymouth,  Mass.,  and  elsewhere. 
ira  he  was  a  zealous  fnend  and  colaborer 
'hillips  and  William  Lloyd  Garrison  in 
movement,  and  was  so  outspoken  in  his 
xxviii. — 40  A 


denunciation  of  slavery  that  he  not  only  incurred  the 
animosity  of  many  people  who  otherwise  admired  him, 
but  was  subiectea  to  insult  and  personal  violence. 
His  extreme  language  nearly  cost  him  the  fellowship 
of  his  Church  twice.  He  was  also  an  equally  aggress- 
ive prohibitionist. 

Brightly,  Fxederiok  Oharlei,  author,  born  in  Bungay, 
Suffolk  County,  England,  Aug.  20, 1812 :  died  in  Ger- 
mantown.  Pa.,  Jan.  24, 1888.  He  passea  his  youth  in 
the  marine  service  of  the  East  Incua  Company,  came 
to  the  United  States  in  1881 ,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1888.  He  practiced  in  Germantown  and  Phil- 
adelphia about  fifteen  yeare,  and  then  applied  himself 
exclusively  to  legal  wnting.  He  aocumulated  the  most 
complete  and  valuable  collection  of  works  relating  to 
the  Laws  of  Pennsylvania  extant.  His  first  work  was 
a  treatise  on  " Costs"  (1862),  which  was  followed  by 
a  treatise  on  ^*  Equity,"  ^*  Digest  of  United  States 
Statutes  "  "  Digest  of  New  Yorit  Keports,"  "  Federal 
Digest,"  "  Digest  of  Pennsylvania  Keports,"  "  Digest 
of  Forty  Volumes  of  United  States  Keports,"  "Re- 
ports "Vselect  cases),  **0n  Bankmptcy,"  "On  Nisi 
rrius  Keports,"  "Election  Cases,"  and  editions  of 
Binn*8  "  Justice,"  Perdeu*s  "  Digest  of  Pennsylvania 
Statutes,"  and  Troubat  and  Halley»s  "  Practice." 

Brows,  John  Henzy  Hobart,  cleigyman,  bom  in  New 
York  city,  Dec.  1, 1881 ;  died  in  Fond  du  Lac,  Wis., 
Ma^  2, 1888.  He  was  graduated  at  the  General  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  New  York,  in  1854,  was  ordained 
deacon  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  priest 
on  Dec.  1,  1855.  He  became  assistant  minister  in 
Grace  Church,  Brooklyn,  in  1854;  and  while  there 
organized  the  Church  of  the  Good  Angels  (now  Em- 
manuel), of  which  he  was  appointed  rector  in  1856. 
In  1856  ne  became  rector  of  the  Church  of  the  Evan- 
gelists (Old  St.  George's  Chapel,  in  Beekman  Street), 
New  York,  and  he  was  actively  engaged  in  the  large 
missionary  work  of  that  parish  severaly  ears.  In  1863 
he  was  chosen  rector  of  St.  John's  Church  at  Cohoes, 
N.  Y.,  in  1868  secretary  to  the  Diocesan  ConvenUon  of 
Albany,  and  in  1870  archdeacon  of  the  Albany  Con- 
vocation. While  stationed  at  Cohora  he  rendered  effi- 
cient service  in  promoting  the  missionary  work  of  the 
northern  part  ot  the  diocese  of  New  York,  and  in  or- 
ganizing tne  diocese  of  Albany.  He  was  consecrated 
firat  Bishop  of  Fond  du  Lac  on  Dec.  15, 1875.  Bacine 
College  gave  him  the  decree  of  S.  T.  D.  in  1874. 

Bnue,  Aeqiamin  Franklin,  bom  in  Lenox,  Madison 
County,  N.  V.,  in  1811 ;  died  there,  Dec.  20,  1888. 
He  was  a  farmer,  and  an  infiuential  member  of  the 
Whig  party.  He  was  a  member  of  the  State  Consti- 
tutional Convention  in  1846;  was  brigade-mi^or  and 
mspeotor  of  the  Thirty -fifth  Brigade  of  New  York 
State  militia  under  Gov.  Marcy.  and  Inspector-General 
under  Govs.  Hunt,  Clark,  and  Kin^; :  was  appointed 
Canal  Commissioner  to  succeed  William  H.  Barnes 
in  January,  1861,  and  elected  to  the  office  for  a  full 
term  in  November,  1863 ;  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Assembly  in  1867.  and  served  as  churman  of  the 
Committee  on  Federal  Relations.  Through  his  efibrts 
while  Inspector-General  New  York  city  secured  pos- 
session of  the  old  Areenal  Building  and  ten  acres  of 
ground,  all  of  which  are  now  within  Central  Park. 

Bndi^ngton,  Sidn^  Qiias,  explorer,  bom  in  Groton, 
Conn.,  Sept.  16, 1823 ;  died  there,  June  13, 1888.  He 
became  a  flsnerman  at  an  early  age,  and  in  his  six- 
teenth year  went  into  the  whaling  business  and  fol- 
lowed it  with  success  till  June,  1871.  His  skill  as  a 
navigator  and  his  familiarity  with  the  extreme  north- 
em  waters  led  to  his  selection  as  sailing  and  ice  mas- 
ter of  the  p<^lar  expedition  fitted  out  for  Capt.  Charles 
F.  Hall.  The  instructions  provided  that  in  the  event 
of  Capt  HalPs  death  or  disability,  Capt.  Buddington 
shoula  continue  as  the  sailing  and  ice  master,  and 
control  the  movements  of  the  vessel,  with  Dr.  Emil 
Bessels  (see  page  623  of  this  volume)  us  chief  of  the 
scientific  department.  Also,  that  in  the  emergency 
of  their  non-agreement  as  to  the  course  to  be  pur- 
sued, Capt.  Buddington  should  assume  sole  charge 
and  return  with  the  expedition  to  the  United  States. 


626  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


described  already.    The  emerf^encies  for  wbiob  Seo-  Geraldinc J'  and  *^  Siberia, 
retarv  Robeson  made  proxision  oocurred,  and  Capt.        Oaiqibell,  Jaoob  Millar,  legislator,  bom  i 

Budaington  succeeded  tx>  the  sole  command.    Cant.  Townsbip,  Somerset  Comity,  Pa.,  No 

Buddin^on  and  Mate  Tyson  reached  home  in  1872,  died  in  Johnstown,  Pa.,  Sept.  27, 1888. 

and  delivered  all  the  books  and  papers  belonging  to  the  printer's  trade,  was  employed  on  t 

Capt.  Hall  to  the  naval  authorities.    After  the  omcial  river  steamboat  1841-'47,  ana  in  gold-mi 

investigation,  Capt.  Buddington  returned  to  his  home  fomia  in  1850.  removed  to  Johnstown  in 

in  Qroton,  and  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  there,  in  building  tne  Cambria  iron- works,  a: 

Among  several  natives  he  brought  to  the   United  in  the  employ  of  that  company  till  the  ou 

States  at  various  times,  was  the  late  Eskimo  Joe,  who  civil  war.    In  April,  1861,  he  became  & 

was  pilot  on  the  ^^  Polaris"  and  **£ra,''  andaocom-  in  the  Third  Pennsylvania  Volunteers, 

panied  the  Greely  expedition.  close  of  that  year  recruited  the  Fifty-foui 

BnlkleT,  John  WiUiami^  educator,  bom  in  Fiurfleld,  of  three  years'  men,  and  was  elected  its 

Conn,  Nov.  8, 1802;  died  in  Brooklvn,  N.  T.,  June  served  meritoriously  through  the  war,  be 

19, 1888.    He  became  a  teacher  in  nis  native  place,  brigadier-general  by  brevet,  Juiie  5,  li 

removed  to  Troy,  N.  Y.,  in  1883,  and  taught  there  he  was  elected  Surveyor-General  of  Peno 

till  1851,  when  he  settled  in  Brooklyn,  and  was  ap-  office  now  known  as  Secretary  of  Interoi 

pointed  principal  of  public  school  No.  19,  in  the  Will-  three  years;  and  at  the  expiration  of  the  i 

lamsburgh  district.  On  the  consolidation  of  Williams-  re-elected.    He  was  elected  a  member  oi 

burgh  with  Brooklyn  in  1855.  he  was  appointed  Assist-  a  Republican  from  the  Seventeenth  ( 

ant  Superintendent  of  Pubhc  Schools,  and  held  the  District  in  1876,  1880,  and  1882,  and  m 

office  till  1885.    Ho   was  the  first  President  of  the  Committees  on  Manufacturea  and  on  t 

New  York  State  Teachers*  Association,  and  a  founder  Liquor  Traffic.   He  was  a  dele|rate  to  the 

of  the  National  Teachers*  Association.  Republican  Convention  in  1856,  was  cha 

Bnllardi  Ami    der^man^   born   in   North  bridge.  Republican  State  Convention  in  1887,  t 

Mass.,  March  26,   1804;  died  in  Cam  bridge  j  Mass.,  of  the  Pennsvlvania  State  College  many 
April  5,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst  in  1828,        OarU|  Damf  ship-builder,  bom  in  New 

and,  after  studying  at  the  Andover  Theological  School,  1826;  died  near  Crescent  City,  Fla.,  D 

was  ordained  a  Congregational  clergyman  at  Portland,  He  learned  the  ship- building  trade  wh( 

Me.,  in  1832.    During  1881-*34  he  was  agent  of  the  followed  it  all  his  life.   In  1861  be  remov 

Maine  Sunday -School  Union,  and  in  the  latter  vear  York  city  to  Long  Island  and  establishes 

became  Secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  Sunday-School  of  his  own  on  City  Island.    In  1870  h 


i 

it 


her  1 
A  i 

"  Sunday  -  School  Visitor"  ten  years:  and   of  the  yacht  **  Atalanta  "  for  William  Astor,  ax 

"  Wellspring"  thirty -one  years,  and  edited  and  pub-  from  City  Island  to  Pelham.    Subsequ 

lished  many  books  that  have  been  familiar  to  Sun-  built  the  famous  racing  schooner  **  Sapp 

day-school  children.  *^  Magic,"  and    built  the  ^^  Ambassadn 

Boieaoi  AohUlei  foundrjrman.  bora  in  Lille,  France,  vana,"  **Vega,"  '*  Vesta,"  **  Phoebe,"  an 

Dec.  8,  1885 ;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa..  Feb.  2,  1888.  beside  many  smaller  vessels.     Some  yea] 

He  served  an  apprenticeship  and  workea  several  years  death  he  bought  a  hirffe  estate,  includinj 

in  his  uncle's  toundry  in  Brussels,  came  to  the  United  in  orange-groves,  in  florida. 

States  previous  to  the  civil  war,  was  a  private  in  the  Oazneji  Thomasi  merchant,  bora  in  Dela^ 

Eighteenth  Pennsylvania  Volunteers  during  the  great-  Ohio,  Aug.  10,  1824;    died  in  Leavens 

er  part  of  the  war,  established  a  foundry  in  Philodel-  Julv  28,  1888.    He  worked  several  yean 

phia  in  1878,  and  was  the  first  to  engage  in  the  cast-  stuaied  in  the  evenings,  and  when  eight* 

mg  of  large  statuary  in  bronze  in  the  United  States,  attended  a  school  in  BerkHhire,  Ohio, 

Among  his  best-known  castings  are  the  statues  of  Soon  afterward  he  went  to  Columbus  ai 

Oen.  Thomas,  in  Washington,  and  Gen.  Reynolds,  in  a  dry -goods  store,  then  removed  to  Cind 

Philadelphia,  the  Indian  group  in  Chicago,  and  the  he  was  employed  by  a  firm  that  admitted 

Shakespeare,  in  Central  Park,  New  York.  nership  after  six  years,  and  in  1858  settle 

Oampoeilf  Bartleyi  dramatist,  bora  in  Allegheny  Citv,  worth.    In  1861  he  was  elected  to  the  L 

Pa..  Aug.  12, 1843 ;  died  in  Middletown^  N.  Y.,  July  1862  became  the  second  Goveraor  of  the 

80,  1888.     While  following  joumalbm  in  Pittsburg,  1864  United  States  Senator.    Owing  to  i 

he  attained  repute  as  a  Democratic  political  speaker,  the  legality  of  the  time  of  the  election,  he 

In  1868  he  established  the  *^  Evening  Mail"  in  Pitts-  seat  in  the  Senate,  and  was  chosen  Mayo 

burg,  in  1869  the  ^^  Southern  Ma^^ne  "  in  New  Or-  worth.    He  rendered  the  national  cause  e 

leans,  in  1870  was  elected  official  reporter  of  the  ice  during  his  gubematoriaJ  term. 

Louisiana  House  of  Representatives,  and  in  1871,  on  OaaSf  Geoi;^  Wi|  engineer^  bom   in 

the  suspension  of  his  magazine^  he  returned  to  Pitts-  County,  Ohio,  in  1810 ;    died  in  New 

burg,  and  was   appointed  oditor-in-chiet  of  '^  The  March  21,  1888.     He  was  a  nephew  of 

Paper."     While  so  employed  he  wrote  his  flrstplay,  Cass,  was  graduated  at  the  United  Sti 

for  J.  Newton  Gotthoid,  entitled  "  Through  Fire,"  A(»aemy  with  special  honor  as  a  math 

which  was  received  with  favor  and  had  a  run  of  four  1832,  and  was  assigned  to  the  Corps  of 

weeks.    Under  this  encouragement  he  began  writing  gineers.    After  serving  four  years  on  t 

plays  re^larly,  producing  about  one  every  two  years,  and  engineering  duty  on  the  Northwest 

He  considered  "  Clio "   his    best   composition,  but  he  resigned  from  the  army,  and  was  s 

^*  The  Galley  Slave"  was  the  most  successdil  finan-  ward  appointed  one  of  the  engineers  in  ( 

ciall  V.    In  1 885  he  leased  the  Fourteenth  Street  Thea-  construction  of  the  Great  National  Road  tli 

tre,  New  York,  and  produced  his  "  Paquita."    Early  lond,  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia.    He  b< 

in  1886  he  developed  signs  of  insanity,  and  on  Sep-  till  the  completion  of  the  road,  and  duri 

tember  28  he  was  pronounced  insane  by  a  sherifrs  ice  constructed  over  Dunlap's  creek,  a 

jury  and  removed  to  Bloomingdale  Asylum,  whence,  Monongahela  river,  the  fint  cast-iron 

November  30,  he  was  taken  to  the  State  Homoeopathic  built  in  the  United  States.    On  Uie  orfia 

Insane  Asylum  at  Middletown,  N.  Y.    His  plays  in-  company  for  improving  the  navigation  ol 

elude  ^^  Peril,"  **  Fate,"  ^^  Risks,"  ^^  The  Viiginian,"  g^ela,  ne  became  first  its  engineer  and  i 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.                                             6W 

)d  completed  the  work  in  1844.    He  In  1867  he  was  appointed  United  States  District- Attor- 

e  first  steamboat-line  on  that  river,  ney  for  California.    He  resumed  practice  in  St.  Louis 

X)rtation-liiie  across  the  mountains ;  at  the  expiration  of  his  term,  and  remained  there  till 

he  Adams  Express  lines  between  187ft,  when  his  health  gave  way.    He  then  went  to 

1,  and  St  Louis,  and  was  elected  Paris,  and  with  several  acauaintanoee  established  a 

onsolidated  company  in  1S50 ;  was  banking  house,  with  which  he  was  connected  till 

Df  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Rail-  death.    He  left  a  valuable  estate,  out  of  which  he  be- 

1866,  and  of  the  organizations  that  queathed  $60,000  to  Yale  University,  and  $10,000  to 

)r  the  name  of  the  Pittsburg,  Port  St.  James's  Cnurch  at  Evansbur^. 

^  Rulway  Company  in  1857,  hold-  daikSf  James  TipODtak,  an  American  clergyman,  bom 

e  twenty-six  }^ears:  and  was  Presi-  in  Hanover,  N.  H.,  April  4, 1810;  died  m  Jamaica 

em  Pacific  Bailroad  Company  fh>m  Plain,  Mass.,  June  8,  1888.    He  was  a  grandson  of 

the  Rev.  James  Freeman,  the  first  clergyman  in  the 

I  Wi,  farmer,  bom  in  the  Island  of  United  States  that  preached  Unitarian  doctrines,  with 

died  in  Michigan  City,  Ind.,  Aug.  whom  he  spent  the  first  ten  years  of  his  life.    He  was 

>wcd  the  sea  for  several  years,  stud-  ^duated  at  Harvard  in  1829,  at  the  Cambridge  Divin- 

ttled  in  La  Porte,  Ind..  m  1881,  be-  ity  School,  in  1838,  and  accepted  a  call  from  the  Uni- 

nt  land-surveyorj  ana  engaged  in  tarian  Church  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  where  he  preached 

irving  two  terms  m  the  State  Legis-  till  1840,  and  edited  the  **  Western  Messenger.'*    He 

^d  a  member  of  Congress  in  1844  returaeu  to  Boston  in  1841.  and  became  a  founder  and 

1849  was  appointed  United  States  the  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Disciples  in  April  of 

ined  the  oface  till  1858,  and  then  that  year,  and  (excepting  an  interval,  1850-'58;  held 

that  office  continuously  till  his  death.    The  pastor 

VUUaiDi  scientist,  bom  in  Ellisburg,  and  his  congregation  made  the  church  absolutely  free 


that  of  M.  D.  in  1867.  During  the  an  intimate  friend  of  Margaret  Fuller,  Ralph  Waldo 
urses  in  arts  and  medicine,  he  an-  Emerson,  and  William  Ellery  Channing,  an  overseer 
hemical  work,  partly  in  Pniladel-  of  Harvard  Universi^  for  many  years,  and  one  of  the 
I  the  West  Indies.  Alter  receiving  first  advocates  of  the  movement  for  tne  admission  of 
nsj  he  was  engaged  as  an  analyticfu  women  to  the  ftill  privileges  of  study  there ;  an  early 
imist  in  Philaaelphia  two  years,  and  promoter  of  the  anti-slavery  cause ;  a  Mend  of  every 
d  in  professional  work  in  the  Rocky  practical  scheme  to  advance  the  moral  and  material 
re^on  till  1872.  He  then  returned  welfare  of  humanity ;  a  voluminous  writer,  apart  from 
newhat  broken  in  health.  Fearing  his  sermons  \  and  an  eloquent  pulpit  and  platform 
her  work  in  a  chemical  laboratory,  orator.  During  his  long  pastorate  he  also  neld  Uie 
t  still  applied  the  greater  part  of  his  offices  of  SecrcUuy  of  the  American  Unitarian  Asso- 
KTork  till  1878,  when  he  became  in-  ciation,  1859-^62^  Professor  of  Natural  Theology  and 
tative  analysis  in  the  chemical  lab-  Christian  Doctnne  in  Harvard,  1867-'71 ;  lecturer 
iversity  of  Michigan.  In  1881  his  on  ethnic  religion  in  Cambridge  Divini^  School, 
zed,  and  he  was  appointed  to  the  1876-'77 ;  and  State  Commissioner  of  Education, 
7.  1868-'70.  His  published  works  embrace  a  translation 
•i  pioneer,  bom  in  Kaskaskia,  HI.,  of  De  Wette's  **Theodore ''  (Louisville,  1840) ;  *^ Serv- 
ansas city,  Mo.,  Nov.  20, 1888.  She  ice  and  Hymn  Book  for  the  Church  of  the  Disci- 
Col.  Peter  Menard,  first  Territorial  pies  "  (Boston,  1844^ :  '*  Histoiy  of  the  Campaign  of 
ois,  received  a  gooa  education,  and  1812,  and  Defense  or  Gen.  Wilham  Hull  for  the  Sur- 
ra old  married  Francis  F.  Chouteau,  render  of  Detroit"  (New  York,  1848);  "Christian 
re  noted  French  fur-traders,  ana  Doctrine  of  Forgiveness  of  Sin  "  (1852) ;  "  Christian 
aged  for  many  years  the  American  Doctrine  of  Prayer  "  (1854) ;  "  Ortnodoxy :  its  Truths 
he  made  her  wedding-journey  on  a  and  Errors  "  (1866) ;  "  Steps  of  Belief,  or  Rational 
[issouri  river  to  Black  Snake  Hills,  Christianity  maintained  against  Atheism,  Free  Relig- 
of  the  city  of  St  Joseph,  and  after  ion,  and  Romanism  "  (1870) ;  "  Ten  Great  Religions^* 
fears  accompanied  her  husband  to  (1871-'88):*^  Exotics:  Attempts  to  domesticate  them" 
as  City,  where  he  established  the  (1876);  "  Essentials  and Non-Essentials  in  Religion" 
n  that  section  and  built  a  log-house  (1878) ;  "Memorial  and  Biographical  Sketches  " 
re  the  Union  Railroad  station  now  (1878);  "Common  Sense  in  Kclij^ion"  (1879); 
and  again  in  1844,  her  husband  lost  "  Events  and  Epochs  in  Reli^ous  History  "  (1881) ; 
and  property,  but,  acquiring  most  "  Anti-Slavery  Days  in  New  York  "  (1884) ;  "  Man- 
armin^-land  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ual  of  Unitarian  Belief "  (1884);  "E very-day  Relig- 
isas  nver,  ho  subsequently  became  ion"  (1886);  and  "Vexed  Questions"  (1886).  He 
s  very  liberal  with  the  lai^e  fortune  received  the  degree  D.  D.  from  Harvard  in  1868. 
lusband,  was  a  devout  Roman  Cath-  Ooffln,  Roland  Tolgeri  journalist,  bom  in  Brooklyn, 
I  first  church  in  Elansas  City.  The  N.  Y.,  March  8, 1826;  died  at  Prospect^  Shelter  Isl- 
I  portion  of  her  property,  and  other  and  Heights,  July  16, 1888.  He  came  of^old  English, 
3capied  by  people  who  derive  their  sea-faring  stock,  and  for  more  than  two  centuries  his 
sr  settlers.  A  few  years  ago  she  family  had  lived  on  Nantucket  Island.  At  the  time 
^possession,  involving  more  than  of  his  birth  his  Ikther  was  captain  of  a  large  mer- 
'o  weeks  before  her  death  the  courts  chantman  plying  between  Liverpool  and  New  York, 
had  lost  all  daim  to  the  property,  He  became  a  clerk  in  New  York;  in  1846  he  shipped 
e  of  limitation.  before  the  mast,  and  after  making  several  voyages 
I  AlmuO)  lawyer,  bom  in  £vansbui]g,  was  taken  by  his  father  aboard  his  own  vessel,  on 
ity,  Pa^Sept.  1, 1838 ;  died  in  Paris,  which  he  became  first  mate.  When  the  elder  Cofl^ 
888.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  retired,  the  son  took  command  of  a  merchantman  and 
'd  taught  in  the  South  till  the  be-  handled  it  so  skillfully  that  he  found  steady  cmploy- 
1  war.  He  served  during  the  war  on  ment  afterward  and  succeeded  his  father  as  captain, 
lamuel  R.  Curtis,  and  at  the  battle  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  enlisted  in  the 
^.,  was  severely  wounded.  At  the  United  States  Navv,  served  on  the  "  Monitor"  in  her 
tie  removed  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  was  famous  fight  with  the  Merrimac,"  and  was  subsquent- 
ir,  and  began  practice  in  St.  Louis,  ly  master  of  the  "  Ericsson."    He  returned  to  the 


628  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 

mercantile  navy  at  the  dose  of  the  war,  and  in  1869  now  be^n  erecting  the  fn^d  *rt  gal 

retired  to  beoome  a  short-hand  reporter  and  engage  in  name,  and  had  Bcaroely  finished  the  e: 

journalism.    In  the  foUowin^r  year  he  was  appointed  civil  war  broke  oat,  and  the  Goven 

nautical  editor  of  the  New  York  ^^  World/'  and  held  elegant  building  for  military  purposei 

tiiat  place  till  death.    Besides   special   reports  on  his  suburban  residence  into  a  nospital. 

yaohtmg  events,  he  published  ^^  Tne  Queen's  Cup,"  he  resumed  work  on  the  art  gallery,  ai 

'*  Old  Sailors'  Yams,"  and  "  Archibald  the  Cat."  to  the  public  in  1874.    The  bmlding  oa 

OoUioi,  fiiohaid  Henry,  historian,  bom  in  Maysville,  he  endowed  it  with  $900,000,  and  be^ 

Ky.,  in  1824;  died  in  Louisville^  Ky..  Jan.  1,  1888.  collections  with  statuary  and  paintings 

He  was  son  of  Judge  Lewis  Collms,  tne  tnt  histo-  ington  mansion,  worth  $100,000.    Hub 

rian  of  Kentucky,  and  was  editor  and  publisher  of  the  erection  of  a  memorial  to  his  dead 

the  Maysville  ^^  Eagle  "  for  manv  years.     He  revised  ter.  which  took  the  form  of  the  Loui 

and  greatly  enlaigea  his  father's  history  of  Kentucky,  di^nt  Gentlewomen,  and  cost  him  | 

He  led  a  very  secluded  lil'e,  if  not  one  of  actual  want,  building  and  $250,000  for  an  endowm 

Ho  was  an  accomplished  writer,  excessively  modest,  groimd.    He  gave  $250,000  to  Columl 

and  had  received  tne  degree  of  LL.  D.  of  Washington,  richly  endowed  seven 

Ckdyer,  Vlnaeiit,  artist,  oom  in  Bloomingdale,  N.  Y.,  University  of  Virginia,  and  put  Wil 

in  1825 :  died  on  Contentment  Island,  Conn.  j.  July  12,  College  on  a  solid  financial  basis ;  and 

1888.     He  studied  painting  with  J.  R.  Smito,  and  in  of  John  Howard  Payne,  author  of 

the  school  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design,  and  Home,"  transferred  Irom  Tunis  to  Oak 

began  exhibiting  at  the  Academy  in  1848.    His  early  and  erected  a  suitable  monument  o^ 

work  was  on  portraits  and  ideal  heads  in  crayon,  but  value  of  his  public,  educational,  and  i 

these  were  soon  superseded  by  portndts  in  oil.    He  factions  was  estimated  at  from  $3,00< 

remained  in  New  York  city  till  the  outbreak  of  the  000;  and  he  bequeathed  $100,000  tot! 

oivU  war,  then  removed  to  Bo  way  ton.  Conn.,  origi-  which  he  had  already  ^ven  $1,500, 

nated  the  Christian  Commission,  and  rendered  valu-  the  Louise  Home,  which  had  had  $j 

able  services  to  the  soldiers  at  home,  in  hospitals,  and  each  to  three  orphan  asvlums  in  the 

on  the  field,  till  the  dose  of  the  war.    He  was  after-  lumbia ;  and  $8^000  to  tne  Little  Sibtc 

ward  appomted  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Indian  Oorlias,  QeoigeHeiiiy,  inventor,  bom  i 

Commissioners,  and  elected  a  member  of  the  Con-  July  2, 1817 ;  died  in  Providence,  R.  1 

necticut  Legislature.    He  was  elected  an  associate  of  He  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Hiram  Corliss, 

the  Nationid  Academy  of  Design  in  1849,  and  was  a  moved  to  Greenwich,  N.  Y.,  where  he  i 

founder  of  the  Artists'  Fund  Society,  and  its  first  After  serving  for  several  years  a.(«  d 

secretary.    His  paintings    include   ^*  A   Loyal    Ref-  factory  he  spent  three  years  in  the  aca 

ugee  "  (1863) ;  ^^  A  Soldier's  Widow,"  **  Darienshire.  ton,  Vt,  and  in  1838  he  opened  a  stor 

Conn.."  ^^  A  Rainy  Day  on  the  Connecticut  Shore,''  His  mechanical  skill  was  first  shown 

and  "Winter  on  the  Connecticut  Shore"  (1867);  rebuilding  a  bridge  that  had  been  wa 

^^ Johnson  Straits,  British  Columbia";   "Home  of  freshet,  aner it  had  been  dedded  thi 

the  Yalhamas,  Oregon  "  ;  "  Sprint;  Flowers  "  (1885) ;  ure  was  impracticable ;  and  soon  after 

"  Moonlight  on  the  Grand  Canal,  Venice,"  and  "  Val-  a  machine  for  stitching  leather,  betbi 

ley  of  the  Lauterbmnnen,  Bridal  Veil  Fall,  Switzer-  of  the  original  Howe  sewing-machii 

land  "  (1886);  and  "  Lake  Maggiore,  Italy  "  (1888).  removed  to  Providence,  R.  I.,  where  1 

Oarooran,  William  Wilson,  phuanthropist,   bom  in  firm  of  Corliss,  Nightingale  <e  Co.,  an 

Georgetown,  D.  C,  Dec.  27,  1798 ;  died  in  Washing-  his  improvements  m  steam-engines  wl 

ton,  D.  C,  Feb.  24,  1888.    He  received  a  collegiate  in  1849.    In  these  inventions,  unifoi 

education  in  his  native  place,  and  carried  on  a  com-  was  secured  by  connecting  the  govern 

bined  dry-goods,  auction,  and  commission  business,  off.    The  governor  had  previously  I 

with  two  brothers  from  1815  till  1823.  when  the  strin-  the  work  of  moving  the  tnrottie-valv< 

S)ncv  of  the  financial  market  led  to  tneir  suspension,  ing  an  imperiect  response  and  a  greal 

e  toen  became  a  clerk  first  in  a  local  bank  of  which  By  his  improvement,  the  governor  di 

Gen.  John  Mason  was  president,  and  in  the  Wash-  simply  inoicated  to  the  vfuves  the  w 

ington  branch  of  the  United  States  Bank,  where  he  This  arrangement  also  prevented  wasi 

was  placed  in  charge  of  its  real  estate.    He  began  the  rendered  the  workim?  of  the  en^e  sc 

banking  business  lor  himself  in  1837,  and  formed  a  all  but  one  of  a  hunored  looms  in  a  fi 

partnership  with  (^ofge  W.  Riggs,  whose  father,  Eli-  denly  stopped,  that  one  would  oonti 

sha  Riggs,  had  ^eatly  aided  both  Mr.  Corcoran  and  the  same  rate.    It  is  said  that  his  imp 

George  Peabody  m  their  first  business  efforts  in  1840.  lutionized  the  construction  of  the  su 

In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed  financial  agent  introdudng  the  new  engines,  the  invc 

of  the  State  Department,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  facturers  adopted  the  plan  or  offering 

his  great  wealth  by  taking?  $5,000,000  of  Government  pay  the  saving  of  fuel  for  a  j^ven  tim 

bonos  at  101  and  floating  tnem  after  other  agents  had  the  saving  in  a  year  is  saia  to  have  I 

failed  to  secure  the  money  the  Government  then  great-  required  .a  legal  cont^t  extending  o\ 

ly  needed.     His  success  in  this  operation  induced  the  and  an  expense  of  over  $100,(X)0,  to 

Government  to  offer  him  the  first  opportunity  to  nego-  ration  that  this  invention  was  new 

tiate  the  bonds  issued  at  the  beginning  of  the  Mexican  In  1856  the  Corliss  Steam-£ngine  Com 

War,  and  he  quickly  disposed  of  from  $45,000,000  to  porated,  and  he  became  its  presidei 

$50,000,000  of  them,  in  London.  In  1848  he  again  went  erected  during  1848-'50  occupy  nine  » 

to  London,  and  placed  a  large  block  of  a  fiirther  loan,  most  extensive  of  the  kind  m  the  W' 

and  on  his  return  was  given  a  great  reception  by  the  for  an  engine  of  850  horse-power,  ii 

bankers  and  capitalists  of  New  York.    In  1854  he  re-  and  all  the  appurtenances,  has  been  e 

tired  from  the  banking  business,  with  a  large  fortune,  days.    During  the  past  twenty  years 

which  was  subseauently  augmented  by  investments  ented  many  other  im^rtant  invent 

in  real  estate.   In  1857  he  conceived  the  idea  of  his  first  with  the  steam-engine,  including  an  i 

great  and  enduring  public  benefaction.     He  had  pre-  with  an  apparatus  for  condensing  and  i 

sented  to  his  native  city  a  plot  of  ten  acres  on  the  the  waste  steam,  thus  obviating  the  i 

Heights  for  the  now  beautiful  Oak  Hill  Cemetery,  to-  ploying  salt-water  in  marine  engine 

f  ether  with  a  liberal  endowment ;  had  sent  $5,000  to  achievement  was  the  mammoth  steara 

reland  to  relieve  sufferers  by  famine ;  and  had  fur-  Machinery  Hall  at  the  World's  Fair  h 

nished  the  means  of  transporting  a  large  body  of  Hun-  phia  in  1876,  of  which  he  was  the  desi 

garians  from  New  York  to  homes  in  the  West.    He  er. .   It  was  of  1,400  horse-power,  anc 


OBITUARIES  AMERICAN.                                             629 

icoeas  as  the  single  propelling  ^wer  of  merioal  scheme.  On  the  passage  of  the  Union  Pacific 
nery  of  the  exhibition,  was  furnished  as  Railroad  bill  by  Congress,  these  four  men  constructed 
ontribution  by  Mr.  Corliss  and  as  an  ex-  the  Central  Pacific  Division,  and  he  personally  the 
bode  Island.  The  cylinders  were  forty-  most  diflicult  section.  •  He  became  General  Superin- 
1  diameter,  with  a  ten-foot  stroke ;  tne  tendentof  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  in  1862,  Presi- 
os  thirty  feet  in  diameter ;  and  the  whole  dent  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  and  second  Vice- 
ed  700  tons.  It  was  removed  to  the  town  President  of  the  Central  Pacific  Company  in  1871,  and 
near  Chicago,  and  now  drives  the  ma-  superintended  the  construction  of  tne  Arizona,  r^ew 
i  Pullman  Car- Works.  Bartholdi.  in  his  Mexico,  and  Texas  Divisions.  In  1884  the  two  rail- 
French  Government,  said  that  "  it  be-  roads,  several  laterals,  and  some  coastwise  and  ocean 
category  of  works  of  art,  by  the  general  steamship  lines  were  consolidated  under  the  mauage- 
sffect,  and  its  perfect  balance  to  the  eye."  ment  of  a  single  company — the  Southern  Pacific — and 
^as  a  member  of  the  State  Legislature  in  of  this  he  was  electea  second  vice-president.  He  also 
was  a  Republican  presidential  elector  in  acquired  large  banking  and  industrial  interests.  In 
ras  appointed  Centennial  Commissioner  1885  ho  removed  to  New  York  city,  and  in  1886  met 
Island  in  1872,  and  was  one  of  the  execu-  with  an  accident  that  indirectly  caused  his  death, 
se  of  seven  to  whom  the  responsibility  of  Ofoalnri  George  Averjy  nhysician,  bom  in  Lowell, 
LIT  work  was  intrusted.  At  the  World's  Mass.,  Dec.  27, 1881 ;  diea  in  Manchester,  N.  H.,  Jan. 
Paris  in  1867  he  received  a  medal,  and  30, 1888.  He  came  ft'om  a  family  of  eminent  physi- 
Id  in  Vienna  in  1873  he  received  a  grand  cians,  and  was  finraduat«d  at  Dartmouth  in  1852,  and 
»nor.  The  Rumford  medal  of  the  Ameri-  in  the  Medical  Department  in  1855.  In  1857  he  went 
of  Arts  and  Sciences  was  given  him  in  to  Peru  and  practiced  there  till  1864,  when  he  returned 
ttitute  of  France  gave  him  the  Montyon  to  the  Unitea  States  and  settled  in  Manchester.  He 
its  highest  honorror  mechanical  achieve-  married  a  daughter  of  Hon.  A.  J.  Bryant,  of  San 
1886  the  King  of  the  Belgians  made  him  Francisco,  in  1877}  was  President  of  the  New  Hamp- 
he  Order  of  Leopold.  shire  Meoical  Society  in  1886,  spent  1886-'87  in  hos- 
a,  lawyer,  bom  in  Pennsylvania,  May  7,  pitals  on  Deer  Island  and  in  New  York  city,  and  at 
3  St  Joseph,  Mo.,  Oct.  21, 1888.  After  the  time  of  his  death  was  a  member  of  the  Manchester 
t  to  the  bar  he  removed  to  St.  Joseph  to  Board  of  Health. 

I  was  a  member  of  the  Missouri  Legislat-  Oortisi  Samuel  Johntoiif  philanthropist,  bom  in  Meri- 
47,  was  captain  of  a  volunteer  company  den.  Conn.,  Jan.  15,  1814;  died  there,  Jan.  10, 1888. 
n  War,  was  Attorney  for  the  Twelfth  Ju-  He  was  a  director  and  stockholder  in  nearly  every 
t  of  Missouri  iVom  1852  tUl  1856,  was  a  manufacturing  company  in  Meriden,  and  was  also  in- 
ongress  from  Dec.  7, 1857,  till  March  3.  terested  to  a  large  extent  in  the  local  fire-insurance, 
'edon  the  Committee  on  Post-Offlces  ana  street-railroad,  and  other  companies.  He  accumulated 
On  March  21, 1862,  he  was  commissioned  a  large  fortune,  and  gave  liberally  to  charitable  ob- 
eral  of  volunteers,  and  he  had  command  jects.  A  few  years  t^fore  his  death  lie  founded  the 
forces  at  St.  Joseph  during  the  war.  He  Curtis  Home  for  Aged  and  Indigent  Women  and 
md  admirer  of  President  Lincoln,  though  Destitute  Children,  erected  a  building  at  an  expense 
im  politically.  He  negotiated  tne  Piatt  of  $40,000,  and  supported  it  until  his  cfeath.  He  made 
ich  comprised  all  of  northwest  Missouri,  this  home  the  residuary  legatee  of  all  his  property, 
first  President  of  the  Hannibal  and  St.  which,  it  is  believed,  wul  amount  to  $500,000. 
>ad,  the  first  line  built  across  the  State,  Dahlgien,  Oharles  0i|  lawyer,  bom  in  Philadelphia, 
Comptroller  of  the  city  of  St.  Joseph.  Pa.,  in  1809  ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  18,  1888. 
indn  FnokUn,  civil  engmeer,  born  in  Sara-  He  was  a  brother  of  the  late  Admiral  John  A.  Dahl- 
u  1817 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  16,  gren,United  States  Navy,  removed  to  Natchez,  Miss., 
moved  to  New  York  city  in'early  life,  to  become  cashier  of  a  oranch  of  the  Bank  of  the 
engineering,  and  was  subsequently  con-  United  States  in  1830,  held  the  office  till  the  liquida- 
several  noted  public  works,  including  tion  of  the  bank  in  1848,  and  then  engaged  in  cotton- 
ion  of  the  Croton  Aoueduct,  the  Erie  planting  and  acquired  a  lai^e  fortune.  At  the  out- 
he  New  York  Central  Railroad.  The  oreak  of  the  civil  war  he  raised  and  equipped  the 
h  he  was  always  the  most  proud,  how-  Third  Mississippi  Regiment  for  the  Confederate  serv- 
large  share  in  laying  out  Central  Park,  ice,  and  received  a  Drigadier-generaPs  commission. 
:he  plans  of  Frederick  Law  Olmsted  ana  During  the  first  two  days  of  the  defense  of  Vicksburg 
.  He  was  admirably  suited  for  this  serv-  he  was  virtually  in  command,  and  on  the  third  day 
le  work  was  sufficiently  advanced  to  per-  was  incapacitated  for  service  by  a  bullet-wouno. 
Eition  to  public  use,  he  was  appointed  its  Subseouentlj^  he  took  part  in  tne  battles  of  luka, 
sndcnt,  and  held  the  office  many  years.  Corinth,  Chickamauga,  Atlanta,  and  the  operations 
)m  the  public  service  in  1871.  of  Gen.  Hood's  army  against  Gen.  Sherman,  and  was 
aies,  financier,  bom  in  Troy,  N.  Y.-,  Sept.  promoted  major-general.  After  the  war  he  lived  in 
d  in  Monterey,  Cal.,  Aug.  14,  1888.  He  New  Orleans  till  1870,  when  he  removed  to  Brooklyn. 
r  newspapers  for  a  living  when  twelve  Barley,  Felix  OotavlTU  (kn^  artist,  born  in  Philaael- 
moved  with  the  family  to  northem  In-  phia.  Pa.,  June  28, 1822;  died  near  Claymount,  Dei., 
,  was  turned  outof-doors  by  his  father  in  March  27j  1888.  He  received  a  public-school  educa- 
an  apprentice  in  a  forge  in  1840,  discov-  tion,  and  in  1836  was  placed  in  a  counting-house,  but 
iron-ore  in  Marshall  County,  Ind.,  1845,  his  taste  for  art  led  nim  to  apply  all  his  leisure  to 
)  aid  of  his  employer  established  a  forge  drawing.  When  eighteen  years  old  he  offered  a  col- 
lerward.  In  1850  he  crossed  the  Plains  lection  of  original  sketches  of  city  life  and  scenes  to 
thers :  but,  not  meeting  with  the  success  the  "  Saturday  Museum,"  of  Philadelphia,  and  when 
lipatea  in  placer- mining,  he  abandoned  they  were  puolished  and  paid  for  he  determined  to 
i  a  store  for  the  sale  of  mining-supplies,  become  an  artist.  His  first  collection  of  sketches  at- 
■tablished  a  similar  store  in  Sacramento,  tracted  the  attention  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia 
ears  was  considered  rich.  He  was  electea  publishers.  In  1848  he  was  enj^ed  by  the  Amencan 
the  Common  Council  in  1855,  and  of  the  Art  Union  to  design  a  series  of  illustrations  for  Wash- 
}  1860,  as  a  Republican.  Associated  with  ington  Irving's  works,  and,  removing  to  New  York 
ard,  Mark  Hopkins,  and  Collis  P.  Hunt-  city,  he  produced  the  familiar  deaigns  in  the  "  Sketch- 
mished  the  means  for  a  survey  by  Theo-  Book,"  *'Rip  Van  Winkle,"  the  '*  Knickerbocker 
ah  of  a  railway  route  across  the  Sierra  History  of  New  York^"  the  "  Life  of  Washington," 
itains,  at  a  time  when  no  bank  or  capi-  and  otners.  He  also  illustrated  several  of  William 
"iftk  a  dollar  on  such  an  apparently  cni-  Gilmore  Simms's  novels,  and  about  this  time  com- 


630 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


pleted  the  outline  drawings  to  Judd's  ^^  Margaret," 
which  was  pablished  in  1856.  On  the  completion  of 
the  Irving  deries  of  illustrations,  he  received  flattering 
offers  fVom  publsheni  to  go  to  London,  but  deollnea 
on  account  of  his  many  home  engagements.  His  next 
great  work  was  the  series  of  five  hundred  sketches 
drawn  to  illustrate  James  Fenimore  Cooper's  novels, 
a  series  noted  for  originality,  power  oi  expression, 
and  quaint  humor.  During  the  civil  war  he  designed 
historical  sketches  in  water-color,  which  were  repro> 
duced  bv  the  Government  on  the  greenback  bills,  and 
at  the  close  of  the  war  went  to  Europe.  On  his  re- 
turn in  1868  he  publi»hed  ^^  Sketches  Abroad  with 
Pen  and  Pencil.''  For  several  years  thereafter  he 
executed  orders  for  book  illustrations,  but  gave  the 
_  larger    part   of 

his  time  to  work 
in  water-color, 
and  in  1879  pro- 
duced what  his 
admirers  claim 
to  be  the  crown- 
ing achieve- 
ment of  his  ca- 
reer— a  scries  of 
twelve ''Compo- 
sitions in  Out- 
line fh>m  Haw- 
thorne's *  Scar- 
let Letter.' " 
These  were  fol- 
lowed by  simi- 
lar series  illus- 
trating Longfol- 
low's  "  Evan- 
geline" (1883),  and  Shakespeare's  plays  (1886).  He 
was  a  member  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design, 
the  American  Water-Color  Society,  and*  the  Artists' 
Fund  Society. 

DavidffSi  William  Fleatar,  actor,  bom  in  London, 
England,  April  17,  1814 ;  died  in  Cheyenne,  Wyo- 
ming Territory,  Aug.  7,  1888.  He  appeared  on  the 
stage,  when  sixteen  years  old,  at  Drury-Lane  Thea- 
tre, London,  as  James  in  ^*  The  Miller's  Maid,"  and 
his  first  professional  appearance  was  at  Nottingham, 
on  June  20,  1836,  as  Aoam  Winterton  in  ^'The  Iron 
Chest."  In  September  following  he  achieved  success 
at  the  (Queen's  Theatre.  London,  as  Baron  Oakland  in 
**  The  Haunted  Tower,"  and  allerward  placed  in  the 
chief  theatres  in  London  and  in  the  provinces.  In 
1850  he  made  his  first  American  appearance  at  the  old 
Broadway  Theatre,  New  York,  on  Aujifust  19,  as  Sir 
Peter  Teazle.  He  followed  that  with  the  performance 
of  Caliban  in  "  The  Tempest,"  and  then  tor  five  years 
supported  Edwin  Forrest,  Gustavus  V.  Brooke,  Julia 
Dean,  Mme.  Celeste,  Lola  Montez,  and  other  star 
actors.  In  1855  he  was  attached  to  the  Cleveland 
Athenaeum,  and  at  the  close  of  his  engagement  made 
a  professional  tour  of  the  country.  His  next  engage- 
ment was  with  the  Wallack  companv  in  1861.  From 
that  he  went  to  Mrs.  John  Wood's  company,  and 
played  at  the  Olympic  Theatre  in  1 863-' 64,  and  in 
1869  he  began  an  engagement  with  Augustin  Dal^  at 
the  Fitth    Avenue  Theatre,  which    continued  eight 

J  ears.  He  traveled  with  Fannv  Davenport  and 
[argaret  Mather ;  in  1879  became  the  American  origi- 
nator of  the  part  of  Dick  Dead- Eye  in  "  Pinafore"  ; 
and  in  1885  began  an  engagement  with  the  Madison 
Square  companv,  which  lasted  till  his  death.  He  had 
played  more  tnan  one  thousand  parts,  and  was  a 
founder  of  the  American  Dramatic  tund. 

DaviSf  Edwin  Hamiltmi,  archaeologist,  bom  in  Boss 
County,  Ohio,  Jan.  22,  1811 ;  died  in  New  York  city, 
Mav  15,  1888.  Ho  was  educated  at  Kenyon  College, 
ana  wasirraduated  at  Cincinnati  Medical  College  in 
1838.  While  at  Kenyon,  he  conducted  a  series  of  ex- 
plorations among  the  mounds  of  the  Scioto  valley, 
and  his  work  coming  to  the  notice  of  Daniel  Webster 
— then  traveling  through  the  West — he  was  ui>red  to 
continue  his  researches.    Mr.  Webster,  who  regretted 


the  rapid  disappearance  of  these  andquitiea,  soggeitod 
the  formation  of  a  society  to  purchiBse  and  preserve 
some  of  the  most  remarkable  works  of  the  moimd- 
builders.  In  1836  he  aided  Charles  Whittlesey  in  hit 
explorations,  and  i^m  1845  till  1S47,  assi^ied  br 
Ephraim  0.  Sauier,  he  surveyed  nearly  one  hundied 
groups  of  works,  and  opened  two  hundred  moaDdi 
at  his  own  expense.  He  gatha«d  the  largest  ocrilee- 
tion  of  mound-relics  ever  made  in  this  countrr.  which. 
failing  an  American  purchaser,  was  taken  to  Knglmd, 
where  it  now  forms  part  of  Blackmore's  Museum  m 
SauUburv.  A  second  collection,  consisting  of  dupli- 
cates and  the  resulte  of  subsequent  oollecdoDs,  u 
at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  Histor}*,  New 
York  city.  The  fVuite  of  his  extensive  explontioog 
are  embodied  in  '*  Ancient  Monuments  of  the  Missi»- 
sippi  Valley"  (WashinjZton,  1848),  which  tbrmedtbe 
first  volume  of  the  **  Smithsonian  ContributioDs  t& 
Knowledge."    This  work  was  characteriied  by  A 


science  as  Bunker  Hill  is  of  American  bravery."   Dr. 
Davis  followed  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Chilli- 
cothe,  Ohio,  until  1850,  when  he  was  called  to  the 
chair  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics  in  the  New 
York  Medical  College,  and  continued  there  for  tea 
years.     During  the  spring  of  1854  he  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  on  archeology  before  the  Lowdl 
Institute,  Boston,  and  subsequently  repeated  them  in 
Brooklyn  and  New  York.    He  was  for  a  time  one  of 
the  conductors  of  the  **  American  Medical  Moothly." 
DaviSf  George  TnznlraU  Mooro,  lawyer,  bom  in  the 
island  of  M  Jta,  May  24,  1810 ;  died  m  New  YoA 
city,  Dec.  20,  1888.    He  was  a  son  of  Qeorge  Dans,  a 
Buiigeon  and  naval  officer,  who  was  United  States  Coo* 
sul-General  to  the  Barbary  States,  at  the  time  of  Hi 
son's  birth ;  came  to  the  United  btates  when  a  boy ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  in  ISSl ; 
and  settled  in  Alton,  III.,  where  he  practiced  until  the 
o^enin^  of  the  Mexican  War.    He  becan>e  intinute 
with  Lmcoln.  Douglas,  Trumbull,  Baker,  SingieKn, 
and  other  well-known  men  of  the  State,  and  gaiDed 
a  wide  reputation  by  his  spirited  prosecution  of  the 
murderers  of  Lovejoy,  the  abolitionist,  in  1887.   At 
the  beginning  of  the  Mexican  War  he  entered  the 
army  as  a  pnvate,  rose  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  served 
on  tne  stans  of  Generals  Shields  and  Quitmao,  ud 
while  Gen.  Scott  remained  in  command  of  the  city  of 
Mexico  he  was  his  secretary.     At  the  close  of  the  vtf 
he  was  appointed  chief  clerk  in  the  War  Departmat 
at  Washmgton,  and  introduced  woman  clerks  into  the 
department.    On  resigning  the  office  he  removed  to 
New  York  dty,  became  an  iron  merchant,  engaged  io 
importing  iron  and  building  locomotives,  ana  wift 
elected  to  the  directory  of  several  railroads.    He  cod- 

Sleted  an  autobiography  a  few  months  before  his 
eath  for  posthumous  publication. 
Dawwn,  Bei^aiiiin  Fredeziok,  physician,  bom  in  Nev 
York  city,  June  28,  1847 ;  died  there,  April  3, 188S. 
He  began  studying  medicine  in  the  early  part  of  the 
civil  war,  served  as  acting  assistant  surgeon  in  the 
nation^  army  during  1865,  and  was  graduated  at  the 
New  York  College  of  Physicians  and  Sui^geons  m  186A. 
He  settled  in  New  Yorkjl  and  made  a  sn^ualty  of  sur- 
gery, gynsecology  and  the  diseases  of  ctiildren :  e$tab- 
ushecTthe  "  American  Journal  of  Obstetrics^"  in  1868, 
and  edited  it  till  1874 ;  invented  a  galvanic  battery 
for  galvano-caustic  surgery ;  held  the  offices  of  asBistr 
ant  surgeon  of  the  Woman's  Hospital,  attending  ^' 
sician  of  the  New  York  Foundling  Asylum,  and  rn>- 
fessor  of  Gynaecology  in  the  New  York  Post-GradniJ 
Medical  School ;  and  was  a  member  of  the  New  Yori 
Obstetric  Sodety. 

DitMHii  Oliver,  publisher,  bom  in  Boston,  Mass.,0<l 
20, 1811;  died  there,  Dec.  21,  1888.  He  reoeited  » 
grammar-school  education,  served  an  apprenticeship 
at  the  printer's  trade,  entered  the  employ  of  CoL  Sam- 
uel Parker,  the  music  publisher,  ana  on  attaining  hi& 
minority  formed  a  partnership  first  with  Mr.  Morn- 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


681 


Afterward  with  Mr.  Parker,  under  the  firm 

Parker  &  Ditson.    In  1840  Mr.  Parker  re- 

i  Mr.  DitBon  carried  on  the  buBineas  alone 

till  1857,  when  he 
took  Joaeph  C. 
Haynes,  a  clerk, 
as  a  partner,  form- 
ing the  firm  of  Ol- 
iver Ditson  &  Co. 
Branch  houses 
were  established 
by  Mr.  Ditson^s 
sons  in  New  York 
city  (C.H.  Ditson 
<fe  Co.),  1867,  and 
Philadelphia  (J. 
E.  Ditson  &  Co.), 
1876,  the  father 
remaining  in  Bos- 
ton. His  was  by 
far  the  largest 
blishing  business  that  ever  existed  in  the 
tates.  Mr.  Ditson  was  for  twenty -two  vears 
i  of  the  Continental  Bank  of  Boston,  and  was 
eotor  of  the  Boston  Safe-Deposit  Company, 
clin  Savinj^Bank,  and  the  Old  Men's  Home, 
athed  $25,000  to  be  expended  under  the  di- 
'  trustees  for  the  benefit  of  poor  musicians. 
ner^WiHiam,  lawyer  and  j[oumalist,  bom  in 
I.  \.,  Feb.  5, 1882;  died  m  Savannah.  6a., 
.  1888.  He  was  educated  at  Phillips  Aoid- 
lover,  MasM.,  and  spent  two  years  at  Harvard, 
settled  in  Buifido,  N.  Y.,  and  was  admitted 
r  In  1854.  Early  in  his  legal  career  he  at- 
Qsiderable  influence  by  winning  a  very  oom- 
xise,  and  became  actively  interested  m  poli- 
(  first  votes  were  cast  for  the  Democratic 
It  in  1856  he  affiliated  with  the  Republican 
it  the  opening  of  the  civil  war  he  onered  his 
o  the  Government,  was  appointed  on  the  staff 
John  C.  Fremont,  with  tJbe  rank  of  migor, 
xl  through  the  three  months'  camnaigu  in 
He  then  returned  to  Buffalo,  and  formed  a 
ership  with  Spencer  Clinton.  In  April,  1867, 
>pointed  United  States  District  Attorney  for 
lem  District  of  New  York,  and  at  the  expira- 
B  tenn.  he  reunited  with  the  Democratic  par- 
II  brief  adhesion  to  the  Liberal  Kepublican 
1 1874  he  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor  of 
t  on  the  ticket  with  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  and 
IS  re-elected.  Between  these  periods  he  took 
part  in  the  prosecution  of  Gov.  Tilden's 
against  the  canal  ring.  At  the  expiration 
K>nd  term,  he  removed  to  New  York  dty. 
B  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1882^nd  served 
t)er  of  the  J  udidanr  Committee.  He  su  pport- 
r  Cleveland  for  President  in  1884,  was  ap- 
nited  States  District  Attorney  for  the  South- 
ict  of  New  York  in  July,  1885.  but  resigned 
,  1886,  to  assume  control  of  tne  New  York 
n  which  relation  he  continued  till  death.  In 
contributed  two  papers  to  the  **  Atlantic 
"  a  review  of  Parton's  **  Life  of  Aaron 
d  one  on  a  ^*  Life  of  Jefferson '' ;  in  1861 
.  a  series  of  articles  in  the  same  magazine  on 
tt's  Hundred  Days  in  Missouri**;  and  in 
ished  a  biography  of  Grover  Cleveland.  He 
he  degree  of  M.  A.  from  Harvard  in  1859. 
lail  Daoittl  Adoli^  educator,  bom  in  Altenburg, 
,  Feb.  22,  1819 ;  died  in  Brooklyn^,  N.  Y., 
888.  He  studied  in  the  Dresden  Gymnasi- 
ras  graduated  at  the  University  of  licipsio. 
(rwara  he  was  appointed  a  lecturer  in  the 
y  of  Jena,  and  after  two  years'  service  there 
>fessor8hip  in  the  Busso-German  University 
;.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution  of 
returned  to  Germany  to  take  part  in  it,  pro- 
be republic  in  his  native  city,  and  aided  in 
ly  defending  the  citv  against  the  assaults  of 
;ade  of  the  army.    He  was  an  active  member 


of  the  diet  called  to  institute  a  reform  government, 
and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  provisional  Landtag ; 
but  on  the  suppression  ot  the  new  government  ne 
with  others  was  arrested  for  high  treason,  imprisoned 
till  1852,  and  then  puxloncd  and  released.  In  that 
year  he  settled  in  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  and  established* 
the  ^^Zeitung,'*  a  social-democratic  paper.  In  May, 
1854,  he  was  one  of  the  signent  to  a  call  for  a  conven- 
tion, which  declared  that  slavery  was  a  political  and 
moral  e^l,  and  shortly  afterward  he  was  compelled 
to  give  up^his  paper  and  leave  the  city.  He  then 
taught  in  Thilaaelphia  and  Boston  till  1860,  when  he 
was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Kepublican  Convention 
that  nominated  Abraham  Lincoln,  and  an  active  speak- 
er in  the  ensuing  canvass.  The  same  year  he  bcoune 
editor  of  the  "  New  Yorker  Demokrat,'*  but  gave  up 
that  office  to  accept  the  principalship  of  the  Hoboken, 
N.  J.,  Academy.  In  1866  no  established  another 
school  of  his  own  in  New  York  city  :  in  1871  was  ap- 
pointed editor  of  the  '*  Arbeiter  Union,''  an  organ  of 
the  German  trades-unions  in  New  York  city,  and 
espoused  the  French  cause  in  the  Franco- Ptussian 
War :  and  in  1878  became  editor  of  the  *'  Volks  Zei- 
tun^.''  He  introduced  Froebel's  kindergarten  system 
of  mstruotion  into  the  United  States,  and  wrote  nu- 
merous philosophical  articles  and  treatises  from  a 
social-democratjc  and  fi'ee-thinker  standpoint. 

Brew,  Thoma^  abolitionist,  bom  in  Plymouth,  Mass., 
in  1819;  died  m  Dorchester.  Mass.,  Nov.  12,  1888. 
He  entered  journalism  in  Philadelphia,  became  asso- 
ciated with  Elihu  Burritt  in  publishmg  the  **  Christian 
Citizen"  in  Worcester,  and  afterward  with  John 
Milton  Earle,  and  was  editor  and  proprietor  of  the 
Worcester  "Spy"  for  several  years  preceding  the 
civil  war.  He  nad  been  an  active  anti-slavery  advo- 
cate many  years,  and  at  the  time  of  the  Anthony 
Bums  riot  in  Boston  (1854),  went  there  at  the  head  of 
a  train-load  of  Worcester  friends  and  made  a  vain 
attempt  to  rescue  him.  After  the  inauguration  of 
Gov.  Andrew  and  the  opening  of  the  civil  war,  he 
was  appointed  military  secretary  to  the  Governor,  and 
besides  the  duties  of  this  office  was  fluently  sent  to 
the  field  to  look  after  the  sick  and  wounded  soldiers 
of  Massachusseits.  For  several  years  he  was  an  edi- 
torial writer  on  the  Boston  "  Herald." 

Drtzelf  Joseph  Wilhehn,  banker,  bom  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa..  Jan.  24, 1838 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  March  25, 
1888.  He  was  one  of  the  three  sons  of  Francis  Martin 
Drexel,  a  native  of  the  Austrian  T^rol,  who  established 
a  banking-house  in  Philadelphia  in  1887.  Joseph 
entered  his  father's-banking  nouse  as  a  clerk,  and 
afterward  was  admitted  to  partnership.  The  firm 
entablished  branch  houses  in  several  large  cities,  and 
Joseph  became  manager  of  the  German  branch.  Dur- 
ing his  residence  abroad  he  traveled  extensively.  In 
1861  he  returned  to  the  United  States  and  opened  a 
banking-house  in  Chicago,  where  he  attained  such  a 
degree  of  popularity  that  the  authorities  named  two  of 
the  handsomest  boulevards  after  him  and  his  wife.  On 
the  death  of  his  father,  in  1868,  he  returned  to  Phila- 
delphia. In  1871  be  came  to  New  York  city,  and  with 
J.  S.  Morgan,  of  London,  and  his  brother,  Anthony 
Joseph  Drexel,  establishea  the  firm  of  Drexel,  Morgan 
<fe  Co.  He  retired  fh>m  active  business  in  1876,  out 
retained  his  interest  in  the  houses  of  Drexel  &  Co.,  of 
Philadelphia ;  J.  S.  Moigan  <&  Co.,  of  London ;  Drexel, 
Haijies  db-Co.,  of  Paris  ;  and  Drexel,  Morgan  <&  Co., 
of  New  York ;  besides  a  third  interest,  with  Geoi>re 
W.  Childs  and  Anthony  J.  Drexel,  in  the  Phila- 
delphia *^  Ledger."  He  was  &ho  a  trustee  of  the 
Knickerbocker  Trust  Company  and  of  the  American 
Bank-note  Company,  and  a  director  in  eleven  national 
banks,  including  the  Garfield,  of  New  York  city,  of 
which  he  was  a  founder.  After  his  retirement  from 
business,  he  devoted  his  time  and  means  to  the  advance- 
ment of  the  various  literary,  philanthropic,  scientific, 
and  musical  organizations  with  which  he  was  con- 
nected, and  was  particularly  interested  in  an  original 
scheme  for  assistmg  the  worthy  and  industrious  poor. 
He  bought  18,000  acres  of  clioioe  land  in  Maryland 


632 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


and  Michigan,  divided  it  into  &nns  of  100  acres, 
erected  comfortable  five-room  dwellings,  and  sold 
them  at  ooet,  on  twelve  years'  time,  to  people  whom 
he  thought  worthy  of  such  assistance.  He  offered 
Qen.  Grant  the  use  of  his  tiimished  cottage  on  Mount 
MacGregor,  and  after  his  death  therein  presented  the 
building  and  grounds  to  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Be- 
public  as  a  memorial  of  the  ^reat  soldier.  In  1887 
ne  presented  a  $2,000  oil-painting  by  Edward  Gay  to 
the  State  of  New  York,  for  the  adornment  of  the  new 
Executive  mansion  at  Albany.  It  is  estimated  that  he 
spent  an  average  of  $50,000  a  jear  in  charitable  work ; 
and  it  was  not  Known  until  his  death  that  he  had  kept 
an  agent  at  the  city  prison  (Tombs)  for  many  years  to 
investigate  the  condition  of  the  families  of  criminals 
confin^  there  and  relieve  deserving  ones.  Mr.  Drexel 
was  a  director  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art, 
and  gave  it  some  early  Italian  paintings,  a  collection 
of  Egyptian  casts,  and  another  of  coins,  the  painting 
**  Harpsichord.'*  and  a  cabinet  of  ancient  musical  in- 
struments. He  also  was  president  of  the  New  York 
Philharmonic  Society  and  of  the  Sanitary  League,  a 
director  of  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  treasurer 
of  the  Cancer  Hospital  Society,  and  a  member  of  the 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  the  So- 
ciety for  the  Imj>rovement  of  the  Condition  of  tlie 
Poor,  tlie  American  Geographical  Society,  and  the 
New  York  and  Saratoga  Historical  Societies. 

Dnungoolei  John  0.,  clergyman,  bom  in  County  Long- 
ford, Irwland,  in  1828 ;  <ned  in  New  York  city,  Marcn 
28,  1888.  He  came  to  the  United  States  with  his 
parents  when  eight  years  old,  entered  St.  John's 
College,  Fordham,  N.  i .,  in  1848,  and  studied  there 
till  obliged  to  leave  to  help  support  the  &mily,  and 
then  became  sexton  of  St.  Mary's  Church.  While 
filling  this  office  he  made  a  vow  to  consecrate  himself 
to  the  physical  and  spiritual  improvement  of  the  poor. 
He  resumed  his  studies  in  St.  Francis  Xavier  College, 
took  the  theological  course  in  the  Seminary  of  Our 
Lady  of  Angels,  Niagara  Falls,  and  was  ordained  a 
priest  on  May  24. 1865.  For  a  time  he  was  curate  at  his 
old  churdi,  St.  Mary's,  when  he  applied  to  Archbishop 
McCloskey  for  permission  to  estoolish  a  mission  for 
the  protection  of  homeless  and  destitute  children. 
His  plans  were  approved,  and  he  was  appointed 
director  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul's  Newsboys'  Lodging- 
house,  and  under  hL:<  administration  the  enterprise 
soon  attained  prosperity.  He  took  charge  in  1871, 
was  obliged  to  rent  the  adjoining  building  in  1872, 
and  a^r  ten  vears  of  devoted  labor  erected  a  large 
fire-proof  building  on  the  comer  of  Great  Jones  Street 
and  Lafayette  Place,  which  occupies  four  city  lots  and 
cost,  with  the  ground,  $800,000.  In  1888,  tne  accom- 
modations again  proving  insufficient,  he  purchased 
over  500  acres  on  Prince's  Bay,  Staten  Island,  and 
erected  buildings  there.  The  property  represents 
over  $700,000,  and  when  each  part  was  opened  it  was 
free  from  debt.  Nearly  1,500  children  are  housed, 
fed,  clothed,  and  educated  in  the  institution,  the  name 
of  which  was  changed  to  Mission  of  the  Immaculate 
Virgin  for  Homeless  and  Destitute  Children. 

Dnffieldf  Oeorge,  hymnologlst.  bom  in  Carlisle,  Pa., 
Sept  12, 1816 ;  died  in  Bloomfield,  N.  J.,  July  7, 1888. 
Ele  was  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1837^  and  after 
a  three  years'  course  in  Union  Theological  Semi- 
nary, New  York  city,  was  ordained  a  Presbyterian 
minivster,  Dec,  27,  1840.  He  held  pastorates  in 
Brooklyn,  1840;  Bloomfield,  N.  J.,  1847;  Phila- 
delphiti,  1852 ;  Adrian,  Mich.,  1861;  Galesburg,  111., 
1865 ;  Saginaw  city,  Mich.,  1869 ;  and  Lansing,  Mich., 
1 877-' 80 ;  and  resided  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  without  a 
charge  in  1 884-' 87,  when  he  removed  to  JBloomfield. 
He  was  author  of  many  hymns,  of  which  "  Blessed 
Saviour,  thee  I  love"  (1851) ;  and  "Stand  up,  stand 
up  for  Jesus"  (1858),  are  the  most  widely  Known. 
The  latter  has  been  translated  into  French,  German, 
and  Chinese,  and  was  written  as  the  concluding  ex- 
hortation of  a  sermon  delivered  by  him  on  the  death 
of  the  Rev.  Dudley  S.  Tvng.  He  received  the  degree 
of  D.  D.,  from  Knox  Coflege,  Illinois,  in  1872. 


Donkelf  Aanm  Klinei  printer,  bom  in  Lancaiter,  Pa., 
May  20,  1887 ;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Miv  81, 
1888.  He  learned  the  printer's  trade  in  the  cmx  of 
the  "  Lancasterian,"  and  removing  to  Philadelphia  in 
1856,  was  emploved  as  a  oompoaitor  on  tna  old 
^Tennsylvanian.''  In  1861  he  enlisted  in  thesecood 
oompanv  of  the  State  Fencibles,  under  the  tluee 
months' call,  and  on  the  expiration  of  this  servioe  re- 
enlisted  in  the  Zouaves  d'Atrique  (Gen.  N.  P.  Banka's 
body-guard]^,  aiterward  attached  to  the  Fourteenth 
Pennsylvania  Volunteers.  He  attained  the  rank  d 
captain,  was  wounded  at  Chanoellorsville,  in  May, 
1868,  recovered,  and  commanded  his  company  at  G4> 

Sirsbuiv,  where  he  was  taken  prisoner  in  the  seoond 
ay's  fight.  He  was  confined  in  Libby  Pri^n  nine 
months,  made  his  escape  with  others  throng  the 
famous  tunnel,  and  was  recaptured  three  days  after- 
ward. After  Deing  exchanged  he  served  on  the  ataff 
of  Gen.  Patrick,  as  assistant  adj  utant-general.  Dorinf 
his  service  he  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Winchester, 
Cedar  Mountain,  i«redericksbarg.  Chancellcnvville, 
Gettysbuiv,  and  the  siege  of  Petersoiuig.  After  the  war 
he  resum^  his  occupation  as  a  printer,  and  was  coh 
ployed  on  •*  The  Press  "  till  1868,  when,  in  asaod- 
ation  with  three  other  printers,  he  established  the 
^'  Sunday  Bepublic,"  which  he  conducted  snooessfoilj 
till  1886,  and  then  retired  on  acoount  of  failing  healtn. 
He  was  twice  elected  State  Senator  from  Philralphia, 
and  was  elected  Secretary  of  Internal  Afiairs  on  tbe 
ticket  with  ex-Gov.  Henir  M.  Ho^-t. 

Bnxdopi  Qeoige  Kelly,  cJergyman,  bom  in  Conntj 
Tyrone,  Ireland,  Nov.  10,  1830;  died  in  Las  Craott, 
New  Mexico.  March  13,  1888.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Royal  College  of  Dun^nnnon  and  at  Queen's  Uni- 
versity, and  came  to  the  united  States  in  185S.  fie 
was  ordained  deacon  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  Dec.  8,  1854,  and  priest,  Aug.  7,  1856,  nd 
accepted  a  charge  in  St.  Charles,  Bio.  Two  yean 
later  he  became  rector  of  Christ  Cfhureh,  Lexingtao, 
Kv.,  and  after  a  service  of  seven  years,  resigned  to 
take  charge  of  Grace  Church,  Kirk  wood.  Mo.,  wiiioh 
he  held  for  sixteen  years.  He  was  a  deputy  finom  hii 
diocese  to  the  General  Conventions  of  1871, 1877,  and 
1880,  a  member  of  the  standing  committee,  an  exam- 
ining chaplain,  and  dean  of  tne  St.  Louis  CooToea- 
tion.  and  was  conseorated  second  MiBsionary  Bishop 
of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  in  St.  Louis,' Mo., on 
Nov.  21,  1880.  He  received  the  degree  of  S.  T.  D. 
from  Radne  College  in  1880. 

Domter,  Edwaid  Swift,  physician,  bom  in  Spring- 
ville,  York  County,  Me.,  Sept.  2, 1884;  died  in  Ann 
Arbor,  Mich.,  May  8,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1856,  and  at  the  New  York  College  <rf 
Phvsicians  and  Surgeons  in  1859,  and  began  practies 
in  New  York  in  1860.  At  the  beginning  of  tne  civil 
war  he  entered  the  national  army  as  an  assistant  fvr- 

geon^  and  served  continuously  on  the  field  and  in 
ospitals  till  February,  1866.  He  was  appointed  a 
meoical  inspector  by  Gen.  Rosecrans,  and  the  greater 
part  of  his  service  was  in  connection  wiit  that  office. 
At  the  dose  of  the  war  he  returned  to  New  Yoikj 
where  he  edited  the  **  New  York  Medical  Journal" 
ftom  1866  till  1872,  and  was  physician  in  diar;^  o/ 
the  Randall's  Island  Hospital  from  1869  till  187S,  io 
the  mean  time  occupying  the  chair  of  Obstetrics  and 
Diseases  of  Women  and  Children  in  the  Universitj  oi 
Vermont  for  three  years,  and  the  same  chur  in  tbe 
Long  Island  Medical  College  for  two  years.  In  1S7S 
he  became  Professor  of  Gynseool(^  in  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Michigan^  at  Ann  A^ 
Dor,  and  held  tliis  office  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  works  in  his  spedal  branch- 
Dwi^t,  William,  soldier,  bom  in  Springfield,  Maa^i 
July  14,  1881 ;  died  in  Boston.  Mass.,  AprU  21, 1^^ 
He  was  appointed  a  cadet  in  tne  United  States  Mili- 
tary Academy,  but  resigned  before  graduation,  and 
enga^d  in  business.  On  Mav,  14, 1861,  he  was  ooid- 
missioned  a  captain  in  the  'Thirteenth  United  Statst 
Infantry*,  and  in  the  following  month  lieutenant-col- 
onel of  tne  Seventieth  Regiment  of  New  York  Volan- 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


633 


sen,  under  command  of  Col.  Daniel  E.  Sickles.  He 
Mirticipated  in  the  early  movements  in  Virffinia,  and 
it  the  battle  of  Williamsburg  was  wounded  three 
times  and  left  on  the  field  as  dead.  After  a  brief  con- 
finement he  was  released,  and,  on  rejoining  the  arm^*, 
was  promoted  brigadier-general  for  his  gallantry  m 
^t  battle,  Nov.  29, 1862.  In  the  final  attack  on  Port 
Hadson,  he  led  the  advance  troops,  and  so  distin- 
gmshed  himself  that  he  was  appomted  a  member  of 
tbe  commission  to  arrange  the  terms  of  surrender. 
In  May,  1864,  when  Gen.  Banks  set  out  on  his  Ked 
river  expedition,  he  was  appointed  chief  of  stafiT  to 
that  o£Boer  j  in  July  he  became  commander  of  the 
Fuel  Division,  Nineteenth  Army  Corps,  and  ren- 
dered efficient  services  in  the  campaign  m  tbe  Shen- 
indoah  valley ;  and  on  Jan.  15,  1866,  he  resigned 
from  the  army. 

EoUm,  Delane  Si|  lawyer,  bom  in  Kentucky  in  1806 : 
died  in  Greencastle,  Ind.,  Oct.  29, 1888.  He  removed 
k>  Greencastle  in  1838,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted 
:o  the  bar;  was  the  first  mayor  of  tbe  city,  served 
jiroi^h  the  Mexican  War,  and  reached  the  rank  of 
iaptain ;  was  a  circuit  court  judge  sixteen  years,  and 
ras  chief-justice  of  the  United  States  courts  in  the 
Territory  of  Utah  during  the  administration  of  Fresi- 
lent  Buchanan,  1857-*6l. 

Ecgleatonf  BeojamiiL  merchant,  bom  in  Corinth, 
ff.  YT,  Jan.  8, 1816 ;  died  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Feb.  9, 
,888.  He  removed  to  Cincinnati  when  quite  young, 
ngaged  in  mercantile  business,  and  became  inter- 
Bfeed  in  public  affain.  He  was  a  member  and  preu- 
ient  of  the  city  council  for  several  years,  member  of 
he  State  Senate  from  1862  till  1866,  and  member  of 
>ongrei<8  ftt>m  the  First  Congressional  District  from 
865  till  1869.  Subsequently  ne  was  president  of  the 
^dnnati  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  proprietor  of 
lie  "  Cincinnati  Times  "  for  several  years. 

ElUottr  Enkiel  Biown,  statistician,  bom  in  Sweden, 
klonroe  County,  N.  Y.,  July  16,  1828 ;  died  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  May  24,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at 
Hraulton  in  1844,  and  then  taught  for  some  years. 
On  the  development  of  telegraphy  in  New  York  State, 
be  was  called  to  its  service,  but  soon  resigned  to  be- 
come actuary  of  a  life-insurance  company  in  Boston. 
In  1861  he  was  invited  to  a  similar  ofBce  on  the  United 
States  Sanitary  Commission,  which  he  held  until  the 
completion  of  its  labors.  He  then  entered  the  Gov- 
ernment service,  and  in  1865  was  secretary  of  the 
Qommission  for  revising  the  United  States  revenue 
laws.  In  1871  he  was  associated  with  tbe  civil-service 
teform  commission,  and  later  became  Government 
■ctoary  in  the  United  States  Treasury  Department, 
which  office  he  held  until  his  death.  Mr.  Elliott  wa^ 
A  member  of  the  International  Statistical  Congress 
that  met  in  Berlin  in  1868,  and  1882  was  vice-presi- 
dent of  tbe  American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science,  presiding  over  the  section  of  eco- 
nomic science  and  statistics.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  other  scientific  sodeties.  He  published  papers  on 
mathematical  physics,  but  attained  his  highest  reputa- 
tion in  connection  with  the  many  valuable  statistical 
reports  on  coinage,  weights  and  measures,  and  simi- 
lar topics  that  he  prepared  for  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment. Several  of  these  have  appeared  in  the  re- 
ports of  United  States  census,  especially  in  the  volume 
DO ''ViUl  Statistics." 

QBott,  Washington  Lafkyette,  soldier,  bom  in  Car- 
lisle, Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  March  81,  1821 ;  died 
in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  June  29, 1888.  He  was  a  son 
of  Capt.  Jesse  Duncan  Elliott,  United  States  Navy, 
feeoompanied  his  father  on  several  long  cruises,  was 
educated  at  Dickinson  Academy  and  the  United  States 
If ilitary  Academy,  and  became  second  lieutenant  of 
United' States  mounted  rifles  in  1846.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  Mexican  War  he  accompanied  his  regi- 
ment to  the  field,  and  served  until  the  surrender  of 
Vera  Crux,  giuning  a  first  lieutenancy  in  July,  1847. 
He  afterward  served  on  tbe  frontier  and  in  Texas  and 
Xew  Mexico,  and  took  part  in  the  campaign  against 
the  Navi^o  Indians  in  1858.    He  was  promoted  cap- 


tain in  July,  1854.  BiB  first  service  in  the  civil  war 
was  in  the  engagements  at  Springfield  and  Wilson's 
Creek,  Mo.,  and  tVom  that  time  till  the  close  of  the 
war  he  was  constantly  on  duty.  He  became  colonel 
of  the  Second  Iowa  Cavalrv  in  September,  1861 ; 
migor  in  the  regular  army  in  November,  1861 ;  briga- 
dier-general oi  volunteers  in  June,  1862;  chief  of 
cavalry  in  the  Army  of  Virginia  in  August,  1862: 
commander  of  the  Department  of  the  Northwest  and 
of  a  division  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in  1868 ; 
commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  chief 
of  cavalry  in  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  com- 
mander of  a  division  in  the  Fourth  Army  Corps  in 
1865;  brevet  minor-general  of  volunteers  and  brevet 
brigadier- general  in  the  regular  army;  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  August,  1866;  and  colonel  in  April,  1878. 
He  took  part  in  the  capture  of  Madrid  and  islsLd 
No.  10,  tne  siege  of  Corinth,  second  battle  of  Bull 
Kun,  the  Atlanta  campaign,  pursuit  of  Gen.  Hood, 
and  the  battles  around  Nashville,  and  was  retired  at 
his  own  request  on  March  20, 1879. 

Fairbanks,  HorBoey  manufacturer,  bom  in  Bamet,  Vt., 
March  28,  1820 :  died  in  New  York  city,  March  17, 
1888.  He  was  tne  second  son  of  Erastus  Fairbanks, 
war  Govemor  of  Vermont,  and  the  sixth  in  descent 
from  Jonathan  Fairbanks,  who  came  from  England 
and  settled  in  Dedham,  Mass.,  in  1688.  His  rather 
was  the  senior  member  of  the  firm  of  E.  <&  T.  Fair- 
banks, of  St.  Jobnsbunr^  Vt.,  scale  manufacturers. 
Shortly  after  attaining  nis  majority  Horace  and  his 
brother  Franklin  were  admitted  to  the  firm,  which 
became  £.  <&  T.  Fairbanks  <&  Co.  In  1874  it  was  in- 
corporated under  the  same  name  and  Horace  became 
its  president,  and  held  that  office  till  his  death.  In 
1876  he  was  elected  Governor.  In  early  life  he  built 
the  St.  Johnsbury  Athenaeum,  and  provided  it  with  a 
library  of  10,000  volumes  and  an  art  gallery,  which 
contains  among  other  treaHures  Bierstadt's  painting 
of  the  Yoeemite  valley,  and  presented  the  whole  to 
the  (nty.  Afterward,  m  connection  with  his  brother 
Franklin,  he  built  the  North  Congregational  Church 
and  gave  it  to  the  congregation.  He  was  president  of 
the  Portland  and  Ogdensburg  Railroad  and  of  the  St. 
Johnsbury  and  Lake  Champlain  Railroad  till  it  be- 
came a  part  of  the  Boston  and  Lowell  system,  was  a 
director  of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
Foreign  Missions,  a  trastee  of  the  Fairbanks  Educa- 
tional Board,  founded  by  his  father  and  himself  for 
educating  young  men  for  tbe  ministry,  and  of  the  St. 
Johnsburv  Academy  and  the  University  of  Vermont. 

Fezieri  Martha  W^i  philanthropist,  bom  in  South 
Britain,  Conn.,  in  1824;  died  in  New  York  city,  May 
2,  1888.  She  was  a  sister  of  the  late  Ann  S.  Stephens, 
the  author,  and  married  Don  Fermin  Ferrer,  ex- 
President  of  Nicaragua,  in  1858.  On  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Workingwomen's  Protective  Union  of  New 
York,  for  the  primary  purpose  of  aiding  and  protect- 
ing women  and  girls  wno  nad  been  thrown  upon  their 
own  exertions  for  support  during  the  civil  war,  she 
was  appointed  its  supenntendent.  She  held  this  office 
continuously  till  her  death,  and  proved  an  admirable 
executive  and  a  sympathetic  fHend  to  all  who  came 
under  her  charge. 

Fisher,  OharlM  Haniy,  engineer,  bom  in  Lansing- 
burg,  N.  Y.,  in  1886;  died  in  New  York  city,  Jan. 
18, 1888.  He  was  educated  for  the  profession  'of  civil 
engineering,  and  began  railroad  work  when  seven- 
teen years  old  on  the  Racine  and  Janesville  road,  in 
Wisconsin.  Afterward  he  was  cnfi:aged  for  several 
years  in  repairing  the  Erie  Canal.  In  1860  he  was  at- 
tached to  the  engineering  staff  of  the  New  York  Cen- 
tral and  Hudson  River  Railroad,  and  during  the  ensu- 
ing eight  years  rose  through  the  various  grades  to  tlie 
office  of  first  assistant  entrineer.  Ho  resigned  this 
office  in  1868  to  accept  that  of  chief  engineer  of  the 
projected  Lake  Ontario  Shore  road,  and  rnade  the  sur- 
veys and  laid  the  lines  on  which  it  was  built.  On 
Jan.  1,  1869,  ho  was  appointed  chief  engineer  of  the 
New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River  road,  and  held 
the  office  till  within  three  years,  when  he  resigned. 


634  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 

Among  his  moet  Doted  works  were  the  two  additional  to  brinff  out  at  the  Prinoe  of  Wales  Theitn 

traoka.  the  stations  at  Albany,  Syracuse,  and  Buffalo,  time  of  his  fatal  illness, 
several  costly  bridges,  and  tne  elevation  of  the  tracks        Qiidueri  William  Bewail.  lawyer,  bom  in  Hj 

and  the  new  station  in  Bochester.  Me.,  Oct.  1,  1827 ;  cUcd  m  Newton,  Mass.,  . 

Foster.  Joshnay  educator,  bom  near  Holmesburg,  1888.    He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  CoUe^ 

Philadelphia  County,  Pa..  July  10, 1818 ;  died  in  New  studied  law  in  Lowell,  and  was  admitted  to  tl 

Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Nov.  ^0,  1888.    He  was  educated  dlesex  bar  in  1852.    In  February,  1855,  he  fi 

at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York;  in  Octo-  partnership  with  Hon.   Theodore  H.  Sweetj 

ber,  1838,  became  a  teacher  in  the  Pennsylvania  In-  maintainea  this  oonnecdon  in  Lowell  and  Be 

stitution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  hold  that  place  his  appointment  to  the  bench  of  the  Superi< 

till  September,  1870,  when  he  was  appointed  pnnci-  in  1875.    He  held  his  judicial  ofBce  till  Augu 

pal.    Alter  a  service  of  forty  six  years  as  teacher  and  when  iailing  health  caused  his  resignation, 

principal,  he  withdrew  from  active  labor  in  the  insti-  Gardner  was  an  active  member  of  the  masoni 

tution  in  October,  1884,  and  took  up  hlit  residence  in  nitv,  and  a  voluminous  writer  on  freemasonr 
New  Brunswick,  N.  J.    Before  leaving  the  scene  of        Gazfleld,  EUn  BalloOf  an  American  pioneer,' 

his  long  labor  ne  presented  his  large  and  valuable  Bichmond,  Chester  County,  N.  H.,  Sept.  2i 

library  and  extensive  and  choice  collection  of  pictures  died  in  Mentor,  Ohio,  Jan  21,  1888.    Sne  wt 

to  the  institution.    He  ranked  high  among  the  in-  soendant  of  Maturin  Ballou,  who  fled  from 

structors  of  deaf  mutes  in  the  United  States,  was  an  on  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  anc 

enthusiastic  student  of  and  lecturer  on  zodlogy,  bota-  Koger  Williams's  colony  in  Khode  Island,  ant 

ny,  ornithology,  and  English  history,  and  had  every  of  the  Universalist  clergyman,  Uosea  Ballou. 

available  space  in  his  school-room  occupied  with  cages  she  married,  while  living  in  Watertown,  Mass. 

filled  with  singinv-birds.  Gartield,  son  of  a  farmer  of  Otsego  Countj 

Foster,  Mdvin,  oilliard-player,  bom  in  Cavendish,  and  soon  alterward  they  removed  to  *^  The 

y t .  Sept.  12, 1844 ;  died  m  New  York  city,  July  6,  ness  "  of  Ohio,  and  settled  on  a  farm  in  N 

1888.    He  was  educated  in  Rutland,  became  interest-  now  a  part  of  Cleveland.    They  built  a  Ic 

ed  in  billiards  in  1858,  and  pluvcd  his  first  public  twenty  Dv  thirty  feet,  in  which  three  cbildr 

match,  in  which  he  defeated  the  late  Bobert  E.  Wil-  hetabel,  Thomas,  and  Mary — were  bom.    Tfa 

marth  by  1.000  to  821  points,  in  a  full  American  game,  removed  to  New  Philadelphia,  Ohio,  in  1826. 

in  Boston,  Mass.,  May  18, 1863.    On  April  6,  1864,  he  turned  to  the  lake  country  four  years  later,  at 

made  his  first  appearance  in  New  York  city  at  Irving  a  &rm  in  Orange  townsnip,  Cuyahoga  Com 

Hall,  in  a  tournament  for  the  benefit  of  the  United  erected  another  log-cabin.    In  this  humbler 

States  Sanitary  Commission,  in  which  he  made  the  a  fourth  child,  James  Abram  Garfield,  who 

best  average  in  a  500-point  game  of  caroms,  15  20-82,  teacher,  soldier,  congressman.  United  States 

against  Dudley  Kavanagh.     In  the  same  year  he  and  twentieth  President  of  the  United  Stal 

gained  wide  repute  by  defeating  John  Decry  in  a  bom  on  Nov.  19,  1881.    Two  years  aften 

home-and-home  game,  his  minority  in  New  York  father  died,  and  Mrs.  Garfield  was  left  with  t 

city  being  876  in  1,500,  and  in  Washington,  D.  C,  and  four  children  to  care  for.    When  Preaid 

55.    His  next  great  contest  was  in  Montreal,  Canada,  field  was  shot,  with  his  own  hand  he  traced  ai 

July  19,  1865,  when  he  was  matched  against  Joseph  illegible  letter  to  his  mother.    She  bore  up 

Dion  for  $2,000  a  side  in  gold,  and  was  defeated  oy  after  his  death,  till  a  month  before  her  own, 

Dion,  who  scored  1,500  points  to  Foster's  1,108.    He  last  words  were  a  wish  to  see  **  my  boy  Jimni 
then  won  the  Memphis  touraamentj  and  followed  it        Oametky  Alexander  Yelverton  Peyton,  physicu 

with  a  similar  victory  at  Cincinnati  in  1867.  but  in  in  Essex  County.  Va.,  Sept.  20,  1620 ;  died  i 

his  first  ciiampionvhip  match  at  Chicago,  April  8,  both  Beach,  Del.,  July  11,  18B8.    In  1841 

1868,  he  lost  the  game  to  John  McDevitt,  by  a  score  graduated  at  the  medical  department  of  the 

of  1,268  to  1,262.    On  Dec.  23, 1868,  he  defeated  Jo-  sity  of  Pennsylvania,  and  commissioned  an  i 

seph  Dion  bv  800  to  296,  three-ball  caroms,  for  $2,000,  surgeon  in  the  United  States  Navy.    In  1848 

in  riew  York  city.    Jan.  28, 1869,  Dion  defeated  nim,  promoted  suiveon,  and  in  1850  resigned  to 

1,600  to  1,116,  at  the  four-ball  game  in  Montreal.  Professor  of  CHiniod  Medicine  in  Uie  National 

professorship,  i 
...  a  member  of  tl 

diamond  cue,  in  New  York  city,  and  lost  to  Cyrille  federate  board  of  examining  surgeons  for  th^ 

Dion,  by  1,500  to  616.    He  introduced  several  novel  and  afterward  surgeon  in  charge  of  the  milita 

features  in  playing,  which  others  used  to  better  ad-  pitals  in  that  city,  and  as  famUv  physician  of 

vantage  than  he.  son  Davis,  accompanied  him  after  tne  evacu 

Fonratt,  Enoi,  soldier,  born  in  Piscataway,  N.  J.,  the  capital.    He  returned  to  Washington  a 

Sept.  19, 1827 ;  died  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.^  July  war,  resumed  his  professorship  in  the  medical 

22,  1888.    In  1861  he  was  chosen  a  captain  m  the  and  held  it  till  1870,  when,  on  his  resignation 

First  New  Jersey  Volunteers,  and  afterward  became  elected  professor  emeritus.   In  1885  he  was  vie 

Colonel  of  the  Thirty-third  New  Jerney  Begiment.  dent  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

He  was  wounded  in  the  head  during  the  battle  of  An-  his  numerous  medical  P&pera  were :  '*  Condui 

tietam,  and  left  on  the  field  for  dead  nearly  two  days,  a  Cure  for  Cancer.''  *-^  The  Potomac  Marshes  ai 

He  was  on  court-martial  duty  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  Influence  as  a  Patnogenic  Agent,"  **  Epidemic 

1864 ;  accompanied  Gen.  Sherman's  army  on  its  march  dice  among  Children,"  **  The  Soivhum  VuL 

to  the  sea ;  and  was  mustered  out  of  the  service,  after  Broom-Cora  Seed  in  Cystitis,"  **  Nelaton's  I 

having  taken  part  in  twenty-six  battles,  in  1865.    He  Gunshot  Wounds,"  and  *■'•  Coloprootitis  trei 

then  engaged  m  railroad  business  for  several  years.  Hot- Water  Douche  and  Dilatation  or  Divisioi 

and  in  1885  was  appointed  chief  of  police  of  New  Sphincters." 
Brunswick,  N.  J.  Oaji   ^ydner  Hiowaid,  author,  bom   in  Hi 

FnUertonf  Willianif  Jr.,  composer,  bom  in  Newburg,  Mass.,  in  1814;  died  in  New  Brighton,  Staten 

N.  Y.,  in  1854 ;  died  in  London,  England,  Aug.  25,  N.  Y.,  June  25, 1888.    When  fifteen  years  old 

1888.    He  was  a  son  of  ex-Judge  William  Fullerton,  tered  Harvard  University,  but  was  compelled 

received  his  early  education  in  Newburg  Academy,  ing  health  to  give  up  his  studies  while  in  hi: 

studied  music  in  Germany  and  England,  and  settled  year.    He  then  spent  some  time  traveling  ii 

in  London.    Under  the  patronage  of  the  Prince  and  and  the  East  Indies,  and,  settling  in  Boston, 

Princess  of  Wales  he  was  the  autnor  of  many  musical  on  a  mercantile  career,  but  soon  afterward  |bi 

compositions,  notably  **  The  Ladv  of  the  Locket,"  it  to   study   law.     Having   consdentioua  i 

and  the  opera  *^  Waidemar,"  whicn  he  was  preparing  against  taking  the  oath  to  support  the  Cooi 


OBITtJ  ARIES,  AMERIOAN. 


'  the  Dntled  Stalea,  os  koooont  of  hii  atronji  anti- 
■T«rj  principka.  he  bcoame  an  ardent  abolitionist 
iMod  of  B  Ikwyar,  and  was  appointed  lecturing- 
pnt  of  the  Amerioaa  Auti-Slavenr  Society,  in  1843. 
lilBU  he  removed 
to  New  York  eity, 
became  editor  oi 
the  "  Anti-Slaveiy 
SUuidard,"  and  held 
the  office  till  1B£T, 
when  his  powerM 
support  of  tiiB  cause 
of  haman  freedom 
led  Horace  Gnteley 
to  appoint  bitn  an 
editor  of  the  New 
Yort^  "Tribune," 


tquare  miles  of  land,  on  wbioh  he  propoaed  to  aettle 
an  American  ooloDy,  and  was  arretted  by  the  Dutch 
coloQul  authorities  and  imprisoned  nearly  two  yean. 

He  returned  lo  the  United  etatea  in  ■""" ^--  -'. 

LakeC  ------ 

ian  Islands.  At  first  he  confined  hia  oi 
Lahaiua.  capital  of  the  Island  of  Maui,  and  then  aban- 
donincF  hui  Mormon  ooloniiation  scheme,  removed  to 
the  isUnd  of  Lanai,  leased  a  large  tract,  and  nusod 
wheat  and  abeep.  In  1867  be  settled  in  Houoluln, 
established  the  "  News,"  adTocatcd  the  claims  of 
Pnnce  Lunatilo  to  the  tlirone,  and. 


irocitj  treaty.    On  the  accession  ol  Prince  Kalakaua 

iral  yean  had  {rreat  influence  with  the  Kinjf.  In 
01  wnicn  ne  oecame  iSTS  he  was  clG<:ted  a  member  of  the  Legislsture,  >&d 
manairinff  editor  in  in  18B3  was  appointed  Premier  and  Minister  of  For- 
1862.  He  continued  eifiD  Afiain.  He  held  these  offices  till  the  revolution 
in  warm  personal  us-  orlSBT,  when,  with  the  other  ministers,  ha  was  de- 
■nriuinn  with  Hr.  pocd,  a  price  was  set  npoD  his  head,  and  b«  fled  to 
Elsn  fVancisco,  leaving  interests  aggregatjnfc  $1,000,- 


igoed  this  office, 

on  of  this  work  returned  to  New  York,  snd  tipcDt 

>o  Tcan  on   the   editorial   staff  of  the  "EveninK 

on.''     In  ooi^nnctioD  with  William  Cullen  Bryant 

wrote  and  published  an  illustrated  "  History  of 

United  Stales"  I*  vols.,  New  York,  ISTS-'sil. 

also  wrote  a  life  of  James  Madison  (Boston,  1S84), 

ul  W3a  at  work  on  a  hfa  of  Edmund  Quincy. 

Bftaon,  Qeiwn,  soldier,  bom  in  Carlinle,  Pa.,  April 

<  •>-" '  died  in  Las  Vesas,  New  Mexico,  Au^.  E,  1S8S. 

ntd  the  United  Statee  Army  as  military  alore- 

eeper  in  the  (juartermaslcr's  department  on  April  9, 

tSJ,  was  appomled  captain  in  the  Eleventh  regiment 

r  United  States  Infantry  on  May  14,  1861,  and  was 

revetted  m^or  for  gallant  conduct  in  the  battle  of 

<ttysbur)(on  March  IB,  1S65,  and  lieutenant-colonel 


le  fall  of  Bichmond  and  tl 


render  of  (Jen.  Lee 
«1  major  of  the  FiCBt 


)e  Fifth  United  States  Infantry  June  9. 18^9,  pto- 
Med  lieutenant-colansl  Third  United  States  IiiJant- 
r  March  SO,  18T9,  and  colonel  Fiflh  United  States 
ifantty  Aug.  1, 1886.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he 
aa  comma^ant  at  Fort  Blisa,  El  Paso,  Tex.,  hut  waa 
n  a  brief  leave  of  absence. 

QlkaM,  Tahtt  Uaruj,  adventurer,  bom  at  sea,  in 
ai;  diedinSanFrancIsoo,  Cal.,  Jan.  Sl,1888.  He 
l»  the    son  of  a  merchant  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 

Sland,  who  removed  to  Montreal,  Canada,  in  1829, 
waa  educated  in  the  Coile^  oTSt.  Sulpiee  there, 
'hen  ftiuiteen  yearn  old  he  went  to  Sew  York,  and 
—  — d  with  a  wealthy  Southern  planter,  then  on  his 


e  nnnaiued  in  Andemon  County  several  years, 
■qtht  school,  and  married;  then  became  restless, 
arched  the  hjUs  for  the  silver-mines  of  the  Indians, 
a  Savannah  river,  tried 


been  actively  connected  wil^  the  I 
the  dty  for  fifty  years,  accumulated  property  valued 
at  over  toOO.OOO,  and  for  manv  f  eara  before  his  death 
was  president  of  the  City,  National,  and  Cape  Ann 
SavinfTB-Banks.  He  bequeathed  (100,000  to  a  board 
of  tniatees  Ibr  a  public  hospitnl,  tT5,000  for  an  old 
fblfcs'  home.  110,000  to  the  Widows'  and  Orphans' 
Aid  Society,  t6,6oo  to  the  Firemen's  Belief  Amo- 
ciatlon.  (4,000  to  the  Cape  Ann  Scientific  and  Lit- 
erary AsBooiation,  and  »3,0O0  to  the  Female  Charita- 
ble Society. 

Qillmon,  Qnlnej  Adams,  soldier,  bom  in  Black  Kver, 
Lorain  Co.,  Ohio,  Feb.  28, 18S6  ;  <Ued  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  April  T,  1888.  He  waa  graduated  at  the  United 
Statca  Military  Academy,  flrxt  in  a  class  c(  foity-three, 
in  1849,  and  was  assiA^ed  to  the  corpsof  engineers 
with  the  rank  of  second  lieutenant.  In  1862  he  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  instructor  in  prsotical  military  en^- 
neeTtnK  i'l  the  United  States  Military  Academy,  and 
'--'-'  •'--  -"-  till  Sept.  Ifi,  1868,  and  was  promoted 
"       luTv  of  !■--'- '■ 

West  Point,  in  charge  of  the 

'  York  agency  for  the  purchase  and  shipment  of 
material  used  in  the  construction  of  fortiflcations,  and 
in  charge  of  the  fortiflcationa  m  New  York  harbor. 
In  August,  1861,  he  was  promoted  captain,  and  m 
October  was  appointed  chiet  of  ongincen  of  the  Port 
Boyal  expedition  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  op- 
entions  at  Hilton 
Hcad,8.C,onNov 
"I,  1861,  rebuilt  the 
forts  after  their  re- 


antase 


iTtnne  by  speculating 


mia  gold-fever 

cljeap  mining-apparatus;    

lamer,  the  Russian  envoy,  with  tlie  intention  of  try- 
g  Daniel  Webster's  plan  of  centralizing  the  several 
—  i,  and  joined  the  fortunes  of  Gin.  Carrera,     ' 


ted  out  a  war-vessel  ii 
sited  States  Oovemn 


New  York,  frot 


lientenant- 
oolonei.  Failing 

health  then  compelled  him 
'hich  the     abaence,  during  which  be 


e  eentraliia- 
Hi 


0  take  a  brief  leave  of 


K^UCJBIVI       TVIUULCCIB.    aUU      BBVIRLm    1 U    OIgaUI£IUg    KUU 

forwarding  to  the  field  sixty  regiments  of  volunteen 
boia  New  York  State     He  reported  for  duty  in  An- 


636  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


el 


st,  was  in  oommand  of  the  division  that  operated  1886  he  was  appointed  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the 

Wore  Govin^n,  Ky.,  September  18-28.  and  of  a  New  York  State  Niagara  Park  Commisalon,  and  held 

division  in  we.stern  Virginia  ftx>m  Septemoer  28  till  the  offices  till  three  months  prior  to  his  death,  wha 

October  14,  was  then  appointed  to  command  the  first  he  became  secretary  of  the  Buffalo  Park  CommissiaiL 

division  of  the  Army  ot  Kentucky,  and  sub8e<iuently  He  was  on  his  way  to  Nassau,  for  his  health,  when  be 

the  division  of  Central  Kentucky.    While  holding  this  sustained  injuries  in  a  railroad  accident  at  Veetil, 


appointed  commander  of  the  Department  of  the  South,  quisite  fugitive  poems.   His  writings,  including  tut^ 

and,  in  July,  18B8,  of  the  Tenth  Army  Corps.    He  di-  letters,  and  poems,  with  a  sketch  of  nis  life,  have  beeo 

rected  the  operations  against  Charleston,  ».  C,  capt-  publisned  (2  vols.,  Buffalo,  1888). 

ured  Morris  Island  on  July  10,  for  which  he  was  Qieeyi  Edwazd,  author,  bom  in  Sandwidi,  Kent,  Eoe- 

brevetted  briradier-general,  bombarded  Fort  Sumter,  land,  l)ec.  1, 1885 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  Oct  I, 

besieged   and   captured   Fort  Wagner  and   Battery  1888.    He  received  a  private  and  a  military  ednoatioa, 

Gregg,  and  for  planting  and  operating  the  famous  accompanied  the  English  naval  expedition  to  Chini, 

^^  Swamp  Angel  '^  gun  on  Morris  Island,  seven  miles  and  as  captain  of  a  company  of  marines  was  SDooof 

form  Charleston,  received  this  commendation  ftx>m  the  foremost  in  the  storming  of  Pekin.    After  the 

<3fen.  Henry  W.  Hallcck :  *^  He  has  overcome  difficul-  war  he  was  appointed  to  an  office  in  the  BritL<ih  Lega- 

ties  almost  unknown  in  modem  sieges.    Indeed,  his  tion  in  Japan,  and  during  his  residence  in  that  coim- 

operations  on  Morris  Island  constitute  a  new  era  in  try  studied  its  language,  literature,  art,  customs,  and 

the  science  of  engineering  and  gunnery.*'     For  his  form  of  government    In  1868  he  removed  to  the 

services  at  Charleston  he  was  promoted  major-general  United  States,  passed  several  yeare  in  commensal 

of  volunteers.   In  1 864,  at  the  head  of  the  Tenth  Corps,  pursuits  in  New  x  ork  city,  went  to  Manchester,  Maa., 

he  commanded  on  the  James  river,  Va.,  captured  the  and  during  a  season  of  oisability  began  his  seri^of 

line  in  ftront  of  Drewry's  Bluff,  covered  Gen.  B.  F.  Japanese  historical,  discriptlve,  and  story  books.  On 

Butler's  retreat  at  Bermuda  Hundred,  and  joined  in  his  recovery  he  made  several  trips  to  Japan,  and 

the  pursuit  of  the  Confederates  under  Oen.  Jubal  opened  a  store  for  the  sale  of  Japane^  curios  and 

Early.    He  was  assigned  to  the  defense  of  Washing-  works  of  art  in  New  York.    His  English  banslatioo 

ton  with  two  divisions  of  the  Nineteenth  Corps.    He  of  the  neat  historical  work  of  Japan,  **  The  Loyal 

commanded  the  Department  of  the  South  from  Feb.  9  Bonins ''  (1880^,  elicited  the  commendation  of  the 

till  Nov.  17, 1865,  resigned, his  volunteer  commission  imperial  authorities,  and  prompted  a  banquet  to  hiia 

in  December,  and  was  appointed  en^neer-in-chief  ot  on  nis  next  visit  to  that  country.     He  was  a  member 

all  the  fortincations  on  the  Atlantic  coast  south  of  of  the  Zoological  and  Anthropological  Societies  of 

New  York  dty.    In  the  regular  armv  he  was  promoted  London,  and  of  the  Authors^  Lotus,  and  other  dob§ 

mi^jor  in  June,  1863,  lieutenant-colonel  in  1874,  and  of  New  York.    He  published  the  plays :  '*  Vendome," 

colonel  on  Feb.  20,  1874.     As  one  of  the  judges  of  the  "Mirah,"  "The  Third  Estate  ""The  CoUegeBcUes," 

Centennial  Exhibition  in  1876,  he  made  elaborate  re-  and  "  Uncle  Abner,"  and  tne  following  works  oo 

F[>rts  on  *' Brick-making  Machinery,  Brick -Kilns,  Japanese   history,    manners,    and  customs:   "Bloe 

erforated  and  Enamel^  Bricks  and  Pavements,''  Jackets"   (1871):    "Young   Americans   in  Japan" 

and  on  "Portland,  Roman,  and  other  Cements  and  (1881);  "The  Wonderftil  City   of  Tokio"  (1882); 

Artificial  Stones."     He  also  wrote  "  The  Siege  and  "The   Golden   Lotus"    (1888);    "  Bear-Worahipers 

Reduction  of  Fort   Pulaski"  (New   York,    1862);  of  Yezo"  (1884);  and  "  A  Captive  of  Love"  (18S5). 

"  Limes,  Hydraulic  Cements,  and  Mortars  "  (1868) ;  Qrefin,  Hemiette  Angofta,  Baroness  de,  educator,  bon 

"  Engineerfng    and    Artillery    Operations    agunst  in  Paris,  France,  in  1819;  died  in  Orange, N.J. .Jalj 

Charleston  in  1863  "  (1865) ;   "  Beton,  Coignet,  and  25,  1888.    She  married  at  an  early  age  Baron  Cbai\ei 

other  Artificial  Stones  "  (1871)  ;  "  The  Strength  of  de  Grefin,  a  captain  in  the  Chasseurs  d'Airi^Qe,a^ 

the  Building  Stones  of  the  United  States"  (1874) ;  companied  her  nusband  to  the  United  States  m  185^ 

and  "  Roads,  Streets,  and  Pavements"  (1876V  and  lived  in  the  South  till  the  close  of  the  civil  war. 

Ooldamithf  Oliver  B.|  educator,  bom  in  Cutchogue,  in  which  they  lost  all  their  property.    Her  hnsbaod 

L.  I.,  in  1815 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  April  28,  1888.  died  soon  after  the  peace,  and  the  widow,  who  was  in 

When  fifteen  vears  old  he  removed  to  X^ew  York  city,  accomplished  musician  and  linguist,  came  north  azxl 

became  a  clerk  in  a  dry -goods  store,  was  establishea  supported  herself  by  teaching.    For  several  yean  she 

in  the  same  line  of  business,  and  in  1837  owned  the  was  Professor  of  Languages  in  Vassar  College, 

largest  dry-goods  store  on  the  east  side  of  the  city,  Qimninf)  William  If^  scientist,  bom  in  Bloomiof- 

and  was  the  chief  rival  of  Lord  <&  Taylor.    The  burg,  Ohio,  in  1880;  died  in  Greelev,  Col.,  March  s, 

financial  crisis  of  that  year  reduced  him  to  poverty.  1888.     He  was  graauated   at  Oberlin   College,  prn^ 

While  seeking  other  means  of  emplovment  he  was  sued  a  course  in  comparative  anatomy  in  New  York 

shown  a  specimen  of  artistic  penmanHuip  written  by  city,  and  in  biology  under  Prof.  A^rassiz  at  Cambridse, 

Isaac  F.  Bragg,  and  immediately  afterward  took  a  Mass.,  held  lectureships  in  Hillsdale  College,  Mieb., 

course  of  instruction  in  Mr.  Bragg' s  school.     Within  and  in  Pittsburg,   Pa.,  was  a  contributor  to  "The 

a  year  he  took  the  first  prize  of  the  American  Institute  Index"   and  "The  Open  Court,"  and  published! 

for  off-hand  penmanship.    In  1888  he  opened  a  school  "  Life  History  of  our  Planet."    For  some  time  preti- 

in  Brooklyn,  and  suMequently  one  in  New   city,  ous  to  his  death  he  was  pastor  of  the  Unitarian  Sociecy 

which    he    conducted  for   forty  years,  and   became  in  Greeley. 

known  as  the  best  off-hand  penman  in  the  United  Hager,  Albert  Davidf  geologist,  bom  in  Chester,  Vt, 
States.  A  few  years  ago  he  made  a  tour  of  the  prin-  Nov.  1,  1817  ;  died  in  Chica^^,  III.,  July  29,  1888- 
cipal  cities  with  his  six-year  old  son,  who  had  devel-  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  his  natij* 
oped  an  extraordinary  talent  for  Shakespearean  reel-  town,  and  in  1856  became  as.Histant  State  naturali^ 
tations.  In  1877  he  was  accidentally  shot  in  the  of  Vermont.  During  1857-61  he  served  under  Ed- 
shoulder,  and  a  few  weeks  afterward  broke  several  ward  Hitchcock  as  assistant  geologist  of  Vermont, 
bones  in  a  fall.  These  ir\juries  resulted  in  paralysis,  and  from  1862  till  1870  was  curator  of  the  State  cafa^ 
from  which  he  never  recovered.  net  of  natural  history.  He  then  became  geolopat « 
dray,  Bavidf  journalist,  bom  in  Edinbursrh,  Scot! and,  Missouri,  but  in  1872  settled  in  Chicago,  where,  in 
Nov.  9,  1836 ;  died  in  Binghamtou,  N.  Y.,  March  1877,  he  became  librarian  of  the  Historical  Sodety, 
18,  1888.  He  settled  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  about  1857,  which  place  he  held  until  his  death.  In  1867  he  ▼•« 
was  successively  a  contributor,  reporter,  and  editor  of  appointed  State  commissioner  from  Vermont  to  die 
the  Buffalo  "  Courier,"  and  became  its  editor-in-chief  World's  Fair  in  Paris.  He  contributed  to  the  "  B^* 
in  1876.    He  held  this  office  till  1882,  and  was  then  port  on  the  Geoloary  of  Vermont"  (2  vols.,  Claie- 


11  1882,  and  was  then     port  on  the  Geology  of  Vermont"  (2  vols., 
of  feeble  health.    In     mont,  N.  H.,  1861);   "Annual  Keporta  of  V< 


obliged  to  resign  it  on  account  of  feeble  health.    In     mont,  N.  H.,  1861);   "Annual  Keporta  of  Vermont 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.  637 

ommission  *'  (Montpelier,  Vt.,  1866-'69) ;  and  that  had  been  sent  by  the  Democratio  National  Com- 

a1  Beport  of  the  State  Geolo^t  for  the  State  mittee  to  varioua  persons  in  the  Southern  States  con- 

yuri"  (Jefferson  Citv,  1871).  ceming  the  presidential  election  returns  of  1876.    He 

ifm,  Peteri  lawyer,  oom  in  Pennsylvania  in  passed  the  summer  of  1879  in  England  and  the  win- 

Liea  in  Mobile,  Ala.,  Nov.  22,  1888.    He  was  ter  of  1880  in  Nassau  and  Bermuda,  in  the  hope  of 

ed  at  Princeton,  removed  to  Mobile,  and  was  regaining  his  health,  and  afterward  traveled  and  lived 

d  to  the  bar  in  1888.    He  was  vice-president  in  France,  Southern  California,  and  the  Adirondacks, 

leral  manager  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad  but  never  n«;ained  his  strength.    Besides  his  literary 

ly  during  the  civil'war ;  served  in  both  branch-  and  musicalcritioisms  and  correspondence  with  the 

e  State  legislature ;  was  a  special  commission-  ^^  Tribune,''  he  was  the  author  ot  a  ^*  Life  of  Arch- 

ashington,D.  C,  in  1875,  to  arrange  the  polit-  bishop  Hughes"  (1866);   ^*The  Ring  of  the  Nibe- 

ibies  in  the  State,  and  effected  a  consolidation  lunff'^  (1877) ;  ''Life  of  Pius  IX"  (1878) ;  a  school 

legislatures  then  sitting  in  Montgomery.    He  '' Uistorv  or  the   United  States"   (1878):  and  *'A 

I  in  the  adjustment  of  the  State  debt  and  the  Pickwickian  Pilgrimage"  (1881). 
^  of  the  revenue  law,  and  was  a  member  of  the        Haatingif  Alioe,  actress,  oom  in  Ireland  in  1866; 

«ion  to  codify  the  laws  of  the  State  in  1886.  died  in  x^ew  York  citv,  Dec.  1, 1888.    She  came  to 

Itoo,  William  J.|  lawyer,  bom  in  Washington  the  United  States  with  her  parents  when  a  child, 

,  Md.,  Sept.  8, 1820 ;  died  in  Hagerstown,  Md.,  made  her  first  appearance  on  the  stage  when  sixteen 

,  1888.    He  studied  in  Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  years  old  at  Wood's  Museum,  Philadelphia,  in  '^  Man 

mittcd  to  the  bar  of  his  native  county  m  184S,  and  Wife,"  and  after  two  8ucce6sl\il  seasons  in  that 

)Cted  to  the  State  Assembly  as  a  Democrat  in  city  plaved  at  the  Academy  of  Music  in  Cleveland  as 

08  a  Cass  presidential  elector  in  1848,  and  in  Susan  Nipper  in  '*  Dombey  and  Son  "  Tidy  in ''  Lost  in 

as  elected  to  Congress.     By  re-elections  he  London,'^  and  Audrey  in  *' As  you  like  it."    Twosea- 

from  1849  till  1855^  was  then  defeated,  and  re-  sons  at  the  Grand  Opera  House  in  Pittsbuiv  followed, 

-om  political  life  till  after  the  civil  war.    In  She  was  then  engaged  by  James  McVicker  ror  his  Chi- 

3  was  defeated  for  Governor  by  Oden  Bowie,  cago  theatre,  and  made  a  notable  success  there  as  Mrs. 

ijority  of  one;  in  1868  was  elected  United  States  Brown  in  **The  Banker's  Daughter."    In  1881  she 


ict  with  the  most  active  members  of  his  own     m  1882  became  leading  ladv  in  Roland  Reed's  oom- 


especially  those  constituting  the  board  of  pub-  pany,  holding  the  place  till  her  death.    She  created 

ks,  and  hia  administration  closed  without  a  the  parts  of  the  Adventuress  in  ^  Cheek  "  and  Mrs. 

aon  of  harmonv.     At  his  death  ho  was  the  Ponsby  in  **  Humbug."    Her  last  appearance  was  in 

lest  person  in  Washington  County.  ^^  The  Woman  Hater,"  at  the  Fourteenth  Street  Thea- 

I,  Stmnel  Smithf  deigyman.  born  in  Autauga  tre,  New  York  city,  a  week  before  her  death. 

,  Ga.,  Sept.  14,  1841 ;  died  in  London,  Eng-  Hayi,  James  Bncnauui,  lawyer,  bom  in  Crawford 

.mr.  21, 1888.    He  was  graduated  at  the  Univer-  County.  •  Pa.,  Sept.   10,  1888;  died  in  Bois^  City, 

Alabama  in  1859,  stucued  law,  and,  by  special  Idaho.  May  81 ,1888.    He  removed  with  his  parents 

be  LegbUture,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1860.  to  Asnippun,  Dodge  County,  Wis.,  in  1847,  and  re- 

"an  practice  in  Montgomery,  but  on  the  out-  ceived  his  education  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin, 

f  the  civil  war  joined  the  Third  Alabama  Re^i-  In  1863  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Dodge  County^ 

and  served  in  the  Confederate  army  till  uie  in  1867  to  the  bar  of  the  Wisconsin  Supreme  Court, 

*  the  war.     He  became  adjutant-general  on  the  and  in  1870  to  that  of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court 

'  Gen.  Bragg  with  the  rank  of  migor.     After  for  Wisconsin.    He  was  elected  clerk  of  the  circuit 

r  he  resumed  his  practice  in  Montgomery,  but  court  of  Dodge  Countv  for  the  term  beginning  Jan. 

fterward  removed  to  New  York  city,  where  he  1, 1868,  was  re-elected  in  1865,  was  elected  member 

id  three  years.    He  studied  theology,  and  was  of  the  Assembly  for  the  session  of  1867,  was  Demo- 

id  deacon  in  Montgomeiy  on  Feb.  10.  1869.  oratic  candidate  for  county  judge  in  1869,  and  was 

lest  on  June  80  following.    As  deacon,  ne  had  elected  district  attorney  for  the  county  in  1874. 1876, 

of  St  John's  Church,  Montgomery,  and  as  1878,  and  1880.    For  several  years  he  was  president  of 

le  was  rector  of  Trinity  Church,  Columbus,  Ga.,  the  village  of  Haricon,  and  in  1877  was  a  candidate  for 

Church.  New  Orleans,  and  from  1875  till  1879  Secretary  of  State  of  Wisconsin.    In  the  early  part  of 

unes's  Church,  Chicago.    He  was  elected  Bish-  1885  he  was  appointed  Chief-Justice  of  Idaho  Terri- 

tuincy  in  1878,  but  declined  the  office,  and  was  tor^,  and  immediately  assumed  the  duties  of  the  office, 

Bishop  of  Michigan,  and  conse6rated  in  Detroit  which  he  continued  to  discharge  till  his  death. 

:.  17, 1879.    He  was  a  founder  of  ^^  The  Living  Hanzd,  Sowland  Qibson,  manutacturer  and  author, 

1,"  and  received  the  defrree  of  D.  D.  from  the  bom  in  South  Kingston,  R.  I.,  Oct.  9,  1801 :  died  in 

of  William  and  Mary  in  1874,  and  that  of  Peacedale,  R.  I..  June  24,  1888.     He  was  engaged  in 

from  the  university  of  Alabama  in  1879.  the  woolen  business  all  his  life.     He  was  known 

ad|  John  Bom  Greenei  journalist,  bom  in  New  throughout  the  United  States  for  his  philanthropy,  lit- 

ity,  Sept.  4. 1836 ;  died  there,  April  18, 1888.  erary  work,  and  political  services.     In  1841  ne  was 

s  graduated  at  St.  John's  (R.  C.)  College,  called  to  New  Orleans,  and  during  that  and  the  fol- 

m,   N.  Y.,  in  1855,  intending  to  enter  the  lowing  year  he  effected  the  release  from  the  chain- 

ood,  but  a  season  of  delicate  h^th  interposed,  gang  of  many  free  Northern  negroes  employed  in  the 

engaged  in  literary  work.    He  was  an  assist-  commercial  marine  service.     His  efforts  were  made 

t»r  of  the  *^  New  American  Cyclopaedia "  from  with  great  pertinacitv  and  in  the  face  of  frequent 

1  1863 ;  took  George  Ripley's  place  as  literary  threats  of  personal  violence.    He  served  two  terms  in 

>f  the  New  York  "Tribune,"  while  the  latter  the  Rhode  Island  Assembly,  1851-'52  and  1864^'55, 

a  vacation  in  Europe ;  was  appointed  editor  of  and  one  terra  in  the  State  Senate,  1 866-' 67.    His  pub 

Catholic  World  "  in  1865,  but  soon  afterward  licotions  comprise :  "  Language ;  its  Connection  with 

0  Chicago  with  Charles  A.  Dana,  who  there  the  Constitution  and    Prospects  of  Man"   (1836); 

1  the  "Republican" ;  returned  to  New  York  "Lectures  on  the  Adaptation  of  the  Universe  to  tne 
I  discontinaanoe  of  the  "Republican,"  and  Cultivation  of  the  Mind"  (1840);  "Lecture  on  the 
the  editorial  staff  of  the  "  Tribune,"  and  on  Causes  of  Decline  of  Political  and  National  Mondity  " 
ith  of  Mr.  Ripley  succeeded  to  the  literary  edi-  (1841)j  "Essay  on  the  Philosophical  Character  of 
.  Subsequently  he  was  also  musical  critic  for  Channing"  (1844) ;  "  Essay  on  the  Duty  of  Individu- 
irears.  In  1878,  in  conjunction  with  William  als  to  support  Science  and  Literature"  (1856);  "Es- 
avenor,  be  translated,  after  manv  persons  had  says  on  tne  Resources  of  the  United  States ''  (1864) ; 
dd  failed,  a  large  number  of  cipher  telegrams  "  Freedom  of  the  Mind  in  Willing"  (1864) ;  "Essays 


OB1T0ARIE8,  AMERICAN. 


on  "  CaDBstion  and  Freedom  in  Willing,"  addreaeed 
to  Jobii  BtDUt  Mill  (1849).  He  received  Ihe  degne 
of  LL.  D.  in  1861(  IVom  Brown  Univereitv. 

Haekei,  InM  Thtmu.  clergjm&n,  bom  in  New  York 
dly,  Dec.  18,  1819;  died  asre,  Dec.  22,  1888.  Hb 
received  ■  mei^r  eduostion,  wu  compelled  to  sup- 
port hinuelf  from  ui  early  »ge,  «nd  heearr.e  oonoected 
with  his  two  brothen  in  the  flour  business.  While 
the  study  of  metaplijBiiB 
Kant,  and,  witbdnwing 
the  Brook  Finn  Commu- 
nity. He  soon  be- 
cune  disntisfled  with 


twentT-Mooud  yesr 
he  bad  b«en  a  Protee- 
tant  in  reliirioue  be- 
lief and  Bssociatjon. 
At  that  time  be  was 
drawn  to  a  uludy  of 
the  Roman  Catholic 
faith,  and  a  ;ear  later 


volume.  It  ia  believed  that  bii  deatb  wb>  hastoMd 
by  his  untiring  labor  in  bebalT  of  the  Busuan  Jen, 
whose  attempU  at  colonintion  in  the  United  StiBa 
he  very  miterially  pmmoud.  lie  pnblished  "TIh 
Hiatorical  FoeCry  of  the  Ancient  Uebrewi "  (2  toIl, 
New  York   18T»-'80). 

HezTsdum^  Obariei  T'titih'V'^i  ahip-builder,  bon  a 
Providence,  B.  1.,  July  26,  18(»;  died  in  Bristol, 
R.  I.,  Bept.  8,  1888.  He  was  jnunated  at  Bron 
University  in  18^8,  and  in  18SS  settled  in  BriiteL  as 
tbe  FuinC  Pleasant  fann.     ThoOKh  Le  was  osteniibi; 


where  shortly  afterward  bis  son,  John  Uemahol, 
began  boal-buildim.  Within  a  short  time  John  lal 
his  eyesight,  and  lus  father  took  a  man  active  tnier- 
eat  in  the  basiDeaB,  and  aa  the  other  •ons  grew  np, 
all  with  the  ftthei^s  skill  in  naval  arcfaitecton.^  tit 
Herreaboff  Hanulkcturing  Company  was  eatablistud. 
For  many  years  the  business  was  confined  to  boildiDf 
sailing-vesaelfl,  and  a  number  of  reniarkably  &•( 
boats,  like  the  "  Qui  Vive  "  and  the  "  Sadie,''  wm 
conrtnioted.  BiK  about  ISTG  the  company  b«m 
building  steam-veMiels,  and  afterward  steel  yacnU 
torpedo-boats,   and  wor-vessela.       John    Heneshdt, 


_. flier's  eyes  pUnns . 

astonishing  nccuracy. 

Scfak,  Laurens  farttat,  e 
Conn.,  Dec   ~-    ■'    ' 


ratlinea  and  details  siti 


He  again  relinquished 

bis  Inwinesn  intereata, 

went     to     Germany, 

atudied  for  the  priest- 
hood, waa  Oldained  in  1849,  passed  two  vcara  sa  a     Conn..  Dec.  39,  179B ;  died  in  Amherst,  MaM.,  Mij 
novitiate  at  the  retreat  of  the  Bedemptorist  Fathers  at     6, 1888.     He  was  graduated  at  Union  College  in  ISW, 
St.  Troud,  Belgium,  peribrmed  misaionsry  aervice  in     licenaed  to  preach  in   18S9,  and  from  that  time  till 
England,  and  relumed  to  ihe  United  States  ii 
After  continuing  his  missionary  labon>  here  . 
years,  he  came  to  the  belief  that  the  United  States 
and  Canada  offered  a  good  Add  for  a  new  society 
which  should  be  wholly  American  and  mmposed  of    i 

eonvcrts  from  Proteatantism.    In  1861  h *  — 

Bome,  laid  his  plana  before  the  Pope,  wj       ... 
^m  the  Redemptorist  Order,  and  received  authority 

"L's&is 


_n  Newtown,  Kent,  and  Lilcb- 

In  1BS6  he   waa   elected   Profeaaoroi 
Theolcg^  in  Western  Btecrvc   Colle(rt,  Ohio,  inJ 


Pauliat  Fatbera,  retamed  to  New  York  city,  collected 
funds,  and  erecfed  a  church,  home,  and  cluster  of 
Bchoots.     In  186S  he  founded  "The  Ci 


„._ ,.     InlgSalM 

elected  Profawor  of  Hent&l  and  Moral  SdeOM, 
and  Tioo-president  of  Union  College.  He  awisted  !!■ 
venerable  Dr.  Notl  in  the  govomnient  of  the  eollep  till 
1860,  had  BOle  charge  till  March  J,  1866,  and  wr*'— 
elected  president,  but  only  served  n  . 
when  seventy  years  of  age,  and  retiring  t< 
Moss.  Of  his  numerous  works,  which  i 
adopted  OB  teit-booksinmany  of  the  bighcrii 


i>,  rcwniDf 
oAmbent. 


■XT^x 


which  has  since  been  conducted  I 

congregation;  in   1BG9  was  a  men 

Catholic  Congress  at  Malines:  in  ISTP-'T!  attended 

the  Vatican   Council   as  theologian  to  Archbishop 

Spalding:    in    1B71-'TB    traveled    through    Europe, 

Egypt,  and  tlie  Holy  Land  ;  and  in  1875  returned  to 

New  York  city,  and  was  elected  superior  of  the  con- 


should  and  did  eiial  between  the  Roman  Catboli. 
Church  and  democracy  in  the  Uniled  Stales,  he  puh- 
liahed  "  Questions  of  the  Soul"  (New  York,  ISfiBI : 
"Aspirotions  of  Nature"  (1857);  "Catholicity  in 
the  United  Slates"  (1879);  and  "Catholics  and 
Pmt*stant9  agreeing  on  the  School  Question"  (1881), 
Eeilpiiii,  IQohaal,  bom  in  Piotrkow,  Pohind,  in 
1823;  died  in  Summit,  N.  J.,  MavlO,  1888.  He  waa 
a  son  of  Phineas  Uendcl  He'ilprin,  an  eminent 
•cholar  and  native  of  Kusaian  Poland,  removed  to 
Hungary  early  in  life,  received  a  classical  education, 
and  became  an  active  member  of  the  revolutionary 
party  in  1848.  During  the  brief  proviaioiial  govem- 
onhip  of  Louis  Kossuth,  he  was  on  the  literary  staff 
in  the  interior  department.  He  settled  in  the  United 
Slates  in  185G,  and  soon  atlrectcd  attention  by  his 
literal?  abilities,  bis  scholarship,  and  his  linguistic 
■ocomplisbmentJi.  He  was  a  contributor  to  the  "  Na- 
\"  at  New  York,  fh>m  its  fourth  number,  and  to 
literary  periodicals,  and  did  a  large  amount  of 
^  the  "  American  Cyclopedia  "  from  lis  second 


e  Idea  a 


10b- 


"^^ 


(1848) 
of  Moral  8<rience"  (18M) ;  "Rational  C- 
(1858):   "Humanity  Immortal"  (ISTS): 
il  Logic"  (1676), 


He  wan  in»dustfid  at  Harvard  ii 
in  1 846  was  appointed  superintendent  of  tmuporn- 
tion  of  the  Boston  and  Providenoe  Railroad,  boliiiiK 
the  office  two  year?.  From  January,  1848,  till  Apru 
1,  1865,  he  was  emploved  on  various  nuiroeds  in  Ke» 
England,  and  on  the  latter  date  waa  elected  preaidat 
of  the  Philadelphia.  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Cm- 
pany.  During  the  fir«t  eleven  yean  of  the  exisbHW 
of  the  Eastern  Railroad  Aasoelation  he  waa  icsprea- 
dent,  and  for  many  years  occupied  the  aaroe  once  in 
the  Junction  Bailrosd  Company,  owned  loicdv  by 
the  PhiladelphU,  Wilmington  and  Baltiniorf,  Uk 
Pennnvtvania,  and  Che  Beading  Railroad  CompaniM. 
mtduook,  Robert  B,  navol  officer,  bom  in  Chwhin. 
Conn.,  Sept.  85,  1808;  died  in  New  York  dly,  Uudi 
£4,1888.  Hewasappointed  midshipman  in  the  TniM 
States  Navy  on  Jan.  1, 182S;  on  March  a,  18SE  wasmof 
misuoned  lieutenant,  and,  after  serving  in  thf  Ptatt 
squadrons,  was  ordend  on  ordnance  dim-  in  1846,  md 

Sven  command  of  the  storcsbip  "  Relief"  in  ISM. 
n  Sept  14, 185G,  he  waa  commissioned  commsnder. 
He  was  on  ordnance  du^  1SS5-'A8 ;  commandtd  the 
steam-Wgale  "  Merrimac  "  1868-'B0  ;  became  o^itou 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.                                              639 

ector  of  OTxlnanoe  in  1861,  and  commodore  He  held  pastorates  at  Greenfield,  Mass.,  Sandwich,  on 

naander  of  the  steam-sloop  **  Susquehanna "  Cape  Cod,  Vernon,  Conn.,  and  East  Windsor  and 

16,  1862,  and  was  senior  officer  of  the  fleet  North  Hadlev,  Mass.,  and  on  removinz  f¥om  the  lat- 

ikaded  Mobile.     In  1866  he  was  appointed  ter  place  to  Kochester,  N.  Y.,  left  the  Con^egational 

lant  of  the  navy-yard  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  on  Church  and  was  received  into  the  Presbyterian.  After 

3f  that  year  was  retired,  and  in  1870^*72  was  a  long  residence  in  Rochester,  where  he  was  an  editor 

n  the  Ordnance  Department  at  Waahinffton.  of  the  ^^  Oenesee  Evangelist,"  he  settled  in  Buffalo, 

1,  John  ThcmpKnii  lawyer,  bom  in  Sing  Sing,  and  preached  at  irregular  intervals  until  his  ninetieth 

m.  10,  1828 ;  died  in  Wiesbaden,  Germany,  year.    He  was  a  member  of  the  local  Yale  Associa- 

^,  1888.    He  was  ffraduated  at  Union  College  tion^  and  spoke  at  its  meetinffs  till  within  a  short  time 

nemoved  to  New  York  city,  and  was  admitted  of  his  death.    He  was  the  oldest  graduate  of  Yale,  and 

r  in  January,  1849.    Soon  afterward  he  be-  the  oldest  clei^man  in  the  United  States, 

lember  of  the  law  firm  of  Woodruff,  Leonard  Ibioh,  Lawrenoe  J«  astronomer,  bom  in  AUentown, 

man.     He  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Dem-  Pa.,  Jan.  17, 1816 ;  aied  in  Newmanstown,  Lebanon 

itate  Central  Committee  when  only  twenty  County,  Pa.,  Oct.  9, 1888.  His  father  was  a  blacksmiUi, 

1,  and  save  an  active  * '  stump  "  support  to  who  brou^^ht  him  up  to  the  same  trade,  and  through- 

JB»  in  the  presidential  canvass.    By  1864  he  out  his  life  he  stuck  to  his  foige,  making  horse-shoes, 

y  established  himself  in  practice,  and  attained  iron  barrel-hoops,  wheel-tires,  smoothing-irons,  shov- 

lon  as  an  orator.    He  tlien  joined  Tammany  els,  and  a  variety  of  kitchen  utensils,    m  received  his 

k  sides  agidnst  Fernando  Wood  in  the  con-  first  instractions  in  mathematics  and  astronomy  fVom 

the  control  of  that  organization,  applied  to  a  French  ^ntleman,  and  when  nineteen  years  old  he 

t  Buchanan  for  the  office  of  United  States  IMs-  aooompanied  the  familv  to  Sheridan,  Lebanon  County, 

3mey  of  New  York,  and  was  refused  on  the  Pa.,  wnere  his  father  aied  three  years  afterward.    He 

hat  he  was  too  young.    In  1860L  after  for-  carried  on  the  blacksmithingr  business  there  till  1849, 

cliningto  become  the  candidate  of  Tammany  when  he  rented  a  forge  nearKeading.   While  working 

the  office  of  recorder  of  New  York,  he  was  there  he  became  acquainted  witli  Charles  F.  En^le- 

omination  and  elected,  receiving  twice  the  man,  the  astronomer,  and  with  him  began  studying 

>f  votes  for  Abraham  I>.  Bussell,  the  Mozart  astronomy  systematically.    In  1852  he  retumed  to 

iidate,  and  four  thousand  more  than  Thomas  Sheridan,  and  in  1860,  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Engleman, 

Buren,  Republican.    During  his  first  term  found  himself  heir  to  all  his  fViend's  books,  charte. 

ints  gave  him  a  high  reputation :  his  charge  and  instraments.    About  the  same  time  he  was  callea 

rv  in  the  Jafford  murder  case,  his  charge  to  upon  to  make  several  series  of  astronomical  calcula- 

a  jor^  on  the  occasion  of  the  riots  of  July,  tions  for  almanacs  that  had  been  promised  by  his 

I  his  imposition  of  sentences  on  the  oonvictea  benefactor.    He  filled  this  first  order  in  1868,  and 

His  fearlesttness  in  the  two  last  acts  led  to  from  Uiat  time  till  his  death  the  *^  blacksmith -astrono- 

imous  re-«lection,  the  Kepublican  judiciary  mer"  made  annual  calculations  for  almanacs  pub- 

>n  warmly  approving  both  nis  official  conduct  lished  in  the  United  States,  Canada,  Cuba,  and  South 

^nomination.    He  was  elected  Mayor  in  1865  America.    In  1875  he  translated  his  calculations  into 

',  and  defeated  for  Govemor  by  Keuben  E.  four  different  languages.    He  was  a  member  of  astro- 

1 1866.    He  was  elected  Governor  over  John  nomical  and  scientific  societies,  and  after  working  at 

rold  in  1868  (though  thd   opting   par^  the  forffe  all  dav  was  accustomed  to  spend  a  part  of 

that  the  State  was  carried  for  nim  by  frauds  the  night  in  studying  the  heavens, 

fork  city),  and  re-elected  over  Gen.  Stewart  Irringi  Bfdland  Dubti  geologist,  bom  in  New  York 

ford  in  1870.    In  1871  the  exposures  of  the  city,  April  27, 1847 ;  died  in  Madison,  Wis.,  May  80, 

ing  were  made,  and  the  charges  against  the  1888.    He  was  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Pierre  P.  Irving,  and 

organization  that  had  been  the  means  of  his  a  grand-nephew  of  Washington  Irving.    In  1869  he 

cial  advancement,  reacted  against  him  per-  was  graduated  at  the  Columbia  College   School  of 

On  Feb.  7, 1876,  he  delivered  a  lecture  on  Mines,  and  ten  years  later  he  received  uie  decree  of 

f  and  Order — the  Limits  of  Government."  Ph.  D.  ftt)m  that  institution.    Soon  after  graduating 

e  auspices  of  the  New  York  Association  for  he  became  assistant  to  John  S.  Newberry,  on  the 

incement  of  Science  and  Art,  before  a  large  Ohio  State  Geolodcal  Survey,  and  in  1870  was  elected 

in  New  York  city.  Professor  of  Geology,  Mining,  and  Metallurgy  in  the 

Joiepli  Baiaetti  naturalist,  bom  in  Lynn,  University  of  Wisconsin,  which  chair  in  1879  became 

ct.  26, 1824;  died  in  New  York  city,  Feb.  28,  that  of  Geology  and  Mmeralogy  and  was  filled  by 

e  studied  at  the  Friends'  School  in  Provi-  him  until  his  death.    Prof.  Irving  became  an  a^sist- 

t.  I.,  and  at  the  Harvard  Medical  College,  antgeologist  on  the  survey  of  Wisconsin— authorized 

ctidng  medidne  for  several  years  in  Lynn,  bv  the  State  in  187d~and  continued  so  until  1879. 

cnt  to  the  Dry  Tortugas  in  the  capadty  of  During  1880-^82  he  was  one  of  the  experts  engaged 

1  and  naturalist,  and  there  began  his  study  on  the  work  of  the  United  States  census,  and  in  1882 

ibrate  zodlogr.    From  1860  till  1867  he  was  was  appointed  by  the  United  States  Geolo^cal  Sur- 

n  charge  of  tne  United  States  military  prison  vey  geolo|2^t  in  chai^  of  the  Lake  Superior  Divis- 

ras,  Fla.,  and  then  was  assistant  post-surgeon  ion.    He  made  a  specialty  of  the  micro-petrography 

lonroe,  Va.    He  came  to  New  i  ork  dty  in  of  the  fragmental  rocks  and  crystalline  schists,  and 

I  was  appointed  curator  of  invertebrate  zo-  his  best  work  was  accomplished  in  the  direction  of 

ithvology.  and  herpetology  in  the  American  the  pre-Cambrian  stratigraphy  and  the  /orenesis  of 

of  Natural  History,  which  post  he  held  until  some  of  the  so-called  crystalune  rocks,  particularly  of 

.    Dr.  Holder  was  a  fellow  of  the  New  York  the  quartzites  and  fiBrmginous  rocks  of  the  Lake  Su- 

'  of  Sdences,  a  member  of  the  American  Or-  perior  region.    He  was  a  Fellow  of  the  American 

cal  Union,  and  of  various  other  scientific  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Sdence,  a  mem- 

Besides  papers  on  his  spccialtv,  oontrib-  ber  of  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  En^eers, 


il884t  consin"  (Madison.  1877) ;  "  Geology  of  the  Lake  Su- 

ividXaitfffop)  clergyman,  bom  in  Colerain,  perior  Region"  (1880);   ^'Crystallme  Rocks  of  the 

ov.  6, 1789 :  died  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  29,  Wisconsin  Valley"   (1882);  and  "Mineralogy  and 

e  entered  Yale  University  in  1809,  and  after  Llthology  of  Wisconsin  "  (1888).    He  contributed  to 

idiiated  took  the  theological  course  at  An-  the  reports  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey 

id  was  ordained  a  Congregational  clergyman.  "The  Copper-Bearing   Bocks  of  Lake   Superior" 


J 


640 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


(Washington,  1888) ;  *^  On  Secondary  Enlargements 
of  Mineral  Fragments  in  Certain  Kocks  *'  (1884) ; 
with  Charles  R.  vanhise  ^^  The  Archsen  Formation  of 
the  Northwestern  States "  (1886) ;  with  Thomas  C. 
Chamberlain  *^The  Junction  between  the  Eastern 
Sandstone  and  the  Keweenaw  Series,  Keweenaw 
Point,  Lake  Superior"  (1886) :  and  **  The  CUssiflca- 
tion  of  the  Early  Cambrian  ana  Pie-Cambrian  Forma- 
tions" (1886).  He  gained  ^Hhe  reputation  of  being 
one  of  the  world's  b^t  geologists." 

Janroi,  Jamas  Jaokian,  author,  bom  in  Boston,  Mass., 
Aug.  20,  1818 ;  died  in  Tarasp,  Switzerland,  June  28, 
1888.  He  prepared  for  college,  but  a  weakness  of  the 
eyes  caused  a  change  in  his  plans,  and  in  1887  he  set 
out  on  a  journey  that  embruced  California,  Mexico. 
Central  America,  and  South  America,  and  oonckidea 
with  his  settling  in  Honolulu.  He  established  the 
first  newspaper  published  in  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
the  "Polynesian,"  in  1840;  became  director  of  the 
Government  press  in  1844;  was  appointed  special 
commissioner  of  Hawaii  to  negotiate  commercial 
treaties  with  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and 
France  io  1848 ;  and  after  concluding  his  oliicial  du- 
ties spent  several  years  in  Paris,  Florence,  and  Rome, 
applying  himself  to  literary  work  and  the  collection 
of  art-treasures.  Be  made  four  notable  coUecdons — a 
gallery  of  masters  illustrating  the  history  and  show- 
mg  the  development  of  Italian  art,  now  oelon^in^  to 
Y&Lq  University ;  a  joint  collection  of  old  pamtmgs 
and  sculptures,  now  m  Cleveland,  Ohio ;  a  collection 
illustrating  the  ancient  and  modem  glass-work  of 
Venice,  now  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New 
York  ;  and  unique  specimens  of  laces,  embroioeries, 
costumes,  and  various  fabrics,  dating  from  the  twelfth 
oenturyj  which  he  sold  in  New  York  in  1886.  He 
was  Umted  States  vice-consul  and  acting  consul  in 
Florence  in  1879-'82,  and  Italian  Commissioner  to  the 
Boston  Exhibition  in  1 882-' 88;  was  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  in  Florence ; 
and  had  received  the  decoration  of  a  Chevalier  of  the 
Crown  of  Italy  for  his  services  in  the  interest  of  Ital- 
ian art,  and  that  of  a  Knight-Commander  of  the  Boyal 
Order  of  Kamehomeha  I,  for  diplomatic  services  to 
Hawtui.  Mr.  Jarves  corresponded  regularly  with 
journals  and  periodicals  for  many  years,  and  pub- 
lished a  *^  History  of  the  Hawaiian  or  Sandwich  Isl- 
ands "  (Boston  and  London,  1848) ;  '•''  Scenes  and 
Scenery  in  the  Sandwich  Islands  "  (1844)  ;  *^  Parisian 
Sights  and  French  Principles,  seen  through  Ameri- 
can Spectacles"  (New  York,  1863);  **  Art  Hints, 
Architecture,  Sculpture,  and  Painting"  (1866);  "Ki 
ana,  a  Tradition  of  Hawaii "  (Boston.  1866) ;  **  Ital- 
ian Sights  and  Papal  Principles,  seen  tnrougn  Ameri- 
ican  Spectacles "  (New  York,  1856);  "The  Confes- 
sions of  an  Inquirer "  (3  parts,  Boston,  1867-'69) ; 
**  Art  Studies ;  The  Old  Masters  of  Italy  "  (New 
York.  1861) ;  "  The  Art  Idea,  Sculpture,  Pamting, 
and  Architecture  in  America"  (Boston,  1866) ;  **  Art 
Thoughts;  The  Experiences  and  Observations  of  an 
American  Amateur  in  Europe"  (1869);  "Glimpses 
at  the  Art  of  Japan  "  (New  York,  1876)  ;  and  "  Ital- 
ian Rambles"  (1884). 

Jenkii  Frands  H.,  founder  of  the  American  safe-de- 
posit business,  bom  in  Boston,  Mass.,  July  3,  1812 ; 
died  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  Dec.  19,  1888.  He  was  a 
son  of  the  Rev.  William  Jenks,  a  distinguished  Ori- 
entalist, author  of  "  The  Comprehensive  Commen- 
tary." He  was  educated  in  the  Boston  Latin  School, 
was  employed  in  a  mercantile  house  in  Boston,  re- 
moved to  Baltimore  in  1832,  and  was  engaged  in 
business  there  with  George  H.  Weld  under  tne  name 
of  Jenks  <&  WeJd  until  1866,  and  then  settled  in  New 
York  city.  Soon  afterward  he  originated  and  en- 
tered upon  the  safe-deposit  business.  In  1861  he  ob- 
tained a  charter  from  the  New  York  Legislature  for 
the  Safe-Deposit  Company  of  New  York,  which  he 
organized  in  1866.  He  was  elected  president  of  the 
company,  and  held  the  office  till  1886. 

Jennmgi,  Boiaelly  philanthropist,  bom  in  Weston 
(now  Easton),  Fairfield  County,   Conn.,    Feb.    22, 


1800 ;  died  in  Deep  River,  Conn.,  March  8, 1888.  He 
was  educated  at  what  is  now  Madison  Univenirr, 
was  ordained  a  minister  of  the  Baptist  Church  wbue 
a  student,  and  completed  his  studies  in  Newton  Th^ 
ological  Institution.  For  some  years  he  was  a  mis- 
sionary of  the  Connecticut  Baptist  ConventioD,  uid 
afterward  held  pastorates  in  Say  brook,  Meriden,  Wt> 
terburv,  Norwich,  Deep  River,  and  Haddam.  Wha 
compelled  by  his  health  to  decline  a  further  settled 
charge,  he  acted  as  supply  to  destitute  churches,  and 
contmued  to  of&date  to  within  a  year  and  a  half  of 
his  death.  In  1866  he  invented  the  extension-lip  bit, 
and  then  spent  ten  years  in  inventing  and  makin^r 
the  machinei^  for  its  economical  manufiusture,  after 
which  he  denved  a  lai^  income  from  its  sale.  Be- 
fore he  had  acquired  any  considerable  wealth,  be 
made  it  a  rule  to  give  a  portion  of  his  income  an- 
nually to  the  support  of  struggling  Baptist  charchei, 
and  at  the  beginning  of  his  more  prosperous  days  be 
established  a  domestic  mission  of  his  own,  assamii^ 
the  care  of  several  churches  that  were  unable  to  sop- 
port  a  pastor.  By  his  aid  each  of  these  was  soon  able 
to  maintain  a  settled  pastor.  At  the  same  time  be 
was  one  of  the  laii^t  contributors  to  the  funds  of  tbe 
Connecticut  Baptist  Convention  for  domestic  mis- 
sions  and  of  the  Baptist  home  and  foreign  miaaianiL 
He  continued  his  private  domestic  mission  nearlj 
twenty  years,  and  then  gave  to  each  of  the  ch  arches 
a  fund  producing  a  handsome  annual  interest  In  , 
1870  he  bought  ground  in  Chester,  Conn.,  built  and 
ftimished  a  chunsh  for  the  congregation  at  a  ooet  of 
oyer  $16,000  and  a  parsonage  valued  at  $2,500,  and 

E resented  the  congregation  a  fund  of  $6,000.  In 
outh  Windsor  he  bought  property  at  a  oost  of  over 
$7,000,  built  a  ohuroh  at  a  little  more  cost  than  tbe 
Chester  edifice,  and  presented  the  whole  to  the  con- 
gregation. He  made  further  cash  donations  of  ^000 
to  the  MooduB,  $4,000  and  a  parsonage  to  the  Had- 
dam, $6,000  to  the  Easton,  $6,000  to  the  Winthivp, 
$10,000  to  the  Deep  River,  $3,000  to  the  Rowaytoo, 
$8,000  to  the  New  Canaan,  $4,000  to  the  Stepney. 
$8,000  to  the  White  Hills,  $3,000  to  the  Shtlton, 
$8,000  to  the  Clinton,  $3,000  to  the  Lyme,  $S,000  to 
the  Cromwell,  $8,000  to  the  Plainyille,  andf  $2,000  to 
the  E^inbow  Baptist  diurohes.  In  addition  he  gave 
large  sums  to  other  churches  to  aid  them  in  ere<^in^ 
new  edifices  and  parsonages  and  paying  off  debts. 
His  private  charities  were  said  to  be  on  a  correspisid- 
ingly  liberal  scale. 

Jerome,  Lawrenoe  Sonqei  broker,  bom  in  Pompey, 
Onondaga  County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  20,  1820;  died  in 
Sharon,  Conn.,  Aug.  12.  1888.  He  was  a  aon  of 
Thomas  Jerome  and  a  brother  of  Leonard  and  Addi- 
son Jerome.  He  worked  some  years  on  his  &tber^ 
farm,  was  then  placed  with  a  Presbyterian  cleivymaa 
in  Palmyra,  N.  i .,  to  be  prepared  tor  a  theological 
education,  studied  Greek  and  Latin,  decided  that  be 
was  better  fitted  to  be  a  physician,  studied  medicioe 
in  his  native  village,  and  'after  a  few  months  re- 
turned to  farm-work.  In  1842  he  removed  to  Nev 
York  city,  spent  several  years  in  mercantile  busineiB, 
assisted  his  brother  Leonard  in  establishine  tbe 
**  Rochester  American,"  which  the  brothers  con- 
ducted for  two  years  as  a  Whig  journal,  and  in  \8U 
returned  to  New  York  dty  and  with  Leonard  estab- 
lished a  brokerage  business  in  Wall  Street.  He  con- 
tinued this  till  about  1879.  In  1870  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen,  and  in  1678  was 
defeated  as  Tammany  candidate  for  Congress  by  Gen. 
Anson  Q.  McCook.  He  was  one  of  the  best  known 
and  most  popular  dub-men  in  New  York  city  and 
London,  a  lioeral  promoter  of  gentlemanly  sports,  a 
capital  story-teller,  and  man  of  ready  wit. 

Jofaonnot.  Jamesi  educator,  bom  in  Bethel,  Vt,  in 
1828 ;  died  in  Tarpon  Springs,  Fla.,  June  18,  1888. 
He  received  a  common-.«ichoo1  education,  and  wben 
sixteen  years  old  began  his  special  educational  work 
that  was  continued  with  few  interruptions  for  almort 
half  a  century.  He  taujght  for  many  years,  compiled 
a  large  numbw  of  text-books,  began  organizing  teaob- 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.                                            641 

'  institutes  throofrh  New  York  State  in  1850,  aad  with  considerable  success.    The  melting  and  decar- 

aune  State- Institote  Instructor,  to  which  office  he  boniziujr  departments  were  separated,  so  that  the 

re  all  bid  time  and  energy  till  1885^  when  failing  crude  metal  as  it  came  iVom  tne  blast-furnace  was 

ilth  compelled  him  to  resign.     Besides  the  text-  run  into  a  converter,  which  was  provided  with  three 

)kA  he  wrot«  **  Principles  and  Practice  of  Teach-  tuyeres.    A  powerful  blast  of  air  was  then  turoed  on 

r,'*    which  had  a  large  circulation  in  the  United  tlirough  the  tuvere:*  and  the  fluid  metal  run  into  the 

ites,  and  in  a  translation  is  now  the  principal  guide  conveiter,  whioli  immediately  began  to  boil  violently. 

the  native  teachers  of  Japan.  The  blast  was  allowed  to  act  on  the  metal  for  fllteen 

Tvddf  BftTid  Wiixht^  publisher,  bom  in  Lewiston,  or  twenty  minutes,  until  the  carbon  of  the  metal  was 

La»«ani  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  1, 1838 ;  died  in  New  oxidized,  when  the  converter  was  tapped  and  the 

>rk  city,  Feb.  6,  1888.    lie  was  a  son  of  Ozias  Judd,  metal  run  out  into  molds.    Zerah  Colbum,  in  liis 

well-known  advocate  of  anti-slavery  measures,  who  history  of  the  Bessemer  process  of  refining  iron,  says : 

lowed  his  enthusiasm  such  wide  scope  tiiat  he  cmi-  ^^  The*  first  experiments  in  the  conversion  of  melted 

rated  to  Kan.«as,  though  well  advanced  in  years,  to  cast-iron  into  malleable  steel,  by  blowing  air  in  jets 

ike  part  in  the  agitation  that  disturbed  that  region  through  the  mass  in  fusion,  appear  to  have  been  made 


the  manufacture  of  boiler-plates  before 
Bessemer  was  known.  When  B^semer 
brought  out  his  process  in  England,  application  was 
vertiser."  During  hL*  service  in  the  field  he  was  at  once  made  by  Mr.  Kelly  for  a  patent  m  the  United 
Uken  prisoner  at  Harper's  Ferry  and  at  Chancellors-  States,  and  afiter  considerable  aelay,  during  which 
Tille,  but  escaped  both  times,  and  was  commissioned  time  the  £ngll«h  applicant  appeared  in  the  Patcnt- 
oiptain  in  the  First  New  York  Cavalry.  He  re-  Office,  the  commissioner  decided  that  Mr.  Kelly  waa 
msined  with  the  "  Commercial  Advertiser "  about  entitled  to  the  patent^  which  he  at  once  issued  to 
seven  years,  then  became  editor  and  part  proprietor  him.  In  1868  a  syndicate  of  iron-masters  organised 
of  "  Hearth  and  Home,"  and  in  1888  was  elected  tb«^  Kelly  Process  Company,  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
president  of  the  Orange  Judd  Compxany  and  took  trolling  the  Kelly  patents,  and  erected  experimental 
eharse  of  the  editorial  and  business  departmentrt  of  works  at  Wyanaottc,  Mich.,  where  steel  was  first 
the  ^*  American  Agriculturist."  In  1871  he  was  made  under  these  patents  in  tne  United  States  months 
elected  a  member  of  the  State  Legislature  from  Rich-  before  the  similar  production  under  Besscmer's  pat- 
mond  County  (Stateu  Island),  served  on  the  Com-  ents  at  Troy  by  Alexander  L.  HoUey.  The  interests 
mittees  on  Cities  (chairman^.  Commerce  and  Naviga-  of  the  several  patentees  were  consolidated  in  1866 
^n.  Libraries  and  Apportionment,  and  introduced  under  the  title  of  the  Pneumatic  Steel  Association, 
the  **  Judd  Jury  Bill "  and  the  bill  for  the  establish-     In  1871  application  was  made  for  the  renewal  of  the 


years  was  granted  to  Mr.  Kelly, 

nation,  to  which  he  gave  a  costiv  prize  for  annual  Kelio,  James  Ji|  police  officer,  bom  in  New  York 

oompetition,  and  an  active  member  of  the  Union  city,  Oct.  81,  1888;  died  there.  Nov.  26.  1888.    He 

League  and  New  York  Republican  Clubs.  was  graduated  at  the  College  of  the  City  ot  New  York, 

Kelly,  WDliam,  inventor,  bom  in  Pittsbui]^.  Pa.,  then  held  a  mercantile  clerkship  a  short  time,  and  in 

Aug.  23,  1811 ;  died  in  LouisvilUc,   Ky.,  Ifeo.  11,  1858  was  appointed  clerk  in  tne  office  of  tne  chief 

18^.    When  quite  young  he  built  a  tin  steam  engine  clerk  of  the  New  York  Police  Department.    In  Janu- 

lod  boiler.     When  he  was  eighteen  he  made  a  pro-  ary,  1861,  he  was  made  a  patrolman  and  detailed  to 

pelling  water-wheel  and,  four  years  later,  a  rotary  the  detective  Kiuad,  and  during  the  following  eijrht 

steam-engine.    He  engaged  in  the  oommi&Hion  an<l  years  made  a  widespread  reputation  by  his  detective 

tniMportation  business  in  Pittsbuig,.and  owned  in-  skill  and  personal  bravery.    In  1869  he  was  pro- 

terests  in  steamboats.     In  1845  his  warehouse  was  moted  sergeant  on  March  29,  captun  on  October  14, 

homed,  and  he  removed  to  Kentucky.    He  purchased  and  chief  of  detectives  on  December  28.    On  July 

the  Eddyville  Imn  Works  on  Cumberland  river,  in  28,  1870,  the  mysterious  and  still  unexplained  murder 

Lyon  County,  and  with  his  brotlier,  John  F.  Kelly,  of  Bei\iamin  Nathan,  a  wealthy  and  highly  esteemed 

b^an  the  manufacture  of  iron.     The  plant  included  Jewish  citizen,  occurred.    The  skill  of  the  detectives 

die  Suwanec  furnace  and  the  Union  forge.     At  the  was  apparcntlv  bafifted.  and  John  Jourdan,  Superin- 

forroer  about  half  of  the  metal  produced  was  converted  tendent  of  Police,  diea  three  months  after  the  mur- 

mto  large  iron  sugiir-kettles,  made  in  caSt-iron  elastic  dcr  firom  worry  over  the  inability  of  the  police  au- 

Dolds  of  his  own  invention,  which  he  sold  to  the  thorities  to  fasten  the  crime  upon  the  perpetrator, 

•ihcar  -  planters  of  Louisiana  and  Cuba,  while  the  On  October  17  following  Captain  Kelso  was  appointed 

nemainaer  of  the  metal  was  worked  into  charcoal  superintendent  to  fill  the  vacancy.    On  the  rcorganiia- 

t>Iooni6  by  the  knobbling  process.    The  latter  was  tionof  the  police  department  in' 1878,  he  was  removed 

leld  in  high  reputation,  and  were  almost  entirely  tVom  command  by  the  new  board  of  commissioners. 

Med  for  making  boiler-plates.     He  beffan  experi-  He  then  enga'^eil  in  the  coal  business  till  1885,  when, 

ncnting  in  1847  in  the  direction  of  decarbonizing  the  he  was  appointed  collector  of  city  i-evenue  and  super- 

mn  by  the  introduction  of  a  current  of  air.    Concern-  intendent  of  markets. 

ag  this,  be  wrote:  ^*- 1  conceived  the  idea  thar,  atter  Keoaedj,  Hugh,  physician,  bom  in  Belfk.st,  Ireland, 

he  metal  was  melted,  the  use  of  fuel  would  bo  un-  in  1810;  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  May  19,  1888.     He 

lecessaiy — that  the  heat  generated  by  the  union  of  engaged  in  the  dmg  business  in  New  Orleans  in  1888, 

Jie  oxygen  of  the  air  with  the  carbon  of  the  metal  and  was  an  active  worker  during  the  severe  epidemic 

voald  be  sufficient  to  accomplish   the  refining  and  of  cholera  mixed  with  cases  of  yellow  fever  of  that 

lecarboninug  of  the  iron."     After  devising  several  year.    He  conducted  the  drug  business  for  twenty 

>IanB  for  testing  this  idea,  he  be^n  experimenting  vears,  and  in  the  mean  time  became  proprietor  of  the 

nth  a  small  blast-fumaoe  having  a  hearth  and  bosh  ^''  New  Delta,*'  a  Democratic  orgran  that  opposed  the 

imilar  to  the  ordinary  type.    Into  this  he  introduced  Slidell  wins  of  the  party.    During  1860  and  the  early 

wo  tuyeres,  one  above  tne  other,  the  upper  one  for  part  of  1861  the  paper  was  stroni?ly  anti-secession. 

he  purpose  of  melting  the  stock,  while  the  lower  one.  In  1864  he  was  appointed  by  the  military  and  civil 

xed  near  the  bottom" of  the  hearth,  wa**  intended  to  autlioritv  Mayor  of  New  Orleans,  but  was  afterward 

tmduct  the  air  into  the  hearth.    Ho  continued  these  removed  by  Gen.  Banks  and  replaced  by  Col.  Samuel 

xperiments  until  1851,  when,  on  the  completion  of  a  Quincy.  of  Boston.     An  nppeal  to  President  Johnson 

ew   blaat-furnace,  he  tried  various  improvements  led  to  the  removal  of  Col.  Quincy  and  the  reinstate- 

TOL.  xzviu. — 41  A 


J 


642  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


ment  of  Dr.  Kennedy.    In  1868  he  removed  to  Louis-  of  feeble  health.    When  he  went  to  New  U 

ville,  Ky.,  and  became  proprietor  of  the  oelebrated  was  the  Urst  Roman  Catholic  bbhop  that  ha 

cannel-ooal  mine  in  BreckenridKe  County.  it  in  eighty  years,  and  when  he  re^ig^ed  tb« 

'KinftiJoim  H..  soldier,  bom  in  Michigan,  about  1818 ;  contained  M  parish  churches,  203  chapels,  bi 

died  "in  Washington,  D.  C,  April  7,  1888.     He  was  110,000  Catholics  of  Spanish   ori^^  8,000 

appointed  a  second  lieutenant  in  the  United  States  speaking  Catholics,  12,000  Pueblo  uidiansumi 

Army,  Dec.  2,  1837,  promoted  first  lieutenant  March  olic  instruction,  and  colleges,  academies,  h 

2,  1839,  and  captain  Oct.  31, 1846 ;  was  on  duty  on  and  asylums. 

the  Western  frontier  till  the  Mexican  War,  and  served        Laney  Harvey  Bntdboniy  biblionhilist,  bom  ii 

with  distinction  at  Vera  Cruz  in  1847.    On  Biay  14,  outh,  Wyoming  valley.  Pa..  Jan.  10,  1813; 

1861,  he  was  promoted  major  and  a$(signed  to  the  Fif>  Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y..  Aug.   28,  1888. 

teenth  United  States  Inrantry ;    Nov.  29,  1862,  was  graduiSed  at  W  esleyan  University  in  1835, 


commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  ;  May     vear  in  European  travel,  taught  for  a  year  in 

ajor-general ;  July  80. 1865,     n 
was  commissioned  colonel  in  the  permanent  estaolish-     was  a  civil  engineer  in  the  survey  for  the  first 


81,  1865,  was  brevetted  major-general ;  July  80. 1865,     ham  Academy,  and  in  1838  removed  to  Geoif 


ment;  and  Feb.  6,  1882,  was  retired.    During  the  constructed   across   that  State,  and,  after  < 

civil  war  he  was  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Shiloh,  months'  service,  was  Professor  of  Mathemat 

Murfreesborough,  Chickumau(|»,  Besaca,  New  Hope  cessively  in  Oxford  College.  Geoi^;  Dickioi 

Church,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Peach  Tree  and  Utoy  lege,  Carlisle,  Pa. ; .  and  W esleyan  Univerut. 

Creeks.    He  received  brevets  in  the  regular  amiy  of  dletown,  Conn.     In  the  latter  institution  he  ^ 

colonel  for  services  at  Chickamauga,  brigadier-general  feasor  ot  Greek  from  1844  till  1860,  when  he  r 

for  Rutf 's  station,  and  mf^jor-general  for  gallantry  in  to  New  York  cit^r  to  become  assistant  editor 

the  field  through  the  war.     He  had  lived  quietly  in  **  American  Agnoulturist."      About  1868  be 

Washington  since  his  retirement.  iished  himself  as  a  collector  of  rare  and  valoabl 

King,  John  PendletoDj  lawyer,  bora  in  Glasgow,  Bar-  for  private  and  public  libraries,  and  continued 

ren  County,  Ky.,  April  3, 1799 ;  died  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  busmess  until  his  death. 
March  19, 1888.    In  1815  his  parents  settled  in  Au-        Lue^  James  CKf  civil  engineer,  bora  in  Ne 

guftta,  where  he  resided  until  his  death.     Ho  was  city,  July  23,  1823:  died  there,  Dec  13,18; 

graduated  at  Richmond  Academy,  Augusta,  and  was  was  graduated  at  Poultney  Academy.  Vt.  ii 

admitted  to  the  bar  in  1819.    On  Nov.  21, 1833,  he  was  enga^d  in  business  as  an  architect  ana  civil  ei 

elected  United  States  Senator  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  tiiri851.  aided  in  the  construction  of  the  lUino 

by  the  resignation  of  George  M.  Troup,  and  took  his  tral  Railroad,  entered  the  United  States  Coast 

seat  in  the  tbllowin^  month.    In  November,  1834,  he  in  1852,  and  was  employed  in  exploring  in  Ne 

was  re-elected  for  a  full  term,  but  only  served  two  nada  for  an  interoceanio  canal  company,  and  ii 

years,  his  opposition  to  certain  measures  of  the  Ad-  eralo«rical  surveying  in  Santo  Domingo,  Port< 

ministration  leading  the  press  of  his  State  to  criticise  and  Cuba  till  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war.    I 

him  severely.    He  served  one  year  as  judge  of  the  ing  to  New  York  dty,  he  was  commissioned  n 

Court  of  Common  Pleas,  was  president  ot  the  Georgia  the  the  One  Hundred  and  Second  New  York^ 

Railroad  and  Banking  Company  from  1841  till  1878.  teers,  and  assigned  to  the  command  of  McCtll' 

and  also^  for  some  years,  president  of  the  Atlanta  ana  at  Dranesville.    In  April  and  May,  1862,  be 

West  Pomt  Railroad,  which  he  planned  and  completed,  command  of  the  defenses  of  Harper^s  Ferry,  V 

He  was  a  member  of  the  State  Convention  or  1865.  in  July  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel.'  H 

wliich  repealed  the  ordinance  of  secession,  repudiated  mande'd  his  regiment  at  Cedar  Mountain,  the 

the  Contederate  war  debt,  and  abolished  slavery.  Bull  Run,  Chantilly,  and  Antietam,  in  1862. 

Kiflsami  Agnei  Allen,  centenarian,  bora  in  New'  York  cember,  1862,  he  was  promoted  colonel.    At  th 

city,  March  4,  1788  ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  March  of  Chanceliorsville  his  regiment  captured  sii 

25,  1888.     She  was  bom  in  Greenwich  Street,  and  Confederate  officers  and  men  and  a  flag.    At 

when  a  young  lady  passed  the  summera  in  her  faUier's  buiv  he  had  command  of  a  brigade,  and  was  wc 

country-house  just  above  the  present  Canal  Street,  On  being  transferred  to  the  We8t,  he  led  the  i 

and  for  some  years  hod  a  city  re:>idence  on  Bowling  on  Lookout  mounUun,  was  conspicuous  at 

Green.    On  her  hundreth  birthday  she  received  sever-  Ridge  and  in  tiie  Georgia  campaign,  and  was  bi 

al  hundred  relatives  and  family  friends  for  six  hours,  brigacUer  and  miyor  general  of  volunteers, 

without  being  fatigued,  and  showed  that  she  retained  mustered  out  July  12,  1864.     SubsequeDtiy 

her  faculties.    She  hau  been  a  widow  fifty  years.  engaged  in  mincralogical  surveys  in  Californ 

Krekel,  ArnoLdj  lawyer,  bom  in  Germany,  March  12,  zona,  and  Nevada ;  in  archieological  surveys  ii 

1815;  died  in  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  July  15,  1888.     He  tine  and  the  Jordan  r^on:  in  railroad  cims 

came  to  the  United  States  in  1832,  attended  St.  Charles  on  Long  Island,  and  since  1884  in  surveying 

College,  Missouri,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  new  parks  beyond  Harlem  river,  New  York  c 
1841.     In  1852  he  was  elected  to  tiie  State  Legislature.        TiawsPs,  Obarlsa,  journalist,  bom  in  Li^e,  E 

and  in  1865  was  president  of  the  State  Constitutional  in  Oct.,  1817 ;  died  in  Green  Cove,  FIa.,  Jan.  i 

Convention.     In  the  latter  year  he  was  appointed  He  accompanied  Sir  John  Ross  on  his  arctic 

United  States  District  Judge  for  the  Western  District  tion  in  the  "  Victory  "  in  1829-'33j  and  on  hii 

of  Missouri,  and  he  held  the  office  till  his  death.  settled  firet  in  Canada  and  then  m  New  Yo 

Lamy,  John  Baptist,  clergyman,  bom  in  Auverflme,  After  serving  an  apprenticeship  as  a  compa 

France,  in  1814;  died  in  Santa  F^,  New  Mexico,  Feb.  established  a  printing-office  of  liis  own,  in  wl 

13,  1883.     He  was  educated  and  ordain^  a  pnest  of  French  newspaper,  the  *^  Courrier  des  Etata 

tlio  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  France,  came  to  the  conducted  by  Frederick  Gaillardet,  was  nrint 

United  States  as  a  missionary,  and  filled  his  fint  pas-  1851,  on  tiie  retirement  of  the  proprietor,  Mr.  ] 

torate  in  Danville,  Ohio,  in  1839.     He  labored  in  that  became  owner  of  the  paper  ana  conducted 

immediate  field  till  1848,  when  he  was  appointed  pas-  torial  and  business  departments  till  1882,  « 

tor  of  a  church  in  Covington,  Ky.,  then  in  the  Cincin-  retired  from  active  business.     He  was  a  keen  j 

nati  diocese.    Soon  after  the  acouisition  by  the  United  ist,  a  man  of  quick  perceptions,  and  sterlinff  io 

States  of  the  province  of  New  Mexico,  the  Pope  erect-  His  paper  was  a  st^uifast  promoter  of  the  inU 

cd  the  territory  into  a  vicariatc-apastolic,  and  appoint-  his  adopted  country  and  (uty.     He  was  a  hb 

cd  Father  Lamy  to  that  change.    He  was  consecrated  tron  of  art. 

Bishop  of  Agatnonica  and  vicar-apostolic  on  Nov.  24,        Leoomptej  Sanrael  Jktxtn,  lawyer,  bom  in  M 

1850.      The  see  of  Santa  F6  was  erected  in  July,  in  1814;  died  in  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  April  i 

1863,  and  Dr.  Lamy  was  elected  its  fint  bishop  |  ana  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  his  native  St 

in  1875  the  see  was  made  archiepiscopal,  with  Bishop  appointed  chief-justice  of  the  Territory  of  Ki 

Lamy  as  arcli bishop.    In  1885  he  resigned  on  account  1854,  and  held  tne  office  during  alTthe  dtcitci 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.                                             643 

the  lesislation  for  the  admission  of  the  Terri-  Texas,  he  went  there  as  aj^ent  of  the  New  York  syndi- 

>  the  Union  as  a  State.     He  presided  over  the  cate  to  purchase  scrip  and  head-right  land.     While 

stitutional  convention,  in  October,  1856,  and  living:  in  Texas  he  became  acquaint^  with  its  leading 

capital  of  the  State  was  named  in  his  honor,  politicians  and  with  members  of  the  order  of  Knights 

his  term  of  office,  which  expired  on  the  ad-  of  the  Golden  Circle,  and  for  some  time  after  the  be- 

of  the  Territory  as  a  State,  J.  H.  Gihon,  in  prinniu^  of  tlie  civil  war  was  an  agent  of  that  organi- 

Qor  Geary^s  Adminintration  in  Kansas,^'  says :  zation  in  the  Northwestern  States.     In  August,  1661. 

Lecompte  immediately  affiliated  with  the  while  so  engaged,  he  was  arrested  in  Cincinnati,  ana 

era  of  the  pro-slavery  men ;  declared  himself  subsecjuently  tried  for  treason  in  the  United  States 

attached  to  their  peculiar  institutions ;  re-  Circuit  Court  there.     United  States  Senator  Jesse  I), 

leir  unoualified  approbation :  applauded  their  Bright  had  written  a  letter  introducing  him  to  Jeffer- 

idressea  their  meetings  ^  and  went  quite  as  far  son  Dnvis,  and  the  production  of  thb  letter  in  oourt 

i(»t  exacting  could  possibly  expect  or  desire/'  was  not  onlv  the  most  damaging  evidence  against 

icoompte  was  bitterly  assailed  for  a  charge  he  him,  but  it  fed  to  Mr.  Bright's  expulsion  from  the 

d  to  the  grand  jury  of  Doujjrlas  County,  in  Senate.     Mr.  Lincoln's  counsel  succeeded  in  having 

56,  in  which  he  ^ve  instructions  concerning  the  indictment  quashed,  and  he  was  allowed  to  return 

Inordinary  conditions  and  raiponsibilities  un-  to  the  South.    He  was  the  only  person  tried  for  trea- 

:\h  thev  met.  and  an  expoHition  of  the  nature  son  during  the  civil  war.    It  is  said  that,  at  the  insti- 

on,  holding  that  treason  could  be  committed  gation  of  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  Vice-President  of 

the  Federal  Government  by  levying  war  upon  the  Confederacy,  he  came  North  early  in  1865,  and 

ritorial  Government.     This  decbion,  Jud^  furnished  the  authorities  in  Washington  with  infor- 

te  claimed,  led  to  a  misconstruction  of  his  mation  upon  which  they  acted  promptly,  with  the 

and  words  that  obtained  circulation  as  late  as  effect  of  oringing  the  war  to  a  close  within  a  few 

er,  1884,  when  he  wrote  a  long  letter  recalling  weeks.     At  the  close  of  the  war  Mr.  Lincoln  received 

imstances  of  1856,  reiterating  his  repudiation  a  custom-house  appointment  in  New  York.    In  1872 

[>ctrine  of  constructive  treason.  he  purchased  a  farm  near  Elkton,  Md. 


1832,  was  commissioned  lieutenant  July  13,  Academy  in  Edinburgh,  spent  several  years  in  Eng- 

>k  part  in  the  engagement  with  Mexican  sol-  land  minting  portraits  and  landscapes,  and  opened 

Rio  Aribiqua  in  1847,  and  was  promoted  com-  a  studio  in  New  York  city  in  1834.    He  began  his 

July  1,  18U1.    In  1862,  while  in  command  of  career  in  the  United  States  as  a  painter  of  cabinet 

3^tone  State,"  he  took  part  In  the  capture  of  portraits^  and  Henry  Clay  and  Daniel  Webster  were 

lina,  Fla.,  and  in  1863  in  the  bombardment  among  his  patrons.    In  1839  be  was  awaided  by  the 

ieston  harbor.     During  this  action,  after  the  National  Academy  of  Desi^  the  medal  for  the  best 

►f  his  vessel  had  been  shot  througli  by  Con-  specimen  of  portrait-paintmff  bv  American  artists, 

cannon-balls,  and  twenty-four  of  his  men  had  lie  retired  from  studio  work  aoout  1868,  bought  a 

led,  he  hauled  down  his'flag  to  surrender,  but  iarm  near  Blooniingdale,  N.  J.,  gave  it  the  Scottish 

Qt  later  manned  his  onlv  remaining  gun,  ran  name  ^*  Glenbum,'*  and  passed  the  remainder  of  his 

ag,  and  kept  on  firing  till  other  vessoTs  in  the  days  there. 

ae  to  his  relief.  In  1864  he  took  part  in  the  t^pp^i  Addphi  physician,  bom  in  Berlin,  Germany, 
'  Mobile  Bay,  in  command  of  the  steam-sloop  in  1814;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  23, 1888.  He 
»e,"  and  received  the  surrender  of  the  Con-  was  a  son  of  Count  Ludwig  and  Countess  Augusta  zur 
ram  **  Tennessee."  On  July  25, 1866,  he  was  Lippe.  received  a  legal  education  in  Berlin,  but  re- 
d  captain,  July  3,  1870,  commodore,  and  April  moved  to  the  United  States  in  1889  without  being  ad- 
rear-admiral.  On  March  24,  1880,  he  was  mitted  to  practice,  and  was  urnduated  at  the  Homceo- 
n  the  retired  list.  pathic  Medical  College  in  Allentown,  Pa.,  in  1841. 
Baaj  Oarvili  geolo^st,  bom  in  Philadelphia,  From  that  date  till  within  a  week  of  his  death  he 
V.  16,  1853;  died  in  Manchester.  England,  practiced  in  Carlisle  and  Philadelphia  with  a  success 
1888.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Univen^ity  that  made  him  well  known  throughout  the  country, 
ivlvania  in  1873^  and  after  several  years  spent  He  was  for  many  years  a  lecturer  on  materia  medica 
u  studies,  be  joined,  in  1879,  the  rennsylva-  in  the  old  Homoeopathic  Medical  College  of  Pennsyl- 
logical  Survey  as  a  volunteer.  At  first  he  in-  vania,  published  a  standard  treatise  ou  that  subject. 
Ml  the  surface  geology  of  Southern  Pennsyl-  and  contributed  frequently  to  the  periodical  literature 
iter  which  he  studied  the  glacial  phenomena  of  his  school  of  medicine. 

>rthem  part  of  the  State,  and  traced  the  great        Looks,  David  Bobi,  journalist,  bom  in  Vestal,  Broome 

i  moraine  from  New  Jersey  to  the  Ohio  fron-  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  20, 1833;  died  in  Toledo,  Ohio, 

is  report  on  this  subject  was  issued  in  1884  by  Feb.  15,  1888.     He  was  apprenticed  to  the  printer's 

rey  as  **  Z ''  in  its  series  of  volumes.     He  was  trade  in  the  office  of  the  **  Cortland  Democrat "  when 

Professor  of  Miueralogy  in  the  Academy  of  ten  years  old,  remained  there  seven  years,  and  then 

Sciences  in  1880,  and  to  the  chair  of  Geology  set  out  on  a  journey  over  the  United  States,  working 

rford  College  in  1888.    These  places  he  re-  as    printer,   reporter,  and   miscellaneous   writer  on 

intil  his  death,  although  alter  1885  he  resided  various  newspapers,  as  circumstances  required.    In 

pe.    During  1885-^86  he  investigated  glacial  1852  he  joined  James  G.  Robinson  in  establishing 

1  Great  Britain,  and  completed  a  map  of  the  "The  Advertiser  "  in  Plymouth,  Ohio ;  in  1856  he  be- 

ancient  glaciers  and  ice-sheets  of  England,  gan  **  The  Journal "  in  Bucyrus,  Ohio ;  and  soon  attcr- 

ind  Ireland.     He  was  also  enga^^  in  study-  ward  wrote  a  series  of  stories  for  the  paper.    These 


of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sci-  became  editor  and  proprietor  of  **  The  Jeffersoman,' 

He  was  also  a  zealous  mineralogist,  and  lor  a  weekly  newspaper  of  Findlay^hio,  in  1861.     The 

'as  editor  of  the  mineralogioal  department  of  manifestation  of  dislovalty  in  Wingert's  Corners,  a 

mericun  Naturalist."    He  publisned  **  Notes  small  hamlet  in  Crawtord  County,  Oliio,  after  the  se- 

lodiacal  Light"  (1880),  and  "  Genesis  of  the  cession  of  South  Carolina,  and  the  circulation  of  a 

1  ''(1886).  petition  there  asking  the  Legislature  to  remove  all  the 

\f  Toonuui  Blodgetty  fiirmer,  bora  in  Philadel-  colored  people  from  the  State  and  to  forbid  any  others 

L,  April  27,  1818;  died  near  Elkton,  Md.,  coming  into  it,  suggested  to  him  the  publication  of 

1888.    About  the  time  of  the  annexation  or  that  inimitable  series  of  patriotic  satires  which  will 


644  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 

ever  remain  an  important  feature  of  the  literature  of  wood,  Dl.,  Oct.  29, 1888.    He  lived  in  Ulino'^s 

the  civil  war.    His  first  letter,  announcing  that  this  years,  served  as  judse  of  the  State  Supreme  Ccvf^^ 

hamlet  had  declared  itself  free  and  independent  of  1870  till  1875,  and  then  resigned  to  accept  oil 

the  State,  was  dated  ^*  Wingert^s  Corners,  March  the  to  the  circuit  bench  of  Cook  Counter. 
2l8t,  1861,"  and  sij^ned  "  Petroleum  V.  Nasbv."    But        HoOartor,  Ludlow,  lawyer,  bom  in  Green    _ 

he  soon  changed  the  location  to  *^  Conledrit  X  Roads,  Morris  County,  N.  J.,  Oct.  28, 1844 :  died  io 

Ky.,''  and  alT  his  war  letters  were  dated  from  that  IS.  J.,  Sept.  28^  1888.    He  was  graauated  it 

iina^nary  place.    The  early  letters  appeared  in  his  Collegiate  Institute,  New  Jersey,  was  admir 

Findlay  "  Jcffersonian  "  ;  but  when  he  bought  an  in-  bar  in  February,  1869,  and  alter  practidTig 

terest  in  and  took  editorial  charge  of  the  ^'  Toledo  ton,  N.  J.,  two  years,  removed  to  Newark. 

Blade "  the  letters  were  transferred  to  that  paper,  he  was  appointed  president  judge  of  the 

The  influence  of  these  letters  for  the  national  cause  Common  Fleas  for  Essex  County,  and  held 

was  incalculable.    They  were  eagerly  looked  for  and  till  1885.    He  was  considered  a  sound  kwre 

read  by  President  Lincoln,  who  conceded  their  value ;  pleader,  and  a  judge  of  great  firmness  ana  i 

and  that  his  opinion  wva  shared  by  others  high  in  encc.     Bv  the  severity  of  his  8entenc(»  be 

authoritv  is  attested   by  the  tact  that  ez-Secrotary  terror  to  law- breakers. 


struction  measures  of  Congress  in  the  same  manner,  with  the  Methodist  Book  Concern.    In  IS 

In  1871  he  removed  to  New  York  city,  and  was  for  gaged  in  the  publication  of  school  and  relij;ioa^ 

some  years  managing  editor  of  the  **  Evening  Mail,"  Atlcr  a  while  he  abandoned  that  butiness,  t^ 

and  subsequently  established  himself  there  as  an  ad-  the  study  of  law,  was  admitted  to  the  b^r,  ii^_ 

vertising  agent.    He  retained  his  interest  in  the  *'  To-  William  Bloomficld  and  Charles  P.  Dalv,  «**^ 

ledo  Blade"  until  his  death.    Besides  his  "  Nasby  "  the  firm  of  McElrath,  Bloomfleld  &  Dalj.  ^ 

letters,  numerous  lectures,  which  he  delivered  through  he  was  elected  a  trustee  of  the  Public  School  &^ 

the  Northern  States  after  the  war,  and  several  pla^s,  in  1838  one  of  the  thirteen  representativeft  of 

he  wrote  "  Divers  Views,  Opinions,  and  Propnecie.^  York  dty  in  the  Lc^lature,  and  in  1840  ^0 

of  Yours  Truly,"   **  Swingin'   Round  the  Cirkle,"  pointed  one  of  the  ten  masters  in  chancer;  for 

**  Ekkoes  from  Kentucky,"  "  The  Moral  History  of  York  city.    The  next  year  he  retired  from  the 

America's  Life-Struggley*  **  The  Struggles  of  P.  V.  formed  a  partnership  with  Horace  Greeley,  and  ^ 

Nasby,"  "  The  Morals  of  Abou  Ben  Adhem ;  or,  East-  the  latter  founded  the  New  York  "  Tribune  "  Ik 

cm   Fruit  in  Western  Dishes,"   **  A  Paper  City,"  its  business  manager.    He  was  elected  aldermi 

^*  Hannah  Jane,"  a  poem,  and  **  Nasby  in  Exile."  1845  and  corresponding  secretary  of  the  Amenci 

Loringi  Edward  Oreelyi  physician,  l)om  in  Boston,  stitutc  in  1857:  edited  its  annual  reports  tUl 

Mass.,  Sept.  28, 1837  ;  died  in  New  York  city,  April  was  appointed  appraiser-general  for  the  New 

23,  1888.    He  was  a  son  of  Judge  Edward  Greoly  district,  which  comprised  all  the  custom-houi 

Lonng,  was  a  member  of  the  class  of  1861  of  Harvard  the  State  and  those  in  the  South  below  Vindi 

University  a  short  time,  went  abroad,  and  studied  in  1861 ;  resigned,  and  resumed  the  management 

Italv.     He  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1862,  was  "  Tribune''  in  1864  :  was  appointed  chief  api 

graduated  at  Harvaixl  Medical  School  in  1864,  won  of  foreign  merchandise  at  the  |x>rt  of  New  Toi 

the  Boylston  prize  with  an  essay,  and  applied  himself  derthe  act  of  Congress  reorganizing  that  dejMU 

to  the  special  study  of  ophthalmology  under  Dr.  Ha^-  in  1866,  and  became  a  oommii^ioner  to  the  Pai 

ket  Deroy  in  Boston.    After  holding  brief  appoint-  position  in  1867.    On  his  return  from  France 

ments  in  the  City  Hospital  and  the  Massachusetts  Eye  plied  himself  to  the  completion  of  a  cyclopsdi* 

and  Ear  Infirmary,  he  removed  to  Baltimore  in  1865,  which  he  had  projected  while  appraiser,  ''AD 

and  a  year  later  settled  in  New  York  city  and  became  ary  of  Words  and  Phrases  used  in  Commero 

associated  with  the  late  Dr.  C.  B.  Agnew.     About  Explanatory  and  Practical   Remarks"  (New 

1870  this  partnership  was  dissolved,  and  thence  till  1872).    The  hi|E^h  executive  ability  he  had  slv 

his  death  ne  practiced  alone.    In  1874  ho  was  a  >-  Paris  led  to  his  appointment  as  one  of  the 

E>inted  an  ophthalmic  surgeon  in  the  New  York  States  commissioners  to  Uie  Vienna  Exposit 

ye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and  held  a  similar  ofiice  in  1873,  and  his  selection  as  secretary  and  general 

St.  Luke's  Hospital,  besides  being  a  surgeon  of  the  tive  manager  of  the  New  York  State  Commia 

Manhattan  and  Brooklyn  Eye  and  Ear  Hospitals  and  the  Centennial  Exliibition  of  1876.    The  acto 

consulting  surgeon  of  the  latter  institution.     He  was  grass  providing  tor  the  World's  Fair  (1881) 

a  skillful  surgeon  and  a  thoroughly  trained  ph^  sician,  him  as  one  of^the  commissioners,  and  at  tb 

while  as  an  author  he  was  widely  known  for  his  origi-  meeting  of  all  the  commissioners  in  New  Y 

nal  contributions  to  medical  and  scientific  literature,  1 884  he  called  the  convention  to  order,  and  wai 

especially  in  the  line  of  ophthalmology.    He  pub-  ed  secretary,  with  Gen.  Grant  as  president, 
lished  a  ^'  Text-book  of  Ophthalmology,*^  Part  I  (New        Molntosh,  John  Baillie,  soldier,  bom  in  Tamp 

York,  1886^,  and  was  completing  the  second  part  at  Fla.,  June  6, 1829;  died  in  New  Brunswidc, 

the  time  ot  his  death.     He  also  invented  the  refrac-  June  29, 1888.    He  wasasonofLieut-CoL  Jam* 

tion  ophthalmoscope  that  bcara  his  name.    Among  mons  Mcintosh,  United  States  Army,  who como 

his  published  papers  are  *^  Kelative  Accommodation  "  a  brigade  in  the  Mexican  War,  was  educated 

(1869);  "Some  Kemarks  on  Cataract"  (1871);  *' Is  uncle,  Commmodore  Mcintosh  of  the  United 

the  Human  Eye  changing  its  Form  under  the  Influ-  Navv,  and  served  as  a  midshipman  two  yeai 

ence  of  Modem  Education?"  (1878);  '* Coiyunctivi-  the  "beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  was  appoi 

tis  from  Impure  Dust  of  the  Streets"  (1881);  **  An  lieutenant  in  the  Second  United  States  Cavali 

Improved  Operation  for  New  Pupil  after  Cataract  a  year  later  became  firat  lieutenant  of  the  Fift 

Operation"  (1881);  "  The  Eflfect  of  the  Optical  Con-  ulry.     He  served  tlirough  the  Peninsula  can 

dition  of  the  Eye  on  the  Development  of  (Jharactor."  was  appointed  colonel  of  tlje  Third  Penns; 

**  Hypermetropia  in  Public-School  Children"  (1882);  Cavalry,  commanded  a  brigade  at  Chancell* 

*•  Premature  Delivery  for  tlie  Prevention  of  Blind-  and  Gettysburg,  was  engaged  in  the  Wilderae 

ness"  (1883);  and  ^^  An  Improved  Moans  of  Oblique  paign  and  the  battles  around  Richmond,  led 

Illumination  :  a  Comeal  Condenser."    Dr.  Loring  tell  gacw  of  cavalry  at  Winchester,  and  loet  a  leg  i 

dead  in  the  street.  quan.     He  was  commiBsioned  brigadier-gen 

MoAlliiter,  William  X.,  lawyer,  bom  in  Salem,  Wash-  volunteers  in  July,  1864;   bre vetted  vm^t 

ington  County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  5, 1818 ;  died  in  Kavens-  regular  army  for  gallantry  at  Fair  Oaka,  lieu 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


645 


ooJonel  for  Gettysburg,  colonel  for  Ashland,  and 
brif^AcileT'—ifenenii  for  Winchester;  bre vetted  ixugor- 
^nerai  of  volunteers  for  bravery  and  skill  at  Ope- 
luan,  aJ3.<i  promoted  to  the  full  rank  for  services  dur- 
og  ttie  'War.  lie  was  commissioned  colonel  of  the 
rorty-seoond  Umted  States  Infantry  in  1866,  and  re- 
'ffcd^'^itJ:^  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  United  States 
kniiy>  ii:»    1870. 

jf^'fc-''^'**^!  Abulom  Haakii  postal  executive,  bom  in 
^Urk®     CJounty,  Ky.,  Feb.  18,1825;  died  in  Wash- 


ngtoi 


.  C,  May  25,  1888.    He  was  educated  at 


^ugUfc^t^A.  Oollegc,  and  first  went  to  Washington  with 
geory  Olay  in  1849.     Be  served  as  a  clerk  in  the  In- 
^ii^u  C>ti&oe,  and  then  in  the  Post-Officc  Department, 
and  ^  t;l20  b^inning  of  the  civil  war  was  in  business 
fQf  b'maself.    In  1861  Oen.  Grant,  who  knew  of  his 
\^[^  esrperience  in  the  Western  steamboat  service,  se- 
lect ixim  to  take  oliargo  of  the  mails  of  his  armv, 
uxd  {Appointed  him  a  member  of  his  statf.  with  tno 
xsx^  ^^  colonel.    This  ofi9ce  ho  held  until  tne  general 
^bsx^^in^  of  the  army  in  1865.     He  was  invested 
^\xJi  i\il\    authority,  and   by  Gen.   Grant's  express 
Qot0^^n<^  had  the  entire  army  co-operating  with  him 
V0  bia  difficult  and  important  duty.     Though  nom- 
io»WT  under  the  orders  of  the  Post-Office  Department 
aiod  ^^porting  regularly  and  directl;^  to  it,  he  was 
^iibout  a  superior  officer  in  his  service  in  the  field. 
«a&  ^<^  appropriately  called  the  postmaster-general 
fjf  the  army.     Under  the  system  tnat  he  organized, 
«very  regiment  and  every  isolated  command  had  its 
1»o«tinaster ;  aU  these  reported  to  biigade  postmasters ; 
they  in  torn  to  division  postmasters,  and  they,  again, 
to  CoL  Markland.    The  advantage,  if  not  the  neces- 
6tty«  of  maintaining  as  regular  communication  be- 
tween the  field  and  the  home  as  the  exigencies  of  the 
service  would  permit,  was  apparent ;  but  few,  even 
t<Mlay,  can  appreciate  the  immense  amount  of  de- 
tailed work,  the  executive  abilitv,  and  the  personal 
dan^rera  involved  in  the  task.     The  effort  to  keep 
tract  of  every  regiment  and  every  detached  company, 
otficer«  and  man  amid  the  intricacies  of  army  move- 
ments seemed  alma^t  beyond  po-^sibility :  yet,  under 
the  direction  of  Col.  Markland,  the  soldiers*  letters 
were  handled  with  surprisini?  promptness,  regularity, 
and  care.    At  the  close  of  the  war  amonc  the  earliest 
sppointmentmcnts  made  by  President  Grant  was  that 
of  Col.  Markland  to  be  third  Assistant  Postmaster- 
General  and  special  agent  for  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Kcu- 
tocky,  which  office  ho  held  from  1869  till  1873. 

Kfttthewi,  JazDM  Hewson,  journalist,  bom  in  Bungaj, 
Suffolk,  England,  Nov.  21, 1828:  died  in  Buffalo,  N. 
Y.,  Dec  20, 1888.    He  learned  tne  printer's  trade  in 
England,  came  to  the  United  States  in  1846,  and  set- 
tlinir  in  Buffalo  obtained  work  as  forenum  in  the 
printing-office  of  Jewett,  Thomas  &  Co.    In  1850 
m  established  the  **  Journal  of  Commerce,"  and  on 
its  suspension  within  a  few  months  became  foreman 
of  the  job  office  connected  with  the  "  Express,"  then 
owned  by  A.  M.  Clapp  and  Kufus  Wheeler.    After  a 
year's   service,  he  was  admitted  to  partnership  in 
the  job-printinsf  business,  and  the  new  firm  of  Clapp, 
Matthews  <&  Co.  soon  became  known   throughout 
the  couDtry  as  railroad  printers.     In  1860  he  joined 
Rufus  Wheeler  and  James  D.  Warren  to  acquire  and 
conduct  the  "Commercial  Advertiser"  ;  in  1862  Mr. 
Wheeler  retired,  and  thence  till  1877  Messrs.  Matthews 
and  Warren  were  the  sole  proprietors  of  the  estab- 
lishment, and  Mr.  Matthews  the  editor.    On  Oct.  29, 
1877,  Mr.  Matthews  announced  his  retirement  from 
the  firm  and  paper  as  a  result  of  a  disagreement  with 
his  partner  on  local  political  matters,  and  early  in 
1878  he  bought  the  Buffalo  "Express"  and  estab- 
lished the  art-printing  firm  of  Matthews^  Northrup 
&  Co.,  both  ot  which  interests  grew  rapidly  under 
his  mana^ment.    In  1883  he  added  a  Sunday  edi- 
tion to  his  paper,  which  was  prosperous  from  the 
start.     He  supported  the  Benublican  party  editorially 
till  1S82,  then  supported  Mr.  Cleveland's  candidacy 
for  Governor,  but  opposed  him  in  the  presidential 
of  1884,  ar.d  aicerword  adhered  to  the  Repub- 


lican party.  He  was  a  delegate-at-large  fVom  New 
York  to  the  Republican  National  Conventions  of  1872 
and  1876. 

KaQTu,  JazDM  Eddji  book-collector,  bom  in  New 
York  ciw  in  1817 ;  died  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  Nov.  28, 
1888.  His  father  was  a  merchant,  owning  a  large 
number  of  ships  and  doing  business  with  aR  parts  of 
the  world.  The  son  was  well  educated,  ana  spent 
several  years  in  foreign  travel.  By  the  time  he  was 
twenty-two  years  old  ne  had  tbrmed  an  ambition  to 
collect  all  available  books  illustrating  and  relating  to 
the  literature  of  the  fourteenth  century.  For  fltty 
years  he  collected,  illuminated,  and  annotated  rare 
and  costly  books,  beginning  witn  Froixsart's  "  Chron- 
icles." and  extendir^r  his  researches  both  to  earlier 
and  later  periods.  In  1866  he  built  an  attractive  home 
and  a  storehouse  for  his  treasures  in  Newport,  and 
resided  there  till  his  death,  though  conducting  a  book 
business  in  New  York  cit^r.  He  restored  and  became 
president  of  Redwood  Library  in  Newport,  was  a 
founder  of  the  Newport  Historiod  Societv,  was  a 
voluminous  writer  on  the  history  of  Rhooo  Island 
affairs  and  r>eop1c,  had  collected  a  lari^e  quantity  of 
manuscript  docks  and  pamphlets  relating  to  the  nis- 
torv  ot  Newport,  and  in  his  travels  haa  gathered  a 
ricii  museum  or  Indian  relics,  articles  of  colonial 
dress,  ornament^  and  implement,  and  a  great  variety 
of  curious  Americana. 

KaTuiok,  knguitoBf  journalist,  born  in  New  York 
city  in  1828;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  June  1. 1888. 
He*  be^an  his  newspaper  career  as  a  reporter  on  the 
New  York  **  Tribune,"  under  Horace  Greeley,  and 
was  subsequently  connected  as  reporter  and' editor 
with  the  "Times,"  "Evening  Post,"  '*  Commercial 
Advertiser,"  *'  Brooklyn  Argus,"  and  **  Brooklyn 
Eagle."  His  last  engagement  was  on  "Munsey^s 
Weekly,"  where,  as  well  as  on  the  rostrum,  he  was 
an  enthusiastic  worker  for  the  Republican  presidential 
candidates  in  1884. 

ICaji  Abby  WiUiams,  philanthropist,  bom  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  in  1829;  died  there,  Nov.  80,  1888.  She  was 
a  dau(;hter  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  May,  of  the  old  HoUis 
Street  Church,  and  an  early  abolitionist^  and  from  an 
early  age  was  engaged  in  philanthroi>ic  and  educa- 
tional work.  She  was  one  of  toe  organizers  and  be- 
came president  of  the  woman^i  branch  of  the  United 
States  Sanitary  Commission  in  Boston,  and  discharged 
the  duties  of  that  ofiice  with  great  zeal  till  the  close 
of  the  civil  war.  Subsequently  she  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Woman's  Auxiliary  of  the  American  Uni- 
tarian Association,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
New  England  Hospital  for  Women  and  Children, 
vice-president  of  the  Societv  for  the  Advancement  of 
Women  and  of  the  New  England  Woman  Suffrage 
Association,  and  treasurer  of  the  Improved  Dwelling- 
House  Society,  and  was  a  founder  of  the  New  England 
W^ Oman's  Club  and  of  the  Horticultural  School  for 
Women.  In  1878  she  was  one  of  the  four  women 
elected  for  the  first  time  to  membership  in  the  Boston 
School  Board.  A  dispute  as  to  the  eligibility  of  the 
woman  members  led  the  Legislature  in  1874  to  pa.««s 
a  law  giving  women  the  right  to  vote  for  members  of 
the  school  board,  and,  allcr  a  second  election,  she 
was  one  of  tlie  three  women  to  serve  on  the  board. 
In  1875  she  was  appointed  a  commissioner  of  the 
State  Board  of  Education,  and  she  served  as  such  till 
within  a  few  months  of  her  death. 

Meanji  Stephen  Jowphi  journalist,  bom  in  Ennis, 
County  Clare,  Irelana,  in  December,  1826;  died  in 
Watcrbury,  Conn.,  Feb.  8.  1888.  He  received  a  col- 
legiate and  classical  education,  studied  stenography, 
became  a  member  of  the  Dublin  police  force  before 
he  was  eighteen  years  old,  and  tor  some  time  was 
employed  by  the  Government  to  follow  Daniel  O'Con- 
ncll  and  report  his  speeches.  Unwilling  to  act  the 
part  of  a  spy,  he  resijrned  from  the  force,  and  was 
continued  as'0'Connell*s  reporter  by  the  *'  Freeman's 
Journal " ;  and  on  one  occasion,  when  the  London 
**  Times  "  sent  a  reporter  to  Dublin  to  report  a  speech 
at  a  monster  meeting,  and  0' Council  spoke  wholly  in 


646 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


?>uro  Irish,  Mr.  Meanj  was  the  only  reporter  able  to 
bllow  him  and  write  out  the  speech.    He  joined  the 
"  Younir  Ireland"  movement  of  1848,  and  was  im- 

{>risoned  three  months  in  consequence.  On  his  re- 
ease,  he  went  to  England,  and  was  employed  first 
on  the  "  Post,"  and  then  the  **  Mercury  "  in  Liver- 
pool. He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Fenian 
brotherhood,  and,  after  the  events  of  1866  in  London 
and  on  the  Canadian  border  of  the  United  States,  was 
arrested  and  sentenced  to  fifteen  years  of  penal  servi- 
tude, but  was  pardoned  after  a  year's  imprisonment. 
In  1868  he  settled  in  the  United  States,  and  estab- 
lished the  "Commercial"  in  Toledo,  Ohio.  In  1869 
he  removed  to  New  York  city,  w&a  admitted  to  the 
bar,  and  was  employed  as  editorial  writer  and  Irish 
correspondent  on  tKe  "  Irish  Democrat,"  **  World," 
and  "Star."  He  was  nn  active  member  of  the  Land 
League,  and  took  part  in  the  defense  of  Burton  and 
Cunningham,  accused  of  attempting  to  blow  up  the 
Tower  of  London  with  dynamite  in  1885.  While  he 
was  employed  on  the  "btar"  an  accident  compelled 
him  to  abandon  work  for  some  time,  and,  on  his  par- 
tial recoverv,  he  accepted  editorial  charge  of  the 
"Evening  t)emoorat,"  in  Waterbury,  Conn.,  where 
he  remained  from  Dec.  1, 1887.  till  his  death. 

MeUf  Patriok  flii0B|  educator,  oom  in  Walthourville, 
Liberty  County,  Ga.,  July  19. 1814;  died  in  Atheus, 
Ga.,  Jan.  26,  1888.  He  was  left  a  penniless  orphan 
when  fourteen  years  old,  and  when  seventeen  began 
supporting  himself  by  teaching.  Soon  afterward  he 
had  an  opportunity  for  attending  Walthourville  Acad- 
emy by  teaching  some  of  the  subordinate  classes,  and 
thence  went  to  Amherst  College,  where  he  studied 
two  years.  Before  he  completed  the  regular  course 
there  he  was  appointed  teacher  in  the  academy  in 
West  Springfield,  Ma^s.,  and,  afler  an  engagement  of 
onoyeai%  became  associate  principal  of  the  liigh-sohool 
in  East  Hartford,  Conn.  He  held  this  office  one  year, 
then  returned  to  Georgia,  1838,  and  taught  in  various 
places  till  Fcbruar}',  1842,  when,  on  the  recommenda- 
tion of  Gov.  Troup,  he  was  elected  Professor  of  An- 
cient Languages  in  Mercer  University.  In  November, 
1855,  he  resigned,  and  in  1856  was  elected  Professor 
of  Ancient  Languages  in  the  University  of  Georgia. 
He  occupied  this  chair  till  the  resignation  of  Rev.  Dr. 
Church,  president  of  the  university,  in  ISSO,  and  was 
then  elected  Professor  of  Metaphysics  and  Ethics.  This 
chair,  in  coi^unction  with  the  chancellorship  of  the 
university,  to  which  he  was  elected  in  1878,  and  the 
ex-officio  presidency  of  the  State  College  of  Agriculture 
and  Mecnanic  Arts  ho  held  until  his  death.  With 
one  exception,  he  was  moderator  of  the  Georgia  Bap- 
tist Association  for  twenty- four  years;  excepting  four 
years,  was  elected  president  of  the  Georgia  Baptist 
conventions  for  twenty-two  years  ^  and  was  president 
of  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention  for  eight  vears. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  Parliamentary  Practice,'*  and 
of  several  religious  works. 

MerridL  PiiMillA  Braisliii,  educator,  bom  in  Burling- 
ton, N.  J.,  in  July,  1838;  died  in  Holyoke,  Mass., 
Dec.  16, 1888.  She  wos  educated  and  for  several  years 
taught  in  her  native  city.  On  the  opening  of  Vossar 
College  in  1865,  she  was  appointed  tutor  in  mathe- 
matics and  chem'istry,  subsequently  became  the  head 
of  that  department,  and  held  the  cnair  till  the  spring 
of  1887,  when  she  resigned,  and  in  November  married 
Timothy  Merrick,  a  manufacturer.  As  Prof.  Braislin 
she  was  well  known  in  American  educational  circle. 

Middleton,  John  OaTarly,  clergyman,  bom  in  New 
London.  Conn.,  in  Febraary,  1838 ;  died  in  New  York 
city,  July  7, 1888.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1859, 
studfied  theology,  and  was  ordained  deacon  in  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  1860.  His  first  ap- 
pointment was  that  of  assistant  to  Bishop  Littleiohn, 
then  rector  of  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity, 
Brooklyn,  after  which  he  was  rector  at  Stonington 
and  Now  Britain,  Conn.,  and  from  1874  till  his  death 
at  Glen  Cove,  Long  Island.  He  was  principal  of  St. 
PauPs  School  at  Glen  Cove  fk>m  1874  till  1878,  word- 
en  of  the  Cathedral  schools  at  Garden  City  in  1877- 


♦79.  editor  for  several  years  of  "  The  Teachers'  Help- 
er'^ and  the  Protestant  Episcopal  SundMy-scbool  les- 
son leaflets,  author  of  several  hvmns,  and  compost? 
of  the  Christmas  and  Easter  carols  for  his  own  chcrdi 
and  school.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  arehdet- 
con  of  the  diocese  of  Queens  County,  N.  Y. 

IfUli,  Robert,  pioneer,  bom  in  Todd  County,  Kt., 
in  1809 ;  died  in  Galveston,  Tex.,  April  13, 1888.  He 
was  graduated  at  Nashville  Univeraity,  and  removed 
to  Texas  in  1880.     He  established  himself  as  a  cottrm- 

Slanter  in  Brazoria  County,  and  became  owner  c^  i 
ozen  of  the  lai^st  plantations  in  the  South  and  1,000 
slaves.  He  shipped  the  first  bale  of  cotton  from  Tex- 
as to  Europe  in  1889,  and  afterward  eoiployed  v««eb 
of  his  own  to  carrv  his  cotton  and  sugar  abroad.  Dur- 
ing the  war  for  Texan  independence  he  bought  umI 
equipped  the  Texas  navy  and  fumiahed  the  nieaia  to 
carry  on  the  war.  In  addition  to  bis  great  plantation^ 
he  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits,  supplied  the  en- 
tire Southwest  of  early  days  with  ita  currency,  aod 
after  tlie  panic  of  1857,  his  credit  was  so  high  thst  hi^ 
private  notes  of  issue  were  the  only  currency  that  wis 
taken  at  par.  He  was  known  tlirough  Texas  and  tk 
South  as  the  "  Duke  of  Brazoria."  At  the  h^nniDj^ 
of  the  civil  war,  he  was  considered  the  richest  man  in 
the  South,  his  estates  and  slaves  reprraenting  an  ag- 
gregate of  13,000,000,  He  contributed  fVeely  to  the 
Confederate  cause,  and  was  ruined  by  the  reenlts  of 
the  war.  With  a  brother  he  resumf<i  busiDera,  bat 
his  losses  had  been  so  heavy  that  in  1867  lie  was  com- 
pelled to  give  up. 

MitcheDf  Looy  Myen,  arohteolo^n^t,  bom  in  Oroomi- 
ah,  Persia,  in  1845;  died  in  Benin,  Germany,  Uirefa 
10,  1888.  She  was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Aa^1in  U. 
Wright,  a  missionarv  and  ^>hv8ician  among  the  >V 
torians  at  the  time  of  her  birth,  was  educated  id  the 
United  States  chiefly  at  Mount  Holyoke  Scminstr, 
returned  to  Persia  in  1864,  married  Samuel  S.  Mitchell, 
an  artist,  in  1867,  and  subsequentlv  spent  the  creater 
part  of  her  time  in  Europe.  In  18^2-^73,  while  liriijc 
in  Leipsic,  she  became  deeply  interested  in  claMdau 
archsBol(^V,  and  published  a  series  of  letters  oo  recent 
archaeological  researches  and  discoveries  and  iteveni 
illustrated  articles  on  Greek  sculpture.  She  pabii»h«d 
her  "  History  of  Ancient  Sculpture "  (New  York, 
1883),  established  herself  in  Berlin  and  began  collect- 
ing materials  for  a  history  of  Greek  vases  and  vve 
paintings  in  1884,  was  taken  sick  while  oollectiDp,  tnd 
spent  the  last  vear  of  her  life  in  a  vain  search  of  bcfllth 
in  Switzerlana. 

Morford,  James  GhamlMElais,  patriot,  bom  in  Balti- 
moie,  Md.,  in  1795;  died  there,  Dec  17,  1888.  He 
was  the  last  member  of  the  Old  Defenders*  Associa- 
tion, which  ori^nally  had  1,259  member«j  and  wu 
formed  in  1844  oy  the  survivors  o\'  the  citizens  who 
had  taken  part  in  the  defense  of  Baltimore,  when  the 
British  attacked  North  Point  and  Fort  MclIcnryiB 
1814.  The  members  had  met  annually  on  Sept  IS, 
dined,  and  marched  twice  around  the  battle  roooument 
On  anniversary  day,  1888,  but  two  members  were  left, 
and  the  death  of  Nathaniel  Watts,  on  Oct  80,  left  Mr. 
Morford  the  sole  survivor. 

Momn,  William  Ferdiiumd,  clergyman,  bom  in  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  Dec.  21, 1818:  died  in  New  York  dtv, 
May  19, 1888.  He  was  graduated  at  Union  Collet  m 
1837,  and  at  the  General  Theological  Seminary  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  1840,  was  consecrated 
deacon  in  1841,  and  ordained  priest  in  1842.  lie  re- 
mained in  New  Haven  three  years,  and  then  for  four- 
teen yeara  was  rector  of  Christ  Church,  Norwich, 
Conn.  At  the  end  of  this  period  he  was  called  to  the 
rectorship  of  St.  Thomas's  Church,  New  York  dij, 
and  with  this  parish  he  continued  till  his  desth- 
During  his  pastorate  the  membership  of  families  in- 
creased from  200  to  500,  and  of  communicants  from 
850  to  over  1,000,  and  the  church  built  a  free  chapel 
that  cost  $40,000.  A  few  weeks  before  his  death  m 
resigned  his  charge,  and  was  chosen  rector  emeriti^ 

Ibnlton,  GhadM  WiUiam,  lawyer,  bom  near  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  Doc.  16,  1880 ;  died  in  New  York  dxj, 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.                                             647 

:.  1888.     Ho  studied  law,  and  at  Maneficld,  and  devised   simple  and  eoonomical  methods  and 

d  County,  where  he  settled  to  begin  i>ractioo,  machinery  for  their  manufacture.     His  inventions 

me  acquainted  with  tlie  Sherman  family,  and  in    other   fields  were  numerous.     All  the  modem 

Frances,  sister  of  Gen.  William  T.  and  Sen-  forms  of  soda-water  apparatus,  jportable  gas-machines, 

in  Sherman.    From  Mansfield  he  went  to  To-  and  carbonic-acid  fire-extinguD^hers,  ns  well  as  the 

d  formed  a  partnership  with  George  R.  Hayes,  leather-board  industry,  are  based  either  upon  his 

3,  1861,  he  was  commissioned  a  captain  and  ori^nal  patents  or  inventions.     An  improved  form  of 

nastcr  of  Ohio  Volunteers,  and  assigned  to  hot-air  furnace  wum  devised  by  him  in  later  vears,  and 

dcr  Gen.  McClellan  in  western  Virginia.     He  is  extensivelv  used.     As  an  agricultural  cnemist  he 

-ved  there  under  Gens.  Reynolds,  Fremont,  gained  a  high  reputation  in  consecjuence  of  his  in- 

)e.    In  March,  1863,  he  was  appointed  liou-  vestigations  at  llakeside  Farm,  which  he  purchased 

iolonel  in  the  regular  anny,  and  ordered  to  in  1865,  and  which  was  one  of  the  earliest  experi- 

Ati  as   assistant   to    Quartermaster  -  General  mental  farms  in  the  United  States.     He  established 

^  where  ho  had  charge  of  the  purchasing  of  the  ^^  Boston  Journal  of  Chemistry**  in  1866,  which, 

(upplics  for  the  armies  then  operating  under  in  1888,  became  *^  The  Popular  Science  News,'*  ana 

^rant  and  Sherman.    He  was  promoteaoolonel  was  its  senior  editor.    Besides  manv  scientific  papers, 

,  and  had  charge  of  the  depot,  where  his  ex-  notably  those  on  agriculture,  he  puolished  ^^  Cneniis- 

re-s  averas^ed   $6,000,000  a  month   the  year  try  of  the  Farm  and  the  Sea**  (Boston  J1867); '*Fire- 

ttnd  fro^uently  amounted  to  $10,000,000  m  a  side  Science**  (1869) ;  and  "  Whence,  What,  Where? 

nonth,  till  the  close  of  the  war.    He  then  re-  a  View  of  the  Origin,  Nature,  and  Destiny  of  Man*' 

and  resumed  the  practice  of  laWj  first  in  Cin-  (1882).    He  also  issued  Dr.  James  Hinton*8  *^  Mystery 

and  afterward  in  New  York  city.  He  was  of  Pam,**  witH  an  introduction  (1886). 
trsed  in  revenue,  insurance,  and  admiralty  HoUa^  8amiial|  pioneer,  bom  in  Pennsylvania ;  died 
id  was  counsel  for  the  Government  in  cases  in  in  Anniston,  Ala.,  Aug.  14,  1888.  He  was  the  son  of 
na  based  on  infractions  of  the  revenue  statutes,  an  iron-founder  and  machinery  manufacturer,  was 
rdf  Joseph  L.  physician,  bom  in  Pemberton,  apprenticed  to  that  trade,  and  afVcr  serving  his  time, 
Q  1880 ;  died  m  ^ow  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Feb.  became  his  father's  assistant.  While  the  Kansas- Ne- 
He  was  graduated  at  the  Homoeopathic  Med-  braska  troubles  were  at  their  height,  the  business  was 
legej  Philadelphia,  commissioned  suriifeon  of  removed  to  Rome,  Ga.  When  the  civil  war  broke 
ty-eighth  New  York  Volunteers  in  Oct()bor,  out,  the  Noble  factories  were  the  most  extensive  of 
id  served  till  the  autumn  of  1864.  He  was  en-  their  kind  south  of  RichmoncL  and  during  the  war 
1  the  Port  Royal  expedition,  was  assigned  to  they  produced  avast  quantity  of  material  for  the  Con- 
f  of  the  briga<le  commander,  and  wa^  promoted  federate  Government.  In  1872  (^n.  Daniel  Tyler,  a 
ion  surgeon.  Most  of  the  desperately  wounded  veteran  of  the  regular  army,  while  visiting  his  non  in 
Morris'Island,  Fort  Wagner,  and  Cold  Harbor  Charleston,  became  acquainted  with  Samuel  Noble, 
aced  under  his  charge,  owin|  to  his  great  skill  and  expressed  a  desire  to  engage  in  his  old  business, 
erator.  In  the  autumn  of  1864  he  was  assigned  iron-manufuoturing,  if  he  could  find  a  suitable  loca- 
at  the  hospitals  of  tlie  general  army  corps ;  in  tion.  Mr.  Noble  informed  him  of  a  place  in  Ala- 
owing  May  he  took  charge  of  the  Foster  gen-  bama  that  answered  all  the  conditions.  The  locality 
spitaT  at  Newborn,  N.  C,  and  was  thence  wan  visited,  the  two  men  formed  a  company,  pur- 
red to  QueeaH borough.  N.  C,  where  he  was  chased  land,  and  erected  a  charcoal- furnace  at  a  cost 
^d  Aujf.  25,  1865.  After  the  war  he  prao-  of  $800,000,  and  then  began  building  a  town.  In 
1  New  3ranswick  till  1880^  when  he  was  ap-  1879  the  town  wus  incorporated,  and  in  1888  the 

acting  assistant  surgeon  m  the  army.     He  wom-out  farm  of  1872  had  been  transformed  into  the 

bree  years  with  the  army  in  Texas,  then  re-  ci^  of  Anniston.    (See  Anniston,  page  158.) 

and  was  then  appointed  surgeon  for  the  Metro-  Bonisy  A.  '^nisoiif  lawyer,  bom  in  Lewiston,  Pa., 

Life-insurance  Company,  New  York.  in  1841 ;  died  in  Pniladelphia,  Pa.,  May  21, 1888.    He 

si^  Joseph,  lawyer,  born  in  Argylo,  N.  T.,  in  was  educated  at  Georgetown  College,^.  C.,  and  in- 

lied  in  Brookljrn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  26,  1888.     Ho  tended  studying  law,  but  in  November,   1861,  ho 

Scotch-Irish  lineage,  studied  law,  and  prao-  joined  tho  army  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  One  Hundred 

I  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  till  1844,  when  he  reH^ved  and  Seventh  Regiment  of  Pennsylvania  Volunteers. 

York  city,  and  five  years  afterward  to  Brook-  During  the  battle  of  Crettysburg,  July.  1 868,  he  was 

e  was  chairman  of  the  bar  convention  that  drew  taken  prisoner,  and  afterward  was  confined  in  Libby 

?lan  of  reorganixation  of  the  city  court,  erabod-  Prison  nearly  two  years.     After  the  war  he  f^tudied 

the  constitutional  amendment  which  became  law,  was  gracluated  at  the  law -school  of  the  University 

18C9-*70,  increasing  the  number  of  judges  of  of  Pennsylvania  in  1867,  and  practiced  in  Philadel- 

rt  to  three,  was  elected  a  judge  of  the  court,  as  phia  till  1872,  when  Gov.  John  F.  Hartranft  appoint- 

tcrat,  for  fourteen  years  in  1869,  and  was  chosen  ed  him  his  private  secretary.  In  1 876  he  was  appointed 

u^tice  by  his  associates  on  the  retirement  of  official  reporter  of  tho  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylyania, 

rhonipson  in  1873.    On  Dec.  81, 1882,  having  and  held  the  office  till  January,  1881  ^  and  then  was 

I  the  constitutional  limit  of  age,  he  retired.     Ho  elected  State  Senator  fVom  the  ^ixth  District.    He  was 

ed  ^^  Reminiscences  of  Rufus  Choute,"  and  was  appointed  United  States  pension  agent  at  Philadel- 

ibutor  to  periodicals.  miia  in  1884,  held  the  office  till  after  the  accession  of 

ill  JaiDM   Bofainaon,  inventor,  bom    in   West  President  Cleveland,  and  was  elected  Auditor-Gcn- 

arv  (now  Merrimac),  Mass.,  July  18,  1819;  oral  of  Pennsylvania  as  a  Republican  in  1886. 

L  Haverhill.  Mass..  Jan.  2,  1888.    In  1886  he  Oakleyi  Lewu  WiUiainif  physician,  bom  in  New  York 

I  a  clerk  in  nis  uncle^s  dmg-store  in  Haverhill,  city,  Nov.  22. 1828;  diea  in  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  March 

iile  i*o  employed  devoted  considerable  atten-  8, 1888.     He  was  mduated  at  Princeton  in  1849,  and 

scientific  reading,  and  in  1842  attended  lect-  at  the  New  York  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 

the  medical  department  of  Dartmouth  Col-  in  1852.     At  tlie  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  was  ap- 

He  never  practiced  his  profession,  but  in  1848  pointed  a^^sistant  surgeon  of  the  Second  New  Jersey 

had  adiTig-store  in  Haverhill,  and  B\>ent  his  Infantry,  May  21,  1861,  commissioned  surgeon  of  the 

in  studying  chemistry.    In  1857,  havmg  dis-  Fourth  Infantry  in  Octobei*  following,  transferred  to 

»f  hb  retail  business,  ho  removed  to  Boston,  his  former  regiment  in  1862,  and  retained  his  com- 

!ie  be^an  the  manufacture  of  chemical  and  mod-  mission  there  till  mustered  out  of  the  ser\'iee  in  June, 

jparatious,  then  a  comparatively  new  industry  1864.    In  January,  1862,  he  was  appointed  surgeon 

country.    In  1872  he  retired,  and  in  1873  was  of  the  New  Jen^ey  Brigade  in  the  first  division  of  the 


648                                             OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 

year,  and  aftor  the  anny  moved  from  that  place  was  and  major  in  1849,  and^  resij^ing  from  the  irmy,  en- 
almost  continuously  in  chai)^  of  tho  Sixth  Oorpa.  mred  in  farming  in  bis  native  county  in  1850.   lie 
hospital  in  the  field.    After  the  war  he  practiced  m  followed  this  pursuit  till  1859,  when  be  was  appoint- 
Elizabeth  till  his  death.  ed  president  of  the  New  York  State  Agricaltonu  Col- 
Palmer,  Ooortlandt,  founder  of  the  Nineteenth  Cent-  lege,  and  held  the  olfice  till  the  outbreak  (^  the  dvil 
uiy  Club,  born  in  New  York  city,  March  26,  1843 ;  war.    Entering  the  military  service,  he  wasappoinfied 
died  at  Lake  Dunmore,  Vt^  July  28, 1888.     He  was  inspector-general  of  State  militia,  and  in  Mai^,18<Si, 
educated  at  Columbia  and  Williams  Colleges,  and  was  was  commissioned  brigadier-ffeneral  of  volunteers, 
graduated  a  Columbia  Law  School  in  1869.  but  never  Subseq^uently  he  was  appointed  provost-marshal  ^ 
practiced.    He  inherited  a  fourth  part  of  nis  father's  end  ot  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  of  the  oombuMd 
estate  of  $4,000,000,  and  had  a  private  fortune  of  forces  operating  af^nst  Richmond,  and  of  the  mili- 
$250j()00.     In  1880  he  organized  the  Nineteenth  Cent-  tary  Department  of  Virginia.     He  resigned  his  oocd- 
ury  Club,  which,  for  three  years  held  its  meetinj^  at  mission  June  12,  1865,  and  on  Sept.  23,  1880,  was  ap- 
his residence.     Of  this  or^nization  he  was  president  pointed  governor  of  the  Central   Branch,  Natiofui 
until  bis  death.    On  religious  and  sodul  questions  he  Home  for  Disabled  Volunteer  Soldien,  at  DaytoD, 
entertained  what  are  known  as  extreme  liberal  views.  Ohio,  in  which  office  he  served  until  his  death.  ' 
He  made  occasional  contributions  to  current  litem-  Patknii  Alfred  j^enoar,  olei^^yman,  bom  in  Suffolk, 
turc,  and  letl  an  unpublished  volume.  England,  Dec.  26,  1825 ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
Padror,  Joelf  lawyer.bom  near  Freehold,  N.  J.,  Nov.  Jan.  12, 1888.    He  came  to  the  United  States  with  liii 
24,1816:  di^  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  2,  1888.    He  parents  when  a  child,  was  educated  at  ColombiaB 
was  ^rraauated  at  Princeton  in  1839,  was  admitted  to  Universitv,  Washington,  D.  C,  and  Madison  Uni 
the  bar  in  1842.  and  bej<an  practicing  in  Freehold,  vorsity,  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  studied   for  the  Bapti4 
where  he  residca  until  death.    Directly  after  gradua-  ministiy,  and  held  his  first  pastorate  in  West  Cfae^ter, 
tion  lie  entered  political  life,  and  through  the  presi-  Pa.    Alter  a  brief  service  there^  he  went  to  Haddon- 
dential  canvass  of  1840  worked  for  the  election  of  field,  N.  J.,  and  thence  to  the  First  Baptist Chuich  in 
Martin  Van  Buren.     During  the  succeeding  four  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  where  be  remained  Ave  years.   In 
years  he  attained  reputation  as  a  Democratic  speaker.  1859    he    accepted   a  call  from   Watertown,  Mats., 
and  in  1844  canvas^^ed  the  State.    In  1847  he  cnterea  preached  there  five  years,  and  was  chaplam  of  tb« 
the  Legislature,  being  tho  youngest  member  and  the  State  Senate  in  1862-'63,  and  went  to  the  old  Broad 
only  lawyer  on  the  Democratic  side  at  that  session.  Street  Church  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  in  18&4.     He  renudned 
He  represented  the  minority  on  the^iudiciary  and  oth-  with  the  latter  congregation  till  1872,  and  built  tbe 
cr  committees,  and  introduced  vanous  reform  bills.  Tabernacle  Baptist  Church.    In  1872  he  removed  to 
He  was  prosecutinjir  attorney  of  Monmouth  County  New  York  city,  bought  the   **  American  BaptiAS," 
from  1852  till  1857,  and  was  a' Democratic  presidential  changed  its  name  to  the  **  Baptist  Weeklv,"  anded- 
elector  in  1860.    He  was  commissioned  brigadicr-gen-  ited  it  until  his  death.     His  published  works  compriae 
eral  of  State  militia  in  1857,  and  m^jor-general  in  1861,  ''  Light  in  the  Valley ''  (Pliiladelphia,  1852) ;  ""  M; 
^vo  a  vigorous  support  to  the  national  Administra-  Joy  and  Crown  "  (1855) ;   ^^  KincaicL  the  Hero  Mi9- 
tion  from  tlie  beginnmg  of  the  civil  war,  and  was  elect-  sionarv  "  (Now  York,  1858) ;  '*  The  Lo^inir  and  lak- 
ed  Governor  in  1862.    He  served  in  that  office  till  ing  of  Mansoul,    or  Lectures  on  the    Holv  War" 
1866,  and  was  a  third  time  elected  Governor  in  1870.  (1859);  ^'Live  for  Jesus*'  (Philadelphia,  1861);  and 
In  186^  and  1876  the  New  Jersey  delegation  support-  numerous  pamphlets. 

ed  him  in  the  National  Democratic  Convention  for  the  Peanon,  Jdtm  Jamaii  lawyer,  bom  in  Delaware  Co/aa- 

presidential  nomination,  and  in  1872  the  National  La-  ty,  Pa.,  Oct.  25, 1800 ;  died  in  Harrisbuig,  Pa.,  May 

DorRcform  Convention  nominated  him  for  Vice- Presi-  30, 1888.    He  was  educated  and  admitted  to  the  btf 

dent  on  the  ticket  headed  b]r*  Judge  David  Davis.    In  in  Mercer  0>anty,  began  practice  in  Franklin,  Venan- 

1880  and  1887  ho  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  Su-  go  County,  in  1822,  and  returned  to  Mercer  Coontrin 

preme  Court  of  the  State,  and  in  1883  declmed  a  fourth  1830.    In  1835  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  and  on  tb« 

nomination  for  Governor.  expiration  of  his  term  was  sent  to  tbe  State  Senate. 

Parker,  Peter,  physician  and  clergyman,  bom  in  In  1849  he  was  a|>pointed  judge  of  the  Tweltth  Jodi- 

Framingham,  Mass.,  June  18,  1S04;  died  in  Wash-  dal  District,  and  in  1851,  under  a  change  in  the  State 

ington,  D.  C,  Jan.  10,  1888.    He  took  the  academic,  Constitution,  was  elected  to  the  office  for  ten  vean. 

medical,  and  theological  courses  at  Yale,  and  in  1834  He  was  re-elected  in  1861  and  1871,  and  declineil  tbe 

was  ordained  a  Congregational  clergyman  and  ap-  nomination  in  1881.    He  became  president  jixke  o( 

pointed  a  missionary  to  C/nina.    Soon  after  his  arrival  the  district,  and  retired  from  service  in  January,  i$82. 

at  Canton,  he  combined  both  professions,  established  PezUna,  Graorge  Leonflid,  treasurer,  bom  in  Norwich, 

a  hospital  for  the  special  treatment  of  diseases  of  tbe  Conn.,  Aug.  5,  1788:  died  there,  Sept.  5, 1888.   He 

eye,  which  he  was  shortly  obliged  to  throw  onen  for  was  educated  in  public  schools,  and  in  1807  he  walked 

^neral  practice,  and  preachea  regularly  to  nis  pa-  to  Poughkeepsie  to  embark  in  the  "  Clermont "  for 

tients.     [lis  success  as  a  physician  was  so  large  tnat  New  York  city.    The  steamer  trip  lasted  a  day  and  a 

within  the  firat  year  he  treated  over  2,000  {>eraons,  ni^ht,  and  he  then  returned  homo  on  foot  by  way  of 

and  formed  a  class  of  native  student**  in  medicine  and  New  Haven.    During  the  war  with  Great  Britain  be 

surgery  to  ud  him  in  his  work.     In  1840,  in  conse-  was  paymaster  of  the  United  States  Military  Dis^iot 

quence  of  the  war  with  England,  he  dosed  his  iiospi-  No.   2.  inclucling  Rhode    Island,   Connecticut,  and 

tal  and  returned  to  the  United  States.     In  1842  he  re-  Massachusetts,  and  was  seven!  times  in  service  as 

turned  to  Canton,  and   reopened  his  hospital  ;  in  maior  of  brigiuie.    He  was  one  of  the  committee  ap- 

1845  he  was  appointed  secretary  and  interpreter  to  the  pointed  to  receive  Lafayette  in  1824.     At  tiie  age  of 

United  States  embassy  ;   was  acting   United  States  torty-seven  he  became  a  director  in  the  Norwich  and 

minister  several  times ;  and  in  1855  w&s  apf>ointed  Worcester  Railroad,  of  wMoh  he  was  one  of  the  io- 

United  States  Commissioner  to  China  to  revise  the  corporators,  and  in  1838  was  elected  treasurer  of  the 

treaty  of  1844.     On  the  completion  of  this  service  in  road,  which  office  ho  then  held  until  his  death.    He 

1857,  he  returned  permanently  to  the  United  States,  outlived  eight  of  the  nine  presidents  and  more  than 

Among  his  publications  arc  **  Journal  of  an  Expedi-  ninety  directora  of  the  compcny.     Mr.  Perkins  voted 

tion  from  Sinj?apore  to  Japan '^  (London,  1838) ;  ^*  A  at  eighteen  presidential  elections,  and  wa<  introduced 

Statement  respecting  Hospitals  in  China"  (1841 ) ;  and  to  twelve  of  the  Presidents.    He  continued  in  the  fall 

"  Eulo2T  on  Henry  Wilson  "  ( Washington,  1880).  possession  of  his  faculties  until  his  death,  and  his  one 

Patriox,  Maraena  B.,  soldier,  bom  near  Watertown,  nundredth  birthday  was  celebrated. 
Jefferson  County,  N.  Y.,  March  15,  1811  ;  died  in  Ph^pa,  Qeorge  May,  inventor,  bom  in  Waterrliet, 
Dayton,  Ohio,  July  27,  1888.     He  was  graduated  at  Albany  County,  N.  Y.,  March   19,  1820;  died  in 
the  United  States  Military  Academy  in  1835,  served  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  May  18,  1888.    In  earlv  life  he  be- 
through  the  Mexican  War,  became  captain  m  1847,  came  a  manufacturer  of  mathematiced  instiumentoi 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.                                             649 

^rward  of  %ht  machinery.    Soon  after  Samuel  connection  with  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  for 

Bdorse  had  demonstrated  the  practicability  of  nine  years,  discovered  the  method  of  discoloriadn? 

tj^etic  telegraph,  Mr.  Phelps  engaged  in  the  iodine,  was  a  delegate  to  the  International  Medical 

icture  of  telegraphic  instruments  and  the  in-  Congres^s  in  London  in  1881,  and  published  many 

1  of  new  apparatus,  as  the  service  was  devel-  articles  and  pamphlets  on  the  treatment  of  the  ear. 

On  the  organization  of  the  American  Tele-  Porter,  Elbert  8.,  clergyman,  bom  in  Hillsborough, 
Company  he  sold  out  his  manufacturing  busi-  N.  J.,  Oct  23,  1820;  died  in  Claverack,  Columoia 
id  entered  the  employ  of  that  corporation.  He  County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  26, 1888.  He  was  frraduated  at 
arge  of  the  factory  till  the  company  was  merged  Princeton  m  1889,  studied  law,  but  gave  it  up  to  pro- 
be Western  Union,  and  then  remained  in  the  pare  forUie  ministry,  and  was  graduated  at  tneTheo- 
i  service  till  1884,  when  he  was  retired.  His  Wical  Senunary  in  I^ew  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  in  1842. 
ions  include  the  electro-magnetic  spet^  gov-  The  same  year  he  entered  the  New  Brunswick  Classis 
,1858);  printing  telegraphs  (1869-'76);  dec-  of  the  Keformed  Church.  In  1848  he  was  called  bv 
railroad-signal  (l8«9);  magnetic  motor  (1874);  a  missionary  congregation  in  Chatham.  N.  Y.,  witn 
\g  telegraph-transmitter  (1877) ;  polarized  eloc-  whom  he  remained  seven  years  ;  in  1849  he  went  to 
gnet  (1878) ;  speaking  telephone  (l878) ;  switch  the  First  Befoimed  Dutch'Church  of  Wi11iam$> burgh 
;tric  speaking  telephones  (1879) ;  carbon  tele-  (now  a  part  of  Brooklyn),  and  held  its  pastorate 
(1879) ;  signal-box  for  district  and  alann  tele-  tiiirt^-four  years,  resigning  in  1888  on  account  of 

( 1882) ;  rotating  type-wheels  of  printing  tele-  impaired  health.    In  1852  he  became  editor  of  the 

[1884) :  and  microphone  transmitter  (1888).  '*  Christian  Intelligencer,"  the  organ  of  his  denomi- 

vipgt  dhariai  Wif  naval  officer,   bom  in  New  nation,  and  remained  in  charge  of  it  sixteen  years. 

ibire  in  1806;  died  in  St  Augustine,  Fla.,  Feb.  Thougn  he  retired  trom  editorial  work  to  give  his 

i8.     He  was  appointed  a  midshipman  in  the  whole  time  to  his  church  in  1868,  he  continued  to 

States  Navy,  May  1,  1822,  was  commissioned  write  for  the  '^  Intelligencer,"  and  also  contributed  to 

aut,  Pec  8,  1838.  commander,  Sept.  14,  1855,  the  "  Christian  at  Work,"  the  "  Christian  Weekly," 

I,  July  16, 1862,  placed  on  the  retired  list,  Feb.  and  other  periodicals.    He  was  president  of  the  first 

7,   and  promoted  commodore,   Dec.   8.   1867.  General  Synod  held  atterthe  name  of  the  denomination 

f  bis  naval  service  he  was  on  sea  duty  eighteen  was  ehan^^  to  Kefomied  Church  of  North  America, 

and  seven  months,  on  shore  and  other  duty  and  published  "  A  History  of  the  Reformed  Dutch 

yeare  and  six  months,  and  was  unemplo^recl  Church  in  the  United  States,"  ^^  The  Pastor^ s  Guide," 

thirty-seven  years.     He  was  the  executive  and  tracts  and  hymns. 

of  the  ^^Cyane,"  which  took  out  the  Darien  Porterf  Jamesi  clergyman,  bom  in  Middleborough, 
ins  Bxpedition  in  1854,  and  immediately  after-  Mass.,  March  21,  1808 ;  died  in  Brooklyn^  N.  Y.,  April 
ailed  to  Greytown,  Nicaragua,  and  bombarded  16,  1888.  He  was  prepared  at  Kent's  Hill  Seminary. 
106  in  consequence  of  outrages  committed  on  Readfield,  Me,  and  received  into  the  New  £ng1ana 
3an  citizens,  and  was  the  first  commander  of  Conference :  was  president  of  the  board  of  trustees 
Cearsarge,"  but  before  her  fight  with  the  "  Ala-  of  the  Conference ;  a  delegate  to  the  General  Conter- 
'  was  transferred  to  the  "  Housatonic"  enoe  from  1844  till  1872 ;  an  overs^eer  of  Harvard  Uni- 
epamtp  Hanzy  Erdyny  philanthropist,  bom  in  versity  (the  first  Methodist  clergyman  chosen  to  that 
yn,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  8,  1808;  died  there,  March  28.  oflScc),  from  1852  till  1865;  a  trustee  of  Wesleyan 
He  received  an  academic  education,  assisted  Univer^itv  from  1855  till  1871 :  a  trustee  for  several 
Wff  in  managing  his  vast  estate  in  Brooklyn,  years  of  the  Concord,  N.  H..  Biblical  Institute ;  Man- 
broad  in  18SS,  and  in  his  absence  was  appoint-  a^r  of  the  Methodist  Book  Concern  in  New  York 
of  the  commissioners  to  prepare  plans  tor  lay-  city  from  1856  till  1868  ;  and  secretary  of  the  National 
t  the  public  grounds  and  streets  of  tlie  newly  Temperance  Society  from  1868  till  1882.  Dr.  Porter 
•ed  city  of  Brooklyn,  and  prepared  the  plans,  was  a  contributer  to  numerous  periodicals,  and  pub- 

pen^>nal  inspection  of  all  the  large  cities  in  lished    **  Camp-Meetings  considered"   (New  \ork, 

>,  that  were  in  substance  adopted    in  1885.  1849):   " Chart  of  Life "  (1855);  "The  Tme  Evan- 

abroad  he  also  studied   the  principal  rural  "''i'"*"   /'ift«A\.    *iTK«  -Winr^irMr  Wnrirop»>   nkT±\' 
ries,  and  on  his  return  drew  plans  for  convcrt- 
e  Gowanus  hills  into  a  city  of  the  dead.    He 

red  Mi^i.   David  B.  Douirlas  to  elaborate  hi:*  ters"  (1879);  **  Christianity  demonstrated  by  Expe- 

j,  and  in  1838  obtained  a  charter  for  the  Green-  rience  "  (1882) ;  **  History  of  Spirit  Rappings ; "  and 

>emetery  Company.    In  that  year,  on  the  death  "  Common-Place  Book." 

father,  he  inherited  the  greater  part  of  the  Potts,  Frederiok  An  financier,  bom  in  Pottsville,  Pa., 
yn  estate  and  a  portion  of  Uiat  in  the  northcm  April  4, 1836  ;  died  in  New  York  city,  Nov.  9,  1888. 
»,  and  his  subsequent  life  was  occupied  with  He  was  a  son  of  George  H.  Potts,  for  many  vears 
provement  of  his  property  and  the  promotion  president  of  the  National  Park  Bonk  of  New  York 
ivolent  and  ecclesiastical  enterprises.  city,  and  one  of  the  first  shippers  of  coal  by  canal  to 
B^i  Hovaidi  surgeon,  bom  in  New  York  citv,  the  seaboard.  He  became  a  clerk  in  the  coal  firm  of 
,1887;  died  near  London,  England.  May  14,  Louis  Audenried  &  Co.  in  1655,  was  admitted  to 
He  was  graduated  at  the  New  York  Free  Acad-  the  firm  in  1865,  and  lormed  the  coal  finn  of  F,  A. 
I  1866,  and  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Potts  «fe  Co.  in  1870.  In  1872  he  was  defeated  as 
>ns  in  184iO,  and  immediately  went  on  duty  as  Republican  candidate  for  Congress  in  the  Fourth  Dis- 
«nrgeon  in  Bellevue  Hospital.  At  the  begin-  trict  of  Now  Jersey;  but  in  1874  wa»  elected  to  the 
f  the  civil  war  he  went  to  the  field  as  sunreon  New  Jersey  State  Senate.  He  served  for  several 
Ninth  Militia  Re^ment  (the  Eighty-third  New  years  as  chairman  of  the  Republican  State  Commit- 
(^olunteers),  took  nart  in  the  battles  of  Bairs  tee,  and  in  1880  was  defeatea  as  candidate  for  Gov- 
Harper's  Ferry,  South  Mountain,  and  Antie-  ernor.  In  1877  he  was  elected  a  director  of  the  Cen- 
iras  several  times  assigned  to  special  hospital  tral  Railroad  of  New  Jersey ;  and  in  June.  1881,  on 
md  was  forced  by  an  attack  of  typhoid  fever  to  the  consolidation  of  the  New  Jersey  Midiond  and 
in  1868.  On  his  recovery  he  was  appointed  an  other  smaller  lines,  and  the  formation  of  the  New 
nt  sursreon,  United  States  Army,  with  the  rank  York,  Susquehanna  and  Western  Railroad  Company, 
or,  and  placed  in  charge  of  the  hospital  in  Fred-  he  was  elected  president.  He  was  one  of  the  largest 
yity,  Md.  After  the  war,  he  retumod  to  New  shippers  of  coal  in  the  world, 
city,  and  practiced.    He  was  one  of  the  first  Pmaifer,  Boyal  Mackintosh,  publisher,  bom  in  New- 


I 


mo 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


four  years,  ho  had  riften  to  a  partoerahip,  and  in  1869 
he  became  head  of  the  tirm.  He  was  foremost  in  pro- 
curing a  city  charter  for  Newton,  and  in  the  building 
of  the  water- works  there ;  and  in  1879  he  was  elected 
Mayor  without  opposition.  He  was  the  first  secretary 
ana  treasurer  of  tne  New  England  Associated  Press, 
and  a  director  in  several  business  corporations,  and  in 
1886  became  president  of  the  Marietta  and  Geoi^a 
Kailroad. 

AaflbrtTf  ThomMi  soldier,  bom  in  Londonderry,  Ire- 
land, April  10,  1823;  died  in  Plainfield,  N.J.  Feb. 
21,  188S.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1834,  and 
when  fourteen  years  old  was  apprenticed  to  the  hat- 
tei^^  trade.  On  attaining  his  majority  he  began  man- 
ufacturing hats  on  his  own  account,  and  in  1849  went 
to  California.  Subsequently  settling  in  New  York 
city,  he  was  brou<;ht  under  the  influence  of  Elder 
Jacob  Knapp,  withdrew  from  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  ana  united  with  the  Tabernacle  Baptist 
Church,  with  which  he  held  membership  till  within 
a  short  time  of  his  death.  On  July^  7,  1861,  he  was 
appointed  captain  of  a  Brooklyn  regiment;  Julv  81, 
1862,  was  promoted  mstior;  May  1,  1863,  became  lieu- 
tenant-colnnel,  and  with  that  rank,  though  ho  had 
long  been  in  command  of  his  regiment,  was  mustered 
out  on  July  80, 1864.  During  tois  service  he  partici- 
pated in  tne  battles  of  Fair  Oaks,  Fredericksburg, 
Chancellors ville,  Gettysburg,  Wapping  Heights,  the 
Wilderness,  Cold  Haroor,  Petersburg,  where  he  was 
wounded,  and  elsewhere,  and  was  brcvetted  brigadier- 
general  ror  gallantry  in  the  field,  but  declined  the 
promotion.  He  believed  that  he  had  been  unfairly 
treated  through  motives  of  jealousy,  and  claimed  that, 
as  he  had  long  been  colonel  of  his  regimpnt  in  fact, 
he  should  have  received  that  rank.  He  wa'^  a  mem- 
ber of  the  New  York  Produce  Exchange,  and  retired 
from  business  in  January,  1887. 

Bajf  Jdhnf  lawyer,  bom  in  Washingt'^n  County, 
Mo.,  Oct.  14, 1816 ;  died  in  Now  New  Orleans,  La,, 
March  4,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at  Transylvania 
University,  Lexington,  Ky.,  in  1885,  removed  to  Mon- 
roe, La.,  the  same  year,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1839.  In  1844  he  was  elected  to  the  loner  branch 
of  the  State  Le>^8lature ;  in  1 850  to  the  Stcite  Senate ; 
111  1854  and  18i^  was  defeated  as  Whig  candidate  for 
Lieutenant-Governor ;  in  1860  was  a  presidential  elect- 
or on  the  Bell  and  Everett  ticket ;  and  through  the 
civil  war  was  a  strong  Unionist.  He  gave  his  sup- 
port to  the  reconstruction  plan  of  Congress,  and  was 
elected  to  that  body  in  1865,  but  was  not  seated. 
During  1868-^72  he  served  as  State  Senator,  and  also 
as  commissioner  to  revise  the  civil  code,  the  code  of 
procedure,  and  the  statutes  of  the  State.  He  removed 
to  New  Orleans  in  1872;  was  elected  United  States 
Senator  in  1873  by  the  Kellogg  Legislature  when 
William  L.  McMillen.  the  choice  of  the  McEnery 
Legislature,  conte:»ted  tne  election,  with  the  result  that 
neither  was  seated ;  was  registrar  of  the  State  Land- 
Office  in  1 873-* 77 ;  and  was  appointed  special  attorney 
for  the  Federal  Government  to  prosecute  tlie  local 
whbky  cases  in  1878.  He  was  also  an  attomey  for 
Mrn.  Myra  Clark  Gaines,  and  for  the  French  citizens 
of  New  Orleans  who  hod  claims  apiinst  the  Gk»vera- 
ment  for  losses  sustained  during  the  civil  war  by  the 
operations  of  the  national  army  in  Louisiana.  He 
was  author  of  a  *^  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Louisiana'' 
(2  vols..  New  Orleans,  1870). 

Saymondi  Bobert  Baikei,  educator,  bom  in  New  York 
city,  Nov.  2,  1817 ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  16, 
1888.  He  was  graduated  at  Union  College  in  1837, 
studied  Jaw  in  Cincinnati  with  Salmon  P.  Chase, 
abandoned  it  for  theology,  took  the  full  course  in 
Madison  University,  and  was  ordained  to  the  minis- 
try of  the  Baptist  Church.  After  preaching  ten  years- 
he  applied  himself  to  teaching,  literary  pursuits,  ana 
the  study  of  Shakespeare.  In  1856  he  was  appoint- 
ed Professor  of  English  Literature  in  Brooklj-n  Poly- 
technic Institute,  in  1876  removed  to  Boston  to  teach 
Shakespeare  in  the  School  of  Oratory  there,  in  1879 
became  president  of  that  institution,  and  in  1884  re- 


turned to  Brooklyn.    He  was  a  brother  of  Dr.  Joho 
11.  Raymond,  president  of  Vassar  College. 

Kedneldi  Jvitna  Stair,  publisher,  bom  in  Walliitf- 
ford.  Conn.,  Jan.  2,  1810;  died  near  Florence,  N.T, 
March  24. 1888.  He  was  apprenticed  to  the  printer'^ 
trade,  ana  also  learned  stereotyping.  When  twenty- 
one  years  old  he  opened  a  publishing-office  in  New 
York  city,  and  brought  out  the  first  illustrated  mootb- 
ly  periodical  in  the  United  States,  *^  The  Family  Mag- 
azine.*^ He  published  this,  under  the  editor&hip  cK 
Bonson  J.  Lossing  and  A.  Sidney  Doane,  eight  .Team, 
and  on  the  death  of  his  brother,  who  managed  the 

Eictorial  deportment,  discontinued  it,  and  establiiibed 
imself  as  a  bookseller,  printer,  and  publisher.  lie 
carried  on  this  business  dii  1860,  was  appointed  United 
States  consul  at  Otranto,  Italy^  in  1861,  was  tnia- 
ferred  to  the  consulate  at  Brindisi  in  1864,  and  resigned 
that  year.  Mr.  Bedfield  was  the  original  Amerioan 
publisher  of  the  collected  writings  of  Edgar  Allao 
roe,  William  Ma^n,  and  John  Doran  :  broi^t  out 
*'  Noctes  Ambrosianae,**  the  revised  worss  of  Willkuo 
Gilmore  Simms,  and  numerous  miscellaneous  worb; 
edited  Jean  Mac»^*s  ^^  Histoire  d*une  Rouchec  de  Pain  " 
(Pari.H.  1861)  ;  and  translated  '^  The  Mysterieis  of 
Neapolitan  Convents,^^  th>m  the  Italian  of  Henrietti 
Caracciolo  (Hartford,  1867). 

SUbt,  Henrj  HizEiDf  lawyer,  bom  in  Great  Btninf- 
ton,  Mass.,  Sept.  1,  1818  ;  died  in  Constantine,  Micb., 
Feb.  8,  1888.  Ho  was  apprenticed  to  the  printer'^ 
trade  in  the  office  of  the  ^^  Columbia  Kepubliean," 
Hudson,  N.  Y.,  and  afterward  worked  in  the  office  of 
the  ^^  Now  York  Gazette  and  Commercial  Advertiser.^ 
In  1887  he  went  to  Waterloo,  N.  Y.,  and  was  e<^lor 
and  publisher  of  the  "  Seneca  Observer"  five  year*; 
and  in  1842  removed  to  Kalamazoo,  Mich.,  studied 
law,  ^nd  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  then  made  hiii 
permanent  residence  in  Constantino.  He  was  prose- 
cuting attomey  of  St.  Joseph  County  in  lS4$-'50; 
State  Senator  in  1850,  1851,  and  1862  ;  was  appointed 
one  of  the  commissioners  to  revise  the  State  Constito- 
lion  in  1878 ;  and  became  a  trustee  of  the  Nortbern 
Asylum  for  the  Insane  in  Travere  City  and  dbtrict 
court  judge.    He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 


BobhiBon,  John,  showman,  bom  in  Utica,  N.  Y..  July 
22,  1803 ;  died  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Aug.  4, 1888.  lie 
ran  away  fVom  home  when  a  boy  to  ahip  as  a  sailor, 
but  a  shipwreck  satisfied  this  amoition.  and  he  f^pent 
several  years  working  as  a  driver  on  tne  Erie  Canal, 
and  in  a  Newport  hotel.  While  at  Newport  he  made 
his  first  visit  to  a  circus,  and  then  resolved  to  seek 
employment  in  that  line.  An  opportunity  was  aooo 
afibrded  him  to  travel  with  Col.  Pago's  menagerie. 
In  four  years  he  became  a  skillful  and  daring  perform- 
er, and  for  twenty  years  he  was  a  popuuu'  tavorite. 
From  Page's  menagerie  he  went  with  Page  &  Me- 
Cracken's  circus,  and  thon  with  Turners  cirnts, 
Stewart's  Amphitheatre,  Hawkins's  circus,  Benedkc 
&  Haddock's  circus,  and  tlie  Zoological  Institute. 
He  first  visited  Cincinnati  in  1820,  and  thirty  years 
afterward  built  an  elegant  mansion  there,  woich  he 
ever  afterward  occupi^.  At  SL  Louis  he  orgaDiied 
a  circus,  and,  under  a  contract  with  the  Americaa 
Theatre  of  New  Orleans,  took  it  to  Havana  and  then 
exhibited  throughout  the  United  States.  With  the 
proceeds  of  this  venture  he  was  able  to  travel  wholly 
on  his  own  account,  and  made  money  rapidly.  He 
built  the  National  Theatre  in  New  Orleans  in  IS4'X 
made  a  business  connection  with  Dan  Kioe  in  1H5« 
and  built  Robinson's  Opera  House  in  CindnnatL 

Bookwellf  JqUqi.  kiwyer,  bom  in  Colebrook,  Coon., 
April  26,  1805;  died  in  Lenox,  Maas.^  May  19,188S. 
He  was  crraduatod  at  Yale  in  1826.  studied  in  the  Nev 
Haven  Law  School,  was  admittoa  to  the  bar  in  1839, 
and  began  practicing  in  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  in  1880.  H« 
was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature  aa  a 
Whig  from  1834  till  188S,  was  Speaker  &om  ISSotiU 
1838,  and  in  the  latter  year  waa  appointed  State  Bask 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


iiDmisaioiMT.  Iq  1816  he  itrb  elected  to  Coniren : 
reed  till  18I>2;  Huoceeded  Edward  Everett  as  United 
■tea  Senator  in  1854  ;  was  a  member  of  the  eonven- 
>ii  to  revioc  liie  CoostUutioii  of  Maunctiu setts  in 
u  the  flint  candidate  of  the  Republican  ■partj 


■GOTB 


State  Senator,  and  served  Tour  Tean;  In  1B54  «u 
again  clecied  to  tbe  Anaambl}' ;  id  1867  nas  defeated 
a»  Wbig  candidate  for  Goi/enior  bv  230  votes  out  of 
100, MO  i  and  in  ISaO  was  elected  to  Canureaa.  Dui^ 
■as  a  member  of  the  Comtoll- 


--    _..^__.  .    __     Depiirtment,  and  artcr  bi«  re-election  in  1862  served 

le  iraa  appointed  iti  flrat  j>id?o  :  he     on  the  Committee  on  Naval  Affairs.    IlenasHUthoraf 
"          "        "                          the  bill  that  led  to  the  couBtmction  of  the  Union  P«- 
ciflc,  the  Kansas  Pacific,  and  the  Centra]  Paciflc  Bail- 
roads  ;  and  in  18ET  was  appointed  one  of  the  directors 
-'  •'•-  ' '"  1866  be  was  aeain  elected  Stale 


ie  resided. 


Id  thif  

Koa,  Ednid  F^r^  author,  bom  in  New  Wind* 
y.,  March  T,  1838;  died  m  Cornwall,  N.  V.,  July 
.  1888.     He  naa  gmduated  at  William:'  College  anil 
.1 J  Theological  Seininary.  — '  — '-■——•  —- 


esbj'lerian  Duaiatry. 


I  ordained 

le  was  appointed 
chaplsin  of  the  Second 
New  York  Keijiracnt, 
the  Harris  light  Csv- 
niry,  and  served  with 
the  army  till  the  olow 
of  the  war,  taklnic  part 
intberuduponTiich- 
Qiond,  in  wbich  Col. 
Uirie  Dahlgrcn  was 
killed  iu  leni.  andre- 
cciviDg  from  President 

mcnt  of  cbapfam  of 
the  hospitala  at  fort 
Monroe, Vi     " 


Senator,  and  sffer 
from  political  life.     On 
party  he  joined   the  A 


e  tier. 


;vithdre' 


18T4    I 


I    the  V 


till 


Presbjleria 
cnurun  at  lliifhiana 
Falls,  N.  Y.  In  18:4 
'  rcalxned  his  pastorate,  bought  a  brm  at  Com- 
tl1,-fliiid,  removing  thither,  engajied  in  the  cultiva- 
m  of  ti'uit  and  plants  and  in  autborHfaip.  Tbe 
liicBTo  Are  of  18T1  flist  inspired  him  to  becnme 
I  author.  He  spent  several  dsys  amid  the  ruins, 
odiod  the  topography  of  the  city,  and  as  the  ^tory 
■ew  upon  him,  he  "  merelv  let  the  character*  do  a» 
ley  pleased,  and  work  out  [heir  own  dertinv."  This 
MTj,  "  Barriers  burned  away,"  was  published  in 
tt%  and  within  a  few  yearn  had  a  aale  of  68,000 
opi«a.  All  his  stories  were  founded  upon  Arneri- 
a  events  or  phaaea  of  American  life.  ''Withouta 
Joene"  deals  with  New  York  tenement-house  and 
Wail'Store  life;  "An  Original  Belle"  derives  its  ao- 
im  tVom  the  civil  war  and  the  draft  riots  in  New 
tiirk  dty :  "  Nature's  Serial  Story  "  describes  coun- 
n  life  and  work  and  the  scenerr  of  the  Hudson 
OKhlands;  and  "The  E:irtb  trembled  "  is  n  reflex 
If  (h«  Charieston  earthquakea.  At  the  time  of  his 
hath  the  sale  of  his  works  of  Action  was  thus  esti- 
Tited:  "Barrieta  burned  away"  (IB72),  69,000; 
"What  ran  she  do?"  (1878),  *4,000;  "  Oponintf  a 
CliHtnat  Burr"  (19711,  66,000;  "Near  to  datura's 
Ktart"  (1878),  5a,i'00;  "From  Jest  lo  Earnest" 
;iBrS),  61,000;  "A  Knight  of  the  Nineteenth  (.'cnt- 
17"  (1877),  64,000:  ''^A  Faoe  Illumined"  (1878), 
IS.OOO;  "  A  Day  of  Cato"  (ISflO),  50,00n  ;  "  Without 
iBome"  (1880),  60,000;  -'His  Somber  Rivals"  (188S|, 
17,000;  "A  Young  Girl's  Wooing"  (18841,  «,ft00; 
'inUrinnal  Bella"  11885),  85,(100:  "Driven  back 
a  Eden''  (1883),  30,000;  "Nature's  Serial  Story" 
18M),  24,000;  "The  Earth  trembled"  (ISST),  84,- 
HW;  and  "Ho  fell  in  Love  with  his  Wife"  (1836), 
li.iWO.  His  "Miss  Lou,"  a  story  of  Southern  iitb 
iter  tbe  close  of  the  war,  waa  completed  alter  his 
iath,  by  meauB  of  an  extract  from  bis  diary.  Besidea 
Kcse  works  he  pabliH  bed  "Culture  of  Small  Fruits." 
'SuBSMB  with  Small  FruiU,"  and  "  Play  and  Profit 
Qlhe  Garden." 

IdliMbJaiiwSiibMT,  lawyer,  bom  in  Madison  Cnun- 
r,  Kv.,  April  IS,  1B12;  died  in  Columbia,  Mo.,  Ji 
,  1888.  He  was  gndunted  at  the  State  University 
r  Indiana  in  ISSO;  and  at  the  Tnnsylvania  Law 
cbool,  Kentucky,  in  1838;  and  settled  in  Boone 
noDtv,  Ho.  In  1838, 1840  and  1842  he  was  elected 
■nber  of  the  Stale  Aisembly ;  in  1846  was  elected 


>soluti'n  of  tlio  Whig 
n,  and  after  that   tbe 

, aiialed  till  18P0,  when 

be  became  a  Rcputilican.  Mr.  Rollins  was  the  lather 
of  the  State  University  of  Missouri. 

Elohnnuker,  Beals  Helanohtlum,  theo!oEian,  bom  In 
Gettyi-bu^,  Pa.,  Aug.  26.  1827;  died  in  Pottatown, 
Pu.,  Get.  18, 1888.     He  belonifed  to  the  thi>d  ^nem- 

Bl«d  at  Pennsylvania  College  in  1844,  and  studied  the- 
oloiry.  In]84T  be  wa^  liccn.ied  to  preach  by  tiie  West 
Penusylvania  Synod  and  in  1849  ordained  by  the 
Synod  of  Virginia.  He  held  the  following  pa>^tomtes: 
At  Mnrtinsbuiy,  Vn.,  !848-'61  j  Allentown,  Pa,  18+2- 
'62;  Easton,  Pa.,  1962-'B7 ;  Reading.  Pa.,  lB6T-'80; 
Poltstown,  Pa.  lB60-'89.  He  waa  seoreUry  of  tbe 
Committee  lor  iforeign  Missions  ol  the  General  Coun- 

of  the  Mmislcrium  of  Pcnnsj Ivaoiu  for  many  years; 
corresponding  »eoretiiy  of  the  General  Council  fl^m 
its  organiialioD,  in  1S8T,  until  his  death  ;  and  secre- 
tary ofthe  board  of  directors  of  the  Theological  Semi- 
nary, at  Philsdelnbia,  I8a4-'8B.  He  was  one  of  the 
louniicrs  of  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Philadelphia 
in  1864;  of  Muhlenberg  College,  Allentown,  Pa.,  in 
1647;  and  of  the  General  Council  in  IB67.  fie  was 
recognized  aei  one  of  the  best  litur^jical  soholaia  and 
hymnolo^ts  in  America.  Most  of  hix  leisure  time  . 
was  devot«d  to  these  studies,  and  most  of  hia  con- 
tributions to  Lutheran  literature  were  in  that  line. 
As  co-editor  he  i'umiEhed  valuable  material  for  the 
now  edition  of  "  Hal  leecbe  Nachrichten"  (Allenlown, 
Pa.,  and  Halle ;  Engli-b  edition,  Reading,  Pa.),  the 

frimary  sonree  of  information  coDceraing  the  larly 
istoiT  of  the  Lutheran  Church  in  America.  He  ed- 
ited "Liturgy  of  the  Mini^terium  of  Pennsylvania  " 
(PhiladelpliU,  I860);"  Collection  ofHvmns"  (1865); 
"Churoh-Book  of  the  Genera]  Council"  (18li8j; 
"Ministerial  A  eta  of  the  General  Coundl"  (1887). 
The  Common  Service  is  based  on  tbe  liturgies  of 

suit  of  Dr.  Schmucker's  research.  Jle  look  a  leading 
part  in  the  preparation  of  tbe  service,  and  with  the 
complete  manuscript  in  bis  salohel  he  died  on  Ibe 
way  to  the  printer. 

Baawell,  WaihlngtM),  soldier,  born  in  Virginia  in 
1802;  died  in  San  Francieco,  Col.,  Jan.  9,  1888.  He 
wasgraduatedat  the  United  Stalea  Military  Academy 
in  I8115,  and  commineioned  brevet  second  lieutenant 
of  the  Seventh  United  Sut«  Infantry,  served  with 
that  regiment  and  on  engineering  duty  till  IB^^V,  tvas 
appointed  disbursing  agent  of  Indiim  affaire  in  1832, 
and  became  adjutant-general  and  aide-de-camp  on 
thesttttfof  Gen.  Matthew  Arbucklc  in  1834.  Altera 
tncritoriouB  servica  among  the  Indians  on  the  Western 
f'rentier,  lie  waa  promoted  caftain  in  July,  18^6,  was 
brevetted  nuyor  tor  gallantry  in  the  Seminole  War  in 
Florida,  took  part  in  the  operations  of  the  Army  ol 
Occupation  in  Texas  in  1845-'46,  distinguished  him- 
self at  Fort  Brown,  Tex.,  at  the  beairining  ot  Oen. 
Tavlor'a  campaign,  and  waa  promoted  moior  of  the 
Seoond  Infantry,  March  8,  1847.     In  1849  he  necom- 

Cied  his  regiment  lo  Monterev,  Cal.     Subsequently 
was  on  duty   at  Jetferaon   Barracka,   Mo.,  Fort 
Hamilton,  N.  Y,,  and  Benicia,  Cnl.     In  1862  he  waa 

Cromoted  lieutenant-colonel,  and  served  in  Texas  tlU 
B60;  in  October,  1860,  was  promoted  colonel  and  a*- 


652 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


Bigned  to  the  Sixth  Infantry  at  Benicia,  CaL  ;  and  on 
Feb.  20,  1862,  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  In  conse- 
quence of  disabilities  incurred  in  the  service.  Though 
unable  to  perform  field  duty,  he  was  anxious  for  mui- 
tury  employment  durimir  the  civil  war,  and  ntler  his 
official  retirement  was  chief  mustering  and  disbursinf? 
officer  of  Kentucky  1 862-*  68,  and  of  the  Department 
of  the  Pacific;  1868-'64,  was  actin^r  assistant  provost- 
marshal  in  San  Francisco  1865-^66,  was  brevetted 
bri^radier-general.  United  States  Army,  Maroh  IS, 
1865,  und  was  tVilly  retired  in  March,  1869. 

Beajf  WUliam  A.,  lawyer,  bom  in  Burkville,  Va.,  in 
1881 ;  died  at  Shreveport,  La.,  Dec.  21, 1888.  He  was 
grraduated  at  Princeton  CoUe^  in  1850,  subsequently 
went  to  St.  Loui:«,  became  editor  of  the  **  Journal^"  a 
Democratic  paper,  and  joined  the  **  Kaw  "  Society 
during  the  Kansas  troubles.  Removing  to  Louisiana, 
he  beciarao  a  teacher  in  the  State  Military  Academv, 
and  during  the  civil  war  was  a  staff  officer,  and  bud- 
sequently  lieutenant  of  engineers.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  removed  to  Impides,  and  entered  upon 
practice.  He  served  as  a  Democratic  presidential  elect- 
or in  1876,  and  as  district  judge  and  member  of  tho 
Legislature.  He  was  appointed  chairman  of  the  com- 
mission to  revise  the  statutes  of  the  Stale,  and  soon 
atler  the  completion  of  this  work,  he  was  sent  ua 
minister  resident  to  Bolivia.  The  climate  disa^n^^ee- 
in/  with  him,  he  resigned^  and  returning  to  Louisiana, 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Shreveport. 

Settle,  ThomM,  jurist,  bom  in  Rockingham  County, 
N.  C,  JoD.  28, 1881 ;  died  in  Raleigh,  N.  C,  Dec.  1, 
1888.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  North 
Carolina  in  1S50,  and  soon  afterward  began  tho  study 
of  law.  He  became  in  1854  a  member  of  the  State 
Legislature,  in  which  he  served  till  1863,  being  Speaker 
of  tne  House  during  the  latter  year.  He  opposed  the 
secession  movement,  but  entered  the  Confederate 
Army  as  captain  in  the  Third  North  Carolina  Regi- 
ment, and  having  served  one  year,  returned  to  the 
practice  of  his  profession.  In  1865  he  joined  the  Re- 
pablican  party,  a^d  was  that  year  elcctisd  to  the  State 
Senate,  over  which  he  was  called  to  preside.  From 
18')S  till  1871  he  was  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
North  Carolina,  and  from  that  place  was  called  by 
President  Grant  to  be  United  States  minister  to  Peru, 
in  which  country  he  remained  but  a  tow  months  on 
accouut  of  feeble  health.  In  June,  1872,  he  presided 
over  the  Natiouol  Republican  Convention.  In  1877 
he  was  appointed  United  States  District  Judge  for  the 
Northern  District  of  Florida. 

Bewail,  Bamoel  TMmnnd,  lawyer,  bora  in  Boston, 
Nov.  9,  1799:  died  there  Dec.  20,  18S8.  He  was 
(rraduated  at  Harvard  in  1817,  and  at  the  Law  School 
m  1821,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  The  anti- 
slavery  cause  received  from  its  infancy  his  most  act- 
ive support,  nnd  he  was  frequently  called  upon  to 
defend  tu^iitive  slaves  who  were  arrested,  and  threat- 
ened with  a  return  to  captivity.  Ho  was  himself  once 
arrested  for  the  part  he  took  In  rescuing  one  of  these 
unfortunates.  William  Lloyd  Garrison  early  enlisted 
him  as  a  supporter,  and  His  pecuniary  aid  enabled 
Garrison  to  establisn  the  ^'Liberator''  and  continue 
it  through  the  first  year,  and  even  up  to  its  lost  vol- 
ume. He  prepared  the  arguments  ana  assisted  by  his 
counsel  and  sugLjestions  at  the  trial  of  John  Brown. 
For  several  years  he  wa*  the  Liberty  Mrty's  candi- 
date for  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  lie  is  said  to 
have  introduced  and  secured  the  passage  of  more  bills 
for  the  benefit  of  women  than  any  other  man  in  Mas- 
sachusetts. Grateful  women  placed  a  marble  bust  of 
him  in  Memorial  Hall,  at  Leximrton,  and  a  marble 
tablet  beneath  it  bears  a  poetic  trioute  from  his  inti- 
mate friend,  John  G.  Whittier. 

Bheridaii,  Mary  Miner,  pioneer,  bom  in  Cavan  County, 
Ireland,  April  16, 1801 ;  died  in  Somerset,  Ohio,  June 
12,  1888.  She  married  John  Sheridan,  a  native  of  the 
same  county,  in  1824;  removed  to  Quebec,  Canada, 
in  1829;  to  Albany,  N.  Y.,  in  1830;  and  to  Somerset 
a  few  years  afterward.  While  she  was  livinj?  in  Al- 
bany, her  oldest  child,  Philip  Henry  Sheridan,  the 


future  General  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States, 
born,  March  6,  1831.  She  was  a  woman  of  remoriu- 
ble  courage,  pertinacity,  and  benevolence,  was  greatly 
attached  to  ner  children,  and  after  their  happiness  and 
the  disch.'U!i^  of  her  household  duties,  found  ner  grea(> 
est  delight  in  ministering  to  the  sick  and  needy  of  her 
neighborhood.     She  became  a  widow  in  1875. 

wiaridin,  FhiHp  Hsniy,  soldier,  died  in  Nonqnitt, 
Mass.,  Aug.  5,  1888.  His  birtli place  has  been  t>ap- 
posed  to  M  Somerset,  Ohio,  but  it  was  recently  at- 
certiuned  to  be  Albany,  N.  Y.  (For  a  full  sketch  of 
his  career,  with  a  portrait  on  Hteel,  see  the  ^^  Annoil 
Cyclopedia  "  for  1888.  page  497. )  During  hi^  laft  lU- 
nessj  a  bill  was  passea  by  Congress  and  signed  by  the 
President,  restoring  the  grade  of  full  general  iii  the 
United  States  Army,  and  Gen.  Sheridan  was  ap- 
pointed to  that  rank'and  immediately  confirmed. 

BfUej,  Hiram,  financier,  bom  in  North  Adams,  Mafi»., 
Feb.  6, 1807 ;  died  in  Rochester^N.  Y.,  Julv  12,188i 
At  an  early  agd  he  was  af^prenticed  to  a  sLoemaker, 
but  the  trade  was  dL^pleasing  to  him,  and  he  set  oct, 
on  completing  his  seventeenth  year,  tor  Lima,  X.  Y., 
where  lie  found  employment  in  a  cotton -fiutorr. 
Here  he  remained  until  the  age  of  twenty-one,  wbtji 
he  established  a  machine-shop  at  a  place  now  culled 
Sibley ville,  in  Monroe  County.  At  the  end  of  t«o 
years  he  had  established  a  business  which  he  sold  oat 
for  a  sum  that  enabled  liim  to  remove  to  Kocbeiter 
and  there  open  a  banking-house.  Within  five  years 
he  was  elected  sheriff  of  Monroe  County.  In  1864  he 
became  associated  with  Ezra  Cornell,  and  with  him 
was  largely  interested  in  telegraph  companies  iod 
grants  under  the  Morse  patent.  Together  they  ab- 
sorbed and  brought  into  one  lai^  oomi>an^  tvituij 
others,  in  which  about  $7,000,000  had  been  investeil, 
and  thus  organized  the  Western  Union  Tcle^rraph 
Company,  which  was  chartered  by  the  Le^sUturwof 
Wisconsin  and  New  York  in  1856.  Of  this  compony 
he  was  the  first  president,  and  so  remained  till  IS^ 
when  failing  health  compelled  him  to  retire.  In  li^ 
ho  undertook  his  tranf>continental  telegraph,  for  the 
promotion  of  which  Congress  passed  an  act  gnotint 
an  annual  subsidy  for  ten  years  of  $40,000.  Sooo 
afterward  the  OveVland  Teleeraph  Company  w»  or- 
ffani^  in  San  J^'rancisoo,  and  subsequently  the  Sib> 
ley  and  Overland  interests  were  unit^  under  the 
name  of  the  Pacific  Telegraph  Company.  Five  yetn 
afterward  telegraphic  communication  from  ocesn  to 
ocean  was  at  the  service  of  the  public  Mr.  Sibley'i 
next  project  was  to  establish  telegraphic  commuaics- 
tion  with  Europe  by  wav  of  Asia^  across  Bebriog 
Strait.  Wires  were  actually  strung  in  SiHeriasod  io 
Alaska,  but  tho  succeMstul  layimr  of  the  Atlantic  cable 
put  an  end  to  this  enterprise.  After  retiring  trom  tbe 
Western  Union  Company,  he  establislicd  a  seed  and 
nursery  business  in  Kochester,  for  which  he  bought,  is 
vanous  parts  of  the  country,  67,000  acres  of  land.  H« 
entered  also  into  mining  operations.  Notwithstand- 
ing all  his  business  oarcs  he  was  public  spirited,  aou 
spent  lar^  sums  of  money  in  philanthropic  and  cbr- 
itable  objects.  He  founded  the  Sibley  College  of  Me- 
chanical Arts  at  Cornell  University,  built  and  pre- 
sented Sibler  Hall  to  the  Univernty  of  Kochester; 
built  a  churcn  in  his  native  town,  North  Adam.^;  ood* 
tributed  laigely  to  the  charitable  instituticns  rf  Kocb- 
ester ;  and  pcrrormed  a  thousand  charitable  deeda  that 
will  never  oe  publicly  known. 

Sbnpaoii,  Edwaid,  naval  officer,  bom  in  New  Yoik 
city,  March  8, 1824 :  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  D«c- 
2,  1888.     He  entered  the  na^al  service  Feb.  11.  \^,y 
nnd  was  in  the  steamer  *^  Vixen,'*  on  the  const  of  Mexi- 
co, during  the  Mexican  War,  taking  part  in  the  attaob 
upon  the  forts  of  Alvarado  and  Taoastco.  and  in  the 
capture  of  Tarnpico.     In  1^56  he  ioined  the  sloop 
*^  Portsmouth,*'  and  was  engaged  in  tne  bombardinent 
and  capture  of  the  Barrier  rorta  in  Canton  river, 
China.    Returning  home,  he  entered  upon  duty  st  the 
Naval  Academy  as  instructor  in  naval  gunnery  and 
commandant  of  midshipmen.     In  1862  he  was  com- 
missioned lieutenant-commander,  and  while  in  com- 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


653 


le  iroD-dad  ^*  Passaic  "  in  1868,  took  part  in 
J  on  Fort  Wagner.  Fort  Sumter,  and  Fort 
lie  waA  fieet-captain  of  tbe  blockading 
betbre  Mobile  when  that  city  capitulated, 
omotcd  commander  in  18$5,  and  captain  in 
1877  he  was  detailed  at  the  Brooklyn  Navy- 
ptain,  and  having  been  promoted  m  1878*to 
e,  he  was  placed  m  char^  of  the  New  Lon- 
Station.  where  he  remained  till  1881,  when 
ommana  of  League  Island  Navy  -  Yard, 
^mained  till  his  promotion  to  rear-admiral 
\  1684,  when  he  was  appointed  president  of 
oundry  Board.  From  this  service  he  was 
I  to  the  advisory  board,  and  from  this  to 
of  inspection,  on  which  duty  he  was  en- 
!n  he  was  retired,  March  8,  188H. 
rilliam  A.|  playwright,  born  in  Baltimore, 
[  10,  1843;  died  m  New  York  city.  May  lU, 
was  graduated  at  Di<!kinBon  College  in 
Led  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Imr  in 
lia,  Pa.,  in  1865.  He  practiced  for  several 
te  a  successtiil  comedy  in  1871,  followed  it 
idaptation  from  one  of  Ouida's  novels, 
adopted  the  name  of  Frederick  Mar^den, 
after  applied  himself  wholly  to  dramatic 
8  most  ambitious  play  was  ^^  Clouds/^  an 
society  drama,  for  which  he  received  $8,000. 
ae  of 'his  death  be  was  under  contract  to 
8  Ibr  which  he  was  to  receive  $88.<XK).  and 
mated  that  he  had  made  over  $100,000  by 
itic  compositions  and  adaptations.  After 
'  his  best  known  pieces  are  **  Zip,"  "  Mu- 
Bob,"  "Humbug,''  "Cheek,"  ^ Quack," 
lagh,"  "  Shaun  Rliue,"  "  The  Kerry  Gow," 
ih  Ministrel,"  "  Zara,"  "  Eily,"  ^*  Otto," 
*  Nemesis,"  and  "  Called  to  account." 
Biohaid  8i|  lawyer,  born  in  New  bury  port, 
1832;  died  on  Deer  Island,  Amesbury, 
:.  11,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at  Dumm'er 
studied  law,  and  opened  an  office  in  Boston. 
3  administration  of^President  Pierce,  he  was 
xioo  on  a  diplomatic  service  for  the  Govern- 
1858  he  was  a  member  of  tlie  Massachusetts 
e.  He  was  on  several  occasions  a  dcle^rate 
1  and  State  conventions,  and  was  president 
mocratic  State  Convention  that  nominated 
3r  the  last  time.  In  1884  be  was  tho  Demo- 
lidate  for  Congress  fk>m  his  dlntrict.  In 
irried  Harriet  Presoott,  the  well-known  au- 
surx'ives  him. 

Spihnim  G«arge,  author,  bom  in  Bethlehem, 

le  17, 1821 ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  April 

He  was  the  son  of  a  Methodist  cler^man, 

rought  up  to  work  on  a  tann.     He  l>ecame 

connected  with  the 
village  newspaper, 
and  studied  engi- 
neering. In  1841 
he  was  associated  in 
the  publication  of 
the  ^*New  York 
State  Mechanic,"  in 
Albany,  and  in  1848 
served  on  the  Hart- 
ford "Journal."  He 
then  went  to  Chilli- 
cothe,  Ohio,  where 
he  was  employed 
on  the  "  Scioto  Ga- 
zette," and  also 
served  as*  clerk  of 
the  Ohio  Legislat- 
ure. In  the  mean 
Ksame  associated  with  Dr.  Edwin  H.  Davis, 
Qgaged  in  exploring  the  mounds  in  the  vicin- 
JT  several  years  he  investigated  these  pre- 
mains  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Davis.  The 
re  published  in  "Ancient  Monuments  of  the 
A  Valley"  (Washington,  1848),  and  formed 
/olume  of  tbe  "  Smithsonian  Contributions 


to  Knowledge."  During  1848  Mr.  Squier  examined 
the  ancient  deposits  of  New  York  State,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society^  publish- 
in</  his  report  through  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  as 
"  Aboriginal  Monuments  of  the  State  of  New  York  " 
(1860).  He  was  appointed  special  chargi  d'affaires  to 
all  the  Central  American  States  in  1849,  and  negoti- 
ated treaties  with  Nicaragua,  Honduras,  and  Son  Sal- 
vador. In  1858  he  returned  to  Central  America  as 
secretary  of  the  Honduras  Intorcceanic  Railway  Corn- 
pan  v,  and  ho  subsequently  visited  Europe  in  behalf 
of  that  enterprise,  lie  was  appointed  United  States 
commissioner  to  settle  claims  m  Peru,  where  for  two 
years  (1868-'65)  he  made  exhaustive  researehcs  con- 
cerning the  remains  of  the  Incas,  and  took  numerous 
photof^raphs.  On  his  return  to  New  York  he  was 
for  a  time  chief  editor  of  Frank  Le^^lic's  publications: 
but  in  1874  his  mind  became  so  seriousl^r  impaired 
that  he  was  obliged  to  relinqui&li  all  original  work. 
Subsequently  he  recovered  sufficiently  to  direct  the 
final  preparation  and  revision  of  his  work  on  Peru, 
but  he  never  entirely  regained  his  strength.  The 
medal  of  the  French  Geogi-aphical  Society  was  given 
him  in  1856.  He  was  a  member  of  various  scientific 
and  historical  societies,  and  in  1871  was  chosen  first 
president  of  the  American  Anthropological  Institute 
of  New  York.  Besides  official  repwDrts,  scientific  pa- 
pers, magazine  articles,  and  contributions  to  the  "  £n- 
oydopieaia  Britannioa"  and  foreign  periodicals,  he 
published  "  The  Serpent  Sj-mbol,  or  Worship  of  Re- 
ciprocal Principles  of  Nature  in  America"  (New 
York,  1852);  "r^icaragua:  its  People,  Scenery,  An- 
cient Monuments,  and  Proposed  Interoceanic  Ca- 
nal" (1852);  "Notes  on  Central  America"  (1864): 
"  Waikua,  or  Adventures  on  the  Mosquito  Shore" 
(1855) :  "  Question  Anglo-Am^ricaine  "  (Paris,  1856) ; 
"  The  States  of  Central  America  "  (New  York,  1857) ; 
"  Report  of  the  Sur%'ey  of  the  Honduras  Interoceanic 
Railway  "  (London,  1859) ;  "  Translation,  with  Notes, 
of  the  Letter  of  Don  Diego  de  Palacio  (1571)  to  the 
Crown  of  Spain,  on  the  Provinces  of  Guatemala  and 
San  Salvador"  (New  York,  1860);  "  Monographs  of 
Authors  who  have  written  on  the  Aboriginal  Lan- 
guages of  Central  America  "  (1861) ;  "Tropical  Fi- 
bers, and  their  Economic  Extraction"  (1861);  "Is 
Cotton  King?  Sources  of  Cotton  Supplv  "  (1861): 
"  Honduras,  Descriptive,  Historicfd.  ana  Statistical " 
(1870) ;  and  "  Peru :  Incidents  of  Travel  and  Explo- 
ration in  the  Land  of  the  Incas"  tl876).  Many  of 
his  works  were  traik»Uited  into  German,  French,  and 
Spanish. 

Steam,  Silaif  ichthyologist,  bom  in  Bath,  Me.,  May 
18,  1859;  died  in  Asheville,  N.  C,  Aug.  2,  1888.  In 
1875  he  engaged  in  business  in  Pensacola,  Fla.,  and 
began  to  study  the  fauna  of  the  surrounding  watera, 
becoming  fanuliar  with  tho  coast  fYt>m  Pensacola  to 
Key  West.  In  1878  he  visited  the  Smithsonian  In- 
tititution,  and  by  his  thorough  and  exact  knowledge 
with  re^rd  to  the  fishes  or  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  he 
attracted  the  special  attention  of  Spencer  F.  Baird 
and  othere.  He  then  spent  a  ^ear  at  Watervilie, 
Me.,  where  he  engaged  m  classical  studies,  in  order 
to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  scientific  nomenclature. 
Failing  health  compelled  his  return  to  Florida,  but  in 
1880  he  became  a  special  agent  of  the  United  States 
Fish  Commission  and  also  of  the  United  States  Cen- 
sus Bureau  in  char^  of  investigations  of  the  marine 
industries  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  From  this  time 
his  contributions  to  the  Fish  Commission  were  nu- 
merous and  large.  Upward  of  fitty  new  species  of 
fishes  were  discovered  by  him,  or  through  his  aid, 
embracing  many  of  what  are  known  as  the  deep-sea 
fishes  of  those  waten ;  and  four  species  of  the  genera 
LuyanuSy  Scorpana,  £Unniu$^  and  Prianotu9y  bear 
his  name. 

Sterenaon,  Jamaai  ethnologist,  bom  in  Moysville, 
Ky.,  Dec.  24, 1840;  died  in  New  York  city,  July  25, 
1888.  He  showed  great  fondness  for  ethnology  when 
he  was  a  boy,  and  as  early  as  1855  went  beyond  the 
trontiera  in  pursuit  of  information  concerning  the 


654 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


habitB  of  Indian  tribes.  In  1856  he  entered  the  na- 
tional service,  and  engaged  under  Prof.  F.  V.  Harden, 
who  was  then  making  geological  investigations  in  the 
Northwest  with  Lieut.  G.  K.  Warren.  Acting  on  the 
advice  of  Prof.  Havden,  he  spent  several  winters  among 
Uie  Blackfoot  and  Sioux  Indians,  studying  their  lan- 
guages, customs,  and  traditions ;  and  then  made  an 
exploration  of  the  Yellowstone  country.  His  re- 
searches were  interrupted  by  the  civil  war,  and  he 
joined  the  National  army,  served  as  a  staff  ofScer 
m  the  Array  of  the  Potomac  under  Gen.  Fitz  John 
Porter,  and  after  that  officer's  retirement,  continued 
with  too  army  until  the  close  of  the  war,  attaining 
the  rank  of  colonel.  He  then  resumed  his  explora- 
tions in  the  Northwest  with  Prof.  Hayden  and  with 
the  United  States  Engineers.  During  the  winter  of 
1866-'67,  largely  through  his  influence.  Congress  ap- 
propriated $5,000  for  geoloflrical  work  in  the  West. 
The  Geological  Survey  of  tne  Territories  then  came 
into  existence,  and  Prof.  Hayden  was  made  its  chief, 
and  Mr.  Stevenson  became  its  executive  officer.  Con- 
tinuing his  explorations,  ho  followed  tlie  Columbia 
and  Snake  rivers  to  their  sources,  making  maps  and 
correcting  the  supposed  geography  of  those  sections 
of  the  country.  Tiiis  work  accomplished,  he  ascend- 
ed Uie  Great  Teton  mountiun,  being  the  only  white 
man  ever  known  to  have  reached  its  summit.  On 
repeating  the  ascent,  he  succeeded  in  reaching  the 
peak  of  the'  mountain,  and  there  found  a  tradition- 
al Indian  altar  of  stone.  His  next  work  was  the 
bkzing  of  a  road  over  the  Rockv  mountains  near  this 
point.  He  then  joined  Prof.  Hayden  at  the  Yellow- 
Htone  Lake,  where  further  explorations  were  con- 
ducted. On  the  organization  of  the  present  United 
States  Geological  Survey  in  1879,  his  services  were 
continued  as  executive  officer  of  the  bureau,  which 
place  he  held  until  his  death.  In  the  same  year,  with 
Maj.  John  W.  Powell,  he  succeeded  in  obtaining  on 
appropriation  from  Congress  for  ethnological  re- 
search, and  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  was  established 
under  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  He  was  detailed 
to  this  bureau  by  Maj.  Powell,  and  directed  to  ex- 
plore the  ruins  of  the  Southwest.  Aasisted  by  his 
wife,  he  investigated  the  habks,  history,  and  relig- 
ious myths  of  the  Zuni,  Mo<]ui,  and  other  Puebio 
Indians',  also  of  the  Nava^os  oi  New  Mexico  and  Ari- 
zona, and  the  Mission  Inaions  of  California.  The  ex- 
tensive and  valuable  collections  made  by  him  in  this 
field,  as  well  as  large  fossil,  ethnological,  and  ornitho- 
logical collections  made  in  the  earlv  ;^earB  of  hb  ex- 
plorations, are  deposited  in  the  United  States  Na- 
tional Museum  and  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
He  was  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  and  a  member  of  other  sci- 
entific societies,  to  whoee  **  Proceedings  '*  and  to  Gov- 
ernment publications  he  contributed. 

Stone.  Jamei  Andros  Bllniii  educator,  born  in  Pier- 
mont,  N.  H.,  Oct.  28,  1810;  died  in  Detroit,  Mich., 
May  19,  1888.  He  was  jgradunted  at  Middlebury  Col- 
lege in  1834,  and  at  Anuover  Theological  Seminary  in 
1S38.  After  his  ordination  he  held  a  pastorate  in 
Gloucester,  Mass.,  was  Professor  of  Biblical  Literature 
and  Interpretation  in  Newton  Theolo^i<»l  Seminary, 
and  edited  a  mis>ionary  periodical  m  Boston.  In 
May,  1843.  he  removed  to  Kalamazoo,  Mich.,  to  assume 
the  presiacnoy  of  the  Literary  Institute,  which  has 
since  become  Kalamazoo  College.  He  resigned  the 
presidency  in  1863,  was  editor '^and  publisher  of  the 
kalamazoo  *' Telegraph"  several  years,  was  post- 
master four  years  unaer  President  Grant's  adminis- 
tration, and' was  president  of  the  Michigan  State 
Teachers'  and  tJie  Michit^n  Publishers'  Associations. 

Stoughton,  William  LewUi  lawyer,  bom  in  New  York, 
March  20,  1827  ;  died  in  Sturgls,  Mich.,  June  6, 1888. 
He  received  an  academic  education,  removed  to  Michi- 

Kn  early  in  life,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1851. 
1855-'60  he  was  prosecuting  attorney  of  his  county, 
was  appointed  United  States  Attorney  for  the  District 
of  Midiigan  in  March,  1861,  and  resigned  a  few 
months  allerward  to  enter  the  national  army.     He 


went  to  the  field  as  second  lieutenant  of  the  Eleventt 
Michigan  Volunteers,  was  rapidly  promoted  for  meri- 
torious services,  lost  a  leg  at  Stone  Kiver,  commanded 
a  brigade  in  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Mift^ioo 
Ridge  and  the  Atlanta  campaign,  ana  was  mastered 
out  with  the  brevet  rank  of  mfyor-general  of  volim- 
teers.  He  resumed  his  law  practice  till  18^,  when 
he  was  elected  Attorney-General  of  Michigan,  and  id 
1h68  was  re*elected,  ana  also  elected  to  Congress  as  i 
Bepublican.    In  1870  he  was  re-elected. 

Btrotheri  David  Hunter,  author,  bom  in  Martinsbw, 
W.  Va.,  Sept.  16. 1816 ;  died  in  Charieston,  W.  Vi., 
March  8, 1888.  He  developed  strong  artistic  abilities 
in  early  youth,  studied  drawing,  and  traveled  in  Eu- 
rope nt>m  1840  till 
1846.  On  his  return 
lie  s^nt  two  years 
studving  drawing  on 
wooa  for  engraving, 
then  traveled  throng 
the  West  and  Soutn, 
and,e8tablishing  him- 
self in  his  native 
place,  contributed  the 
first  of  his  series  of 
illustrated  articles, 
under  the  pen  name 
of  Porte  Crayon,  to 
Harper's  **  Magazine" 
in  1862.  When  John 
Brown  made  hia  at- 
tack upon  Harper's 
Ferry,  the  artist,  who 
lived  near  by,  hast- 
ened to  the  scene  of 

action,  made  sketches  and  wrote  descriptions.  He 
opposed  the  secession  agitation  in  Virginia,  and  or- 
ganized and  equipped,  at  his  own  expense,  a  com- 
pany of  his  townsmen.  When  the  State  seceded,  hit 
company  deserted  him  and  joined  the  Confedente 
army,  wnile  he  hurried  to  Washington  and  offered  the 
Government  his  8er\*ices.  He  was  appointed  captain 
and  assistant  acyutant-general,  assigned  to  duty  on 
(iten.  McClellan's  staff,  and  subsequently  served  od 
the  staffs  of  Generals  Pope  and  »mk8  (at  New  Or- 
leans and  on  the  Red  River  expedition),  and  hi' 
cousin.  Gen.  David  Hunter.  Ho  occame  colooel  of 
the  Third  West  Virginia  Cavalry ;  resigned  in  Sep- 
tember, 1864;  and  was  brevettocf  brigadier-generaJ  of 
volunteers  in  1865.  After  the  war  ne  resumed  hU 
literary  and  art  work,  and  was  United  States  o^n»ol- 
gcneral  to  Mexico  from  1877  till  1885.  He  puhlisbKl 
*'  The  Blackwater  Chronicle"  (New  York.  1858), and 
"  Virginia  Illustrated  "  a857) ;  and  in  later  years  il- 
lustrated the  works  of  otner  authors. 

Sweitier,  J.  Bowman,  soldier,  bom  in  Brownsville, 
Fayette  County,  Pa.,  July  4, 1821 :  died  in  Pitt«biirg, 
Pa. ,  Dec.  12,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at  JeffePMO 
College,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
During  the  administration  of  President  Taylor  he  »r«s 
appointed  United  States  Attorney  for  tKe  Western 
District  of  Pennsylvania.  In  1861  he  became  ntfU<«" 
of  the  Sixty-second  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  ^w- 
ceeded  to  tne  command  of  the  regiment  during  the 
battle  of  GainesU  Mills,  June  27, 1862,  but  before  th« 
battle  had  ended  was  himself  made  a  prisoner,  lod 
sent  to  Libby  Prison.  He  was  exchanged  in  Au^\ut, 
resumed  his  command,  and  was  muiitered  out  in  t>oly, 
1864.  On  March  13,  1865,  he  was  made  brigadier- 
general  "  for  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  on  the 
field  of  battle."  Soon  after  the  doee  of  the  war  he 
was  appointed  Supervisor  of  Internal  Revenue  in 
Pennsylvania,  and  subsequently  prothonotary  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  Western  District. 

Tarbozi  Inarease  NUmi  clergyman,  bom  in  East 
Windsor,  Conn.,  Feb.  11, 1815 ;  died  in  Newton,  Maas.! 
May  8,  188^  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1839,  and 
at  Yale  Theological  Semmarv  in  1844,  was  tutor  there 
from  1842  till  1844,  pastor  of  l^ly  mouth  Congr^ational 
Church  in  Framingham,  Masa.,  from  1844  tUl  1851, 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


655 


rotary  of  the  American  Educational  Society 
aerican  College  and  Educational  Society  from 
I  1884.  For  some  time  he  was  associate  editor 
^  Congregationalist*'  and  a  contributor  to  the 
Sn^landor.^*  He  published  **  Winnie-and-Wal- 
ies^*  (4  vols.,  Boston,  1860^:  **  When  I  was  a 
1862) ;  ^*  The  Curse,  or  the  Position  occupied 
>ry  by  the  Race  of  Ham"  (1864) ;  "  Nineveh, 
luried  City  "  (1864) ;  "  Tyre  and  Alexandria'* 

"Uncle  George's  Stories"  (4  vols.,  1868); 
f  Israel  Putnam  "  (1876) ;  »*  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
I  Colony  in  Ameriaa"   (1884)  ;  "Songs  and 

for  Common  Life"  (1885);  and  "Duiry  of 
J  Robbins,  D.  D."  (1886). 
,  William,  Koldicr,  bom  in  Amherst  County, 
ig.  14, 1824 ;  died  near  Wythe villc,  Vn.,  Sept. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  Universitv  of  Vir- 
ad  wa!!i  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1851.    Vic  prao- 

Wytheville  till  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war, 
9  entered  the  Confederate  army  as  a  lieutenant, 
he  waspromoted  mi^jor  of  the  Fourth  Viiginia 
Qt ;  in  February,  1864,  colonel ;  and  in  May  fol- 
brigadier-general.  In  1868  he  was  nominated 
'csentative  in  Congress  from  the  Eighth  Con- 
la]  District  of  Virginia  asa  Conservative,  and 
cted,  but  was  declared  ineligible.  In  1870  he 
dected  and  admitted.    He  was  drowned  while 

0  ford  Reed  creek,  near  his  home. 

tin,  Hi^leon  L.,  journalist,  bom  in  St.  Peters- 
ussia,  June  6,  1834 :  died  in  New  York  city, 

1888.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Russian  Im- 
.cademy  of  Artillery  in  1858,  entered  the  Rus- 
ny  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Crimean  War,  and 

oonmiand  of  i'orty  pieces  of  artillery  at  tiie 

Sebastopol.  He  was  decorated  for  nis  scrv- 
ithdrew  from  the  army  in  1857,  removed  to 
,  and  became  foreign  correspondent  of  the 
fall  Gazette."  He  also  contributed  to  British 
les,  and  translated  the  works  of  Macaulay  and 

into  Russian.  He  followed  the  French  army 
the  Franco-German  War  as  correspondent  for 
all  Mall  Gazette,"  described  the  atrocities  of 
imune,  wrote  lor  the  *'  Gaaette  "  over  the  sig- 
izamct  Batuk,"  and  reported  the  Carlist  War 
a  for  the  New  York  **  Herald."    In  1875  be 

the  United  States  to  lecture,  but  re-entered 
sm,  wrote  the  articles  entitled  "  A  Stnin-^er's 
>ok"  for  the  New  York  **Sun."  and  subsc- 

the  Wall  Street  letters  sijmea  Rigolo,  and 
ited  to  various  newspapers  and  magazines, 
nan,  GephM  Giovanni,  artist,  bom  in  Middle- 
1,  Mass.,  in  1809;  died  in  New  York  city, 
1888.  He  was  a  son  of  Cephas  Thompson,  a 
awn  portrait-painter,  studied  with  his  father, 
sn  eighteen  yeare  old  removed  to  Plymouth, 
vhere  he  spent  two  years  paintins:  portraits, 
of  sea-captains  ana  their  families.  From 
th  he  went  to  Boston,  and  in  1837  removed  to 
•rk  city,  where  for  ten  years  he  was  busily 
h1  in  portrait  paintincr.  '  He  then  snent  iive 

1  New  Bedford  and  Boston,  went  aorood  in 
sited  London,  Paris,  Florence,  and  Rome,  and 

in  the  latter  city  seven  jears.  In  1860  he 
icd  himself  permanently  in  New  York  city, 
he  was  appointed  a  clerk  in  the  Treasury  De- 
(t.     Willie  in  Rome  he  copied  the  Staffa  "  Ma- 

of  Raphael  and  the  ^*  Beatrice  Conci."  His 
aintinn  include  *^The  Guardian  Angel," 
BIO  and  Miranda,"  "  St  Peter  delivered  from 
'  and  "  The  Anj^el  of  Truth." 
I  JohA  BdUio,  nrtist,  bom  in  Loudon,  N.  H.  in 
lied  in  Rome,  Italy.  March  22,  1888.  Ho 
landscape  paintintc  without  a  teacher,  follow- 
stjle  of  the  Venetian  school,  and  particularly 
Titian,  and  spent  bis  professional  life  almost 

in  Italy.    Ho  traveled  extensively  through 

^gyp^t  ^^^  the  Holy  Land,  and  had  exhib- 

?uently  at  the  Roval  Academv,  London,  the 
Acaaemyj  New  Yorl^  and  tbe  Atheqieum, 
Amon^  his  paintings,  mostly  in  private  gal- 


leries in  England,  are  **  Rome  from  the  Aventine  " 
"  The  Palace  of  Thebe-*,"  **  Como,"  "  Venice," 
"  Venetian  Fishing- Boats,"  and  "  Kcm  Ombres." 

TrimUe,  Iimo  Bt,  soldier,  bom  in  Culpeper  County, 
Va.,  in  1802;  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Jan.  2,  1888. 
Ho  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Military  Acad- 
emy in  1822.  and  was  assigned  to  siurey  the  military 
road  from  Washington  to  the  Ohio  river.  In  1882 
he  rciiicaied  from  the  army  and  enpiged  in  civil  en- 
gineering, was  chief  engineer  of  the  Northem  Cen- 
tral, the  Philadelphia.  Wilmington  and  Baltimore, 
and  the  Boston  and  Providence  Railroads,  and  was 
engoged  in  lar^e  railroad  operations  in  the  West  In- 
dies wh£n  tlie  civil  war  began.  He  hastened  to  Bal- 
timore, was  placed  in  command  of  tiic  uniformed  vol- 
unteers mustered  to  protect  the  city,  and  on  the  dis- 
persion of  the  Maryland  Legislature  in  May,  1861, 
went  South  and  joined  the  Confederate  army,  in 
which  he  attained  the  rank  of  m^or-gencral.  He 
erected  the  batteries  that  dosed  the  Potomac  river  in 
1861,  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  commanded 
the  Stonewall  division  after  Gen.  Jackson^s  promo- 
tion^ was  in  charge  of  the  fortifications  in  the  valley 
of  Virginia,  and  commanded  Pender^s  division  at  Get- 
tyHburg,  where  he  lost  a  leg  and  was  captured  during 
the  third  day's  fight. 

TrjaOf  Qeorge  Waahlngton,  naturalist,  bom  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  May  20,  1835;  died  there,  Feb.  5,  1888. 
Ho  was  educated  at  the  Friends*  School  in  his  native 
city,  and  then  entered  business,  from  which  he  retired 
in  1868.  His  attention  was  early  directed  to  con 
chology,  and  UU  reputation  in  that  specialty  became 
worl<f wide.  He  was  active  in  the  Philadelphia 
AcademjT  of  Natural  Sciences,  of  which  he  became  a 
member  in  1859,  and  in  1865  organized  the  movement 
to  consider  methods  for  the  erection  of  its  present 
building.  Through  his  efforts  the  conchological  sec- 
tion contributed  three  tliousand  dollars  to  the  work, 
and  ho  added  an  equal  sura.  In  1869  he  was  chosen 
curator  of  the  Academy,  and  under  his  direction  the 
library  and  collections  were  arranged  in  the  new  build- 
ing in  1876.  He  was  elected  conservator  of  the  concho- 
loffical  section  of  tbe  Academy  in  1875,  and  held  that 
omce  until  his  death.  The  present  condition  of  this 
collection,  which  is  8aid  to  outrank  even  that  of  the 
British  Museum,  is  duo  to  his  skill  and  labor,  and  he 
be(}ueathed  funds  for  the  preservation  of  the  concho- 
logical specimens  of  the  Academy.  He  was  a  member 
of  scientific  societies,  and  in  1865-^71  edited  the 
"  American  Joumal  of  Conchology,"  of  which  he 
was  one  of  the  founders.  Mr.  Try  on  was  a  prolific 
writer  on  his  specialty,  and  prepared  numerous  mem- 
oirs, including  "  On  the  Mollusca  of  Harper's  Ferry  " 
(1861);  *' Synopsis  of  the  Recent  Species  of  Gas- 
trochaenid®  "  (1861);  "Monograph  ot  the  Order  of 
Pholadacea "  (1862) ;  and  '*  Monograph  of  the  Ter- 
restrial MoUusks  of  the  United  States  "  (1865) ;  **  List 
of  American  Writers  on  Conchology  "  (New  York, 
1861);  **  Synopsis  of  the  Species  Strepomatidae " 
( 1865).  His  larger  works  comprise  "  Land  and  Fresh- 
Water  Shells  of  North  America,"  including  mono- 
graph on  the  genus  Strepomatidffi  (4  vols.,  Washing- 
ton, 1873) ;  **  American  Marine  Conchology  "  (Phila- 
delphia, 1878) ;  **  Stmctural  and  Systematic  Con- 
chology "  (8  vols.,  1882) ;  and  **  Manual  of  Concholo- 
gv,"  incluaing  **  Marine  Shells,"  9  vols.,  and  **Land 
Shells."  8  vols.  (1879-'86).  With  William  G.  Binney 
he  edited  **  The  Complete  Writings  of  Constnntine  S. 
Rafinesque  on  Recent  and  Fos.**il  Conchology  "  (Phila- 
delT)hia,  1864). 

underwood,  Adin  Halloo,  lawver,  bom  in  Milford, 
Mass.,  May  19,  1828  ;  dicil  in  l^oston,  Mass.,  Jan.  14, 
1888.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  University  in  1849, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1853.  and  practiced  in  Mil- 
ford  and  Boston  till  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war.  At 
tJie  first  call  for  troops  he  raised  a  company  for  the 
Second  Massachusetts  Infantry,  was  elected  captain, 
and  joined  Gen.  Patterson^s  division  in  the  advance 
toward  Winchester.  Ho  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in 
the  rear- guard  fight  during  Gen.  Banks^s  retreat,  May 


656 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


24,  26, 1862,  was  appointed  mi^or  of  the  Thirty-third 
Maifflachu8ettdRe|in<nentin  July,  1862,  was  soon  after- 
ward promoted  lieutenant-colonel,  became  colonel  in 
April,  1868,  and  commanded  his  regiment  at  Chan- 
celloraville,  Getty .^burar,  and  other  engagements.  On 
the  nijifht  of  Oct.  28.  1868,  while  leading  a  successful 
charii^e  at  Wauliatcbie,  in  the  movement  to  relieve 
the  beleaguered  army  at  OhattaQOO|<a,  he  received  a 
wound,  at  ^rst  supposed  to  be  mortal,  which  prostrat- 
ed blm  for  over  a  year.  Tor  his  gallantry  on  this  oc- 
casion^ Gen.  Hooker  solicited  for  him  promotion  to 
brigadier-general,  which  was  granted  November  6: 
ana  on  Au^.  IS,  1865,  be  was  brevetted  m^ior-geueml 
oi  volunteers  for  services  during  the  war.  Gen.  Un- 
derwood was  appoinU3d  surveyor  of  the  port  of  Boston, 
Au^.  20,  1866,  and  held  the  ot&oe  till  July,  1886.  Ho 
published  a  ^'  History  of  the  Thuty-thiitl  Massachu- 
setts Regiment"  (Boston,  1881). 

Underwood,  John  William  Heniyf  lawyer,  bom  in  El- 
bert County,  Ga.,  Nov.  ^  1816  ^  died  in  Floyd  Coun- 
ty, Ga.,  July  18, 1888.  He  received  a  classical  educa- 
tion, studiea  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1884. 
From  1843  till  1847  he  was  solicitor-general  for  the 
Western  Circuit,  in  1860  was  a  member  of  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  of  Georgia,  in  1857  was  a  mem- 
ber and  Speaker  of  the  Georgia  Legislature,  in  1869 
was  elected  a  representative  in  Congress,  in  which 
he  served  on  the  committee  on  expenses  in  the  Navy 
Department,  and  in  February,  1861,  resigned  his  seat 
ana  returned  to  Georgia.  He  j*crved  for  several  years 
after  the  war  as  a  judsre  of  the  Superior  and  Supreme 
Courts  of  Geoi>?ia,  and  was  a  member  of  President  Ar- 
thur's tariff  commission. 

Van  WioUe,  Simon,  merchant,  bom  in  Jamesburpr, 
N.  J.,  in  March,  1820 ;  died  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
May  16,  1888.  He  received  a  district-school  educa- 
tion, removed  to  New  Brunswick  after  attaining  his 
majority,  became  a  marine  captain,  and  obtained  wide 
notoriety  about  1844a8commanderof  the  steamer  ^^  An- 
telope," which  was  run  in  opposition  to  Commodore 
Vandorhilt's  vessels.  Afterward  he  was  a  conductor  of 
the  New  Jersey  Railroad  and  Transportation  Com- 
pany, and  then  engaged  in  the  coal  business,  subse- 
qiiently  establishing  the  present  New  York  firm  of 
Vun  wiokle  <&  Stout.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
Baptist  Church  in  1851,  and  for  sixteen  years  he  was 
superintendent  of  a  Sabbath-school.  In  1873  he  was 
elected  treasurer  of  the  New  Jei-sey  Central  Baptist 
Association,  and  in  1887  vice-president  of  the  State 
Baptist  Convention.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
board  of  managers  of  the  Peddie  Institute  at  Heights- 
town,  N.  J.,  and  gave  it  at  one  time  $16,000.  He 
erected  a  church  for  the  colored  Baptists  of  New 
Brunswick,  gave  $10,000  to  another,  and  various  sums 
to  struggling  congregiitions  through  the  State,  sup- 
IXJsed  to  a'fgregate  $100,000, 

Vanar,  John  Qnjj  bom  in  Poughkeepsie,  N.  T.,  in 
1811 :  died  there,  Oct.  27,  1888.  He  was  a  nephew  of 
Matthew  Vassar,  Sr.,  founder  of  Vassor  Ci'llcge,  and 
on  attaining  his  mi^iori^  was  admitted  to  partnership 
in  his  uncle's  brewing  nrm.  He  was  actively  engofired 
in  the  business  from  1832  till' 1888^  when  "ill  health 
caused  him  to  retire  and  seek  restoration  in  foreign 
travel.  He  acquired  great  wealth  by  fortunate  invest- 
ments and  inheritance.  He  gave  an  equal  sum  with 
Matthew  Vassar  to  the  Vassar  College  Laboratory, 
and,  after  Matthew's  death,  a  handsome  endowment ; 
to  the  Vassar  Home  for  Old  Men.  $15,000 ;  and  to 
Vassar  Institute,  $65,000,  and  an  endowment.  He  be- 
Queathed  to  Vassar  College,  $180,000  in  securities — 
$40,000  for  a  chair  of  Modem  Lansruages,  $40,0(X)  for 
a  chair  of  Natural  History,  $10,000  for  umteriols  and 
apparatus  for  the  laboratory,  $20,000  for  a  depart- 
ment of  music,  aud  $20,000  for  a  aepartment  ot  art : 
$25,000  for  the  completion  of  the  Vassar  Brothers' 
Hospital,  and  $2(X>,000  toward  its  permanent  main- 
tenance fund :  $17,000  for  special  hospital  purposes ; 
his  College  Hill  property  and  $18,000  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  an  orphan  asylum,  and  $100,000  for  a 
permanent  fund ;  $70,000  and  two  valuable  pieces  of 


real  estate  to  the  Vassar  Brothers'  Home  for  Old  M«d; 
$25,000,  boiides  the  property  and  $80,000  previooslj 
transferred,  to  the  Vassar  Brothers'  In:»titute ;  llo.OOO 
to  the  Baptist  church  of  Poughkeepsie,  and  $5,C>0i)  u 
an  endowment  tund ;  $5^000  to  the  American  SeameoV 
Friend  Society  of  New  \  ork ;  ^000  each  to  the  Yoong 
Men's  Christian  Association,  Woman's  Christian  At- 
sociation.  Old  Ladies'  Home,  House  of  Industry,  So- 
ciety for  the  Prevention  of  Cmelty  to  Animals,  and 
the  Associated  Fire  Department,  alf  of  Poughkeepsie; 
and  $600  each  to  fourteen  churches,  irrespectiTe  of 
denomination,  in  the  city.  Vassar  College,  \tstu 
Hospital,  and  Vassar  Orphan  As^rlum  are  his  residoan 
legatees,  each  of  which  will  receive  about  $500,OiX). 

wadlflighi  I^dia  Fi,  educator,  bom  in  Sutton,  ^^  E, 
in  1818;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  27,  1S88. 
She  became  so  widely  known  as  a  teacher  of  girls 
and  youn^  ladies,  that  when  the  Twelfth  Street  Ad- 
vanced School  for  Girls  was  organized  in  New  York 
city,  in  1866,  she  was  summoned  to  take  chai^  of  it. 
In  the  face  of  bitter  opposition,  she  agitated  the  eetab- 
lishment  of  a  tree  normal  school  for  girls,  and  by  ber 
work  as  a  teacher  showed  the  public  that  sudi  an  in- 
stitution would  be  practical,  effective,  and  apprecistcd. 
When  she  had  accomplished  her  project,  she  Uxk 
possession  of  the  Normal  College  of  New  York  witb 
her  300  girl  pupils,  and  entered  upon  a  new  career  of 
usefulness,  which  terminated  only  with  her  desth. 
During  the  summer  she  had  made  a  tour  of  En^kod, 
Scotland,  and  Wales.  She  waa  an  exoeptiooally  g^ 
classical  scholar. 

Walker,  Qeoige,  lawyer,  bom  in  Peterborough,  N.  fi^ 
in  1824;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Jan.  16,  im 
He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1842,  stud- 
ied law  m  the  Harvard  Law  School,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  Sprinsfleld,  Mass.,  in  1847.  In  1867  be 
was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  and  ^ve  special  at- 
tention to  bankinjir  and  financial  legislation  doiw 
two  terms.  On  his  retirement  he  was  appointed  bank 
commissioner  of  Massachusetts.  At  the  expiratioo  (f 
his  term  he  resumed  his  leffal  practice,  and  in  addi- 
tion en^vced  in  Uie  banking  ousiness,  beoominsr  presi- 
dent ot  the  Third  National  Bank  in  Springfield,  lo 
1866  he  wont  to  Europe  on  a  oonfldential  nrL^sion  for 
Hugh  McCulloch,  Secretary  of  the  United  States 
Treasury,  aud  while  there  prepared  an  article  on  th« 
public  debt  and  resources  or  the  United  States,  wbid 
was  published  in  the  principal  newspapers  of  the  fi- 
nancial centers.  He  was  chairman  of  the  finaiM 
committee  of  the  Massachusetts  Lej^islature  io  18^8, 
and  in  the  following  year  went  to  Europe  on  buaine» 
for  his  State.  After  this  service  he  gave  up  law  pra^ 
tice  and  removed  to  New  York  city.  In  1879  he  was 
sent  to  Europe  by  Secretary  Evarts  of  the  State  De- 
partment, to  investi^te  the  subject  of  bimetalUsm, 
and  in  1880  was  appointed  United  States  Con»ul-G«i- 
eral  in  Paris,  where  he  served  till  June.  1887. 

Wallaok,  John  Leiterf  actor,  bom  in  New  York  city 
Jan.  1,  1820;  died  near  Stamforvl,  Conn.,  Sept  6, 
1888.  His  grandfather,  William  Wallack,  was  «po«»l 
Enirlish  actor,  as  was  also  his  father,  Jam»  WiUiam 
Wallack,  who,  two  years  before  tlie  birth  of  Leater, 
as  he  was  commonly  called,  became  a  resident  of  Nev 
York.  From  early  childhood,  ^oung  Lester  waf^  dei- 
tined  by  his  parents  for  the  British  army,  and  to  this 
end  he  was  taken  to  England  to  be  eaucatcd.  Bi« 
examination  was  passed,  and  a  oonmiission  grant^ 
to  him  ;  but  he  soon  left  the  array  for  tbe  stiurc  His 
first  appearance  in  London  was  at  the  Hay  market 
Theatre,  Nov.  26,  1846^  where  he  was  discovered  bf 
John  Bamett,  on  Amencan imprettario^  in  1847.  "He 
is  too  good  for  London,  and  IMI  take  him  over  the 
pond,'*  said  Barnctt,  who  at  once  ottered  him  a  lan^ 
sum  for  a  season  in  New  York.  He  appeared  at  the 
New  Broadway  Theatre  under  the  name  of  Mr.  John 
Lester,  and  under  this  name  he  played  till  1861,  wbca 
he  resumed  his  patronymic.  Business  at  the  New 
Broadway  was  beginniucr  to  languish,  when  the  mxa- 
a?er  announced  his  intention  to  produce  ^^  Monte 
Cristo*'  with  Lester  in  the  principal  roU,     Lester 


OBITDARFES.  AMERICAN. 


657 


oted  strongly,  Bayinj? :  **  I  have  never  played  a 
xlrama  in  my  life^'  But  remoDBtrancos  were  use- 
and  he  prepared  himself  for  an  effort  which  he 
*d  would  be  a  ridiculous  failure.  When,  how- 
,  the  ordeal  oame,  he  was  so  thoroughly  himself 

that  the  vast  audi- 
ence was  completely 
carried  away,  and 
"  Monte  Cristo  "  cre- 
ated B.  furor  that  con- 
tinued for  a  hundred 
nights,  and  made  Mr. 
John  Lester  a  popu- 
lar favorite.  The  fol- 
lowing season  he  went 
to  the  Bowerv  Thea- 
tre, where  he  "brou^rht 
out  his  own  versions 
ofthe"ThreeGuardH- 
men  "  and  the  sequel 
to  it,  based  on  the 
novels  of  the  author 
of  "Monte  Cristo." 
He  became  a  member 
of  Burton's  Com- 
f  at  the  Chambers  Street  Theatre,  where  he  be- 
thc  performances  of  the  old  comedies  with  which 
name  and  fame  are  associate.  In  1851  he  went 
»ndon  for  the  purpose  of  inducing  his  &ther, 
1  In  feeble  health,  to  come  back  to  America.  Ke- 
ling  his  health,  the  fifther  in  1852  secured  a  lea«ie 
brougham's  Lyceum,  on  the  comer  of  Broome 
tet  and  Broadway,  and  opened  it  as  Wallack's 
atre.  Into  this  enterpiiae  voun^  Lester  threw 
irhole  soul,  figuring  on  the  bills  a.<i  dir.  John  Les- 
Btage  manager,  and  for  nine  years  it  was  oonduct- 
rith  uniform  success.  In  1861  the  senior  Wallaok 
blished  the  theatre  known  then  as  Wallack's  (now 
tie  Star),  on  the  comer  of  Broadway  and  Thirteenth 
et.  In  f864  the  elder  Wallack  died.  Lester, 
>ting  his  father's  policy,  gathered  around  him 
T&  of  acknowledged  ability  and  good  repute,  and 
lis  oomdderate  trei^ment  of  every  one  in  his  em- 
'  won  the  esteem  of  the  whole  profession.  Per^ 
ing,  in.  1880,  that  the  demand  for  a  theatre  farther 
own  could  be  no  longer  resisted,  he  leased  ground 
he  comer  of  Broadway  and  Thirtieth  Street,  and 
t  a  splendid  play-house,  said  to  be  the  most  pei^ 
in  tne  world.  ThU  was  opened  on  Jan.  4,  1882, 
continued  under  his  control  till  1887.  Early  in 
spring  of  1888  Mr.  Wallack,  who  had  not  appeared 
;ue  stage  for  several  years,  suffered  very  much 


amonial."  On  that  occasion  he  made  a  speech 
of  hope  that  be  might  again  be  able  to  tread  the 
ds  with  those  who  had  that  evening  done  him  so 
h  honor,  but  that  speech  was  his  farewell  to  pub- 
ife.  Mr.  Wallack  married  at  an  earlv  age  Miss 
M?'^  a  sister  of  John  Everett  Millais,  the  English 
ter.  She,  with  three  sons  and  one  daughter,  sur- 
d  him.  He  was  the  author  of  eight  plays :  **  The 
&e  Guardsmen  "  (1849) :  "  The  Four  Musketeers" 
9);  "The  Fortune  of  War"  (1861);  "Two  to 
,  or,  The  King's  Visit"  (1854);  "First  Irapres- 
8"  (1856);  "The  Veteran"  (1859);  "Central 
k"  (1862);  and  "Roscdale"  (1863). 
moD,  mUiam,  actor,  bom  in  Phikdelphia,  Pa., 
.  17,  1812:  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  21, 1888. 
was  the  son  of  an  Entrlish  comedian  of  the  same 
le,  who  came  to  the  United  States  in  1796,  and 
le  his  reputation  as  an  actor  mainly  in  Wa^hing- 
,  Baltimore,  and  Philadelphia,  becoming  the 
lager  of  the  Chestnut  Street  Theatre,  in  PhUadcl- 
i,  and  of  the  Holiday  Street  Theatre,  in  Balti- 
"e.  William  Warren,  the  younger,  was  trained 
A  mercantile  life.  Bv  the  death  of  his  father,  in 
i,  his  mother  was  left  in  straitened  circumstances ; 
mefit  for  her  was  arranged  at  the  Arch  Street 
TOL.  XXTIU. — 42  A 


Theatre,  and  her  son  made  his  cUbut  as  young  Nor- 
val,  the  character  in  which  lus  father,  forty-eight 
years  before,  had  first  appeared  before  an  audience. 
After  acting  for  a  time  in  Philadelphia,  he  joined  a 
traveling  troupe,  managed  by  Joseph  Jenerson.  father 
of  the  comedian  of  Bip- Van- Winkle  fame.  In  this 
troupe  he  plaved  all  kinds  of  parts,  and  sometimes 
two  or  three  onaracters  in  the  same  piece,  tlie  circuit 
of  the  troupe  being  through  the  rougn  regions  of  the 
West  and  southwest,  and  their  theatre  very  freouently 
a  bam.  a  log-cabin,  or  a  deserted  storehouse.  In  1841 
he  maae  his  first  appearance  in  New  York,  at  the  old 
Park  Theatre,  and  tor  more  than  four  years  played  in 
that  city  and  other  places  in  the  State  of  New  York. 
In  1845  he  appeared  at  the  Strand  Theatre,  London, 
in  Logan's  faroe  "  The  Veraionter."  This  was  his 
first  and  last  appearance  on  the  boards  of  any  Eu- 
ropean theatre.  On  his  return  to  America  in  1846. 
he  was  engaged  for  the  stock  company  of  tlie  Howard 
AtheniBum,  Boston,  and  from  that  time  Boston  waa 
his  home,  and  he  the  favorite  actor  of  the  town. 
From  the  Athenaeum  he  went  to  the  Boston  Museum, 
where  he  remained,  except  during  a  starring  tour  in 
1865,  until  he  retired.  Tne  fiftieth  anniversary  of  his 
entrance  upon  the  stage  occurred  on  Oct.  28, 1882,  and 
in  celebration  of  it  a  benefit  was  fiven  at  the  Mu- 
seum, on  the  stage  of  which  he  bad  appeared  in  577 
different  parts,  the  total  number  of  perlbrmances 
being  13,845.  At  this  time  he  was  seventy  years  of 
age,  out  still  vigorous  and  pleasing.  After  the  even- 
ing performance  he  was  escorted  to  his  home  in  Bul- 
finoh  Place,  where  a  party  of  his  friends  awaited 
him.  A  superb  "  loving-cup,"  the  oflering  of  Joseph 
Jefferson,  John  McCulIougn,  Lawrence  Barrett,  Ed- 
win Booth,  and  Mary  Anderson,  was  presented  to 
him.  From  other  sources  came  costly  gifts  of  vari- 
ous kinds.  Shortly  after  this  benefit  he  retired  with 
an  ample  fortune.    Mr.  Warren  never  married. 

Weine,  John  Adami  philologist,  bora  in  Bopperviller, 
canton  of  Bitche,  Lorraine,  Deo.  8, 1810;  died  in  New 
York  city,  Jan.  12, 1888.  He  was  graduated  in  clas- 
sics and  natural  sciences  at  Bitche  College,  and  in 
chemistry  and  philosophy  at  Metz  Seminary,  became 
a  Professor  of  French  at  the  Imperial  School  in  Vi- 
enna, and  came  to  the  United  States  in  1840,  settliujg 
in  Boston.  In  1848  he  went  abroad  to  study  medi- 
cine, in  1849  was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Brussels,  and  in  1850  settled  in  New  York  city,  wnere 
he  built  up  a  lucrative  practice.  During  his  active 
professional  career  of  thirty-eight  years,  he  applied 
considerable  time  to  literary  and  philological  labor, 
became  president  of  the  American  Philological  Soci- 
ety, and  published  "  Progress,  Future,  and  Destiny 
of  the  English  Language"  and  a  book  on  obelisks. 
He  was  the  author  of  the  elaborate  article  on  "  Obe- 
lisks," in  the  "  Annual  Cyclopadia  "  for  1884.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  had  in  hand  a  work  on 
medical  practice,  for  which  he  had  made  extensive 
researches. 

WeUs,  Olarke  H.f  naval  officer,  bom  in  Reading,  Pa., 
Sept.  22.  1822 ;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Jan.  28. 
1888.  He  was  appointed  a  midshipman  in  tne  United 
States  Navy  in  1840,  served  on  the  home  and  Mediter- 
ranean squadrons,  entered  the  Naval  Academy  in  1845, 
and  was  graduated  in  1846.  During  the  Mexican  War 
he  took  part  in  the  attack  on  the  castle  of  San  Juan 
d'Ulloa  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  the  capture  of  Tarapico  and 
Tuopan.  He  then  made  a  voyage  round  the  world, 
was  promoted  master,  March' 1,  and  commissionea 
lieutenant  in  September,  1855,  and  was  on  duty  on 
the  "  Niagara  "  when  she  assisted  in  laying  the  first 
Atlantic  cable.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he 
was  executive  officer  of  the  "  Susquehanna,"  and  with 
that  vessel  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Port  Royal,  S.  C, 
and  the  occupation  of  Femandina,  Fla.  Ho  was  then 
transferred  to  the  "  Vandalia,"  in  which  he  was  en- 
gaged on  blockade  duty  at  Warsaw  Sound  and  Charles- 
ton several  months ;  wos  commissioned  lieutenant- 
commander  on  Julv  16, 1862 ;  waj*  executive  officer  at 
the  Philadelphia  Kavy-Yard  in  1868 ;  and  commanded 


658 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


the  *^  Galena  "  in  the  Gulf  squadron  under  Farragut, 
having  the  '^  Oneida  ^'  also  under  his  orders  at  the 
battle  of  Mobile  Bay  in  1864.  Subaeouently  he  was 
attached  to  Admiral  Porter's  fleet  in  tne  James  river 
till  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was  commissioned  com- 
mander July  25,  1866,  captain  June  19,  1871,  commo- 
dore Jan.  22,  1880,  and  rear-admiral  April  1,  1884. 
He  was  authorized  to  accept  the  French  decoration  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  from  President  Thiers,  by  act  of 
Congress  March  8. 1875. 

Wdlsfl}  Edwaxd  Ttandnlph,  clergyman,  bom  in  Water- 
loo, N.  Y.,  Jan.  10,  1830 ;  died  there,  Oct.  19,  1888. 
He  was  graduated  at  Hobart  College  in  1850,  was  or- 
dained deacon  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
Dec.  20, 1857,  taught  in  Dc  Veaux  College,  and  was 
ordained  prie.>t  Sept.  12, 1858.  In  the  following  month 
ho  entered  upon  pastoral  work  at  Red  Wing,  Minn., 
oi^nized  the  parish  of  Christ  Church  there,  and  was 
its  rector  till  his  elevation  to  the  episcopate  in  1874. 
Ho  was  consecrated  in  New  York  city,  Oct.  24,  1874, 
and  received  the  degree  of  8.  T.  D.  from  R;icine  Col- 
1^,  Wisconsin,  the  same  year.  In  1875,  when  the 
diocese  of  Fond  du  Lac  was  erected  from  the  northern 
portion  of  his  jurisdiction,  he  was  continued  in  his 
old  field  by  his  own  choice. 

Wentwarthf  John,  lawyer,  bom  in  Sandwich,  N.  H., 
March  5,  1816;  died  m  Chicago,  III.,  Oct.  16,- 1888. 
He  was  graduated  at  DartmoutTi  College  in  1836.  set- 
tled in  Chicago,  studied  law,  and  in  1841  was  admit- 
ted to  the  iMir. 
He  was  elected  to 
Congress  in  1843, 
and  was  re-elected 
tour  times.  in 
1857  and  1860  he 
was  elected  Mayor 
of  Chicago.  In 
1861  he  was  a 
member  of  the 
board  of  educa- 
tion and  of  the 
committee  to  re- 
vise the  State  Con- 
stitution; in  1863 
-*64  was  a  police 
commissioner;  in 
1865-^67  was  again 
a  representative  in 
Congress ;  and  in 
1880  was  a  vice- 
president  of  the 
Kepublican  National  Convention,  but  was  declared  in- 
eligible by  the  nuyority  report,  which  confirmed  the 
rufe  of  representation  by  congressionsd  districts.  He 
gave  Dartmouth  College  $10,000,  received  the  degree 
of  LL.  D.  from  it  in  1867,  and  was  elected  president 
of  its  alumni  association  in  1882  and  1883.  His  height, 
six  and  a  half  feet,  made  him  a  conspicuous  figure  in 
Chicago,  and  he  was  familiarly  spoken  of  as  '^  Long 
John  VVent worth." 

Weitoott,  Thompson,  journalist,  bom  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  June  5, 1820 ;  died  there,  Alay  9, 1S88.  He  began 
his  career  as  law  reporter  on  the  **  Public  Ledger," 
where  he  remained  until  May,  1851 ;  was  editor-in- 
chief  of  the  "  Philadelphia  Inquirer  "  trom  December, 
1863,  till  May,  1869  ;  was  contributing  editor  of  the 
same  paper  from  May,  1869,  till  Scptemoerj  1876  ;  and 
was  an  editorial  writer  on  the  "  Philadelphia  Record  " 
from  1884  till  within  a  few  months  of  his  death.  He 
was  the  oldest  journalist  in  continuous  work  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  WiiA  the  author  of  a  popular  history  of 
that  city  and  other  works. 

Wight,  Orlando  WUIiams,  physician,  bom  in  Center- 
ville,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  19,  1824:'died  in  Detroit,  Mich., 
Oct  19,  188S.  He  was  educated  at  the  Westfield 
Academy  and  the  Rochester  Collegiate  Institute, 
taujrht  Latin  and  Greek  in  Genoa  Academy,  ana 
mathematics  and  languages  in  Aurora  Academy,  and 
when  twenty-three  years  old  removed  to  New  York 
city.     There  he  studied  theology  and  was  ordained. 


but  never  connected  himself  with  any  religioiB  de- 
nomination. He  afterward  studied  medicine  and 
qualified  to  practice.  He  removed  to  Milwaukee, 
Mich.,  became  health  officer  of  that  city  in  1877, aod, 
on  the  reorganization  of  the  liealth  board  of  IXetroit 
in  1882,  accepted  a  similar  olliec  there,  serving  tiU 
1883.  He  was  an  accomplished  linguist,  received  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Yale  University,  and  published 
a  large  number  of  works,  including  '^^  1*1  vet  and  L^ 
tersof  Ab^lard  and  H6loIse,"  ''The  Philosophfof 
Sir  William  Hamilton,''  translations  of  Coup's 
'*  Course  of  the  History  of  Modem  Philosophy  "  and 
"  Lectures  on  the  True,  the  Beautiful,  and  the  Good," 
and  twelve  volumes  of  "  Standard  French  Clawict" 
He  was  also  associated  with  Mary  L.  Booth  in  tniu- 
lating  Henri  Martin's  "  History  of  France." 

WUioii.  Allm  Bsnjainiiii  inventor,  bom  in  WiDett, 
Cortland  County,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  18, 1 824  ;  died  in  Wood- 
mont.  Conn.,  April  29^  1888.  He  learned  the  cabinet- 
making  trade,  and  while  working  in  Pittsfield,  Uas^ 
perfected  the  sewing-machine  that  was  afierwsra 
known  as  the  Wheeler  and  W  ilson.  The  mo«t  inip-f- 
tant  of  his  inventions  were  the  rotary  book  and  bob- 
bin and  the  four-motion  feed,  and  the  latter  has  uoa 
been  adopted  in  some  form  in  all  sewing-macbiccs. 
His  principal  patents  were  granted  Nov.  12,  1^?; 
Au^.  12,  1851 ;  June  15,  1862 ;  and  Dec.  19,  I85i 
While  perfecting  his  machine  in  Pittsfield.  he  had  a 
small  workshop  m  a  room  that  he  end  the  late  >Vil!- 
iam  D.  Axtell  used  jointly.  Mr.  Axtell  was  hb  only 
confidant  during  his  experimenting  days  and  an  im- 
portant witness  in  court  in  the  case  subsequentlj 
Drought  to  establish  the  validity  of  his  claim  to  tbe 
invention.  Mr.  Wilson  proposed  locating  in  Pitts- 
field  to  manufacture  the  machine,  but,  a:^  the  Von  - 
would  render  him  no  assistance  by  abatement  of  tax^  I 
he  removed  to  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  where  the  Whetkr 
and  Wilson  Manufacturing  Company  was  organiied 
and  began  working  under  his  patents. 

"Witkatf  Oupvi  physician,  born  in  Germantown.  Pi, 
in  1817;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa..  Dec  20,  IS*. 
He  was  a  great-^rrandson  of  John  Wister,  who  eoi- 
grated  from  Heidelbeiv,  Germany,  and  built  the  okl 
Wister  homestead  in  Germantown.  While  still  i 
minor,  he  went  to  Texas  and  served  under  8amKl 
Houston  in  the  State's  war  for  independence.  Is 
1847  be  was  graduated  at  the  Medical  Departmeot  o^ 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  had  since  prac- 
ticed with  success  in  Philadelphia.  His  widow,  the 
daughter  of  William  H.  Fumess,  has  attained  wkk 
repute  by  her  translations  of  popular  German  novtk 

Worthen,  Amos  Henryf  geologist,  bom  in  Brtdfoid, 
Vt.,  Oct.  81,  1818 ;  died  in  Warsaw,  HI.,  May  6,  I*!* 
He  was  educated  at  common  schools  and  at  Bradford 
Academy.  In  1834  he  went  to  Harrison  County,  Ky., 
wh«re  he  tamrht  for  a  year,  and  in  June,  1836,  seUlfc 
in  Warsaw,  111.,  which  thereafter  became  his  pcrnii- 
nent  home.  At  first  he  engaged  in  the  forwsrdiiur 
and  commission  business,  but  subsequently  became  t 
dry-goods  merchant.  The  Mormon  diAculties  « 
1842  caused  a  depression  of  business,  and,  disponitf 
of  his  interests,  he  went  to  Boston  where  he  remainefl 
until  1 844,  when  he  returned  to  Warsaw.  Meanwhile 
his  attention  had  been  directed  to  the  geolojncal  feat- 
ures of  the  country  in  the  vicinity  of  nia  home,  «iw 
he  studied  especially  the  fossil  remains  preeerrod  io 
the  sedimentary  rocks,  and  he  also  invei«tigated  the 
geode-beds  in  that  vicinity.  When  he  removed  to 
Boston  he  took  with  him  several  barrels  of  spedm«^^ 
chiefly  geodes,  which  he  exchanged  there  lor  a  cabi- 
net ol  sea-shells  that  he  carried  back  to  Warsaw.  Ue 
found  similar  forma  to  these  shells  everywhere  pre- 
served in  the  limestone  rocks  of  that  locality,  ana  be 
devoted  his  leisure  to  the  exploration  of  the  mvioes 
and  bluffs  and  every  exposure  of  the  subjacent  rock* 
that  could  be  reached.  His  collection  grew  re{Hdlj, 
and  he  soon  began  that  system  of  exchanges  ^^ 
made  his  cabinet  of  such  Value  as  to  command  the  at> 
tention  of  James  Hall,  who  secured  from  him  many 
of  the  speclmena  with  which  he  Ulostrated  the  finft 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN. 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.         659 


)  of  his  reports  on  the  geolo^  of  Iowa.  The 
tology  of  tnat  State  was  Hubsequentlv  placed  in 
ortht^n^s  hands,  bv  Prof.  Hall,  tor  acscrintion. 
i  orjiranization  of  the  geological  survey  of  Illi- 
1851,  he  was  appointed  assistant  in  the  work 
rved  actively  for  three  years.  In  1855  he  was 
at  State  geologist  of  Iowa,  but  in  1858  he  be- 
»tatc  geofoglst  of  Illinois,  which  place  he  then 
ntil  1877,  when  the  office  was  abolished.  He 
d  himself  largely  to  active  work  in  the  field, 


piffed  the  services  of  eminent  specialists  in  the 
It  ones  of  science  to  work  up  the  material  col- 

thus  he  assigned  the  mineralogy  to  Josiah  D. 
By.  the  description  of  plants  to  Leo  Lesquereux, 
tcorate  paleontology  to  John  6.  Newberry,  the 
brate  palsontology'to  Fielding  B.  Meek,  and 
»lo^y  to  Garland  0.  Broadhead  and  Edward  T. 
This  resulted  in  the  publication  of  his  reports 
"  Geolo<;ical  Survey  of  Illinois  "  (8  vols.,  quar- 
in^cld,  186&-^88).     In  1877  he  was  appointed 

ot  the  State  Historical  Library  and  Natural 
r  Museum,  which  place  he  held  until  his  death. 
'  bis  term  of  office  ho  gathered  an  extensive 
on  of  minerals  and  fa^ils,  which  were  arranged 
i  in  the  Natural  History  Museum,  now  in  the 
?apltol,  and  also  fumii*hcd  numerous  collec- 
)  oifferent  colleges  in  the  State.  Mr.  Worthen 
oember  of  scientific  societies,  and  in  1874  was 

a  fellow  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
cement  of  Science.  In  1872  he  was  chosen  a 
r  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences.  The 
f  his  reports  was  widely  recognized,  and  besides 
•rofcssional  papers  was  his  only  literary  work. 
enpooDf  Winiam  Wallaoe,  merchant,  born  in 
ork  dtv  in  1821 ;  died  there,  Oct,  11, 1888.  He 
d  a  ooile^ate  education,  studied  painting  in 
took  part  m  the  Italian  revolution  of  1848,  and, 
ng  to  New  York  city  in  1849,  established  him- 
i  painter.  He  became  a  founder  of  tlie  Artists' 
nd  the  Sketch  Club,  and  was  an  active  member 
National  Academy  of  Design.  On  the  death 
ather,  a  well-to-do  merchant  with  a  fondness 
^  he  relinquished  his  art  career  and  applied 
f  to  his  father's  large  bw^iness.  For  over  twcn- 
s  he  had  painted  only  for  pleasure,  yet  in  that 
i  lost  none  of  his  enthusiasm  for  art,  and  de- 

in  quietly  extending  pecuniary  aid  and  other 
iirement  to  struj^linjor  artints  of  merit, 
aofl^  WiUiaiii  0.,  journalist,  born  in  New  York 
av  28,  1882;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  May  2, 
Efe  was  educated  at  Forrest's  Colles^te  School, 
was  appointed  corresponding  clerk  and  mathe- 
n  to  Beebe  &  Co.,  who  were  at  that  time  the 
specie  and  bullion  dealers  in  the  United  States. 


From  1861  till  1866  he  was  chief  clerk  of  the  National 
Bank-Note  Company,  and  in  1869  became  dav  and 
scientific  editor  of  the  New  York  "  Tribune."  He  was 
secretary  of  the  Silk  Association  of  America  from  1878 
till  his  death,  and  during  that  period  was  associate 
editor  of  the  "  Science  News  "  ;  1 879-' 80,  special  agent 
and  expert  of  the  United  States  Government  for  the 
statistics  of  the  American  silk  industry  for  the  a^n- 
BUS,  1880-'88 ;  and  editor-in-chief  of  the  "  American 
Magazine"  from  the  latter  part  of  1886  till  March, 
1888.  He  published  "  The  Silk  Goods  of  America'^ 
(New  York,  1879);  "Silk  Manufacture  in  the  United 
States"  (1883);  and  "American  Silk  Manufacture" 
(1887)3  '^^  ^®  ^^  nearly  completed  a  curious  work 
on  **  Silk  L^ends." 

Yoangf  Thomas  L.|  lawyer,  bom  in  Killvleagh, 
Counter  Down.  Ireland,  Dec.  14,  1882;  died  in  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  July  20,  1888.  He  came  to  the  United 
States  when  a  boy,  entered  the  United  States  Army  by 
enlistment  in  the' last  ^ear  of  the  Mexican  War,  served 
till  1857,  settled  in  Cincinnati,  and  was  graduated  at 
the  Law  School.  In  1861,  after  the  finng  on  Fort 
Sumter,  he  entered  the  army  as  a  lieutenant  of  volun- 
teers, was  appointed  captain  in  Fremont's  body- 
giara  in  August,  and  assisted  in  raising  the  One 
undred  ana  Eighteenth  Ohio  Regiment,  of  which 
he  was  appointed  m^ior  and  promoted  colonel  in 
1862.  He  was  bre vetted  brigaaier-general  for  gal- 
lantry at  Resaca  in  1866.  Returning  to  Cincinnati, 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  appoints  assistant  au- 
ditor of  the  cit^,  and  electca  a  member  of  the  Legis- 
lature in  1865,  was  elected  recorder  of  Hamilton 
County  in  1867,  appointed  supervisor  of  internal  rev- 
enue in  1868,  elected  State  Senator  in  1871,  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor of  Ohio  in  1875,  and  succeeded  Gov. 
Rutherford  B.  Hayes  in  1877.  He  was  ele<^ed  to  Con- 
gress as  a  Republican  in  1878  and  1880,  and  was  ap- 
pointed a  meml)er  of  the  board  of  public  afiairs  of 
Cincinnati  in  1886,  holding  the  office  till  his  death. 

Zeregai  AngnstoSf  merchant,  bom  in  Martinique, 
Dec.  4,  1808;  died  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  28,  1888. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  wealthy  ship-owner,  was  edu- 
cated in  London,  Fnsland,  and  Balbec,  France,  re- 
turned to  tlie  West  Inaies  in  1818,  studied  navigation 
on  his  father's  vessels,  and  became  a  ship-owner  and 
captain  in  1820.  During  th6  next  fifteen  years  he  was 
engaged  in  the  West  India  and  South  American  trade, 
soiling  his  vessels  himself,  and  making  and  losing 
three  fortunes.  While  temporarily  living  in  La 
Guayra,  he  became  intimate  with  Gen.  Simon  Bolivar, 
encouraged  his  scheme  for  liberating  the  South  Ameri- 
can states  from  Spanish  rule,  and  in  1881  made  a  voy- 
age to  the  United  States  to  procure  munitions  of  war 
for  him.  In  1885  he  established  himself  as  a  coffee- 
merchant  in  New  York  city,  and  owned  and  managed 
a  fleet  of  thirty  vessels,  noted  in  their  day  as  the  **  Z  " 
line,  till  1855,  when  he  retired  fVom  business  and  sold 
his  vessels.  One  of  his  ships,  the  "  Antartic,"  res- 
cued over  800  United  States  soldiers  from  the  "  San 
Francisco"  when  she  foundered  at  sea,  in  1854.  He 
lived  in  retirement  at  Throgg's  Neck  from  1855  till 
1868,  and  alter  that  spent  bis  winters  in  New  York. 

OBITUARIES,  FOREIGBT.  Sketches  of  a  few  of 
the  mo8t  eminent  foreigners  that  died  in  1888 
will  be  found  in  their  own  alphabetical  places 
in  this  volume,  accompanied  with  portraits. 

Amaaoiif  Joii|  an  Icelandic  scholar,  born  Aug.  17, 
1819 :  died  in  Kcy^avik,  Iceland,  Nov.  13, 1888.  He 
was  for  many  years  librarian  of  the  public  librorjr  of 
Iceland,  which' was  largely  increased  under  his  direc- 
tion, and  did  much  to  preserve  the  memorials  of  the 
carlv  history  of  Iceland.  Dr.  Arnason  was  famous 
for  his  great  collection  of  Icelandic  sagas.  He  pub- 
lished, with  Grirason,  a  collection  of  Icelandic  talcs, 
followed  by  a  larger  one  of  **  Popular  Legends  of  Ice- 
land" (Leip«ic,  1862-'64). 

Baden,  Prince  Lndwi^  'VnUiehiii  second  son  of  the 
Grand-Duke  and  of  Pnnoess  Louise  of  Prussia,  bom 


660  OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN. 

in  Badon,  June  12^  1865 ;  died  in  Freiburg,  Feb.  28,  ject  '*  The  Beforraation  of  the  Sixteenth  Centnn  in 

1888.    He  was  a  lieutenant  of  the  Uhlan  Guards  at  its  Relation  to  Modem  Thou&rkt  and  Knowledge." 

Potsdam,  and  a  tisivorite  grandson  of  the  Emperor  BergaigiUf  AbeL  a  French  Orientalisi,  died  in  Pirii 

Wilhelm.    Leaving  active  service  to  pursue  his  studies  Aug.  20,  1888.    Ue  held  the  chair  of  Sandmt  st  the 

at  Freiburg,  he  was  attacked  by  inflammation  of  the  8or bonne.    His  translation  of  the  gnomic  poem,  ^U 

lungs,  and  aied  unexpectedly.  BhiminlvUasa,"  was  published  in  1872.    la  1879  be 

BagallaVf  Sir  Biohaid,  an  English  lawyer,  bom  in  published  a  translation  of  the  Buddhist  drama,  *'  ^i- 

Stockweli  (now  apart  of  London),  May  13,  1816;  gananda"  with  the  Sanskrit  text,  and  from  1878  to 

died  in  Brighton,  Nov.  18,  1888.    He  was  educated  at  1883,  he  issued  three  volumes  entitled  *^The  Vedie 

Oxford,  becoming  a  fellow  of  Cuus  College  in  1339,  Beligion,  alter  the  Hymns  of  the  Rig-Veda.^^    lie 

and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1843.     He  entered  Parlia-  translated  into  French  the  dnima,  *"*  Saoountala,"  in 


party  m  December  of  the  same  still  m  progress 

year.    When  the  Conservatives  defeated  Mr.  Glad-  Brand,  Sir  Jdfaaimei  Heniioiu,  President  of  the  Oniue 

stone  in  1874,  on  the  issue  of  the  abolition  of  the  in-  Free  State,  bom  in  Cape  Town,  Dec.  6, 1823 ;  died  Jolj 

come-tax.  Sir  Richard  Bagallay  resumed  the  office  he  15,  1888.    He  was  the  son  of  the  Speaker  of  the  Cape 

had  held,  but  before  the  end  of  the  year  he  succeeded  House  of  Representatives,  studied  law  in  Lerden,  m 

the  retiring  Attorney-General,  Sir  John  KarslakCj  in  1849  began  practice  in  the  Supreme  Court  in  Cap 

and  in  the  autumn  of  1876  was  appointed  a  judge  ot  Town.    In  1863  he  became  Professor  of  Law  in  m 

the  Court  of  Appeal.    He  retired  m  1885,  having  for  South  AfHcan  College,  and  in  1863  he  was  elected 

some  years  taken  the  lead  as  senior  justice  in  the  President  of  the  Orangfe  River  Free  State,  to  whkb 

chancery  division.  post  he  was  re-elected  every  five  years  until  bis  detth. 

Baigaih  ben  Baidt  Sultan  or  Sey  vid  of  Zanzibar,  bom  tt  was  owing  to  his  influence  that  the  Free  Htste:  h^ 
in  1835:  died  in  Zanzibar,  March  27, 1888.  He  sue-  aloof  from  the  Transvaal  war  and  has  declined  to  ea& 
oeeded  nis  cider  brother,  Majid,  Oct.  7, 1870.  For-  into  the  plans  of  the  Transvaal  Republic  for  a  anica 
merly  he  adminUtered  an  extensive  range  of  coast  of  the  three  South  African  republics,  aooepcii^  io 
extending  north.ward  and  southward  from  the  island  preference  the  railroad  and  tariff  proposals  of  Cspe 
of  Zanzibar,  where  he  had  his  residence,  and  main-  Colony.  In  recognition  of  his  ftiendly  services' to 
tained  an  army  to  guard  the  caravan-routes  into  the  England,  the  Queen  knifirhted  Lim. 
interior.  Great  Britain  compelled  him  to  sign  a  treaty  uunenm,  Sir  Bonoan  Alsnmder.  a  Scottish  soldier. 
in  1878,  pledjsnng  himself  to  suppress  the  slave-traoe  bom  in  1808  ;  died  at  Blackheatn,  June  7, 1888.  Bi 
in  his  dominions.  A  few  months  before  his  death  entered  the  army  at  the  age  of  seventeen  ;  became  t 
Germany  obtained  a  lease  or  cession  of  the  coast-line  captain  in  1833,  major  in  1839,  colonel  in  1S64,  nugor- 
lying  in  fh)nt  of  the  territory  of  the  Cast  African  Com-  seneral  in  1559,  and  general  in  1873.  In  the  CrinKsn 
panv,  and  England  obtained  the  grant  of  the  coast  War  he  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Alma,  and  ooid- 
^ving  access  to  her  newly  acqmred  possessions,  leav-  manded  the  Highland  Bri:4ade  at  the  battle  of  Bal- 
ing the  Sultan  only  a  fraction  of  his  former  dominion  klava.  He  was  al:>Q  actively  engaged  in  the  siege  of 
on  the  mainland.  He  was  succeeded  bv  his  brother,  Sebastopol,  and  on  the  assault  on  the  Bedsn.  Ha 
who  rules  under  the  title  of  Se vyid  Khalifa.  commanded  the  forces  in  the  New  Zealand  war  oi 

Bartsdh,  Karl  Friediioh  Adolf  Konrad,  a  German  phi-  1 863-*  65,  in  the  battles  of  Kalikaro,  Kohasoa,  Tan^ 

lologist,  bom  in  Sprottau,  Silesia.  Feb.  25,  1832 ;  died  riri,  and  Gate  Pan.    From  1868  to  1875  he  was  jfov- 

In  Heidelberg,  Feo.  20,  1888.     He  practiced  poetical  eraor  of  the  Military  College  at  Sandhurst.    InlSTJ 

eompositiou  in  German  and  Latin  while  at  the  gym-  ho  was  retired. 

nasium,  and  studied  Germanic  philology  at  Bre»lau  Oanot,  Laare  fflpimlyte,  a  French  statesman,  fotbff 

and  Berlin.    Taking  his  doctor's  degree  in  1853,  he  of  the  President  of  the  French  Bcpublic,  boro  in  Si 

went  to  Paris  to  stud^  the  poetry  of  the  Troubadours,  Omer,  April  6,  1801 :  died  in  Pans,  March  IS,  Itfe? 

which  he  was  one  of  the  earliest  to  introduce  to  the  He  was  the  son  of  the  War  Minister  of  the  Eeroln- 

attention  of  German  students.     In  1855  he  became  tion,  and  at  the  restoration  accompanied  h»  &thtf 

librarian  of  the  German  Museum  in  Nurembei^,  and  into  exile.    Returning  to  France  in  1823,  he  8tudi«<i 

in  the  same  year  published  a  reading-book  of  Pro-  law,  and  became  a  supporter  of  the  St.  SimoD  sed. 

venial  literature,  which  was  followed  by  a  chrestoma-  but  seceded  when  Enfantin  introduced  the  doctrioeoi 

thy  ofTroubadourpo^trv  and  an  edition  ot  the  songs  of  free  love.    He  was  elected  deputy  in  1889,  and  after 

Pierre  Vidal.    He  alsoeaited  *"*■  Karl.''  an  epic  poem  by  the  revolution  of  1848  became  Minister  of  Educatioe. 

Strieker,  an  Austrian  poet  of  the  Tnirteenth  century.  He  was  forced  to  retire  from  \hU  office  in  oongequen* 

In  1858  Bartscli  was  called  to  the  professorship  of  Mo^-  of  a  circular  that  he  addressed  to  schoolmasters,  ei- 

em  and  German  Literature  at  Rostock,  where  he  estab-  joining  on  tJiem  activity  at  elections.     He  wa<  one  af 

lishcd  a  Seminary  of  German  Philologv.    He  became  the  throe  Republican  deputies  that  refUsed  to  tskctbe 

editor  of  '*  Germania,"  the  periodical  devoted  to  Ger-  oath  of  allowance  after  the  coup  (Titdlj  and  was  n*" 

man  antiquities,  in  1869,  and  in  1871  went  to  Heidel-  seated.     He  entered  the  Chamber  again  in  1863,  but 

berg  as  Professor  of  Early  German  Literature.     His  was  defeated  by  Gambetta  in  1869.     In  1871  he  w«» 

voluminous  published  works  include  critical  editions  again  elected  deputy,  and  on  the  formation  of  theSen- 

of  Old  and  Middle  Hi«^h  German  poets,  many  of  ate  in  1875  was  elected  a  life  member.     He  publish^ 

whose  works  were  first  issued  in  print  by  him,  and  biofrraphies  of  his  tiither  and  of  Bishop  Grcgoirc,  and 

of  old  French  romances,  pastorals,  and  popular  songs,  edited  the  memoirs  of  Bardre. 

poetry  of  his  own,  of  which  a  collected  edition  has  Ocnrrenld,  Oeiars,  an  Italian  statesman,  bora  in  1815; 

been  published,  and  lectures  and  essays,  some  of  died  in  Meina,  Oct.  4,  1888.    He  took  part  in  thecoo- 

which  were  republished  in  1883.  flicts  for  the  deliverance  and  unification  of  luly,  and 

Beard  Charles,  an  English  divine,  bom  m  1828;  died  was  Minister  of  Education  in  1867  and  a&in  from 

at  Liverpool,  March  9, 1888.     He  became  a  minister  of  1869  till  1872,  when  he  prepared  and  carried  throujh 

the  Unitarian  church  at  Hyde,  removing  subsequent-  Parliament  the  luwsfor  pensioning  el ementarv8cho«il- 

Iv  to  Liverpool.     In  1861  was  published  his  **  Port  teachers  and  abolishing  the  theological  faculties  in  tbe 

Royal,  a  Contribution  to  the  Historj'  of  Religion  and  universities. 

Literature  in  France."     He  founded'the  **  Theological  Oortl  Lokii  an  Italian  diplomatist,  died  in  Roro«, 

Review,"  in  1864.    His  other  important  works  were,  Feb.  18,  1888.    He  studied  mathematics  in  Padua, 

**  Outlines  of  Christian  Doctrine  "    and  a  translation  took  part  in  the  Revolution  of  1848,  filling  an  office  in 

of  M.  Renan^s  '*  Lectures  on  the  Influence  of  the  In-  the  Sardinian  Ministry  for  Foreism  AfiTaire.  and  after- 

stitutions,  Thought,  and  Culture  of  Rome  on  Chris-  ward  serving  in  the  ranks  against  Austria.    In  1^ 

tianity  "  (1880).      In  1883  ho  delivered  the  Hibbert  he  entered  the  diplomatic  service  as  secretary  of  te- 

Loctures  in  London  and  Oxford,  takuig  for  hb  sub-  gation  at  London.    He  rose  to  be  ooundlor  in  ISfii, 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN. 


661 


in  repid  suooes^ion  the  pouts  of  ehargi  d^qf- 
linbter  resident,  and  minister  plenipoten- 
Brussels,  Stockholm,  Madrid,  and  Washing- 
1873  he  presided  over  the  Alanama  Commis- 

two  years  later  he  went  to  Constantinople 
sador,  where  he  so  skillfully  asserted  the 
»f  Italy  in  the  complicated  Eastern  question 

that  time  furth  he  was  the  chief  diplomatic 

in  Italy  in  Oriental  affairs.  When  the  oen- 
&vity  in  European  diplomacy  philled  in  the 

of  Constantinople,  Carioli,  in  1878,  called 
)  his  Cabinet  as  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs, 
tn  the  Congress  of  Berlin  was  convened, 
lining  his  post  in  the  Cabinet,  he  wentns  the 
ipreseutative.    Soon  after  the  work  of  the 

was  finished  he  resigned  on  account  of  a 
d  crisis,  having  been  severely  attacked  by 
d  others  of  the  Opposition,  because  he  had 
io  territorial  advantage  for  Italy,  and  went 
n  as  ambassador,  in  which  post  he  remained 
ras  removed  by  the  Cri^pi  ministry.  He  was 
r  of  the  Italian  Senate. 

nif  Thomas  Bniwllf  an  English  engineer,  bom 
stair-*,  Kent,  in  1816;  oied  in  April,  1838. 
«ivin^  a  liberal  education  he  became  the 
m  eminent  mechanical  engineer  in  London, 
led  the  first  locomotive  for  the  Great  West- 
ray,  and  between  1842  and  1847  hQ  perfected 
of  locomotive  that  bears  his  name,  m  which 
>iler,  outside  cvlinders,  and  a  low  center  of 
ro  tne  essential  features.  In  1851  his  loco- 
v'on  for  him  the  grand  medal  in  the  Great 
•n.  He  Md  the  first  submarine  cable  bo- 
vver and  Colaiit  in  1851. 

JqIm  Hdui,  French  chemist,  bom  in  France, 
1827  ;  died  in  Paris,  Julv  19,  1888.  He  was 
in  Paris,  and  received  tne  degree  of  Doctor 
es  in  1855.  Subeequebtly  he  was  called  to 
'  of  Chemistry  at  the  Charlemagne  Lyceum, 
assistant  at  the  Normal  School.  In  1868  he 
need  to  the  rank  of  Maitre  de  Conferences. 
Iso  assayer  at  the  testing  department  of  the 

1877  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  French 

of  Sciences,  and  was  vice-president  of  the 
>f  Encouragement  for  National  Industry. 
t>ray  was  a  member  of  the  Higher  Council  of 
LStrnction,  and  of  the  Consulting  Committee 
ind  Manufactures.  The  greater  part  of  his 
work  was  pertbrmed  in  association  with 
inte- Claire  l)eville,  notably,  the  investiga- 
be  pro})crties  of  the  rarer  platinum  met^s, 
smium  and  iridium,  which  at  that  time  were 

known,  a1i*o  in  the  difficult  construction  ot 
ard  metre  of  platinum  alloyed  with  iridium. 
>y  the  International  Metric  Commission j  ana 
evelopment  of  Sainte-Claire  Deville's  ideas 
elation.  His  pubhcations  include,  besides 
%  for  the  doctorate  on  ^*  Glucinum  and  its 
ids"  (1855).  "  Dc9  Princi pales  Sources  de 
'  (1863);  "M^Ullursrie  du  Platino  et  des 
mi  P Acoompairnent "  (2  vols.,  1863);  and 
sMmentaire  de  Cheniie"  (2  vols.,  1865). 
Hikolaiu,  a  German  Shakespearian  commen- 
n  in  Bremen,  Oct.  19,  1813;  died  in  Berlin, 
1888.     He  studied  at  Bonn  and  Berlin,  ac- 

name  as  a  scholar  in  Sanskrit  and  in  the 
1  and  English  languages  and  literature,  and 
lessor  of  those  subjects  at  Bonn  from  1855 
death.  Besides  works  on  the  Romance  lit- 
he published  "The  Shakespeare  Myth" 
m  edition  of  Shakespeare's  "  Works "  (7 
4-'61);  a  volume  on  the  English  theatre  in 
are's  time  (1853);  and  a  "Shakespeare 
'  ri854). 

William  Ri^nald  Ooartenay,  Earl  of,  an  Eng- 
eman,  bom  April  14, 1807 ;  died  at  Powder- 
itle,  near  Exeter,  Nov.  18,  1888.  He  was 
1  at  Oxford  in  1828,  entered  the  House  of 
B  in  1841  as  a  Conservative,  became  a  Pcelite, 
secretary  to  the  Poor  Law  Board  from  1852 


tin  1858.  Subsequently  rejoining  the  Conservatives, 
he  entered  Lord  I)crby's  Cabinet  in  July,  1866,  as 
Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  exchanging 
that  office  in  May,  1867,  for  that  of  president  or  the 
Poor  Law  Boara,  which  he  held  until  December, 
1868.  He  was  a  promoter  of  railroad  enterprises  in 
Devonshire  and  in  Ireland,  and  was  a  supporter  of 
religious,  educational,  and  philantiiropic  societies. 

BoylSf  Sir  Fnmdi  Hastings,  Bart.,  an  English  poet, 
born  in  Yorkshire,  Aug.  22,  ICIO ;  died  in  London, 
June  8,  1888.  He  was  graduated  with  honor  at  Ox- 
ford in  1882,  was  called  to  the  bar  shortly  afterward, 
succeeded  to  a  baronetcy  in  1839,  and  was  appointed 
receiver-general  of  customs  in  1846.  He  was  elect- 
ed Proressor  of  Poetry  at  Oxford  in  1867,  and  in  1872 
was  re-elected.  He  published  ballads  and  other  po- 
etical pieces,  and  in  1886  a  voluoLe  of  "  Reminiscences 
and  Opinions." 

Ihiobrot  Oharlas  Theodore  Engteei  a  French  statesman, 
bom  in  Bagneres-de-Bigorre,  Nov.  9,  1812;  died  in 
July,  1888.  He  was  a  prominent  Republican  in  1848. 
a  frequent  speaker  in  tne  Constituent  Assembly,  ana 
for  a  time  Minister  of  Finance.  During  the  time  of 
the  empire  he  devoted  himself  to  private  business. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  National  Assembly  that  was 
summoned  to  make  peace  with  Germany,  was  made 
President  of  the  Republican  Left,  was  regarded  as  an 
authority  on  financial  questions,  was  elected  Vice- 
President  of  the  Chamber,  and  in  1875  was  chosen  a 
Senator  tor  life,  and  was  looked  upon  in  the  Senate  as 
a  leader  of  the  Moderate  Left.  In  1882,  atler  M.  dc 
Freycinet's  defeat,  on  the  proposal  of  a  joint  expedi- 
tion to  Eg>pt  with  England,  M.  Gr^vy  invited  liim, 
after  the  other  Republican  leaders  had  declined,  to 
fomi  a  workings  mmij^try,  which  he  succcs-sfully  ac- 
complished by  mdttcing  several  Gambcttists  to  accept 
portlolioe. 

Dimoaiif  l^andi,  a  British  artillery  officer,  bom  in 
Aberdeen,  Scotland,  in  1835 ;  died  in  London,  Nov. 
16,  1888.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Aberdeen,  passed  the  artillery  examination  at  the 
head  of  all  competitors,  rose  rapidly  in  the  army,  and 
after  holding  several  staff  appointments  was  selected 
hs  Sir  Evelyn  Wood,  in  1888,  to  reorganize  the 
Egyptian  artillery.  He  commanded  the  outpost  nt 
W  aay  Haifa  in  1884-*85,  and  rendered  important  serv- 
ices in  caring  for  the  refugees  that  Gen.  Gordon  sent 
down  the  Nile  from  Khartoum.  Col.  Duncan  was  a 
Fellow  of  the  Geolocncal  and  other  learned  societies, 
author  of  "  The  English  in  Spain  "  and  "  Hi.^torv  of 
the  Royal  Artillery^"  a  founder  of  the  St.  John's 
Ambulance  Association,  and  a  prime  mover  in  the 
establLshment  of  coffee-palaces  in  garrison  to w us.  He 
was  elected  to  Parliament  as  a  Conservative  after  his 
rctum  from  Egypt  in  1886. 

Easiiey  WilEuDj  an  £ngli<th  sanitarian,  bora  in 
Lochee,  Forfarshire,  Scotland,  in  1832;  died  in  South 
Hampstead,  England,  Aug.  16,  1888.  'He  was  a  civil 
engineer  by  training^  was  one  of  the  designers  of  the 
Renkioi  Hospital  dunng  the  Crimean  War,  and  made 
the  first  excavations  on  the  site  of  Troy  after  the  con- 
cluwon  of  hostilities.  He  was  one  ot  the  founders  of 
the  Sanitary  Institute  of  Great  Britain,  and  in  1874  of 
the  Cremation  Society,  the  ''  Transactions  "  of  which 
he  edited.  He  published  "  Healthy  Houses,"  a  work 
that  gave  an  impetus  to  sanitary  reform,  and  subse- 
Quently  a  maturer  work  on  "  Sanitary  Arrangements 
K)r  Dwellings."  In  1874  he  publisned  "  Cremation 
of  the  Dead,"  a  standard  work  on  the  subject, 

fitez,  Antoiney  a  French  sculptor,  born  in  Paris 
March  20,  1808;  died  there,  July  8,  1888.  He  be- 
longed to  a  family  of  artists,  and  in  1828  gained  the 
f>rize  of  Rome  with  his  **  Hyacinth  slain  by  Apollo," 
le  exhibited  the  colossal  group  of  ** Cain"  in  1838. 
The  power  and  originality  displayed  in  this  work 
causea  M.  Thiers  to  commission  the  sculptor  to  exe- 
cute the  groups  representing  •*  1814"  ana  "  1815"  on 
the  Arc  de  V  f^toile.  He  would  not  exhibit  again  at 
the  Salon,  because  some  of  his  works  were  rejected, 
until  1841,  when  he  appeared  with  the  ^^  Tomb  or 


662  OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN. 

G^ricault/'  Etex  was  distinffuishcd  as  a  painter,  en-  Fleisoher,  Hdmich  Leboedhty  a  Gennan  phnokeift, 
^ravcr^  and  architect,  as  weu  as  m  sculpture.  His  born  in  Schandau,  Saxony,  Feb.  21,  1601  ;  died  ia 
most  important  statues  are  ^^  L^da,''  **  Olympia,"  Leipsic,  Feb.  16.  1888.  Fe  was  a  pupil  of  De  Sack's, 
**  Rossini,''  "  The  Cholera,"  **  Blanche  de  Castule,"  and  became  the  head  of  a  larj^^e  school  of  Arabic  k±(A- 
*^  Charlemagne,"  ^^  St.  Au^nutine,"  and  ^*  Gen.  Le-  are  in  Germany.  He  began  lecturing  on  Arabic  it 
courbe."  He  executed  busts  of  Emile  de  Girardin,  Leipsic  in  1835.  His  most  important  works  were 
Delacroix,  and  M.  de  Lesseps,  and  many  medallion:}  editions  of  Abulfeda's  '^Historii  ante-Islamica'' nid 
and  portraits.  In  1868  he  was  commissioned  with  the  Beidhawi's  ^^  Commentary  on  the  Koran."  He  va 
execution  of  the  monument  to  Injures  at  Montauban.  a  foreii^  member  of  the  French  Institute. 
His  most  famous  painting  are  ^^Christ  Preaching,"  OallMiay  Duchess  of,  an  Italian  benefac^ess,  bom 
*'  Sappho,"  *'  Dante  and  Beatrice,"  "  Jacob  BlessiiW  in  Paris;  died  in  Genoa,  Dec.  10,  1888.  She  wa^the 
the  Sons  of  Joseph  "  "  The  Flijrht  into  Egypt,"  daughter  of  the  Marauis  de  Briguole-Sall,  who  repre- 
"Romeo  and  Juliet,^'  and  '^The  Great  Men  of  the  sented  Peidmont  in  Paris  for  many  yeare  under Ovio 
United  States  (for  the  City  Hall,  New  York).  He  Alberto,  and  married  the  Duke  ae*  Gallicra-Femri. 
drew  the  plans  for  a  fountam  and  swiinminff-schools  the  wealthiest  of  Italian  speculators,  who  acquired 
in  the  woods  of  Boulogne  and  Vincennes  and  for  sev-  ducal  and  princely  rank  by  the  purchase  of  the  ^tite 
eral  monuments  and  tombs.  He  published  ap  *^  Essay  of  Galliera,  near  Bologna,  and  that  of  Luoedio,  in  tbe 
on  the  Beautiful "  ^1851)  and  a  volume  of  art  studies  vicinity  of  Turin.  Atler  his  death  his  widow  carried 
on  "'■  Pradier  and  Scheffer"  (1859).  out  his  wish  to  give  20^000,000  lire  toward  the  harbor 
Evenleyi  Oharles  Shaw-Leferiet  Visoount,  an  English  improvements  of  the  city  of  Genoa  and  6,000,000  lire 
statesman,  bom  in  London  Feb.  22,  1794 ;  di^  at  for  laborers*  dwellings.  Their  son,  renouncinir  tbe 
Heckfield  Plaoe,  his  scat  in  Hampshire,  Deo.  28, 1888.  titles  and  wealth  that  his  father  had  won  by  n^n- 
He  was  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1815,  and  in  1819  hensible  practices,  induced  a  Frenchman  to  aao^ 
was  called  to  the  bar.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Sam-  him  under  the  French  law.  in  order  that  be  might 
ucl  Whitbread  and  niece  of  Earl  Grey  in  1817.  In  take  the  name  De  la  Renauoiere-Ferrari,  and  becamd 
1S30  he  entered  Parliament,  and  in  1881  was  returned  a  Professor  of  German  History  at  Brussels.  Thedueb- 
as  a  Liberal  for  his  own  oounty,  the  northern  division  ess  gave  the  Palazzso  Rosro,  with  its  library  and  pct- 
of  which  he  represented  after  the  passage  of  the  reform  ure-gallery  and  a  fund  for  their  maintenance,  to  the 
act  of  1882.  His  tact,  courtesy^  fine  presence,  and  city  of  Genoa,  and  founded  there  the  San  Andrei 
knowledge  of  business  made  nim  the  choice  of  his  Hospital,  at  a  cost  of  18.000,000  lire,  and  tbe  Hot- 
party  and  of  the  country  gentlemen  for  the  Speaker's  pital  della  Coronata,  whicn  cost  5,000,000  lire,  besidei 
chair  when  it  was  vacated  in  1889,  and  on  May  27  he  charitable  institutions  of  lesser  importance.  She  pro- 
was  elected  by  a  m^oritv  of  eighteen  over  the  Tory  vided  a  great  number  of  dowerlesn  girls,  in  all  rmi 
candidate.  The  fairness,  nrmness.  readiness,  and  good  of  lite,  with  the  means  of  marriage.  In  her  will  she 
temper  with  which  he  directed  tne  stormy  debates  of  endowed  orphan  asylums  and  miMle  bequests  f^r  dq- 
the  period,  with  the  aid  of  new  forms  of  procedure  of  merous  charitable  institutions.  The  Gfuliera  proper- 
his  own  suggestion,  led  to  his  retention  m  tbe  chair,  tv,  valued  at  80,000,000  lire,  she  willed  to  the  Doi^e 
on  the  motion  of  Sir  Robert  Peel  in  1841.  Mr.  Shaw-  ae  Montiiensier.  La^  legacies  that  were  destiiKxi 
Lefevre  srovemed  the  proceedings  of  the  House  during  for  other  members  of  the  Orleans  family  are  said  to 
the  embittered  oontest  over  free  trade,  was  continued  have  been  stricken  from  the  will,  owing  to  her  di»- 
in  the  chair  as  a  matter  of  couree  when  a  general  elec-  satisfaction  with  the  political  course  of  the  Comtede 
tion  placed  Lord  John  Russell  at  the  head  of  the  Gov-  Paris.  Her  palace  in  Paris,  worth  5,000,000  frana,  ebt 
emment  inl847.  And  when  the  Tories  affain  came  into  bequeathed  to  the  Austro-Hungarian  Gfoveromeni,  g& 
power  in  1852,  Mr.  Disraeli,  as  leader  of  the  House,  condition  that  it  shall  be  maintained  as  tbe  Eiiiba»i<7 
followed  the  precedent  set  by  Sir  Robert  Peel,  and  Mr.  forever.  The  residuary  estate  was  left  to  be  divided 
Sliaw-Lefevre  was  le-electea  by  acclamation.  He  re-  in  equal  parts  between  her  son  and  the  Empre* 
signed  when  the  fourth  Parliament  over  which  he  had  Friedrich  of  Germany. 

E resided  was  dissolved  by  Lord  Palmerston  in  1857,  C^ldgi  Qeorg«  Bobot,  an  English  author,  bom  in 

aving  served  longer  than   any  of  his  predecessors  Stirling,  Scotland,  April  20, 1796 ;  died  near  Winch- 

except   Arthur  Onslow.     He  was  created  Viscount  field,  Enjerland,  July  9,  1888.    He  was  the  sod  of  i 

Evereley,  of  Heckfield,  in  the  countv  of  Southampton.  Scottish  bishop,  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and  enterol 

and  devoted  himself  to  farming  and  horticulture  ana  Oxford,  but  left  in  1812  to  join  the  array,  and  eerrtd 

to  his  duties  as  chairman  of  quarter  sessions,  coloiel  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  and  afterward  in  tbt 

of  Yeomanry,  Governor  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  eo-  American  war.     Returning  to  Balliol  Colteze,  b« 

clesiastical  commissioner.  took  his  degree,  and  was  ordained  in  1820.    fiew» 

Feyen-PeRia,  TaaigiiM,  a  French  artist,  bom  in  Be^-  rector  of  a  diurch  in  Kent,  became  chaplain  of  ChtV 

HUT-^\]\o  in  1829,  cUed  Oct.  14,  1888.     He  studied  m  sea  in  1844.  and  two  ;|rears  later  was  appointed  cbap- 

the  Bcole  des  Beaux  Arts,  and  relinciuished  the  con-  lain'^neral  of  the  foroes,  a  post  that  he  held  for 

test  for  the  prize  of  Rome  on  receiving  the  commis-  nearly  thirty  years.     He  devised  a  scheme  for  tbe 

sion  to  paint  the  curtain  for  the  Th^lktre  dcs  Italians,  education  of  soldiers,  and  was  appointed  inspector 

which  still  remains  one  of  the  most  beautiful  de^i^s  general  of  military  schools  soon   after  he  Decant 

of  its  kind.    He  devoted  himself  at  first  to  histoncal  chaplain- general.     Among  his  numerous  publisbed 

painting,  which  brought  him  prizes,  but  only  small  worKs  are,  "  The  Subaltern  "  ;  "  Campaigns  at  Wttb- 

.                  1       ,,.    ,     .        ,       ..., .         ...  ^T       ^  ,         .,     "  Lives  of  Military  Com- 

;  "  History  of  the  Bi- 
,                  .                          Waterioo";"UT« 
(1S61),  **La  Muse  de  Boulanger  "  (186»).  and  *'  Charles  of  Lord  Clive.  Warren,  Hastings,  and  the  Dukeof  Wel- 
le T^m^raire  retrouv^  apres  la  Battaiile  de  Nancz"  lington":  "  Memoirs  of  Sir  Tnonriw  Monro "  ;  "Tis- 
(1865).    At  the  time  when  this  last  was  painted  he  had  dicions  oi  Chelsea  Hospital  ^' ;  **  Chronicles  of  Wtl- 
nlreaay  begun  to  search  for  a  more  popular  class  of  tham  " ;  "  The  Country  Curate  "  ;  **  Militarv  Histoiy 
subjects.    In  1864  he  exhibited  the  ^^Gr^ve,"  which  of  Great  Britain"  ;  and  "  The  Great  Problem." 
was  followed  by  *'  La  Vanneuse,"  a  work  that  was  Oo^  St  Jean  Baptiste  Andrft.  a  French  philaa- 
niuch  admired.   A  painting  representing  ovstcr-dredg-  thropist,  bom  in  1817  ;  died  in  Guise,  Jan.  17, 168S. 
ors  retuminjT  from  fishing  han&^  in  the  Luxembouiig  He  was  the  son  of  a  locksmith,  and  was  a  worldn^ 
Palace.      Otners  of  his  works  of  the  later  period  man  in  early  lite.    In  1846  he  established  an  iroD- 
are  *'  Naufrage  de  PEvening  Star"  (1868)   **  Melan-  foundry  at  Guise.    He  rapidlv  became  wealthy,  and 
cholic"   (1870),  "Le  Printemps"  (1872),  and  "La  in  1859  he  erected  a /amt «rf>«r*.  with  co-operftti« 
Ros^  "  (1874).    Ho  was  one  of  the  Society  of  Ten,  shops,  a  club,  a  theatre,  and  other  institutions  forhi* 
the  members  of  which  each  year  exposed  their  new  worxmen.    He  was  elected  a  deputy   iu  1871,  bat 
workb  at  tbe  Hotel  Drouot.  withdrew  from  political  life  in  1875. 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN. 


663 


leorgo.  an  English  author,  horn  in  London, 
15 ;  died  there.  Jan.  27. 1888.  He  was  the 
rchitect  and  practiced  tne  same  prot'easion, 
)d  himself  also  to  art  journalism  aud  lit- 
le  hecame  editor  of  the  *'  Builder  "  in  1844. 
iied  a  standard  treatise  on  ^^  Concrete  '' 
ich  was  tran&ilated  into  various  lan^^^iag^  i 
irches  of  London  "  (2  vols.,  1838-'39) : 
s  and  Monuments,  Modem  and  Mediseval " 
Elistoiy  in  Ruins"  (1853) :  "  London  Shad- 
4);  ^^Town  Swamps  ana  Social  Bridges" 
VIemorials  of  Workers "  ;  and  '*  Another 
Litis."  His  later  works  dealt  with  saiii- 
Ksial  reforms.  He  was  the  designer  of  St. 
urch.  West  Brompton,  and  other  ecdesias- 
ablic  buildings. 

TMinflnd,  a  French  dramatist,  bom  in  Lau- 
2h  7, 1829 ;  died  in  Fans,  Nov.  10, 1888. 
e  author  of  *-Lakm^j'  **Le  Roi  Va  dit,'» 
:he,"  "  Gavaud,"  "  Mmard  et  Compagnie," 
Heureux  des  Trois^"  "Le  Parisien, '  and 
!8sful  comedies.  His  co-operation  and  ad- 
ought  by  authors  and  managers,  and  made 
f  many  unpresentable  plays,  such  as  *^  Lo 
ich  would  never  have  been  performed  but 
istanoe.  His  works  are  distinguished  for 
Ined  humor. 

ihf  Heniy.  an  English  naturalist,  bom  in 
in  1810;  died  inT^orquay,  Aug.  23,  1888. 
went  as  a  merchant's  clerk  to  Newfound- 
e  he  spent  his  leisure  in  collecting  insects 
g  colored  drawings  of  them  and  their  trans- 
.  He  removed  to  Lower  Canada  in  1835, 
Olog^  and  entomology  three  years,  afler- 
led  in  the  United  States,  and  passed  a  year 
I  in  making  drawings  of  insects.  He  re- 
England  in  1839,  and  prepared  for  publica- 
iults  of  his  investigations,  visited  Jamaica 
>,  and  from  that  time  forward  resided  in 
nd  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  the  micro- 
y  of  the  Rotifera  and  to  collecting  shells  for 
private  cabinets.  He  also  pursued  a  scries 
itions  into  the  characters  of  tine  Ihpilionida, 
i  works  on  natural  history,  both  scientific 
u*,  he  published  several  volumes  of  sacred 
it  historv.  Among  his  books  are  '•*'  The 
Naturalist  "  (London,  1840) ;  "  Birds  of  Ja- 
ith  an  atlas)  and  **■  A  Naturalist's  Sojourn 
"  ;  **  Introduction  to  Zoology  "  ;  **  Monu- 
gypt"  (1847);  *•  Sacred  Streams"  (1850); 
of  the  Jews"  (1851);  "Assyria"  (1852); 
arium  "  (1854) ;  "  Manual  of  Marine  Zodl- 
>) ;  "  Life  in  its  Lower,  Intermediate,  and 
rms  "  (1857) ;  "  Actinologia  Britannica :  a 
Britbh  Sea  Anemones  ana  Corals  "  (1860) ; 
ranee  of  Natural  History  "  (1860-'62) ;  "  A 
J  Shore"  (1865);  "Land  and  Sea"  (1865); 
of  the  Great  Deep"  (Philadelphia,  1874) ; 
Mysteries  of  God :  a  Series  of  Expositions 
ripture  "  (London,  1884). 
?•  Ti,  an  Australian  explorer,  bora  in  Eng^- 
.  in  Brisbane,  Queensland,  Nov.  10,  1388. 
mnied  his  father  to  Western  Australia  in 
le  second  ship  that  sailed  fh>m  England 
iestination.  With  his  elder  brother  he  ex- 
country  east  and  north  of  Swan  river  in 
857  he  traced  the  Murohison  river,  and  in 
itrasted  by  the  Government  with  an  expe- 
i  the  northwest  coast  of  Australia  in  search 
ands.  which  led  to  the  discovery  of  the 
lies  of  Western  Australia,  of  rich  pastoral 
of  Ashburton  and  Fortescue  rivers.  He 
logical  map  of  Western  Australia,  and  was 
Cflul  attention  to  the  coal-mines  of  the  col- 
ling in  Queensland,  he  became  Commis- 
rown  Lands  and  Postmaster-General,  and 
ber  of  the  Legislative  Council. 
Itaphon,  a  Hungarian  musician,  bora  in 
y  15.  1815;  died  in  Paris,  Jan.  14,  1888. 
in  Vienna,  and  remained  for  a  few  years 


in  Augiiburg,  but  settled  in  Paris  in  1838,  and  re- 
mained there  during  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  a 
composer  of  pieces  lor  the  pianoforte,  which  are  dis- 
tinjguished  tor  tenderness  of  sentiment  and  artistic 
finish.  One  of  his  collections  is  called  "  Promenades 
d'un  Solitaire,"  referring  to  Rousseau,  and  another  is 
**  Blumen,  Frucht,  und  Domen  StGcke,"  supposed  to 
have  been  inspired  by  the  works  of  Riciiter.  He  rarely 
appeared  in  ooncerU«j,  and  as  a  player  he  was  only 
heard  to  advantage  m  the  inspinng  presence  of  his 
pupils  and  admirers. 

HesM)  Prince  AlsTandWy  of,  a  general  in  the  Aus- 
trian army,  bom  in  Darmstadt,  Germany,  July  15, 
1823:  died  near  Jugenhcim,  Dec.  16,  1S88.  He  was 
the  tnird  son  of  the  Grand  Duke  Ludwig.  Entering 
the  Hessian  service  as  lieutenant  in  1833,  tic  joined  the 
Russian  armv  as  colonel,  in  1840,  alter  his  sister's 
marriage  to  the  future  Czar  Alexander  II,  rose  to  be 
a  m^jor-general,  and  took  service  in  the  Austrian 
army  in  i852,  a  year  after  his  marriage  to  Julie, 
daughter  of  Count  Maurice  Haucke.  The  ability  ana 
decision  that  he  displayed  on  the  field  of  Montebello 
in  1859  led  to  his  promotion  to  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant field-marshal.  He  distingmshed  himself  like- 
wise at  Solferino,  and  waa  intrusted  later  with  the 
command  of  the  Seventh  Corps.  He  retumed  to  his 
home  in  1863,  and  devoted  nimsclf  to  the  education 
of  his  children  and  the  gratification  of  scientific  and 
artistic  tastes  till  the  war  of  1866  called  him  to  the 
head  of  the  Eighth  Army  Corps  of  the  German  Federa- 
tion. He  has  shared  with  Field-Marshal  Benedek  the 
blame  for  the  defeat  of  Austria  and  the  South  Ger- 
man States,  although  tardy  mobilization  and  incoher- 
ent organization,  sufficiently  explained  the  fiulure  of 
his  corps,  made  up  as  it  was  of  six  contingents  of 
troops  all  trained  on  different  systems,  commanded 
bv  generals  who  were  strangers  to  him.  After  the 
close  of  the  campaign  he  retumed  to  his  country-seat, 
called  Heiligenberg,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life. 
His  eldest  son.  Prince  Alexander  of  Batten bui^,  filled 
for  seven  years  the  Bulgarian  throne,  and  his  second 
son,  Prince  Henry,  married  in  1885  the  Princess 
Beatrice,  daughter  of  Queen  Victoria  of  England. 

Hessei  Fileuioh  Wilheliii,  Landgrave  of,  bom  in  Co- 
penhagen, Oct.  15,  1854 ;  died  at  sea,  Oct.  14,  1888. 
He  was  traveling  in  the  tropics^  and  while  sailinjB^ 
from  Batavia  to  Singapore  he  disappeared  from  his 
cabin  in  the  night,  and  is  supposed  to  nave  committed 
suicide.  His  successor  as  chief  of  the  electoral  or 
elder  line  of  the  house  of  Hesse  Is  his  brother  Alex- 
ander Fricdrich. 

Hdl,  FranL  an  Englbh  artist,  bom  in  London,  July 
4,  1845;  died  there.  July  81,  1888.  He  was  the  son 
of  Francis  Holl,  the  engraver,  studied  painting  in 
London,  and  in  1864  began  to  exhibit  pictures  on 
sentimental  subjects  in  the  Royal  Academy.  A  por- 
trait of  Samuel  Cousins,  the  engraver,  was  so  strongly 
handled  that  the  artist  was  at  once  overwhelmed 
with  commissions,  and  for  the  last  ten  years  of  his 
life  painted  nothing  but  portraits.  Amons;  his  sitters 
were  Lord  Spencer,  John  Bright,  Mr.  Chamberlain, 
Sir  Frederick  Roberts,  Lord  Wolselev,  Mr.  Glad- 
stone, the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  the  Duke  of  Cam- 
bridge. His  last  work  was  a  portrait  of  Cornelius 
Vanderbilt.    He  was  made  an  Academician  in  1884. 

HoueaUf  Jean  GharleSf  a  Belgian  astronomer,  bom  in 
Mons,  Oct.  7,  1820 ;  died  in  Scharbeck,  July  12. 1888. 
He  succeeded  Quetelet  as  director  of  the  Bmssels  Ob- 
servatory, which  he  thoroughly  reoi^ganized  and  kept 
up  to  the  requirements  of  modem  science.  His  ^^  Ura- 
nom^trie  Gen^rale,"  containing  all  the  stars  of  both 
hemispheres  that  are  visible  to  the  naked  eye,  was 
based  on  observations  that  he  made  for  several  years 
near  the  equator.  A  second  great  undertaking  was 
the  *^  Bibliographic  G^n^rale  de  VAstronomie,"  of 
which  only  two  volume  have  appeared,  containing  a 
methodictuly  arranged  catalogue  of  all  treatises,  works, 
'  and  published  observations  in  the  field  of  astronomy, 
fVora  the  invention  of  printing  to  the  year  1880.  He 
also  published  a  ^^  Vademecum  de  Al'stronomie." 


664 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN. 


Howitt,  lUiyy  an  English  auihor,  born  in  Uttoxeter 
in  1799 ;  died  in  Rome,  Italy,  Jan.  80,  IRdB.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  a  Quaker  named  Botham,  and  married 
William  Howitt  in  1828.  In  the  same  year  they  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  verse,  beginning  a  career  of  joint 
authorship  that  made  their  names  widely  known.  In 
1884  she  issued  a  dramatic  poem  called  ^^  The  Seven 
Temptations,"  which  was  followed  by  "  Wood  Leigh- 
ton,"  a  story.  She  wrote  largely  for  young  people, 
and  while  residing  in  Germany  translated  from  the 
Danish  and  S wealth,  and  Urst  made  the  works  of 
Fredrika  Bremer  known  to  English  readers.  In  1851 
she  produced  with  her  husband  *'  The  Literature  and 
Romance  of  Northern  Europe."  Besides  the  works 
that  they  jointly  wrote  and  her  books  for  children, 
Mrs.  Howitt  produced  a  novel  entitled  "  The  Cost  of 
Caergwyn"  and  a  "Popular  History  of  the  United 
States.'*^    They  settled  in  Italy  in  1872. 

Jellettf  John  Hewitt,  Irish  mathematician,  bom  in 
Caehel,  Dec.  25,  1817 ;  died  in  Dublin,  Fob.  20,  1888. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  became 
a  fellow  in  1840,  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  Natural 
Philosophy  in  1848,  received  the  appointment  of  com- 
missioner of  national  education  in  18f)8,  and  in  1881 
was  appointed  provost  of  Trinitv  College.  He  wrote 
a  "  Treatise  on  the  Calculus  of  Variations"  (1850) ;  a 
"Treatise  on  the  Theory  of  Friction"  (1872);  and 
several  theological  essays,  of  which  the  principal 
ones  are  "  The  Moral  Ditficulties  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment" and  "The  Efficacy  of  Prayer." 

Jiute,  Theodore,  a  Belgian  historian,  bom  in  Brussels, 
Jan.  11,1818;  died  there,  Aug.  12, 1888.  He  did  much 
to  popularize  the  history  of  his  own  country  and  of 
France,  publishing  more  than  fifty  volumes.  Among 
bis  most  imoortant  works  were  a  "  Histoiy  of  the 
French  Revolution,  the  Consulate,  and  the  Empire" 
(1339-'40) ;  "  Charlemagne"  (1849) ;  "  Charles  V  and 
Margaret  of  Austria"  (1858) ;  "  History  of  the  Revolt 
of  the  Low  Countries"  (l862-'63) ;  "Histoiy  of  the 
States-General  in  the  Low  Countries"  (1864 1;  "The 
Kelgian  Revolution  of  1830"  (1878) ;  and  "  Founders 
of  the  Belarian  Monarchy  "  (20  vols.,  1805-'74). 

Key,  Sir  AsUey  Oooper,  an  English  naval  officer,  bom 
in  1821 ;  died  in  Maidenhead,  March  8, 1888.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  Naval  CoUeifo,  and  obtained 
a  lieutenant's  commission,  rescued  the  stranded  "  Gor- 
gon" off  Montevideo  in  1844,  was  wounded  in  action 
and  made  a  commander  in  1845,  became  a  captain  in 
1850,  and  took  part  in  the  capture  of  the  forts  of  Bo- 
marsund  and  the  other  operations  of  the  Baltic  cam- 
paign in  1855.  In  1857  he  commanded  a  fleet  of  gun- 
boats at  Calcutta  during  the  Indian  mutiny,  and  in 
1858  he  commanded  a  battalion  of  seamen  at  the  capt- 
ure of  Canton.  On  returning  to  England,  he  served 
on  the  board  to  considci  the  state  of  tno  defenses  that 
was  called  into  existence  on  account  of  the  building 
of  the  French  iron-clad  "  Gloire."  When  the  British 
Government  began  to  build  iron-plated  vessels  and  to 
make  heavy  guns.  Captain  Key  was  made  director- 
general  of  naval  onlnance.  In  1869  he  was  appointed 
superintendent  of  Portsmouth  dockyard.  In  1873-'76 
he  was  president  of  the  Naval  College  at  Greenwich, 
holding  the  rank  of  vice-admiral.  He  was  promoted 
admiral  in  1878,  and  held  the  office  of  Principal  Naval 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty  under  two  successive  adminis- 
tration.^. 

LaUohOi  Engfoe  Xaiin.  a  French  dramatist,  bom  in 
Paris,  May  5,  1815 ;  died  there,  Jan.  23,  1898.  He  waa 
educated  at  the  Bourbon  College,  and  entered  the 
Law  School,  wrote  feuiUetons  for  the  Paris  papers, 
and  in  1838  published  a  romance  entitled  "  La  Clef 
des  Champs.'*^  His  first  attempt  at  dramatic  author- 
ship, the  play  of  "M.  de  Coylin,"  in  which  he  had 
the  assistance  of  two  other  writers,  was  not  a  success. 
He  applied  himself,  however,  to  the  work,  and  devel- 
oped a  new  kind  of  vaudeville  farce,  in  which  the 
central  character  is  involved  in  a  constant  succession 
of  laughable  complications  caused  by  the  eccentric 
actions  of  the  persons  of  the  drama,  producing  ab- 
surdly improbable  situations.     His  plays  became  ex- 


ceedingly popular,  keeping  the  stage  at  the  GyrauBe, 
the  Palais  Royal,  and  the  Vari^tes  longer  than  aoy 
contemporaneous  works.  In  1880  he  was  elected  lio 
the  Academy.  Among  his  more  popular  works  vtre 
"  Frisettc  "  (1846) :  "  Madame  Lariffii "  (184&) ;  "In 
Garcon  de  chez  Very"  (1850):  "Une  Femue  ^ui 
perd  ses  Jarretieres  "'(1851)  ;  "  Le  Chapeau  de  Piiik 
d'ltaly,"  Kavel's  favorite  piece  (1851);  "  Otex  voftie 
Fille,  s'il  vous  plais  "  (1864)  ;  "  L»  Affaire  de  U  Rocde 
Lourcine  "  (1867) ;  "  Le  Voyage  de  M.  Perrichon,''  i 
comedy  of  superior  merit,  written  in  oollaborrtioo 
with  Edouard  Martin  (1860) ;  "  La  Poudre  aux  Yeux" 
(1861);  "Moi"  (1864);  "La  Ga-notte"  (ISW): 
"  Madame  est  trop  Belle  "  (1874) ;  "  Un  MoutoD  i 
I'Entresol,"  with  M.  Second  (1875);  and"LaChtr^ 
de  Cavallerie^"  his  last  piece  (1876).  He  published  a 
complete  cdiuon  of  his  works  in  1878. 

LathaiDf  Boberk  Qordon,  an  £ngliah  ethnologist,  bom 
in  1812:  died  in  London,  Miuvh  9,  1888.  H«  v» 
educatea  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  a  tcUow,  studied  medic'me,  aiM  &r 
some  years  lectured  on  materia  medica  and  medial 
jurispmdence  at  Middlesex  Hot^pital.  Before  \%¥i  be 
had  published  books  on  Norway,  and  tnmslated  Tef^ 
ner'd  "  Frithiof  Saga."  Manv  ethnological  and  pbii- 
ological  works  followed,  of  which  the  most  suooe^ 
were  "  The  Ethnology  of  Europe"  (1852) ;  and"Tu 
Erig:lish  Language ''^(1855).  He  prepared  a  reriwl 
edition  of  Johnson's  "  Dictionary  "  (1870). 

LeOf  Hexu^i  an  English  naturalist,  bom  in  ISiT; 
died  in  Lonaon  in  1888.  As  naturalist  to  the  Bri^n- 
ton  aquarium  he  carried  out  experiments  reigu\iiitf 
the  habits  of  the  herring,  the  natural  history  un 
classification  of  white  rait,  and  the  mip'stwD  vi 
smolts.  He  published  "  Aquarium  Notes,"  dcscriJ*- 
ing  the  life  h^itory  of  the  fish  under  his  care;  ''Set 
Fables  explamed,^'  "  The  Octopus,"  and  "  The  Cu^ 
tie-Fish  of  Fact  and  Fiction." 

Levif  Leone,  an  English  statistician,  bom  in  Aocooa, 
Italy,  July  6,  1821 ;  died  in  Lond(»n,  May  9,  1*^. 
He  went  to  Eni^land  when  a  young  man'on  a  eoo)- 
merciil  enterpnse,  and  finding  difficulties  in  the 
commercial  laws^  he  studied  law,  obtained  admi»c« 
to  the  bar,  organized  the  Liverpool  Cluunber  of  C<^ 
merce  in  1849,  and  similar  institutions  elsewhere,  and 
by  agitation  secured  the  removal  of  some  of  the  ob- 
structions to  foreign  trade.  He  published  a  trDsttse  on 
"The  Commercial  Law  of  the  World"  in  1850, aiii 
in  1852  was  called  to  the  chair  of  Commercial  Lav  in 
King's  College,  London,  which  he  filled  for  many 
years.  He  was  the  autlior  of  "  Taxation :  how  it  s 
raised,  and  how  expended  "  (London,  1860)  \  **  Il»- 
tory  of  British  Commerce  and  of  the  Economic  Prog- 
ress of  the  British  Nation,  1868-'78  "  ;  and  "  Work 
and  Pay  "  ;  "  War  and  its  Consequences  "  ;  and  otbtf 
published  lectures. 

.  Levy,  Joseph  IL,  an  English  joumaliat,  bora  in  Loe* 
don  in  1812 ;  died  in  Rams^rate,  Oct.  12, 18S8.  In  the 
earlier  fieriod  of  his  lii'e  he  was  engaged  in  varioiv 
mercantile  pursuits.  He  purchased  the  Londoa 
"  Daily  Telegraph  "  about  1857,  when  it  was  a  small 
sheet  with  insignificant  circulation.  Through  his  en- 
terprise in  obtaining  interesting  news  and  in  eni^n^ 
viirorous  writers,  he  gained  a  circle  of  readers,  t^ 
cially  among  the  Dissenters  and  Liberals  of  En^rland, 
as  large  as  any  newspaper  in  the  world  commanded. 

Lnoan,  Cho^  (Jharlas  Binghvn,  Earl  of,  an  Englisli 
general,  bom  April  16,  1800;  died  Nov.  10,1888.  He 
entered  the  army  in  1816,  and  while  holding  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel  volunteered  to  serve  on  the  ttaff 
of  Oen.  Diebitsch  in  the  Russian  campaign  agaio4 
Turkey  in  1828.  He  succeeded  to  the  earldom  in  183S, 
and  was  elected  an  Irish  representative  peer.  When 
the  war  with  Russia  began,  in  1854.  Lord  Locan  «« 
a  m^jor-general,  having  reached  tnat  rank  in  l^l- 
He  was  placed  in  command  of  the  cavalry,  took  p«rt 
in  the  battles  of  Alma  and  Inkerman  and  the  coveriitf 
operations  intrusted  to  the  cavalrj'  during  the  si^ 
of  Sebostopol,  and  was  wounded  at  Balaklava ;  ne 
and  his  brother-in-law,  Lord  Cardigan,  being  chieflj 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.  666 

ible  for  the  raorifloe  of  the  Light  Brigade  on  pies,  Dec.  26, 1888.   He  studied  law  in  Naples,  becom- 

r.     He  vrsa  made  a  nu^or-genenU  in  1858,  and  ing  a  profettAor  of  the  University.     When  the  revoln- 

narshal  the  year  before  h\s  death.  tion  of  1848  broke  out,  ho  espoused  the  side  of  the 

5B^i  an  £nglish  officer  in  the  Egyptian  serv*  Parliament,  and  after  the  8uppreB»ion  of  the  disturb- 
in  Khartoum,  in  Jane,  1888.  He  went  to  ances  went  into  exile.  He  settled  at  Turin,  where  he 
im  with  Gen.  Gordon,  and  when  the  place  was  became  Professor  of  International  Law.  He  was  one  of 
y  the  Biahdi  he  was  made  a  pri.>ouer  and  put  the  most  earnest  pioneers  in  the  cause  of  Italian  unity, 
al  tasks,  but  subsequently  was  given  tlie  tech-  and  on  the  constitution  of  the  kingdom  he  was  elected 
rection  of  the  arsenal.  to  repre:>ent  the  circle  of  Ariano  in  Parliament.  Tak- 
y,  Miknlohoy  a  Kussian  explorer,  bom  in  1846  :  ing  his  seat  among  the  Lett,  he  becnme  one  of  the 

St.  Petersburg^  April  15,  1888.     He  came  of  leaders  of  the  party.     When  tne  Liberals  gained  the 

etch  and  hali  Cossack  parentage,  was  edu-  ascendancy,  two  years  later,  and  the  Katazzi  Cabinet 

the  Universi^  of  St.  Petersburg  and  in  Ger-  was  formed  in  1862,  Mancini  was  appointed  to  the  De- 
vent  to  the  Pacific  in  1866,  and  settled  in  an  partment  of  Public  Instruction.  The  measure  with 
»red  part  of  the  coast  of  Papua,  where  he  in-  which  his  name  is  identified  is  the  abolition  of  capital 
ed  the  natural  history  and  etnnology  of  the  punishment,  which  he  carried  in  1865,  after  having 
and  acQuired  great  influence  over  the  natives,  gained  the  reluctant  consent  of  his  political  associates, 
savored  to  induce  the  Russian  Government  to  Public  opinion  in  Italy  is  not  yet  settled  as  to  the 
!ie  counUy  of  his  adherents  when  New  Guinea  expediency  of  this  measure,  which  did  away  with  tlie 
ided  between  Grerraanv  and  Great  Britain^nd  death  penalty  for  all  crimes  except  parricide  and  regi- 
i  to  Russia  with  the  object  of  founding  a  Rus-  cide.  There  was  an  apparent  increase  of  crimes  of 
onv  among  the  Papuans  and  of  composing  an  violence,  causing  Parliament  to  repeal  the  law  in  1874 ; 
of  his  travels.  He  had  only  half  completed  yet  it  was  again  enacted  in  March,  1876,  when  Man- 
rk  when  he  died.  cini  was  Minister  of  Justice  in  the  Dcpretis  Cabinet 
I  Sir  HrazT  Jamas  Simmer,  an  English  jurist,  He  retired  from  office  in  1878.  He  filled  the  chair  of 
1322;  diea  in  Cannes,  France,  Feb.  8.  1888.  Criminal  Jurisprudence  in  the  University  of  Rome 


us  Professor  of  Civil  Law.     He  published  in  to  the  French  Acadeinv  of  Moral  Sciences  in  1877. 

essay  on  *^  Roman  Law  and  Legal  Education,**  Martbelli,  Tommsao  luiia,  an  Italian  prelate,  bom  in 

itributed  frequently  to  periodical  literature,  1827;  died  in  Rome,  March  80, 1888.    He  was  a  mem- 

tlished  no  important  work  till  1861,  when  his  bcr  of  the  Au^istinian  order  and  one  of  the  most 


guage  of  the  study  of^  early  institutions  by  tne  Prefect  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Index.  He  received 
of  comparative  jurispruoenoe.  and  as  such  the  laigest  number  of  votes  at  the  first  ballot  for  a 
d  a  profound  effect  in  England  and  America,  successor  to  Pius  IXj  but  exerted  his  influence  in  fa- 
after  its  publication  the  author  was  appointed  vor  of  Cardinal  Pecci,  who  became  Leo  XIII. 
ember  or  the  Council  of  the  Governor-General  Katoat,  Looisi  a  French  painter,  bom  in  Charleville, 
I.  He  was  the  -chief  author  of  the  reform  of  Ardennes,  in  1818;  died  m  Paris,  Jan.  80,  1888.  Ho 
lures  in  India  that  was  carried  out  under  Lord  studied  architecture  at  the  Eoole  des  Beaux  Arts,  but 
ce's  administration.  The  understanding  and  afterward  tumed  his  attention  to  historical  painting. 
for  indigenous  institutions  which  have  been  He  was  commissioned  by  the  Government  in  1846  to 
of  recent  Indian  administrations  are  lar^ly  paint  pictures  representing  the  "Five  Senses,"  and 
able  to  the  influence  of  Sir  Henry  Mame.  was  sent  to  Rome  for  the  purpose.  Two  of  these  he 
is  return  to  England  in  1871  he  was  appointed  completed,  which  were  exhibited  in  the  Salon  of  1848. 
D^r  of  the  Council  of  the  Secretary  of  State  togetherwith  ** Le  Dieu  Pan  au  Milieu  des  Nvrophes." 
a,  and  created  a  knight  of  the  Star  of  India.  He  passed  several  years  in  Algiers,  and  on  nis  return 
1  the  Corpus  professorship  of  Jurispradence  decorated  the  Pans  Medical  School,  for  which  he 
ras  created  for  him  at  the  University  of  Oxford  was  given  the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1857.  Among  his 
71  till  1878,  and  from  1877  tUl  his  death  filled  works  are  "  Minerve."  "  Danse  Antique,"  "  Arir.no 
t  of  Master  of  Trinity,  although  his  duties  at  endormie  "  ( 1874), "  V^nus  Pandcmos  "  (1876)^  **  Saint 
ian  Council,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  most  Jacques  le  Majeur"  (1877),  "  J^sus  chez  Simon  le 
ial  members,  made  it  necessary  for  him  to  Pharisien"  (1879),  ana  **St.  Louis"  (1880). 
e  his  residence  in  London.  In  1885  he  was  MoIbedL  Ghristian  S^nnt  Friedrioh,  a  Danish  poet,  bora 
^hepostof  permanent  Under-Secretary  of  State  in  Copennagen,  July  21,  1821;  died  there.  May  20, 
Home  Department,  but  declined  the  appoint-  1888.  He  publishea  a  succession  of  lyric  and  dra- 
Sir  Henry  Maine's  experience  in  India  enabled  matic  works,  among  which  were  a  series  of  poems  on 
bring  valuable  original  contributions  to  the  "  The  Life  of  Jesus,"  "  Barbarossa,"  "  Dante,"  and 
of  the  evolution  of  laws  and  political  institu-  other  dramas,  a  collection  of  sonnets  called  *^  Madon- 
Soon  after  his  return  he  puolishcd  the  first  na,*' another  of  lyrics,  and  a  highly  commended  tmns- 
f  his  **  Village  Communities  in  the  East  and  lation  of  Dante.  In  1864  he  became  Professor  of  Da- 
embodying  and  supplementing  the  researches  nish  Literature  in  the  University  of  Kiel.  Subsequently 
cr,  Nassc.  and  others.  In  1 875  appeared  "  Lect-  he  was  the  literary  critic  of  the  **  Dagblad  "  of  Copcu- 
the  Early  History  of  Institutions,^'  which  was  hagen,  and  in  1871  he  became  censor  of  the  Royal 
1  in  1883  by  "  Dissertations  on  Early  h&w  and  Theatre,  for  which  he  composed  "  Ambrosius," 
8."  HcdeliveredalectureatCambriageinl875  "  Pharaoh's  Ring,"  and  other  plays,  besides  transla- 
le  Eflbcts  of  Observation  of  India  on  Modem  tions  and  adaptations.  He  was  also  the  author  of  a 
m  Thought^"  and  in  1878  lectured  at  Oxford  biographical  study  on  Ludvig  Holberg,  the  Danish 
tdem  Theonesof  Succession  to  Property  after  dramatist,  and  of  a  comedy  that  wus  written  for  the 
and  the  Correctness  of  them  su^?ested  by  unveiling  of  a  statue  to  that  poet. 
Researches."  His  latest  work  was  ^*  Popular  MonprMieiii  Angostiu,  an  English  economist,  bom  in 
nfent,"  which  originally  appeared  as  a  series  1807 ;  died  near  London,  March  80,  1888.  He  was 
ea  in  the  "  Quarterly  Review."  The  W  he  well  the  author  of »'  Free  Trade  and  English  Commerce," 
i  on  "  International  Law"  delivered  at  Cam-  "  History  of  the  Free-Trade  Movement,"  **  Wealth 
ri  1887  were  published  after  his  death.  Creation,"  "Trade  Depression,  Recent  and  Pres- 
ai,  Faaqnale  Btanialas,  an  Italian  statesman,  bom  cnt,"  '*  The  Western  F  armer  of  America,"  and  "  Eng- 
1-Baronia,  near  Ariano,  in  1817 ;  died  in  Na-  land's  Foreign  Policy." 


I 


des  Temps  Psgai"  |^1SJ5);  "Li^ttrei  GourmaDdea "     to  go  nilb  him  dd  hia  Kpecial  uiiBnion  U  \ 


(1877);  and"Le  Tolit  Paris"  (1879).  wliere  hia  aooial  cbsmis  v 

HouiBi,  luiN  Ootta,  an   Eogtuih  author,  bora  is  inr  about  the  Caiiaduo  rei:i|iivi:»j  ueh;  l>-- 

Londoo,  April  80,  IB81 ;  died  io  London,  I'eb.  Sfl,  "  floaWd  in  a  sea  ol  champa^e."     He  thea 

1688.    He  spent  sevcnil  yuan  in  France  berorc  he  en-  pan ied  Lord  Elgin  to  Canada,  and  iru  eentoi^ 


he  identified  hitnaelf  with  t)ie  Posltiriat  SocietS'  atlur  eecretary  and  commianioneT  for  Indian  ai&in,  0 

aeCtlinf;  in  London,  whora  he  oontributod  frequently  in^rhiaexperiencusin  "  MinncsotaandtheFai  V 

to  review*  and  ma^oiinoa.     His  Ion0e.'>t  warlc  was  Alter  his  return  to  England  be  publb-hed  a  pai« 

"  Lire  and  Times  of  St.  Bernard  "  (ISftS).     Ho  pub-  nn  the  (Crimean  canmaim,  siui^'int:  a  divcru 

lished  a  pamphlet  on  "  Irish  OrievaDCOi "  in  1888 ;  the  Caucssua,  and  offered  to  uodertake  a  misai 

the  lives   of  "Qibtnn"  and  "Macaulay"   to  the  Schamvl  in  Datfboftsn.    Lonl  Stratlbrd  dc  Rnj 

'•English   Men   of   Letters "  series;    "Madame  de  whom  he  aocompanied  to  Bebsatopol,  would  not 

Uaintcnoc.  an  £tude  "  {London,  18S5 1 ;  and  "  Serv-  tenonoe  en  perilous  an  nndertakinK.    Oliphan 

Ice  of  Han,"  a  palemical  atatement  of  the  Poaitivist  with  Omar  Paaha  oo  hia  TransQ 


ar^rumenta  against  Christianity  (1888|.    Mr.  MoHsdd  wbicb  be  reported  in  a  series  of  letters  to  the  L 

projected  a  fi^reat  work  on  Frcnoh  history,  and  apiiiit  "Hmcd."    When  Lord  Elgin  went  out  as  apedi 

manr  vein  m  study  and  preparation,  but  died  Itefore  basaador  to  Chiua  ho  waa  accompanied  by  bia  i 

jt  his  plan.  eocrolary,  who  naa  prsjeut  at  the  exciting  n 

nniii—  D — ^  Oowpra-Tm^,  Baron,  Che  mutiny  when  the  eipeditionarj-  force  tan 

13. 1811:  died  at  Bmad-  aid  the  British  in  India,  and  in  the  Chinne  m 


HoimVTempla,  ^nUJva  Frandi  Oi 
English  ofilclal,  b       "      "  " 


land?,  near  Romsey,  Oct.  la,  1888.     fie  was  tlio  see-  an  active  part  in  the  eapture  of  Canto    .     .     . 

'    ond  arm  of  the  fifth  Earl  Cowpcr.      After  aervinir  a  (ary  operations  besides  aa>iBtini;(  in  tbe  diploma 

short  time  in  tbe  army,  he  beciimQ  secretary  to  Lord  gotintions.     He  went  to  Japan  a^  charyi  tPa^a 

Melbourne,  then  Prime  Minister,  was  elected  to  Par-  i860,  and  In  the  attack  on  the  British  emhSK 

liamant  for  HertJbrd  as  a  Liberal  in  1881,  and  con-  aeverclj  wounded.     He   publi.*hed   a   "  Narr* 

tlnued  to  nt  for  that  borough  till  1888.     From  1818  Lord  Elgin's  MisaloD  to  China  and  Japan,"  a 

till  1852  he  waa  I^rd  of  the  Admiralty  in  Lord  John  counted  other  episodes  of  hia  adventurous  llfi 

Kussell's  administrotioD,  and  in  1853  he  resumed  Chat  as  his  experieuoat  with   tbe   fllibu^ien  of  ( 

otOca,  whioh  ha  exchanged  in  1855  for  that  of  presi-  America  and  with  Qaribaldi  and  tbe  Sicilian 

dent  of  the  Board  of  Health.    In  1857  be  become  the  on  tbe  expedition  to  Montenegro,  Albania,  ai 

flrat  vice  president  of  the  Committee  on  Education,  camps  of  the  Polish  insurgent-,  in  his  vo1nm« 

and  held  that  offlce  in  conjunction  with  the  other  till  tied  "  I'atriota  ond  Fililniatera  "  and  "  Incidi 

tbe  ministry  resided  in  the  fol low int;  year.     In  Au-  Travel. "    In  IS6G  he  entered  Parliament,  but  al 

inist,  18S9,he  bwame  vies-presidont  of  the  Board  of  no  prominenoe  as  a  leirislBtor,  and  in   1868  re 

Trade,  and  in  the  Ibliowina  February  was  npp'iinted  hia  seaL    He  was  a  oontribulorto  "  Blackwond'i 

Commisj^ioner  of  Public  Works.     In  thia  post,  which  aiine  "  while  livinir  in  London,  and  mingled  m 

he  held  until  ISBS.  he  carried  through  the  Thames-  society,  satiriana  ita  folllca  and  vices  io  the  n 

Embankment  bill  and    made  many  impiovcmenfa  in  "  Piccadilly."     Withdrawing  Io  a  peaoeful  rab 

Eublic  parks  and  buildinini.     He  was  member  of  Par-  tbe  United  States,  be  lont  himself  in  spiritual  i 

amenCrurSauth  Hampshire  from  lSE8till  1880,  when  Istions.  and  became  a  disciple  of  Thomaa  Laki 

be  waa  created  Lord  Mount-Temple,  hnviny  a-sumed  ris,  Buhmisaively  yielding  to  the  religious  direc 

the  additional  name  of  Temple  in  18G9  on  inheriting  that  enthusiast.    He  acted  for  some  time  as  an 

the  eatale  of  Broad  lands  IVom  his  atep-father.  Lord  and  promoter  of  the  Transatlantie  Telegraph 

Palmcraton.  pany.     He  was  in  France  during  the  war  of  18^ 

l(iugravs,SirADthonj',  Governor  of  Queensland,  bom  correspondent  of  the  "  Times,"  and  temained  it 

In  Anlifjua  in  1823:  died  in  Brialane,  Oct,  B,  1888.  in  the  samecapielty  after  the  peace,  until  he  wai 

Bo  studied  law  in  London,  and  returned  in  1852  to  monad  to  America  by  Harriii.     Embrmcing  the  ( 

Antigua  to  talie  a  clerical  appointment  under  bis  that  was  opened  by  tbe  Treaty  of  Berlin,  pern 

father,  who  was  colonial  trcasunir.     He  became  colo-  the  interposition   of  Christian    powera    m    Ti 

nial  secretary  in  1851,  filled  a  succession  of  posts  in  albirs,  for  tbe  realixation  of  a  cbcrished  scbei 

the  colonial  administrative  4er\'ice,  became  Governor  the  colonization  of  Jews  in  Palestine,  espedal 

of  Newfoundland  in  1881,  and  of  Britiah  Columbia  in  impoverished    and    persecuted    Jews   of  Boo 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.  667 

MefilMsilbk  Aptfiapei  an  Enffliiih  oommentator,  alist.    He  wrote  a  lif^  of  the  Ooixite  de  Chambord 

Voti  near  York  in  1816;  died  at  Bournemouth,  Dec  under  the  title  of  ^*  Henri  de  France.*'     In  1886  he 

11,  1888.    He  WB»  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1838.  published  a  novel  called  '*Trop  Belle,"  and  in  1887 

and  oootinued  to  reside  there  till  1846,  when  he  joinea  "  Rose  Michon,"  which  has  been  dramatized. 

th«  fioman  Catholic  Church.    In  I860,  the  reug^ious  Planohoiii   Jules  Emilef  French  botanist,  bom  in 

<iiubilities  of  nonconformists  having  neen  partmlly  Gaup^es,  France,  March  21,  1828 ;  died  in  Montpelier, 

leoioved,  he  returned  to  Cambridge,  and  was  a  tutor  April  2,  1888.     He  was  educated  at  Montpelier.  stud- 

tbere  till  1874,  when  he  accepted  the  chair  of  Classical  ied  botany  under  Auguste  Saint-Hilaire,  and  received 

literature  in  the  Catholic  Univereitv  College  at  Ken-  the  degree  of  doctor  of  sciences  in  1844.    To  perfect 

muf^D,     He  edited  Homer,  Hesiod,  Theocritus,  De-  his  botanical  knowlcdt^e.  he  went  to  England,  where 

moschenes,  and  the  Greek  tragic  writers  for  the  **  Bib-  until  1849  he  was  ofSoially  connected  with  the  botan- 

JioCheca  ClAssica'*  and  other  series  of  classics,  pre-  ical  garden  at  Kew.     In  1845-'61  he  was  connected 

ntred  the  text  of  the  Greek  tragedies  for  the  ^^Cam-  with  the  faculty  of  the  Horticultural  Institute  at 

bridfie    Texts,"  translated    iEschylus,  Pindar,  and  Ghent,  in  Bel^um.     He  then  received  the  degree  of 

80D1C  of  the  works  of  Plato  and  Aristotle,  and  wrote  doctor  of  mediciue,  and  was  professor  at  the  College  of 

Qisov  paperB  on  archsology  and  botany.  Medicine  and  Pharmacy  in  Nancv  until  1853,  when 

fvgn,y^  Wniiam  CHibraf  an  English  traveler,  bom  he  became  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  scientific  faculty 

io  London,  Jan.  24,  1826 ;  died  in  Montevideo,  Uru-  at  Montpelier  and  also  of  the  Pharmaceutical  College 

?0iy,  Oct.  1, 1888.     He  was  the  son  of  Sir  Francis  in  that  place,  of  which  he  subsequently  became  presi- 

slgnxve,  the  historian,  and  brother  of  Reginald  F.  D.  dent    He  hadchai^ge  in  1873  of  the  scientific  mission 

p^l^ve,  clerk  of  the  House  of  Commons.     He  lelt  to  America  to  study  the  disease  that  was  threatening 

(^^ondge   University    after   a   brilliant   academic  the  extinction  of  the  grape-plant.    Corroborating  his 

oo<aTBe,  to  serve  with  the  army  in  Bombay,  but  re-  previous  observations,  he  demonstrated  that  the  trou- 

gigtied  his  commission  after  a  short  time,  and  a  few  Die  sprang  from  an  insect.  Phylloxera  vattatrix^  which 

tcai*  later  entered  the  Jesuit  order,  and  in  due  time  he  had  oiscovered  in  1868,  a  native  of  this  country, 

tecan^Q  a  priest.    In  this  capacity  he  was  engaged  in  which  preyed  upon  the  root.    He  also  found  that 

eovtthem  India,  in  Rome,  and  in  Palestine  and  Syria,  some  varieties  of  the  vine  in  America  were  not  sub- 

nbeK  he  acquired  such  mastery  of  the  Arabic  Ian-  ject  to  the  attacks  of  the  insect.     In  addition  to  many 


gosge  and  manners  that  he  was  able  to  pass  himself    papers  in  scientific  journals,  he  contributed  to  the 
off  as  a  .Mohammedan.    He  was  summoned  to  France     "  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,'^  and  he  published  '^  I^ 


Anbia,  where  he  had  many  narrow  escapes  fit)m  bus"  (1876). 

deatli.  An  account  of  his  joumeyings  in  the  disguise  PdUakoif|  Samndf  a  Russian  financier,  bom  in  Orscha, 

of  an  Arabian  phvsician  he  published  under  the  title  Lithuania;  died  in  St.  Petersbuivin  April,  1888.    He 

-     '* Narrative  of  a  dear's  Journey  through  Central  and  was  the  son  of  poor  Jewish  parents,  was  a  butcher, 

fttttern  Arabia,  1862-^68"  ^London,  1865).    He  was  then  clerk  to  a  wood-seller,  learned  Russian,  went 

nnployed  in  1865  by  the  English  Government  to  ne^  to  St.  Petersburg  in  1850,  and  in  ten  years  became 

tiate  for  the  relea<«e  of  prisoners  in  Abyssinia,  after-  very  wealthy,    before  he  died  he  was  the  owner  of 

vard  held  consulships  in  various  Oriental  cities,  was  five  ^reat  railroads,  constituting  a  fourth  of  the  entire 

consol-genenl  to  Bulgaria  in  1878,  and  thence  trans-  Russian  system.    In  1885  he  elaborated  a  plan  for 

ftrred  to  Bans^kok  in  1879,  and  fh>m  1884  till  hu«  consolidating  the  railroads  under  the  direction  of  the 

death  was  Biitish  minister  to  Uruguay.    His  other  state,  and  was  sworn  a  member  of  the  Czar's  Privy 

Gterary  works  were  '*  Essays  on  Eastern  Questions ''  Council.    He  founded  the  first  school  of  railroad  en- 

(1^2) ;   *^  Hermann   Agha,  an  Eastern  Narrative  *'  gineering  and  the  Russian  School  of  Mines,  the  Alex- 

(1872);  and  **  Dutch  Guiana"  (1876).  anderll  College  and  dormitories  for  students  at  the 

hSSm^  JoMph,  Italian  artist,  bom  in  Lanciano,  Italy,  University  of  St.  Petersburg,  a  large  hospital  at  Mos- 

I&1813;  died  in  Paris^  Jan.  7, 1888.    He  studied  art  cow^  technical  schools  for  women,  and  many  other 

in  his  native  city,  and  m  1844  went  to  Paris.    He  was  institutions.     His   public   benefactions   before   1882 

eminent  as  a  lanoscape  painter,  and  was  also  success-  amounted  to  6,000,000  rubles. 

H  in  his  representations  of  animals.    His  principal  Fkiosi  Bonamy,  an  English  economist,  bom  in  Guem- 
»orka  are  **  Storm  in  the  Abruzzi "  (1845) ;  "  Sliep-  sey,  Mav  22,  1807  ;  died  in  London,  Jan.  8, 1888.    He 
l>erd  goaiding  his  Flock*'  (1848);  '* Goats  ravaging  obtained  a  double  first  in  classics  and  mathematics 
tbe  Vines "  (1855) ;  *'  Cattle  in  the  Valley  of  the  and  was  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1829,  became  master 
Tooque"  (1859);  **  Drove  of  Oxen  in  a  Storm ''  (1864) ;  of  mathematics  at  Rugby,  and  was  a  teacher  in  that 
I'Souvenir  of  the  I^iandea  "  (1872) ;  and  "  In  the  Vicin-  school  till  1860,  when  he  removed  to  London  and  de- 
ityof  Paestum*'  (1878).  voted  his  attention  to  business.    In  1868  he  was  elect- 
r6u^  Henfi  de,  a  French  journalist,  bom  in  Paris,  ed  Professor  of  Political  Economv  at  Oxford  as  the 
April  25, 1830;  died  there,  Jan.  27,  1888.    He  came  successor  of  Thorold  Rogers^  wnose  theories  were 
from  a  noble  Beam  family  possessin^a  castle  near  condemned  by  the  Conservative  nuriority.    He  pub- 
l^aa.    He  was  educated  at  the  College  RoUin,  became  lished  a  course  of  lectures  on  ^^  The  Principles  of  Cur- 
a  writer  for  the  *^  Ev^nement "  and  other  papers.    In  rency"  (1869);  a  work  entitled  "  Of  Currency  and 
1818,  for  a  paragraph  in  the  ^^ Figaro"  reflecting  on  Banking"  (1876) ;  and  a  course  of  his  lectures  en- 
tire ball-manners  or  the  military,  he  was  overwhelmed  titled  "Chapters  on  Practical  Political  Economy  " 
with  challenges,  which  he  ofTered  to  accept  in  alpha-  (1878),  besides  several  that  preceded  it.     As  a  mem- 
betical  order.    He  was  wounded  severely  by  his  sec-  ber  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond's  Royal  Commitssion 
OQd  adversary,  and  went  to  Mannheim  for  surgical  on  Agriculture  he  appended  to  the' minority  report 
treatment,  publishing  on  his  return  "Une  Mois  en  some  remarks  which  called  forth   Mr.  Gladstone's 
Allemau^e,"  which  Had  been  preceded  by  a  similar  comment  that  he  alone  ^^had  the  resolution  to  apply, 
Tolame  of  Portuguese  sketches.     Piquant  sketches  of  in  all  their  unmitigated  authority,  the  principles  of 
Parisian  life  that  he  wrote  for  the  "  Ind^pendance  abstract  political  economy  to  the  people  and  circum- 
fieti^  "   were  reproduced  in  book-form  under  the  stances  of  Ireland,  exactly  as  if  he  had  been  propos- 
Utles  of  "  Paris  Aventureux,"  "  Paris  Viveur,"  etc.  ing  to  learislate  for  the  inhabitants  of  Saturn. 
.  He  founded  the  "  Paris,"  and  when  it  expired  the  rrievalaky,  Hiohdas  ¥•,  a  Russian  traveler,  bom  in 
''Paris  Journal."  which  was  merged  in  the  "  Gau-  the  aistrict  of  Smolensk  in  March,  1839  \  died  in  Ccn- 
bis."    In  1871  ne  was  wounded  in  a  manifestation  of  tral  Asia  between  Tashkend  and  Vcraqie  in  Octoljcr, 
Prieods  of  Order  who  had  organized  with  the  inten-  1888.    He  entered  the  Russian  army,  and  in  1867  vol- 
tk>n  of  disanning  the  Commune.    He  was  the  editor-  unteered  for  service  in  eastern  Siberia,  where  he  spent 
io-chief  of  the  "  Gauiois"  and  id  ways  an  ardent  Roy-  two  years  in  exploring  the  Ussuri  valley,  publishing 


668 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN. 


OD  his  retam  to  St  Petenilmiy  a  volume  of  *^  Notes 
on  the  UsBuri."  In  1870-'78  he  traveled  in  western 
China,  and  in  1876  left  Russia  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
termining; the  position  of  Lob  Nor.  He  was  absent  a 
year,  durin;^  which  he  explored  the  Tarim  valley,  din- 
covered  the  true  Lob  Nor^  and  reached  the  Altyu 
Tagh  mountains.  In  April,  1879.  he  undertook  a 
journey  to  Tibet,  but  was  deserted  oy  his  gmdes  alter 
naving  penetrated  to  the  T^uudam  steppe  and  the  re- 
frion  of  the  Koko  Nor,  and  made  his  wav  back  amid 
extreme  perils  and  hardships.  In  1885  ne  made  an- 
other unsuccessful  attempt  to  reach  Lhassa.  and  on 
hU  return  traversed  Chinese  Turkbtan.  When  the 
Britliih  began  their  war  against  the  Tibetans  in  Sik- 
kim,  Gen.  Pijcvalsky  was  placed  at  the  head  of  a 
strong  expedition,  and  ordered  to  reach  Lhassa  at  all 
hazaras.  Already  weakened  by  years  ot  hardship,  ho 
was  unable  to  endure  the  fatigues  and  exposure  of 
another  journey,  and  died  on  the  route  to  Vcmoje, 
wnere  he  intended  to  equip  his  party. 

Qnestelf  CRiarlflt  AugaitSi  a  French  architect,  bom  in 
Paris,  Sept  18, 1807  ;  died  Feb.  16, 1889.  He  received 
his  artistic  training  at  the  Eoole  des  Beaux  Arts.  His 
first  great  work  was  the  cathedral  at  Nimes,  which 
was  begun  in  18o8  and  completed  in  1849.  He  de- 
signed an  elaborate  fountain  in  the  same  city.  The 
library  and  museum  at  Grenoble  were  built  atlcr  his 
plans.  He  was  the  architect  of  the  Historical  Monu- 
ments Commission  who  directed  the  restorations  of 
the  amphitheatre  at  Aries  and  the  Pont  du  Gard.  He 
was  architect  to  the  palaces  of  Versailles  and  Trianon 
under  the  Empire,  served  as  a  member  of  the  Council 
on  Public  Buildings,  and  was  a  professor  in  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux  Art^. 

Eiohthnfeni  Baron  FBrdlnaiid  voni  a  German  geogra- 

f  her,  born  in  Karlsruhe  in  Mav,  1883;  died  Mav  8, 
888.  He  studied  at  Breslau  and  Berlin,  was  attacned 
for  some  years  to  the  Geological  Survey  of  Austria, 
and  in  1860  accompanied  Count  Eulenberu^^s  Prussian 
expedition  to  Eastern  Asia  as  geologist,  visiting  For- 
mosa, the  Philippine  Islands,  Java,  Celebes,  Siam. 
and  Indo-China.  He  then  crossed  the  Pacific,  ana 
traveled  through  California  and  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
In  Au^st,  1868,  he  returned  to  China,  which  he  trav- 
ersed m  various  directions  during  the  next  four 
years,  studying  the  orography  and  geology  of  the 
country,  and  afio  its  productions  and  commercial  pos- 
sibilities. Returning  to  Germany  aller  twelve  years 
of  absence,  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  work- 
ing out  the  results  of  his  research^  in  China.  He 
was  appointed  Professor  of  Geography  at  Bonn  in  1879, 
and  in  1883  was  transferred  to  Lcipsic,  which  he 
quitted  in  1886  to  accept  the  same  chair  at  Berlin.  Of 
his  great  work  on  "  China  "  three  volumes  have  been 
issued.  His  atlas,  in  which  he  reconstructed  the  map 
of  China  iVom  his  own  observatioiLs  and  from  the  best 
native  information,  is  not  completed. 

Roie,  Sir  Johni  a  British  financier,  bom  in  Aber- 
deenshire, Scotland,  in  1820  ;  died  in  Caithness-shire, 
Aug.  26, 1888.  Ho  emigrated  to  Canada  at  the  age  of 
sixteen,  served  as  a  volunteer  during  the  rebellion, 
studied  law,  and  in  1842  was  admitt^  to  the  bar  of 
Lower  Canada.  He  became  Solicitor-General  in  1857, 
and  entered  Parliament  as  a  member  for  Montreal. 
In  1869  he  was  Minister  of  Public  Works.  He  took 
part  in  the  Canadian  conference  in  London  as  the  rep- 
resentative of  the  Protestants  of  Lower  Canada,  and 
assisted  in  framing  the  act  of  federation.  In  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  new  Dominion  he  was  appointed  Min- 
ister of  Finance,  and  durinj^  the  three  years  that  he 
held  the  oflSce  he  prepared  measures  providing  for  the 
defense  of  the  Dominion  and  assimilating  tne  fiscal 
laws.  He  was  intrusted  with  several  diplomatic  mis- 
sions to  settle  difficulties  that  arose  with  the  United 
States  between  18G0  and  1870  on  the  Oregon  boundary 
question,  reciprocitv,  the  fisheries,  copyright,  and  ex- 
tradition. In  1870  ne  resigned  his  post  in  the  minis- 
try, and  went  to  England  to  engage  in  commercial 
business.  He  was  at  once  sent  to  VVashington  by  the 
English  Government  on  a  confidential  mission  in  con- 


necdoo  with  the  ^'Alabama*'  and  fishery  dupnd 
assisted  in  negotiating  the  Washington  Treil 
oeiving  the  honor  of  a  oaronetcy  for  mi  service 
has  sinoe  served  on  several  oommissioiis  dealiD 
affiiirs  relating  to  British  America.  On  his  i«i 
England  he  promoted  Canadian  ndlroad  enter 
be(»me  a  partner  in  the  banking  firm  of  )i 
Rose,  <&  Co.,  and  when  he  left  it  connected  li 
with  the  London  and  Westminster  Bank  eoti 
and  with  an  insurance  company.  He  died  siu 
while  hunting  deer. 

BoiMMM,  fmfls^  French  chemist,  bom  in  Clu 
France,  April  4,  1816;  died  in  Paris,  Feb.  4, 
He  came  to  Paris  when  he  was  twenty-three 
old.  and  became  assistant  to  Mateo  Jos^  Bonav 
Orflla,  of  the  medical  faculty.  Subsequeml; 
sisted  Jean  Baptiste  Dumas,  and  also  taught 
eral  of  the  public  colleges.  In  1843  be  itsjr 
appointments  and  entered  upon  the  uiana6< 
chemical  products.  At  his  iaboratorv,  and  ^ 
aid,  Henn  Sainte-CIair  Deville  and  Jules  He 
bray  developed  the  industrial  production  of; 
ium.  He  made  investL^tions  on  the  use  of 
for  the  manufacture  or  sulphuric  acid,  intrc 
new  method  for  the  'production  of  charcoal, 
vi.sed  the  sugar  process  known  by  his  name. 

Bntknd,  Cmazies  Oeoil  Jabi  Kumfln,  Duke 
May  16,  1815:  died  at  Bel  voir  Castle,  Marcli 
He  was  elected  to  Parliament  in  1837,  after 
hb  education  at  Cambridge,  and  represent4 
ford  for  fifteen  years.  He  became  one  of  th 
pal  members  of  the  Protectionist  party,  anc 
ruary,  1848,  was  chosen  to  succeed  Lord  Geo 
tinck  as  its  leader.  He  only  held  the  plao 
former  leader  was  willing  to  resume  it,  m 
Lord  George  Bentinck  died  in  September, 
Marquis  of  Gran  by  was  unwilling  to  take  oi 
again  the  onerous  duties,  which  Mr.  Disr 
assumed.  From  1852  till  he  succe^ed  to  t 
dom  in  1857,  Lord  Gran  by  represented  Nort 
tershire.  He  had  no  sympatny  with  the  pr 
Toryism  of  the  Young  England  party,  an< 
scruple  to  criticise  the  Government  when  Mi 
and  his  own  brother.  Lord  John  Manners 
office.  He  clung  to  the  principle  of  protect 
Lord  Derbv  and  Dlsmeli  abandoned  it,  an* 
the  end  of  his  life  he  lost  no  opportunity  to 
it,  more  than  once  drawing  upon  himself  tht 
rebukes  of  Lord  Beaconslleld.  The  Duke  o 
was  a  courageous  defender  also  of  the  mos 
and  unpopular  Conservative  views  regard 
the  ballot,  and  all  other  subjects.  His  .^u 
the  titie  is  Lord  John  Manners,  Chanccll 
Duchy  of  Lancaster  in  Lord  Salisburv's  Cal 

Balomon,  Loois  E.  F^  ex-President  of  Havti 
1815;  died  in  Paris,  Oct  19,  1888.  He  wa 
negro  bloody  and  long  occupied  a  prominent 
Haytian  jpohtics.  The  revolution  of  1879  re 
his  election  to  the  preaidency  for  seven  yea 
end  of  which  he  was  re-elected ;  but  the  rev 
August,  1888,  drove  him  into  eidle. 

BaimiantO)  Oarnhgo  F»  an  Argentine  statesi 
in  1811 ;  died  in  Asuncion,  Nov.  2, 1888.  H« 
director  of  a  school  in  the  province  of  San  I 
to  Chili  in  1831,  returned  m  1836  and  foun 
male  school  at  San  Juan,  but  settled  in  Chi 
where  he  greatlv  promoted  education,  p 
many  school-books,  editing  educational  pt 
and  founding  schools  and  colleges,  one  of  th 
the  normal  school  at  Santiago.  He  alM>  esti 
d^ly  newspaper,  the  first  one  published  in 
In  1845  the  Chilian  Government  sent  hi 
United  States  and  Europe  to  study  the  oomni 
systems  of  those  countries,  and  on  his  rctur 
lished  a  work  on  *'  Popular  Education."  . 
to  the  Argentine  Republic,  he  became  Minis 
Interior,  then  colonel  commanding  the  militi 
afterward  governor  of  the  province  of  San 
fW)m  that  post  was  transrerped  to  the  M 
Public  Instruction.    In  1864-'68  be  was  II 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.  OHIO.                         669 

States.    Hifi  election  to  the  presidencjr  of  London  in  1855,  when  he  wrote  a  book  on  **  The 

io  recalled  him  to  Buenos  Ayres.    During  Greyhound,*'  and  shortly  atler  its  appearance  pub- 

rtration,  which  lasted  until  October,  1874.  lished  under  the  pen-name  of  Stonehenge  the  first 

ith  Paraifuay  was  brought  to  a  successful  edition  of  *^  British  Rural  Sports/*  which  has  obtained 

1,  several  insurrections  were  (fuelled,  rail-  frreat  popularity.    From  1867  until  his  death  be  was 

telegraphs  were  constructed,  immigration  tne  editor  of  the  ^*  Field.*'    He  published  among  other 

ted, foreign  trade  was developNed, a  national  works  *^The  Dog  in  Health  and  Disease"  (1858); 

B  established  in  everv  province,  the  Na-  "  Dogs  of  the  British  Island^*,**  which  passed  through 

ervatory  was  foundea,  and  many  iu!*titu-  several  editions,  and  ^^  The  Modem  Sportsman's  Gun 

introduced,  mainly  modeled  after  those  of  and  Rifle  "  (2  vols.,  188^'84). 

I  States.    Among  his  literary  works  the  Weber,  Qeorgy  a  German  historian,  bom  in  Bersrza- 

rere  '^  Manual  of  the  History  of  Ancient  bern,  Feb.  10,  1808 ;  died  Aug.  19,  1888.    He  stud- 

^^  Civilization  in  Barbary,"  ^*-  Travels  in  ied  theology  at  Erlangen,  left  that  university  to  de- 

frica,  and  America,"  and  a  *^  Life  of  Abra-  vote  himself  to  hbtory  and  ancient  literature  at  Held- 

In."  elberg,  and  after  residing  in  Switzerland,  Italy,  and 

rdhaimlCartiii,  the  inventor  of  VolapHk,  bom  France,  where  he  engaged  in  historical  researchen,  he 

se,  Baden,  in  1831 ;  died  there,  Oct.  10, 1888.  became  a  teacher  in  1839  of  the  B&rgerschule  at  Hd- 

riest  of  the  Catholic  Church.   His  successor  delberg,  of  which   he  was  aflcrwaid  principal  till 

F  the  VolapGk  Society  is  M.  Kerckhoffs.  1872.    His  principal  works  are :  "  Calvinism  in  its 

languages  in  the  Commercial  High-School  Relations  to  the  State  "  (1836) :  ^^  History  of  the  Eng- 

See  VolapOk,  in  the  *^  Annual  Cyclopee-  lish  Reformation"  (1853);  **Hi6torv  of  German  Lit- 

187.  page  794. )  erature  "  (1855) ;  "  Germany  in  the  'First  Stages  of  its 

Mooori  a  German  novelist,  bora  in  Husum,  Historical  Existence  "  (1862):  ^*  Manual  of  Universal 

iept.  14,  1817  ;  died  in  Hadamarsch,  July  History  "  (1865);  "  Survey  of  the  Worid's  Hist 


Ic  left  Schleswig-Holstein  in  consequence 
)lt  of  the  Holsteiners  against  Denmark  ' 


.      ,  -      . History" 

nee  (1866)  ;  "  History  of  the  People  of  Israel  and  of  the 

V  in  Birtli  of  Christianity,"  with  Dr.  Holtzmann  (1867): 

ich  he  took  part,  entered'the  Prussian  serv-  and  "  Universnl  History  of  the  Peoples  of  the  World  " 

)  a  district  judge  in  Potsdam  and  Hcili^  (15  vols.,  1 857-' 84). 

d  returned  in  later  years  to  practice  law  in  WioUewikif  8igigimiiid|  a  Russian  chemist,  bom  in 
town.  He  was  the  author  of  many  tales  1848 ;  died  m  Cracow.  Austrian  Poland,  April  10, 
ed  by  dreamy  melancholy  and  love  of  na-  1888.  He  was  educated  at  the  Universities  of  St.  Pe- 
alao  wrote  lyric  poetry  that  was  equally  tersburg  and  Strasbur^,  and  in  1882  became  Professor 
of  North  German  thought  and  sentiment  of  Experimental  Physics  at  the  University  of  Cracow. 
Balvatorcs  an  Italian  physician,  born  in  This  place  he  held  until  his  death,  which  was  the  re- 
in Naples,  Julv  14, 1888.  He  took  part  suit  of  an  explosion  in  his  laboratory.  He  became 
[  movements  wnile  yet  a  schoolboy,  and  noted  for  his  experiments  on  tbe  so-called  permanent 
d  to  flee  from  the  Roroagna,  began  his  gases,  and  with  his  colleague,  Dr.  Z.  Olozewiski,  he 
idies  in  Aquila,  was  appointed  Professor  of  determined  the  critical  temperatures  and  pressures  of 
in  the  Umversity  of  Naples  at  the  age  of  oxygen  and  nitrogen.  From  similar  researches,  he 
e,  and  in  a  few  vears  he  reached  a  pre-em-  proved  that  carbonic  add  did  cot  form  the  hydrate, 
ion  in  his  profession  as  ^lysician,  uni-  and  he  succeeded  in  solidifying  both  carbon  bisulphide 
sher,  and  medical  author.  Tfie  half-dozen  and  alcohol.  The  insulating  properties  of  liquid  oxy- 
lools  or  tendencies  in  medicine  then  exist-  gen  and  nitrogen  were  determined  by  him  in  1885, 
y  were  harmonized  under  his  lead.  His  and  in  1886  he  determined  the  density  and  properties 
ain  the  germs  of  mariy  discoveries  and  the-  of  li<^uifled  air,  and  established  the  fact  that  atmoe- 
lave  been  developed  later  by  other  men  in  pheric  air,  when  in  a  liquid  state,  behaves  as  a  mixt- 
tries.  In  1846  ne  published  '*  Fisiologia  ure.  The  atomic  volumes  of  these  gases  were  also 
work  that  had  a  great  influence  on  medical  first  accurately  determined  by  him,  and  his  results 
Italy.  Taking  part  in  the  revolution  of  have  been  confirmed.  In  1887  he  proposed  that  the 
s  elected  to  the  Neapolitan  House  of  Depu-  relations  of  the  physical  properties  of  ^ses  be  repre- 
ice  condemned  to  prison  in  that  year,  and  sented  by  curves  showing  the  rate  of  change  of  press- 
ed. He  lived  in  poverty  at  Turin  with  ure  witli  temoerature  for  difierent  densities,  instead  of 
cal  refugees,  whom  he  served  as  physician,  by  isothermal  lines.  These  cur^•cs  he  called  *'  iso- 
the  deliverance  of  Lombardy  he  was  ap-  pyknics,"  and  from  the  inspection  of  them  now  and 
professor  at  Pavia.  When  the  Bourbon  miportiint  conclusions  were  aeduced. 
iras  overthrown  and  the  clinical  hospital  Zookertort,  Ji  H.,  a  German  chess-player,  bom  in 
I  suggested  was  established  in  Naples,  he  Ri^a  in  1842 ;  died  in  London,  En^jand.  June  20, 
iither  in  1863,  and  continued  to  work  inde-  1888.  He  studied  in  Berlin,  settled  in  London  in 
iiring  the  remaining  years  of  his  life,  de-  1872,  devoting  himself  to  the  game  of  chess,  and  in 
remarkable  skill  tothe  good  of  the  poor,  1880  became  editor  of  the  *'  Chess  Monthly."  In  the 
ioi;  his  knowledge  and  enthusiasm  to  thou-  international  tournament  at  Paris  in  1878  he  took  the 
identx.  first  prize,  and  in  1883  he  defeated  Steinitz  in  the  in- 
ohaid  Vine,  English  chemist,  bom  in  Eng-  temational  tournament  at  London,  and  was  accounted 
52;  died  near  London,  Oct.  Slj  1888.  He  the  champion  of  the  world  until  toe  same  pluver  won 
s  scientific  training  at  University  College,  a  match  of  a  series  of  games  played  in  New  York,  St. 
'here  he  made  a  spcdaltjr  of  chemistry.  Louis,  and  New  Orleans  in  1886.  Dr.  Zuckertort  was 
:It  he  served  as  assistant  in  cheraistrv  at  unequaied  as  a  blindfold  player, 
id  later  nt  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  in 

le  was  afterward  elected  lecturer  on  cbem-  OHIO*     The  State  Government  in  1888  was: 

Medical  School  of  Charing  Cross  Hospital,  Governor,  Joseph   B.  Foraker  (Republican); 

ontinued  until  18^,  when  he  was  chosen  Lieut-Governor,  William  0.  Lyon ;  Secretary  of 

rChemistry  at  the  Roval  Veterinary  Collesre  o*  «.      t  -^       a    t>   u*              a     i  J       t^u 

which  plaice  he  held  until  his  death.    Be-  ^^^^  •'a^^s  8.  Robmson ;  Auditor,  Ebenezer 

is  scientific  papers  in  technical  journals,  he  W.  Poe  ;  Treasurer  of  State,  John  0.  Brown  ; 

partlv  rewrote  the  sixth  edition  of  Coolcy*s  Attorney-General,   David  K.  Watson;  Board 

ia  of  Practical  Receipts"  (2  vols.,  New  of  Public  Works.  William  M.   Hahn,   0.   A. 

L  HeniT,  an  English  author,  bom  in  1810 ;  Flickinger   Wells  S-  /ones ;  Commissioner  of 

ndon,  Feb.  12, 1888.    He  was  originally  a  <^ommon  Schools,  Eli  T.  Tappan  ;   Judges  of 

•racticing  in  Worcestershire,  and  settled  in  the  Supreme  Court,  Selwyn  N.  Owen,   Mar- 


1 


(570  OHIO. 

shall  J.  Williams,  William  T.  Spear,  Thaddens  Ccateuial  OetofentiMS.— The  centennial  of  tbe 

A.  Minshall,  Franklin  J.  Dickman  ;  Clerk  of  settleraentof  Ohio  and  organization  of  the  Ter- 

the  Sapreme  Court,  Urban  H.  Hester.  ritory  of  the  Northwest  was  celebrated  on  foor 

FbuuMts. — The  report  of  the  Auditor  shows  different  occasions  daring  the  year.    The  first 
the  balance  to  the  credit  of  the  general  revenue  was  at  Marietta,  to  commemorate  the  landing 
fnnd,  Nov.  15,  1887,  to  have  been  $65,364 ;  at  that  place  of  the  first  colony,  April  7,  1789. 
receipts  during  1888,  $3,310,716.75,  this  amount  A  second  celebration  was  held  in  Jul?  at  the 
including  $100,000  advance  draft  drawn  on  the  same  place  to  commemorate  the  orgaoiatioD 
taxes  collected  for  the  fiscal  year  1889;  dis-  of  civil  government  in  the  new  territory.  Eaeh 
bursements,  $3,349,328.13;  bidance  in  treas-  celebration  occupied  several  days  and  was  par- 
ury,  Nov.  15,  1888,  $26,752.71.    The  sinking-  ticipated  in  by  representatives  of  otiier  States, 
fund  began  the  fiscal  year  with  $102,294.08;  orations  being  delivered  by  Hon.  Georgfe  F. 
receipts,  $894,511.77,   this  amount  including  Hoar,  of  Massachusetts,  Hon.  John  Randolph 
$10,000  advance  draft  drawn  on  the  taxes  col-  Tucker,  of  Virginia,  Hon.  WiUiam  M.  Evarta. 
lected  for  1889 ;  disbursements,  $995,357.16 ;  of  New  York,  and  Hon.  John  W.  Daniel,  <rf 
leaving  balance  $1,448.69.    The  State  common-  Virginia,  iu  addition  to  a  number  of  speecks 
school  fund  had  on  hand  $54,620.56 ;  receipts,  by  eminent  citizens  of  Ohio.     The  centennial 
$1,690,961.04;   disbursements,  $1,654,057.50;  celebration   of  the  Ohio  valley  and  Centml 
balance,  $91,524.10.    During  the  year  the  pub-  States  was  held  at  Cincinnati  and  took  the 
lie  funded  debt  of  the  State  whs  reduced  by  formof  an  exhibition  showing  the  progress  and 
the  payment  of  loans  to  the  amount  of  $619,-  present  prosperity  of  those  States.    Theexbi- 
800.   On  Nov.  15, 1888,  the  public  funded  debt  bition  was  opened  July  4  with  exercises  in 
of  the  State  was  $3,046,665,  of  which  $5,000  which  the  States  of  Kentucky,  PennsylTania, 
was  foreign  loan  not  bearing  interest,  $1,665  Indiana,  and  Nebraska  were  represented  bj 
domestic  debt,  and  the  remainder  3-per-cent.  their  respective  executives  and  other  officials 
loans  payable  July  1  yearly  in  sums  of  $250,-  and  distinguished  citizens.     The  Ohio  Centen- 
000,  except  in  1899,  $240,000,  and  1890,  $300,-  nial  celebration  was  at  Colnmbus,  taking  the 
000.    The  irreducible  State  debt  (truet  funds)  place  of  the  annual  State  fair.     It  was  opened 
was  $45,638,127.    The  aggregate  of  local  debts  heptember  4  with  speeches  by  State  and  yiat- 
in  the  State  was  $56,780,024.40,  divided  as  fol-  ing  officials,  the  States  of  Massachusetts  and 
lows:    Counties,   $7,110,343.24;   cities,   $44,-  Connecticut  being  officially  represented,  and 
881,672.15;  incorporated  villages,  $1,987,403.-  continued  to  October  19. 
24 ;    townships,   $451,784.76 ;    special  school  White  CapSt — Ohio  had  been  free  from  organ- 
districts,   $2,448,871.01.     There   has  been  a  ized  bands  of  outlaws  that  under  various  name^ 
steady  annual  increase  of  local  indebtedness,  had  troubled  neighboring  States  but  on  tbe 
mostly  in  counties  and  cities.  night  of  November  17  there  suddenly  appeared 

Pitpeiiy  and  ItaatiM. — The  value  of  all  taxa-  in  the  town  of  Sardinia,  Brown  County,  a  band 

ble  real  estate  and  personal  property  in  the  of  from  thirty  to  fifty  horsemen,  wearing  ioa.4f 

State,  according  to  the  consolidated  taxdupli-  and  calling  themselves  ^*  White  Caps,^^  wbo 

cute  of  1888,  is  as  follows:  Real  estate  in  cities,  went  to  the  house  of  A^am  Berkes,  dragged 

towns,  and  villages,  $477,604,587 ;  real  estate  him  from  his  bed  and  severely  whipped  bim. 

not  in  cities,  towns,  or  villages,  $722,459,608 ;  on  the  ground  of  immoral  conduct.    The  local 

chattel  property,  $531,994,601 ;  total  taxable  authorities  failing  to  take  cognizance  of  tbe 

values,  $1,732,058,796.    The  taxes  levied  for  crime,  appeal  was  made  to  the  Governor.    In 

1889  on  that  basis  are:  Total  State  purposes  a  message  to  the  Legislature,  the  Governor  said 

(2  9-10  mills),  $5,020,384.81 ;  county  purposes,  an  investigation  was  immetliately  instituted,  by 

$8,594,293.65;  township,  city,  school,  and  spe-  which  it  was  disclosed  that  a  regular  organia- 

cial  taxes,  $19,318,687.33;  levies  for  all  pur-  tion  had  been  formed  of  a  secret,  oath-boimd 

poses,  $82,933,865.69 :  pcr-capita  tax  on  dogs  character,  with  a  growing  membership,  inclod- 

— for  the  sheep  fund,  $203,840 ;  total  taxes,  ing  some  prominent  respectable  and  respc^na* 

including  all  the  delinquinces  of  former  years,  ble  citizens;  and  that  they  were  proceeding 

$35,481,758.62.  upon  the  theory  that  they  would  be  strong 

Railroads. — The  Commissioner  of  Rnilroads,  in  enough  to  take  the  law  into  their  own  hands, 

his  annual  report,  gives  the  railroad  mileage  of  defy  the  local  authorities,  and  bring  proseca- 

entire  lines  that  pass  through  Ohio,  and  places  tions  against  their  members  to  naught  if  at- 

the  Ohio  mileage  at  about  10,227i  miles ;  of  tempted.     The  declared  purpose  of  tbe  order 

this  amount  about  467^  miles  are  in  the  hands  was  to  protect  society  from  petty  crimes  and 

of  receivers,  and  of  this  total  amount  of  track  misdemeanors  for  which,  it  was  alleged,  tbe 

6,960^  miles  are  laid  with  steel  rail  and  2,059^  tedious  and  expensive  processes  of  the  law  af* 

miles  with  iron.     The  total  train  mileage  was  forded  no  adequate  relief.    It  was  manifest  that 

91,420,208,  and  of  cars  1,489,572,169.    The  to-  the  organization  must  be  broken  up  at  oncf. 

tal  tonnage  of  freight  yielding  revenue  was  87,-  But  it  was  difficult  to  ascerrain  who  its  mem-  ' 

030,555 ;  total  number  of  cars,  136,581.     The  hers  were,  and  to  command  the  evidence  ne- 

average  of  passengers  killed  to  number  carried  cessary  to  support 'a  prosecution  and  secure  a 

is  1  to  3,334,196.     The  number  injured  was  conviction.     No  one  that  belonged  to  th€o^ 

1,458,  an  average  of  one  to  582,161  carried.  ganization  could  be  found  who  could  be,aQder 


- 


OHIO. 


ONTARIO,  PROVINCE  OF.       671 


rostanoes,  iDdoced  to  give  testimony 
Id  implicate  a  fellow-member.  It  was 
termined  to  accept  as  better  than  the 
ty  of  waiting  for  testimony,  which 
»  might  never  be  obtained,  and  then 
to  legal  proceedings,  with  the  uncer- 
Iclays,  and  expenses  always  attendant 
the  following  agreement,  which  whs 
f  members  of  the  order  as  settlement 
lole  matter,  viz. : 

underBi^ed,  members  of  the  organization 
White  Caps,  do  hereby  affree  and  oind  our- 
rocure  the  immediate  diRbandinK  of  said  or- 
;  and  we  do  further  promise  and  agree  that 
be  no  more  raids,  whipping,  threatening, 
»ns,  terrorizing,  or  other  violation  of  law  or 
iiatsoevcr  by  said  orj^iinization  or  the  mem- 
»f,  acting  either  together  or  separately  ;  and 
ajirree  that  if  this  ntipulation  on  our  part  be 
'  any  members  of  said  organization  who  may 
M  controlled  by  us  we  will,  in  such  event, 
ir  power  to  give  infonnation  and  to  aid  the 
:he  law  in  brinsin^  them  to  justice. 
bo  in  good  taith  sign  and  keep  the  above 
tlie  State  hereby  promises  Immunity  from 
•ceedings  against  tncm. 

•vernor  informed  the  Legislature  that 
lance  of  this  agreement,  the  organiza- 
been  permanently  disbanded  and  the 
been  put  in  possession  of  all  the  evi- 
^essary  to  secure  convictions  should 
my  necessity  to  resort  to  the  courts." 
Sl8iatere> — The   sixty-eighth   General 

began  its  session  on  January  2,  with 
can  majority  of  14  in  the  Senate  and 
House.  The  proceedings  were  more 
narily  devoid  of  interest  although  a 
fiber  of  laws  were  enacted,  most  of 
i  local  or  minor  character.  The  ad- 
t  took  place  April  16.  The  liquor-tax 
imended  by  increasing  the  annual  tax 

A  board  of  pardons  to  advise  with 
*nor  was  created.  Instruction  as  to 
of  alcoholic  drinks  and  narcotics  ou 
Q  system  wa^  ordered  to  be  made  part 
amon-school  course. 
— The  Republican  State  Convention 
at  Dayton,  April  18, 19,  and  the  Dem- 

the  same  place.  May  15,  16.    The 

of  both  paities  were  of  the  usual 
Prohibition  and  Union  Labor  Con- 
^ere  also  held,  and  full  State  tickets 
the  field.  There  were  but  three  State 
be  filled.  The  result  of  the  election, 
r  6,  was  as  follows :  For  Secretary  of 
niel  J.  Ryan  (Republican),  417,510 ; 
.  Young  (Democrat),  395,522 ;  Wal- 
Tie  (Prohibition),  24,618;  George  F. 
nion  Labor),  3,452.  For  Judge  of 
Court,  Joseph  P.  Bradbury  (Repub- 
»,862 ;  Lyman  R.  Critchfield  (Demo- 
,236;  John  T.  Moore  (Prohibiiion), 
rrandison  N.  Tuttle  (Union  Labor), 
>r  member  of  Board  of  Public  Works, 
Jones  (Republican),  416,243;  Janles 
Democrat),  895,869 ;  James  W.  Pen- 
libition).  24,532;  William  W.  Duni- 
m  Labor),  8,435. 


OirriRIO,  PROVIHCE  OF.  By  the  retirement, 
through  ill  health,  of  the  Hon.  T.  B.  Pardee, 
Hon.  A.  S.  iiardy  became  Commissioner  of 
Crown  Lands,  and  J.  M.  Gibson,  of  Hamilton, 
took  his  place  as  Provincial  Secretary.  A  new 
portfolio  of  Agriculture  was  created,  and 
Charles  Drury  was  appointed  minister.  The 
reconstructed  ministry  is  as  follows :  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor, Sir  Alexander  Campbell ;  Attor- 
ney-General, Oliver  Mowatt ;  Commissioner  of 
Public  Works,  C.  F.  Fraser ;  Commissioner  of 
Crown  Lands.  A.  8.  Hardy ;  Provincial  Treas- 
urer, A.  M.  Ross;  Minister  of  Education,  G. 
W.  Ross;  Provincial  Secretary,  J.  M.  Gibson; 
Minister  of  Agriculture,  Charles  A.  Drury. 

Finances. — The  financial  statement  for  the 
year  ending  Dec.  31,  1888,  showed  a  total  ex- 
penditure of  $8,536,248,  and  a  total  revenue 
of  $3,589,428,  leavine  a  surplus  on  the  yearns 
operations  of  $51,172.  The  surplus  assets  of 
the  province  over  all  liabilities  are  estimated  at 
$6,784,649. 

Dairy  Indnstry. — The  latest  statistical  abstract 
issued  by  the  Provincial  Bureau  of  Industries 
gives  figures  connected  with  the  dairy  indus- 
try of  Ontario.  The  approximate  product  of 
cheese  for  three  years  was : 


YEARS. 

POimdi. 

VaIm, 

1885 

71.209J19 
68,721,621 
6^688,6fi6 

5,898,618 

1886 

IdST 

6,918,918 

The  quantity  of  milk  used  and  the  number 
of  cheese-factories  are  given  as  follow  for  the 
same  period : 

YEARS. 


]8Vi. 

1886. 

1887. 


Milk 


Lba. 
788,487,254 
654,708.248 
691,984,579 


No.  of  iactoriet. 


758 
770 
787 


The  returns  for  butter  are  approximately  as 
follow:  1885,  853,347  pounds,  valued  at  $69,- 
583  ;  1886,  823,853  pounds,  at  $160,797;  1887, 
1,136,576  pounds,  at  $230,022. 

Legislation. — The  second  session  of  the  fifth 
Legislature  opened  Jan.  25, 1888.  The  princi- 
pal measures  adopted  were :  An  act  establish- 
ing manhood  suffrage  in  provincial  elections, 
doing  away  with  property  qualification,  and 
granting  the  voting  privilege  to  every  male 
citizen  twenty-one  years  of  age,  a  British  sub- 
ject by  birth  or  naturalization,  and  not  dis- 
qualified by  being  a  criminal  undergoing  sen- 
tence in  jail,  or  a  lunatic,  or  receiving  state 
aid  as  a  pauper ;  an  act  creating  a  new  Cabinet 
oflSce,  that  of  Minister  of  Agriculture ;  a  meas- 
ure giving  municipalities  the  power  to  pass  by- 
laws regulating  the  hours  at  which  shops  shall 
be  closed,  the  by-law  to  be  passed  on  applica- 
tion of  three  fourths  of  the  occupiers  of  shops, 
the  hour  of  closing  in  the  evening  to  be  not 
earlier  than  seven  o^clock,  and  providing  a 
system  of  penalties  for  violation  of  the  law; 
a  series  of  resolutions  adopted  at  a  conference 


J 


/^ 


678  OREGON. 

in  Qaebec,  in  1S87.  of  represeD Utiles  of  tbe  There  were  >Uo  on  Jan.  1, 1889,  id  UMOtbw 

proTJnces  of  Canadft.  saggestiag  amendmentji  trnat  fiinde,  the  foiiowiog  amounts :  Agrioili' 

to  tlie  Federal  Con^itotion,  aasented  to  b;  the  oral   College  fund,  notes  and  cash,  |IO0,5tl,- 

BriCisb  ParliameDt  in  Jalr.  186T.  80 ;  Agricultural  College  fnud,  doe  on  cenif- 

JUHdUMMa.— The  pablic  events  of  1888  in-  cates  of  sale,  tl2,62T.BT  ;    total.   $113,138.17; 

eluded  the  formal  openine,  on  Ma;  S4,  of  the  University  fund,  notes  and  cash,  $80,733.71; 

Canadian  Park  at  Niagara  Falls;  theelection  University  fund,  due  on  certificates.   |I,47S.- 

ol  four  uembers  to  the  Legialatare,  throngh  SS ;  total,  $82,206.93.     The  monej  beloDginc 

the  deaths  of  the  sitting   members,  the  result  to  the  foregoing  trust  funds  is  loaned  on  lud 

being  a  net  loss  of  one  seat  to  the  Government,  at  one  third  of  its  appraised  value. 

which  is  eiistaioed  in  the  Legialatnre  b;  a  IplraMaral  CaUtg*. — Tbix  institution  bu  u 

■n^joritj  of  25  in  a  house  o(  91  members  ;  the  endowirieat  of  upward  of   $1'X),000,  the  prv- 

decision    bj  the    Imperial    Privj   Council   of  ceeda  of  the  sole  of  the  Agricultaral  Colletit 

Great  Britain,  Id  a  lawsuit  appealed  from  the  lands  given  b;  the  General  GoTernment  to  tbe 

Supreme  Conrt  of  Canada,  awarding  ti>  Ontario  State.     It  alao  receives   $16,000  a  year  (roo 

a  large  tract  of  timber-laDds,  the  owDership  the  federal  Government  under  the  Uatoh  ut 

of  which  was  Id  dispute,  owing  to  their  being  It  has  a  commodious  bailding,  erected  bj  tbe 

Indian  lands.  citiien*  of  CurvalUs.     All  that  is  need«d  vt 

OtECWf.    StitB  Baiuawtii.— The  following  give  it  a  fair  start  is  to  forDieb  it  wiUi  tbc 

were  the  State  officers  dariDg  the  year:  Gov.  necessarv  land  for  a  fann  for  which  tlit  Xff,- 

eroor,   Sylvester  PeDDoyer  (Democrat):   Sec-  islature has  been  sskod  to  appropriate  tlO.OW, 

retar;  of   State,  George  W.  MoBride;  Treaa-  When  this  shnll  have  been  received  and  iIm 

urer.  George  W,   Webb;    Superintendent  of  free  scholarships  abolished,  the  Agrienltont 

Public    Iiistraotion,   £.    B.   HcEUroy ;    Chief-  Cciltege  at  Corvsllls,  tilce  the  State  Unireni:; 

Justice   of   the  Supreme  Court,   William   P.  at  Eugene,  will  be  able  with  fmgat  mini^ 

Lord;  Associate  Justices,  William  W.  Thajer,  ment  to  en.ioy  a  prosperous  eiistence  «iihom 

and  Reul>en  8.  Strahan.  being  a  pensioner  upon  the  tax.pa.ven  of  tU 

FlMBM&^The  following  is  a  statement  of  State.     Ky  authority  of  law,  the  Governor hM 

the  indebted  netis  of  Oregon  on  Jan.  1,   1889;  accepted  the  college  buildings  and  groundB  for 

PrincipHl,    $W,T05.9S:    interest,  $25,058.34;  and  in  behalf  of  the  State,  and  assuchprep- 

less  funds  applicable  to  its  payment,  $:il,351.-  erty  is  under  State  control,  and  in  the  poM- 

ff4;  net  indebtedness,   $29,411. fiO.     All  other  able  posseasiou  of  the  State  by  virtne  of  dctdt 

indebtedness  is  nominal  and  fully  provided  for.  of  title  end  possession,  no  suit  can  be  niiB- 

It  is  expected   that  the  debt  will  have  been  tained  against  the  State  in  regard  to  iL 

eitinguished  before  the  year  is  over.  State  Vrinnltr.  ^ — From   the  report  of  li* 

The  expenditures  in  1887-88  were  as  follow:  president  of  the  regents  of  the   State  Unircr 

Tdui  tmoDDt  o(  nmnu  dmwa  sity  it  appears  that  the  iostitntion  now  bM 

duriMiiS^"    *"  "'""""™  a-MisM  M  besidesthe  Vilkrd  fund  of $50,000.  an  endM- 

I>.flciei!ci».  Jm.' 1. 1^  ftir*  ihi^h  ment  Of  Over  $80,000  arising  from  the  mIb 

wutuutn/atwtodnwD....     wsti  w  of  University  lands,  and  that  over  15,000  km 

D«j»=t   «p.,>«.   ;«rt.,«i,  la. tmm\t  of  such  land«  remain  uns.dd.     Of  the  110  ?► 

cumd t4Ck.T«  TO  pilsm  attendance  at  the  universitv  duria^iw 

^["'otTMi     ^"^*"  **  present  year,  5fi  paiil  tuition  and  64  had  fw 

scholarships.  With  its  present  endowmesl.  ud 

with  the  abolition  of  free  scholarship,  aavi  ita 

^**'^"  Governor,  the  State  University  can  no«  pr» 

|Ko,i«i  84  per  without   imposing   any   further  tai  npai 

e  swollen  ^^   people.     Certain    funds   bel' 

.,  .... .,j  „.  „ »..,.„„v  .„  account  of  ?tato  University  at  Eugene  have 

the  Railroad  Commission  and   the  Fish  Com-  [<"■  ^^^  anpport,  of  a  law  school   at  PorU'W . 

mission,  with  the  outlav  thereunder,  to  which  •""  ^^^''^  '*.'"'  ""thonty  of  law  forsurMh 

the  previous  terra  wa*  not  subiected.  version  of  the  fnnds  of  the  Swte  CnivMii;. 

MiMlltt— The  following  is  a  statement  of  It  is  anwcMted    that  the  State  should  prj 

the  total  amounts  of  the  common-school  funds  '"'^  ""''^  f"""  "^  aapport  of  a  school  of  m^ 

on  January  1  of  each  year:  18S5.  $8fi8.7-?5.ie;  cine  at  Portland:  but  there  is  now  in  that  ftfT 

188T.  $1,059,409.01  ;   1889.  $1,756,700.90;  in-  "  ™'*t^  °^  medicine,  built    by  pnrate  m.n- 

crt-ase  of  funds  in  18fi5-'8fi,  $190,637.85;  and  ■^'1|«1^  at  a  cost  of  $2.5  000.      _ 

increase  of  funds  in  ie87-'88,  $697,291.f(B.  The  ^**  8al««^Flsh*rT-— Concerning  thweieW- 

■■■  '       It  arising  from  the  fund  during  the  past  ^'^  '"®  Governor  in  his  message  says: 

—  i._,  1 ..;..^:i 3  __  »_ii....  Ponitlve  prohibitory    eiurtinentn  shonld  1*  «* 

»!niin.-it  the  taking  of  sslmon  in  the  CnlumhU  li* 
and  its  tributaties  by  either  finh-trspa  or  bh-vbiB^ 
There  oujrlit  to  be  but  one  mode  provided  br  liv  H 
tiic  taking  of  ulinoii,  and  (bu  mnde  abould  bctM 
one  open  to  all  clones,  and  by  whieh  no  monnpoljj* 
un-Uie  iidvantBgp  can  be  lind.  It  ia  due  to  Itio*  «» 
will  ooms  after  ua  that  the  Sailing  intereat  ofoor  ?«■ 


few  vears  Iib.i  been  distributed  as  follows: 

TEAR. 

^^■^      .          T^. 

to  re        iw,n«8  TS 

1  «S       1   lOiJIIM 

PARAGUAY.  678 

ot  bo  entirely  destroyed  by  the  (n^ed  and  forcementof  the  law.    No  farther  need  for  its  ezi»t- 

r  those  now  engaged  in  it.  *  The  records  of  enoe   remains   since   the  Clackamas   hatcheiy   has 

eme  Court  of  our  State  disclose  the  iact  that  passed  under  the  control  of  the  Federal  Government, 

bby  was  employed  by  those  interested  in  the  and  no  other  suitable  location  in  Oregon,  as  the  boara 

es  of  traus  and  fish- wheels  during  the  last  asserts,  can  be  found.    Besides,  it  can  be  questioned 

rOj  and  although  such  a  lobbv  mav  again  be  if  it  is  any  more  just  for  the  State  to  expend  money 

1,  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  ^legislature  will  in  the  establishment  of  fish-hatcheries  m  order  that 

he  law  by  which  the  monopoly  of  the  men  cannery  men  may  have  plenty  of  fish  for  ^ture  use 

ish-tmps  and  fish-wheels  may  oe  destroyed,  than  it  would  be  to  Aimish  seed  wheat  to  the  liimner 

Legislature  created  a  board  of  three  fish  com-  in  order  to  insure  him  future  great  harvests. 

•s,  one  of  whom  is  denominatedprosidcn^^        Pdllleid.— In  June,  1888,  a  State  election  was 

law  creatmg  such  board  declared  that  "  it  ^  %^    .  _  ♦k^   r«i>:«r  x.   *'l.       *    *u     o 

the  duty  ofthe  president  to  see  that  aU  Uws  J,®^^,,^^^  ]*^®  .?,***®^'^»^*^  /^    *^®  Supreme 

propagation,  protection,  and  preservation  of  Court,  and   Williara  P.  Lord  was  elected  by 

»  m  the  pubiio  waters  in  the  State  of  Ore-  88,008  votes,  against  26,886  for  John  Burnet, 

jther  entirely  or  partially  within  the  8t^  At  the  same  time,  Binger  Herman  was  chosen, 

SToroFt^;  p™f;^v'rA°J'<SJ.?,!  «>  »  RepWican  to  Congres^    The  LegidaU 

that "  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  are  ^^e   consists  of  twenty-one  Republicans  and 

'  executed.*'    If  the  Legislature  can  thus  nine  Democrats  in  the  Senate,  and  fifty-one 

r  invest  a  commission  of  its  own  creation  Republicans  and  nine  DemocTats  in  the  lower 

*^K°*ir'^  A  ^®  ^r?"?  '^''^f'^^''^\^^  branch.    The  vote  in  the  Presidential  election 

r  by  the  fundamental  law  of  the  hind,  then  „,^„   ^„   #«n^„«  .  r«^«     n :«^«   oo  om     -u 

titution  Is  a  mere  wanton  fraud,  and  your  ^^^  f   ^^SfSL^®^.-   ^^^S.®?.^  ^,^'291  ?  Jl"^- 

ig  oaths  a  hollow  mockery.    The  commission  Cleveland,    26,522;    Gen.    Fisk,    1,677;    Mr. 

rather  a  detriment  thiol  an  aid  in  the  en-  Streeter,  868.  . 


BIJAT9  a  republic  in  South  America,  and  a  total'  internal  debt  reduction  effected  in 

tails  of  the  census  taken  in  1886,  see  1887  of  $298,200. 

il  Cyclopffidia  ^'  for  1867.)  CoHmnlcfttlMH. — The  number  of  items  of  mail 

mmL — The  President  is  Gen.  Patricio  matter  in  1887  reached  488,846,  the  receiuts 

,  whose  term  of  office  will  expire  on  amounting  to  $9,695.    Aside  from  the  72  kilo- 

^,  1890.     His  Cabinet  is  oomnosed  of  metres  of  telegraph  running  parallel  with  the 

owing  ministers :  Interior,  Col.  Meza;  Paragnari  Railroad,  there  is  the  one  from  Paso 

Affairs,  J.  S.  Decoud ;  Finances,  H.  de  la  Patria  to  Asuncion,  which  communicates 

;  Justice  and  Public  Worship,  M.  Ma-  with  the  world's  cable  system.    The  number 

^ar.  Col.  Duarte.     The  United  States  of  messages  forwarded  in  1887  was  81,857,  the 

*  for  Paraguay  and  Uruguay,  resident  receipts  aggregating  $22,511. 

evideo,  is  John  £.  Bacon ;  the  Ameri-  The  telephone  service  at  Asuncion  has  been 

isul  at  Asuncion  is  Frank  D.  Hill.     The  in  operation  since  1884,  when  a  seven  years* 

lyan    Consul  -  General  in  the    United  privilege  was  extended  to  the  company.    The 

I  John  Stewart.  fines  measure  1,000  kilometres,  the  number  of 

— All  citizens  capable  of  bearing  arms  subscribers  being  175. 

I  the  ages  of  twenty  and  thirty-five  are  There  is  in  running  order  the  line  from 

0  be  enrolled  in  the  army,  but  the  Asuncion  to  Paraguari,   72   kilometres,   and 

1  of  the  latter  has  for  economical  rea-  building  the  line  from  Paraguari  to  Villa  Rica, 
;n  reduced  to  628  men.  In  case  of  war  80  kilometres.  There  were  257,668  passengers 
ional  Guard  is  mobilized.  in  1887,  the  expenses  being  $111,887,  and  the 
—The  fleet  consists  of  a  screw-steamer  receipts  $161,550.  Some  25  kilometres  of 
ing  440  tons,  carrying  4  guns,  having  tramway  are  in  operation  at  the  capital. 

rs,  and  manned  by  86  sailors,  and  of  Ctmmfsn^ — ^The  imports  increased  from  $1,- 

ill  steamers  doing  river  service.  805,741  in  1886  to  $2,221,750  in  1887,  and  the 

w.— The  foreign  debt,   contracted   in  exports  from  $1,620,779  to  $1,715,868.     The 

2,   amounted   in  1888    to   $4,250,000,  number  of  vessels  that  entered  the  ports  of 

2  per  cent,  interest.    After  Jan.  1,  Montevideo  and  Buenos  Ayres  with  cargoes  in- 

le  interest  is  to  be  8  per  cent.,  and  after  tended  for  Paraguay  was  820  in  1886,  of  which 

1897,  4  per  cent.     The  home  debt  228  were  steamers ;  the  tonnage  being  60,408. 

I  to  $1,068,250,  the  sinking-fund  having  EdicttlM. — Besides  the  National  College  at 

I  $898,000  in  1887.    The  revenue  col-  Asuncion,  attended  by  209  students,  there  are 

n   1887  was  $1,609,080;    money  col-  9  schools  for  boys  in  the  capital  and  7  for 

or  land  sales  effected  $829,146;  total,  girls,  attended  respectively  by  1,148  and  792 

76 ;  deducting  therefrom  the  expendi-  pupils.    The  number  of  professors  at  the  Na- 

licb,  together  with  the  interest  on  the  tional  College  is   21.     The   library  contains 

ftnd  home  debt,  did  not  exceed  $1,400,-  2,588  volumes,  and  had  2,626  readers  in  1886. 

re  remained  a  surplus  of  $587,678.  The  €«TerBBeit  Lud  SatoSi — The  proceeds  of  pub- 

aent  still  owed  the  National  Bank  $47,-  lie  lands  during  1887  were  $1,408,128,  of  which 

1886;  this  money  has  been  refunded,  $485,489  were  for  cash  and  the  remainder 
rou  xxTiu. — 18  A 


674  PATENTS. 

payable  in  installments  between  1888  and  1891,  The  year  1888  in  number  of  patents  iasoei 

both  inclusiye.    The  sale  of  Paraguay  tea  lauds  fifth;  it  is  surpassed  in  nonibers  by  th 

produced  $78,988,  of  which  $18,900  cash;  the  1885  (24,288  patents),  1886  (22,608  pi 

GovemmeDt  also  collected  $19,465  from  rent-  1888  (22,888  patents),  and  1887  (21,4i 

ing  tea-lands  which  it  owns.   The  Government  ents).     The  immense  increase  in  bosi 

^aoted  in  1888  to  a  Netherland  society  ezten-  shown  by  an  examination  of  the  records 

sive  concessions  for  the  creation  of  tobacco-  years.    In  1887  only  486  patents  were 

plantations.  and  in  1855  for  the  first  time  the  numl 

CilMdes* — The  Government  possesses  two  ceeded  two  thoosand  (2,012  patents), 

colonies,  San  Bernardino  and  Villa  Hayes.  The  CMudMlMcr't  BcptiC — ^This  document 

first-named  extends  along  the  shore  of  Lake  Jan.  81,  1889,  is  published  in  the  ^*  Offic 

Ipacarai  near  the  Aregna  Railroad  depot,  and  zette  "  of  the  United  States  Patent-Office 

Comprises  25  square  leagues  of  exuberantly  fer-  12,  1889.     In  addition  to  the  usual  intc 

tile  land.    The  nnmber  of  colonists  was  884  in  statistical  tables,  it  contains  yariousrecon 

1886,  69  new  comers  having  arrived  in  that  ations  for  legislation,  among  other  chan^ 

year.   The  second  is  in  the  Chaco,  on  the  banks  gesting  the  repeal  of  section  4887  of  the 

of  the  river,  five  miles  from  the  capital,  and  the  laws.    This  is  the  section  limiting  iin 

number  of  families  composing  the  colony  in  tion  of  an  American  patent  to  Uie  s 

1886  was  31,  only  a  dozen  settlers  having  joined  term  of  a  foreign  patent  granted  for  tl 

it  during  the  year.    Government  agricultural  invention  to  the  same  inventor.   In  the  d 

liEmds  are  worth  $2  to  $4  the  **  caadra  ^^ ;  pri-  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in 

vate  lands,  $10  to  $12.  vi.  Hammond  "  noted  below,  some  tin 

CienuB-Pangiayaa   Tnttj*  —  The  treaty  of  of  the  scope  of  this  statute  was  laid  don 

commerce  and  navigation,  signed  between  Ger-  PrepewJ   UgMatttii — One    moet   im] 

many  and  Paraguay  on  July  21, 1887,  was  rati-  modification  in  the  operation  of  the  pate 

fied  and  exchanged  on  May  18, 1888.  has  been  the  subject  of  much  agitation 

PATENTS.    Geoeral  Statisttak — ^The*  statement  those  interested  in  patents,  and  invcdi 

of  the  work  of  the  United  States  Patent-Office  establishment  of  a  new  court,  to  be  tern 

for  the  year  ending  Dec.  81, 1888,  will  be  found  C/onrt  of  Patent  Appeals.      The  fact 

in  the  following  sammury :  doubted  that  the  docket  of  th^  United 

AppUcatioDs  for  pat«nu  for  inventioiw 84,718  Supreme  Oourt  is  overloaded   with   i 

Appiu«tioD8  for  patents  for  derigys 9TI  xDucb  of  which  is  appealed  patent   s 

AppUettloDsforreiBsaesofpateQUi 118  «  .  i    ..          ^*       •      ^^  •   j         i          av 

^^                             ^                              which  the  action  is  earned  up  from  the 

Total  number  of  appUeatioDB  relating  to  pataot*..  8S,79T  States  ciroait  oourts.    The  Supreme  Ci 

c»Te«tsflied                                                   "TsM  ^®  District  of  Columbia  is  the  recip 

A  ppitcattoDs  for  regtVtntj'on  of  toiide^iniirks'. '.,'.','.'.   '.   1*814  appeals  from  the  Gom  missioner  of  Pateotf 

Applications  for  registration  of  labels T29  ^CW   body  is  tO  take  the  place  of  botl 

Disclaimers  filed 8  _x..             _*•          a.      j.       r^  -     ^     \. 

Appeals  on  the  meriu 1,258  courts  to  a  certain  extent.    It  IS  to  nav( 

"rTm  diction  over  appellate  casea  coming  frc 

^^ ^  circuit  courts,  the  Supreme  Court  <tf  th 

Total  nomber  of  appUcatiocs  reqoixiag  inTeeti.  trict,  and  the  Commissioner  of  Patents. 

gaUoD  and  action 41,851  ^ot  proposed  to  make  it  of  last  resort 

FatentM  issued,  including  designs 90,480  sufficient  amount  is  iuYolved  cases  can  1 

Patent*  reissued. 86  ried  up  f  rom  it  to  the  United  States  Sb 

Trade-marks  reiristered 1,038  r»^„«*. 

Labels  leglstered 82T  *^OUrt. 

LItlgatiM* — An  important  decision  wi 

'^^^ *^*^^  dered  by  Judge  Eekewicb,  of  London, 

Patents  expired  during  tbe  year ii,68T  English  suit  brought  to  annul  the  Ganla 

Patents  withheld  for  non-payment  of  final  foe 2,881  Qibbs  patent  ou  transformers ;  it  declar 

In  inventiveness  the  State  of  Connecticat  patent  to  be  invidid.     He  so  decided,  co 

led  the  list  with  one  patent  for  every  820  in-  ing  that  the  invention  was  not  a  fittii^ 

habitants ;  the  District  of  Colnmbia  came  next,  ject  for  a  patent,  as  well  as  that  tbe  ] 

with  one  for  every  830  inhabitants ;  and  Mas-  named  were  not  the  first  inventors.   The*' 

sachasetts  was  third  with  one  for  every  944  former "  as  essential  to  the  newly  dev 

inhabitants.     North  Carolina  was  least  invent-  system  of  alternate  current  lighting  has 

ive,  only  one  inhabitant  out  of  26,450  secaring  the  last  year  acquired  mucli  importance 

a  patent.    In  total  patents  issued  New  York  tention  is  called  to  a  corresponding  Am 

was  first  with  8,634,  which,  however,  only  rep-  decision  (Westinghoase  ««.  Sun  Electricji] 

resented  one  to  1,898  inhabitants,  giving  her  pany,  see  below).    In  England  also  Justit 

the  eighth  place  in  inventiveness.    Among  for-  declared  the  Edison  *'  carbon  filament,'^ 

eijm  conntnes  England  as  usaal  has  the  best  rec-  4,576  of  1879,  invalid,  this  beinc  one  • 

ord,  528  American  patents  being  issued  to  her  basic  patents  on  incandesoent  electric  Isi 

citizens;  Germany  is  next  with  855  patents;  and  One  of  the  great  patent  suits  reach 

France  is  third  with  131  patents;  Brazil,  the  accounting  during  the  last  part  of  the  ye 

Canary  Islands,  China,  Newfoandland,  Qaeens-  was  brought  by  the  Webster  Loom  Goi 

land,  Turkey,  and  Wales  have  one  patent  apiece,  against  the  Biggins  Carpet  Company. 


PATENTS.  675 

red  to  the  famonii  Webster  patent  upon  one  laws,  the  following  references  to  the  '*  Official 

itare  of  weaving  Brussels  carpet.    The  patent  Gazette''  of  the  United  States  Patent-Office 

IS  granted  in  1872,  and  a  special  company  are  given :  The  Oongo  Free  State,  zlii,  202 ; 

th  a  capital  of  $200,000  was  formed  to  liti-  Guatemala,   xlii,   880;    Germany,   zliii,  889; 

te  it.    The  present  soit  occupied  foar  years,  British  India,  xliii,  1,688;   Soath  African  Re- 

r4  to  1878,  before  the  final  hearing  in  the  public,  xliv,  1,507;  South  Australia,  xliv,  1,510; 

dted  States  Circuit  Court  was  reached,  where  Switzerland,  xlv,  288  and  1,070;   New  South 

»  patent  was  decided  to  be  invalid.    On  ap-  Wales,  xlv,  128. 

il  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  upheld  Ciirt  DecfatoBSt — Abstracts  of  some  of  the 

»  patent  and  ordered  an  accounting.    Two  more  important  points  decided  in  the  Federal 

Krs  were  devoted  to  it,  and  two  tons  of  courts  are  given  below,  the  references  being 

[>ks  and  documents  were  eventually  pro-  to  volume  and  page  of  the  **  Official  Gazette." 

ced.    The  claim  presented  by  the  Webster  _,            r^^u  *,   ^  ^      n         -.•  i  *     u-  v 

om  a.mpanT  wi«  $28,760,000     On  oro«.  ^^^^^^^^UT^^ SS^'ZT.'^^ 

unination  of  the  president  of  the  compuiy  an  infringer,  provided  the  article  is  not  ro  constnict- 

»   claim  was  reduced  to   $1,500,000.     His  ed  that  the  patented  device  and  no  other  oan  be  used 

dmony  embraced  nearly  6,300  questions  and  ^ith  it.    Bliss  et  al,  f>$,  Merrill  et  al.y  xlii,  97. 

»nded  over  two  years.     In  the  final  argu-  Where  one  patentee  has  invented  a  combination  for 

^¥  \^^^^  ^\^^  w^mJi^^  a1a«^»  .!-«-  -.^«^  ™..  *  particular  purpose,  the  field  is  open  to  another  to  m- 

nt  before  the  master  eleven  days  were  occu-  ^^  ^  combination  of  the  same  parts  differently  ai- 

a  and  over  1,000  pages  of  bnefs  were  banded  ranffed  and  affecting  the  same  result  bv  a  different 

[L.     His  decision  practically  threw  out  the  moae  of  operation.    Bailway  Ke^ister  Manufacturing 

lent  in  suit  as  an  element  of  damages.     The  Company  w.  Third  Avenue  Railway  Company  ei  ah^ 

jbster  Company  were  awarded  nothing.  The  "^ij^he  omission  of  one  step  of  an  old  pK>ce8s  with  an 

0t  enunent  counsel  were  retamed  m  the  case,  improved  result  constitutes  a  new  process.    Lawther 

ich  passes  into  history  as  one  of  the  most  vt.  Hamilton  et  a/.,  xlii,  487. 

lOOB  patent  litigations  of  America.  Where  the  new  process  requires  frreater  care,  or 

rhe  Bell  telephone  patent  at  last  reached  the  fT^'^  greatef  skill,  on  the  part  of  the  workmen  than 

^.««»A  n^n»4^^v««  «...C,.»i  fl„^  ^»«^  iv^:^-  ^^^  lormcrly,  it  does  not  chanire  ita  character  as  a  process 

>reme  Court  on  appeal,  five  cases  being  con-  ormateVially  affect  its  utility.    Ibid.               ^ 

Mlated  into  one  for  the  purposes  of  the  hear-  a  patent  sufficiently  describes  a  process  when  by 

The  court  upheld  the  patent  in  its  broad-  *the  aid  of  the  knowled^  derived  n-om  the  state  of 

scope,  so  that  all  electric  speidLing  telephones  *^®  ^  tl»®  "^®  """7 1>«  carried  out  from  the  descrip- 

oovered  by  it.     A  minority  opinion  repre-  Sian  Ja^P"^bW^                      ""^        particuh»r 

ting  the  views  of  three  out  of  seven  judges  a  claim  for  a  process  consisting  of  several  steps 

s  delivered  as  agamst  the  patent,  in  favor  of  may  be  limited  by  the  state  of  the  art  and  the  de- 

I   olMms  of  priority  of  Daniel  Drawbaugh.  scnption  in  the  patent  to  the  instrumentalities  or- 

anwhile  the  suit  brought  by  the  Govern-  their  eomvalento  as  thus  described,  wWch  are  cm^^^ 

nt  for  the^cellation'S  the>ll  telophone  ''^^^^^^r'^^^^^^ S'^Lfi^r^  ^""t 

ent  of  1876  18  slowly  progressmg.    On  a  de-  dude  any  element  except  such  as  art  essential  to  the 

rrer  it  reached  the  Supreme  Coart,  and  the  peculiar  combination  and  affected  by  the  invention. 

remment^s  right  to  bring  such  a  suit  was  ^P*»d  Service  Store  Kailway  Company  tw.  Taylor  ti 

leld  (see  "Official  Gaaette"  of  the  United  ^'l^^'^^L^       *         v:         ♦v  *    , 

1      o  *     *  r\£a     »i    1     1  oil \              ^«*i^«  ^  reconstruction  of  a  machine  so  that  a  less  num- 

tes  ratent-Utbce  ^xly,  1,811).  her  of  parts  will  perform  all  the  functions  of  the  creat- 

L  very  miportant  decision  of  the  U.  S.  Sn-  er  may  be  invention  of  a  hi^h  order;  but  the  omission 

Die  Court  was  rendered  in  the  suit  entitled  of  a  part  with  a  corresponding  omission  in  function, 

je>    Refrigerating  Company  against  George  fo  that  the  retained  parts  do  just  what  they  did  before 

xx^w^wwxrJ^A  Jr  n^       A  TT«:*«^Q*«4.«-  .^..*»^4.  iu  the  combination,  can  not  be  other  than  a  mere  mal- 

Hummond  A  Co.     A  United  States  patent  ^^  ^f  judgment,  dependinja:  upon  whether  it  is  desir- 

i  been  awarded  to  John  J.  Bate  for  a  process  able  to  have  the  machine  do  all  or  less  than  it  did  be- 

preserving  meat,  and  previous  to  the  issue  fore.  McCUinv*.  A.  Ortmayer&Sons€<a2.,xlii,724. 

bis  American  patent  he  had  taken  out  a  Where  notice  is  not  given  In  the  answer  of  a  speci- 

ladian  patent  for  five  years.     Although  by  ft^  P"''L"1i''^  ^J"^  invention  described  m  Uie  patent, 

'JTt.    »  M       1     1.  J  I.     X  AZry^lii^  It  can  not  be  set  up  as  an  anticipation  of  such  in- 

.  payment  of  fees  he  had  kept  the  Canadian  vention ;  but,  as  exhibiting  the  state  of  the  art,  the 

ent  alive  for  fifteen  years,  it  not  having  as  evidence  is  competent  to  aid  the  court  in  putting 

expired,  it  was  claimed  that  the  American  a  proper  oonstruction  on  the  patent.    Stevenson  ««. 

ent  was  limited  in  duration  to  the  first  pe-  Maeowan  ti  a/.,  xlii,  1,068. 

I  of  five  years  of  the  0.nad5«.  patent    xlje  „,^L"o"f 'i'r4tSnprrP,S7he":p^iS^e° 

^reme   Court  decided  otherwise,  and  held  patent  probably  would  not  affect  the  rights  of  the 

t  aB  long  as  the  Canadian  patent  was  ex-  patentee  under  this  section  of  the  act  of  1889.    An- 

led  it  was  without  effect  upon  the  Ameri-  drews  H  al.  m.  Hovey,  xlii,  1,285. 

franchise.     It  did  not  state,  however,  that  ^^  *  patent. has  been  granted  for  an  article  de- 

-:     r^ jf^     M        vj       aL             .j'j  scribed  or  made  in  a  certam  way  the  inventor  can  not 

he  Canadian  fees  had  not  been  paid,  and  afterward  obtain  a  valid  patent  on  an  independent 

foreign  patent  had  expired  after  %vq  years,  application  for  the  methoct  or  process  of  making  the 

t  rach  expiration  would  not  have  limited  article  in  the  way  described  m  the  earlier  patent. 

American  patent.    It  left  it  to  be  inferred  The  M^ler  Safe  and  Lock  Company  v$.  Hosier,  Bah- 

:  it  woold  have  had  that  effect  ^ru^ot  IS  Aljhlr  the  foreign  patent  i. 

!■«*■  Lawtr—JJOT  Changes  or  new  legislntion  prranted  to  the  inventor  who  made  the  application  in 

or    recent  pnblication   of    foreign  patent  this  country  or  to  some  other  penion  to  wiiom  he  has 


676            PECULIAR  PEOPLE.  PENNSYLVANIA. 

oaosed  the  invention  to  be  patented,  nor  that  the  in-  against  those  responsible  for  their  care.    Con- 

▼eator  who  makes  the  application  here  is  one  of  our  viction  in  the  latter  kind  of  cases  is,  howeTer, 

gtijenfl     EdiBon  Eleotno  Light  Company  w.  United  ^iflaoaji,  because  medical  men  are  not  able  or 

States  Electric  Lighting  Company,  xliu,  1,46«.  ^nuuuju,  v^uo^  ui^tui^  ui^u  oi^  uv.  w,^  y. 

It  is  difficult  to  find  mventiou  m  mixing  or  putting  willing  to  declare  positively  that  if  called  lo 

together,  in  a  dry  state,  two  materials,  it  beini^  old  to  they  woald  have  advised  measures  that  would 

piix  ihe  same  materials  dwing  the  process  of  manu*  have  saved  life.     Hence  only  one  conviction  is 

facing  or  brewing.    Geis  w.  Kimber,  xliv,  108.  recorded  against  them  for  this  offense.    Aade 

Where  a  patent  has  been  found  to  be  valid  by  a  -^^  ...   15:^o-«-.««-^  ♦k^x  T>.a^«i;«.  i>.^«vU  ^^ 

circuit  court  at  an  earlier  date  upon  the  same  evid^oe  from  this  idiosyncrasy  the  Peculiar  People  are 

as  now  exhibited,  and  since  that  date  the  Supreme  reputed  to  be  exemplary  in  the  social  virtofli. 

Court  has  deflnea  more  strictly  the  line  between  mere  While    none    among    them    are   wealthy  ud 

mechanical  skill  and  the  exercise  of  invention,  it  is  f^^  ar^  above  the  condition  of  laborers,  they 

^'d'?J^t\t';^ud[»tn'"o'f«nn~rS.«'^'^^^^^^  never  permit  on.  of  the  "brethren"  tob««»j 

Bubber  and  CeUuloid  Harness  Trimminjf  Company  chargeable  to  the  poor-rates.    They  are  faithnl 

vs.  The  India-Bubber  Comb  Company,  xuv,  848.  and  carefal  in  their  family  relations,   alwaji 

For  several  important  points  in  this  connection,  see  make   foil   provision  of  wholesome  food,  are 

BossU  Cement  Company  w.  Le  Page,  xUv,  888.  ^^^^  abstainers  from  intoxicating  drinks,  ire 

The  mventor*8  consent  to  or  allowance  of  the  pub-  ^^  .   ^^,  «i««„w   ^,^A  .-^  ^wi^^w  ^4^.in.  ^ 

lie  use  or  sale  of  his  invention  is  not  requisite  t6  m-  ?«**  and  cleanly,  and  are  orderly  citi»wi%  no 

validate  a  patent.    Campbell  w.  The  Mayor,  etc  of  instance  bemg  known  of  any  of  them  havm^ 

New  York,  xliv,  1,185.  been  bronght  before  the  courts,  except  in  ooo* 

Three  thinm  are  reqmsito  to  the  acquisition  of  a  nection  with  theh"  angle  peculiarity.    Theb 

*'*^^  '^  fKl^f;^!fi'.HniS*b.!^f  .KSJ'nnf  tl'^i  ^^  ^hurch  polity  is  of  a  very  simple  ohancter. 

acquire  the  title  must  adopt  some  mark  not  m  use  to  m,            '^.*'         •ivi        v*i.          v* 

distinguish  goods  of  the  same  class  or  kind  already  on  They  recognize  a  single  head  or  bishop,  who  » 

the  market ;  seoond,  he  must  apply  his  mark  to  some  at  present  Mr.  Samuel  Harrod,  from  whose  d^ 

article  of  traffic ;  third,  he  must  put  his  article  marked  cisions  there  is  no  appeal.     Their  worship  if 

with  his  mark  on  the  market.    Mere  adoption  of  the  marked  by  earnest  singing  of  easy  tnnes.  oeo- 

mark  and  a  public   declaration  that  the  mark  so  ^it      -.uuX^f  ♦i*^  ot^  r#  Wmo^^.i  1..««^^,..m«« 

adopted  wiU  Be  used  to  dbtinguish  ^zoods  to  be  put  ^'^  without  the  aid  of  masical  instrnmcDti 

on  the  market  at  a  future  time,  create  no  right,  no  ^  or  the  most  part  their  meetings  are  heW  u 

title  ansea  until  the  thin^  is  actually  on  the  market  barns  and  other  buildings  of  that  character: 

marked  with  the  particular  mark.    Schneider  tt  al,  but  they  have  erected  a  few  special  places  of 

"'•A^4^^"?f  f*^'   '*??i*  *         *    *         .  1.       V     '  worship,  to  which  members  of  congregatiooi 

A  "sale,"  to  mvalidate  a  patent,  must  have  been  a.*^'  j  a.  -j       ui    j«  *     

oompletely  effected  more  tiian  two  yeare  before  the  ^^  o"«°  drawn  from  considerable  distanoei 

application  for  the  patent.    Campbell  v«.  The  Mayor,  PENNSTLVANLI.    State  Urenaeat— The  fol- 

ete.  of  New  York,  xlv,  845.  lowing  were  the  State  officers  during  the  jeir: 

For  limitation  of  the  Ganlard  and  Gibbe  converter  Governor,  James  A.  Beaver,  RepubUcan ;  Lieu- 

pany,  xlv,  710.  ^^7  of  State,  Charles  W.  Stone;  Tressorer, 

William  B.  Hart ;  Auditor-General,  A.  Wihoo 
PECULIAR  PEOPLE.  The  sect  of  Pecniiar  Norris  (who  died  on  May  21) ;  Secretary  of 
People  was  established  in  Essex,  England,  about  Internal  Affairs,  Thomas  J.  Stewart ;  Attomej- 
half  a  century  ago;  and,  while  members  of  the  General,  W.  S.  Eirkpatrick;  Soperintendeot 
body  have  removed  to  London  and  other  parts  of  Public  Instruction,  £.  £.  Higbee ;  Insortnoe 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  some  have  emi-  Commissioner,  J.  M.  Forster ;  Chief-Jostice  d 
grated  to  the  colonies,  it  still  exists  in  its  great-  the  Sapreme  Court,  Isaac  G.  Gordon ;  Jostioei, 
est  strength  in  that  county,  and  chiefly  at  Edward  M.  Paxson,  John  Trunkey,  JameB  P. 
Prittlewell.  The  name  of  the  body  is  taken  Sterrett,  Henry  Green,  Silas  M.  Clark,  and 
from  the  Scripture,  and  the  particular  tenet  for  Henry  W.  Williams.  Justice  Trunkej  died  on 
which  they  are  principally  known  is  founded  June  24,  and  the  Governor  appointed  Alfred 
on  these  words  of  St.  James:  **Is  any  sick  Hand  to  fill  the  vacancy,  his  commi(«ion dttinf 
among  you  ?  let  him  call  for  the  elders  of  the  from  July  81  and  continuing  till  the  first  Moo- 
Church;  and  let  them  pray  over  him,  anoint-  day  of  January,  1889. 
ing  him  with  oil  in  the  name  of  the  Lord :  and  FlaaiMBt — ^The  Legislature  of  1887  niide  ip* 
the  prayer  of  faith  shall  save  the  sick,  and  the  propriations  amounting  to  nearly  $17,000,000^ 
Lord  shall  raise  him  up.^'  They  argue  that  out  the  revenues  were  about  two  millions  lefl* 
this  text  proves  that  medical  aid  is  needless,  and  several  important  public  works  were  necei- 
»and  when  a  member  of  the  body  falls  sick,  the  sarily  postponed,  including  the  remodeling  d 
elders  pray  over  him  and  anoint  him,  and  then  the  legislative  building,  and  the  enlai^^emeot  d 
leave  nature  to  take  its  course.  Their  stead-  the  House  of  Refuge  in  Philadelphia.  The 
fast  adherence  to  this  belief  and  practice  has  revenues  have  also  been  crippled  by  the  de 
many  times  brought  them  in  conflict  with  the  cision  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
laws  which  require  a  certain  amount  of  care  States,  that  what  was  known  as  the  "gr<Mf' 
and  attention  to  be  given  to  children  and  the  receipts  tax'*  is  unconstitutional  so  far  as  it  is 
sick.  Members  of  the  sect  have  been  prose-  a  tax  on  interstate  commerce.  The  lose  is 
cuted  for  neglect  of  those  dependent  upon  revenue  from  this  source  in  1888  was  aboot 
them  in  not  calling  medical  aid  to  their  relief;  $800,000,  but  owing  to  the  thorough  eolle^ 
and,  in  cases  where  the  patients  died,  prosecu-  tion  of  claims  due  the  State,  little  embarrs9»* 
tions  for  manslaughter  have  been  instituted  ment  was  experienced.    The  receipts  for  tbi 


- 


K 


PENNSYLVANIA.  677 

»Qnt  to  $8,694,060.42,  of  which  $5,-  in  the  college  and  seventj-seven  in  the  prepara- 
6  belong  to  the  general  land  and  $2,-  tory  department,  with  nineteen  professors. 
6  to  the  sinking-fund,  the  former  be-  Soldton'  Orphaas'  Sckeata. — The  Legislature  of 
;able  to  general  purposes,  and  the  lat-  1887  provided  for  the  closing  of  these  schools 
I  redemption  of  the  principal  and  the  on  Jane  1. 1890.  The  Governor  recommends 
of  the  interest  on  the  pablic  debt,  the  repeal  of  this  law,  and  calls  attention  to 
ipal  items  of  the  receipts  were :  Taxes  the  fact  that,  at  the  time  set  for  closing  the 
rations,  $2,898,405.44;  tax  on  bank  schools,  there  will  be  1,649  children  in  them 
56,102.76;  tax  on  personal  property,  under  the  age  of  sixteen,  all  orphan  children 
8.20 ;  tax  on  collateral  inheritances,  of  deceased  soldiers  of  the  Union.  There  are 
11 ;  tavern  and  liquor  licenses,  $1,r  at  present  in  these  schools  2,249  children,  the 
7;  tax  on  foreign  insurance  compa-  schools  having  been  estabhsbed  in  1864.  By 
18,816.41 ;  commutation  of  tonnage  the  same  act,  the  schools  were  closed  to  fur- 
),000.  The  principal  items  of  dis-  ther  applicants  June  1,  1887,  yet  many  appli- 
t  during  1888  were :  Expenses  of  cations  have  been  made, 
iverninent,  $790,685.80 ;  judiciary,  IisanuMei — The  last  annual  report  of  the  in- 
01 ;  payment  of  loans  and  interest,  surance  connniRsioner  gives  the  following  state- 
2.26;  charitable  institutions,  $1,068,-  ment  of  the  business  done  in  the  State  in 
penitentiaries,  $244,686.26;  reform  1887:  Premiums  for  life  insurance,  $10,855,- 
$226,242.16;  common  schools,  $1,-  456.87;  premiums  for  fire  and  marine  insur- 
8;  National  Guard,  $854,446.87 ;  Sol-  ance,  $9,805,172.21;  total  paid  for  insurance, 
ome,  $151,850;  soldiers'  orphans*  $20,160,628,58.  This  aggregate  is  $1,880,- 
^86,419.22;  second  geologicid  sur-  650.16  greater  than  the  total  sum  pnid  for  in- 
000;  State  College,  $59,500.  The  sqrance  in  1886.  The  total  losses  paid  in  1887 
1  the  treasury  Dec.  1,  1888,  was  $8,-  were  as  follow :  Paid  by  fire  and  marine  com- 
5,  against  $2,880,841.47  on  the  same  panics,  $5,400,637.34;  paid  by  life  companies, 
887.  Of  this  balance,  only  $1,818,-  $4,857,188.86;  total  losses  paid,  $9,757,825.70. 
applicable  to  general  expenses,  the  NatlMal  fiiard* — The  last  annual  report  of  the 
md  absorbing  the  rest.  adjutant-general  gives  the  total  strength  of  the 
ite  debt  on  Nov.  80, 1888,  was  as  fol-  ffuard  at  7,788  enlisted  men  and  601  officers. 
»n-interest  bearing  debt,  $184,821.28 ;  In  twenty-three  counties  no  military  organiza- 
Dt.  bonds,  $1,857,900 ;  4-per-cent.  tion  exists,  while  in  the  two  counties  of  Alle- 
,798,700;  5-per-oent.  bonds,  $4,480,-  gheny  and  Philadelphia  there  are  fifty-four 
er-cent.  Agricultural  College  bond,  companies.  The  annual  appropriation  for  the 
;  6  per  cent,  on  proceeds  of  sale  of  guard  has  been  increased  from  $220,000  to 
atal  farms,  $17,000;  making  an  ag-  800,000,  and  the  term  of  enlistment  reduced 
idebtedness  of  $14,788,921.28.  from  five  to  three  years. 
)er-cent.  loan  may  be  paid  in  accord-  State  lMtttitt«ub — The  last  Legislature  pro- 
ii  its  terms  in  1892.  The  available  vided  for  the  erection  of  an  Industrial  Re- 
more  than  sufficient  to  pay  this  bal-  formatory  at  Huntington.  The  bnildiogs  have 
,  and  the  commissioners  nave  endeav-  been  erected  and  equipped,  but,  owing  to  the 
purchase  these  bonds  at  a  reasoni^le  fact  that  no  appropriation  had  been  made  for 
but  many  holders  refuse  to  selL  The  maintenance,  the  institution  is  not  open.  The 
-t  of  the  balance  of  the  debt,  funded  courts  have  discretion  to  send  convicts  to  this 
i  4  per  cent,  is  not  due  until  1912.  reformatory  instead  of  to  the  State  penitenti- 
reduction  in  the  debt  for  1888  was  aries.  Work  on  the  Western  Penitentiary 
90.  approaches  completion.  The  Eastern  Peni- 
■• — The  State  is  divided  into  thirteen  tentiary  continues  what  is  known  as  the  soli- 
ichool  districts.  There  are  normal  tary  or  confinement  plan.  The  House  of 
I  eleven  districts,  and  a  twelfth  has  Refuge  in  Philadelphia  is  about  to  make  an 
been  erected  at  Centerville,  leaving  important  departure.  Through  the  liberality 
listrict  (the  fourth)  without  a  school,  of  two  individuals,  large  funds  have  been  given 
ral  State  Normal-School  buildings  at  for  the  purchase  of  a  farm  and  the  erection  of 
en  have  recently  been  burned.  There  hew  buildings.  The  five  insane  asylums  of  the 
a  strong  movement  to  secure  ibdus-  State  contain  4,265  inroatej<,  of  whom  1,568  are 
ing  as  part  of  the  public-school  sys-  at  Norristown,  676  at  Warren,  848  at  Dan- 
in  1887  the  Legislature  authorized  ville,  618  at  Dixmont,  and  560  at  Harrisburg. 
rnor  to  appoint  a  commission  to  in-  The  number  has  largely  increased  by  reason  of 
the  subject  The  commission  report  the  legislation  requiring  the  removd  of  insane 
in  &vor  of  the  system.  Isaiah  Y.  in  county  homes  to  the  State  institutions, 
•n,  a  wealthy  citizen  of  Philadelphia,  Deditea. — Late  in  December  the  State  Su- 
le  end  of  1888,  conveyed  to  trustees  preme  Court  rendered  a  decision  declaring  the 
valued  at  several  million  dollars  for  act  of  1887,  dividing  the  cities  of  the  State  into 
ishment  of  a  ^*  Free  School  of  Me-  seven  classes,  unconstitutional  and  void,  on  the 
i'rades."  The  State  College  has  had  a  ground  that  the  act  was  in  the  nature  of  local 
osperity,  there  being  ninety  students  and  special  legislation.    This  decision  brings 


678              PENNSYLVANIA.  PEBSIA. 

into  force  again  the  act  of  1874,  dividing  cities  The  Republican  party  is  justly  reaponniWe  for  tfa 

into  three  classes,  which  the  same  court  has  failuwof  UieiateLeip«kturo  togiverd^^^^^ 

I       J     ;i     'J  ^T^v        i:^  payere  by  the  enactment  of  an  equitable  and  judicuHii 

already  decided  to  be  valid.  revenue  law ;  and  the  scandal  wnnected  with  the  ftft- 

flarhtr  at  PUIadclpkla.— The  Governor  says  m  tire  of  the  revenue  bUl  to  become  a  kw  Rhould  work  • 

his  message  to  the  Legislature  in  January,  1889 :  ibrteiture  of  all  daimaof  that  party  to  legislate  for  the 

Smith's  and  Windmill  Inlands,  which  constitute  a  ^^2 ^lf't^''^!!^}^»^r.  u  f^h^^A^^ 

formidable  obstacle  to  navigation  and  lie  directly  in  -  The  nresent  State  admmwtration  is  tobeoocdemD^ 

the  harbor,  must  be  pureha^  and  entirely  removed,  ^^l"^  Allure  to  enforee  the  provi^ona  of  the  C«bfr 

Jnd  140  acJes  of  PettV «  Island  cut  awav .  "^  It  is  pro!  ^"^^^^XS^liS^nH^  SS2L  nf  I^T^lS^^- 

posed  to  give  to  the  harbor  of  Philadefohia  a  cfan-  ?^^^  ^^P^^^^T^  ^^^^^  ^  S^'PS!?*  ^^^ 

nd  from  the  upper  part  of  the  city  to  iTelaware  Bay  »'  ^  ^^^  ">?  ««^  ^  ?^^J^^  ^H^  1  * 

600  feet  wide  a£d  26  feet  deep  at  mean  low  watef.  fTl^"*^ '  J^a^^  f^?^;?^^ni^  ^k^^/TJIC 

The  entire  cost  of  this  work,  when  completed,  will  ^^^  >°  ^/  ^^"^^  oj  ^^^^^^  *=>'^  ^«  ^"^t 

exceed  $6,000,000.    An  appropriation  for  |Soo,0(K)  for  producers  and  refinem  of  oil,  known  as  the  Billi^ 

beginning  the  work  has  alreldy  been  made  4y  Con-  f'^h  ^"»  »°  the  interest  of  monopoly  •nd^^Ppoiijd  to 

gpfss  witB  this  proviso :  "  That  no  part  of  this  sum  gr«>J«"»*»  ^^  ^%  '^^^l  ^^  ^  5!?*^  "^  ^ 

Shall  be  expende\i  until  the  title  to  the  lands  forming  8^®  ^^^^  '^^«»  "^^•^  ^«  »>^*  ^«  intended. 

said  islands  shall  be  acquired  and  vested  in  the  United  On  May  8,  the  Prohibitionists  at  HarrislHirg 

States  without  charge  to  the  latter,  beyond  $800,000  selected  delegates  to  their  Nation^  Conventido, 

of  the  sum  herein  appropriated."   iWedmgs  to  con-  ^  nominated  James  Black  for  Supreme  Jodie, 

demn  these  islands  for  public  use  have  been  already  !«,      rr  •        t    u             *^^       •     "^  j    i  l    o 

commenced.     It  is  believed  that  the  amount  nece:*-  P«  Union  Labor  party  nominated  John  B. 

aary  to  pay  for  them  wUl  equal  $700,000  to  $800,000.  Young  for  the  same  oflfice. 

I«tlcia.-The  Republican  State  Convention  Thedeathof  Anditor-General  Norris^onMsj 

met  at  Harrisburg  on  April  25,  and  nominated  ^^^  rendered  n^essary  the  election  of  a  «^ 

delegates  to  the  National  Ooivention  and  a  S^'  »*  ^^«  ^^''V^^  election,  and  cAdh 

cancSdate  for  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  to  ^*^  were  nominated  bythe  executive  ooiih 

succeed  Chief-Justice  Gordon.    For  the  latter  ?'^^^^  *^<^  ^{ff^n  '  P*?^     ®^  ?l^ 

office  James  T.  Mitchell  secured  the  nomina-  ^if^ff*  Tbomjjs  McOamant  was  made  the  esD- 

tion,  after  several  ballots,  over  the  Chief-Justice  ^}^^^ '  J^.l^^"" .^^S^^  J^^^  ^""^V.^ 

and   several   other  contestants.      Resolutions  the  Prohibitionists,  MdtonS.  Marqnw;  by  ^ 

were  passed  demanding  legislation  by  Congress  ^^^?^  ^^'  P"^^'  ^'\  ^""f  ^-    ^^fT2 

to    s^ure    fair   electiSusf  protesting   agiinst  on  the  Snpreme  Court  bench,  caused  by  tbe 

placing  wool  on  the  free  list,  reiterating  the  ^^^^^  ^^  Judge  Trnnkey,  on  June  2^  msdert 

doctriSe  of  protection  and  continuing :  necessary  to  choose  two  jodges  of  Uiat  court 

-„            .     ^u     ^     ^u   X.  .u        ^-       ^  .    ^i..  in  November;  but,  in  consequence  of  a  peou- 

W e  recognize  the  strength  of  the  sentmient  in  this  •  ,  ««^„;^:^-»   ^^  7^^  a*-^*^  i^^^..4^4^*z^J^  «K«f 

oommonwlilth  relative  to^the  evUs  and  abuses  of  the  '*^  provision  of  the  State  Constitntion,  thit 

sale  of  liquor;  and  we  fhvor  all  laws  looking  in  this  when  two  judges  are  to  be  chosen  at  one  eJee- 

respect  to  the  elevation  of  the  moral  condition  of  the  tion,  each  voter  is  limited  to  vote  for  only  one, 

people.    We,  therefore^  repeat  our  pledge  to  submit  no  further  party  nominations  were  neoemry. 

^^e"tL^LSi7-;«'r4^^^                   by  Con-  ^t  the  November  election^  therefore,  l«th  ti« 

gress  of  the  "  6unn  Free-Ship  Bill "  VhicE  has  been  Republican  and  Democratic  nominees  for  tto 

reported  to  the  House  by  the  Democratic  minority  of  office   were    elected,   being    the  two  highest 

the  Committee  on  Merchant  Marine,  or  any  other  candidates.    Mitchell  received  528,585  votei; 

rimilar  measure,  as  calculated  to  work  an  iigusttce  to  McColluro,  444,827 ;  Black,  20,708 ;  and  YooBf 

American  labor  by  imperiling  the  hvehhood  ol  the  »  q»7»7       r»'       a  n*i5*/^»  f±^w%L^   if  Jn« »«••.»  m. 

large  number  of  workere  in  wood,  metals,  and  other  ^»?77.      For  Auditor-General,  McCamant  ^^ 

materials,  who  are  engaged  in  American  ship-building  oeived  528,681  votes;  Meyer,  448,488;  JU^ 

industnes  and  who  should  have  home  protection  the  quis,  20,262  ;  and  Green,  8,575.     The  Repoln 

saoM  aa  other  wage- worker». licans  elected  84  members  of  the  State  Senate, 

ioi^''*^«**^®*';*°^®'Jl'*^'^''.'^?«^^*^^''''/^®  and  the  Democrats  16;  of  the  Lower  House,  lU 

laborer  an  exemption  to  the  amount  ot  $800  from  levy  _.      »                 o       ut               i  4>a  t^   ^^  um 

and  sale  upon  execution.  members  are  Repubhcan,  and  60  Derooenbe. 

We  recommend  such  a  revision  of  the  revenue  laws  In  the  Third,  Eighth,  Ninth,  Thirteenth,  8e^ 

of  the  State  as  will  impose  upon  corporations  taxation  enteentb.  Nineteenth,  and  Twenty-eighth  Cai* 

equal  in  amount  to  that  from  which  they  have  been  greasional  Districts,  Democratic  candidates  wcrt 

exempted  by  judicial  decisions  recently  rendered.  ^j^^^^ .  ^  ^^e  remaining  21  districts  the  R^ 

On  May  23  the  Democratic  Convention  at  publicans  were  successful.    This  is  a  gain  of 

Harrisburg  nominated  J.  B.  McCoUum  forjudge  one  district  for  the  Republicans, 

of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  selected  delegates  PikSIA,  an  empire  in  Central  Asia.    Hm 

to  the  National  Convention  and  electors-at-  government  is  an  unlimited  monarchy.    Tbe 

large  for  the  State.    The  delegates  to  the  Na-  present  ruler  is  Nassreddin,  who  was  bora  Joiy 

tional  Convention  were  instructed  to  vote  for  18, 1831,  and  snoceeded  his  father  Mohammed 

the  renomination  of  President  Cleveland.    The  Shah,  in  September,  1848.    The  heir-apparent 

platform  inclnded  the  following:  called  Valiahd,  is  his  son  Muzaffereddin,  bom 

We  denounce  tbe  prevalent  abuse  of  corporate  pow-  March  25,  1858.     The  Shah  has  tbe  entire  ref- 
er, the  formation  and  operation  of  trusts,  oombina-  enne  of  the  country  at  his  dispoaal,  and  his 

S^•h«'^n'^^?,Tln5^n«^?L'^^^^^  amassed  a  private  fortune  said  to  amoontto 

limit  the  natural  and  malienable  nghts  of  the  mdi-  a^k  aaa  aaa  «.«-*  ^*  t*.  :-«  au^  «            *    ^.^^t 

vidual ;  and  we  pledge  oureelves  to  secure  remedies  W5,000,000,  most  of  it  in  the  form  of  preeaoM 

and  to  apply  the  same,  with  due  regard  for  all  intei^  stones.  The  governors-general  of  the  provineefi) 

eats  of  the  people.  who  possess  a  large  measure  of  authority,  ire 


PEK8IA.  PERU.  879 

19  or  relatives  of  the  Shah.  The  oonra^ed  hj  signs  of  English  support,  the  Shah 
a  powerful  body,  exeroisiog  a  strong  refused  the  Russian  application  for  the  right  to 
inflaence  oyer  the  acts  of  the  Shah,  establish  a  consulate  at  Meshed,  and  forbade 
ng  all  ideas  of  progress  coming  from  the  exportation  of  grain  trom  Ehorassan  into 
Die  chief  priest  is  Uie  Majtahad,  who  Tnrkistan  at  Latfabad.  The  vigorous  repre- 
^erbela,  near  Bagdad.  sentations  of  the  Russian  Government  led  the 
iFH. — Justice  is  administered  by  the  Shah  afterward  to  retreat  from  the  bold  posi- 
ind  their  representatives,  who  follow  tion  he  had  been  encouraged  to  take,  and  to 
r  common  law,  and  by  the  priests  undo  most  of  the  advantages  that  England  had 
bs-el- Islam,  who  are  guided  by  tbe  gained  while  the  Russian  minister  was  away 
acred  written  law.  The  Shah  and  from  bis  post.  The  refusal  of  the  exequatur 
ors  are  unrestricted  in  their  powers,  to  the  Russian  consul  at  Meshed  was  held  by 
abused  their  authority  to  enrich  Russia  to  be  a  violation  of  the  treaties  of  peace, 
in  a  way  to  check  production  and  commerce,  and  navigation ;  and  when  the  Per* 
•rogress.  In  May,  1888,  the  Shah  sianGk)vernment  replied  t hat  noother  power  had 
edict  promising  to  the  people  equal  a  consul  in  that  place,  it  was  pointed  out  that 
I  protection  against  extortion  and  Gen.  Maoleod,  the  British  agent  to  supervise 
He  declared  that  henceforward  the  A£B;han  frontier,  bas  his  headquarters  at 
ian  shall  have  the  complete  disposal  Meshe£  The  Shah  not  only  gave  way  on  this 
lerty,  and  shall  be  at  liberty  to  enter  point,  but  issued  in  December  a  second  note  as 
iial  associations  for  the  construction  an  appendix  to  his  circular  throwing  open  the 
rorks,  or  for  other  purposes.  Earun  to  international  navigation,  in  which  he 
mi  E^sdsb  Uvalrj. — Russian  influence  greatly  limited  the  privileges  to  British  com- 
>ng  fieriod  been  preponderant  at  the  merce  and  enterprise  that  were  supposed  to 
urt,  more  especially  since  the  Rub*  have  been  granted.  The  later  note  forbids 
Bsions  in  Turkistan  have  been  ex-  Persian  subjects  to  undertake  works  of  any 
IS  to  encompass  Persian  territory  on  kind  with  the  help  of  foreign  capital,  declaring 
ast  and  east.  A  Belgian  company  that  all  irrigation- works,  roads,  and  other  nn- 
ly  bc^n,  under  Russian  auspices,  a  dertakings  must  be  carried  out  by  Persian  sub- 
>0  miles  long,  connecting  Teheran,  jects  with  Persian  capital.  I'he  proclamation 
Q  capital,  with  Resht,  near  the  Gas-  that  Sir  Henry  Drnmmond  Wolff  induced  tbe 
rUioh  will  probably  be  extended  to  Shah  to  issue  in  May,  encouraging  the  formation 
re  it  will  join  the  Russian  system  of  of  companies  and  promising  them  protection, 
The  first  section  of  the  railroad  was  was  supposed  to  grant  to  foreigners  the  right 
June,  1888.  Sir  Henry  Drummond  to  embark  in  speculations  in  Persia,  and  to 
present  English  Minister  to  Persia,  give  foreign  governments  a  claim  to  interfere 
7ored  to  regain  the  influence  that  in  behalf  of  companies  or  capitalists,  and  it  was 
ain  formerly  had  in  Teheran,  and  so  construed  by  the  British  Under-Secretary  for 
m^ed  tbe  Shah  to  take  a  more  inde-  Foreign  Affairs,  who  affirmed  in  Parliament 
ind  in  dealing  with  Russian  demands,  the  right  to  appeal  to  the  proclamation,  since 
out  hopes  of  the  political  and  finan-  it  had  been  formally  communicated  to  the  for- 
t  of  Great  Britain.  The  edict  prom-  eign  representatives  in  Teheran,  as  well  as  to 
ction  to  companies  was  suggested  by  the  most- favored -nation  clause  as  a  guarantee 
I  representative,  who  pressed  for  a  of  the  rights  of  British  companies  for  the  con- 
to  a  British  company  to  construct  a  struction  of  railroads  and  carriage-roads  from 
>ra  Teheran  to  the  Persian  Gulf,  as  a  the  Persian  Gulf. 

le  to  the  Russian  railroad.    Instead       PiSV,  a  republic  in  South  America.    (For 

3btained  for  foreign  merchant  steam-  details  relating  to  area,  population,  etc.,  see 

lations  the  right  to  navigate  Earun  ^*  Annual  GyolopsBdia ''  for  1888.) 
as  Ahvaz,  125  miles  from  its  mouth.        CSoTenuneiti — Tbe  President  (since  June  8, 

which  enters  the  estuary  of  the  Eu-  1886)  is  Gen.  Andres  Avelino  Cdceres.    The 

er  many  windings,  is  one  of  the  few  Cabinet  is  composed  of  the  following  ministers : 

[waterways  in  a  country  devoid  of  President  of  the  Council  and  Minister  of  the 

le  Russian  Government  assumed  a  Interior,  Don  Pedro  A.  del  Solar;  Minister  of 

I  attitude  toward  Persia  on  account  Justice,  Sefior  Zegarra ;  Minister  of  Foreign 

cession  and  other  anti-Russian  pro-  Affairs,  Don  Isaac  Alzamora;  Minister  of  Fi- 

lat  took  place  during  the  absence  of  nance,  Sefior  Urigoyen  ;  Minister  of  War,  Sefior 

goronky,  the  Czar^s  representative  in  Torrico.     The  United  States  Minister  at  Lima 

The  Shah's  proclamation  was  commu-  is  Charles  W.  Buck.    The  American  Consul  at 

the  powers  in  a  circular  note  dated  Callao  is  Henry  May  Brent.    The  Peruvian 

^S,   Sir  H.  Drnmmond  Wolff,  the  son  Minister  at  Washington  is  Don  Felix  Cipriano 

m  missionary  who  once  visited  Per-  C.  Zegarra.     The  Peruvian  Consul  at  New 

rkistan,  found  tbe  Shah  fully  alive  to  York  is  Don  Francisco  Perez  de  Vilasco. 
of  Russian  proximity  on  the  east,        FliaiCM> — The  home  debt  of  Peru  included, 

x>  the  rich  province  of  Khorassan,  October,  1888,  $89,285,947  of  bonded  debt,  in- 

abitants  have  twice  rebeUed.    En-  elusive  of  accumulated  interest;   $10,000,000 


PETROLEUU. 


of  floating  debt ;  $77,449,683  of  paper  monej 
Id  oircolktioD  (tl,SS0,077  baring  been  bnmed 
and  replaced  by  rilver  coin  in  April,  1SS8); 
and  (9,G41.000  of  looa  notes  oatataading;  to- 
getber,  tI3S,24e,870.  Ot  the  prooeeds  uf  tbe 
oloohol  tax,  70  per  cent  are  to  be  applied  to 
paying  tlie  intereat  on  the  bonded  debt,  and  SO 
per  cent  to  the  gradual  withdrawal  of  the 
paper  money. 

As  a  measure  of  economy,  the  aalariea  of 
Pemvian  oodsoIh  hare  been  disoontinned  by 
decree  of  Aug.  2f>,  18S7;  by  way  of  oompensa- 
tion,  tbey  are  to  be  allowed  to  retain  a  part  of 
the  consular  fees. 

liay  aad  NaTy.—The  atren^th  of  the  perma- 
nent army,  rank  and  file,  U  7,871  men,  includ- 
ing a  police  fume  ot  S,S71,  of  whom  843  are 
mcinnted.  The  fleet  haa  been  reduced  to  two 
aceam  transports,  registering  l.SOO  tons  each. 
In  January,  1888.  it  was  reaolved  to  reorganize 
the  national  forces  by  eorolling  all  Peruvians 
between  the  ages  of  twenty-one  to  thirty  years 
in  the  active  National  Guard,  in  which  they 
are  to  serve  for  five  eonseoative  years,  and  a 
•nfficient  namber  of  them  drawn  annually  to 
be  incorporated  in  the  permanent  army  for  the 
remainder  of  their  term  of  serrioe. 

In  Hay  a  decree  was  issued  organising  the 
naval  militia,  nnder  the  law  of  Oct.  80,  1888. 
A  naval  aohool  was  founded  at  Oallao  iu  Feb- 
rnary,  1888. 

Hew  Tnaty. — A  treaty  of  amity  and  eom- 
merce  between  the  United  ii^tatea  and  Peru  was 
proclaimed  on  Nov.  7,  1888. 

dMHaahatlMa. — The  namber  of  post-offices 
in  1886  was  230,  which  forwarded  during  the 
year  2,354.484  items  of  mail  mntter,  the  re- 
ceipts being  741, 5G1  francs,  and  the  expenses 
798,976  franca. 

la  addition  to  tlie  2,600  kilometres  in  mn- 
ning  order,  the  Oovernment,  by  decree,  in  No- 
vember, invited  tenders  for  the  construction 
and  eiploitacion  of  a  line  from  Lima  to  Pisco. 
This  line  will  open  oommaoication  between  the 
capital  and  the  fertile  region  extending  between 
[caandlslay,  and  will  also  intersect  the  nitrate 
fields.  A  branch  line  is  to  connect  Islay  witii 
Areqoipa. 

A  decree  of  January  26  invited  tenders  for 
tlie  organization  of  oommunioatiou  by  telephone 
tbroughont  the  repnhUc,  the  ezolasive  privilege 
to  extend  firteen  years. 

In  May,  1888,  a  new  steamship  line  was  es- 
tablished between  Antwerp  and  Chilian  and 
Peruvian  ports.  It  u  called  the  "AnglO' Bel- 
gian Pacific  Liae." 

Vtmmtntt — The  trade  between  Pern  and  the 
leading  marilame  nations  has  of  late  years  been 
as  follows : 


™,^™l. 

■—-'- 

■  m 

vmjsn 

^s^» 

.^^^ 

i>r«..F» 

"""";;sflr,i3k.'r':: 

as 

*.15.M<»B 
I.4US.4H 

ITirsas 

Before  the  war,  Peru  produced  ammallj 
60,000  tone  of  sugar;  in  1888  the  prodoctiaa 
had  decreased  ti)  80,000  tons,  half  of  thefiae 
machinery  on  the  sugar-estatea  having  beea 
destroyed  diiring>  the  war,  and  little  of  it  re- 
placed for  lack  ot  funds  in  the  present  impor- 
eriHhed  condition  of  the  country.  The  export 
of  silver  from  Oallao  during  the  first  six  in<aiihi 
of  1888  amonnted  to  4,936,876  kilograannM, 
the  balk  of  which  was  ahipped  to  Hunbar^ 
Hitherto  argentiterons  lead  bullion  has  bna 
shipped  to  Germany,  but  now  a  Q«rman  eoio- 
pany  ia  smelting  on  the  spot. 

A  decree  was  iasned  in  September,  by  tirtna 
ot  which  coal  is  to  enter  Pern  doty  free.  Th 
same  privilege  is  extended  to  pergonal  eflcta 
the  property  ot  foreign  diplomatio  ag«oU: 
steam  ft'e-cmginea  and  all  fire-ex tingoishiBf 
apparatus;  articles  imported  for  boepital  use 
and  asylums;  clerical  church  garments  and  m- 
cred  vessels;  school  and  university  bookiud 
apparatus. 

rBROUm  (Latin,  pefra,  a  rock,  and  tlnoi, 
oil),  rook-oil,  is  that  form  of  bitnraen  wbkA 
iias  an  oily  or  etherial  consiatence^  The  ligbter 
varietiee  are  sometimes  called  naphtha  (ftr- 
sian,  nqfta).  It  risea  with  the  water  ot  sprinp 
and  through  artesian  borings.  (The  lustoiy  of 
the  petroleum  indastry.  down  to  187S,  is  pna 
in  the  "American  Oyclnpedia,"  vol.  xiii.) 

An  examination  of  the  relative  poaitiiHi  tt 
many  of  the  most  Euccessfiil  wells  led  C.  D; 
Angell  to  the  opinion  that  the  strata  of  isai- 
rock  in  Pennsylvania,  from  which  the  oil  iwiKd, 
extended  northeast  and  sonthwest  on  ceitui 

fiarollei  lines  of  moderate  lateral  extent  Thii 
ed  to  the  slaking  of  "  wild-oat "  or  itrospectin 
wells  upon  such  lines,  mn  by  compaaa  for  \iiBf 
distaooes  in  both  directions  over  the  bilb  «t 
that  region,  and  resulted  in  the  discovery  idI 
development,  ahont  1876,  of  the  Batler  iwl 
Clarion  County  fields ;  later,  in  an  <^paiit» 
direction,  to  the  Bradford  or  MoEean  Coelly 
field;  atill  later,  to  that  of  Warren  Ooaat', 
Pa.,  and  Allegany  Oounty,  N.  T.  The  mmt- 
mons  volnmea  ot  inflammable  gas  that  oftta 
aooompanied  petroleom  led,  in  1885,  to  tlw 
drilling  of  wells  tor  natoral  gaa  over  an  ina 
extending  from  Michigan  to  Alabama,  snJ 
from  the  Alleghany  to  the  Rocky  monntaiaa 
Not  only  gns  but  petroleum  was  discovered  il 
several  localities  where  it  had  nut  bera  knews 
to  exist.  Mo»t  notable  among  these  is  the  i** 
gion  aronnd  Washington, in  south  western  Peas- 
aylvania;  and  in  northwestern  Ohio,  arouai 
Lima,  i^ndlay,  and  North  Baltimore,  in  Haa- 
oook,  Wood,  and  Anglaise  ConntJea.  Atteie{ia 
bad  been  made  as  early  aa  16Q0,  and  again  ii 


PETROLEUM.  681 

1865,  to  obtain  oil  in  oommercial  quantities  in  iniroemoria],  and  oil-wells  have  oocosionallj 

aoathem  California.    Bat  little  sacoess  attend-  been  prodactive. 

ed  these  efforts  until  abont  1880.  Several  wells  Beginning  on  the  LUnebnrger  heath,  sonth 

have  been  saocessfnl  at  or  near  Los  Angeles,  of  Hamburg,  a  line  of  outcrops  extends  through 

also  near  Newhall  and  in  the  8esp^  Gallon,  and  Germany  and  Anstria-Hangary,  through  the 

on  the  Ojai  Ranch.    These  last-mentioned  lo-  principalities  north  of  the  Danube,  the  Crimea, 

calities  lie  along  the  Santa  Clara  valley,  east  kertch,  the,  Caucasus,  through  Armenia  and 

of  San  Buenaventura,  in  Ventura  County.   The  the  mountains  that  surround  the  plateau  of 

oil  is  chiefly  used  as  fueL  Iran,  along  the  valleys  of  the  Euphrates  and 

MstrltatiMt  —  Petroleum,  as  well  as  other  the   Tigris,    eastward    through   the   Punjab, 

forms  of  bitumen,  is  one  of  the  most  widely  through  the  Burman  peninsula,  and  into  Java, 

distributed  substances  in  nature;  but  its  occur-  In  Austria-Hungary  the  production  has  been 

rence  in  commercial  quantities  is  limited  to  of  moderate  commercial  importance  for  many 

comparatively  small  areas.    Besides  the  petro-  years.     In  the  Caucasus  and  at  Baku  wells 

learn  regions  of  the  United  States,  the  only  nave  poured  forth  enormous  quantities  and  are 

r^on  that  furnishes  petroleum  to  commerce  now  rivaling  those  of  the  United  States.    In 

is  Galicia  and  Roumania  and  the  Apsheron  Armenia  and  Persia,  the  Punjab  and  Burmah, 

peninsula  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  which  really  and  the  Assyrian  valley,  the  use  of  petroleum 

form  one  region,  extending  from  central  Aus-  and  other  forms  of  bitumen  for  local  purposes 

tria  along  the  line  of  the  Transylvanian  Alps  has  been  continuous  from  remote  antiquity,  but 

and  the  Caucasus  to  the  shores  of  the  Caspian  the  amount  produced  is  nowhere  of  commercial 

and  farther  east  into  Central  Asia.    Other  lo-  importance.    A  careful  study  of  all  the  locali- 

calities  of  less  importance,  together  with  the  ties  mentioned  will  show  them  to  be  intimately 

^  oil  regions  '*  of  the  United  States,  form  an  connected  with  the  principal  mountain-chains 

ellipse  around  the  Cincinnati  anticlinal,  which  of  the  world. 

is  in  general  an  uplift  of  Silurian  rocks  sloping  fiettogkal  MatlMS. — Petroleum  occurs  in,  or 
in  all  directions,  and  extends  from  central  &en-  issues  from  eh  geological  formations,  but  this 
tucky  to  Lake  Erie.  Starting  at  Great  Mani-  statement  alone  would  be  misleading.  There 
toulin  Island,  in  the  northern  part  of  Lake  have  been  two  bitumen-producing  eras  in  geo- 
Huron,  and  passing  southwesterly  to  Chicago,  logical  history,  viz.,  the  series  older  than  the 
petroleum  is  encountered  at  several  points  in  carboniferous,  eroecially  the  Silurian,  and  the 
eastern  Michigan,  near  Chicago  in  limestone,  older  Tertiary.  The  vast  accumulations  along 
in  northwestern  Ohio,  at  Lima,  rarely  in  Indi-  the  principal  axis  of  occurrence  in  North  Amer- 
.ana,  and  in  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee,  ica  are  found  in  Silurian  and  Devonian  rocks; 
4»  far  south  and  east  as  Chattanooga,  where  the  most  productive  axis  of  occurrence  in  the 
^e  line  of  outcrop  turns  north  and  appeara  Eastern  Hemisphere  lies  in  the  Eocene  and  Mio- 
in  Cumberland  and  Johnson  Counties,  Ken-  cene  of  the  Carpathians,  Transylvanian  Alps, 
^tucky,  and  in  West  Virginia,  southeastern  Ohio,  and  the  Caucasus.  In  England  the  small  quanti- 
^reene  and  Washington  Counties,  Pa.,  and  ties  obtained  have  sprung  from  the  Coal-Meas- 
mJd  through  the  valley  of  the  Alleghany  into  ures ;  in  the  valley  of  the  Rh6ne  from  Jurassic 
^ew  York.  The  oil-fields  of  Canada  complete  limcHtones.  The  little  that  is  known  concerning 
tte  ellipse.  In  Kansas,  Missouri,  Lousiana,  the  geology  of  the  oil-bearing  strata  in  Persia, 
mnd  Texas,  springs  of  petroleum  occur,  but  few  the  Punjab,  and  Burmah,  leads  to  the  conclusion 
^rells  have  proved  productive.  Farther  west,  that  they  are  of  the  same  age.  At  Great  Mani- 
in  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  Colorado,  several  lo-  toulin  Island,  in  Canada,  and  in  northwestern 
cadities  produce  petroleum  for  local  uses.  Along  Ohio  the  oil  is  found  in  the  Trenton  limestone ; 
Lbe  mountain-range  from  Alaska  to  Patagonia  at  Chicago  and  Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  in  the  Niagara 
petroleum  has  been  found  at  intervals,  and  it  limestone ;  both  of  which  are  Silurian.  The 
aaa  been  produced  in  commercial  quantities  in  Great  Devonian  black  shale  is  considered  to  be 
California  and  Peru.  In  Cuba  ana  the  Wind-  the  source  of  the  oil  in  Kentucky.  At  Glas- 
■rard  Islands,  including  Trinidad,  and  on  the  gow  the  oil  is  found  saturating  sandstone ;  near 
naoainland  in  Venezuela,  and  southward  into  Burkesville  in  crevices  in  a  sort  of  marble; 
Bolivia,  the  outcrops  of  bitumen  of  various  near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  it  is  often  found  in 
-<ortn8  are  of  marvelous  extent,  especially  the  geodes  in  the  Silurian  rocks  of  that  region;  in 
'^anions  Pitch  Lake  of  Trinidad.  An  area  fifteen  Johnson  County,  Ky.,  it  lies  in  the  Subcarbon- 
^  undred  miles  long  and  of  unknown  breadth  iferous  sandstones,  often  above  the  drainage- 
extends  from  the  Saskatchewan  northward  level  of  the  country.  In  West  Virginia  the 
iJong  Uie  valley  of  Mackenzie  river  to  its  so-called  *^ oil-break"  yields  oil  from  several 
^oatb.  On  the  Eastern  Continent  petroleum  strata  of  sandstone  that  lie  within  the  Coal- 
^aa  been  observed  in  insignificant  quantities  in  Measures.  Throughout  the  oil  regions  of 
^e  British  Islands,  along  the  Pyretinees,  in  cen-  Pennsylvania  and  New  York  the  *^  oil-sands  ^' 
^id  France,  in  the  valley  of  the  Rh6nel,  in  the  are  found  beneath  the  Coal-Measures,  in  the 
l^yrol,  Italy,  Sicily,  Dalmatia,  and  the  Ionian  Upper  Devonian.  *^  Petroleum  exists  in  the 
Udaods ;  in  Egypt  along  the  Red  Sea ;  in  Mo-  Cretaceous  rocks  which  extend  along  the  east- 
hoooo.  At  various  points  in  China,  and  in  ern  slope  of  the  Rocky  mountains  fVom  Brit- 
^apAn,  oil-springs  have  been  known  from  time  ish  Columbia  to  Mexico,  and  in  many  of  the 


682  PETROLEUM. 

interior  valleys."    The  bitumen  of  Oalifornia  and  indefinite  proportion  of  the  olefine  tmn, 

is  Miocene,  while  that  of  Mexico,  the  West  Other  petroleams  of  nearlj  identical  compos- 

India  Islands,  and  Peru,  is  Eocene.  tion  contain  small  quantities  of  the  benzole 

It  will  be  seen  that  there  is  an  area,  esti-  series  with  an  increasinglj  large  proportion  of 

mated  at  200,000  square  miles  in  the  Missis-  unstable  compounds  that  oxidize  into  aaphil- 

sippi  valley,  the  formations  of  which  are  no-  tuuL     Those  of  Galicia  are  of  this  descriptioiL 

where  later  than  the  Goal-Measures,   which  Those  of  California  have  been  little  exaniiiied, 

yields  petroleum  at  many  points  and  often  in  but  appear  to  be  almost  entirely  confined  to  nn- 

vast  quantities.     Another  area  yielding  bitu-  stable,  easily  oxidized  oiLi.     The  Russian  oib 

men,  of  vast  extent,  reaching  from  Oalifornia  from  Baku  consist  of  the  additive  compoonds 

to  Bolivia  is  everywhere  Tertiary;  while  on  of  the  benzole  series,  which  have  the  same  per- 

the  Eastern  Continent  a  belt  of  correspond-  centage  composition  as  the  olefines,  and  oootiifl 

ing  age,  so  far  as  is  known,  extends  from  the  less  hydrogen  than  the  paraffines.     Burmese 

North  Sea  to  Java.    At  present,  the  greatest  petroleum  contains  a  notable  proportion  of  tl»e 

volume  of  petroleum  issues  from  rocks  older  benzole  series.    All  of  the  compounds  derived 

than  the  Carboniferous,  while  the  greater  num-  from  petroleum  absorb  oxygen  when  expoeed 

ber  of  localities  proilucing  bitumen  are  Eocene,  to  light,  and  become  colored  and  viscid.    Toe 

In  Canada  and  West  Virginia  it  rises  from  residues  from  the  distillation   of   petroleom 

sandstone  strata  beneath  the  crowns  of  anti-  have  remarkable  fluorescence.     It  is  not  lap- 

clinals,  as  also  in  northwestern  Ohio,  where  posed  that  these  substances  are  present  in  tbe 

the  rock  is  the  Trenton  limestone.    In  Penn-  natural  oil,  although  it  is  not  impossible  that 

sylvania  the  so-called  ^*  oil-sands  ^*  appear  to  they  are. 

lie  in  the  inclosing  rocks  in  long  narrow  belts       Orlgtak — The  theory  that  petroleum  is  tiie 

or  sheets,  far  beneath  superficiiu  erosion,  like  product  of  chemical  reactions  still  in  progres 

sand-bars  in  a  flowing    stream.      They  run  in  the  earth's  crust  was  originally  put  forward 

through   a  vast   accumulation  of    sediments,  by  Bertbolet,  and  has  since  been  continued  oo 

from  the  lower  Devonian  to  the  Upper  Car-  the  same  line  by  Mendeljeff,  the  eminent  Bo*- 

boniferous,  and  lie  conformably  with  the  in-  sian  chemist.    Their  theories  are  bailed  on  the 

closing  rocks  dipping  gently  to  the  southwest,  results  of  laboratory  experiment^  and  asome 

The  Bradford  field — at  a  depth  of  about  1,800  the  existence  in  the  earth's  crust  of  powerfd 

feet,  100  square  miles  in  extent,  by  from  20  deoxidizing  agents,  such  as  the  alkali  metah, 

to  80  feet  in  thickness — lies  with  its  lowest  cast-iron,  spiegeleisen,  etc.,  which  in  contact 

southwestern  edge  submerged  in  salt  water,  with  steam  and  carbonic  acid  set  free  the  hj- 

and  its  northeastern  edge  filled  with  gas,  orig-  drogen  and  carbon,  causing  them  to  unite  io 

inally  under  an  enormous  pressure.    In  Gall-  the  nascent  state  and  produce  mixtures  of  hj- 

cia  the  sandstones  that  hola  the  oil  are  impli-  drocarbons  reseinbling  petroleum.    These  the- 

cated  in  the  folds  of  the  Carpathians  and  much  ories  require  conditions  nowhere  proved  to 

distorted ;  while  at  Baku  the  sands  appear  to  exist  in  nature, 
be  lenticular  masses  inclosed  in  a  stiff  blue  clay.        Petroleum  is,  without  a  reasonable  doubt,  pri- 

CheHlstryi — ^l*he  first  analyses  of  petroleum  marily  derived  from  a  partial  deoompositioo  of 

were  ultimate,  and  showed  that  it  consists  of  animal  or  vegetable  remains.    In  the  Trentoa 

carbon  and  hydrogen,  with  occasional  small  limestone  and  other  Silurian  rocks  it  has  proba-  L. 

quantities  of  sulphur  and  nitrogen  appearing  as  bly  been  produced  by  the  transformation  of  low  " 

impurities.    There  are,  however,  several  vane-  forms  of  animal  life.   The  petroleum  issuinirfron 

ties  of  petroleum,  to  some  extent  dependent  tbeMioceneshalesof  southern  California  is  also 

upon  the  age  of  the  rocks  from  which  they  of  animal  origin.    The  fi^st  of  these  oils  is  oftes 

issue.     All,  or  nearly  all,  Trenton  limestone  found  hermetically  sealed   in  the  cavitiee  of 

petroleum  contains  sulphur  and  more  or  less  large  fossils  and  ingeodes  in  limestones  ricb  ii 

nitrogen.    The  Upper  Devonian  and  8ubcar-  animal  remains.    These  older  oils  are  rich  in 

boniferous  petroleum  of  Pennsylvania  is  a  very  sulphur,  and  those  of  California  are  coinpara- 

pnre  hydrocarbon,  and,  along  with  the  Eocene  tively  rich  in  nitrogen  also.   They  are  dark, f^ 

Setroleum  of  Galicia,  contains  paraffine.    The  and  in  many  instances,  particularly  those  of 

Liocene  petroleum  of  California  appears  to  be  California,  they  rapidly  change  on  exposnre  to 

a  mixture  of  unstable  fluids,  compounds  of  car-  the  air  to  a  black,  viscid  mass,  which  finaDf 

bon  and  hydrogen,  containing  a  notable  amount  becomes  solid  aspbaltum.    The  Calif omia  oiii 

of  nitrogen.  These,  with  the  Mexican  and  South  undergo  changes  due  to  a  sort  of  putrefactive 

American  oils,  do  not  contain  paraffine,  and  process,  as  pools  of  oU  have  there  been  olh 

readily  oxidize  into  aspbaltum.     There  are  served  to  become  infested  with  maggots,  like 

many  other  petroleums  of  this  class,  and  others  a  pool  of  blood  when  similarly  exposed.  TbeM 

still  have  been  little  examined  chemically.  The  fetid  animal  oUs  are  difllcult  to  refine,  and  an 

proximate  examinations  that  have  been  made  chiefiy  used  as  fuel. 

show  that  petroleums  from  different  localities        The  Devonian  oils  of  eastern  Ohio,  Peofi- 

are  quite  unlike.    The  petroleum  of  Pennsyl-  sylvania.  New  York,  and  West  Virginia  are 

vania,  eastern  Ohio,  and  West  Virginia,  con-  with  equal  certainty  derived  by  spontaneotf 

tains  a  large  number  of  the  parafiine  series  in  distillation  from  the  deposits  of  shales  that  ov* 

varying  proportion,  in  mixture  with  a  smaller  derlie  the  oil-sands,  and^  where  exposed  ak)ng 


i 


c 


PETROLEUM.  '                                  68d 

ores  of  Lake  Erie,  exhibit  such  an  ex-  border  of  the  Appalachian  System  became  ex- 

inaryaocamalation of  fncoids as  10 suggest  tinotalonga  plane  that  descended  deeper  and 

,  J.  S.  Newberrj  the  idea  that  a  ^'sar-  deeper,  in  many  instances  far  below  the  surface 

lea^'  existed  at  that  point  in  the  prime-  formations  and  the  coal  that  they  inclose.    In 

(ean.    The  oil-sands  overlie  more  than  Galicia  and  Transylvania,  the  metamorphic  core 

feet  of  the  Devonian  shales,  and  are  them-  of  the  Carpathians  is  flanked  by  beds  oi  f  ncoidid 

overlaid  by  beds  of  shale  containing  so  shale  rich  in  the  remains  of  marine  animals, 

silica  as  to  form  an  impervious  shell  that  intercalated  with  the  sandstone  strata  holding 

iowu  the  oil  and  gas  under  such  a  press-  the  oil.    If  petroleum  is  a  product  of  meta- 

at  much  of  the  material  that  is  gaseous  morphism,  the  production  is  long  since  com- 

it  reaches  the  surface,  is  doubtless  liquid  pleted,  and  the  vast  natural  reservoirs,  when 

vithin  theoil-sand.   These  ^^shells,'*  being  onceemptied  of  their  contents,  are  as  completely 

nous  over  wide  areas,  prevent  the  escape  removea  from  future  consideration  as  a  worked 

oil  except  from  minute  fissures,  where  oil  out  bed  of  coal. 

I  springs  are  produced.     This  fucoidal  Throughout  the  world  petroleum  is  obtained 

las  been  subjected  to  destructive  distil-  by  means  of  artesian  wells.    Dug  wells  were 

at  a  low  temperature,  and  has  yielded  used  in  Japan  for  many  centuries,  and  other 
allons  to  the  ton  of  an  oil  resembling  primitive  methods  were  employed  in  other  re- 
sum.  In  like  manner,  other  shales,  coal,  gions;  but  the  so-called  American  method  is 
vood,  or  animal  matter,  either  recent  or  now  employed  universally  wh^^  petroleum  is 
will  yield  petroleum-like  oils,  and  the  handled  in  commercial  quantities.  The  wells 
the  temperature  and  slower  the  distilla«  are  drilled  like  other  artesian  wells.  Some- 
he  more  nearly  will  the  product  resem-  times  the  oil  pours  forth  in  an  artesian  torrent 
I  natural  oiL  In  the  light  of  these  facts,  that  flows  without  control  until  partial  exhaus- 
^e  added  weight  of  laboratory  experi-  tion  renders  it  possible  to  stop  the  flow.    Such 

that  have  confirmed  them,  the  French  wells  have  been  of  frequent  occurrence  in  the 

3al  geologists  have  maintained  that  all  United  States  and  at  Baku.    When  brought 

of  bitumen  are  the  product  of  meta-  withincontrol,  the  oil  is  conducted  into  a  tank, 

ism,  or  of  those  physical  agencies  that,  Her^  it  accumulates  until  the  tank  is  nearly 

:h  the  combined  action  of  heat,  steam,  filled  when  an  agent  of  the  pipe-line  appears 

■easure  exerted  through  indefinite  periods  and  gauges  the  tank.    The  oil  is  then  ron  from 

%  have  produced  such  changes  as  those  the  tank  into  the  pipes  of  a  pipe-line,  and  the 

ave  converted  the  sedimentary  rocks  of  tank  is  gauged  agam.    The  difference  between 

stern  States,  New  York,  and  Pennsylva-  the  first  and  second  gauging  is  the  measure  of 

to  crystalline  schists,  and  the  coal  into  the  oil  run.    When  a  well  ceases  to  flow,  a 

cite.    These  agencies,  acting  with  less  pump  is  introduced.    Often  several  wells  are 

oe  upon  the  strata  forming  the  gentle  so  connected  as  to  be  pumped  by  one  power, 

n  slope  of  the  AUeghanies,  have  left  in  At  present  it  is  usual  to  stimulate  the  flow  of 

urbed  repose  the  strata  that  underlay  wellsof  moderate  productiveness  by  torpedoes, 

iclosed  the  oil-sands,  while  the  super-  The  torpedo  consists  of  several  long  cylinders 

have  been  subject  to  erosion   through  of  tin,  into  which  nitro-glycerin  is  poured, 

ise  cycles  of  geological  time.      Under  and  the  whole  is  carefully  lowered  to  that  point 

conditions,  no  arbitrary  line  could  mark  in  the  well  at  which  it  is  desired  to  quicken  the 

>int  at  which  such  agencies  ceased  to  flow  of  oil.    To  the  last  section  a  cap  is  attached, 

id  the  natural  process  of  distillation  go-  upon  which  amass  of  iron,  called  a  **  go-devil,*' 

rward  through  indefinite  periods  of  time  is  allowed  to  descend.     The  charge  is  from 

r  neceesity  at  the  lowest  possible  tem-  twenty-five  to  one  hundred  quarts  of  nitro- 

re,  must  result  in  the  accumulation  of  glycerin,  and  the  result  of  its  explosion  is  usu- 

ites  in  any  overlying  strata  porous  enough  ally  the  projection  of  a  column  of  oil,  resem- 

aa  a  reservoir.    No  additional  evidence  bling  a  geyser,  above  the  top  of  the  derrick, 

to  be  required  to  render  this  an  adequate  often   one  hundred    feet    in    height.      After 

for  petroleum  as  it  occurs  in  Pennsylva-  a  few  minutes,  the  fountain  gradually  sub- 

d  Galicia.    Petroleum  occurs  at  many  sides,  and  the  flow  continues  uninterrnptedly 

along  the  entire  western  slope  of  the  in  increased  volume  until  the  well  is  exhausted, 

icbian  System,  from  Point  Gaspie  on  the  The  effect  upon  the  oil-sand  is,  first,  an  enor- 

wrence  river  to  northern  Alabama,  and  mous  pressure  in  all  directions,  driving  the  oil 

%  abundant  where  there  is  the  greatest  and  gas  back  into  the  rock  until  a  point  of 

olation  of  organic  remains.    These  sedi-  maximum  tension  is  reached,  when  the  reac' 

were  deposited  in  a  current  whose  course  tion  sends  everything  before  it  out  of  the  rock 

om  northeast  to  southwest.    The  facts  and  into  the  air.    The  oil-rock  is  thus  effectu- 

>ncem  petroleum  are  found  in  the  undis-  ally  cleared,  and  the  flow  of  the  oil  unim« 

and  nearly  level  position  in  which  the  peded. 

containing  it  lie  like  sand-bars  in  a  flow-  As  soon  as  the  flow  of  oil  is  established  and 

■eani,  and  the  further  evidence  they  af-  connection  has  been  made  with  the  pipe-line, 

lat  the  metamorphic  action  that  has  al-  the  action  of  the  weU  goes  on  uninterruptedly, 

learly  all  the  formations  of  the  eastern  often  for  months.    The  pipe-lines  converge 


684 


PETROLEUM. 


,^ 


from  many  wells  to  trank-lines  which  have 
pamping* stations  at  which  powerful  pumps 
force  the  oil  through  sections  of  pipe  about  forty 
miles  long.  Trunk-lioes  of  six-inch  pipe  run 
out  of  the  oil  regions  to  Baltimore,  rhiladel- 
phia,  and  New  York,  Buffalo,  Cleveland,  and 
Pittsburg.  Small  quantities  of  crude  oil  are 
transported  in  tank-cars,  and  a  very  little  is 
still  transported  in  barrels,  from  localities  of 
small  production  that  are  remote  from  the 
trunk  pipe-lines. 

The  methods  employed  in  transporting  oil  in 
pipe-lines  have  meide  possible  a  vast  amount 
of  speculation  in  crude  petroleum.  When  a 
run  of  oil  is  made  from  a  well-tank  to  a  trunk- 
line,  the  owner  of  the  oil  receives  a  certificate 
for  each  1,000  barrels  run,  which,  when  prop- 
erly indorsed  by  the  officers  of  the  pipe- line, 
becomes  negotiable  paper,  after  the  manner 
of  an  accepted  draft  or  a  certified  check. 
These  certificates  may  be  sold  and  resold  many 
times  daily  without  any  reference  to  the  oU 
that  they  represent.  But  if  a  person  wishes 
to  use  the  oil,  he  purchases  the  certificates  and, 
taking  them  to  the  nearest  pipe-line  station, 
demands  the  delivery  of  the  oil.  From  1870 
until  1884  the  production  of  oil  was  each  year 
greatly  in  excess  of  its  use  for  all  purposes; 
consequently,  oil  accumulated  above-ground. 
In  August,  1884,  this  accumulated  oil  reached 
the  enormous  maximum  amount  of  89,083,464 
barrels,  since  which  period  it  has  been  reduced 
to  less  than  80,000,000  barrels.  The  storage  of 
these  vast  accumulations  of  inflammable  mate- 
rial was  at  first  managed  by  private  individuals 
and  corporations ;  but  it  was  finally  undertaken 
by  the  pipe-lines  acting  together  as  the  United 
Pipe-Lines.  Li  the  hands  of  this  great  cor- 
poration the  storage  of  oil  has  been  carried  on 
with  remarkable  success  and  safety.  Besides 
the  vast  quantity  of  oil  required  to  fill  the 
nearly  1,000  miles  of  six-inch  pipe  of  which 
the  trunk-pipe  lines  consist,  the  United  Lines 
provide  storage- tanks.  The  usual  size  of  these 
tanks  is  ninety-five  feet  in  diameter  and  twenty- 
nine  feet  high,  having  a  working  capacity  of 
35,000  barrels.  They  are  constantly  menaced 
with  destruction  from  lightning,  and  are  occa- 
sionally struck  and  fired.  In  the  Caucasus  a 
pipe-line  extendi  from  Batoum  to  Poti  on  the 
Black  Sea,  600  miles. 

Transportation  of  both  crude  and  refined  oil 
across  the  ocean  has  been  carried  on  in  barrels, 
for  northern  ports,  and  in  cases,  each  contain- 
ing two  tin  cans  holding  five  gallons.  This 
case  oil  goes  to  all  equatorial  countries  and  the 
far  East.  Since  1880  experiments  have  been 
in  progress  for  carrying  bulk  cargoes  of  oil 
across  the  ocean.  Steamers  fitted  with  tanks 
in  such  a  manner  that  the  liquid  cargo  is  com- 
paratively motionless  have  successfully  trans- 
ported Russian  oil  from  ports  on  the  Black  Sea 
to  England,  Adriatic  ports,  Germany,  and  Rus- 
sian ports  on  the  Baltic.  Such  cargoes  have 
also  been  carried  from  Philadelphia  to  Eng- 
lish ports. 


SlBlfatlci.— The    following  table  ebo^ 
amount  of  oil  exported  from  1864  to  ^^ 


TEAR. 


864. 

6«5. 
866. 
867. 
868. 


870. 
871 
872. 
878. 

874. 
875. 
876. 
877. 
678. 
879. 
880. 
881. 
883. 
888. 
1884. 
885. 
886. 
887. 


18,79i;il8 
12,721005 

62,686,667 
67,968,961 
84,40M92 
97,902«506 
102,608,S95 
122,569,575 
156,102,414 
217,220,504 
191,551,988 
204,814.678 
262,441,844 
289,214^541 
881,586,442 
867,825,828  I 
882,288,015  \ 
488,218,088  V 
419,621,018 
415,615,689 
458,248,193 
46P,471,451 
480,845,811 


The  following  table  shows  the  Mno'-^^^^f^  . 
produced  from  1859  to  1886  inclus'^^:^^;;?' 
the  average  price  per  barrel  for  e< 
The  apparently  large  price  in  1864  w 
the  condition  of  the  currency,  a  pa{ 
being  worth  less  than  fifty  cents  in 


TEAR. 


1859.. 

1660. 

1861., 

1862.. 

1863. 

1864. 

1866.. 

1866.. 

1867.. 

1868.. 

1869.. 

1870. 

1871. 

1879., 

1878.. 

1874.. 

1875., 

1876. 

1877.. 

1878., 

1879  , 

1880., 

18S1., 

1882. 

1888. 

1884., 

1885. 

1886. 


Total 


2.000 

200,000 

2,110,000 

S,055,000 

2,610,000 

2,180,000 

2,721,000 

8,782.000 

8.568,000 

8,7164)00 

4^1,000 

5371,000 

5,581,000 

6357,000 

9382,000 

10,888,000 

8,800,000 

9.015,000 

18.048,000 

153«7,000 

19,827,000 

26.048,000 

27,288,000 

80.460,000 

24300,000 

28300,000 

20300.000 

26,150,000 


"ii 


810,942,000 


106* 


With  the  consumption  of  Galician  oil  con- 
fined to  Austria-Hungary,  Russian  oil  is  ^ 
only  competitor  with  the  United  States  in  the 
markets  of  the  world.  From  insignificsDt 
proportions,  this  competition  has  grown  year 
by  year  until  all  Europe  and  Eastern  Asia  an 
feeling  its  influence.  The  low  price  and  8llpe^ 
lative  quality  of  American*  petroleum  alooe 
permit  it  to  maintain  its  superiority  in  mtny 
localities  not  yet  seriously  invaded  by  Rna8ia& 
oil.  For  the  past  ten  years  oil  at  one  dollar 
or  more  a  barrel  has  been  predicted  idong  with 
the  partial  exhaustion  of  every  new  pool  that 


\ 


I 


PETROLEUIL  685 

d  and  gradually  deolioed  in  ment,    oosmoline,  yaseline,    etc.,  have    been 

;,  daring  that  period,  prioea  widely  intrcxluoeil  into  medioioe,  having  been 

lie  most  part  maoh  below  that  admitted  to  tlie  United  States  Pharmacopoeia, 

l;  can  not  be  disputed  that  the  and  very  extensively  used  as  a  domestic  reme- 

ion  is  less  than  the  consomp-  dy.    Lastly,  the  solid  product  of  petroleum, 

y  trae  that  a  permanent  ad-  paraffine,  has  become  of  immense  importance 

om  present  prices  to  one  dollar  in  the  arts,  for  candles,  water-proofing  cloth 

ead  to  an  abandonment  of  the  and  paper,  insulating  electrical  conductors,  and 

n  for  many  purposes,  and,  at  many  other  uses. 

would  stimulate  production  in  Tectoahgy* — The  general  technology  of  pe- 
where  oil  is  known  to  exist  troleum  is  simple  in  its  details,  and  is  adapted 
b  area.  to  the  handling  of  vast  quantities  of  material 
liclb — The  extent  to  which  in  the  most  rapid  and  economical  manner.  The 
ifactured  from  petroleum  have  oil  is  received  at  the  refineries  from  the  wells 
ies  places  them  among  the  through  one  of  the  trunk-pipe  lines,  and  is  al- 
proaucts  of  modem  technolo-  lowed  to  settle  in  huge  tanks,  in  order  that  the 
»ortance  among  these  products  small  amount  of  water  that  invariably  accom- 
il  or  kerosene,  both  in  respect  panies  the  oil,  with  any  other  impurities,  may 
of  the  commodity  and  also  the  be  completely  separated.  From  these  storage- 
of  the  human  race  dependent  tanks  the  oil  is  thrown  by  powerful  steam- 
ificial  light.  When  compared  pumps  into  the  stills,  at  the  rate  of  2,000  to 
ds  in  use  hi^f  a  century  ago,  8,000  barrels  an  hour.  The  stills  are  either 
neans  of  this  material  has  pro-  low,  upright  cylinders,  heated  by  several  fires 
life  over  half  the  habitable  around  their  oircomference,  or  plain  cylinders 
the  cheapest  and  most  perfect  set  horizontally  in  banks,  similarly  to  steam- 
nt  yet  discovered.  boilenn  The  stiUs  hold  aboot  1,200  barrels 
»rtance  in  the  list  of  products  each.  In  the  refineries  recently  constructed 
oils,  which,  when  prepared  of  tbey  are  not  inclosed  in  a  building,  but  are 
nd  qualities  for  different  pur-  entirely  exposed  to  the  atmosphere,  excepting 
irly  superseded  all  other  oils  a  slieet-iron  jacket,  which  prevents  too  great 
ar  uses.  radiation.  The  vapors  from  the  stills  are  con- 
rod  acts  begin  with  righolene,  ducted  through  a  series  of  pipes  immersed  in 
65^  Fahr.,  and  is  the  lightest  cold  water,  in  which  they  are  condensed.  The 
ids.  This  is  prepared  by  con-  distillates  at  first  are  gaseoos,  but  they  gradu- 
ixture  of  ice  and  salt  that  por-  ally  increase  in  density  and  pass  through  a 
illate  from  petroleum  that  at  great  variety  of  fluids,  from  cymogene  to  solid 
'atures  would  be  gaseous.  It  ])arafiine.  The  fiuids  are  separated  and  dis- 
apidlv  that  it  will  reduce  the  charged  into  different  tanks  by  means  of  a 
— 19  Fahr.  in  twenty  seconds,  complicated  system  of  stop-coi'ks.  A  system 
'  prepared,  and  is  still  used  for  of  traps  in  these  discharge-pipes  also  enables 
anffisthesia  in  surgical  opera-  the  operator  to  send  the  gaseous  distillates  be- 
r  but  not  so  volatile  fluid  has  neath  the  stills,  where  the  gas  may  be  con- 
u  commercial  quantities  under  sumed  as  fuel. 

mogene.    It  has  been  used  in  The  crude  naphtha  is  first  nm  off,  and  in  a 

produce  a  very  low  tempera-  subsequent  operation,  often  at  another  estab- 

oration.    The  next  least  vola-  lishment,    is    by  redistillation    converted  by 

asolene,  the  most  vc»latile  com-  fractionation  into  gasolene  and  A,  B,  and  0 

of  petroleum  when  no  unusual  naphthas.    From  crude  naphtlia  the  distillate 

Q  to  condense  the  vapors.    It  is  run  off  until  it  becomes  too  dense  for  the 

latic  gas-machines  to  saturate  preparation  of  illuminating  oil.    This  distillate 

>latile  vapor,  and,  by  thus  car-  lorms  the  *^  high-test  ^*  illuminating  oil,  having 

ir,  to  produce  an  infiammable  a  fire-test  of  120°  to  160°  Fahr.     The  residue  in 

en  found  extremely  useful  for  the  still  is  then  in  a  condition  for  ^^  cracking." 

d  is  also  used  as  a  fuel  in  a  so-  This  process  consists  of  a  slow  distillation,  dur- 

le- stove '^ — a  very  dangerous  ing  which  the  vapors  are  constantly  being  con- 

and  0  naphthas  are  fiuids  of  densed  upon  the  upper  portion  of  the  still,  from 

ties,  taken  off  between  gasolene  which  they  flow  or  drop  down  upon  the  heated 

C  oil.    They  are  used  in  mixing  oil.     The  oils  are  thus  repeatedly  heated  to  a 

>il-cIoths,  dissolving  resins,  and  temperature  above   their  boiling-points,   pro- 

iT  uses.    Illuminating  oils  are  dncing  destructive  distillation,  and  resulting  in 

des  and  qualities.     Lubricating  the  disengagement  of  a  permanent  gas,  the  depo- 

very  various  quality,  from  the  sition  of  carbon  in  the  still,  and  the  production 

rained  oils  used  on  spindles  to  of  an  oil  of  a  specific  gravity  suitable  for  illnmi- 

)  of  residuum   and   crude  oil  nation.     But  this  so-called  *^  cracked  oil,"  is 

id  axles.     Filtered  petroleum  not  identical  in  quality  or  in  composition  with 

the  name  of  petroleum  oint-  the  illuminating  oil  first   distilled  from .  the 


drive  the  acid  into  the  tank.  The  diBtiUste 
and  acid  are  tben  tUoroagblj  mixed  b?  air 
forced  into  the  bottom  of  the  tank.    After  the 

aoid  has  been  drawn  off,  the  oil  is  waahed  with 
water,  then  with  a  solution  of  canetic  aoda, 
agun  with  water,  and  lastly  with  canatio  am- 
monia, which  is  Buppoaed  to  remove  the  last 
traces  of  Bulphar  compounda.  The  oil  is  then 
disoharged  into  settling-tonkB  through  a  per- 
forated perpendioolar  pipe,  in  a  fine  spray, 
which  cansee  any  remnant  of  very  Tolatile  oil 
to  be  evaporated  and  removed.  In  theae  set- 
tling-tankii,  iMoeatb  akylight*,  the  last  traces  of 
water  settle  and  leave  the  oil  clear  and  almost 
colorless.  It  is  then  pnmped  into  tank-oars  or 
into  storage  tanka. 

The  reeidne  in  the  still  is  worked  over  by 
distillation  and  mixtare  into  labricating  oils 
and  parafflne.  Labriealing  oils  are  prepared 
by  a  great  variety  of  pnicesses  for  as  great  a 
variety  of  purposes.  For  Inbricating  the  iata- 
riors  of  Btda,m  eylinders  oils  are  deprived  of 
their  more  volatile  oonstiluents  by  exposing 
them  to  the  san  on  tlie  surface  of  water  in 
shallow  tanks.  Sometimes  the  water  is  heated 
by  a  steam-coil.  For  tlie  same  pnrpose,  oils 
are  deprived  of  their  naphtha  and  illmninating 
oil  in  a  stilt,  and  the  reaidne,  called  "reduced 
oil,"  is  then  ran  oat  of  the  still.  Bomeiimes 
the  reduced  oil  is  filtered  through  animal  char- 
ooal  or  other  material,  and  deprived  of  much 
of  its  odor  and  color.  Other  oils  of  leas  densi- 
ty—which  in  the  ordinary  distillation  of  petro- 
leum "withoDt  cracking"  come  off  between 
illuminating  oil  and  the  heavy  oils  next  to 
residonm— are  treated  in  a  still  by  means  of 
■operheated  steam  in  saoh  a  manner  as  to  re- 
move the  volatile  cracked  prodncts  invariably 
resulting  from  the  first  distillation,  leaving  in 
the  still  B^  oil  of  high  boiling-point,  almost  en- 
tirely without  tiiste  or  odor.  Theee  oils  are 
called  "  neutral  lubricating  oils,"  The  oils  that 
are  distilled  from  them  after  treatment  have 
been  called  "  mineral  sperm,"  and  are  distin- 


ty  years   for  illDminating,  tboag^^B 
old,  waa  oonfined  to  varions  rude  ^^ 
ham  the  crude  oil  in  the  regions  ii^^ 
springs  occorred  in  greatest  abni^^ 
Harmah,  the  Rangoon  tar  was  bam^^ 
en  lamps  of  the  umplest  constrnrticz^^ 
In  Persia  pencils  of  dried  camel's  d  ~" 
served  as  a  wick,  were  immersed  ii^^ 
vessels  that  were  plac«d  in  niches  in 
the  niches  com muiuoa ting  with  th^^ 
In  Italy  the  flnidity  of  the  oil  made  ^M 
oombnstion  in  street-lamps.    Id  th-^' 
Oil  Creek  in  Pennsylvania  the  orade 
was  used  in  a  vessel  resembling  a 
the  wick  protmding  from  the  noule^-^ 
ing  salt-well  derricks  and  saw-mill^^ 
fore  the  introduction  of  ooal- oil  had 
the  refleing  of  the  crude  oil. 

Since  1664,  when  petroleam  wasBr^ 
in  Pittabnrg,  Pa.,  refined  petroleum  ^ 
trated  the  mort  remote  regions  of  tb 
ble  globe,  until  it  has  superseded  slm  '' 
other  illuminating  agent  except  coatf 
electricity.  Under  many  conditions 
and  pnrpoae,  one  serions  ottjection  lie^ 
its  use,  which  has  been  found  to  req*) 
Btant  legal  and  sanitary  supervisioa. 

Era  of  the  more  volatile  constituenta  <7 
im,  when  mingled  with  air  in  prnp< 
portion,  form  mixtures  that  bnm  with 
explosive  violence.  If  these  light  oils,  < 
very  small  proportion,  are  allowed  to  i 
wilL  illuminating  oil,  the  miitnre  becoi* 
safe  under  the  ordinary  conditions  of  do 
life,  and  frig^tfal  disasters  have  follci 
careless  disregard  of  theae  facta.  To 
pnblio  safety,  nearly  all  civiliced  coontri 
most  of  the  States  of  the  American 
have  enacted  taws  intended  to  compel  I 
of  oils  properly  prepared.  Their  safety 
terrained  through  tests  designed  to  as 
the  temperatnre  at  which  any  given  spi 
of  oil  will  give  off  a  sufficient  amoant  ol 
t^  bum  explosively  when  mingled  wi 


PHARMACY.  687 

nrhile  other  foel  is  soaroe  tuad  dear,  and  2,897  drag-stores,  and  leads  the  list  in  this 

entities  of  petroleum  are  oonsamed  as  oonntrj,  which  ends  with  Nevada,  that  oon- 

laborate  experiments  have  been  made,  tains  onlj  80.    The  other  States  that  contain 

f  bj  private  individuals  bat  by  the  over  1,000  drag- stores  are  Pennsylvania,  2,586; 

t^ntsof  the  United  States,  Great  Brit-  Illinois,  2,284;  Ohio,  1,902;  Missonri,  1,758; 

other  countries,  to  ascertain  the  most  Indiana,  1,549;  Kansas,  1.442 ;  Massachusetts, 

methods  of  burning  petroleum  as  a  1,888;   Iowa,  1,872;   Maryland,   1,219;    ana 

^1.    The  result  has  been  in  every  re-  Texas,  1,166. 

::.^8factory,  especially  in  the  Caspian  Ctllcges. — The  faculty  of  the  Michigan  Col- 
r-  Lere  stationary,  marine,  and  locomo-  lege  of  Medicine  io  Detroit  have  organized  a 
cBes  are  being  run,  not  only  by  means  school  of  pharmacy  in  connection  with  their 
a.de  oil,  but  also  by  means  of  the  *'  as-  college.  Two  lectures  each  on  chemistry,  ma- 
residuum  that  results  in  much  larger  teria  medica,  and  practical  pharmacy  are  de- 
»Ki  from  the  manufacture  of  Russian  livered  every  week,  in  the  evening.  It  is  re- 
^rican  petroleum.  Crude  petroleum  ported  that  a  department  in  pharmacy  had 
^ha  have  been  successfully  used  in  the  been  organized  at  the  Denver  University,  Col., 
re  of  iron,  and  one  of  the  purposes  the  first  session  of  which  was  to  take  place  in 
the  fetid  oDs  of  northwestern  Ohio  September. 

[  lately  introduced  by  pipe-line  to  Leglslatlea. — Io  Louisiana  an  act  was  passed, 

s  to  provide  fuel  for  the  extensive  on  Jaly  11,  to  regulate  the  practice  of  phar- 

in  the  southern  suburb  of  that  city,  maoy ;  the  sale  of  compounded  medicioes  and 

*  oils  are  largely  used  as  a  fuel  in  so-  drugs,  preparations  and  prescriptions ;  the  sale 

roeene-stoves.  of  poisons ;  to  create  a  State  board  of  phar- 

LACTi    The  advance  in  this  art  has  macy,  and  to  regulate  the  fees  and  emoluments 

ciifested  by  the  recognition  that  it  has  thereof;  to  prevent  the  practice  of  pharmacy 

from  the  proposed  formation  of  a  sec-  by  unauthorized  persons ;  and  to  provide  for 

pharmacy  and  materia  medica  by  the  the  trial  and  punishment  of  violators  of  the 

m  Medical  Association.    This  was  sug-  provisions  of  this  act  by  fine  or  imprisonment, 

tarly  in  the  year,  and  at  the  subsequent  The  amendment  to  the  Kentucky  law,  that  went 

\  of  that  association  an  amendment  to  into  efiect  on  March  8,  requiring  druggists  to 

siitntion  providing  for  such  a  section  obtain  certificates,  has  given  general  satisfac- 

>*odaoed,  but,  according  to  the  rules,  an  tion,  and  it  is  the  desire  of  the  pharmacists 

^ent  can  not  be  acted  on  till  the  next  that  it  be  extended  so  as  to  include  those  doing 

meeting.    At  the  meeting  of  the  In-  business  in  cities  of  less  than  one  thousand  in- 
itial Medical  Conference  in  Washington  habitants.    In  Massachnsetts,  the  law  concern- 

£.  Stewart,  of  Wilmington,  Del,  in  a  ing  the  sale  of  poisons  has  been  amplified  so  as 

bat  he  read  before  the  section  on  thera-  to  include  some  thirty  more  substances.    The 

and  materia  medica,  advocated  the  new  law  provides  that  whoever  sells  any  of 

thment  of  a  national  laboratory  for  phar-  the  poisonous  articles  named  without  the  writ- 

gical  investigation.    The  duties  of  such  ten  prescription  of  a  physician,  shall  affix  to 

itution  would  include  the  scientific  ex-  the  bottle,  box,  or  wrapper  containing  the  ar- 

ion  of  new  therapeutic  agenta,  with  an  tide  sold  a  label  of  red  paper  upon  which  shall 

iion  of  opinion  as  to  their  value.     With  be  printed  in  large  black  letters  the  word 

bureau,  the  public  would  no  longer  be  '*  poison,'*  and  alM»  the  word  ^^  antidote,"  if 
nercy  of  dealers  of  nostrums  who  widely  there  be  one,  and  the  name  and  place  of  busi- 
ifle  their  preparations,  claiming  that  they  ness  of  the  vender.  The  States  of  Arkansas, 
1  new  drugs  having  wonderfiil  curative  California,  Florida,  Indiana,  Mississippi,  Neva- 
ties.  A  bill  was  introduced  into  Con-  da,  Oregon,  Tennessee,  Texas,  and  Vermont 
»y  Samuel  J.  Randall  providing  that  the  still  lack  proper  legislative  measures  to  regu- 
iment  undertake  the  preparation  of  a  late  the  practice  of  pharmacy.  An  interesting 
d  pharmacopoeia,  its  execution  to  be  legal  decision  was  rendered  during  the  year  to 
i  on  a  detail  of  officers  from  the  various  the  efifeot  that  **acid  phosphate,'*  claimed  by 
mental  medical  departments,  who  are  the  Rumford  Chemical  Works  as  a  trade-mark, 
e  three  representatives  from  the  Ameri-  was  decided  against  that  corporation.  The 
Kiical  Association,  and  a  like  number  matter  is  now  before  the  higher  courts,  and  a 
e  American  Pharmaceutical  Association,  definite  decision  has  not  yet  been  reached, 
n  the  work.    This  bill  has  not  as  yet  Phanucepttlal  RerldM.  — ^During  the  coming 

a  law.    According  to  a  recent  com-  year  delegates  for  this  purpose  will  be  chosen, 

,  there  are  in  the  United  States  and  the  and  the  present  committee  have  issued  an  ap- 

on  of  Canada  82,244  druggists  (pro-  peal  to  the  several  State  pharmaceutical  asso- 

\  of  stores)  and  drug  firms.    Of  this  ciations  for  aid  in  gathering  information  con  • 

there  are  815  strictly  wholesale,  810  ceming  the  drugs  and  preparations  actually  in 

lie  and  retail,  and  81,619  retail  drug  use  by  physicians  in  this  country.   They  desire 

hments  in  the  two  countries.    In  the  that  analy>ies  of  the  prescriptions  of  physicians 

on  the  number  of  establishments  of  all  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States  be  made  by 

I  placed  at  1,199.    New  York  contains  any  who  have  the  time  and  inclination,  and 


688  PHARMAOT. 

offer  to  supply  to  societies,  at  cost  price,  printed  and  legislatiye  sections  held  brie 

blanks  to  facilitate  the  work.     This  will  be  a  which  pertinent  topics  were  ooni 

collective    investigation  of  great  importance,  special  object  of  the  legislative  & 

The  committee  also  desire  to  obtain  from  so-  consider  how  best  **  to  secure  a  n 

cieties,  and  presnmabl j  also  from  individnals,  ard  of  requirement  for  graduatioi 

expressions  regarding  the  question  of  weights  States,   so  that  the  certificatea 

or  measures  in  the  pharmacopceial  formulas.  boards  of  pharmacy  will  be  recei' 

Attociatloiis. — The  thirty-sixth  annual  meeting  faeie  evidence  of  competency.*' 

of  the  American  Pharmaceutical  Association  At  the  business  meeting  154  i 

was  held  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  on  September  8-7,  were  admitted,  and  at  the  close  c 

under  the  presidency  of  John  U.  Lloyd.    Dele*  the  total  membership  was  1,41 1 

gates  from  five  alumni  associations,  eight  col-  cial  condition  of  the  Association 

leges,  and  five  local  and  twenty  State  associi^  be  excellent.    The  receipts  wei 

tions  were  formally  recognized.    The  scientific  and  expenditures  $10,280.42,  Bh< 

section  was  presided  over  by  James  M.  Gk>od,  balance,  and  $11,847.82  were  inri 

and  the  following  papers  were  presented :  ^*  Ar-  ed  States  bonds.    Considerable 

tificial  Salicylic  Acid,"  by  Albert  B.  Prescott  to  the  next  place  of  meeting  i 

and  Erwin  £.  Ewell;  '*  Oalyoanthus  Seed,'*  by  ultimately  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  wi 

R.  G.  £ccles;  ^^The  Masking  of  Quinine,**  by  the  date  left  to  the  counciL    Mau 

Luther  F.  Stevens ;  ^^  Adulterating  Peppermint  ander,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  was  elec? 

Oil,**  by Alviso O.Stevens;  '^Acacia Oatechu  and  and  John  M.  Maisch,  of  Philadelf 

Uncaria  Gambler,**  by  Henry  Trimble ;  **  No-  tinned  as  secretary.    Various  loci 

menclatare  of   Phamaceutical   Preparations,*'  were  organized  during  the  year, 

by  0.  S.  Hallberg;  '^  The  Loco  Weed,**  by  L.  E.  was  that  of  the  drug  clerks  of  Nc 

Sayre; ''Artificial  and  Natural  Mineral  Waters,**  Tnuto  AawdatfSM.  —  The  fourt 

by  Enno  Sanders;    '' Phosphomolybdic  Acid  meeting  of  the  National  Wholesf 

for  the  Quantitative  E<stimation  of  Alkaloids,**  Association,  under  the  presidency 

byH.  W.  Snow;  '' Is  the  Precipitated  Sulphate  Outter,  was  held  at  Saratoga  Sf 

of  Iron  of  Oonstant  Oomposition  ?  and  does  beginning  on  September    11    ai 

it  contain  the  same  Proportion  of  Water  of  for  three  days.    The  proposition 

OrysUllization    as   the    Large    Orystals,**  by  the  rebate  plan  to  the  retailers  ^ 

Henry  Trimble;  ''Pepsin  Testing,**  by  Frank  and  its  impracticability  decided 

A.  Thompson ;  "  Notes  on   the   Morphiomet-  committee  on  legislation  reported 

ric  Assay  of  Opium,**  by  Joseph  F.  Geisler ;  secure  the  repeal  of  the  excise  tax 

"  Sponges,**  by  Rosa  Upson ;  "  Assay  of  Pow-  and  urged  that  efforts  be  made 

dered  Ipecacuanha,'*  by  John  E.  Pennington ;  total  repeal  of  all  revenue  taxes; 

"  A    New   Method   of  preparing   Mercurous  peal  of  the  tax  on  spirits  to  50 

Iodide,**  by  Edward  Soetje ;  "  Arsenic  in  Me-  the  removal  of  the  druggists*  licet 

dicinal  Bismuth  Salts,'*  by  R.  E.  Hawkes ;  and  committee  on  proprietary  goods  i 

"  Oream  of  Tartar,**  by  Charles  V.  Boetcher.  the  annual  sales  of  these  gSods  by 

This  section  discussed  very  fully  the  recently  of  the  association  was  estimated 

issued  "  National  Formulary  **  published  under  000.    Reports  of  the  committees 

the  auspices  of  the  association.    It  was  the  relations;  on  paints,  oils,  and  gla 

result  of  the  labors  of  a  committee  appointed  g^een ;  on  transportation ;  on  bos 

in  1885  to  prepare  a  list  of  unofficinal  prepara-  age;  and  on  commercial  travele 

tions,  so  that  when  a  prescription  calling  for  a  sented  and  referred  to  the  boar 

compound  generally  recognized  but  not  in  the  A  deficiency  of  $465.98  in  the  Dru^ 

"  United  States  Pharmacopoeia,**  was  presented  Fire  Insurance  Company  was  sho 

to  the  druggiflt  a  reliable  and  uniform  article  of  ceming  it  a  resolution  was  passed 

standard  quality  could  be  made.     The  volume  the  following  is  taken : 

which  contains  485  titles  was  published  in  July,  "  An  important  feature  of  this 

and  means  tending  toward  its  periodical  re-  its  advance  premium  fund.      Tl 

vision  were  discussed,  but  it  was  decided  to  $100,000,  is  intended  to  furnish  i 

leave  the  matter  open.  with  substantia  assets;  and  in  ad 

The  commercial  section  discussed,  under  the  premiums  paid  on  policies,  it  is  fai 
chairmanship  of  A.  H.  Hollister,  various  trade  with  the  care  exercised  in  the  selec 
measures,  notably  a  resolution  calling  on  the  that  prosperity  will  follow. 
National  Wholesale  Druggists*  Association  to  "  Of  this  fund  $55,0  ^0  has  bee 
abolish  the  rebate  system,  and  the  questions  and  paid.  It  is  earnestly  hoped  tl 
"  Is  substitution  going  on  ?  **  and  "  Should  we  hers  of  the  National  Wholesale  D 
practice  substitution?  **  referring  to  the  treat*  sociation,  who  have  not  already  < 
ment  of  drugs  by  the  jobbers,  also  the  very  tiiis  fund,  will  avail  themselves  o 
important  "  liquor  question.**  Earnest  protest  tunity  now  offered.  These  certifi 
was  made  against  the  present  laws  which,  it  sued  in  suras  of  $500  or  more- 
was  claimed,  "  placed  the  pharmacy  and  the  payable  at  time  of  subscription, ; 
grog-shop  on  the  same  level.**    The  education  ance  payable  in  monthly  installme 


PHARMACY.  PHYSIOLOGY.                 689 

ren  months.    Six  per  cent,  interest  United  States,"  16th  edition  (Philadelphia); 

is  allowed  on  installments  ontil  fdl  ^^  Pharmacology,  Therapeutics,    and    Materia 

ad  after  that,  6  per  cent,  per  annum  Medica,"  by  T.  Lauder  Brunton  (Philadelphia) ; 

»f  certificate;  and  in  addition  there-  "  Prescription  Writing,"  by  Frederick  H.  Ger- 

participation  in  the  profits  of  the  rish    (Portland,    Me.)  ;     ^'  Chemical    Lecture 

;  the  rate  of  10  per  cent,  per  annum.  Notes,"  by  U.  M.  Whelpey  (St,  Louis) ;  "  Thera- 

cpiration  of  one  year  from  the  date  peutics :  its  Principles  ana  Practice,"  by  Dr. 

ficate,  the  amount  subscribed  may  Horatio  C.  Wood  (Philadelphia).   The  pharma- 

the  payment  of  premiums  on  ac-  ceutical  journals  have  been  active  in  the  ezpos- 

*ance.  nre  of  the  objectionable  character  of  various 

licies  of  insurance  of  the  company  proprietary  n^iedicines.    '^  The  Druggists  Circu- 

ssable."  far  "  deserves  credit  for  its  anal>  sis  of  ''*'  Scotch 

)tary  reported  a  total  membership  Oats  Essence,"  which  it  showed  to  be  a  prepa- 

the  treasurer  showed  a  balance  of  ration  of  morphine.    Samples  of  the  widely  ad- 

a  hand.    George  A.  Kelly,  of  Pitts-  vertised  **  Recamier  Balm  "  proved  on  analysis 

was  chosen  president,  and  A.  B.  to  consist  of  one  drachm  of  oxide  of  zinc  and  two 

f  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  continued  as  grains  and  a  quarter  of  corrosive  sublimate  in 

The  next  annual  meeting  will  be  four  ounces  of  water.    The  origiual  cost  of  the 

oing  on  September  10,  at  Indian-  mixture  could  hardly  have  exceeded  three  cents 

supplementary  meeting  was  held  of  yet  it  finds  a  ready  sale  at  $1.60  a  bottle.    The 

1  members  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  on  Oc-  ^*  Vita  Nuova  "  owes,  according  to  the  same 

consider  various  trade  matters  in  journal,  its  wonderful  properties  to  a  small 
'  dissented  from  the  resolutions  quantityof  cocaine  dissolved  in  alcohol,;  still  it 
the  Saratoga  meeting.  The  whole-  is  advertised  as  *'  free  from  alcohol "  and  as 
sts  of  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Peoria,  not  being  a  ^^  wine  of  coca." 
.polis  met  in  Chicago  on  December  *^  The  Rocky  Mountain  Druggist,"  edited  by 
ized  a  ^*  Central  Drug  Exchange,"  J.  L.  T.  Davidson,  made  its  appearance  in  Den- 
ts object  the  promotion  of  friendly  ver,  Col.,  in  June,  and  is  the  first  distinctively 
he  correction  of  any  mercantile  pharmaceutical  journal  to  be  issued  west  of  the 
he  trade,  and  the  maintenance  of  Mississippi.  '^The  New  England  Druggist," 
indard  in  the  quality  of  goods  han-  of  Boston,  Mass.,  edited  by  J.  W.  Colcord,  be- 
inger,  of  Peoria,  was  elected  presi-  gan  publication  later  in  the  year. 
YaD  Schaak,  of  Chicago,  vice-presi-  PHT8iOLO€T.  The  Ncrvois  Systen.— The  re- 
1  Walbridge,  of  St.  Louis,  treasurer  searches  of  Profs.  Victor  Horsley  and  Schftfer 
-y.  go  to  show  tbat,  as  the  result  both  of  ablation 
ciation  of  Manufacturers  and  Deal-  and  excitation,  the  motor  region  of  the  brain 
prietary  Articles  held  its  annual  cortex  may  be  mapped  out  into  a  series  of 
Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.,  on  Septem-  main  areas,  each  being  connected  with  the 
out  twenty  members  were  present,  movements  of  a  particular  part — such  as  the 
imunications  were  received  and  re-  head,  trunk,  leg,  arm,  and  face  areas— and  these, 
Dmmittees  for  consideration,  after  again,  preseut  subdivisions  concerned  with 
V.  Pierce,  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  was  more  specialized  movements ;  there  are,  how- 
ident,  and  Henry  E.  Bowen,  of  New  ever,  no  sharp  lines  of  demarkation  between 
IS  secretary.  The  Association  then  the  several  areas,  but  they  overlap  one  another, 
nbject  to  the  call  of  the  president.  Brown-Sequard  has  made  another  contribution 
1  Paint,  Oil,  and  Varnish  Associa-  to  the  discussion  of  this  subject,  in  which  he 
organized  at  Saratoga  Springs^  on  suggests  that  each  function,  each  property  of 

11,   and  Charles    Richardson,   of  the  central-nerve  system,  is  strongly  localized 

IS.,  was  chosen  president,  and  G.  H.  in  certain  nerve-cells,  but  these  cells  are  not 

>f  Chicago,  111.,  secretary.  localized  in  restricted  areas  or  microscopic  cen- 

— The  books  of  the  year  include :  ters,  but  are  distributed  through  many  parts  of 

of  Dispensing"  (London);    ^*.The  the  central  nervous  system.    This  dissemina- 

rmulary"  (Philadelphia);  ^'Pictorial  tion,  he  considers,  explains  the  fact  that  there 

Lncient  Pharmacy,"  translated  from  is  no  single  spot  or  region  in  the  whole  of  the 

i  by  Dr.  William  Netter  (Chicago) ;  central  nervous  sjstem  the  destruction  of  which 

analysis,"  by  Prof.  Albert  B.  Pres-  is  followed  with  absolute  certainty  by  either 

fork) ;  **  The  Beginnings  in  Phar-  paralysis  or  ansesthesia. 

R.  Rother  (Detroit) ;  "  An  Intro-  A  distinction  has  been  made  by  some  writ- 

tatise  on  the  Practical  Manipulation  ers  between  cranial  and  spinal  nerves ;  and,  al- 

by  R.  Rother  (Detroit) ;  **  The  Pre-  though  efforts  have  not  been  wanting  to  bring 

rherapeutically,    Pharmaceutically,  both  groups  under  the  same  system,  they  have 

oatically  Considered,"  by  Otto  A.  failed,  on  account  of  some  misconceptions  and 

Duis) ;  ^^  Price  and  Dose  Labels,"  by  confusions  that  are  pointed  out  in  a  paper  by  W. 

'ilder  (New  York) ;  "  Toilet  Medi-  H.  Gaskell.    This  author  has  made  a  new  study 

£dwin  Wooton  (New  York) ;   also  of  the  subject,  from  the  results  of  which  he 

ns  of  *^  The  Dispensatory  of  the  concludes  that  both  of  the  groups  to  which  he 
>.  xrniL — 44  A 


690  PHYSIOLOGY. 

assigns  these  nerves — a  foremost,  which  in  man  nnder  like  laws.  Light  and  red  and  g^MB 
are  entirely  efferent,  and  a  hindmost  group  of  colors  increase  their  delicacy,  while  darkneifi, 
nerves  of  a  mixed  character — are  huilt  upon  the  hlne,  and  yellow  diminish  it.  Under  the  inflo- 
same  plan  as  the  spinal  nerves,  hoth  with  re*  ence  of  red  and  green,  taste  extends  from  tbe 
spect  to  the  structure,  function,  and  distribu-  anterior  border  of  the  tongue  to  the  whole 
tion  of  their  nerve-fibers,  and  as  far  as  the  surface;  on  the  other  hand,  a  strengthemngof 
arrangement  of  the  centers  of  origin  of  those  smell,  taste,  or  touch,  exalts  the  other  sensitife 
nerve-fibers  in  the  central  nervous  system  is  perceptions.  The  reciprocal  inflaence  of  toodi 
concerned ;  and  he  thinks  it  probable  that  the  and  the  sense  of  temperature  is  specially  inter- 
reason  for  the  deviation  of  the  cranial  nerves  esting.  If  we  tickle  the  skin  with  a  hair,  snd 
from  the  spinal-nerve  type  is  bound  up  witli  plunge  the  hand  in  hot  water,  the  tickling 
the  changes  which  occurred  at  the  time  when  ceases ;  but,  if  the  hand  be  placed  in  cold  ws- 
a  large  portion  of  the  fibers  of  the  foremost  ter  and  a  part  of  the  body  is  tickled,  the  tern* 
group  of  cranial  nerves  lost  their  functional  peratnre  is  felt  more  vividly, 
activity.  From  a  purely  physical  point  of  view,  Prot 

Dr.  Marckwald  has  brought  forward  evidence  S.  P.  Langley  has  concluded  that  the  time  re- 

to  show  that,  although  the  respiratory  centers  quired  for  the  distinct  perception  of  an  exce»- 

in  the  medulla  oblongata  are  automatically  ively  faint  light  is  about  half  a  second.    A 

active,  as  well  as  excitable  by  reflex  action,  yet  relatively  very  long  time  is,  however,  needed 

the  automatically  active  center  can  only  liber-  for  the  recovery  of  sensitiveness  after  expo9> 

ate  respiratory  spasms,  but  no  regular  rhythmic  ure  to  a  bright  light,  and  the  time  demanded 

respiratory  movements.  for  this  restoration  of  complete  visual  power 

Dr.  Gersung,  of  Vienna,  has  successfully  per-  appears  to  be  the  greatest  when  the  light  to 
formed  the  novel  operation  of  transplanting  a  be  perceived  is  of  a  violet  color.  The  visoal 
portion  of  the  nerve  of  a  rabbit  to  the  thumb  effect  produced  by  any  given  constant  amoant 
of  a  patient.  Prof.  Von  Fleischl.  The  trans-  of  energy  varies  enormoosly  according  to  tbe 
planted  nerve  not  only  imited  with  the  human  color  of  the  light  in  question.  It  varies  con- 
nerve  upon  which  it  was  ingrafted  and  per-  siderably  between  eyes  which  may  ordinarilj 
formed  its  functions  normally,  but  the  opera-  be  called  normal  ones ;  but,  letting  1  repre- 
tion  resulted  in  curing  a  tendency  to  neurom-  sent  the  amount  of  energy  required  to  make 
atous  degeneration  with  which  the  original  us  see  light  in  the  crimson  of  the  spectnuB 
thumb  nerve  had  been  affected.  The  case  is  near  A,  the  average  will  give  the  following 
further  interesting  from  the  light  which  it  casts  proportionate  resists  for  the  wave  -  leog^ 
upon  the  existence  of  a  practical  identity  be-  corre^onding  approximately  to  the  six  col- 
tween  the  nerves  of  different  species  of  ani-  ors :  Violet,  1,600 ;  blue,  62,000 ;  green,  100,- 
mals.  000;   yellow,    28,000;  orange,    14,000;   rei 

A  remarkable  ca^  is  described  by  Mr.  Sutton  1,200.    Since   we    can   recognize  color  fltiH 

in  which  the  divided  ends  of  a  median  nerve  deeper  than  crimson,  it  appears  that  the  same 

that  had  been  severed  ten  weeks  previously  amount  of  energy  may  produce  at  least  100,000 

were  dissected  out,  revivified,  and  after  five  times  the  visual  effect  in  one  color  of  tbe 

days  began  to  recover  function.    Mr.  Harwell,  spectrum  that  it  does  in  another.    The  tbeo- 

discussing  Mr.  Sutton's  paper,  mentioned  a  case  lute  measure  of  energy  represented  bj  the 

in  which  recovery  of  a  function  occurred  when  sensation  of  crimson  light  is  0'000,000,000,000,l 

the  parts  were  brought  together  six  months  horse-power, 

after  division.  Dr.  Kosnig  has  made  some  experiments  for 

Spedal  SenseSi — The  experiments  of  Herr  Ur-  testing  Holmgren's  statement  that  very  small 

banschitsch,  of  Vienna,  on  the  reciprocal  influ-  colored  dots  can  be  seen  only  of  one  of  tbe 

ence  of  organs  of  sense  lead  to  the  general  primary   colors  of    Young  and    HehnboHz'i 

conclusion  that  any  sense-excitation  results  in  theory — ^red,  green,  or  violet.    The  statemoit 

an  increase  of  the  acuteness  of  other  senses,  was  not  confirmed  when  the  necessary  precaa- 

Thus,  sensations  of  hearing  sharpen  the  visual  tions  were  taken,  and  it  was  found  that  small 

perceptions.     If  colored  plates  are  placed  at  dots  .of  any  color,  even  yellow  and  blue,  were 

such  a  distance  that  one  can  hardly  distinguish  perceived  as  possessing  their  own  objective 

the  colors,  and  various  sounds  are  then  pro-  color.     This  had  also  been  observed  by  Her^ 

duced,  the  colors  become  generally  more  dis-  ing.    Isaacksen  had,  further,  investigated  th« 

tinct  the  higher  the  sounds.    Similarly,  one  power  which  the  eye  possesses  of  distingni^- 

can,  while  a  sound  affects  the  ear,  read  words  mg  between  minute  dot-like  lights  which  are  so 

which  he  could  not  read  before.    The  ticking  small  that  their  image  on  the  retina  only  fsU> 

of  a  watch  is  better  heard  when  the  eyes  are  on  one  cone,  and  found  that  it  was  as  taSj 

open  than  when  they  are  closed.    Red  and  developed  as  for  the  colors  of  large  surfaces, 

green  increase  the  auditive  perceptions,  while  The  attention  of  anatomists  was  first  di- 

blue  and  yellow  weaken  them.    Several  musi-  rected  to  the  papilla  foliata  of  mammals  $»  «b 

cians,  however,  were  agreed  that  red,  green,  organ  of  taste  by  Van  Wyss  in  1869-70,  and 

yellow,  and  blue  caused  an  intensification  of  Engelmann  in  1872.    The  inveetigatioos  hare 

sound  of  about  one  eighth,  while  violet  had  a  been  carried   on  by  other  observers— as  to 

weakening  effect.    Taste,  smell,  and  touch  are  man,  by  Kranse,  Ajtai,  and  Lnstig.    Boolart 


% 


h 


J 


PHYSIOLOGY.  691 

i  Pilliet  examined  the  toDgaes  of  a  large  L.  Nichols  apon  the  delicacy  of  the  sense  of 

mber  of  mammals  with  special  reference  to  taste  as  to  different  classes  of  suhstances,  qui- 

>  presence  or  absence  of  the  papillsB  foliatte.  nine,  cane-sogar,  sulphuric  acid,  sodium  bicar- 

ey    found    them    existing    in    marsupials,  bonate,  and  common  salt  were  employed  as 

mutates,  insectivora,  rodenis,  probosoidas,  and  severally  representing,   typically,  the    bitter, 

ine ;    and   wanting  in  cetaoea,  chiroptera,  sweet,  acid,  alkaline,  and  saline  tastes.    Tiie 

issodaotyla,  ruminantia,  and  many  carniv-  tests  were  made  upon  82  men  and  46  women. 

.    Frederick  Tucker  man  observes  tbat  there  The  average  results  were  as  follow : 

probably  many  groups  of  existing  animals  .  ouinin 

OSe  remote  ancestors  possessed  foliate  areas,  *  Male  obaervers  detected  l  part  in  890,000  part*  of  water. 

iclft  have  long  since  disappeared  from  their  Female  oboeiven  detected  Ipiurt  in  456,000  parts  of  water. 

sent  representatives.    An  exception  is  met  %2?SiJS?i«  detected  i  part  m  199  parta  of  water. 

the    SWme,    which    have    undergone  fewer  Female  observers  detected  l  part  in  2M  parts  of  water. 

ictaral  modifications    from  the  primitive  nr.  Sulphuric  add :               .,  ^aca    ^    #     * 

.,                   ^      M   .X         ,1                     '  1       .  Male  observers  detected  1  part  in  2,080  parts  of  water. 

e    tnan   most  OI   tne  Otner  mammals  smce  Female  observers  detected  l  part  in  8,280  parts  of  water. 

Socene  period.     According  to  this  author,  rv.  Bicarbonate  of  soda: 

m   ^»<M*.   5«  ♦k^  «?«  \«  ««^«»  ttn;i   4>kA««  «r.;i:  Male  observers  detected  1  part  in  98  parts  of  water. 

9   organ   m  the  pig  is  now  and  then  rudl-  yemale  observers  detected?  part  in  126  parts  of  water. 

ntary,    is  usually  more  or  less   atrophied,  Y.  Oommonsait: 

Wery  frequently  shows  .want  of  symmetry  l^^^^^^tSS^'T^  lV^^:f^i«. 

tween  the  two  papillaa.     With  a  single  ex-  ^         «     <- 

ption  all  tbe  specimens  of  swine^s  tongues  The  authors  conclude  that  the  sense  of  taste 

Lsmined  bad  well-developed  foliate  areas.  The  is  much  more  delicate  for  bitter  substances  than 

spUla  foliata  consists  of  four  or  five  rather  for  the  others  included  in  the  list  (the  relative 

rregular  folds,  with  slightly  rounded  crests,  delicacy  for  qainine  and  su^ar  being  very  nearly 

Bparated  by  furrows  varying  much  in  breadth,  2,000 : 1) ;  that,  taken  in  the  order  of  their  ef- 

nd  slightly  in  depth.    Oooasionaliy  the  hot-  feet  upon  the  organs  of  taste,  the  classes  of 

om  of  a  furrow  is  invaginated  upward  into  a  substances  must  stand  in  the  order  —  bitters, 

idge,  which  may  or  may  not  bear  taste-bolbs.  acids,  saline  substances,  sweets,  and  alkalies ; 

herons  glands  and  ducts  are  very  abundant  that  the  sense  of  taste  is,  as  a  rule,  more  deli- 

It  the  base  of  the  folds  and  occupy  a  large  cate  in  women  than  in  men  (in  the  case  of  all 

i(>ace  within    them.    Some  of  the   ducts  of  the  substances  tried  excepting  salt) ;  that  the 

iiese  glands  are  very  tortuous,  and  several  ability  to  detect  a  dilute  bitter  is  very  gener- 

niUimetres  in  length.    They  tisually  open  be-  ally  accompanied  by  inability  to  detect  a  dilute 

ween  the  folds  at  the  bottom  of  the  fur-  sweet,  and  vice  versa ;  and  that  the  long-con- 

ows.    Glands  of  the  mucous  type  are  spar-  tinned  habitual  use  of  a  substance  does  not 

Dgly  scattered  through  this  region.    Each  fold  seem  to  influence  in  any  marked  way  the  deli- 

arries  at  its  upper  part  many  secondary  papil-  cacy  of  the  sense  of  taste  for  that  substance. 

B,  the  depressions  between  which  are  filled  While  these  conclusions  represent  the  average 

y  tbe  epithelium.     The  taste-bulbs  of  this  results,  the  tests  brought  out  some  astonishing 

natatory  region  are  a  little  smaller  on  the  individual  peculiarities.    Thus  there  were  peiy 

verage  than  those  of  the  circumvaUate  area,  sons  who  could  detect  with  certainty  1  part  of 

nd  are  estimated  to  number  2.400  for  each  quinine  in  5,120,000,  while  others  failed  to 

apilla.      Dr.  Tuokerman    quotes    from    Dr.  notice  1  part  in  160,000. 

uigi  Griffini,  of  Modena,  on  his  experimental  A  device  for  measuring  the  acnteness  of  the 

ndy  of  the  reproduction  of  the  gnstatory  sense  of  smell  has  been  invented  by  M.  Zwaar- 

ipill»  and  regeneration  of  the  taste- bulbs  in  demaker,  of  Utrecht.   It  consists  of  two  tnbe^, 

te  rabbit  and  dog.    Destruction,  partial  or  a  smaller  one  of  glass  and  a  larger  one  of  In- 

»mplete,  of  the  organs  of  taste  appears  to  be  dia-rubber  or  gutta-percha,  sliding  over  the 

Tected  by  the  direct  removal  from  the  animal  former  in  such  a  way  that  the  air  breathed  in 

'  the  papillsB  themselves,  or  by  division  of  by  the  nostrils  at  the  free  end  of  the  glass  tube 

e  glosao-pharyngeal  nerves.    The  process  of  may  pass  through  a  desired  length — short  or 

production  is  described  in  the  memoir.  Grif-  long— of  the  odor-bearing  tube.    The  length 

11  rejects  the  theory  of  direct  continuity  be-  is  read  off  in  centimetres,  which  it  is  required 

reen  nerve-fibers  and  epithelial  cells,    and  to  give  to  the  pa$asage  in  the  odor-bearing  tube 

serts  that  reproduction  of  the  papillss  after  to  produce  a  definite  olfactory  impression  upon 

eir  partial  or  complete  removal  always  takes  the  nose. 

ace.     He   has   also  made  an  experimental  drealatlm* — The  changes  in  the  volume  of  the 

idy  of  the  organ  of  smell,  the  motorial  end-  heart  and  the  amount  of  blood  propelled  by  it 

ite  of  the  muscle-fiber,  and  the  retina  of  the  under  varying  conditions  of  pressure  have  been 

wer  animals,  the  results  of  which  have  not  studied  by  Prof.  Roy  and  J.  G.  Adami.    A 

en  published.    Dr.  Tuckerman  has  added  to  slight  compression  of  the  abdomen  of  a  dog 

i  contributions  in  this  branch  studies  of  the  caused  an  increase  in  the  volume  of  tbe  heart 

Dgae  and  gustatory  organs  of    Fiber  Zihe^  and  in  the  amount  of  blood  passing  through  it 

eeuM^  and  of  the  gustatory  organs  of  Putoritu  in  a  given  time.    The  phenomenon  is  explained 

wan.  by  the  fact  that  the  abdominal  vessels  are  capa- 

In  the  experiments  of  E.  H.  S.  Bailey  and  E.  ble  of  containing  more  than  all  the  blood  in  the 


1 ' 


•Si 


ilff 


692  PHYSIOLOGY. 

body.  Slight  compression  of  the  abdomen  will,  Carlier  believe  that  the  hmnan  blood  plisnu 
without  disturbing  the  arterial  supply,  drive  has  never  before  been  demonstrated  in  an  bd- 
out  a  large  amount  of  blood  which  will  be  of  altered  condition,  except  mioroscopicallj.  Co- 
use  for  other  regions  of  the  body,  where  it  may  agulation  eventually  occurs,  because  th«  blocJ 
be  applied  to  the  augmentation  of  their  f unc-  necessarily  comes  in  contact  with  the  sides  d 
tional  activity.  The  front  and  side  abdominal  the  wound  made  in  the  finger, 
walls  are,  furthermore,  formed  of  soft,  elastic  Continuing  his  researches  on  the  coAgnlatioB 
tissues,  which,  in  health,  exert  an  adequate  of  the  blood.  Dr.  Wooldridge  endeavon  to 
pressure  upon  the  abdominal  contents  and  show  that  the  antecedents  of  the  fibrin  are  Ddt 
blood-vessels.  If,  however,  the  muscles  lose  pure  albumens,  but  fibrinogens  consistiog of  il- 
their  tone,  the  walls  become  flaccid,  the  veins  bumen  and  lecithin ;  and  he  attribates  grett 
dilate  and  become  reservoirs  for  more  blood  importance  to  lecithin  in  the  process  of  coigi- 
than  is  needed  there,  depriving  the  rest  of  the  lation.  The  experiments  of  Pro£  Hajcnft 
body  of  a  part  of  the  fluid  requisite  for  its  due  and  Dr.  Carlier  in  the  same  line  tend  to  sbor 
nutrition.  Here,  then,  we  have  an  explanation  that  the  white  corpuscles  play  an  important 
of  the  office  of  the  waist-belts  worn  by  active  part  in  the  process, 
peoples  and  athletics.  They  help  to  maintain  a  The  distribution  of  the  blood-Te^iotbi 
due  pressure  on  the  abdominal  vessels  to  pre-  valves  of  the  heart  has  been  investigated  bjlL 
vent  a  useless  storing  of  the  blood  there,  and  Darier,  who  flnds  that  both  in  thefoBtosiD^ 
to  secure  an  adequate  supply  for  the  parts  of  the  adult,  in  health,  there  are  no  vessels  in  ^ 
the  body  where  it  will  be  demanded.  Hence  purely  fibro-elastic  portion  of  the  auricnlo-Teo- 
some  form  of  moderate  pressure  upon  the  ab-  tricular  valves,  and  that  there  are  none  in  ^ 
domen  may  be  beneficial  to  persons  leading  chordsa  tendinss  attached  to  these  Talvei 
sedentary,  lives  and  to  women.  But  if  the  The  aortic  segment  of  the  mitral  Talre,  bow- 
pressure  is  made  extreme,  it  will  prevent  in-  ever,  presents  at  its  upper  part  a  vascolar  am 
stead  of  aiding  exercise  and  activity,  will  affect  of  small  extent,  not  exceeding  one  sixth  of  tb« 
the  arteries  also,  and  disturb  the  blood-supply  whole  height  of  the  valve;  and  in  the  fcetasi 
of  the  abdomen  and  lower  extremities.  few  muscular  fibers  accompanied  bj  t^^ 

Dr.  John  A.  McWilliam  has  found  that  the  penetrate  the  auriculo-ventricular  TalTes,  bflt 

rule  of  behavior  of  the  cardiac  muscle  of  cold-  never  extend  to  the  lower  fourth  of  tb^ 

blooded  animals  under  the  influence  of  single  valves.    The  semi-lunar  valves  of  the  aorta  and 

stimuli — that  the  minimum  stimulation  is  at  pulmonary  arteries  are  always  destitute  of  t<^ 

the  same  time  maximal — holds  also  with  the  sels ;    when  vessels  are  found,  therefore,  a  |,^ 

mammalian  heart.     There  occurs  a  rhythmic  those  non-vascular  parts,  they  may  alwajs  w 

rise  and  fall  in  the  excitability  of  the  organ ;  a  regarded  as  pathological, 
fall  immediately  succeeding  the  occurrence  of       Kesearches  on  the  blood-vessels  of  the  (^ 

an  effective  stimulation,  followed  by  a  gradual  nivora,  made  by  Bellarminoff  under  the  dir^ 

rise,  and  this  again   by  subsidence  into  the  tion  of  Dr.  H.  Virchow,  show  that  the  blood* 

phase  of  quiescence.    The  facts  indicate  that  vessels  of  the  eye  have  a  tendency  to  fons 

al(  parts  of  the  organ  are  endowed  with  inde-  rings,  from   which  a  large    number  of  ^ 

pendent  rhythmic  power,  but  not  in  equal  de-  branches   pass  posteriorly,   and  that  the  l^ 

gree ;  and  if  one  portion  of  the  heart  possesses  rangement  is  very  different  in  different  daasfl^ 

a  higher  power  of  spontaneous  rhythm  than  of  animals ;  thus,  for  instance,  the  course  i 

the  rest  of  the  organ,  its  rhythm  will  supersede  the  arteries  in  the  eye  ef  a  dog,  as  compare^ 

the  inherent  rhythm  of  the  other  parts,  and  with  that  of  a  rabbit,  is  such  that  the  docft 

determine  the  rate  of  contraction  in  the  whole  eye  must  be  turned  through  an  angle  of  ISO' 

organ.    The  causes  determining  rhythm  are  to  in  order  to  make  the  course  of  its  arteries  co^ 

be  sought  for  at  the  venous  end  of  the  organ,  respond  with  that  of  the  rabbit^s  eye. 
and  ultimately  in  the  molecular  changes  occur-        Rcsfrtimtlra* — A  simplified  method  of  measa^ 

ring  deep  in  the  tissue.    The  propagation  of  ing  the  gaseous  interchange  during  respiratioo 

the  contraction  from  auricles  to  ventricles  is  is  described  by  Prof.  Zuntz.     In  it  breatlungii 

mainly  effected  through  the  nerves  that  pass  carried  on,  the  nose  being  closed,  throofsh  a 

between  those  parts.  mouth-piece,  which  is  connected  by  very  mo- 

Dr.  E.  W.  Carlier  has  explained  a  method  bile  valves  with  gasometers,  which  thus  mea» 

by  which  human  blood  may  be  withdrawn  from  nre  the  volume  of  the  inspired  as  well  asof  th( 

the  body  and  its  fluidity  preserved.    The  finger  expired  air.    Samples  of  the  expired  air  can  b( 

from  which  the  blood  is  obtained  is  greased  and  collected  at  any  desired  intervals  of  time,  an^ 

plunged  into  castor-oil  before  the  pnnctore  is  the  amount  of  oxygen  and  carbonic  acid  in  thai 

made,  while  every  precaution  is  taken  to  pre-  determined.    Dr.  Loewy  has  carried  out  aosM 

vent  the  blood  coming  in  contact  with  the  air  experiments  with  this  apparatus  in  order  U 

or  with  solid  matter.    In  this  way  the  blood  determine  the  influence  of  digestive  actint;) 

may  be  preserved  in  a  fluid  state  for  a  con-  on  the  process.    The  respiratory  interchang< 

siderable  time.    As  the  drops  of  blood  settle  of  the  patients  was  determined  in  themoniinii 

slowly  in  the  oil,  the  corpuscles  are  seen  to  fall  while  they   were  fasting  and  in  a  quiesoen 

to  the  lower  part  of  the  drops,  while  the  clear  condition ;  they  were  then  given  Glanbers^-aalt 

plasma  remains  above.    Prof.  Hay  craft  and  Dr.  as  soon  as  the  action  of  the  salt  had  manifeste 


PHYSIOLOGY.  693 

f  and  increased  peristaltic  action  are  badlj  nonrished  and  weak,  and  especially 

le  respiratory  interchange  was  when  they  are  also  saffering  from  disease,  their 

led.    In  all  cases  the  gaseous  in-  saliva  has  a  diminished  power  of  dissolving 

I  increased  by  from  7  to  80  per  starch.    When  starchy  substances  are  subjected 

n  the  normal.    The  several  per-  to  prolonged  cooking  they  become  more  easily 

very  differently  in  this  respect,  digestible ;  and  in  this  way  compensation  may 

person  showed  marked  differ-  be  provided  for  the  inactivity  of  the  saliva  of 

crease  of  respiratory  interchange  weakly  persons.    Thus,  rice  and  peas  were 

les,  after  equal  doses  of  salt.   As  found  to  require  three  hours*  cooking  in  order 

icrease  was  proportional  to  the  to  render  them  as  easily  digested  in  the  saliva, 

K^omfort  experienced  by  the  pa-  possessing  only  88  per  cent,  of  the  normal  ac- 

^er  parts  of  the  body.  tivity,  of  a  badly  nourished,  hysterical  woman, 

in  the  investigation  of  normal  as  they  were  with  a  single  bourns  cooking  by 

rects  attention  to  the  occlusion  of  the  saliva  of  healthy  persons ;  and  generally  it 

f  the  air  inspired,  and  insists  on  was  found  that  in  the  case  of  weakly  or  dis- 

le  of  considering  the  proportion  eased  persons  starchy  food   must  be  cooked 

'bonic  acid  expired.  twice  or  thrice  as  long,  in  order  that  it  may  be 

t«B« — Later  studies  by  Dr.  J.  N.  equally  acted  upon,  as  in  the  case  of  healthy 

3  physiology  of  the  salivary  se-  persons.    Again,  when  starch  has  been  cooked 

to  the  effect  of  atropine  upon  the  for  a  long  time  there  is  less  difference  between 

eties  of  secretory  nerve-fibers,  the  effects  of  healthy  and  unhealthy  saliva 

pposes  that  there  are  two  kinds  npon  it ;  this  is  especially  remarkable  in  the 

jers,  one  proper  secretory  cans-  case  of  millet,  which  after  one  hour's  cooking 

iquid,  and  the  other  trophic  caus-  showed  a  difference  of  12*89  per  cent,  in  favor 

se  in  solubility  in  the  stored-np  of  the  saliva  of  healthy  as  against  that  of  dis- 

ce.     The    author   had   already  eased  persons,  but  after  three  hours'  cooking  a 

the  assumption  of  the  existence  difference  of  only  5*77  per  cent, 

nds  of  secretory  fibers,  there  is  From  a  series  of  experiments  still  going  en, 

pposing  that  there  is  a  third  va-  Drs.  Vincent  D.  Harris  and  Howard  H.  Tooth 

0  fibers— cansing  the  formation  have  obtained  evidence  in  support  of  the  gen- 
;nce  by  the  cells.  The  effects  of  erally  accepted  belief  that  micro- organisms 
ug  been  observed  only  on  the  need  not  take  any  part  in  gastric  digestion, 
ry  fibers.  Dr.  Langley's  observa-  In  regard  to  the  formation  of  leucin  and  tyro- 
tended  to  the  other  fibers,  with  sin  in  pancreatic  digestions,  although  their  ex- 

the  drug  was  found  to  paralyze  periraents  were  inconclusive,  they  have  been 
inabolic,  and  secretory  fibers  si-  led  to  believe  that  the  formation  of  these  sub- 
Hence,  the  author  concludes,  stances  depends,  in  part  at  all  events,  on  bac- 
langes  caused  in  the  gland- cells  teria.  It  seems  to  them  likely  that  the  forma- 
lulation  are  all  affected  by  atro-  tion  of  indol  and  its  allies  in  the  alimentary 
approximately  equal  extents,  canal  below  the  stomach  is  a  mode  of  excreting 
is  of  the  chorda  occurs,  it  is  a  nitrogen,  like  the  production  of  leucin  and  ty- 
e  whole  of  its  function  with  re-  rosin,  and  that  the  former  substances  are  not 
land- cells.  In  other  words,  the  formed  from  the  latter,  but  directly  from  pep- 
atropine  poisoning  give  no  indi-  tone. 

existence  of  more  than  one  kind  The  researches  of  Drs.  Henry  Lefimann  and 

)rve-fiber  in  the  chorda  tympani.  William  Beam  on  the  action  of  antiseptics  in 

concludes,  from  his  observations,  perishable  articles  of  food  upon  the  organism 

were  special  experiments  upon  and  their  effect  on  the  nutritive  or  medicinal 

i,  that  the  supposition  that  the  value  of  any  articles  with  which  they  may  be 

^on  plays  no  part  in  gastric  di-  associated  were  based  on  the  estimation  of  the 

leous ;  and  that,  on  the  contrary,  sugar  formed  in  presence  of  a  large  excess  of 

of  saliva  in  the  stomach  has  a  starch,  arrow-root  starch  being  selected  for  the 

1  promoting  the  secretion  of  gas-  purpose  of  the  experiments.    It  was  found  that 

salicylic  acid  prevents  the  conversion  of  starch 

las  found  evidence  that  the  acid  into  sugar  under  the  influence  of  either  diastase 

juice  in  man,  as  ascertained  by  or  pancreatic  extract,  but  does  not  seriously  in- 

r  dialysis  during  the  first  period  terfere  with  peptic  or  pancreatic  digestion  of 

9  exclusively  the  hippuric,  while  albumen.    Saccharin  holds  about  the  same  re- 

»e  of  digestion  there  is  a  mixture  lation  as  salicylic  acid.    Sodium  acid,  sulphite, 

d  tartaric  acids.    In  the  fasting  and  boric  acid  are  practically  without  retard- 

icid  is  alone  present.  ing  effect    Beta-naphthol  interferes  decidedly 

snts  to  determine  the  effect  of  with  the  formation  of  sugar  by  diastase,  but 

le  digestibility  of  starchy  foods,  not  with  the  action  of  pancreatic  extract  on 

in,  of  St.  Petersburg,  found  that  starch.     Peptic  and   pancreatic  digestions  of 

'  the  saliva  does  not  differ  much  albuminoids  were  almost   prevented  by  this 

y  persons,  but  that  when  people  agent    The  authors  conclude  that  the  indis- 


latioD  OF  the  niCrogenoas  parts  oc  tbe  loucL 
wae  diminished,  while  the  nitrogenous  metab- 
olisin  was  increased.  The  loea  b;  the  lungs 
and  slcin  was  increased  to  a  marlced  degree,  but 
the  urine  was  dimiai^hed ;  and  the  nrio  acid 
was  diminished  during  the  dajs  when  the  baths 
were  given.  Tlie  baths  have  tie  efieot  of 
Btrengthening  the  rausoulsr  and  nervous  aja- 
teins,and  ot  increasing  aecretion  when  there  is 
much  mnscuiar  work,  especially  when  the  food 
is  deSoient  in  nitrogen,  when  there  is  a  large 
amount  of  nervous  and  mental  activity,  and 
when  there  is  deficient  action  of  the  secretory 
organs  in  consequence  of  preceding  hyperae- 
cretion,  or  morbid  conditions,  snch  as  chronic 
catarrh  of  the  bronchi,  slomacb,  intestines,  or 
gen ito -urinary  tract,  chronic  hepatic,  renal,  or 
splenic  affections.  In  these  oases,  together 
with  the  baths,  (at  and  hydrocarbons  are  re- 
quired in  the  food.  As  contra- indications, 
tneorj  would  lead  us  to  conclude  all  conditions 
where  the  nitrogeoons  metabolism  is  dimin- 
ished, and  also  those  where  artiScially  induced 
diminution  of  it  appears  to  act  prejadicially. 

After  an  investigation  of  the  qualities  of 
vegetable  albuioens,  Dr.  Rntgors  oonoludas,  in 
the  "Zeitschrift  fur  Biologie,"  that  they  are 
capable  of  supplying  the  place  of  the  ordinary 
albumens  which  we  are  accustomed  to  con- 
sume as  food,  without  caaaing  any  disturbance 
in  the  nitrogenous  balance  of  the  economy  i 
that  beans  and  peas  overcharge  the  alimentary 
tract,  because  both  of  their  solids  and  of  their 
disposition  to  develop  gas,  while  meat  and  rioe 
canse  no  disturbance.  There  are  conseqaentlj 
various  centra-indications  as  to  an  exclusively 
vegetable  diet.  The  acidity  of  the  stomach 
and  of  the  urine  are  much  less  upon  a  wholly 
vegetable  than  apon  an  ordinary  mixed  diet. 

Br.  R.  Schneider  has  experimented  upon  the 
abaorptioD  of  iron  and  on  ita  oconrrence  as 
oiide  in  the  organs  and  tissues  of  animalit. 
All  the  animals  examined — whether  living  in 
water,  mud,  or  underground — contained  oxide 


tion  waves;  tnat  tbe  nnmber  ot  tbese 
ond  varies  in  different  individnab;  1 
nnmber  of  muscular  responses  per  sect 
voluntarily  contracting  muscle  varies  i 
weight  lifted,  increasing  with  the  weig 
a  certain  maximum,  beyond  which  ai 
takes  place ;  that  the  number  of  respo 
ries  with  the  time  during  which  the  m 
made  to  contract ;  a  similar  oonrse  is  c 
with  increased  activity  to  tliat  deao 
connection  with  increased  weight;  a 
the  number  of  responses  per  second  pi 
by  an  unweighted  muscle  and  the  sarat 
in  a  state  of  dead  strain  is  fairly  consti 
is  the  lowest  number  of  muscular  respo 
tained  from  a  volnntarilj  contracting 

The  experiments  of  Horsle;  and 
have  led  them  to  oonolade  that  the 
mnscnlar  rhythm  is  abont  ten  per 
Charcot,  studying  the  differences  m  ti 
of  musoular  movements  in  different  fi 
tremor,  baa  determined  tremors  of  slow 
— four  or  five  per  second — in  paral; 
tans  and  multiple  sclerosis ;  and  ol 
rhythm — eight  or  nine  per  second— i 
holio  end  mercurial  tremors  and  the  tr 
exophthalmic  goitre.  Dra.  R.  N.  Wc 
and  Dawson  Williams  urge  that  these 
tions  must  be  taken  with  reserve,  aoi 
tain  that  the  rate  of  the  normal  tremoi 
pathological  conditions,  hi 
m  amplitude.  While  the  a| 
rate  is  five  or  six  per  second  in  the  tre 
old  age,  a  oarefnl  stady  of  the  can 
show  that  tbe  apparent  eingla  vibntii 
really  made  np  of  two,  and  that  the  sli 
mor  is  therefore  one  of  normal  rate  in 
every  other  vibration  is  imperfect. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  by  Dr. 
Yeo  to  settle  the  doubt  which  had  ai 
regard  to  the  dnration  and  aigniScsnce 
latent  period  of  excitation  in  mnscle  c 
tion.  He  finds  that  as  the  intensity  of 
lation  increases  op  to  the  ii^nrionspc 


PHYSIOLOGY.  695 

e   found  in  ordinary  records.    From  these  less ;  two  of  these — ^naphthol  yellow  and  hrill- 

ad  other  results  he  concludes  that  there  is  a  iant  yellow — are  articles  of  commerce.    The 

ariod  of  some  '005  of  a  second  (net  latency)  difference  points  to  a  relationship  between  tlie 

nring  which  certain  molecular  changes,  neces-  chemical  constitution  and  physiological  action 

iry  for  its  energy  to  become  visible,  take  place  of  these  bodies. 

I  muscle.    The  influence  of  the  elasticity  of  The  general  physiological  action  of  carbonic 

oscle  or  the  rate  of  propagation  of  the  wave  monoxide  was  well  illustrated  in  a  case  of  fa- 

!  contraction  can  only  come  into  operation  tal  poisoningby  that  gas  at  Troy,  N.  T.,  of 

ter  this  period.  which  Prof.  W.  P.  Mason  gave  an  account  be- 

The  study  of  the  action  of  caffeine  upon  vol-  fore  the  American  Association.    Owing  to  a 

it&rj  muscle  is  one  of  especial  interest,  be-  break  in  the  mains,  a  quantity  of  fuel-gas 

,uae  different  observers  have  often  obtained  passed  beneath  the  frozen  crest  of  the  earth 

»ry  different  results.    In  taking  the  subject  and  escaped  into  the  adjoining  houses.    Three 

>    again  for  investigation,  Drs.  T.  Lauder  deaths  and  a  number  of  serious  illnesses  result- 

mntoQ  and  J.  Theodore  Cash  have  kept  in  ed.    The  fuel-gas  contained  about  40  per  cent. 

ew  the  facts  that  the  action  which  a  sub-  of  carbon  monoxide  and  was  practically  odor- 

ance  is  alleged  to  have  upon  a  living  organ-  less.   Very  searching  autopsies  were  made  with 

m  may  vary  according  to  the  nature  of  the  the  result  of  finding  nothing  abnormal  except 

rug ;  according  to  the  nature  of  the  organ-  the  bright,  cherry-red  color  of  the  tissues  and 

m ;  and  according  to  the  conditions  (of  tem-  the  vivid  redness  of  the  blood.    The  physician 

erature,  duration  of  observation,  dose,  etc.)  making  the  autopsies  was  seized  with  giddiness 

Ader  which  the  experiments  are  made.    So  and  great  oppression  in  the  chest,  calling  strong- 

ar  as  described  in  their  paper,  the  experi-  ly  to  mind  the  symptoms  described  by  Sir  Hum- 

nents  of  the  authors  have  been  directed  to  the  phry  Davy  when  he  so  rashly  experimented 

unount  of  caffeine  producing  rigor,  aud  to  the  upon   himself  with  carbon  monoxide.     The 

effect  of  certain  acids  and  alkalies  on  caffeine  presence  of  carbon  monoxide  in  the  blood  was 

ligor.  shown  by  the  spectroscope,  the  characteristic 

Whatever  view  may  be  entertained  as  to  the  absorption  bands  being  strongly  marked.    Al- 

oature  of  the  electric  currents  present  in  an  though  now  twenty  months  since  the  time  of 

injured  muscle  or  nerve,  whether  they  be  re-  its  removal  from  the  body,  the  blood  still  pre- 

gitfded  as  pre-existing  in  the  uninjared  condi-  serves  its  brilliant  redness  and  gives  the  carbon 

Uon  or  as  being  developed  through  injury,  monoxide  bands  as  distinctly  as  ever. 

Bach  currents  exist  in  the  ii^ured  condition.  The  toxic  milk  ptomaine,  tyrotoxicon,  ac- 

They  have  been  made  the  subject  of  investiga-  cording   to    Braithwaite^s   **  Retrospect**    is, 

tioDs,  with  improved  apparatus,  by  Drs.  Qenry  chemically  speaking,  diazo-benzole.    It  is  de- 

0.  Chapman  and  Albert  P.  Brubaker,  who  veloped  in  milk  by  the  growth  of  a  micro-or- 

have  sought  to  demonstrate  their  presence  in  ganism  which  multiplies  rapidly  under  favora- 

moscle  and  nerve,  and  to  determine  their  elec-  ble  conditions.     These  are  principally  the  ex- 

tro-motive  force.    The  method  of  these  an-  elusion  of  air,  entirely  or  to  a  great  extent,  and 

thors  has  been  applied  to  the  gastrocnemius  a  temperature  approaching  86  .    It  is  observed 

iDQsole  and  the  sciatic  nerve  of  the  frog,  and  under  these  conditions  if  milk,  as  it  is  drawn 

they  have  determined  that  the  electro-motive  from  the  cow,  is  placed  in  cans  and  they  are 

force  of  the  mascle  is  more  than  three  times  as  tightly  closed, 

great  as  that  of  the  nerve.  It  is  shown  in  a  memoir  by  MM.  Roux,  and 

John  Campbell,  of  Johns  Hopkins  Univer-  Chamberland,  to  which  M.  Pasteur  has  called 
nty,  has  found  that  when  curarized  muscles  attention  in  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences, 
are  moderately  weighted  and  stimulated  with  that  the  septic  vibrion,  a  living  ferment  analo- 
dectricity,  the  stimulus  starts  from  only  one  gous  to  the  butyric  vibrion,  develops  soluble 
electrode — viz.,  the  cathode  on  closing  and  the  chemical  products,  which  gradually  act  as  an 
anode  on  opening  the  current ;  while  with  in-  antiseptic  on  the  organism  itself.  These  prod- 
significant  weights  the  muscle  is  stimulated  at  nets,  introduced  in  sufficient  quantities  into  the 
both  anode  ana  cathode,  with  equal  and  simul-  body  of  the  guinea-pig,  confer  absolute  immu- 
toneous  stimuli.  nity  from  the  attacks  of  the  virus,  to  which 

PlieMi. — An  investigation  has  been  under-  that  animal  is  specially  susceptible. 

taken  by  Dr.  Weyl  of  the  toxic  or  non-toxic  Experiments  by  Dr.  R.  H.  Chittenden  have 

[properties  of  the  coloring  matters  derived  from  shown  thnt  uranium  is  an  irritant  poison  tend- 

soal-tar,  including  especially  those  that  might  ing  to  destroy  the  life  of  the  intestinal  and  re* 

t>e  employed  for  the  coloration  of  food-materi-  nal  tissues.    Enteritis,  or  acute  catarrhal  in- 

ila.    The  author  first  tested  the  nitroso  and  flammatinn,  was  easily  induced  by  the  adminis- 

litro  derivatives  of  benzol  and  phenol,  and,  tration  of  small  doses  of  its  salts.     In  toxic 

aking  phenyl  green  as  a  typical  representa-  doses  it  causes  absolute  anuria;  in  smaller  doses, 

ive,  found  the  first  to  be  non-poisonous.    The  merely  acute  parenchymatous  nephritis;  in  mi- 

litro-derivatives  which  he  examined — namely,  nute  doses  it  has  a  diuretic  effect.    Oxalate  of 

icric  acid,  dinitro-kresol,  and  Martinis  yellow  lime  crystals  in  the  urine,  and  glycosuria  were 

-be  found  to  be  poisonous ;  the  sulpho-com-  constantly  noted  in  cases  of  poisoning  by  ura- 

oands  of  the  last-named  matter  were  harm-  niunu 


1 


696 


PORTUGAL. 


There  are  a  number  of  substances,  according 
to  Prof.  Liebriech,  which,  when  in^'ected  subcu- 
taneously,  give  rise  to  ansBsthesia  m  the  imme- 
diate neighborhood  of  the  place  where  they  are 
injected.  Antipyrine,  sal-ammoniac,  salts  of 
tannin,  resorcin,  chloride  of  iron,  and  other 
substances  have  this  action,  although  there  is 
no  chemical  or  physiological  similarity  between 
them.  They  possess,  however,  the  property 
in  common  that  they  all  have  a  corrosive  ac- 
tion on  the  tissues — the  expression  being  un- 
derstood to  imply  any  kind  of  alteration  of 
molecular  structure.  The  alkaloids,  in  the 
cases  where  they  possess  a  local  ansBsthetic 
action,  act  in  the  same  way,  as,  for  instance, 
erythrophcein.  Cocaine  alone  is  an  exception 
to  the  rule,  inasmuch  as  it  is  a  local  aneesthet- 
io,  but  does  not  corrode  the  tissues.  When  ap- 
plied subcutaneously  to  man,  the  substances 
named  produce  either  no  localized  ansBsthesia, 
or  one  which  is  very  imperfect.  When  testing 
the  action  of  anaesthetics  on  the  eye,  it  is  es- 
sential to  take  into  account  the  difference  in 
sensitiveness  of  the  conjunctiva  and  cornea,  as 
Claude  Bernard  has  pointed  out. 

PORTUGAL,  a  constitutional  monarchy  in 
Southwestern  Europe.  The  crown  is  heredi- 
tary to  both  sexes  in  the  house  of  Braganza. 
The  present  sovereign  is  Luis  I,  born  Oct.  81, 
1888,  the  son  of  Queen  Maria  II  and  Prince 
Ferdinand  of  Saxe-Coburg,  who  succeeded  his 
brother  Pedro  V,  Nov.  11,  1861,  and  married 
in  1862,  Pia,  youngest  daughter  of  King  Vit- 
torio  Emanuele  of  Italy. 

The  Carta  de  Ley^  or  Constitution,  granted  in 
1826,  and  altered  in  1852,  was  further  modified 
by  the  law  of  July  24,  1885,  which  abolishes 
hereditary  peerages  by  a  gradual  process. 
These  become  extinct  on  the  death  of  the  im- 
mediate successors  of  the  peers  now  living.  In 
the  place  of  the  hereditary  peers,  there  will  be 
100  peers  appointed  for  life  by  the  King,  and 
60  elective  peers.  The  Chamber  of  Peers  con- 
sists of  162  members,  and  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  since  1884  has  had  173  members. 
The  present  Cabinet,  constituted  on  Feb.  20, 
1886,  is  composed  as  follows :  President  of  the 
Council  and  Minister  of  the  Interior,  Lucianno 
de  Castro  Pereira  Corte  Real ;  Minister  of  Jus- 
tice, F.  A.  da  Veiga  Beirao ;  Minbter  of  Pub- 
lic Works,  E.  J.  Navarro ;  Minister  of  Finance, 
M.  Cyrillo  de  Carvalho ;  Minister  of  War,  Col. 
Viscount  San  Januario;  Minister  of  Marine 
and  the  Colonies,  H.  de  Barros  Gomes,  who  is 
also  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  ad  interim, 

FtiancM.— The  public  debt  on  June  80,  1887, 
amounted  to  490,493,599  milreis.  The  interest 
discharged  during  the  year  was  14,907,479 
milreis,  and  the  interest  in  default  that  was 
added  to  the  debt  was  5,237,420  milreis. 

€«HHiiMlctti«M. — The  main  lines  in  1888  had 
the  total  length  of  1,761  kilometres,  while  882 
kilometres  were  in  course  of  construction.  Of 
subsidiary  railroads,  there  were  144  kilometres 
completed  and  109  kilometres  building. 

The  number  of  letters  sent  through  the  mails 


in  1887  was  20,219,712;   post-cards, 
279 ;  circulars  atid  newspapers,  16,944,181 

The  length  of  the  Government  lines  it  tiie 
beginnmg  of  1885  was  4,978  kilometru,  witli 
11,782  kilometres  of  wire.  The  receipts  fe« 
220,684  mibeis. 

OoHMene. — The  values  of  the  imports  and  ex- 
ports of  the  various  classes  in  1887  are  p^ 
in  milreis,  in  the  following  table: 


CLASSES. 


IiDportk 


Oereftls. 

Fruits  and  Tegetables 

Colonial  produce 

Wines  and  spirits 

AninuUs  snd  snimal  jMroducts. 

Minerals 

Metals. 

Hides  and  leather 

Timber 

Textiles 

Various  manalkctores 

Drugs  and  chemioals 


Total  merchandise . 


ft,199,000 
l,05a,000 

a,86a,ooo 

192,000 
4,644,000 
2,448,000 
7,7«>,000 
2,844,000 

i,m,ooo 
e,so&.ooo 
^^4^coo 

400.000 


42,018,000 


Ixftrtk 

1,T14,W 
M.00i 

mm 

mm 

1T,6» 
46S,(W 


814H000 


The  imports  of  precious  metals  amomted  to 
4,771,000  milreis,  and  the  exports  to  6,000 
milreis. 

The  countries  participating  in  tte  i<WL 
commerce  of  Portugal  in  1886  and  thevajo*^ 
the  trade  with  each,  in  milreis,  are  given i»^ 
following  table : 


COUNTRieS. 


Oreat  Britain 

France    

BrailL 

Germany 

United  Btatcs 

Spain 

Portuguese  possessions. 

Belgium 

Italy 

Sweden  and  Norway. . . . 

Bussia 

Other  countries 


Total 


12,174,000 

M80,000 

2,014,000 

4,685.000 

4,978,000 

2,fiM,000 

1,582,000 

1,6»7,000 

799,000 

741,000 

471,000 

28S,000 


87326,000 


4^« 

\fm 

64106 

5&t.« 
S49.9 
164,0 

21M 
29&0 
4m,C 


26.1»,< 


The  merchant  marine  in  1888  consistec 
48  steam-vessels  of  the  aggregate  capacit; 
16,260  cubic  metres,  and  421  sailing-vessel 
82,810  cubic  metres. 

Hie  iniy.  —  The  effective  strength  of 
army  on  the  peace  footing,  Aug.  31,  1888, 
2,078  officers  and  28,584  men,  with  2,852  bo 
and  768  mules.  The  war  strength  was  8, 
officers  and  125,057  men,  with  7,821  boi 
4,870  mules,  and  264  guns.  These  figarei 
not  include  the  coloniid  foroes,  consisting 
regiment  of  infantry  1,198  strong,  and  7. 
colonial  troops  of  the  first  line,  besides  nun 
ous  native  troops  of  the  second  and  third  li 

The  Navy.— The  fleet  in  1888  numbered 
steamers  with  126  guns,  and  13  8ailing-v« 
with  41  guns.  The  steam  navj  indade 
iron-clad  corvette,  the  *'Vasco  de  Game' 
other  corvettes;  18  gun-boats;  7  other  su 
ers ;  and  6  torpedo-vessels. 

ColMiles* — In  Macao,  Portugaese  soverd] 
over  which  has  recently  been  acknowlec 
by  China  in  return  for  the  co-operation  oi 


PORTUGAL. 


PRESBYTERIANS. 


697 


orities  in  soppressing  opinm-smug- 
ezcitement  was  produced  in  Sep- 
le  condact  of  the  Goyemor  in  dis- 
enado  or  manicipal  ooonoil,  owing 
«  of  opinion  between  himself  and 

This  body  has  existed  for  three 
rs,  managing  all  the  internal  af- 
M>lony,  regalating  trade,  adminis- 
es,  and  performing  all  duties  of  an 
3  except  the  control  of  troops.  The 
rOTemment  notified  to  the  powers 
abandonment  of  the  protectorate 
ed  over  the  Kingdom  of  Dahomey 
885,  being  unwilling  to  bear  the 
responsibility  for  the  actions  of 

On  the  African  coast  farther 
vemment  has  made  extraordinary 
Bnd  and  consolidate  its  authority. 
T  of  the  Congo  territory,  in  Feb- 
took  peaceable  possession  of  Am- 
)w  export  duties  for  the  Portu- 
,  copied  from  those  of  the  Congo 
rent  into  force  on  March  1.  The 
K)cupation  interfered  in  no  way 
bough  the  natives  complained  of 
f  duties  to  the  native  chief  in  ad- 
new  import  duties  imposed  by  the 
luthorities.  Kinsembo  was  also 
t  not  without  a  struggle.  The 
ailitary  posts  have  been  advanced 
erior,  and  Portuguese  emissaries 
have  penetrated  toward  Eassai 
3  the  Congo  Free  State.  In  East 
lonial  authorities  have  been  active 
Portuguese  influence,  though  with 
The  cause  of  this  unusual  activity 
to  preserve  the  regions  where  Por- 
tr  colonies  and  the  belt  extending 
nterior  from  shore  to  shore,  qa  a 
Qization  and  a  commercial  outlet 
ise  manufactures.  Portugal  ob- 
France,  in  her  treaty  of  May  12, 
Dowledgement  that  the  territories 
ola  and  Mozambique  were  within 
influence.  Germany,  in  the  treaty 
cember  80  of  the  same  year,  like- 
d  not  to  encroach  upon  this  terri- 
Britain,  however,  made  no  such 
ut  in  1888,  in  order  more  espe- 
iu  the  Transvaal  Boers,  announced 
itry  of  Lobengula  and  all  the  ter- 
f  the  Portuguese  possessions  and 
Zambesi  river,  would  Iienceforth 
IS  within  the  sphere  of  British  in- 
s  includes  Mashonaland,  where 
ortant  of  the  gold-fields  are  situ- 
nglish  company  having  obtained 
ula  the  exclusive  right  to  mine  for 
onaland,  the  Portuguese  consul  at 
in  the  name  of  his  Government,  re- 
pretended  rights  of  Lobengula  to 
and  the  adjacent  territories,  over 
^al  claims  sovereignty.  A  project 
itinental  railroad  has  been  adopted, 
section  of  two  hundred  miles  from 
ist  has  been  begun.    In  order  to 


link  the  two  colonics  together,  a  line  of  steam- 
ers between  Loango  and  Mozambique  has  been 
established,  while  the  Portuguese  subsidy  has 
been  withdrawn  from  the  British  line  running 
between  Mozambique  and  Bombay,  which  is 
the  chief  outlet  for  the  products  of  the  Portu- 
guese possessions  on  the  east  coast.  Portugal 
has  undertaken  to  preserve  peace  and  order  on 
the  shores  of  Lake  Nyassa,  where  English  mis- 
sionaries and  traders  are  established,  having 
abolished  the  transit-dues  for  goods  passing  to 
Lake  Nyassa  in  1884,  thus  making  a  financial 
sacrifice  in  order  to  obviate  any  claim  of  Great 
Britain  to  interfere  in  that  region. 

PRESBTTfaUANS.  I.  Presbyterian  Church  In  the 
United  States  •i  iMrtct.— The  following  is  the 
General  Summary  of  the  statistics  of  this 
Church,  as  they  are  published  with  the  "Jour- 
nal "  of  the  General  Assembly  for  1888.  The 
statistics  fur  1874,  1880,  and  1887  are  also 
given  for  comparison,  and  to  show  the  growth 
of  the  Church  during  the  past  fifteen  years : 


ITEMS. 

1874. 

1880. 

1887. 

1888. 

Bvnods 

85 

88 

28 

28 

Preabyteries... 

174 

177 

201 

202 

Caodldates 

767 

600 

986 

997 

LIcentUites 

809 

294 

857 

814 

Ministers 

4,C07 

6,044 

6.664 

6,789 

EMera 

21,885 

22,484 

Deacons 

7,085 
6,487 

7,210 

Chorches 

""'i94A 

• •  • i^4gj* 

6,548 

Churches  organ- 

ized   

174 

169 

228 

206 

Added  on  ex- 

amination. . . . 

8fi,97I 

26,688 

68,887 

61,062 

Commonicanta. 

495,684 

678,671 

696,827 

722,071 

Baptisms,  ad- 

ults   

11,682 

9,282 

20,115 

18,799 

Baptiflms,  in- 
lanta  ...  •  •  • . 

18,888 

18,960 

28,470 

28,869 

Sunday-school 

members .... 

616,971 

681,962 

771,899 

798,442 

ContribuHont: 

Home  missions. 

1416.067 

$429,769 

$78.\075 

$844,695 

Foreign  mlss^ns 

508,620 

420,427 

669,908 

748,485 

Education 

243,962 

109,066 

117,900 

162,820 

Publication*... 

61,606 

27,688 

89,489 

78,182 

Church  erection 

146,068 

151,815 

286,690 

228364 

Relief  Aind.... 

78,927 

57,780 

110,942 

t525,566 

Freedmen 

47,419 

48,497 

108,406 

106,647 

8u6tentation . . . 

68,115 

20,»49 

26,419 

215,009 

General  Assem- 

bly  

86,485 

42,044 

62.880 

87,026 

Aid  for  colleflres. 

""1 

127,627 

68,126 

Congregational . 

*6,wV,io8" 

'6,*W8;i66' 

7.902,485 

8,808.562 

Miscellaneous.. 

882,576 

954,948 

860,762 
$1 1,092,72s 

1,014,868 

Total 

19,120,792 

$8,861,028 

$12,817,768 

*  To  be  known  hereafter  as  Sunday-school  work. 
t  Includes  part  of  Centenary  fund. 

The  receipts  of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions 
for  the  year  had  been  $783,627,  the  largest  ever 
returned,  and  also  the  largest,  it  was  claimed, 
thtit  had  ever  been  contributed  to  this  cause  in 
a  single  year  by  any  evangelical  denomination 
in  America.  Fourteen  hundred  and  eighty -six 
missionaries  had  been  employed,  in  all  but  six 
States,  in  the  Union  ;  under  whose  labors  170 
churches  had  been  organized,  371  Sabbath- 
schools  established,  119  houses  of  worship 
built,  and  10,182  church-members  added  on 
profession  of  faith.  The  Woman's  Board  had 
maintained  29  schools,  with  115  teachers, 
among  the  Indians ;  24  schools,  with  48  teach- 


tbere  ere  eight,  retarned  tbe  aggregaM  value  toIto  tbe  great  system  ot  trotii  tno' 

of  the  propertj  of  those  instJtDtJonB  as  |T,216,-  Calvinlstio,  and  particalarl;  whetlier 

000,  and  the  nhole  nnmber  of  stadeots  at-  traceable  aoj  distinct  tinctareofsnch 

tending  tbem  as  607.     The  cunttibnldons  of  and  aeuii-Pda^an  heresies  as  were  n 

tbe  charcbes  to  the  fands  of  tbe  Board  of  controversy  in  1887."    TbeNorthen) 

Pabltcation  had  amoanted  to  (78,000,  giving  tee  replied  to  these  qiie«tioDa,Febra>i 

an  increase  from  tbe  previons  jear  more  than  the  reunited  General  Assembly  his  I 

saffioient  to  pa;  off  its  debt.    Twenty-three  doctrineon  thesubject  of  political^ 

new  Tolainea  and  eleven  tracts  had  been  added  than  is  declared  in  its  expression  of  il 

to  its  book-list;  10,000  books  and  S,000,000  (see  " Annual  Cycloptedia" for  136!). 

lesson  helps  and  papers  had  been  granted;  in  the  langaage  of  the  Confession  of  F 

and  78  mission  ecnools  had  been  organized  is  eqaally  binding  on  both  Cborcbei 

daring  the  year.     The  debt  of  the  Board  of  asserted  that  the  Northern  Chuch  i 

Education  had  been  reduced  from  |I6,000  to  favor  of  setting;  off  its  colored  mcoitx 

(8,800,  and  the  namber  of  stadonts  (or  the  separate  organization,  the  ooinmittect: 

ministry  had  iQcreased.    The  timstees  ot  the  the  belief  that  the  religioos  vork  lo 

Oeueral  Assembly  returned  the  whole  amount  among  this  people  could  only  !»  '■■^ 

of  its  trnst  funds  on  the  8lBt  of  March,  1888,  at  by  the  Church  reunited  as  one;  tliii 

$467,390.    The  treasurer  of  the  Genera!  As-  anperviuon  of  their  chnrchei  and  * 

sembly  had  received  (62,986,  and  had  expended  fined  system  of  moral  and  scriptnral  fr 

(44,324.    The  Board  of  Missions  forFreedraen  of  them  was  demanded  ;  that  while  I'' 

reported  that  its  receipts  for  the  year  had  been  getization  should  be  oontinoed  undert 

(131,653  or  (36,183  mora  than  for  the  previous  tion  of  the  General  Assembly,  the<J« 

year.     It  had  employed  26  white  and  81  col-  sembly  had  recognized  that  itwa>l«* 

ored  missionaries,  48  white  and  106  colored  pjished  by  the  education  of  colored  i 

teachers,  and  10  oalechiBls,  and  sastained  2S5  and  the  organization  of  churches  moi 

churches,  with  16,661  members,  and  226  Sab-  colored  members  and  of  those  connec 

bath-schools,  with  14,665  members.     Thirteen  this  work,  and  had  organized  SDcli 

churches  bad  been  organized,  and  1,210  mem-  with  presbyteries  and  synods,  with  i 

bars  added  on  eiamination.  talion  in  tbe  General  Assembly.  TU 

The  total  receipts  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  tee  added,  on  this  point: 

Missions'bad  been  (901.181,  or  (117,023  more  We  .raof  theopimon  that  onrAwanlilj 

than  those  of  the  previous  year.  to  a  basis  of  orgnnio  union,  by  which  i 

The  one  hundredth  General  Assembly  met  boundari™  and  oonatitueDciea  of  preibj 

in  Philadelphia,  May  17.    Tlie  Rev.  Charles  •r'*^;°  ^,«  ^^S"  f^'"  '^'"'°  V*  ,tf ' 

L.  Thompson,  Tj.  D.f  was  chosen  moderator.  „;S^-  .SK^  tLl  au'S.e^''eh«!^h«  , 

Tbe  Committee  of  Conference  with  the  South-  jireBbyierica  hereatter  oBtobiinhwl,  »!i»ll  * 

ern  Presbyterian  Church  presented  its  report,  ny  and  received  into  coiiDecfion  »ilh  | 

relating  the  correspondence  and  negotiatjons  and  synodB  respectively,  as  Uie  intereewd 

that  had  passed  between  it  and  the  similar  com-  ™""^'r  <^sreo. 

mittee  of  tbe  SoutherD  Churcli  in  relation  to  The  ecclesiastical  boards  were  it 

onranin  onion.      The  cnmmitt4>eii  hnd   bpld  n  ho  fumntM  of  thnGpniTnl  Aowmhlv  r 


PRESBYTERIANS.  ^99 

le  Assembly,  while  deolaring  that  it  would  tion  of  the  traffic  hj  civilized  nations  into 

rematare  and  improper  to  consider  the  re-  heathen  lands  with  "  shame,  horror,  and  appre- 

as  foraishing  a  dennite  and  formal  basis  hension,*^  declared  itself  ready  to  unite  with 

iDion,  inasmuch  as  that  subject  was  not  other  Churches  in  an  effort  to  induce  Christian 

erly  before  it,  approved  of  the  general  governments  to  abolish  and  prevent  it.     A 

aples  enunciated  in  the  replies  of  the  com-  resolution  recognizing  ^^  Decoration  Day,^'  and 

^  to  the  inquiries  of  the  Southern  breth-  the  value  of  the  services  of  Union  soldiers,  was 

as  furnishing  substantially  a  reflection  of  supplemented  by  a  declaration  that  it  was  not 

ews  touching  the  subjects  to  which  they  intended  to  contradict  the  great  principles  of 

» ;  expressed  the  conviction  t^at  the  most  the  spirituality  of  the  Church  as  laid  down  in 

ive  form  of  co-operation  could  be  secured  the  Confession  of  Faith.    A  case  of  discipline 

[>y  an  organic  union  of  tlie  two  Churches;  came  before  the  Assembly  in  which  the  ques- 

eolared  itself  ready  to  enter  upon  negotia-  tion  of  the  legality  of  responsive  services  in  the 

looking  to  that  result  whenever  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  was  involved.  The  action 

lent  of  the  Southern  Assembly  it  might  of  the  Assembly,  without  deciding  the  issue, 

emed  desirable.    The  committee  was  con-  virtually  reiterated  the  decision  of   the   As- 

1  and  enlarged,  with  instructions  to  confer  sembly  of  1876,  which  declined  to  make  re- 

a  committee  of  the  Southern  General  As-  sponsive  readings  a  subject  of  discipline. 

^y,  if  one  should  be  appointed,  in  devising  IL  PnsbytcrlaB   Churcli   In  tlie  United   States 

methods  for  conducting  the  common  work  (Senthen).^— The  following  is  a  summary  of  the 

loold  "  open  the  door  to  the  fullest  and  statistics  of  this  Churcli  as  they  were  reported 

lest  co-operation.*'    A  committee  was  ap-  to  the  General  Assembly  in  May : 

ed  to  visit  the  Presbytery  of  Rio  Janeiro    Number  of  nynodi 18 

»e  present  at  the  organization  of  the  Synod    Number  of  presbvteries 68 

azu.  Aconference  was  held  by  his  desire  gSSbJJSfSSS^V\\::::::::::;:::;::;;::::::      m 

f^iesident  Cleveland,  by  a  committee  of  the    Number  of  ministera. 1.139 

f>»**''i°^''";.-f'r'P'f''".''^^^  with  gr^2JSsSno^ii,i^:::;::;:::::::::;:::    «•*!? 

3tice  to  tne  modification  of  certain  orders     Number  of  ruling  eiders 7,110 

lug  missionary  work  among  the  tribes.    Number  of  deacons......... 5.228 

iv«r;4fAA  »«««*.*.^:»4.^^  4.^  ^^4.  ^'^v    ^->     'A.       Number  added  on  examination 10,178 

ynittee  was  appointed  to  act  with  commit-      Number  of  communicants. 156^ 

'f  other  evangelical  church  organizations    Number  of  adults  baptised .      8,4S2 

e  United  States  m  a  National  Sabbath  gSl;S„1|;i*SiU*JSl!?^moo.^^^^^                  ,k,^ 

llttee.     A    committee  was  appointed   to  Number  of  teachers  in  Sunday-schools  and  Bible- 

•e  into  the  duties  of  the  Presbyterian  i^*'^*  •;•  ••^v*;' a'V-  *  »:-r-*\iW.Wi-     ^*»^^ 

.V.  *.^ A  4.1.    •        •          4.           1  4.'            '^T.  Number  of  pupils  in   Sunday-schools  and  Bible- 

-n  toward  the  immigrant  population,  with       classes....... VlT ioi,700 

J   reference  to  the  Germans,   Scandina-  A«,^r.«4  ^#\i^«VIsT^i,*;^«o. 

Bohemians,  and  French.    Provision  was  Amount  of  contributions: 

for  the  revision  of  the  proof  texts  of  the  ISJ  Sra^^'SSS^^^^                                        •Ssss 

wQ  standards,  and  the  suggestion  of  such    For  invaifd  ftind .     12,687 

5^8  as  may  be  found  desirable;  also  for    ?„  Sn^So"*^""' .* .* ::**     S'lU 

ing  up  a  plan  for  the  systematic  instruc-  For  publication. * '.  *  \ ' '. '. '. '.  *. * . . . '.  *.  *. . . '. '. '.  *. '.     *. . '. !  *. . .      9!ow 

and  training  of  young  persons  and  others,    Fot  Tuscaloosa  institute e.028 

a  view  to  their  admission  to  the  Lord's  j^^l^'siiiries:::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::;  &i 

^   A  resolution  was  passed  deprecating    Congregational... 705,668 

prevalence  of  improper  advertisements  in    Miscellaneous 97,S26 

jjoas  newspapers,  and  particularly  disap-  The  Executive  Committee  of  Education  had 

^ing  all  such  advertising  "as  involves  the  received  during  the  year  $15,879,  and  had 

ntial  principle  of  a  lottery" :  as  promises  or  aided  150  candidates  in  the  total  sum  of  $18,- 

Hiriiges  investors  to  expect  improbable  re-  887. 

a  from  capital  invested ;  and  "  all  those  ad-  The  Committee  of  Publication  had  received 

isements  of  patent  medicines  which  are  from  churches,  Sabbath-schools,  and  individ- 


Re vised  Version  of  the  Scriptures,  it  was  creased  by  nearly  20  per  cent.  The  balance- 
led  to  be  inexpedient  to  authorize  its  use  sheet  of  the  Publishing  House  showed  an  ex- 
iblic  worship.  A  plan  was  ordered  pre-  cess  of  arrests  amounting  to  $78,243.  All  of 
I  for  bringing  together  unemployed  minis-  the  4-per-cent.  bonds  issued  by  the  concern 
and  vacant  churches.  The  Assembly,  had  been  redeemed  except  four  representing 
le  disclaiming  all  connection  with  or  re-  $800.  The  Tuscaloosa  Institute  for  colored 
I  to  political  action  or  measures,-'  declared  ministers  had  been  attended  by  26  students. 
"  unequivocally  in  favor  of  the  entire  sup-  The  receipts  of  the  Committee  of  Home  Mis- 
ion  of  the  traffic  in  intoxicating  liquors  sions  had  been  $64,455 ;  of  which  $28,406  were 
beverage  " ;  and  cautioned  the  sessions  in  the  Department  of  Sustentation,  $14,769  for 
Bt  admitting  as  members  persons  who  are  the  Evangelistic  fund,  $15,117  for  the  Invalid 
^  in  it    It  also,  regardmg  the  introduo-  fund,  and  $6,105  for  the  Colored  Evangelistic 


700  PRESBYTERIANS. 

fund.  From  the  Sustentation  fund  $2,595  had  Presbytery  found  a  verdict  of  "  not  pnltT." 
been  appropriated  in  aid  of  the  erection  of  20  A  complaint  was  made  to  the  Synod  of  G«or^ 
church- buildings,  and  $19,509  in  aid  of  122  against  this  verdict  as  contrary  to  the  lav  tod 
ministers  supplying  500  feeble  churches ;  from  evidence.  The  synod  sustained  the  compliint 
the  Evangelistic  fund,  $12,387  in  aid  of  the  and  annulled  the  verdict.  Dr.  Woodrow  coin- 
support  of  61  evangelists ;  from  the  Invalid  plained  to  the  General  Assembly  against  this 
fund,  $11,957  in  aid  of  109  ministers  and  action,  and  it  decided  not  to  sustain  the  con- 
widows  and  children  of  ministers ;  and  from  plaint.  The  minute  formally  expresang  the 
the  Colored  Evangelistic  fund,  $3,446  for  Tus-  action  of  the  Assembly  declared  that: 
caloosa  Institute,  and  $2,689  in  the  support  of  j^  j^  the  judgment  of  thisGeDei»l  A«emblytii 
22  m misters..  Loans  of  $650  had  been  made  Adam's  body  waadirectiy  fashioned  by Almkhtr God 
in  aid  of  the  erection  of  6  church-buildings.  of  the  dust  of  the  ^und,  without  any  natanlaimQai 
The  Oomraittee  of  Foreign  Missions  had  re-  parentage  of  anvkind.  The  wisdom  of  God  promiJt^ 
ceived  $88,040,  or  $3,967  more  than  in  any  H"*^?-'*^^^  the  fact  whUo  the. insmiubk  word*  rf 
^     '       Vi,       •    •           •    T>       -1   i-tL-  his  action  therem  he  has  not  revealed. 

Srevious  year.    Ihe  missions— m  Brazil,  China,  Therefore  the  Church  does  not  propose  to  terb, 

[exico,  Greece,  Italy,  Japan,  and  among  the  handle,  or  conclude  any  question  of  science  which  be 

American  Indians — returned  66  missionaries,  lon^  to  God's  kingdom  of  nature ;  she  zna^  ^^ 

men  and  women :  38  stations ;  89  out-stations :  divmo  constitution  see  that  these  q««ti(Hu  •« «»[ 

897  oomm«nican^  of  whom  .423    had  been  ^S^lS  X*°.nV"^eSSl^"^^K:;S5 

added  during  the  year ;  15  ministers,  ordained  the  mode  of  God's  being  or  acts  in  creation  which « 

or  licensed;    29   other  native  helpers;  1,238  inscrutable  to  us.    It  is,  therefore^  ordered  tbit thij 

pupils  in  Sunday-schools;  891    pupils  in  day  complaint  in  this  case  be  not  suatamed and  the ind* 

schools;   and  $5,087  of  contributions  by  the  ment  of  the  Synod  of  Georgia  be,  and  the  same  «bfc«- 

V       i_          vr»           •    •         •       T.    J  I-  by,  in  all  thmss,  affirmed, 

native  churches.     Nine  missionaries  had  been  •'xhe  Rev.  T.  C.  Whaling,  of  the  Synod  of  Sooii 

added  to  the  number  in  the  field,  and  4  new  Carolina,  then  oflferod  the  following  protest,  which  ii 

stations  opened.  to  go  on  record  alongside  the  minute  prceented  by  Dr. 

-           -               - "               -      —  -  .  Soioot : 


r 


i: 


^ iy  refusing  to  sustain  the  compUunt* 

quiry,"  which  had  been  appointed  to  confer  Bev.  James  Woodrow,  D.  D.,  against  the  Synod  of 
with  a  committee  of  the  Northern  General  As-    Geonria,  for  the  following  reasons :  . 

sembly  with 'reference  to  organic  union,  made       1.  The  second  specmcation  in  the  indictmcntaj^ 

;*«  »™-*  .^i»«:»»  ♦«  ♦v^  ^^«#^«^«/»««  ^1a  ««•  the  Rev.  James  Woodrow,  D.  D.,  is  expressly exaw- 
lU  report  relating  to  the  conferences  and  cor-  ^  ^^  ^i,^  constitution  o^  our  dhurch,  ioMmuchfi 
respondence  which  it  had  held  with  the  com-     **  nothing  ouarht  to  be  considered  by  any  courts  a 

mittee  of  the  Northern  General  Assembly.  offense,  or  admitted  as  a  matter  of  accuution,  ybidi 
On  consideration  of  this  report,  the  Assem-    can  not  be  proved  to  be  such  from  Scripture  is  «>»• 

bly  declared  itself  unable  to  discover  that  the  P^ted  in  the  standards."       ,  ^    ,    ,,    r.,^,m 
u  ^™"*2''*  *««*»  «««^/tw  i^-         v/  vt  «  «w  viio        2.  In  the  view  of  your  protestants,  the  Holy  ww 

obstacles  to  orgamc  union  heretofore  existing  aoes  not  reveal  the  form  oY  the  matter  out  of  fh^ 

.  between  the  two  General  Assemblies  had  been  the  time  in  which,  or  the  mode  by  which  God  cnaw 

to  any  considerable  extent  removed ;  therefore,  the  body  of  Adam,  and  therefore  the  hypoth^s  « 

in  view  of  all  the  interests  involved,  it  contin-  «^°i"S^''  *?  believed  by  Dr.  Woodrow  on  not^ 

ued  established  in  the  conviction  thkt  it  would  l^jfpfa^.  "^  ^"^^^  ^''^  ^""^^^  '^  "^ 
be  best  for  it  to  remain  dbtinct     In  reply  to        8.  The  Westminster  Standards  simply  repro*>* 

the  communications  of  the  Northern  General  without  interpretation,  the  statements  or  the  Scripting 

Assembly,  it  declared  a  desire  to  forget  as  far  in  reference  to  the  creation  of  Adam's  hodv.wdj 

^  possible  all  oast  dissensions  and  to  cultivate  ^  B^J^menU^f  r&ptl,'^^r» 

the  most  friendly  relations.     A  committee  was  ^th  the  teachings  of  the  standards, 
appointed  to  confer  with  a  committee  of  the        4.  The  action  of  the  Assembly  in  refusing  to  nstfoi 

Northern  General  Assembly  "in  reference  to  this  complaint  is  equivalent  to  pronoundnjrtf*^ 

all  such  modes  of  fraternal   co-operation  in  iL  ^^\^  ^^f  ^^"^y,  of  evolution  as  »pph«d,;y^ 

Christian  work,  both  at  home  an/abroad,  a.  &So^ -t?^y%-&"^^^^ 

maybe  considered  practicable  and  edifying,"  of  ecclesiastical  action.  Yourprotestants.thereft««^«" 

and  report  to  the  next  General  Assembly.    The  unwilling  that  this  General  As^mbly  shouM  ex?^ 

case  of  the  Rev.  James  Woodrow,  D.  D.,  against  »ny  opinion  whatever  respecting  the  hypothec 

the  Synod  of  Georgia,  came  up  for  adjudica-  evoluUon  or  any  other  sdentiflc  question, 
tion.    This  case  has  been^  in  one  shape  or  an-        A  committee  was  appointed  to  prepare  ^ 

other,  before  the  Presbyterian  courts  for  sever-  report  to  the  next  Generid  Assembly  on  ^J* 

al  years.    It  originated  in  the  removal  of  Dr.  intemperate  use  of  intoxicating  drinks,  fof  ^ 

Woodrow  from  his  professorship  in  Columbia  instruction  of  the  churches  r^pectingtheij""^^ 

Theological  Seminary  for  holding  and  teaching  in  suppressing  the  evil,  with  the  reservati<^ 

the  doctrine  of  evolution.    In  1886  charges  the  Assembly  that  it  was  to  decide  no  ^^^ 

were  presented  against  him  before  the  Presby-  question  connected  with  the  subject.   ?^^ 

tery  of  Augusta  for  holding  and  teaching  views  ion  was  made  for  the  representaUon  of/^ 

contrary  to  the  word  of  God  as  interpreted  in  General  Assembly  on  the  National  SubWW' 

the  standards  of  the  Church  in  respect  to  the  Committee  proposed  by  the  General  Coni^ 

probable  animal  origin  of  Adam^s  body.    The  ence  of  tiie  Metnodist  Episcopal  Church. 


PRESBYTERIANS.  701 

f  the  General  Assembly, — The  week  in  An^st  and  the  first  week  in  Septem- 
versary  of  the  organization  of  ber.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Alexander  L.  Blackford, 
tsemblj  in  America  was  cele-  the  oldest  missionary,  was  chosen  moderator, 
idelphia  during  the  session  of  and  a  native  minister  was  made  stated  clerk. 
General  Assembly  bj  special  The  Westminster  Confession  and  Catechism 
^  in  behalf  of  the  several  be-  and  the  Book  of  Order  of  the  Southern  Presby- 
»rises  of  the  Church  and  by  a  terian  Church,  with  slight  modifications,  were 
igs  throughout  the  day  of  May  adopted  as  standards.  Fraternal  delegates  from 
oth  the  Northern  and  South-  the  Northern  Presbyterian  Church  were  pres- 
Lssemblies  participated.  The  ent,  and  greetings  were  received  from  the 
rnl  Assembly  had  been  invit-  Council  of  the  Presbyterian  Alliance  in  Lon- 
them  body  to  join  with  it  in  don  and  the  General  Synod  of  the  Reformed 
,  and  was  met  by  it  May  28  Church  in  America.  The  subjects  of  revising 
on  the  Baltimore  Railroad,  the  Portuguese  translation  of  the  Scriptures 
dies  were  addressed  by  Presi-  and  of  forming  an  alliance  with  all  other  Eng- 
The  meetings  of  May  24  were  iish-speaking  missionary  churches  were  re- 
lorning,  afternoon,  and  even-  ferrea  to  special  committees.  The  new  synod 
emy  of  Murc  and  Horticultural  has  50  churches,  19  missionaries,  12  native  min- 
presided  over  severally  by  the  isters,  22  church  schools,  2  high-schools,  18 
le  Southern  General  Assembly,  women  teachers  and  missionaries,  80  native  as- 
Strong,  of  the  United  States  sistants,  and  3,000  communicants.  A  society 
,  Gov.  A.  M.  Scales,  of  North  of  national  missions  already  existed  in  two 
oderator  of  the  Northern  Gen-  of  the  presbyteries.  The  next  meeting  of  the 
bhe  Hon.  J.  L.  Marye,  of  Fred-  Synod  was  appointed  to  be  held  in  1891. 
,  and  Gov.  J.  A.  Beaver,  of  United  Christian  Ohureh  of  Japan. — Negotia- 
Addresses  were  delivered  by  tionshavebeencondncted  for  the  constitution  of 
])uyler,  D.  D.,  on  the  "  History  the  *'  United  Christian  Church  of  Japan,"  by  the 
sm  " ;  Rev.  T.  D.  Witherspoon,  union  of  the  Presbyterian,  Reformed,  and  Con- 
Work  of  Presbyterianism  for  gregational  Mission  Churches  in  that  country. 
Hon.  J.  R.  Tucker,  on  '^  The  The  doctrinal  basis  of  this  Church  will  consist 
resbyterianism  to  the  Masses  " ;  of  the  Apostles'  Creed  and  the  Nicene  Creed, 
•hereon,  D.  D.,  on  "  Presbyte-  with  which  are  associated  the  special  Confes- 
ucation  "  ;  Hon.  J.  S.  Cothran,  si'ons  of  the  Presbyterian,  Reformed,  and  Con- 
dnism  and  Human  Progress  '^ ;  gregational  Churches,  all  being  held  subordinate 
illan,  on  **  Presbyterianism  and  to  the  Bible.  In  the  system  of  government  the 
'ernment " ;  Rev.  G.  P.  Hays,  Presbyterian  elder  and  the  Congregational  com- 
n  '*  Home  Missions '' ;  Rev.  M.  mitttee-man  are  equally  recognized,  to  be  or- 
.  D.,  on  "  Foreign  Missions  " ;  dained  for  a  definite  time  as  the  congregation 
ompson,  D.  D.,  on  ^^ Historic  may  designate;  the  elders  recommend  candi- 
haracters  " ;  Rev.  W.  C.  P.  dates  for  admission,  who  are  to  be  received  or 
Q  ^^  Calvinism '' ;  Rev.  Howard  dismissed  by  a  vote  of  the  Church  ;  and  speci- 
LL.  D.,  on  **  Presbyterianism  fied  powers  are  delegated  to  bodies  correspond- 
holarship  " ;  Rev.  John  Hall,  ing  with  the  presbytery  and  assembly  or  confer- 
M.  E.  Jessup,  on  "  The  Neces-  ence  and  national  council.  The  new  Church 
Evangelization";  Rev.  M.  0.  organization  will  include  about  11,000  mem- 
n  *'  The  Methods  of  City  Evan-  hers. 

9v.  Samuel  J.  Niccolls,  D.  D.,  III.  Vilted  Pns^ytcrlaii  ChmA  In  NoHh  Anerica* 

to  the  Masses";  Hon.  B.  H.  — ^The  statistics  of  this  Church,  presented  to 

y  Effort  among  the  Masses  " ;  the  General  Assembly  in  May,  show  that  it  in- 

oore,  D.  D.,  on  "  Home  Mis-  eludes  10  synods,  61  presbyteries,  768  minis- 

.  S.  Pomeroy,  I).  D.,  on  "  The  ters,  8,580  elders,  and  98,992  members.    The 

resbyterian  Church  in  Foreign  contributions  of  Sunday-school  and  missionary 

he  Rev.  W.  P.  Breed,  D.  D.,  societies  for  the  year  amounted  to  $1,019,987. 

eedings.  The  General  Assembly  met  in  Cedar  Rapids, 

n  Organic  Union, — The  com-  Iowa,  May  23.    The  Rev.  Dr.  W.  T.  Maloney 

id  by  the  Northern  and  South-  was   chosen   moderator.     The  Committee  on 

isemblies  of  1888  to   consider  Union  with  the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church 

fraternal  CO  operation  in  Chris-  reported  that  the  negotiations  on  that  subject 

ti  New  York  city,  December  28,  had  been  without  result,  and  that  union  as  yet 

al  conferences,  they  adjourned  appeared  impracticable.    The  point  of  differ- 

i  Atlanta,  Ga.,  April  24,  1889.  ence  on  which  the  negotiations  broke  was  the 

Synod  of  BraM. — A  Synod  of  toleration  of  participation  by  members  of  the 

nized  at  a  meeting  of  the  three  Church  in  political  action  under  a  government 

jbyteries  of  the   Presbyterian  which    does  not  recognize   the  headship    of 

Jnited  States,  which  was  held  Christ — to  which  the  Reformed  Presbyterian 

for  that  purpose,  in  the  last  Church  is  opposed,  while  the  United  Presby- 


702  PRESBYTERIANS. 

terian  Gharch  leaves  it  to  the  individaal  mem-  determinBtioii  to  make  Gk>d*s  law,  as  we  nndaiiad 

ber  to  determine  conscientiously  what  his  ac  ^^'  ^}^  baaU  of  aU  deckiona  inv^ving  nwraloia^^ 

*;«>«  «K«ii  K*.       A  .^-r^rv/xoUfrvn  4.x  ;m<>4-..-.^4-  «..«.o  eraUoDS,  Biid  that  he  ahall  take  the  jurors  oitb-Mia 

tion  shall  be.    A  proposition  to  instruct  pres-  ^^^  being  otherwise  unobjectioiial)le-^iilT « thk 

bytenes  to  refuse  to  license  candidates  for  the  condition  belDg  definitely  accepted  by  thecoun  h 

ministry  who  are  addicted  to  the  use  of  tobacco  such  case  there  shall  be  do  oensure  vigitad  oo  tnoih 

was  rejected,  on  the  ground  that  the  Assembly  her  sitting  on  a  jury,  since  the  court,  in  icoeiitinf  hia 

has  no  right  to  make  such  a  rule.  ^.S**/S?,^^'*°'     *il  '^J'^  •^  ^""J^-TT^l 

IV    nJrmmm^MA    « .,- ^--1—    ^.. ■.    /a^^MA\  oepted  God's  law  as  the  basis  of  judicial  action.  In 

If.  KCiwvea    rmsyienu    t/onra    ^bjhn;* —  ^^^^  ^ny  member  acts  as  a  juror,  he  may  be  requiw, 

This  body  includes  eleven  presbyteries,  with  by  the  session  of  the  congregation  to  which  m  be- 

121   congregations,  116  ministers,  503  elders,  longs,  to  furnish  proof  that  he  has  oompliedviditba 

326  deacons,  10,970  communicants,  and  12,574  conditions  laid  do¥m  above, 
members  of  Sabbath-schools.    The  number  of       A  special  service  was  held  in  comTnemon- 

baptisms  returned  during  the  year  was  462.  tion  of  the  second  century  after  the  revolotion 

The  contributions  were :  For  foreign  missions,  of  1688,  when  addresses  were  made  opon  the 

$18,247*,  for  home  missions,  $8,767;  for  the  principles  for  which  the  Oovenantew  wnteod- 

Southern  mission,  $3,632 ;  for  the  Chinese  mis-  ed,  the  character  and  spirit  and  the  influence  of  W^: 

sion,  $1,498;  for  the  Theological  Seminary,  the  Covenanters  and  their  struggles  on  Ameri-  '^ 

$8,222 ;  for  education,  $5,177 ;  for  sustenta-  can  history. 

tion,  $2,156;   for  church  erection,  $21,648;        f.  CiHtolaid  Praikyteifai  Ciiicfe.— Tbefol- 

for  pastors'  salaries,  $78,190;  for  national  re-  lowing  is  a  summary  of  the  statistical  report" 

form,  $4,650.  that  were  made  to  the  (General  ABMinblyffl 

The  Central  Board  of  Missions,  besides  "do-  May:  Number  of  ministers,  1,584;  of  licenti- 

mestic  missions  "  in  the  States  and  Territories,  ates,  246 ;  of  candidates,  262 ;  of  congregatkiB, 

supports  a  school  at  Selina,  Ala.,  and  a  mission  2,648 ;  of  communicants,  151.929 ;  of  membm 

among  the  Chinese  of  the  Pacific  coast,  and  of  Sunday-schools,  85,890.    These  sUtistie<^o 

contemplates   a  mission  among  the  Indians,  not  include  the  Colored  Cumberland  Presby- 

The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  returns  at  La-  terian  Church,  which  numbers  about  15,000 

takiyeh  and  Tarsus,  in  Syria,  11  missionaries,  communicants. 

57  teachers  and  other  agents,  209  native  com-       The  Publishing  House  returned  a  profit  o! 

municants,  1,165  pupils  in  schools,  23  baptisms  $8,272  on  the  business  of  the  year.   It  bai 

during  the  year,  and  $465  of  contributions.  freed  itself  from  debt,  and  had  declsred  adi^v 

The  Synod  met  at  Allegheny  City,  Pa.,  May  dend  of  $5,000  in  favor  of  the  Board  of  Minfr 

29.    The  Rev.  J.  W.  Spronll  was  chosen  mod-  terial  Relief.     The  latter  board  had  receivei 

erator.     The  Committee  on  Union  with  the  $5,826,  and  had  relieved  59  families  of  ima- 

United  Presbyterian  Church  reported  as  the  ters.     The  Board  of  Missions  had  receiTed 

result  of  its  conferences  with  the  committee  of  $13,071  for  home,  and  $9,418  for  foreign  mi*- 

that  Church  that  the  diflference  between  the  sions;    while  the  Woman's  Board  of  Foreign 

bodies  in  their  doctrines  and  practices  on  the  Missions  returned  an  income  of  $11,212. 
subject  of  civil  government  and  their  attitude        The  fifty-eighth  (General  Assembly  met  il 

toward  the  Government  of  the  United  States  Waco,  Tex.,  May  17.   .The  Rev.  W.  H.  Blick 

had  proved  to  be  irreconcilable,  although  the  was  chosen  moderator.    The  Board  of  Missions 

two  bodies  were  in  full  accord  on  other  funda-  was  directed  to  take  immediate  steps  toward 

mental  principles.    The  Synod,  approving  the  establishing  a  theological    training-school  in 

course  of  its  committee,  reaffirmed  its  con  vie-  Japan.  Satisfaction  was  expressed  atthemofC' 

tion  that —  ment  toward  organic  union  among  the  mi^oi 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  is  a  virtual  forces  and  native  Christians   of  different  de* 

ivrreeTncnt  or  compact  to  adminbter  the  Government  nominations  of  Christians  in  that  country,  and 

without  reference  to  Christ  or  the  Christian  religion,  a  willingness  that  the  Cumberland  Presbvteritf 

£Ss1.''o?'tMs~^nSo''o't'fhe,Sbrr^of  dt  J««ion8, should  enter  the  "United  Chr«ti« 

loyalty  to  Christ.    With  thU  conviction  in  our  hearts,  Church     upon  the  basis  of  the  exceptions  11 

we  can  not  do  otherwise  than  maintain  to  the  end  the  the  Westminster  Confession  that  are  set  fori! 

discipline  we  have  maintained  in  the  post.  in  the  Declaratory  Act  of  the  United  Presby- 

While  expressing  itself  desirous  for  the  re-  ^^'^^^  Church  of  Scotland, 
storation  of  the  u  nity  of  the  Church,  it  declared        ^'  PwskyteilM  ChwiA  !■  Cnadfc— This  Chnr* 

that comprises  6  synods,  43  presbyteries,  783  pm 

T»  _^.  ,      .  .u    V    .     ^  .      *      ^  toral  charges,  with  1,831  churches  and  statioii 

rartial  unions  on  the  basis  of  compromise,  for  the  or,^r.u«;i   ^AKttAl\  »rvL*v.r.^;/«»««.<.   fro  oAa  #*r-«3 

purpose  simply  of  forming  a  larger  sect,  involves  for  f?PP»ea,  146.640  communicants,  78,649  far" 

us  the  abandonment  of  our  testimony  and  unfaithful-  1^®^  and  1,826  single  persons  connected  w 

ncss  to  the  special  work  which  the  Lord,  as  we  bo-  the  Church,  and  12,976  teachers  and  llS,"" 

lieve,  has  called  us  to  do.  pupils  in  Sabbath-schools  and    Bible-clia 

The  Synod  resolved,  on  the  subject  of  jury-  The  number  of  members  admitted  during  d| 

service  that  it  recomized—  7^^  ^^  profession  of  faith  was  12,471 ;  nm 


m 


PRESBYTERIANS.  703 

»h  and  Manse  Building  scheme,  which  was  May  24.  The  Rev.  Dr.  W.  H.  Gray  was  chosen 
d  to  raise  a  f and  of  $100,000  for  the  par-  moderator.  A  question  arose  concerning  the 
implied  in  its  name,  had  received  in  commissioners  from  Edinburgh,  whose  town 
$115,499.  Under  it,  109  buildings,  valued  council  had  refused  by  a  mtgority  to  send  rep- 
27,700,  had  been  aided  to  the  extent  of  resentatives  to  the  Assembly,  leaving  action  on 
Yl,  A  large  increase  was  reported  in  the  the  subject  to  be  taken  by  the  minority.  A  legal 
e  for  Foreign  Missions.  One  hundred  opinion  having  been  read,  to  the  effect  that  it 
zty-nine  missionaries  and  assistants  were  was  the  duty  of  the  town  council  to  send  repre- 
ng  in  Central  India,  Formosa,  Trinidad,  sentatives  to  the  Assembly,  the  commissioners 
rara,  the  New  Hebrides,  and  among  the  were  received.  A  hearing  was  given  in  tiie 
us  of  the  Northwest.  A  new  mission  was  case  of  an  appeal  concerning  a  petition  which 
began  in  the  province  of  Honan,  Ohina.  had  been  refused  by  the  Committee  on  Bills 
)  General  Assembly  met  at  Halifax,  N.  S.^  for  the  removal  of  certain  **  images  ^'  from  St. 
18.  The  Rev.  W.  T.  McMullen  was  Gileses  Cathedral.  The  petitioners  complained 
Q  moderator.  An  (id-interim  act,  passed  that  the  laws  of  the  Church  of  Scotland  were 
)  previous  General  Assembly,  on  marriage  being  set  at  defiance,  and  that  ^^  the  supersti- 
a  deceased  wife^s  sister  was  re-enacted,  tions  of  Rome  "  were  being  brought  in  again, 
be  proposal  to  alter  that  part  of  the  Con-  If  they  were  true  to  the  historic  teaching  of 
Q  of  Faith  bearing  on  the  subject,  was  theirChurch,  they  would  see  that  the  ^Mmages" 
low^n  to  the  presbyteries.  were  swept  away.  It  was  argued  against  the 
I  dirdi  %i  Scflluid*  —  The  report  to  the  petition  tnat  the  time  had  passed  for  occupying 
fal  Assembly  of  the  Committee  on  Fres-  attention  with  such  matters ;  and  that  hardly 
ial  Superintendence  gave  the  total  num-  any  persons  pow  seriously  believed  that  there 
^communicants  in  1887  as  579,002,  show-  was  anything  superstitious  or  idolatrous  in  the 
D  increase  of  7,973.  Since  1873,  com-  erection  and  maintenance  of  such  images.  The 
!ants  had  been  added  to  the  roll  of  the  Assembly  refused  to  sustain  the  appeal.  An 
ih  at  the  rate  of  1*8  per  cent.,  while  the  overture  declaring  that  any  person  found 
]  increase  of  the  population  was  only  1*1  guilty  of  carrying  on  simoniacal  practices  to 
iQt  procure  a  benefice  or  office  should  be  deprived 
income  of  the  Colonial  Committee  had  of  his  license  if  a  probationer,  and  deposed  if 
rom  £4,176  in  1886  to  £4,859  in  1887,  a  minister,  having  been  approved  by  a  migor- 
3rease  being  solely  due  to  legacies.  The  ity  of  the  presbyteries,  was  converted  into  a 
3  of  the  Jewish  Mission  Committee  had  law  of  the  Church.  A  resolution  was  passed 
£6,400,  and  the  expenditure  £5,045,  approving  the  leading  features  of  the  ^*  Uni- 
the  adverse  balance  had  been  reduced  to  versities  Scotland  Bill "  which  was  then  pend- 
.  There  were  1,792  children  in  the  ing  in  Parliament.  The  report  of  the  Commit- 
\y  950  of  whom  were  Jewish.  Four  bap-  tee  on  Church  Interests  represented  that  the 
lad  taken  place.  The  contributions  to  course  of  events  had  afforded  proof  of  the  arti- 
ed  and  Infirm  Ministers^  fund  had  been  ficial  character  of  the  agitation  which  had  been 
,  836  parishes  contributing.  The  capital  '^  created  from  time  to  time ''  against  the  con- 
ood  at  £24,182,  showing  an  increase  of  nection  between  Church  and  State  in  Scotland, 
.  The  sum  of  £1,862  had  been  dispensed  and  intimated  that  the  agitation  might  have 
)  grants.  bad  no  existence  except  where  it  had  been 
total  revenue  of  the  Committee  on  created  or  stimulated  for  sectarian  purposes. 
Missions  had  been  £10,395  or  £1,855  There  was  no  evidence  that  the  majority  of  the 
han  the  revenue  of  the  previous  year,  people  of  Scotland  were  opposed  to  the  Estab- 
y-two  mission  churches  were  returned,  iished  Church.  "With  the  report  was  adopted 
5,124  worshipers,  of  whom  10.268  were  a  renewed  expression  of  the  desire  of  the  As- 
nicants.  The  total  of  collections  and  sembly  to  maintain  toward  the  other  Churches 
lutions  reported  for  1887  to  the  Com-  of  Scotland  an  attitude  of  earnest  watchfulness 
on  Statistics  of  Christian  Liberality  for  any  opportunity  for  kindly  co-operation  and 
bed  to  £385,506  as  compared  with  intercourse.  The  report  of  the  Committee  on 
12  in  1886.  the  Subscription  of  Office-Bearers  of  the  Churh 
receipts  of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  suggested  that  it  was  desirable  that  in  the  case 
LS  had  been  £24,481,  while  a  deficit  of  of  ministers  and  licentiates,  the  Church  should 
£1,500  had  been  incurred.  Toward  the  revert  to  the  formula  contained  in  the  act  of 
fund  of  £10,000,  £4,700  had  been  re-  Parliament  of  1693,  entitled  '*  An  act  for  set- 
Fifteen  mission  stations  were  returned  tlinff  the  quiet  and  peace  of  the  Church  ^^ ;  and 
ca  and  India,  with,  in  Africa,  80  Euro-  in  the  case  of  elders  to  an  act  of  1690  requir- 
lissionaries  and  110  native  agents,  and  ing  simply  approbation  of  the  Confession  of 
native  Christians,  738  of  whom  were  Faith.  The  report  was  adopted  as  an  over- 
nicants ;  while  in  India  there  were  tare  to  be  sent  down  to  the  presbyteries.  Sun- 
,000  baptized  Christians  connected  with  day,  the  4th,  and  Monday,  the  5th,  of  Novem- 
»ion,  and  827  had  been  baptized  during  her,  were  appointed  as  days  for  celebrating 
T.  thronghout  the  Church  the  bicentenary  of  the 
General  Assembly  met  in  Edinburgh,  revolution  of  1688.    The  employment  of  dea- 


704  PRESBYTERIANS. 

conesses  and  tbe  opening  of  city  ohnrches  on  Number  of  congregations,  665 ;  of  roemben, 

week  days  were  approved.     Satisfaction  was  182, 170,  showing  an  increase  during  the  jetr 

expressed  at  tlie  results  of  the  bill  for  tbe  early  of  107 ;  number  of  baptisms,  9,874;  of  Sib- 

closing  of  liquor-saloons  in  Scotland;  and  tbe  bath-schools,  887,  with  12,075  teachers aod 97,- 

committee  of  the  Assembly  was  authorized  to  475  pupils.    The  total  congregadonal  income 

approach  the  Government  with  reference  to  amounted  to  £820,698. 
the  drink-traffic  among  native  races.  The  income  for  foreign-mission  purposes  had 

Vin.  Free  Churcli  %t  Scftlaid* — ^The  total  con-  been  £56,584,  the  largest  amount  ever  recdred 

tributions  of  the  year  for  the  Sustentation  in  one  year.    The  eight  mission  fields  retondl 

fund  of  this  Church  had  been  £168,657,  show-  60  ordained  European  missionaries,  with  5S 

ing  a  decrease  from  the  previous  year  of  £8,-  other  trained  agents,  95  native  evangelista,  101 

476.    In  the  report  on  colonial  missions  it  was  native  teachers,  and  100  other  native  belpen. 

claimed  that  some  of  the  most  prosperous  set-  The  87  congregations   and    155    out-sutiooi 

tlements  in  the  colonies  had  originated  through  had  an  aggregate  membership  of  18,497,  with 

the  efforts  of  these  missions.    A  favorable  re-  2,074  candidates  for  admission.     The  Sabbatli- 

port  was  made  of  the  condition  of  the  Jew-  schools,  exclusive  of  those  in  China  and  Japan, 

ish  missions.    The  financial  statement  of  the  returned  11,418  pupils,  and  the  day-schook 

Foreign  Mission  Committee  showed  a  charge  18,676  pupils.    The  Board   of    Missions  vas 

amounting  to  £51,908.    The  discharge  showed  empowered  by  the  Synod  to  discontinae  the 

a  balance  in  favor  of  the  scheme  of  £8,674.  Spanish  mission,  and  to  take  steps  to  form, 

The  increase  in  contributions  from  associations  along  with  other  Protestant  agencies  in  Spain, 

had  been  higher  than  ever  before  in  the  his-  a  native  Spanish  Protestant  Church, 
tory  of  the  Church.    It  was  reported  that  the        X.  Pns^ytoriaii  Chutli  !■  Bagfand. — The  entire 

desire  had  spread  among  the  Hindoo  popula-  income  of  this  Church  for  the  year  was  re- 

tion  at  Madras,  India,  for  the  foundation  of  a  turned  at  £219,585.    The  Home  Mission  n- 

national  Hindoo    college,  in    which    religion  ported  that  two  congregations  had  been  added 

should  be  taught  as  an  inseparable  portion  of  The  Jewish  Mission   reported  concerning  its 

the  curriculum.  labors  in  London.    The  receipts  for  foreign 

The  General  Assembly   met  at  Inverness,  missions  had  been  £15,800.    The  Synod  had  in 

May  24.     The  Rev.  Dr.  Gustavus  Aird,  was  China  15  European  ordained  missionariess  6 

chosen  moderator.     The  report  on  the  state  of  medical  missionaries,  18  women  missionaria 

religion  and  morals,  represented  that  while  supported  by  tbe  Women^s   Association,  and 

f>eculiar  hardships  affected  some  of  the  High-  a  number  of  native  evangelists  and  |iastor& 

and  ministers,  in  general  adequate  organization  Some  of  the  native  churches  were  self-np* 

existed  among  the  churches.    The  belief  was  porting,    and    were    themselves    undertakii^  ^^ 

expressed  that  intemperance  was  on  the  de-  mission  work.     The  income  of  the  Woumo's 

crease ;  but  in  many  places  tourists  were  doing  Missionary  Association  had  been  £2,836,  abot • 

much  to  lower  the  tone  of  Sabbath  observance,  ing  an  increase  during  the  year  of  £600.   Ad- 

A  congratulatory  address  was  voted  to  the  ditions  having  been  made  to  the  capital  of  tbe 

Presbyterian  Churches  of  the  United  States  on  Aged  and  Infirm  Ministers  fund,  tbe  minimna 

the  occasion  of  their  friendly  meeting  in  Phila-  annuity  had  been  raised  from  £45  to  i^ 

delphia,  and  of  the  centenary  of  Presbyterian-  The  minimum  ministerial  dividend  bad  bees 

ism  in  the  United  States.    An  active  debate  on  retained  at  £200  a  year, 
the  question  of  disestablishment  terminated  in        The  Synod  met  in  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  April 

the  adoption  of  a  resolution  declaring  that  the  80.    The  Rev.  Dr.  Oswald  Dykes  was  cboefl 

maintenance  of  a  Church    Establishment  in  moderator.    The  Committee  on  the  Church's 

Scotland  was  upjust,  inexpedient,  and  a  bin-  Relations  to  the  Confession  of  Faith,  which  b^ 

derance  to  the   welfare  of  the   Presbyterian  been  engaged  for  three  years  in  the  revision  of 

churches    of   the    land.      A   resolution    was  the  creed,  reported;  the  declaratory  stateroestr 

adopted  recognizing  the  grievances  of  the  croft-  setting  forth  the  sense  in  which  the  Cbnrtb 

ers,  and  asking  for  suitable  legislation  for  the  received  the  Westminster  Catechism,  was  hetd 

relief  of  their  distress.     An  overture,  concern-  in  abeyance,  as  legal  difiScnlties  might  arise  in 

ing  federal  relations  with  the    Presbyterian  view  of  certain  clauses  in  the  trust^eeds,  were 

Church  in  England,  having  been  approved  by  it  adopted.     The  new  articles  were  to  be  re- 

a  majority  of  tbe  presbyteries,  was  passed  into  garded  in  the  light  of  a  summary  of  tbe  Goo- 

a  standing  order  of  the  Church.     A  petition  to  fession  in  which  the  language  of  that  doco- 

Parliament  was  approved  against  the  bill  for  ment  was  simplified,  while  the  Confesaon itself 

legalizing  marriage  with  a  deceased  \idfe^s  sis-  would  remain  the  standard  by  which  tbejbehi 

ter,  otherwise  known  as  the  marriage  affinity  their  respective  properties.     To  the  new  creed 

bill.    A  committee  was  directed  to  consider  as  reported  was  appended  a  list  of  illastradTe 

whether  the  benefits  of  the  Widow's  fund  may  passages   in  support  of  the  various  claostS) 

not  be  extended  to  the  widows  and  orphans  of  drawn  from  the  Apostle's  and  Nicene  Greeds^ 

missionaries.  and  various  confessions  of  the  Refonnatioa 

DL  United  Presbyterian  Chnreh  (ScdtUad).— The  period.     The  creed  consists  of  twenty-three 

statistical  reports  of  this  Church,  made  to  the  articles,  of  which  the  article  on  the  creattoB 

Synod  in  May,  gave  the  following  results:  declares: 


PRESBYTERIANS.  705 

ieve  that  Almighty  God  for  his  own  holy  The  docnment  was  accepted  by  the  Synod* 

^  endswM  oleased  at  the  beginning  to  cro-  a^^j  gem  ^q^j^  by  it  to  the  presbyteries  for 

eaven  and  the  earth,  through  the  Son.  the  ^^naiAai^atir^n 

ord,  and  through  projrressive  stages  to  fatih-  consiaeraiion.              ^,     ^     .  .         *  *i     tit     . 

)rder  tlus  worid,  giv-rng  lile  to  every  creat-  The  Committee  on  the  Revision  of  the  West- 

to  make  man  after  hia  own  image,  that  he  minster  Directory  of  Worship  reported  prog- 

jrity  and  enjoy  God,  occupying  and  sub-  ress,  having   completed   the   morning  service 

earthy  and  having  dominion  over  the  creat-  ^qJ  ^^e  evening  service,  and  the  service  of  the 

le  praise  ot  his  Maimer's  name.  administration  of  baptism.     The  last  will  be  in 

m  the  fall  of  man :  two  parts,  the  first  for  the  baptism  of  adults, 

ieve  and  confess  that  our  first  father  Adam,  of  which  no  notice  is  taken  in  the  Westminster 

tentative  head  as  well  as  common  ancestor  Directory,  and  the  second  for  the  baptism  of 

Dd,  transgressed  the  commandment  of  God  children.     The  committee  adheres  to  the  plan 


i  to  the  penalty  of  death,  and  inherit  a  sin-  eral  Assembly  in  Jnne,  give  the  number  of 

^V^TeTrv.ltr'Jf^h^ich'r^^^^  congregations  as  557 ;  of  familiea,  79,971;  of 

dge  that  no  mall  is  able  by  any  means  to  de-  coramunicams    103,499;    of    stipend  -  payers, 

Mlf.  ($7,965;  and  of  Sabbath  schools,  1,099,  with 

.,        ,     ^         -           av    v  T  *  9,119  teachers  and  108,607  pupils. 

Ttung  the  salvation  of  men,  the  belief  ^he  General  Assembly  li.et  at  Belfast,  in 

Jnne.   The  Rev.  R.  J.  Lynd  wss  chosen  modera- 

Holy  Spmt,  the  Lord  and  Giver  of  life,  tor.   Theamountof  capital  invested  in  the  vari- 

keih  fr^ly  as,  he  will,  without  whose  gra^  departments  of  the  work  of  the  Church  was 

uence  there  is  no  salvation,  and  who  is  v"°  ««p«*^"'y"»«v*  ^"^     v/j«,  vi  vw«  vy««ivij  »»«o 

hheld  from  any  who  truly  ask  for  him ;  represented  m  the  reports  on  the  subject  to  be 

£893,640.    The  proceeds  of  the  invested  funds 

,    ,        .  .     .  for  the  year  had  been  £85,542.    The  donations 

J  and  for»akmg  his  Sim*,  and  humbly  relying  for  the  Orphan  bociety,  £1,508;  for  the  >U8- 

rist  alone  for  salvation,  is  fh^lv  pardoned  tentation  fund,  £767 ;  making  in  all,   £9,083. 

►ted  as  righteous  in  the  sight  of  God,  solely  The  annual  income  of  the  Church  from  all 

[)und  of  Christ's  perfect  obedience  and  aton-  gources  was  therefore  £205,106.     The  Susten- 

^'                                                        ^  tation  fund  had  made  substantial  progress  the 

octrine  of  election  is  also  reiterated  in  total  increase  being  £768,  and  the  dividend 

^le:  having  increased  by  £1  to  each  minister.    In 

nbly  own  and  believe  that  God  the  Father,  the  mission  in  India,  the  first  two  native  pas- 

9  foundation  of  the  world,  was  pleased  of  his  tors  had  been  ordained  over  congregations  of 

grace  to  choose  a  people  unto  himseli  m  converts  from  heathenism.    The  report  of  the 

^^oi^frd^^forwK^ThtchSeS  J^^i'l"  Mi«.ion  showed  pro^^in  Syria.    The 

e  that  the  Holy  Spirit  imparts  spiritual  life  report  of  the  Committee  m  Correspondence 

•et  and  wonderful  operation  of  his  power,  with  the  Government  showed  that,  while  the 

his  ordinary  means,  wliere  years  of  under-  claims  of  Presbvterians  for  civil  appointments 

have  been  reached,  the  truths  of  his  Word  y^g^  j^  some  measure  been  successful,  they  were 

n'^S^at?e,UiV'^^^  Still  suffering  from  religious  disabilities    Reso- 

ew  creation  in  Christ  Jesus.  lutions  were  adopted   approving  of  the  most 

.,      TT  ,     a    .  .           .i.  .     J  decided  legislation  in  behalf  of  temperance, 

rmng  the  Holy  Scnptures,  it  is  de-  ^^  ^^|^  Ctlftalsdc  Methtdtet  Chiffdi.-The 

General   Assembly  of  the  Welsh    Calvinistic 

Ieve  that  it  has  pleased  God,  in  addition  to  Methodists  met  at  Merthyr  Tydvil,  June  4. 

estation  of  hw  glory  in  creation  and  provi-  rp,  ^  n^,.  r\«,««  nn.,>,««o  t\   m\    »«-«^i  ««  .   ^a 

d  especially  in  the  spirit  of  man,  to  reveal  Tbe  Rev  Owen  ITiomas,  D.  I),  served  as  mod- 

and  will  to  man  at  successive  periods  and  erator.    The  statistical  reports  showed  that  the 

I  ways:  and  that  this  revelation  has  been,  number  of  members  in  Wales  and  England  was 

needful,  cotnmitted  to  writing  by  men  in-  130,617,  or  1,159  more   than  in  the  previous 


ures  as  the  Supreme  Judge  in  questions  of  returned  at  £198,948.     Eight  foreign  mission- 

^^^y  y  nries  had  gone  out  during  the  year  from  South 

;eming  the  final  judgment :  Wales.     1  here  were  119  churches  and  preach- 

ieve  the  Lord  will  judge  the  world  in  right-  ing-stations  in  the  missir.n  on  the  Khassia  Hills, 

by  Jesus  Christ,  before  whom  we  must  all  India,  with  4,401  members,  6,899  children  m  the 

rho  shall  separate  the  righteous  fVom  the  Sunday-schools,  and  6,499  in  the  day  schools. 

lake  manifest  the  secrets  of  the  heart,  and  XIII.  Presbyterian  AllUfflce,— The  fourth  Gen- 

^?J^'Z*?L!S^wlfiw*!f^''^.J^^^^^^  -«ral  Council    of    the    Alliance   of   Reformed 

B  in  the  iXKiy,  wnetner  cood  or  evil,  when  ^,        ,         i    i  j.        ^i        t»      v    ^     . 

id  shall  go  away  into  eternal  punisfimcnt.  Churches   holding   the    Presbyterian    system, 

i^hceous  into  eternal  lile.  met  in  London,  July  8.     About  three  hundred 

^OL.   XXYIU. — 45  A 


706  PRESBYTERIANS.  PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND. 

delegates  were  present,  representing  ofiore  tbun  Prof.  Ellis  Edwards,  Rev.  Dr.  John  Hall,  Rer. 

twentj-tive  coantries  and  colonies  in  all  the  J.  M.  C.  Holmes,  D.  D.,  and  Rev.  John  MclieiL 

quarters  of  the  earth.   Statistical  reports  were  A  resolution  was  adopted  urging  internaiionii 

presented  showing  that  the  tamily  of  churches  action  to  repress  the  liquor-traffic  in  Western 

represented  in   the  definition  of  the  Alliance  Africa,  and  to  prevent  the  sale  of  fire-anosto 

represented  78  branches,  having  1,892  presby-  uncivilized  peoples.     The  next  meeting  of  tbe 

teries,  209  synods,  3,603,209   communicants;  Council  was  appointed  to  be  held  in  Toronto, 

with  600  brethren  at  work  in  the  missionary  Ont.,  in  1892. 

field,  and  more  than  60,000  communicants  gath-  niNCE  EDWARD  ISLAND,  PIOTDICE  tf. 
ered  from  among  the  heathen;  that  the  aggre-  The  estimated  population  in  1888  was  120,000 
gate  contributions  of  free-will  offerings  in  these  The  Lieutenant-Governor  is  Andrew  A.  Mac- 
churches  amounted  to  $30,000,000  a  year ;  that  donuld ;  Executive  Council,  "W.  W.  SuIHt&b, 
the  newly  organized  women^s  associations  had  Premier  and  Attorney -General ;  D.  Ferguson, 
been  the  means,  during  the  past  year,  of  contrib-  Provincial  Secretary,  Treasurer,  and  Commit 
uting nearly  $500,000  to  the  cause  of  missions,  siouer  of  Public  Lands;  G.  W.  W.  Bentley, 
A  (liferent  chairman  was  chosen  for  each  of  the  Commissioners  of  Public  Works;  John  Lefiir- 
several  sessions  of  the  Council.  The  following  gey,  Neil  McLeod,  Samuel  Prowse,  I.  O.  Arse- 
topics  were  discussed  during  the  meetings  of  nault,  Archibald  J.  Macdonald,  and  James 
the  Council,  which  continued  throiigh  nine  Nicholson.  Thomas  W.  Dodd  is  President  of 
days:  "How  to  work  the  Presbyterian  Sys-  the  Legislative  Council;  John  A.  Macdonalil, 
tem — as  directing  the  Eldership  and  the  Dea-  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Assembly ;  Edward 
conship  in  their  Various  Lines  of  Influence  and  Palmer,  Chief -Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court; 
Work,  and  as  promoting  Cooperation  and  fos-  L  H.  Peters  and  Joseph  Hensley,  Assistant 
tering  Activity,   Harmony,  and  Spiritual  Life  Judges. 

in  Congregatious,^^  by  Drs.  Andrew  Thomson        FIiuumm. — In  Prince  Edward  Island  the  Pro- 

and  J.   B.   Drury   and  Principals  Rainy   and  vincial  Government  defrays  the  cost  of  eda- 

Caven ;    "  Some  Elements  of   Con<fregational  cation,  the  maintenance  of  public  works,  the 

Prosperity,"  "  Pray  erf ulness,*'  **  Self-sacrifice,"  expense  of  local  legislation,  and  the  adminis- 

and  **  Organized  Christian  Work,"  by  Pastor  tration  of  justice.    The  revenue  in  1887  ^as 

Theodore  Monod,  E.  R.  Craven,  D.D.,  A.  T.  $241,637.26;    the    expenditure,    $287,700.17. 

Pierson,  D.  D.,  and  Principal  Cairns;  **  The  On  July  1,  1887,  $20,000  was   added  to  the 

Duties  of  the  Church  with  Reference  to  Present  annual  subsidy  paid  to  Prince  Edward  Island 

Tendencies  of  a  more  Intellectual  Kind,  bear-  by  the    Dominion   Government,  which  now 

ing  on  Faith  and  Life,"  the  subject  conipre-  amounts  to  $193,587.20.    There  is  no  provin- 

bending    the    '^Originality    of   Christianity,"  oial  taxation.    The  school  system  is  nonsecta- 

*'The   Speculative  Tendencies  of  the    Age,"  rian.    The  Provincial  Government  is  Liberal- 

**  How  Far  is  the  Church  responsible  for  Pres-  Conservative. 

ent  Unbelief?"  *' Responsibility  for  Belief,"  CoBHUIcallMSt — The  want  of  winter  comma- 
and  '^  Historical  Research  and  Christinn  Faith,"  nication,  hitherto  one  of  the  most  serious  dis- 
hy Rev.  E.  dePressense,  D.  D..  Rev.  Dr.  Ellin  advantages  of  this  province,  has  to  s«ime  extent 
wood,  Rev.  Marcus  Dods,  D.  D..  Pastor  Monod,  been  supplied  by  the  steel  steamship  **  Stan- 
Rev.  G.  F.  Moore,  D.  D.,  and  Principal  Ed-  ley,"  built  in  1888.  This  steamship  has  been 
wards;  "The  Duty  of  the  Church  with  Refer-  procured  by  the  Dominion  Government  at  a 
ence  to  Social  and  other  Tendencies  bearing  cost  of  $150,000,  and  is  especially  designeiHor 
on  Faith  and  Lite,"  including  "The  Pressure  of  the  arduous  service  of  navigating  the  Strait 
Commercial  Life,"  "  Rich  and  Poor,"  "  The  of  Northumberland  in  winter.  The  hull  and 
Church  in  Relation  to  the  Socialistic  Drift  of  engines  are  of  superior  strength  and  power; 
the  Times,"  and  "Christ's  Method  of  re^oncil-  the  registered  tonnage  is  1,000  tons.  In  open 
ing  Social  Antagonisms,"  by  Dr.  Marshall  Lang,  water  she  can  steam  twenty  knots  an  hoar, 
Principal  Mc Vicar,  Prof.  W.  G.  Emslie,  and  and  she  has  been  known  to  go  through  ice 
Rev.  Dr.  Moses  Uoge;  "  Co-oi»eration  in  For-  fr«>m  two  to  four  feet  thick,  at  the  rate  of  five 
eign-Mission   Work,"  after  the  discussion  of  miles  an  hour. 

which  the  Council  approved  of  measures  for  SiHBwr. — As  a  summer  resort,  Prince  Ed- 
the  union  of  mission  churches  in  heathen  lands,  ward  Island  is  rapidly  gaining  favor.  Visit^irs 
such  as  is  proposed  in  Japan ;  ^  Woman's  are  pleased  with  the  delightful,  clear,  sunnj 
Work,"  by  Dr.  Charteris,  at  who^^e  suggestion  atmosphere.  Fair  hotel  accommodation  i« 
a  resolution  was  passed  favoring  organizations  provided  at  Rnstioo,  Malpeque,  Tracadie,  and 
of  women  for  Chri<>tian  work;  ^*(/hurch  on  the  north  side  of  the  island,  and  also  in 
Worship,"  "  Aggressive  Work  in  Cities,"  several  towns  throughout  tlie  province.  Tb« 
"  Church  Work  on  the  European  Continent  farmers  have  comfortable  homes,  where  many 
and  the  Progress  of  the  Colonial  Churches,"  tourists  find  accommodation. 
"  The  Desiderata  of  Presbyterian  History,"  by  Fteheries* — The  north  shore  of  Prince  Ed- 
Prof.  Mitchell ;  "  Commemoration  of  the  Rev-  ward  Island  is  one  of  the  best  fishing-gronnds 
olution  of  1688,"  by  Rev.  Dr.  Philip  Schaff^;  in  North  America.  Here  mackerel  of  ^« 
"  Sabbath-schools  and  the  Church's  Duty  to  finot  quality  are  caught.  Eighty-six  Aineri- 
the  Young," ^by  Rev.  Dr.  Horton,  of  California,  can  fishing- vessels  visited  those  waters  in  18b8^ 


PROOTOR,  RICilARD  ANTHONY. 


707 


indreds  of  Oanndian  fishermea  alio  were 
jred  ID  thin  business.  1  he  coaat-line  was 
led  b7  Canadian  cnttera,  but  no  seisures 

Cnw,  IICHIKD  INTBONT,  astronomer. 
D  Chelsea^  EnglsDcI,  March  23,  1 88T ;  di.-d 

TYorkcity,SBpt.  13, 1888.  Hereceived 
'lyeducationat  home,  beinfcaaicklyi^hild, 
len  attended  the  academy  in  Wilton-on- 
M.  The  death  of  his  father  unsettled  his 
life,  the  patrimouy  became  involved  in 


iceiy  sait,  and  in  1804  bo  entered  the 
n  Join^8tock  Bank  as  a  clerk.  Id  1665 
^n  atadying  at  King's  College,  London, 
year  later  went  to  St.  John's,  CambridjjB, 

he  took  a  high  stand  in  mothematics, 
as  gradnated  in  18Q0  among  the  wran- 

For  three  years  he  devoted  his  time  to 
cal  and  literary  stndies,  when  the  baok 
ch  his  money  was  deposited  failed.  He 
egon  the  stady  of  a;<troDomy,  and  in 
iber,  1869,  published  in  the  "Comhill 
ine"  a  paper  on  "Doahio  Stars."  In 
le  began  a  series  of  inTestipiations  in  re- 
:o  the  great  ringed  planet  of  the  solar 
',  the  frnitii  of  which  were  altimately 
led  in  his  treatise  of  ''Saturn  and  its 
i"  (London,  188S;.  In  preparing  this 
he  had  to  make  many  maps,  nnd  from 
fTCW  his  "  Gnomonic  Star  Atlas  "  (I66B). 

in  turn  suggested  his  "  Hand-Book  of 
its"  (1888),    Thereafter  his  literary  in- 

was  very  great,  and  he  pnhlished  in 
inccessioD  "  Constellation  SeaMns,  Sun^ 

.if  the  Earth"  (1867);  "  Hal(-hi>ure 
10  Telescope"  (1868) ;  "  Half-honrs  with 

{I860);  and  "Other  Worlds  than  ours; 
larality  of  Worlds,  studied  under  the 
7t  Recent  Soientiflc  Reeearohes,"  with  a 


large  star-atlaa  (1870).  The  last-named  was 
one  of  the  most  popular  works  ever  published 
on  ascroDomy,  and  after  its  publication  he  was 
regarded  as  porliups  the  raoKt  fertiiu  popular 
writer  on  astronomical  subjects  of  his  day. 
His  original  work  included  numerous  researches 
ob  the  fiiellar  system,  the  law  of  distribution 
of  stars  and  the  oebuls,  and  the  general  con- 
stitution of  the  heavens.  In  1869  he  advanced 
a  theory  of  the  solar  corona,  which  has  since 
been  generally  accepted,  and  also  that  of  the 
inner  oomplei  solar  atmosphere,  which  was 
afterward  advanced  by  Prof.  Charles  A.  Young. 
He  was  active  in  the  tranMt-of- Venus  expedi- 
tions of  18T4  and  1882,  and  became  involved  in 
a  dispute  with  the  Astronomer  Royal  of  England 
as  to  the  be«t  methods  of  observation.  In 
I878-'T4  he  visited  the  United  Stntes  and  lect- 
ured on  popular  phases  of  astronomy.  Again, 
in  187u,  he  came  to  this  country,  sud  during  a 
stay  of  seven  months  deliver^  142  lectnres. 
Id  18T9  he  left  England  fur  America  and  Ans- 
tralia,and  lectured  in  all  of  the  principal  towns 
of  Victoria,  New  South  Wales,  South  Austra- 
lia, and  New  Zealand.  His  first  wife  died  in 
1879,  and  in  1881  he  married  Mr?.  Robert  J. 
Crawley,  of  St.  Joseph,  Mo  ,  and  for  some  years 
made  that  city  his  home.  In  October,  188T.  he 
removed  to  Orange  Lake,  Fla..  and  there  estah- 
tablished  his  residence  and  observatory;  but, 
early  in  September,  1688,  he  set  out  for  Lon- 
don to  mi  a  lecture  engagement  Od  reaching 
New  York  he  was  taken  ill  and  died  of  hemor- 
rhagic malarial  fever.  Prof.  Proctor  was  ap- 
pointed an  Honorary  Fellow  of  King's  College, 
London,  in  1873,  and  became  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  in  1886.  He  was 
appointed  honoraiy  secretary  of  that  society 
and  editor  of  its  proceedings  in  February,  1872, 
bnt  resigned  these  offices  in  November,  1878. 
In  1881  he  foundfd  "Knowledge,"  a  weekly 
scientific  journal,  hut  chsnged  it  to  a  month- 
ly in  188&,  and  continued  its  editor  until  his 
death.  His  prodnctivencss  and  versatility  were 
remarkable.  Id  the  same  issue  of  his  journal 
he  would  appear  in  several  rnlet  at  once:  as 
the  editor  and  as  Richard  A.  Proctor,  writing 
on  astronomy  and  mathematics;  as  Thomas 
Foster,  criticising  and  carrying  to  its  logical 
conclusions  Dickens's  unfinished  novel  of  "  Ed- 
win Drood  " ;  and  then  anonymously  criticising 
and  refuting  the  said  Thomas  Foster;  as  the 
whisleditoraiid  the  chess  editor  and  every  other 
sort  of  eilitor  demanded  by  the  occasion.  At 
the  same  time  he  was  writing  articles  for  other 
periodicals  and  newspapers,  and  he  wrote  well 
on  every  subject  he  handled.  Bei^ides  those 
already  mentioned,  he  published  '*  Light  Science 
for  Leisure  Honrs  "  (three  series,  1 87 1 .  1 ST8,  and 
1883);  "Elementary  Astronomy"(l87l);  "Orbs 
around  n8"(1872);  "Elementary  Geography" 
(1872);  "School  Atlas  of  Asrronomy"  (1872); 
"Essays  on  Astronomy"  (1872);  "Familiar 
Science  Studies  "  (1872) ;  "  The  Moon  "  ( 1873) ; 
"  Borderland  of  Science  "  (1673) ;  "  Expanse 
of  Heaven"  (1873);  "The  Universe  and  Cora 


708 


PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


ing  Transits"  (1874);  "Transits  of  Venus" 
(1874) ;  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Cycloid  "  (1878). 
He  edited  the  ^^  Knowledge  Library,"  coDsist- 
ing  of  a  series  of  works  made  up  of  papers  that 
appeared  in  his  own  journal,  among  which 
were  several  of  his  own,  notablv  **  How  to  Play 
Whist"  (1886)  "and  "  Home'Whist "  (1885). 
After  becoming  an  Americun  citizen,  he  pub- 
lished "  Chance  and  Luck  "  (1887) ;  "  First  Steps 
in  Geometry  "  (1887);  "  Easy  Lessons  in  Differ- 
ential Calculus"  (1887)  ;  and  "Old  and  New 
Astronomy,"  which  at  the  time  of  his  death 
was  heing  issued  in  parts. 

PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES.  This  Church  has  moved  on 
steadily  in  its  appointed  course  during  1888. 
It  is  true,  it  has  been  roused  to  more  than 
ordinary  etfort  in  order  to  test  an<l  examine  its 
liturjzy  and  services  by  the  proposed  plan  for 
enrichment  and  flexibility,  whereby  congrega- 
tions are  urged  to  use  fully  and  freely  the 
Churches  provisions  for  worship  and  growth  in 
spirituality  and  the  higher  Christian  life.  This 
matter  will  come  up  for  final  adjustment  at  the 
General  Convention  in  October,  1889.  The 
sources  of  information  in  preparing  this  arti- 
cle are  the  published  journals  of  conventions, 
reports  and  documents  of  Church  societies 
and  corporations,  Pott's  "Church  Almanac," 
and  Whittaker's  "Protestant  Episcopal  Al- 
manac." The  following  table  presents  a  sum- 
mary of  statistics  of  the  Church  during  1888: 

DIOCESES   AND   inSSIONS. 


DIOCESES. 


Soathern  Ohio.  

Springfield..   

Tenoesflee.  

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Wefltem  Michigan . . . 
Western  New  York.. 
West  Vliiglnia 


MneioHABT  Ji7Bia- 
DicnoNB. 

Oregon 

North  Dakota 

Utah 

Nevada 

South  Dakota 

Northern  Texas 

Western  Texas 

Northern  Caliromla. . . 
New  Mexico  and  Ari- 


Bona 

Montana 

Washington 

Wyoming  and  Idaho. 

Alaska....? 

Westecn  Aft-ica 

China 

Japan 


ToUl 


Cl««y. 


5t 
40 
46 
28 
8T 

ISfi 
26 

118 
25 


17 
16 
6 
4 
8i 
14 
14 
19 

6 
12 
18 
16 

8 
14 
24 
11 


Tf    I    Bap- 


Cea- 


48 
fiO 
82 
40 
46 
163 
27 

ion 
27 


24 
8S 

7 

9 
M 
25 
20 
19 

21 
20  . 
15 
20 


«SJ7|      864!     IP 
m     49«:    S.^ 


434 
840i 


887 

264 


I 


i,esM),  tfei 

456|  270 

1,600  1,261 

214  Sidi 


220 
154| 
149 
128 
818; 
140 
289 
282 

106 
218 
1851 
S&6' 


184 

81 

m 

101 

111 
2e8 


14 

115 

n 

119 


154 
157 
494 


99 
127 
S42 


8^950    8,250' 56,709:  89;»0 


4«a 


Namber  of  diocesM  

Number  of  missionary  Jurisdictions 

Bishops 

Oandidates  for  orders. 

Deacons  ordained 

Priests  ordained 


DIOCESES. 


Alabama 

Albany 

Arkansas 

<Mirorn1a 

Central  New  York  . . 
Central  Pennsylvania 

Chicago 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

East  Carolina 

Easton 

Florida 

Fond  du  Lie 

Qeorgia 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Long  Island 

Louisiana 

.Haine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Milwaukee 

Minnesota 

Mississippi  . 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Newark 

Ner/  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Pittsburg 

Qatncy 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 


Clergy. 


88 

126 

19 

88 

99 

108 

72 

83 

198 

27 

28 

36 

62 

88 

41 

89 

54 

88 

42 

118 

86 

25 

171 

181 

76 

67 

91 

81 

70 

45 

98 

86 

109 

842 

6S 

62 

210 

68 

24 

57 

48 


bbM. 


42 

100 
&1 
85 

106 
92 
49 
26 

145 
29 
85 
88 
87 
18 
88 
41 
49 
26 
28 
80 
42 
22 

127 

110 
69 
88 
71 
85 
52 
25. 
77 
28 
75 

200 
47 
73 

128 
47 
2^ 
44 
54 


B«p* 


490 

1,728 

21G 

1,058 

1,498 

1,897 

1,888 

8S6 

1,966 

247 

889 

894 

579 

841 

572 

681 

686 

886 

617 

2,586 

563 

830 

2.674 

2,718 

1,482 

650 

980 

852 

964 

618 

1,779 

821 

1,445 

6,3S3 

728 

789 

4.267 

1,166 

190 

1.012 

441 


Coo- 
tbna. 


483 

1,296 
168 
407 

1,118 

1,119 
978 
825 

1,284 
148 
150 
181 
862 
270 
408 
510 
448 
279 
533 

1,642 
867 
18"^ 

1,991 

1,784 

1,066 
519 
788 
264 
886 
4'?0 

1,051 
257 
906 

8,665 
5^9 
8i6i 

2,4871 

i6o: 

561! 
8?5! 


Comma- 
nScanit. 


9» 

l( 

0 

» 

Ml 

*..«.«w.«-.— ^* 

Priests  and  deacons *2 

Whole  number  of  clergy *^ 

Whole  number  of  parishes  (including  40U  misskio 

stations),  about ^ 

Baptisms,  in  fknt Jf^ 


4,886 

15,702 

1,599 

«,?47 

14,820 

9,888 

11,848 

2.400 

28,848 

2,289 

8,015 

2,499 

8,047 

2,988 

6,850 

6,276 

5,661 

2,498 

6,178 

20,011 

4,488 

2,932 

25,125 

25,029 

12,214 

5.500 

7,860 

2,766 

7,615 

2,804 

18.491 

2.6B5 

10,587 

47,690 

4,109 

6,218 

88,700 

8,968 

2.080 

8,483 

4,267 


Baptisms,  adult 

Baptisms,  not  specified.  

Total. 

Confirmed,  nnmber  of. 

Communiciuita. 

Marriages 

Burials 

Sunday-school  teachera 

Sundav-scbool  scholars 

Contributions  for  church  purposes. 


•4 
l&tf 


fan 


MMmitj  Sedety. — In  accordance  witbvi 
canon,  this  societj  comprehends  all  peno) 
who  are  members  of  the  Protestant  Episcof 
Charch.  The  Board  of  Missions  consiata 
all  the  bishops  of  this  Chnrch,  the  mem\i 
for  the  time  being  of  the  Hoase  of  Depatie 
the  General  Convention,  the  delegates  fi 
the  missionary  jurisdictions,  and  the  Botn 
Managers.  The  Missionary  Council  compi 
all  the  bishops,  an  equal  nnmber  of  pre^byl 
and  an  equal  number  of  laymen.  It  n 
annually  (except  in  the  years  when  the  B^ 
of  Missions  meets),  and  is  chained  with  ta 
all  necessary  action  in  regnrd  to  the  misi 
ary  work  of  the  Chnrch  which  shall  not 
flict  with  the  general  policy  of  the  board. 
Council  met  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Novei 
13,  and  continued  in  session  for  two  daja 
was  largely  attended  by  bishops,  clergy, 
laity,  and  disposed  of  its  work  with  proi 
tilde  and  hearty  zeal.  The  annual  repoi 
the  Board  of  Managers  was  received, 
accompanying  documents;  careful  attei 
was  given  to  the  Commission  for  Work  an 


)TESTANT  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH  IN  TBE  UNITED  STATES.  709 

People ;   also   to  the    Woman^s  jarisdictioDS  88  missionaries.     The  financial 

i  to  the  important  work  of  the  condition  was  as  follows:  For  general  work. 

ing-Fand   Commission.     Appro-  domestic   missions,   $38,456.91 ;    for   general 

was  freely  discnssed  and  toler-  work,    foreign    missions,    $680.05 ;    specials, 

mtlined,  and  the  subject  of  in-  $5,958.85 ;   Elj  professorship,  Griswoid  Col- 

iterest  of  Church  people  in  behalf  lege,  $7,000;  balance  to  new  account  ($7,850 

£18  urgently  presscMl  upon  all  who  being  trust  fiind  not  yet  invested),  $81,878.88 ; 

The  Board  of  Missions  divides  total,  $78,969.14.    The  society  holds  in  securi- 

een  a  domestic  committee  and  a  ties,  property,  etc.,  $102,675.    Boxes  of  cloth- 

ttee,  which  have  headquarters  in  ing  were  sent  to  the  missionaries,  in  value 

f.  about  $4,000. 

Iiltu. — From  Sept  1,   1887,  to  Chvch  W«rk  bi  Hexif*. — Aid  in  this  work  was 

there  were:  Missionaries  (16  mis-  continued  by  the  reappointment  for  another 

ictions  and  80  dioceses) :  Bishops,  year  of  the  presbyter  sent  out  in  1887.     His 

gy  (white,  colored,  Indian),  490 ;  duty  remains  the  same,  viz..  that  of  *^  counseling 

er  helpers,  etc.,  75 ;  total,  578.  and  guiding  presbyters  and  readers  in  Mexico 

condition  was  as  follows:  Cash  who  have  asked  for  the  fostering  care  of  this 

tember,  1887),  $25,468.92 ;  offer-  Church  to  be  extended  to  them  as  a  mission.^' 

6,240 ;  legacies  for  domestic  mis-  An  advisory  committee  for  the  work  in  Mexico 

.48;  legacies  for  investment,  $58,-  has  in  charge  all  offerings  made  through  the 

>r  endowment  of  missionary  epis-  Board  of  Missions.     **  The  Mexican  League  ^' 

KK);  specials,  $28,478.01.    Total,  is  still  actively  at  work  as  an  independent 

Expenditures  (16  missionary  ju-  association,  consisting  of  ladies,  for  aid  in  mis- 

I  82  dioceses),  $108,658.98 ;  mis-  sionary  work  in  Mexico.     It  has  no  further 

[ndians  and  colored  people,  $62,-  connection  with  the  Board  of  Missions, 

als,  $27,905.80 ;  missionary  epis-  Chnith  bi  Haytt.— This  Church,  though  inde- 

ment  (paid  over),  $100,000;  l^a-  pendent,  is  not  strong,  and  seeks  aid  from  the 

d  over),   $55,127.80;  oflSce  and  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 

)8,  $17,782.28 ;  balance  in  hand,  States.    A  commission  of  bishops  has  it  in 

Total,  $409,691.86.  charge,  and  it  receives  help  from  the  Domestic 

dmfc — From    Sept.    1,    1887,   to  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society.    Aid  was  ex- 

the  number  of  missionary  bish-  tended  to  the  amount  of  $6,551.78.    Statistics: 

le  number  of  other  clergy  (white  Bishop,  1 ;  other  clergy,  18;  teachers,  2 ;  oat- 

10;  teachers,  physicians,  helpers,  echists,16;  mission  stations,  28 ;  baptisms,  58; 

al,  228.    The  financial  condition  communicants,  870 ;  day  scholars,  552 ;  Sun- 

¥S :    Cash  in   hand   (September,  day-school  scholars,  221 ;  contributions,  $647 ; 

i.88 ;  offerings,  legacies,  general  mission  property,  estimated  value,  $17,470. 

19.45  ;     legacy    for   investment,  Prttestait  EptoMpal  Chwehcs  fai  Eirope,  under 

als  for  China,  Japan,  etc.,  $16,-  thechargeof  a  bishop  of  the  American  Church  : 

,  $284,907.05.    Expenditures  on  In  France,  2 ;  in  Germany,  1 ;  in  Italy,  2 ;  in 

missions,   etc.,  in  West   Africa,  Switzerland,  1. 

ipan  (including  Hayti  and  Mexi-  iaerlcu  Churth  BiUdtaig^Fnd  CmimMai,  es- 

>.12 ;   legacies,   etc.   (paid  over),  tablished  in  1880,  continues  its  very  useful  and 

pecials,  $21,209.99 ;  salaries,  rent,  important  work.     It  aims  to  create  a  fund  of 

$17,782.22;  balance  in  hand,  $58,-  not  less  than  $1,000,000,  so  as  to  be  enabled 

,  $284,907.05.    The  mission  prop-  to  give  effective  aid  in  all  parts  of  the  United 

gn  stations  is  estimated  to  be  States    toward    building    chapels    and    new 

the  same  as  last  year,  viz.,  in  churches.    Thus  far  the  permanent  fund  has 

t),   $22,000;   in   China   (about),  reached  to  $108,408.88;  but,  as  the  matter  be- 

Japan  (about),  $50,000 ;  and  oth-  comes  better  understood,  there  is  good  reason 

)arly  half  a  million  dollars.  to  expect  that  the  fund  will  be  raised  to  the 

xmary  to  the  Board  of  Missions  desired  amount.    During  the  year  forty-seven 

rtant  and  efficient  aid  in  all  the  applications  for  aid  were  responded  to  and 

by    means    of    parochial,    city,  loans  were  voted  in  sums  from  $200  to  $8,000, 

diocesan  associations  of  ladies,  the  average  being  about  $1,000  to  each  church. 

le  purpose  of  raising  money,  pre-  The  total  amount  was  $46,500. 

orwanding  boxes  to  missionaries  Soriety  for  Praaottng  ChrtetlAHity  aaong  the  Jews 

tations,  and  in  various  other  ways  (auxiliary  to  the  Board  of  Missions)  reports 

to  the  missionary  work  of  the  quiet  and  steady  progress.     The  society  has 

ney  raised  for  domestic,  foreign,  missionaries  in  seven  of  the  large  cities  as  well 

ission  work,  $100,985.3i3 ;  boxes  as  in  numerous  large  towns.     There  are  five 

(8,246  in  number),  value,  $175,-  missionary  schools,  five  industrial  schools,  and 

,  $276,154.10.  two  branch  schools,  and  252  of  the  parochial 

hnreh  MIssioMry  Society  (also  aux-  clergy  kindly   co-operate  in   local    activities, 

lioard  of  Missions)  has  employed  The  entire  work  is  such  as  to  reach  the  Jews 

!ar  in  17  dioceses  and  missionary  in  254  cities  and  towns  in  the  United  States. 


710  QUEBEC,  PROVINCE  OF. 

Of  publications  85,556  copies  have  been  issued,  R.  Welles,  of  Milwaukee,   Bishop  J.   \^ 

and  Bibles,   Testaments,    Scripture  portions,  Brown,  of  Fond  du  Lac,  Bishop  S.  S.   "^  S^ 

and  prayer-books  have  been  distributed  in  the  of  Michigan,  and  Bishop  G.  R.  Dunlc-^3»^^^^ 

English,  German,  and  Hebrew  tongues.     Bal-  sionary  Bishop  of  New  Mexico  and       ^v 

ance  in  hand  (Sept.  1,  1887),  $7,846.95;  con-  Three  presbyters  have  been  consecrate -^ 

tributions,    specials,    etc.,    $12,188.43;    total,  ops,  viz.,  J.  S.  Johnston,  Missionary 

$20,085.38.     Expenditures  for  schools,  salaries.  Western  Texas ;  A.  Leonard,  Missiui 

publications,  etc.,  $12,752.52 ;   real-estate  ac-  op  of  Nevada  and   Utah ;   and  L 

count,    $518.20  ;    balance    to    new    account,  Bishop  of  Delaware.     Three  are  on  tb» 

$6,764.66 ;  total,  $20,035.38.  retired    bishops,    viz.,    H.    Southgate, 

Chaages  ia  the  Gergj* — During  the  year  four  Penick,  and  ^.  I.  J.  Schereschewsky.^ 

of  the  bishops  have  died,  viz.,  Bishop  Edward  seventy  of  the  clergy  died  in  1888. 


Q 


QtEfiECyPftOVIBTCEOF.   FfauuicM.— The  Treas-  ing  assembled,  protested  against  the  dls^  £^i 

urer  of  the  province,  in  his  budget  speech  on  ance  as  an  unwarrantable   interfereno^^ *<!t 

June  18,  1888,  shortly  before  the  close  of  the  provincial  rights.     Some  justification  li^      fo, 

fiscal  year,  announced  that  the  ordinary  re-  Quebec  Le>dslature  straining  the  iate  -^^^y 

ceiptsup  to  April  1  amounted  to  $3,024,981.65,  tion  of  the  British  North  America  Act  -^  Jq  ^ 

and  the  ordinary  expenses  to  $2,259,960.14.  der  to  authorize  the  appointment  of  the       ^^ 

An  act  was  passed  authorizing  the  Govern-  by  the  Provincial  Government,  is  to  be      ^j^ 

ment  to  issue  debentures  bearing  interest  at  in  the  persistent  neglect   of    the  Dok:z7^ 

not  more  than  4  per  cent,  to  the  amount  of  Government  to  appoint  new  judges,  ^tboa^ 

the  whole  existing  debt  of  the  province.     As  the  work  in  tiie  courts  was  notoriousl)'  io  ir* 

the  act  left  the  creditors  of  the  province  no  op-  rears. 

tion  but  to  accept  the  lower  rate  of  interest  or       The  Jegnits'  Ettates  Setttaacat — Au  act  pa^ 

to  terminate  their  debentures,  it  was  severely  by  the  Legislature  during  the  session  of  1^ 

criticised  in  London  as  well  as  in  Canada,  as  destined    to    arouse    considerable   disseofit'O 

amountintiT  to  a  partial  repudiation  of  the  pMV-  throughout  the  Dominion,    was  the  act  re- 

ince^s  liability  to  its  creditors.     Presumably  in  specting  the  settlement  of  the  Jesuits^  estates. 

deference  to  freely  expressed  public  opinion.  At  the  time  of  the  suppression  of  the  Society 

the  Government  refrained  from  carrying  out  of  Jesus  throughout  the  world  by  the  Popeio 

the  scheme  of  conversion.  1774,  the  Jesuits  owned  large  estates  in  Ca»- 

District  Uaglstratcs  Act— This  act,  of  little  ira-  adn,   which  had   been   bestowed   apon  tb«fB 

portance  in  itself,  gave  rise  to  no  little  public  chiefly  for  educational  purposes.    According 

excitement  through   being  disallowed  by  the  to  a  schedule  made  in  1787,  their  propertiei 

Dominion  (Government  as  ultra  vire$  of  the  included :  1,  Six  superficial  arpenta,  on  whicb 

Quebec  Legislature.     The  purport  of  the  act  the  Quebec  college  and  church  are  erected, 

was  to  abolish  the  Circuit  Court  of  Montreal  given  for  the  instruction  of  the  inhabitants;  % 

and  substitute  therefor  a  court  with  practically  the  two  Lorettes  or  Seigniory  of  St.  Gabriel; 

the  same  jurisdiction,  to  be  called  the  District  8,  the  peninsula  of  Lavacherie ;  4,  SilIerr,Detf 

Masristrates  Court.     Under  the  British  North  Cape  Rouge;  5,  Belair;  6,  Cap  de  la  Ibgde* 

America   Act,  the  provincial  legislatures  en-  laine,  near  Three  Rivers;  7,  Batiscan;  8,  tbe 

joy  the  power  to  make  laws  in  relation  to  the  Island  of  St.  Christophe,  near  Three  Rivers;  9, 

administration  of  justice  in  the  province,  in-  Laprairie  de  la  Magdelaine;    10,  a  piece  of 

eluding  the  Constitution,  maintenance,  and  or-  ground  at  St.  Nicholas;  11,  eleven  arpents  d 

ganization   of  provincial   courts  both  of  civil  ground  at  Pointe  Levis ;  12,  the  Isle  of  KeaaSi 

and  criminal  jurisdiction;  but  the  appointment  below  the  Island  uf  Orleans;  13,  six  arpent§ 

of  judges  to  the  superior,  district,  and  county  at  Tadousac;    14,  the  Fief  Pacherignj,  near 

courts  in  each  province  appertains  to  the  Gov-  Three  Rivers;    15,  another  lot   at  the  same 

emor-General  in  Council.     The  appointment  place;  1 6,  a  remnant  of  ground  extending  to  a 

of  magistrates  rests  with  the  provincial  gov-  small  river  near  Lake  St.  Peter;  17,  anomber 

ernments.     Consequently,  the  practical  effect  of  lots  in  Quebec  city,  now  built  upon,  aod 

of  the  act  was  simply  to  change  the  name  of  many  used  as  public  streets;  18,  the  ground 

the  court  and  of  its  presiding  officer,  and  to  used  by  the  church  and  mission  house  of  Mon- 

confer  upon  the  Quebec  Government  the  power  treal,  etc.     Altogether  the  Jesuits  owned  4S,- 

of   appointing  that  presiding   officer,    which  000  acres  in  the  district  of  Montreal,  439,000 

power  of  appointment  is  by  the  British  North  in  the  district  of  Three  Rivers,  and  129,500  in 

America  act  of  the  Imperial   Parliament  ex-  the  district  of  Quebec — valued  at  from  $2,000.- 

pressly  conferred  upon  the  Dominion  Govern-  000  to  $3,000,000.     In  1791  the  society  was 

ment.    The  Quebec  Government  appointed  two  suppressed    as    a    body  corporate    by   King 

district  magistrates  under  the    act,  and  the  George  III,  and  all  its  lands  were  declared  to 

friends  of  the  local  government,  in  mass  meet-  be  vest^  in  the  crown.     Provision  was  made 


REFORMED  CHURCHES. 


711 


ennes  of  the  property  for  tlie 
ibers  of  the  order,  the  last  of 
1800.  It  is  contended  that, 
ds  had  not  been  ab*eady  confis- 
uld  then  hare  escheated  to  the 
t  of  other  heins.  The  revenues 
fere  applied  to  educational  pnr- 
:ate8  were  transferred  to  the  old 
nada,  and  at  the  time  of  confed- 
a  large  portion  of  them  was 
rovince  of  Quebec.  From  time 
clesiastical  authorities  have  de- 
ansfer  of  the  Jesuits'  estates  to 
tholic  Church.  In  1878  it  was 
the  bishops  were  the  rightful 
oppressed  order.  In  1887  the 
iture  passed  an  act  incorporate 
3,  and  the  Quebec  Government 
^gotiations  with  the  Jesuits  and 
r  See  for  a  settlement  of  the 
claims.  In  these  negotiations 
le  Hon.  Honor6  Mercier,  refused 
iiy  civil  obligation,  but  merely 
ation,'*  on  the  part  of  the  Gov- 
Jesuit  fathers  were  authorized 
treat  with  the  Government,  on 
the  money  received  be  depos- 


ited and  left  at  the  free  disposal  of  the  Holy 
See.  Finally  an  agreement  was  made  and 
ratified  by  the  Legislature,  at  this  session,  in 
the  act  respecting  the  settlement  of  the  Jes- 
uits' estates.  Under  this  act  the  Government 
of  the  Province  pays  $400,000  to  the  Society 
of  Jesus,  and  also  transfers  Laprarie  Common 
to  it,  and  pays  $60,000  to  the  Protestant  Com- 
mittee of  the  Council  of  Public  Instruction  for 
the  purposes  of  higher  education.  The  society 
— in  its  own  behalf,  for  its  suppressed  prede- 
cessor, for  the  Pope,  and  ror  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  generally — accepts  the  grant 
as  a  full  settlement. 

The  passage  of  the  act  gave  great  offense  to 
Protestants,  and  the  Dominion  Government 
was  urged  to  exercise  it^  power  of  disallow- 
ance; but  the  Dominion  Government  took  tiie 
ground  that,  wise  or  unwise,  the  legislation 
was  within  the  competence  of  the  Provincial 
Legislature.  Some  politicians  were  unkind 
enough  to  say  that  the  act  was  pai^sed  in  the 
hope  that  it  would  be  disallowed,  in  which 
case  the  Quebec  ministry  would  have  appealed 
to  the  electorate  upon  nn  issue  that  would 
have  greatly  strengthened  their  weak  ma- 
jority. 


R 


lURCHiaS.  The  following  table  of    is  published  in  the  ''Almanac  for  the  Reformed 
itisticsofthe  Reformed  Churches    Church  in  the  United  States"  for  1889: 


NAMES  OF  CHURCHES  AND  COUNTRIES. 


irch  in  the  l*rov1nce  of  Austria 

arch  In  the  Provlnoe  of  Bohemia 

irrh  In  the  Province  of  Moravia 

trch  of  the  Helvetic  Confetiaion  of  Hungary. . . . . . . 

ifrelical  Churches,  Belgium 

iristian  Reformed  Church,  Belgium 

ches,  Belgium  and  Netherlands 

arch  of  France 

d  Church  of  France 

1  Church  of  Bertheln,  Germany . 

Church,  Elberfeld 

irch  East  of  the  Rhine,  Germany 

jrchM  (Separatists),  Germany 

jrches  (in  the  TTnlon\  Germany. .     

irch  in  the  Notherlaods.  including  Dutch  Colontes. 

>rmed  (  hurches  In  the  Netherlands 

ntonal)  Churches  of  Switzerland 

>f  Geneva. 

d  Evangelical  Church  of  NenfchAtel 

igelfcnl  Reformed  Church  of  the  <  'anton  of  Vaud  . . 

cal  Reformed  Church  of  tb<:  Canton  of  Vaud 

vaneeiical  Church 

1  Church  of  Italy 

tian  Church 

arch  in  Knssta 

'erian  Reformed  Church 

irch  in  Algiers 

led  Church  in  South  Africa 

led  Chnrch  in  Orange  Pre<»  State 

>rmeH  Church  in  South  Africa . . . 

led  ( 'hurch  In  Natal  and  Transvaal 

irch  in  America  (Dutch) 

d  Dutch  Church 

trmed  Church  in  America 

led  Church.  Surinam 

irch  in  United  States  (German) 

irch  (GerraanX  Japan  X 


Sjood*. 


1 
1 
1 
5 


2t 
4 
1 


10 
10 


1 


Mlnb- 
ttn. 

4 

56 

25 

1.909 


19 

24 

814 

44 

7 

5 

7 


1.611 
821 


2 
1 
1 
2 
4 
1 
1 


8 
1 


158 
25 
16 
17 

566 

10 

44 

6 

S22 
11 


C'lngre- 
gatkmi. 


4 

68 

84 

8,261 


68 


59 
9 
8 
9 


8 

4 

78 

27 

78 

127 

50 

77 

44 

18 

42 

IC 

21 

1,349 
415 


140 

27 

84 

25 

547 

18 

70 

6 

1,512 

8 


Commmii- 
canU. 


6,888 
4,848 
2.200 
20U.OO0 
8,923 
4,896 


86,000 
8.272 
2,400 
440 
2,598 
80,O0Ot 
SCO.OOOt 
200,000 
70,0<K) 
L200,000t 
478 

ai28 

8,128 

4.000 

17,885 

1.480 

840 

7,«H)0 

14,6<»8 

150,(HK)t 

80,600 

8,000 

6.095 

6,445 

85,548 

817 

8,167 

1,120 

190.527 

1,202 


Adhareat*. 


8,144 
6.250 
8,9)0 

80.iKK) 
8,000 
MOO 

10,000 

101, coot 

4,800 
4,000 
l,O00t 
8.000t 
20.000t 
l,OOO.OOCt 
850,000t 
100,000t 
l,600,0O0t 
6()0 
10,0<K»t 
10,000t 
6.2£0t 
26.000 
2,000 
1,500 
10,00Gt 
20,00i,t 
150,0(K)t 
50,00<lt 
15,(KKH- 
9,000t 
9.000t 
200,000 
500 
16,000 
1.5()0t 
600,00(Jt 


hese  four  orgnnlzations  compose  the  General  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  Austria. 
atlmated.  t  1°  United  Church  of  Japan. 


i  i 


S9T;  for  coPKregatiunal  purposeii,  (841,201. 

Ei^lit  colleges  and  univeraitiea,  V  academi- 
cal Bctiools  and  inelitutes,  and  2  theological 
semiDariea  nre  conducted  and  4  orpban  homen 
are  tnaintamed  under  tlie  patronage  of  tbe 
Church.  The pablishiiig enterprises paaawl  into 
private  hands  on  the  Inst  daj  of  186T,  and  are 

.  now  carriei]  on  at  Fhikdeljihia  under  the  atjle 
of  tbe  "Ret'ormed  Chnrch  Publication  Hoaae," 
Home  missiooa  are  carried  on  under  tbe  care 
of  Boards  of  the  General  S^nod  and  of  three 
district  synods.  Fiftj-idimissionBareriitiirned, 
with  6,4S0  communicants,  who  contributed 
during  the  jear  $38,724  for  congresatioual, 
and  $3,000  (or  benevolent  purposes.  The  Gen- 
eral BoarJ  hod  received  during  the  flacal  venr 
18aT-'88,  $16,738,  and  asked  for  $20,000' for 
the  en-iiini;  year.  The  Board  of  Foreign  Mis- 
tioos  received  $20,000.     The   missions  of  the 

'  Tokio  and  Sendai  districts  in  Japan  returned 
8  orgimized  churches,  4  of  wliicb  were  self- 
■oiipurting;  7  preacbing-stalions;  482  bap- 
tianiH  of  adult  converts ;  8  baptiaim  of  children ; 
1,202  members;  3  schools,  with  309  pupils; 
16  Sundaj-Bcbool^,  with  719  pupils;  1  tlieo- 
Togical  school,  with  9  pupils;  7  Dative  minis- 
ters; 4  other  BgentA;  und  $1,960  of  ooDtriba- 

U.  £elto«d  dan*  )■  limlca.— The  follow- 
ing isasummur;  of  the8tBtisti::suf  this  Church 
08  thej  were  reported  ti)  the  General  Syncid  in 
June,  1888  ;  Nninber  of  classes,  34 ;  of  church- 
es, 646;  of  ministers,  55G  ;  of  liceutiates,  9; 
Offumilies,  47,S20 ;  of  communicunta,  87,015; 
of  baptisms  during  the  fear,  4,TJ)I  of  infunls 
and  1,230  of  adults;  of  members  admitted  on 
confession,  4,949  ;  of  baptized  non-ooinmu- 
nlcants  84,070;  of  catechumens,  31,814;  of 
Sunday  -  schools,  750,  with  96,lil9  members. 
Amount  of  contribution  a  for  religious  and  be- 
nevolei)t  purposes.  $244,902 ;  for  congregation- 
al purposes,  $970,858. 

The  Board  of  Education  reported  to  the  Gen- 

PTui  Svnnd  t.hnt    it   hail   rMwivod  HflOTO.  whilo 


had  been  in  the  Missionary  Uepanm^ 

298  ;  from  the  Church  Batltling  fui:* 
255.  Tbe  board  had  aided  108  » 
and  stations,  served  by  90  p.islore,  t^ 
prising  4,302  families  and  6.917  menKi 
which  768  members  had  been  received  t 
fession  ;  with  108  Sunday-scboola  ha-* 
average  attendance  of  9,349  pupils.  Tl4 
tiona  had  contributed  $1,672  to  home  cS 
and  $4,474  to  other  objects. 

The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  had  ti^ 
$109,944.  From  the  misuons— in  Cb:  ■ 
dia,  and  Japan— were  returned  11  6t£ 
123  out  stations  and  preaching-places : 
(lained  and  8  un ordained  missionariv 
assistant  -  missionaries ;  26  native  or- 
3  native  helpers;  4.fiJt' 
minaries  for  bovs,  wi* 
pnpils;  6  seminarieafor  giris,  with  SOOpi 
4  theological  schools  or  classes,  with  Si 
dents:  and  106  da;  sohools,  with  2,«12F< 
The  contributions  of  the  native  chni 
amounted  to  $8,824.  One  ordained  mi^ 
and  one  assistant  missionary  were  uudfi 
pointment. 

The  eightv-second  General  Synod  nn 
Catskill,  N.  T.,  June  3.  The  Rev.  M.  II. 
ton,  D.  D.,  was  chosen  moderator.  The 
mittee  on  Conference  with  the  Befu 
Chnrch  in  the  United  States  presented 
port  of  procress,  and  was  continueil. 
committees  had  held  a  prelimiiisry  joint 
ing  in  the  city  of  New  York,  in  I>ece 
188T,  and  a  meeting  and  conference  of  i 
ters  and  laymen  in  Philadelphia,  April 
4,  1888.  Atcbelntter  meeting,  papers  ' 
had  been  previonely  arranged  for  were 
on  ■'  The  Historical  and  Docirinni  Relatli 
the  Two  Churchea,"  by  Dr.  E.  T.  C^rwi 
Prof.  J.  H.  Dubbs ;  "  the  Canons  of  Dor 
Dr.  Van  Uieson;  "The  Present  Condil 
the  Two  Denominationa,"  by  Dr.  Van  I! 
"  Church  Union  for  the  Evangelization 

World"    hv    Dr     V      R     0™- ■      "  Thn   ( 


RMED  CHURCHES.  RHODE  ISLAND.               713 

sown  standard;  or,  3,  on  the  1815.     It  consists  of  eleven  provincial  synods, 

iraon   formala  in   which  hoth  each  of  which  sends  four  delegates  to  the  Gen- 

l  nnite.    The  Conference   ex-  eral  Synod  meeting  every  three  years, 

pnent  that  '^  a  closer  union  be-  A  more  recent  movement  within  the  state 

0  bodies,  the  only  ecclesiastical  Charch  has  resulted  in  the  organization  of  an 
af  the  Reformed  Church,  of  orthodox  or  conservative  party,  strictly  adher- 
igin,  in  America,  is  desirable,  ing  t.o  the  old  ways  and  faith,  as  distinct  from 
cture  of  the  religious  issues  of  the  other  parties  which  are  more  ready  to  fol- 
ly important  and,  if  the  object  low  the  modern  tendencies  of  criticism  and 
iristian  wisdom  and  love,  un-  questioning  thought,  under  the  lead  of  Dr.  A. 
ticable.  Besides,  there  is  good  Kuyper,  of  the  Free  University  of  Amsterdam, 
opinion  that,  if  judicious  efforts  This  party  came  to  an  issue  with  the  authori- 
closer  union  be  conducted  by  ties  of  the  state  Church  in  1886,  on  a  question 
tittees,  present  obstacles  will  ofthe  admission  of  persons  denying  the  divinity 
>ear,  and  the  end  in  some  form  of  Christ  to  full  membership  in  the  Church  at 
table  to  both  branches  may,  Amsterdam.  The  Consistory  refusing  to  con- 
delay,  be  attained."  The  min-  sent  to  their  admission,  the  orthodox  majority 
3  organizations  were  advised  to  — being  eighty  in  number,  and  including  Dr. 
ves  more  fully  (»n  the  history  Eu^per — were  suspended,  and  afterward  de- 
id  Churches  in  Europe  and  in  posed.  After  this  exclusion,  a  correspondence 
^particularly  in  its  bearing  on  was  begun  with  reference  to  a  union  with  the 
vement,  and,  as  occasion  may  Christian  Reformed  Church,  and  two  meetings 
^,  by  preaching  and  otherwise,  of  a  satisfactory  character  were  held  between 
ongregations  better  knowledge  representatives  of  the  two  parties.  The  Gen- 
propriety  and  practical  worth  eral  Synod  of  the  Christian  Reformed  Church, 
union.^  Whatever  action  may  at  its  meeting  held  at  Assen  in  August,  took 

1  subject  will  have  to  wait  for  action  demanding  that  the  orthodox  party  reo- 
he  General  Synod  of  the  He-  ognize  that  Church  as  the  real  Church  of  the 

in  the  United  States,   which  Netherlands,  and  declare  more  openly  than  it 

11  1890.  had  done  that  it  had  broken  with  the  estab- 

was  appointed  to  make  such  lished  Church  and  its  representative  bodies, 
le  liturgy  of  the  Church  **  as  The  first  synodical  meeting  of  the  orthodox 
lore  available  and  comprehen-  body  was  also  held  in  August  at  Utrecht,  when 
)  and  worship,"  and  report  at  180  churches,  forming  twelve  classes,  were 
ng  of  the  General  Synod.  A  represented  by  twenty-four  delegates,  besides 
»sting  against  the  toleration  of  five  general  advisers  of  the  Synod, 
oxicating  liquors  on  the  Congo  RHODE  ISLAND.  State  GeTenuMBt— The  fol- 
i  telegraphed  by  cable  to  the  lowing  were  the  State  officers  during  the  y^ar: 
issionary  Conference  sitting  in  Governor,  John  W.  Davis,  Democrat,  succeed- 
fynod  also  recorded  its  pleasure  ed  by  Royal  C.  Taft.  Republican ;  Lieutenant- 
public  interest  in  efforts  that  Governor,  Samuel  R.  Honey,  succeeded  by  Enoa 
to  diminish  the  evils  growing  Lapham ;  Secretary  of  State,  Edwin  D.  Mc- 
r-traffic,  and  declared  that  these  Guinness,  succeeded  by  Samuel  H.  Cross ;  Gen- 
one  of  the  greatest  obstacles  eral  Treasurer,  John  G.  Perry,  succeeded  by 
)  progress  of  the  nation,  and  Samuel  Clark;  State  Auditor  and  Insurance 
rgetically  opposed  "  by  all  who  Commissioner,  Elisha  W.  Bucklin,  succeeded  by 
Jesns  Christ.  The  Committee  Almon  K.Goodwin;  Attorney  -  General,  Ziba 
3enevolence  recommended  the  O.Slocum,  succeeded  by  Horatio  Rogers;  Rail- 
the  term  "offering"  for  '*  col-  road  Commissioner,  James  H.  Anderson ;  Com- 
inary  usage,  and  the  revival  of  missioner  of  Public  Schools,  Thomas  B.  Stock- 
irship  in  making  offerings  of  well;  Chief- Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
hurch.  A  minute  was  adopted  Thomas  Durfee;  Associate  Justices,  Pardon  E. 
efforts  of  the  Evangelical  Alii-  Tillinghast,  Charles  Matteson,  John  H.  Stiness, 
ly  as  they  are  directed  to  the  and  George  A.  Wilbur. 

the  public  schools  in  their  in-  Legislative  Seflstens. — The  General   Assembly 

:ainst  efforts  to  divert  public  metat  Providence  on  January  17,  and  remained 

idvantage  of  particular  denomi-  in  session  till  March  23,  adjourning  on  that  day 

ommittee  appointed  to  prepare  to  meet  at  Newport  on  May  29.    The  most  im- 

bruction  for  young  children  pre-  portant  work  of  the  session  was  the  passage  of 

lism  which,  after  examination,  the  so-called  Bourn  amendment  to  the  State 

3d  to  a  committee  enlarged  by  Constitution,  abolishing  the  property  qnalifica- 

t  of  two  women  upon  it.  tion  for  electors,  which  had   been  approved 

I  ChurchM  In  the  Bfetberlands. —  by  the  preceding  Legislature.    The  proposed 

Reformed  Church  of  the  Neth-  amendment  provides  that — 

ted  in  a  secession  in  1836  from  Every  male  citizen  of  the  United  8tate»  of  the  ago 

m  as  established  by  the  law  of  of  twenty-one  years  who  has  had  his  residence  and 


1 


714  RHODE  ISLAND. 

home  in  this  State  for  two  years  aod  in  the  town  or  At  the  adjoarned  session,  which  < 

city  in  which  he  may  offer  to  vote  six  months  next  o„iy  two  davs.  United  States  Senato 

precedmsrC  the  time  of  his  votinj?,  and  whose  name  ♦u«t.  nu^^^  «,'„„ -.v  ^i^^i.-^^  m^n^n^i^T.^  9a 

shall  be  registered  in  the  town  or  ^ty  where  ho  resides  than  Oh  ace  was  reelected,  receiving  29 

on  or  before  the  last  day  of  December  in  the  year  next  the  Senate  and  59  in  the  H  ouse.    Lx-ir 

precedinir  the  time  of  his  voting,  shall  have  a  right  to  W.  Davis  received  4  votes  in  the  Seaa 

vote  in  the  election  of  all  civil  officers  and  onallques-  jn  the  House,  and  Obarles  H.  Page  1 

tions  in  all  legally  organized  town  or  ward  meetings  ;  ^ach  bodv 

tjrovided,  that  do  person  shall  at  any   time  be  al-  -,.         ^\    .            .      ,        i.     r  t    -:-i-« 

owed  to  vote  in  the  election  of  the  city  council  of  any  .  J°®  P^^^  important  act  of  LegiftW 

city,  or  unon  any  proposition  t^  impose  a  tax  or  for  vides  for  the  incorporation  aud  estab 

the  expenuiture  of  money  in  any  tr»wn  or  city,  anless  of  the  city  of  Woonsocket. 

he  shall  within  the  year  next  preceding  liave  paid  a  FbUMCCS. — ^The-  State  debt  on  the  la 

tax  a^ed  upon  his  property  therein,  valued  at  least  ^.,^^  ^^  consisted  of  bonds  of  1863,  p^ 

a    *•      o          -^     *u  *  1893,  to  the  value  of  $584,000;  and  1 

Section  2  provides  that-  i864  payable  in  1894,  to  the  value  . 

as^TZTe^'^^lJsrX'^^^  9^J  n^;  fi:f?'^-  .1""  "  \' 

be  qualified  to  vote  a  tax  of  one  <iollar,  or  such  sum  as  ^  tl^e  total  debt  during  the  year  of 

with  his  other  taxes  shall  amount  to  one  dollar,  which  At  the  same  time  the  securities  in  the 

tax  shall  be  paid  into  the  treasury  of  such  town  or  city  fund  have  increased  by  $66,192.69, 

and  be  apolied  to  the  support  of  public  schools  there-  amount  to  $767,641.18,  reckoning  th« 

m ;  provided  that  such  tax,  assessed  upon  any  person  ..^      .    ^„J      t«u^  «a* -i^k*   i^»o  ♦k^ 

wlJo  has  performed  military  duty,  shall  be  remitted  i'^«   »^   Pf  •      The  net  debt,  less  the 

for  the  year  he  shall  pertbrm  such  tluty ;  and  i*aid  tax,  "ind,  on  December  31  was  therefore  | 

assessed  upon  any  mariner  for  any  year  while  he  is  at  82.     One  year  before  it  was  $639,495. 

sea,  or  upon  any  person  who,  by  reason  of  extreme  pov-  treasury  statement  for  the  year  is  a* 

erty,  is  unable  to  pay  said  tax,  shall  upon  application  Balance  in  the  treasury,  Jan.  1,  1888,  f 

of  8uch  manner  or  person  be  remitted.    The  General  -,             •   *    ^      ^u                  j*       r\ 

Assembly  shall  have  power  to  provide  by  law  for  1^ ;  receipts  for  the  year  ending  Dec. 

the  collection  and  remission  of  this  tax.  $822,903.74 ;  payments  tor  year  ending 

Provision  was  made  for  the  submission  of    1888,  $895,648.22 ;  balance  in  treasui 

this  amendment  to  the  electors  at  the  April  ^^2,?'  W2,713.68. 

election.  T"®  excess  of  expenditure  over  the 

Another  act  provides  for  the  establishment  ^^^  1®®®  was  only  about  half  that  of 

of  a  State  Agricultural  School,  and  appropri-  ceding  year,  in  consequence  of  an  act 

ates  $5,000  therefor.    Any  sums  received  from  l®8®i  increasing  the  tax  on  ratable  pr 

the  Federal  Government  under  the  Hatch  act,  ^^^  State  from  twelve  to  fourteen  cent 

for  the  aid  of  agriculture,  are  placed  at  the  dis-  t^OO  of  valuation.     By  this  increase 

posal  of  the  governing  board   of  the  scijool.  "^y  received  $65,708.11   above  that 

The  sum  of  $26,000  was  appropriated  for  en-  ^^^m  taxes  the  previous  year.    For 

larging  and  iraprovinff  the  Hospital  for  the  In-  <^xcess  will  be  still  further  reduced  I 

sane.                *-         o               r  also  of  March,  1888,  reducing  for  188S 

Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow :  sequent  years  the  amount  of  annual 

To  prevent  discriminations  by  life-insurance  com-  ^^^o  the  sinking-fund  from  $1 00,000 1< 

panics.  Baaluh —  i  he  deposits  m  saving&-bai 

Providing  for  an  examination,  by  the  State  Board  State  amounted  on  December  31,  to 

of  Health,  of  the  sanitary  condition  of  hotohj  and  884.94,  an  Increase  of  $2,336,601.61  fo 

boardmj?;house8.                                  ^.- .x.   o.  .  year.     The  number  of  depositors  is  IS 

Kequinng  savings  mstitutions  to  report  to  the  State  i                  «  ^  ixJai  '   "^K^oii^^f »  »  ^^ 

Auditor  every  five  years  a  list  of  unclaimed  deposits  ^crease  of  2,958,  being  an  average  o 

remaining;  insuch  banks  for  twenty  years,  and  to  pub-  to  each  depositor, 

lish  said  list.  EdncMtlMk — The  last  report  of  the 

Kequu-ing  railroad  corporations  to  draw  cars,  pas-  ^^^^^^^  ^f  p^^^^^  Schools,  covering  tl 

sen^r  and  merchandise,  ot  any  other  railroad  corpo-  „^„^  «.>^:«« :«  a  •v-:i   t^ton  .x«^««r«  4-i 

ration  connecting  with  it  over  its  road,  for  a  reasona-  7^^^  ®°?ir?  in  April,  1887,  presents  tl 

ble  compensation,  and  to  furnish  suitoble  depot  ao-  ing  statistics:  Number  of  children  of » 

commodations  therefor  *  in  case  of  failure  to  agree  upon  63,199 ;  number  attending  public  sch 

a  compensation,  commissioners  appointed  by  the  Su-  793 ;  number  attending  OatholiC  schoc 

preme  Court  shall  decide.  number  attending  select  schools,  1,7 

The  General  Assembly  elected  in  April  con-  registration  in  public  schools,  49,507 

vened  at  Newport  on  May  29,  and  after  a  ses-  attendance,  32,632;   length  of  schoo 

sion  of  four  days  adjourned  to  June  12.     The  months,  9i;  male  teachers  employed 

following  acts  were  passed  during  the  session:  male  teachers  employed,  1,120;  aven 

To  establish  a  board  of  registration  in  dentistry.  per  month,    male   teachersL   $82.67 ; 

Authorizing  the  city  of  Pawtucket  to  issue  $300  000  ^^^^  p^^   ^^^^1,     f^^^^^   teachers, 

ot  bonds  to  obtain  monev  for  public  improvements.  v4            •            i-ioo 

Authorizing  the  redemption  of  the  franchise  and  number  of   evening  schools,   88 ;    m 

property  of  railroad  corporations  from  sale  on  execu-  public-school   houses,   466  ;    value   0 

tion.  school  property,  $2,404,031 ;  total  s. 

Approving  and  confirming  the  lease  of  the  Boston  penditures  for  the  year,  $798,465.     ' 

c"ompI^^                         ""^^^^       ^^'^'^^^  ""-^s  ^how  a  Slight  decrease  in   the 

Appropriating  $50,000  for  a  new  almshouse  at  the  attendance  over  the  preceding  yea 

State  farm  in  Cranston.  increase  in  the  total  enrollment,  in  tli 


RUODE  ISLAND.                                                    715 

»f  teachers,  in  the  number  of  school-  for  illegal  keeping  128,  for  illegal  selling  26, 

in  the  value  of  school- property.  for  cotiimon  nuisances  16 ;  during  the  remain- 
der of  students  enrolled  in  the  Nor-  ing  eight  months  the  seizures  were  535,  com- 

since  its  reorganization  in  1871  is  plaints  for  illegal  selling  42,  for  illegal  keeping 

rge  proportion  of  these  have  taught  16,  and  for  common  nuisances  15. 

K>ls  of  Khode  Island.    The  whole  The    Bmih  iBeidMeBt* — The  vote  cast  for 

graduates,  including  the  latest  class,  this  amendment    in  April   was    not    opened 

he  attendance  during  the  second  and  officiallj  counted  till  late  in  November, 

year  was  149,  tiie  largest  in  the  when  the  announcement  of  its  adoption  was 

3e  institution.  made  by  the  Governor's  proclamation.    Ques- 

-The  State  Home  and  School,  pro-  tions  at  once  arose  as  to  the  validity  of  the 

ome  and   education  for  homeless  existing  registry  acts  under  the  new  provision 

d  an  average  attendance  for  1887  of  the  Constitution,  and  these  questions  were 

for  1888  of  80;  there  were  remain-  submitted    by  the  Governor  to  the  Supreme 

Home  at  the  close  of  the  year  87  Court.    The  Court  decided  that  such  parts  of 

I  increase  of  9  over  that  of  a  year  those  acts  as  were  not  Inconsistent  with  the 

ncrease  in  members  calls  for  an  in-  amended  Con>titution   should   be  allowed  to 

e  annual  appropriations.    The  ex-  stand ;  that  the  statutory  provisions  relating 

onductin^ir  the  Home  and  School  for  to  the  assessment  and  payment  of  a  registry 

re  $12,179.94,  against  $9,816.32  for  tax  must  be  considered  as  null  and  void  ;  but 

the  beginning  of  1888  there  were  that  the  method  of  registration  by  town  and 

it  the  State  School  for  the  Deaf,  ward  clerks  was  still  in  force  as  before.    It  is 

,t  the  expense  of  the  State.  estimated  that  the  increase  of  the  voting-lists 

u — The  Governor  said  in  his  an-  under  this  amendment  will  be  over  twenty 

;e  in  January,  1889:   ^^The  opera-  thousand  names. 

laws  prohibiting  the  manufacture  PMitlcal.— On  February  22  a  State  Conven- 
intoxicating  liquors  is,  as  yet,  very  tion  of  Prohibitionists  met  at  Providence  and 
ing  satisfactory.  Until  the  advent  nominated  a  ticket  as  follows :  For  Governor, 
the  present  Attorney-General,  the  George  W.  Gould;  Lieutenant-Governor,  H. 
rising  under  the  law  had  not  been  I).  Scott ;  Secretary  of  State,  F.  A.  Warner ; 
with  the  zeal  and  energy  necessary  General  Treasurer,  A.  B.  Chadsey ;  Attorney- 
ate  whether  the  system  itself,  prop-  General,  John  T.  Blodgett.  The  usual  prohib- 
stered,  was  effective  or  not."  itory  resolutions  were  adopted,  and  also  the 
Dents  of  the  law  introduced  a  meas-  following : 

e  Legislature  during  the  year  pro-  We  declare  our  belief  that  the  laws  governing  the 

he  resubmission  of  the  prohibitory  right  of  8utfrage  in  our  State  should  be  bo  amended 

to   the   people,  while  its  friends  «»  to  bring  them  into  harmony  with  the  laws  of 

assage  of  a  bill  similar  to  the  Kan-  ^^fl^^^.  "P^?  ^^}?  ""i^^-    ^®  /"'^^^  ^.^^®^® 

^«  !•«,  4.^  o^«««^  «  «,r^«^  ^«v«*:««  that  the  registry  tax  has  been  a  great  source  ot  cor- 

on  law  to  secure  a  more  effective  ^^^5^^  ^^  ^1,^^  j^  should  be  aboirshed. 

t.     The  sentiment  of  the  Legislat-  Wc  believe  that  gross  corruption  prevails  through 

^avor  of  a  further  tjial  of  proliibi-  the  use  of  open  ballots,  and  we  declare  ourselves  in 

3tion  upon  the  injunction  bill  was  tavorofa  secret  ballot,  as  most  likely  to  prevent  in- 

>m  the  May  and  June  sessions  to  J|™*»dation  of  voters    and  soine  adaptation  of  the 

T             "^     ri^      >^u'T    1?  at  !^  "Australian  svstem,"  as  providing  best  agamstfacih- 

3g  January.     The   Chief  of  State  ties  for  bribery.        *        '^           «        -^ 

)  Is  charged  with  the  duty  of  en-  rr..      r»      ui«              *.  •     o*  *    r.          *• 

law,  reports  that  great  difficulty  is  J^^  Republicans  met  in  State  Convention 

e  failure  of  the  iScal  police,  espe-  ^  Providence,  March  15  and  nominated :  For 

evidence,  to  co-operate  with  him.  Governor,  Koyal  C    Taft;  Lieut^nant-Gover- 

,  with  onlvten  men  at  his  com-  nor  Enos  Lapham;  Secretary  of  State  Samuel 

y  one  time,  made  during  the  first  H  Cross;  General   Treasurer,  Samuel  Clark; 

of  the  year  465  seizures  of  liquors,  Attorney-General,  Horatio  Rogers.    The  plat- 

omplaints  for  illegal  keeping,  22  for  ^"™  ^ndudes  the  following : 

ig,  and  8  for  common  nuisances;  •     We  believe  that  all  proposals  to  divide  the  present 

^  aom^  ♦it«o  the^  Pi*/xiTi/lAn/«/i  PKiof  surplus  among  the  States  or  to  distribute  It  by  extraor- 

•.^^n                A  P'^.^'^®^^^  ^^^f  dinary  expenditures  are  indefensible,  but  we  favor 

ith  200  men  under  him,  made  only  sufficient  appropriations  for  buildinsr  the  navy,  for 

5,  78  complaints  for  illegal  selling,  constructing  coast-defenKes  adequate  for  the  protection 

»mmon  nuisances.     During  the  re-  of  our  homes  and  property,  which  are  now  exposed 

jht  months  of  the  year  the  State  to  the  attacks  of  a  fbreira  enemy,  and  for  pensions. 

1  OKQ  o»:.r.»^«   oa  r.^^^\^i^^^  #^«  W^e  heartily  indorse  the  action  of  the  Republican 

.  1,268  seizures,  26  complamts  for  membere  of  the  General  Assembly  in  securing  the 

ig,  141   for  illegal  keeping,  and  30.  Bubmission  to  the  people  of  the  State  of  a  proponition 

1  nuisances.      In  the  same  period  for  an  extension  otthe  right  of  sutfraee,  and  wo  again 

nee  police  made  only  241  seizures  express  ourselves  in  favor  of  the  abolition  of  the  TQg- 

laints  for  illegal  keeping.  '^^'y  ^  ^  *  prerequisite  for  voting. 

number  of  seizures  by  local  officers  On  March  19  the  Democratic  State  Conven- 

•om  the  State  police  during  the  first  tion  met  at  Providence,  and  renominated  Gov- 

»  of  the  year  were  825,  complaints  ernor  Davis,  Secretary  of  State  McGuinness, 


716  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH. 

Treasurer  Perry,  and   Attoraej-General  Slo-  served  throwing  of  the  infloence  of  the  Chnrcli 

onm.    Lieatenant-Governor  Honey  declined  a  against  the  owning  of  human  bein^  the  cor* 

renoinination.  and  was  succeeded  on  the  ticket  dial  approval  of  the  Holy  Father  to  Cardinal 

by  Howard  Smith.     The  resolutions  included  Lavigerie's  project  for  the  aappression  of  tiie 

the  following :  African  slave-trade  makes  in  itself  an  epoch 

The  constantly  Increasing  surplus  in  the  National  in  the  annals  of  the  Church   which  has  from 

Treasury  (estimated  at  neany  $100,000,000  annually)  the   beginning  regarded    liberty   as  the  mod 

which  arises  from  unjust  and  unnecessary  taxation  beautiful  of  all  things.     The  visit  of  the  Em- 

Sfe^%rS?i%[S."n''a1  rj:"^eTr  rilSfort'?;  ?«-•-  WUlia™  to  theSovereign. Pontiff,  tho«gk 

monev  which  is  needed  in  their  operations;  reduc-  apparently  deprived  of  all  political  signihcance 

tion  of  taxation  U  therefore  an  imp«rative  duty,  and  by  the  rules  of  papal  and  royal  etiquette,  had 

should  he  made  first  upon  those  articles  which  can  be  no  effect   in  clarifying  the  Roman    question, 

classed  as  necc8san«B  to  the  whole  p^pl^^  The    Emneror   seems   to  have   avoided  coffl- 

en,  and  children.  The  mdustnes  or  Rhode  Island  will  ^i*.**        t"*      ^i*  u u  i  •      *    .u 

be  most  efficiently  fostered  and  protected  by  the  m-  fitting  himself  by  any  verbal  promise  to  ibe 

troduction  into  our  ports  free  of'  duty  of  such  raw  amelioration    of    the    Pope's    position.     Mr. 

materials  as  enter  into  or  are  used  in  connection  with  Gladstone's    letter    to   the    Marquis  de  Riso, 

our  manufactures ;  wo  designate  wool,  lumber,  and  quoted  in   the  **  Osservaton  Romano,''  which 

^as  among  the  most  important  of  such  raw  mate-  ^^eated  a  sensation  during  his  visit  to  Napb. 

Wejpledge  ourselves :  seems  to  show  that  public  opinion  in  Europe 

1.  T^  secure  for  the  people  of  this  State  a  ooustitu-  was,  late  in  1888,  not  averse  to  the  submissioo 
tional  convention,  to  the  end  that  the  many  risforms  of  the  Roman  question  to  an  internatiooal 
needed  may  be  accomplished  and  that  the  abuses  and  tribunal.  But,  taking  Mr.  Gladstone's  later 
irreflrulanties  now  exisung,  which  nave  been  bred  and  ^^^i««««.i^„  ^r^i.i»«4.  iJi«.««  ;♦  u^^  «,^  ^-;j^-» 
fostSred  by  the  ruling  element  of  the  Republican  party  explanation  of  that  letter,  it  becom«j  endeot 
of  this  State,  may  be  abolished.  that  the  Marquis  de  Riso  was  mistaken.    Tbe 

2.  To  abolish  the  re^ristry  tax,  which  has  for  an-  position  of  the  Pope  still  remains,  in  bis  own 
other  year  continued  to  be  a  source  of  unmitijptcd  phrase   *^  intolerable  ^' 

evil  and  fraud  on  the  native-born  votew  of  this  &tate,  ^he  'abolition  of  slavery  in  Brazil,  broojrfjt 
and  atfam  making  money  instead  ot  intelligence  and       ,      ^  iT^i    tv^  y»  ««  ^  j     u.  '-'*a^"T  *"  "*^ 

capacity  a  qualification  for  office.  aoo"*  ^7  t^©  ©"^^re  sympathy  of  Dom  Pedro 

8.  To  abolish  the  property  qualification  which  is  and  his  people  on  the  subject  and  the  coai»di 

uujustly  imposed   upon   naturalized  citizens  of  the  of  the   bishops   of  Brazil,    urged  on  by  tbe 

United  States  as  a  prerequisite  for  voting.  Pope,  occasioned  His  Holiness  to  send  thegoWen 

At  the  election,  in  April,  the  Republican  rose — sent  to  some  royal  personage  each  jeir 

ticket  was  elected  by  a  plurality  of  over  3,000  on  Lffitare  Sunday — to  tbe  Princess- Regeot  of 

votes.     For  Governor,  Taft  received  20,744  Brazil.     The  new  Archbishop  of  Oarthage-Hi 

votes;  Davis,  17,556 ;  Gould,  1,326.    The  Leg-  see  created  by  the   Pope   to  revive  tbe  pift 

islature  elected  at  the  same  time  was  composed  glory  of  the  African  Church  is  Cardinal  Lin- 

of  31  Republicans  and  8  Democrats  in  the  Sen-  gerie.      The    cardinal    is    nearly    sixty -four 

ate,  and  61  Republicans,  10  Democrats,  and  1  years  of  age,  but  he  believea  that  he  will  be 

Prohibitionist  in  the   House.      At  the  same  enabled  to  lead   a  new  crusade  against  tbe 

time  the  Bourn  amendment  to  the  State  Con-  slave-trade  in  Africa  with  aa  much  sucoeas  u 

stitucion,  passed  by  the  Legislature  in  January,  if  he  were  half  his  present  age.    In  London, 

was  submitted  to  the  people  and  approved  by  Paris,  Naples,  Madrid,  and   Brussels,  be  his 

a  vote  of  20,068  in  its  favor  and  12.193  against  gained  the  enthusiastic  sympathy  of  tU  wbo 

it    Three  fifths  of  the  total  vote  cast  being  heard  him.   At  Rome,  he  aroused  the  intensest 

necessary  for  its  adoption,  it  secured  only  711  interest  in  the  heart  of  Leo  XIII.     He i»  form* 

votes  more  than  the  requisite  number.  ing  a  defensive  force  for  the  protection  of  de- 

ROMABT  €iTHOLI€  CHURCH,    The  two  most  fenseless  tribes  against  the  slave-traders.    He 

important  events  in  the  history  of  the  Catho-  believes  that  less  than  a  thousand  well-drilled 

lie  Church  during  the   past  year   were   the  soldiers  would  be  sufiScient  to  abolish  ^lavert 

celebration  of  the  Papal  Jubilee — the  fiftieth  from  Albert  Nyanza  to  the  south  of  Tanganiki: 

anniversary  of  the  ordination  of  Leo  XIII  to  with  an  American  regiment  at  his  comniaxvi 

tlie  priesthood — and  the  visit  of  the  Emperor  he  would   guarantee  to  wipe  out  the  bloodj 

William  to  the  Sovereign  Pontifi*.     The  first  marks  which  the  Arabs  and  mulattoe?  make 

event,  which  occupied  the  end  of  1887  and  the  each  recurring  year.     It  is  computed  that  oat 

first  days  of  1888  was  most  elaborately  cele-  of  the  five  hundred  thousand  men,  woineiu  ao^ 

brated.    All  the  rulers  of  the  world,  including  children    stolen   and  sold    every  year,  ^ttj 

the  Sultan,  sent  gifts  to  the  Pope.     King  Hum-  thousand  die  under  the  oppression    of  their 

bert  was    the    only   exception.     The  gift  of  captors.     Human  life  is  hela  very  cheap  in  the 

President  Cleveland  was   particularly  appro-  interior  of  Africa. 

priate.  It  was  a  copy  of  the  Constitution  of  The  deaths  during  1887-'88  were  nonsoally 
the  United  States.  Brazil,  in  honor  of  the  numerous  in  ecclesiastical  circles.  The  Most 
festival,  freed  several  thousand  slaves.  Later  Rev.  Francis  X.  Leray  died  Sept.  23,  1S87. 
in  the  year  the  Pope  issued  an  encyclical  to  The  death  of  the  Rev.  John  Bapst,  S.  J.,  oc- 
the  bishops  of  Brazil  on  the  subject  of  slav-  curred  on  November  4  of  the  same  year;  Fa- 
ery, one  of  the  most  remarkable  documents  of  ther  Bapst  was  the  hero  of  an  outburst  of  no- 
bis pontificate.     In  connection  with  this  unre-  American    fanatacism  in   1854,   and  of  Mis$ 


k 


ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH.  717 

well  -  known    novel    *^  Grapes  and  UDiversity  possible.  Among  those  present  were 

bedeathoftheRev.  John  J,Riordan,  the  Misses  Drexel,  who  had  founded  a  chair 

ot  the  Irish  Emigrants'  Mission  at  of  Divinity.    The  Right  Rev.  Bishop  Eeane, 

len,  a  great  loss  to  the  poor,  was  having  resigned  the  see  of  Richmond,  was  made 

^  that  of  Dom  Bosco  in  Italy,  who  Titular  Bisliop  of  Jasso  and  rector  of  the  new. 

rch  28,  and  that  of  Father  Drum-  university.     Having  formulated  the  statutes  he 

^ew  York — both  apostles  of  poor  departed  for  Rome  to  consult  the  Holy  Father 

e    streets.     On  February    18,   the  further  on  the  affairs  of  the  great  school. 

John  B.  Lamy,  the  first  Bishop  of  The  University  of    Notre  Dame,   Indiana, 

leparted  this  life;  he  had  resigned  celebrated  on  Aug.  15,  1888,  the  fiftieth  anni- 

1885 ;  March  9,   Cardinal  Czacki  versary  of  the  ordination  of  the  Very  Rev. 

;h   81,  Cardinal  Martinelli ;   April  Edward  Sorin,  its  founder,  to  the  priesthood, 

jt.  Rev.  Joseph  Sadoc  Alemany,  O.  The  Very  Rev.  E.  Sorin  is  the  founder  of  the 

rchbishop  of  San  Francisco,  who  university  and   the  Superior -General  of  the 

I  his  see  to  spend  his  last  days  with  Congregation  of  the  Holy  Cross.  His  Eminence 

's  of  his  Orders  in  Valencia,  Spain ;  Cardinal  Gibbons,  several  archbishops,  many 

chbishop  Lynch,  of  Toronto ;  and  priests,  and  a  great  assemblage  of  other  distin- 

the  Rev.  Francis  X.  Weninger,  S.  guished  gentlemen  visited  Notre  Dame  on  this 

is  a  preacher  of  missions.  occasion.    The  Very  Rev.  Father  Sorin   was 

h  of  the  Very  Rev.  I.  T.  Hecker,  bom  in  France,  Feb.  6,  1814;  he  came  to  this 

ok  place  on  December  20.    Father  country  in   1844.    Notre  Dame  did  not  exist 

rn  in   1819  and  received  into  the  then;  Indians  lived  in  the  wilderness  of  wood 

1845,  had  long  been  a  prominent  and  prairie  which  then  occupied  its  site ;  now 

ie  annals  of  tlie  Catholic  Church,  magnificent    buildings    containing    over    ^ve 

^ion  of  Father  Hecker,  who  had  hundred  students  give  the  place  the  appearance 

ig  in  various  religious  organizations  of  a  large  and  handsome  university  town. 

e  desired,  introduced  a  new  element  Another  important  celebration  occnrred  on 

lurch  in  this  country.     He  saw  the  September  20,  in  honor  of  the  twenty-fifth  an- 

f  making,  as  he  himself  expressed  niversary  of  the  ordination  of  the  Most  Rev. 

hesis  between  the  Catholic  Church  Archbishop  Corrigan.    The  ceremony,  at  which 

merican   Republic  more  apparent,  were  present  all  the  priests  of  his  diocese  not 

in  a  member  of  the  Brook  Farm  on  duty  and  an  immense  congregation,  was  one 

,  he  had  studied  for  the  Protest-  of  the  most  imposing  ever  held  within  the  ca- 

•al  ministry,  he  had  paused  awhile  thedral.    The  principal  episcopal  sees  filled  dur- 

ationalism.    Entering  the  Catholic  ing  the  year  were  that  of  New  Orleans  by  the 

brought  with  him  a  great  expe-  Most  Rev.  Francis  Janssens ;  that  of  Belleville, 

ned    entirely    from    contact    with  111.  (newly  created);  and  that  of  Alton,  111.,  filled 

locial  lite.    He  became  a  Kedemp-  by  the  Right  Rev.  John  Janssen  and  the  Right 

Belgium.      As  one  of  this  famous  Rev.  James  P.  Ryan.;  Vancouver  Island  by 

mgregation,  which  in  this  country  the  Rev.  John  N.  Lemmens,  succeeding  Arch- 

If  to  the  preaching  of  missions,  he  bishop  Seghers ;  Detroit  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  John 

his  priestly  duties  scrupulously  for  S.  Foley,  who  succeeded  Bishop  Borgess,  re- 

rs.     It  then  occurred  to  him  that  signed.    The  Right  Rev.  Leo  Haid.  O.  S.  B., 

)sociation,  composed  of  Anierican  wasconsecrated  Vicar  Apostolic  of  North  Caro- 

^ht  be  very  useful  in  the  United  lina,  and  Rev.  Andrea  Hintenbach,  O.  S.  B., 

)  went   to  Rome  and  secured  the  made  Archabbot  of  St.  Vincents,  in  Westmore- 

I  of  the  Pope  for  his  project.     The  land  County,  Pa. 

)n  of  St.  Paul  (C.  S.  P.)  was  founded  At  Rome,  in  March,  1888,  the  Pope  made  a 

1  a  class  of  Catholics  and  searching  vigorous  speech  to  the  cardinals  on  the  neces- 

cs  more  effectually  than  any  other  sity  of  his  temporal  independence  and  a  pro- 

1  within  the  Church.  Father  Heck-  nouncement  on  the  attitude  of  the  Church  to- 

ations  of  Nature  '*  and  **  Questions  ward  the  Knights  of  Labor,  whose  ossociation 

,"  are  in  evqry  complete  religious  is  not  condemned,  provided  their  statutes  con- 

e  founded  ^*  The  Catholic  World,"  tain  nothing  comnmnistic  or  tending  to  oppose 

:ted  by  the  Rev.  Walter  Elliott,  and  ttte  right  of  holding  property.   In  Prussia  a  law 

ded  a  foremost  exposition  of  Cath-  was  passed  restoring  to  a  large  number  of  re- 

t.     He  was  succeeded  by  the  Very  ligious  orders  the  rights  abrogated  by  the  Kult- 

itine  Hewit,  C.  S.  P.,  the  present  urkampf.    At  Baden,  the  Chambers  refused  to 

the  Congregation.  admit  the  excluded  religious  congregations. 

54,  the  comer-stone  of  the  Divinity  At  Rome,  in  May,  the  Pope  received  a  great 

ear  Washington,  D.  C,  was  laid  by  crowd  of  Spanish  Catholics  headed  by  Mgr. 

bbons.     The  sermon  was  delivered  Catnla.     Arrangements  were  made  with  Prus- 

jht  Rev.   J.    Lancaster    Spalding,  sia  on  the  question  of  the  veto — the  Govern- 

'eoria.     A  gold  medal  sent  by  the  ment  agreeing  not  to  oppose  for  political  rea- 

resented  to  Miss  Mary  G.  Caldwell,  sons  a  nomination  of  a  bishop  by  the  Pope, 

erous    contribution  has  made  the  The  new  ItaUun  penal  laws  were  protested 


718  ROUMANIA. 

against  by  the  Neapolitan  episcopate.     Herr  The  capital  of  the  pablic  debt  at  the  close  of 

Windhorst's  jubilee  was  celebrated.  the  dscal  year  1888-^89  is  788,732,489  lei.  it 

In  June,  at  Home,  a  triduum  was  held  in  was  increased  by  the  emission  of  Dew  bonds 

honor  of  the  Blessed  de  la  Salle,  founder  of  the  for  100,000,000  lei  in  July,  I8S8.    lo  a  period  o( 

Institute  of  the  Ohristian  Brothers.     The  sue*  seven  years  the  Winded  debt  has  been  iDcreawd 

c&ss  of  the  Oaitholic  Belgians  in  the  legislative  by  the  sum  of  218,000,000  lei,  and  the  amiQai 

elections  gave  great  pleasure  to  the  Holy  Fa-  charge  of  the  debt  has  grown  from  41,000,000 

ther.    Cardinal  Manning,  in  London,  issued  a  to  54,600,000  lei. 

pastoral  letter  on  the  progress  of  the  Church        The  Amy.— 'The  effective  stren^h  of  the  per- 

in  England.  manent  army  in  time  of  peace  iH  1,430  officers 

The  H(jly  Father  issued  an  encyclical  on  lib-  and  33,714  rank  and  file,  with  6,969  bor»s 

erty  and  license.  and  370  guns.     The  strength  of  the  active  mt- 

At  Rome,  in  July,  the  Italian  Counsel  of  ritorial  army  is  1,350  officers  and  29,679  ma. 

State  explained  that  the  law  of  the  guarantees  with  11,742  horses.     The  country  b  divided 

did  not  confer  on  the   Pope  extraterritorial  into  4  territorial  districts,  each  of  which  cm 

rights  or  privileges.    The  Pope  protested.    An  furnish  a  corps  cTcbrmee  of  28,000  troops,  not 

encyclical  letter  to  the  bishops  of  Ireland  was  reckoning  the  active  division  of  troops  beloo^. 

iiisutd  which  had  a  good  effect  on  the  minds  of  ing  to  the  separate  territorial  division  of  t^ 

the  Irish  people,  made  anxious  by  the  exagger-  Dobrudja.    The  Government  posses'sefl  1  tor- 

ated  rumors  about  the  Papal  rescript  condemn-  pedo- cruiser,  6  gun-boats,  and  5  torpedo-boats 

ing  the  Plan  of  Campaign  and  boycotting.    The  for  the  defense  of  the  Danube.    The  Priiae 

schism   of  the  Armenians  ended;   an  encyc-  Minister  declared  in  Parliament,  in  March,  1^ 

lical  letter  was  addressed  by  the  Pope  to  Mgr.  that  Rontnania  in  case  of  war  could  pat  30(l,- 

Azarian  and  the  other  Armenian  bishops.  000  soldiers  into  the  field.     Fortifications  at 

In  September  the  Prussian  bishops  met  at  Focshani,  commanding  the  nver  Seretb  aodtb^ 

Fulda  aud  expres««ed  their  loyalty  to  the  Pope  ra'lways  leading  to  Ualatz  and  Bucharest,  and 

and  their  desire  for  the  restoration  of  Rome,  at   Barbosb,  near  Gidatz,  where  the  lar?«t 

The  Catholic  Congress  of  Fribourg,  which  ex-  bridge  spans  the  Seretb,   were  completed  iu 

pressed  similar  sentiments,  was  held.  1888,  and  others  were  begun  on  tbeKo^ 

In  October  the  Pope  gave  the  decree  Tole-  frontier  that  are  designed  to  bar  the  passaig*  ^ 

rari  posse  on  the  Knights  of  Labor;  this  decree  Russian  troops  toward  the  lower  Daoabe. 
was  interpreted  by  Cardinal  Gibboi^s  in  a  let-        CoMercie. — The  values  of  the  imports  and  ei- 

ter  printed  in  the  Baltimore  "  Mirror."  ports  in  1886,  in  lei  or  francs,  and  their  dUtri- 

The  Holy  Father  ordered  a  universal  mass  of  bution  among  commercial  nations  are  giveo  is 

requiem  on  the  last  Sunday  in  October  for  the  the  following  table  : 

repose  of  the  souls  of  all  the  faithful  departed. 

The  Italian  penal  laws  which  force  students  countries.  |     impom.   I   ^t^ 

studying  for  the  priesthood  into  the  army  were  1  "^^Tii?^  liiSS 

protested  against  by  assemblages  held  ill  near-  AustrU-Hungi;^::::::::::::;::;    iMm,   W-jji^J 

ly  every  city  of  the  Continent    An  important  Oermaoy I   7»,mo,«oo     ^^JJjJ 

encyclical  letter  exeunte  jam  anno  appeared  in  gJISmn it^"oo  I   iV**^ 

December  as  the  finish  of  the  jubilee.    It  is  a  Russia. . .' ." .* *. '.'.'. '. '.     '.'...'.'.'.'.  9.64S,ow     liJ-JJ 

-   -  -  -  -  a,l^SwO0ol   iJJJs 

8,90,000  i     w»J 


protest  against  unbelief  and  the  ostentation  of    J^j- •••••:  -i* •,•••; • 
the  rich.    In  France  Mgr.  Treppel  made  an  at-    ^S.  **''^* 


tempt  to  revive  the  French  laws  against  duel-    Switzerland 


other  oouDtries 1,499,000 


l&Jli* 


ing.    The  year  was  closed  by  a  universal  mass,  

ordered  by  the  Pope  in  thanksgiving  for  the         Total 29«,497,ooo ,  i*W<^** 

graces  of  the  jubilee.  "^ 

ROVMABTIA,  a  constitutional  monarchy  in  East-        The  imports  of  textiles  amounted  to  Uj. 

em  Europe.    The  reigning  sovereign  is  Carol  000,000  lei ;  metals  and  metal  jroods,  68,8w.- 

I,  born  April  20,  1839,  of  the  family  of  Hohen-  000  lei ;  hides  and  leather,  28,200,000 lei;  ti^ 

zollern,  being  the  brother  of  the  present  Prince  her,    12,000,000  lei.     The  exports  of  certf» 

of  Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.     He  was  elected  were  valued  at  184,200,000  lei ;  fraita,  pw*' 

Domnul  or  Lord  of  Roumania  by  a  Constituent  etc.,  21,000,000  lei ;  wines,  12,800,000  lei 
Assembly  on  April  20,  1866,  and  proclaimed        SaUrMd&— The  state  lines  in  1888  b«d » 

King  on  March  26, 1 881.    The  heir-presumptive  total  length  of  2,235  kilometres,  or  1,890 mii^ 

is  his  nephew  Prince  Leopold  of  Hohenzellern-  There  were  224  kilometres,  or  140  mile*,  ^ 

Sigmaringen.    The  Constitution  voted  by  the  longing  to  companies.    The  railroads  in  coai* 

Constituent  Assembly  of  1866  was  amended  in  of  construction  or  in  contemplation  will  »<J« 

1879   and   1884.     The  Senate  consists  of  112  457  kilometres,  or  287  miles,  to  the  network 
members  elected  for  eight  years  and  8  bishops.        Pwt-Offlce. — The  number  of  letters  and  po6t«- 

The  Chamber  of  Deputies  numbers  186  mem-  cards,  circulars,  and  newspapers  carried  in  tl>* 

hers  elected  for  four  years.  mails  during  1887  was  19,084,914;  the  number 

FlDtnccst — The  financial  accounts  for  the  year  of  packets,  533,556. 
ending  March  31,   1887,  show  131,829,693  lei        TeteifrtFlw-— The  length  of  the  telegraph  lin« 

of  receipts  and  127,045,614  lei  of  expenditures,  in  1887  was  5,896  kiloInetr«^  or  8,850  mdeft, 


ROUMANIA.  719 

ometres,  or  7,897  miles,  of  wire.  GortchakofF  that  without  a  treaty  Russian  troops 

lal  messages  transmitted  in  1887  could  not  march  through  Roumania  except  over 

829 ;  private  international  mes-  the  bodies  of  the  Roumanians,  and  in  May, 

;   total  number  of  dispatches,  1876,  he  issued  the  proclamation  of  Roumanian 

fficial,  1.256,696.     The  receipts  independence.     He  adopted,  in  opposition  to 

and  telegraph  service  amounted  the  Radical  section  of  his  party,  the  policy  of 

incs,  and  the  expenses  to  8,702,-  subservience  to  German  and  Austrian  wishes 

to  gain  protection  against  Russian  aggression, 

CmiaisBtM  of  the  DaBntet — The  and  through  this  course  and  the  successes  of 

Danube  Commission,  created  by  his  internal  administration  drew  to  his  side 

Paris  in  1856  and  confirmed  by  some  of  the  ablest  of  the  Moderate  Conserva- 

Derlin  in  1878,  exercises  certain  tives,  and  built  up  the  National  Liberal  party, 

jrs  over  the  Danube  river  below  which  was  supported  by  the  great  m^ority  of 

I  the  powers  deputed  to  the  com-  the  voting  population.      Gradually,  however, 

I  by  limitation  of  time,  on  March  the  reluctance  of  Bratiano  to  embrace  new  re- 

w  commission  was  constituted,  forms,  and  still  more  the  dictatorial  methods  of 

t^ateinent  for  1885  shows  a  total  personal  government  into  which  his  energetic 

r  the  year  of  1,805,824  francs,  character  betrayed  him,  alienated  the  strongo>t 

lounting  to  2,627,858  francs,  of  men  in  the  Liberal  party.    Some  retired  from 

B  francs  wereobtain«;d  from  tolls,  public  life  and  others  formed  a  Liheral  Oppo- 

der  from  special  sources.    The  sition,  of  which  tlie  brother  of  the  Prime  Min- 

samers  that  passed   the   Suliua  ister  was  one  of  the  leaders.    These  politicians 

Danube  on  the  outward  voyage  joined  forces  with  the  Junimini  or  Young  Con- 

2,  of  866,763  tons,  of  which  664,  servatives,  a  group  that  sprang  from  a  literary 

IS,  were  British ;  61,  of  63,140  society  founded  in  1867  by  Theodor  Rosetti, 

1,  of  62.826  tons,  Austrian;   49,  P.  Carp,  and  T.  Mfgoresco,  which  had  for  \U 

I,  French ;   26,  of  20,585  tons,  ohject  the  cultivation  of  German  ideas  in  op- 

19,736  tons,  Russian ;  and  28,  of  position  to  the  French  tendencies  of  the  Lib- 

jre  Norwegian,  German,  Dutch,  erals.     The  Young  Conservatives  were  equally 

t  Spanish.    The  Greek  sailing-  removed  from  tbe  ideas  of  class  rule  repre- 

ed  201,  of  89,459  tons,  and  the  sented  by  the  Old  Conservative  or  Boyar  party, 

I  83,001  tons,  while  49,  of  11,-  which  disappeared  from  the  political  field  to  a 

nged  to  other  countries.    Tfie  great  extent  after  the  advent  of  the  Liberal 

from   the  ports  of  the  lower  Cabinet.   They  contributed  their  money  and  ef- 

86  were  6,461,889  quarters,  as  forts  when  the  United  Opposition  was  formed, 

57  quarters  in  1885,  and  4,441,-  and  to  their  aid  was  added  that  of  Russian  in- 

18^4.  triguers,  who  paid  liberally  for  assaults  on  the 

. — The  Conservative  ministry  of  German  prince  and  his  Philo-German  Cabinet. 

},  constituted  in  1871,  made  the  Such  was  tbe  unbridled  license  of  the  Opposi- 

•  create  a  Government  party  and  tion  press  and   orators  that  a  revolutionary 

I  needs  and  interests  above  per-  spirit  pervaded  the  community  in  the  early 

tional    rivalries.      Lacking  the  part  of  1888.    There  were  strong  grounds  for 

energetic  initiative,   Catargio  the  charges  made  against  Bratiano^s  adminis- 

c  new  financial  resources  for  the  tration  that  undermined  his  popularity.    De- 

rements  of  the  state  until  he  serted  by  the  hest  of  his  fellow-workers,  he  was 

1  hy  a  deficit  of  80,000,000  lei,  obliged  to  rely  more  and  more  on  servile  and 

ney  in  the  treasury  to  pay  sala-  selfish  instruments,  with  no  one  to  aid  him  in 

current  expenses.     The  Con-  watching  and  checking  ahuses  and  corruption, 

imbed  to  the  attacks  of  the  Lib-  When  the  Opposition  grew  strong  enough  to 

ing  to  their  French  sympathies,  threaten  the  continuance  of  the  ministry,  the 

)r  a  shadow  since  the  Franco-  oflScials  resorted  to  oppressive  expedients  to 

Joan  Bratiano,  the  most  prom-  control  the  elections.    The  attacks  of  the  press 

thooe  Liberals  to  whom  the  led  them  to  take  unusual  measures  for  silencing 
rust  the  Government,  formed  a  criticism.  Thus  the  editor  of  the  "Lupta" 
r6,  and  with  the  exception  of  a  was  sentenced  and  imprisoned  for  Use  majeste 
le  spring  of  1881,  he  has  guided  until  the  Government  was  constrained  by  popu- 
le  Government  for  twelve  years  Inr  clamor  to  pardon  him  in  February,  1888. 
his  colleague,  Demeter  Sturdza.  The  chief  accusation  against  the  oflScial  clique 
the  state  the  revenaes  of  the  salt  that  Bratiano  had  gathered  ahout  him,  with 
mopolies,  establishing  the  bank-  more  regard  to  ability  than  to  uprightness,  was 
system  of  Roumania,  and  com-  that  they  enriched  themselves  at  the  public  ex- 
roads,  he  place<l  the  finances  on  pense  hy  all  kinds  of  corrupt  methods.  No  sus- 
id  developed  the  economical  re-  picion  of  personal  dishonesty  attached  to  Bra- 
3untry.  OntheeveoftheRusso-  tiano  himself;  but  against  officers,  high  and 
;  he  obtained  from  Russia  the  reo-  low,  in  various  departments  charges  were  made 
)nmani:in  independence,  telling  in  the  press,  and  were  generally  believed.     At 


It' 
i 


reveal  Ibe  fiealed  bids  tir  two  new  craixers. 
While  tLe  trial  uf  tlie  twi>  officers  was  pendiDg, 
'  the  CItambers  met  in  February,  1B88,  aud 
mpDiberB  of  the  United  Opposition  gave  notice 
of  interpellations  affei.'ting  the  pemonal  charac- 
ter of  man;  men  connected  with  the  Govern- 
ment.  Bratiano  had  emerged  from  the  parlia- 
mentary elections  with  a  majority  of  foil  two 
third?.  The  new  Obamlier  of  Depntiea  was 
couiposed  of  126  Miaisterialista,  4S  members  of 
the  United  Opposition,  7  Independente,  and  1 
t^ooinlist.  Allhoogh  Bratiano  obtsiaed  a  vote 
of  confldeace  of  two  to  one,  the  situation  was 
snoh  that  heX)fiered  hU  resignation  on  Haruh 
2,  1886,  snd  Prince  Uhllia  attempted  to  form  a 
coalition  Oabinet.  He  failed  becaase  the  lead- 
ers of  the  Opposition  imposed  unacceptable 
conditjons,  and  the  Bratiano  Cabinet  was  re- 
coDstrucced,  Ministers  Radcchihai,  Statesco, 
anil  Glieor^hian,  of  tlie  Departments  of  the  In- 
terior, Jastice.  and  Domains  and  Commerce, 
retiring.  Die  Cabinet  as  reconstitnted  was 
composed  as  follows:  President  of  the  Coancil 
and  Minister  of  War,  Joan  C.  Bratiano  j  Min- 
ister of  ForeiKn  Affairs,  M.  Pherekyde;  Min- 
ister of  Public  Instniction  and  Worship,  C. 
Naku,  who  assumed  provisionally  the  portfolio 
of  the  Interior;  Minister  of  Public  Works,  P. 
S.  Aurelian ;  Minister  of  Comuierce,  M.  Gaae ; 
Minister  of  Jnsiice,  M.  Giani.  The  troubles  of 
the  Bratiano-Sturdza  mini^ttry  were  precipi- 
tated by  the  revelations  of  bribery  la  the  War 
Department,  from  which  Gen.  Angelesco  had 
retired  some  time  before  the  attacks  in  the 
Chamber  impelled  Bratiano  to  carry  oat  his 
frequently  declared  intention  of  resigning. 
When  be  was.  nevertlieless,  induced  to  resnme 
the  helm,  and  the  same  raini^ry,  with  slight 
changes,  rotnmed  ta  piiwer,  the  Opposition  re- 
doubled its  attacks,  and  in  the  press  wholesale 
charges  of  mal.id ministration  and  corruption 


street  before  the  paUoe  was  cleare« 
military,  and  finally  the  depnt«tioD  o 
tors  left  tbe  palace.  On  the  fullowiu 
appeal  tbat  was  si^jned  by  all  tbe  O; 
members  of  tbe  Seiiati.'  and  Clismber 
trihated  from  tlie  office  of  I  he  "  Epoct 

Egper,  and  in  accordance  therewith  t 
ars  marched  with  bared  heads  thn 
streets  to  the  legislative  ball,  in  orde 
express  their  grief  at  the  bloodshed 
occurred.  The  guards  were  nnable  to 
the  crowd  that  followed,  and  in  the 
many  revolver- shots  were  tired,  soma 
by  deputies.  One  of  the  doorkeep 
killed.  Troops  were  seat  on  the  dei 
Gen.LeccQ,  President  of  the  Clianiber,ii 
persons  were  arrested,  among  them  in 
ties,  Nicholas  Fleva,  ex-Mayor  of  Bd 
and  M.  Fbilipesco,  and  the  editors 
"  Epiica  "  and  the  "  lad^pendsnce  Booi 
Opposition  politicians  meanwhile  on 
cendiary  addresses  to  the  people  onOit 
In  the  judicial  inquiry  evidence  wa>  i 
to  show  that  many  of  the  Radicil  d 
were  armed,  and  that  from  the  directim 
shots  the  intention  was  to  kill  BrUiu 
happened  to  be  absent  in  audience  *i 
King.  On  the  Slst  a  TOte  of  wimt  of 
dence  in  the  ministry,  oonpled  with  sd 
for  the  liberatiOD  of  the  imprisoaed  ^ 
was  lost  by  90  against  42  voleR,  sod  i 
motion  for  tbe  release  of  the  depu^ 
against  46  votea,  after  which  tbe  Goth 
party  carried,  by  a  m^ority  of  87  «puM 
vote  of  confidence  based  on  thechsriKsi 
tbe  Opposition  of  distorbing  the  peii* 
land  and  jeopardizing  its  political  pes' 
intemperate  speeclies  and  sbaraeleMQC'^ 
attacks,  and  finally  violating  the  privx; 
King  and  the  independence  of  Firtt 
when  every  member  waa  free  to  eiMO 


ROUMANIA.  721 

i,  PresideDt  of  the  Court  of  Cassation  was  on  April  17  entirely  in  the  power  of  the 
member  of  the  Senate,  was  invited  to  insargents,  until  a  detachment  of  troops  ar- 
i  Cabinet,  which  was  constituted  on  rived,  and  in  the  encounter  that  took  place 
3  as  follows:  President  of  the  Council  killed  a  large  number  of  peasants.  At  Perish, 
nister  of  the  Interior,  T.  Rosetti ;  Min-  north  of  Bucharest,  the  insurgents  attacked 
f  Foreign  Affairs,  P.  P.  Carp,  formerly  the  railroad  station.  At  Budescbt  the  troops 
tr  Plenipotentiary  to  Vienna ;  Minister  killed  or  wounded  more  than  100  peasants, 
nation  and  Provisional  Minister  of  Com-  The  troubles  had  their  root  in  the  same  con- 
J.  Majoresco;  Minister  of  Justice,  A.  ditions  that  have  caused  uprisings  in  the  Rus- 
loman ;  Minister  of  Finance,  M.  Gher-  sian  peasantry.  When  serfdom  was  abolished 
Hinister  of  Public  Works,  Prince  A.  B.  there  were  72,108  peasants  possessing  two 
;  Minister  of  War,  Gen.  C.  Barossi,  yoke  of  oxen,  to  whom  were  alloted  11  pogon^ 
3t-General  of  the  King.  Prince  Stirbey  or  13^  acres,  each;  199,791  who  had  a  single 
ermaui  belong  to  the  Old  Conservative  team,  and  received  7  pogon^  or  8f  acres ;  and 
The  first  act  of  the  new  ministry  was  184,995  without  draught-animals,  whose  share 
«e  the  imprisoned  deputies  and  journal-  was  4  pogon^  or  5  acres,  for  each  family.  The 
be  majority  promised  to  vote  the  budg-  right  to  pasturage  and  wood,  which  they  had 
observe  an  expectant  attitude  if  the  eiyoyed  as  serfs,  was  taken  away  from  them, 
!<;tions  were  postponed  till  the  autumn,  and  the  land  that  was  assigned  to  them  was 
3  the  minority  demanded  that  they  usually  selected  by  the  land-owner  from  the 
:.ake  place  soon.  The  ministry  promised  poorest  or  the  most  inaccessible  part  of  his 
the  elections  as  soon  as  the  agitated  estate.  The  peasants,  who  were  made  to  pay 
public  feeling  subsided,  and  on  April  in  installments  the  price  of  good  land,  often 
regular  session  was  closed.  found  their  allotments  measured  out  in  worth- 
■t  iBgnrectlM* — Just  before  the  closing  less  bogs  or  rocky  hills.  The  boyars  have  al- 
Liament  the  new  Cabinet  had  to  de^  ways  lived  away  from  their  estates  as  a  rule, 
1  outbreak  of  agrarian  discontent  which  the  smaller  landlords  entering  the  professions 
in  the  sub-prefecture  of  Urticeni  in  the  or  the  Government  service.  Since  the  eman- 
tza  district,  and  spread  into  the  neigh-  cipation  of  the  serfs  they  have  been  accustomed 
districts  of  Prahova  and  Iloof.  In  the  to  lease  their  estates,  usually  for  three  or  five 
efecture  of  Panteleimon  in  the  Iloof  dis-  years,  to  speculative  farmers,  Jews,  Greeks, 
which  reaches  to  the  city-bounds  of  and  Bulgarians,  whose  rent  depends  not  so 
rest,  the  entire  peasantry  rose  against  much  on  the  extent  or  quality  of  the  land  as 
>cal  authorities,  the  landlords,  and  the  on  the  number  of  peasants  living  on  the  prop- 
farmers,  and  stoned  the  military  that  erty.  The  peasants  are  kept  in  a  condition  of 
ent  out  to  restore  order,  but  commanded  practical  serfdom  by  these  tenant  farmers,  who 
use  their  weapons.  In  the  village  of  exact  so  many  days*  labor  for  fuel  and  fodder 
Bsci,  near  the  capital,  the  mayor  was  that  the  peasants  are  compelled  to  purchase  on 
7  the  insurgents.  In  many  places  they  the  farmers'  terms.  Advances  of  money  the 
)d  unpopular  estate  stewards  and  extor-  peasants  likewise  contract  to  repay  in  work. 
)  farmers,  and  in  others  the  local  officials,  The  peasants  are  forbidden  by  law  to  alienate 
they  accused  of  keeping  back  the  money  their  allotments,  and  are  thus  prevented  from 
e  Government  had  ^ven  to  relieve  their  acquiring  one  from  another  enough  land  to 
9.  The  occurrence  of  disturbances  in  make  them  independent  of  the  land-owners  ^d 
>  other  sections  of  the  country  showed  farmers.  The  boyars  will  not  sell  land  to 
l^encies  had  been  at  work  to  foment  peasants  on  any  terms,  although  a  considerable 
I,  and  the  fact  that  hawkers  of  Russian  part  of  their  estates  must  remain  idle  for  want 
s  of  saints  and  of  the  Czar  had  told  the  of  labor  to  cultivate  it.  The  peasants*  allot- 
ts  of  many  villages  to  demand  land  of  ments,  originally  much  too  small  because  the 
vemment,  and  said  that  if  it  were  re-  villages  possess  no  common  pastures,  have 
tuflsian  troops  would  come  to  their  aid,  been  divided  by  inheritance.  In  the  gypsy 
as  the  story  of  large  sums  left  for  each  villages  there  are  large  numbers  of  cottiers 
by  the  Russians,  which  was  spread  who  have  no  land.  The  peasants  often  rent 
the  gypsy  communes  of  Sbindrelita,  in-  land,  usually  the  poorest  that  there  is,  from  the 
.  the  source  of  the  agitation.  Premier  farmers  or  landlords,  paying  a  third  of  the  prod-r 
i  declared  in  the  Chamber  that  the  in-  uce  crop  and  in  addition  agreeing  to  work 
rs  of  the  disturbance  were  not  Rouma-  for  their  landlords,  who  often  exact  so  much 
The  Government  adopted  severe  meas-  labor  that  the  peasants  are  unable  to  attend  to 
put  down  the  disturbances.  Bands  of  their  own  crops.  A  deficient  maize  and  fodder 
ts  who  were  marching  to  Bucharest  to  crop  in  1887  was  followed  by  a  severe  winter. 
's  their  grievances  to  the  Government  The  peasants  were  compelled  to  sell  the  cattle 
red  into  by  detachments  of  soldiers,  and  that  they  could  not  feed,  and  were  in  conse- 
vere  shot.  The  territorial  militia  was  quence  reduced  to  extreme  misery.  The  Gov- 
lled  out,  but  it  showed  open  sympathy  emment  took  measures  to  relieve  distress,  but 
le  rioters,  and  was  replaced  by  regular  the  aid  did  not  reach  the  sufferers  soon  enough, 
f.  The  important  town  of  Kalarasch  and  was  altogether  insufficient.  The  insurrec- 
VOL.  xxvin. — 46  A 


\ 


722 


ROUMANIA. 


ROUTLEDGE,  GEORGE. 


tion  was  put  down  in  a  few  weeks,  and  the 
peasantry  were  appeased  bj  promises.  The 
plan  of  distributing  crown  lands  among  them 
was  taken  into  consideration.  When  no  effect- 
ive practical  measures  were  taken  to  relieve 
the  distress,  new  outbreaks  occurred  sporadi- 
caUj  during  the  summer  aud  antumn.  An  at- 
tempt on  the  life  of  the  King,  although  with- 
out serious  political  significance,  was  a  sequel 
of  the  peasant  uprising.  In  the  evening  of 
May  7  a  former  police-officer  named  Preda 
Fontanaro  fired  two  shots  at  the  palace,  one 
of  which  entered  the  window  next  to  the  room 
where  the  King  was.  The  perpetrator  of  the 
murderous  attempt,  a  dissipated  inao,  was 
clothed  in  the  dress  of  the  peasantry,  and, 
when  questioned  as  to  his  motive,  said  that  he 
desired  to  avenge  the  many  peasants  who  had 
been  shot  by  the  military  during  the  disturb- 
ances. The  total  area  of  Ronroania  is  about 
80,000,000  acres,  of  which  6,000,000  acres  are 
forest.  The  emancipated  serfs  received  some- 
thing over  3,250,000  acres,  and  the  free  com- 
munes, which  always  existed  in  the  mountain- 
ous part  of  the  country,  possess  an  equal 
amount.  The  remaining  18,500,000  acres  are 
divided  between  the  state,  which  has  confis- 
cated the  extensive  possessions  of  the  monas- 
teries, charitable  corporations,  and  the  landed 
nobility.  Some  of  the  boyars  own  25,000 
acres.  Tet  as  a  rule  the  large  estates  range 
from  1,250  to  4,000  acres,  and  the  small  ones 
from  125  to  625  acres. 

Geaeral  EiectlM. — The  ministry,  refusing  the 
demand  of  the  Radicals  for  speedy  elections  on 
the  ground  of  the  excited  state  of  the  country, 
did  not  dissolve  the  Ohamber  and  order  new 
elections  till  September  20.  The  old  Conserv- 
ative or  Boyar  party  profited  by  the  delay  and 
put  forth  its  whole  strength,  while  attempts  to 
reunite  the  party  of  Demeter  Bratiano  with 
the  Liberals  who  had  adhered  to  h\a  brother 
came  to  naught.  The  Old  Conservatives  were 
victorious  in  the  elections,  returning  a  clear 
majority  that  was  able  to  dictate  the  policy  of 
the  Junimist  ministry,  or  to  overturn  it  at  any 
time.  The  ministry  was  reconstituted  on  No- 
yember  24,  after  the  election  of  Lascar  Catargio 
to  the  presidency  of  the  Chamber.  Rosetti  re- 
mained Minister  President,  but  without  a  port- 
folio, while  the  Conservative  Prince  Stirbey, 
son  of  a  former  hospodar  of  Wallachia,  suc- 
ceeded him  as  Minister  of  the  Interior,  giving 
up  the  portfolio  of  Public  Works  to  Marghilo- 
man,  who  gave  place  in  the  Ministry  of  Jus- 
tice to  a  new  member  of  the  Cabinet,  Vernesca, 
the  possessor  of  great  wealth,  and  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Conservative  party.  Gen.  Ba- 
rossi,  who  owned  no  party  ties,  was  succeeded 
in  the  Ministry  of  War  by  a  Conservative,  Gen. 
Mano.  The  portfolio  of  Agriculture,  Com- 
merce, and  Domains,  which  was  held  ad  interim 
by  Carp,  was  intrusted  to  Alexander  Lahovary, 
one  of  the  bitterest  of  the  assailants  of  Brati- 
ano's  Cabinet  and  the  leader  of  a  moTement 
to  protest  against  the  crown  domains,  which 


were  declared  to  be  a  robbery  of  state 
erty.  With  others  of  his  family,  he  has 
the  lead  in  tlie  pro-Russian  and  anti-d} 
opposition  within  the  Conservatiye  partj 
results  of  the  general  election  were  the 
of  51  Conservatives,  89  Junimists,  81 
pendent  Liberals,  5  partisans  of  Joan  Br 
4  Socialists,  and  42  Ministerialists.  Ex-P 
Bratiano  lost  his  seat.  The  success 
Boyar  party  compelled  the  Govemm< 
abandon  its  project  of  dividing  a  part 
public  domains  among  the  landless  pes 
m  lots  of  from  four  to  eight  acres.  Th 
servatives,  under  threats  of  a  dissolution, 
to  allow  the  ministry  to  proceed  with  it 
for  establishing  a  national  bank  and 
currency,  and  making  the  higher  judiciar 
movable  except  for  cause,  and  promised 
oppose  the  foreign  policy  of  the  Cabinet 
compromise  ministry,  nevertheless,  coo 
stand,  and  on  December  81  the  Parliamei 
dissolved,  and  new  elections  were  app 
for  Feb.  4,  1889. 

ROiniiEDGE,  6E0RGE,  an  English  pub 
bom  in  Brampton,  Cumberland,  Sept  23, 
died  in  London,  Dec.  18, 1888.  Ue  servec 
apprentice  to  Charles  Thumam,  in  Carli 


OaOROK  ROUTLCDOB. 


1827-'88,  and  then  entered  the  employ  of 
win  and  Cradock,  at  a  salary  of  £60  a 
At  first  his  special  duty  was  to  collect  boob 
other  publishers  for  the  country  booksellc 
whom  that  house  was  agent,  and  later  h 
given  charge  of  the  bindery.  In  Septe 
1886,  he  began  business  on  his  own  acco' 
Ryder's  Court,  Leicester  Square,  as  a 
bookseller  and  purchaser  of  books  at  salei 
plving  new  books  as  thev  were  ordered, 
first  book,  *'The  Beauties  of  Gilsland 
(1886),  proved  a  failure,  as  it  depended 
local  sale  entirely.  In  November,  1837, 1 
given  charge  of  the  documents  in  the  ' 
Office,  where  he  remained  for  four  yeai 


RUSSIA.  723 

gfiDDing  with  a  salary  of  £80  a  year.    Mean-  aod  decides  religions  qaestions ;  and  the  Cooi- 

irhile  he  continued  his  pahlishing-lioase,  also  mittee  of  Ministers. 

loing  some  stationery  business,  which  proved  The  reigning  Emperor  is  Alexander  III,  bom 

profitable  and  increased  his  capital  for  other  Feb.  26,  1845,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne  at 

rentures.    He  removed  to  Soho  Square  in  1843,  his  father's  death  by  assassination,  March  18, 

md  began  the  publication  of  Barnes's  '^  Notes  1881.    The  heir-apparent  is  the  Grand  Duke 

m  the  Old  and  New  Testaments,"  in  twenty-  Nicholas,  bom  May  18,  1868,  eldest  son  of  the 

me  volumes.    In  1848  he  began  the  *^  Railway  Czar  and  of  the  Czarina  Maria  Dagmar,  a 

-library,"  with  "The  Pilot,"  by  J.  Fenimore  daughter  of  King  Christian  IX  of  Denmark. 

)ooper,  and  the  series  is  still  continued,  now  The  Czar's  Cabinet  of  Ministers  is  composed  as 

lambering  upward  of  a  thousand  volumes.    It  follows:  Minister  of  the  Imperial  Household, 

Qcludes  the** Colleen  Bawn,"  of  which  80,000  Gen.  Count  Vorontzoff-Dashkoff ;  Minister  of 

opies  were  sold,  and  '*  The  Romance  of  War,"  Foreign  Affairs,  Nicholas  Carlovich  de  Giers ; 

f  which  more  than  100,000  copies  have  been  Minister  of  War,  Gen.  Vannofsky ;  Minister  of 

old.     Another   series,    called    the   **  Popular  Marine,  Vice- Admiral  Shestakoff ;  Minister  of 

ibrary,"  comprising  travels,  biography,  and  the  Interior,  Count  Tolstoi ;  Minister  of  Public 

aiscellaneous  works,  was  begun  about  the  same  Instruction,  M.  Delyanoff ;  Minister  of  Finance. 

ime.     In    1852    he    removed  to  Farringdon  M.   Vyshnegradsky ;    Minister  of  Justice,  M. 

itreet,  and  there  published  an  edition  of  **  Un-  Manasein ;  Minister  of  Domains,  M.  Ostrofsky ; 

le  Tom's  Cabin,"  of  which  over  500,000  copies  Minister  of  Public  Works  and  Railroads,  Ad- 

rere  sold,  also  a  companion  volume,  called  miral    Possiet;    Comptroller-General    of  the 

'  The  White  Slave,"  of  which  100,000  copies  Treasury,  M.  Solsky.  the  Grand  Dukes  Michael 

vere  sold.     Of  Miss  Warner's  **  Wide,  Wide  and  Constantine  are  also  members  of  the  Com- 

^orld  "  and   **  Queechy  "  enormous  editions  mittee  of  Ministers,  the  President  of  which  is 

were  disposed  of.    These  editions  of  American  M.  Bunge,  ex-Minister  of  Finance. 

M>oks  were  all  **  pirated,"  no  compensation  be-  Area  and  Popilatlmu — The  area  of  the  geo- 

ng  given  to  the  authors.    In  1858  Mr.  Rout-  graphical  divisions  of  the  Russian  Empire,  in 

e^ge  entered  into  an  engagement  with  Sir  Ed-  square  miles,  and  their  population  in  1885  are 

vard  Bulwer,  to  pay  him  a  sum  of  £20,000  for  given  in  the  following  table : 
k.  term  of  ten  years,  to  republish  nineteen  of 


iis  novels  in  the  **RaUway  Library."    Ulti- mvisions. 

oately  he  paid  this  author  in  all  £40,000  for  Kasau  in  Europe 

lis  works.     Mr.  Routledge  came  to  New  York  Kingdom  of  Poland. !. . 

a  1854,  and  established  an  agency.     Later,  he  S^Jl"*'**^  of  Finland 

as  the  first  to  publish  an  edition  of  Oliver  Biberia 


Wendell  Holmes's  poems  in  England,  and  in  SS^AiS**' 

^55  issued  Longfellow's  poetical  works,  illus-  cupUn  Sea 

fated  by  John  Gilbert,  whose  drawings  were  SeoofAiov. 
Ograved  by  Dalziel  Brothers.    In  1857  he  be-         ^oui 
m  the  publication  of  Shakespeare's  works  in 


Atm. 


1,902,092 

49,157 

144,2fi0 

182,505 

4,824,570 

1,820,887 

25,768 

169,670 

14,421 


PopoJAtloa. 


81,725,186 
7,960,804 
2,282,878 
7,284,647 
4.818,680 
5,827,098 


8,682,925       108,848,198 


^^onthly  parts,  illustrated  by   Gilbert.     This  The  population  of  Russia  in  Europe  and  Po- 

cjition  was  edited  by  Howard  Staunton,  and  land  together  is  89,6t55,480,  consisting  of  44,- 

tie  outlay,  exclusive  of  printing  and  binding,  524,239  males  and  45,161,250  females.    The 

^as  £10,000.     Another  important  work  issued  population  of  the  Caucasus  consists  of  8,876,- 

3^  him  was  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood's  "  Natural  868  males  and  8,407,679  females;  that  of  Sibe- 

Ijstory,"  for  which  the  plant  cost  £16,000.  ria  of  2,146,411  males  and  2,002,879  females; 

Cfe  1868  he  issued  Longfellow's  *^  New  England  that  of  Central  Asia  into  2,448,085  males  and 

'v^edy,"  and  later  his  translation  of  Dante.  2,207,568  females.    The  following  cities  in  Eu- 

te  began  in  1888  the   "Universal  Library,"  ropean  Russia  contained   more  than  100,000 

^ted  by  Henry  Morley,  comprising  standard  inhabitants  in  1885:  St.  Petersburg,  861.803 ; 

"orks  of  the  best  old  authors.     In  all,  Mr.  Moscow,  753,469;  Warsaw,  454,298;  Odessa, 

Routledge  published  more  than  5,000  volumes  240,000;  Riga,   175,332;   Kharkov,   171,416; 

taring  the  fifty  years  that  he  was  in  business,  an  Kiev,  165,561 ;  Kasan,  139,915 ;  Saratov,  122,- 

^erage  of  two  a  week.     He  retired  from  busi-  829 ;  Kishinev,  120,074 ;  Lodz,  118,413 ;  Vilna, 

^ss  in  1887,  and  at  that  time  a  public  dinner  102,845.    The  largest  cities  of  Russia  in  Asia 

as  given  him.     Mr.  Routledf^e  was  a  justice  are  Tashkend,  with  121,410  inhabitants,  and 

f  the  peace  in  Carlisle,  and  deputy  lieutenant  Tiflis,  the  capital  of  the  Caucasus,  with  a  popu- 

f  Cninberland  County.  lation  of  89,551.     The  population  of  St.  Peters- 

EESSIi,  an  empire  in  Northeastern  Europe,  burg  on  June  27,  1888,  was  842,883,  of  which 

he  supreme  legislative,  execntive,  and  judicial  number  488.990   were  males.    This  shows  a 

ithority  resides  in  the  Emperor,  who  is  as-  falling  off  of  85,133  as  compared  with  1881, 

sted   by  the  Council  of  the  Empire,  which  and  even  this  does  not  measure  the  entire  de- 

tamines    every  project  of  law ;  the  Senate,  dine,  because  the  former  census  was  taken  in 

hich  promulgates  every  new  law  and  is  the  the  winter,  and  does  not  include  workmen  from 

[gh  court  of  justice  for  the  empire;  the  Holy  the  provinces  engasred  in  building,  who  figure 

rood,  which  superintends  ecclesiastical  affairs  for  41,696  in  the  returns  for  1888. 


724  RUSSIA. 

FhuucM* — The  financial  acoonnt   for    1887  The  internal  debt,  payable  in  paper  rnUeg* 

makes  the  total  ordinary  receipts  829,661,000  amoanted  on  Jan.  1,  1888,  to  3,104,899,764 

rubles,  and  the  extraordinary  receipts  144,-  rabies.     In  addition,  the  Government  owed  it 

548,000  rubles.     Of  the  ordinary  receipts  41,-  that  date  891,505,969  metallic  rubles,  66,068,- 

102,000  rubles  were  derived  from  the  land  000  Dutch  florins,  £122,271,720,  and  652,081,- 

and  forest  taxes,  28,862,000  rubles  from  pat-  000  francs.    There  were  in  circulation  780,032,- 

ents,  11,677,000  rubles  from  the  income-tax,  288  rubles  of  paper  money,  of  which  211,472,- 

257,624,000  rabies  from  the  tax  on  drink,  24,-  495  rubles  were  protected  by  a  reserve.    Anew 

098,000  rubles  from  the  tobacco-tax,  28,162,-  loan  contracted  in  1887  yielded  81,068,000  ro- 

000  rubles  from  the  sugar-duty,  107,425,000  bles,  of  which  45,098,000  rubles  were  appfi«d 

rubles  from  customs  duties,  18,242,000  rubles  to  the  construction  of  railroads  and  harbors, 

from  stamps,  10,282,000  rubles  from  registra-  A  4-per-cent  gold  loan  of  500,000,000  frnta 

tion  fees,  24,417,000  rubles  from  various  indi-  for  the  conversion  of  old  5-per-cent.  debts  wi$ 

rect  imposts,  29,397,000  rubles  from  the  post-  offered  in  Paris  on  December  10,  and  foosd 

office,   telegraphs,   and    royalties,    51,298.000  subscribers  for  six  times  the  required  sum. 

rubles  from  railroads,  forests,  and  mines,  88,-  Hie  Amy* — The  peace  strength  of  the  Bos- 

957,000  rubles  from  payments  for  land  redemp-  dan  army  in  the  banning  of  1887  was  659.274 

tion,  and  108,727,000  rubles  from  other  sources,  men.     The  war  effective  of  the  regular  annj 

The  total  expenditures  for  ordinary  purposes  is  about  1,689,000  combatants,  including  36,600 

in  1887  amounted  to  835,850,000  rubles,  and  officers,  with  8,776  guns  and  204,390  horsei 

the  extraordinary  expenditures  to  95,093,000  The  Cossack  troops,  a  great  part  of  which  hafe 

rubles.     Of  the  ordinary  expenditures,  280,-  been  incorporated  in  the  regular  army,  bare 

908,000  rubles  were  for  the  public  debt,  210,-  a  peace  strength  of  47,150  men,  and  a  war 

953,000  rubles  for  inilitary  purposes,  109,067,-  strength  of  140,038  men,  inclusive  of  8,644  off- 

.    000  rubles  for  flnancial  administration,  40,359,-  cers.  The  irregular  forces,  comprising  Tartars, 

000  rubles  for  the  navy,  72,576,000  rubles  for  Georgians,  and  Turkomans,  number  5,769  men, 

the  Interier  Department,  25,834,000  rubles  for  of  whom  1,420  are  infantry  and  4,349  cavalrr. 

highways,  20,684,000  rubles  for  public  instruc-  The  opoltchenle  or  militia,  which  is  about  equal 

tion,  20,443,000  rubles  for  the  judiciary,  22,  in  numbers  to  the  rest  of  the  armed  forces, 

850,000  rubles  for  domains,  10,999,000  rubles  brings  up  the  total  military  strength  of  tbe 

for  the  Holy  Synod,  and  10,560,000  rubles  for  empire  to  nearly  4,000,000  men. 

the  court.  In  accordance  with  an  imperial  ukase  pab- 

The  gold  value  of  the  paper  ruble  in  the  lished  on  July  13,  the  recruit  of  the  army  for 

spring  of  1888  fell  to  45  per  cent,  below  par,  a  1888  was  250,000  men,  an  increase  of  15,000 

lower  point  than  it  haa  yet  reached.    Only  over  the  previous  year.    A  second  lawfiiea 

20  per  cent,  of  the  depreciation  is  due  to  infla-  the  duration  of  military  service  at  eighteen 

tion,  the  remaining  25  per  cent,  being  ac-  years,  of  which  five  are  spent  in  the  actire 

counted  for  by   the  fall  in  silver.    The  ex-  army,  and  the  remainder  in  the  two  classes  of 

change    market  for  the  ruble  is  in   Berlin,  the  Landwehr,  the  second  of  which  can  odIj 

where  Russian  currency  has  become  an  object  be  called  into  active  service  by  a  proclamatioD 

of  speculative  manipulation,  which  interferes  oftheOzar.   Although  the  legal  period  of  serr- 

seriously  with  the  foreign  trade  of  Russia,  and  ice  in  the  active  army  is  shortened  by  a  year, 

has  lately  caused  distrust  of  the  paper  ruble  in  the  actual  term  of  service  with  the  colors  wiO 

Russia,  although  it  has  hitherto  passed  freely  probably  be  a  year  longer  than  under  tbe  old 

from  hand  to  hand  amid  all  fluctuations.    The  law^  when  the  men  were  f nrlougbed  on  Uie 

exchange  rates  are  raised  or  lowered  on  the  average  two  years  out  of  the  six.    The  entire 

|:                       Berlin  Bourse  by  comers  and  false  rumors  in  period  of  military  service  is  made  three  jean 

\\                      connection  with  enormous  speculative  dealings  longer,  increasing  the  strength  of  the  regular 

11                       in  the  Russian  internal  loans.    The  metallic  army  on  the  war  footing  by  750,000  men  nomi- 

^f                       ruble  in  March  was  worth  1*80  paper  ruble,  nally,  and  in  reality  by  not  less  than  400,000. 

^                        against  1*67  in  1887,  and  1*50  in  1886.    The  In  the  latter  part  of  1887  the  movement  of 

i!                       Government  in  1881,  and  again  in  1887,  de-  Russian  troops  toward  the  western  frootiers 

{I                       creed  the  redemption  of  all  paper  currency  not  and  unprecedented  activity  in   building  ba^ 

[  ]                      guaranteed  by  a  metallic  reserve,  and  has  re-  racks,  fortifications,  and  military  railroads  ere- 

[!                       peatedly  declared  its  intention  to  recall  and  ated  alarm  in  Austria  and  Germany,  and  neoes* 

,                        destroy  the  266,000,000  rubles  of  paper  money  sitated  the  strengthening  of  the  frontier  gar- 

that  were  issued  during  the  Turkish  war.  In  risons  in  Prussia  and  Galicia.  The  RussiaB 
February,  1888,  the  new  Minister  of  Finance  Government  explained  the  dislocation  of  troops 
presented  a  project  for  establishing  a  metallic  as  the  execution  of  a  plan  that  had  been  in  ex- 
standard.  On  July  20  the  minister  was  em-  istence  for  a  long  time,  and  while  Prince  Bis- 
powered  by  an  imperial  ukase  to  issue  15,000,-  marck  accepted  this  assurance  with  equanimity, 
000  rubles  of  additional  paper  currency  against  M.  Tisza  declared  in  the  Hungarian  Chamber 
deposits  of  gold,  merely  as  a  temporary  meas-  in  January,  1888,  that  measures  would  betaken 
ure  to  facilitate  the  large  export  movement  of  by  the  Austro- Hungarian  Government  forooo- 
grain.  Another  issue  of  credit-notes  of  the  tingencies  that  might  imperil  the  security  of 
same  amount  was  decreed  in  October.  the  frontiers.    The  Russian  forces  on  tbe  weit- 


t» 


I 


RUSSIA. 


725 


Qtier  at  that  time  nmnbered  128,275 
th  24,198  horses  and  274  tield-cannon. 
3h  re-enforcements  of  about  100,000 
*ived.  Works  were  began  at  Liban 
?ill  transform  it  by  1890  into  a  mili- 
t,  with  a  harbor  formed  by  two  break- 
There  were  96  barracks  erected  along 
tier  of  Austria  and  Germany,  and  about 
cavaby  were  held  in  readiness  to  cross 
tier  at  a  moment's  notice  Two  branch 
the  Ivaugorod-Dabrova  Railroad  run- 
the  Austrian  and  Prussian  frontiers 
»ened  in  the  spring.  At  Rovno,  Ivan- 
ind  other  places  in  the  western  districts 
tifications  were  constmcted. 
aTj. — Russia  in  1888  had  32  iron-clads, 
d  steamers,  59  other  steamers,  8  sailing- 
uid  95  torpedo-boats  in  the  Baltic  Sea ; 
■lads,  27  armed  steamers,  59  unarmed 
9,  and  16  torpedo-boats  in  the  Black 
armed  and  4  unarmed  steamers  in  the 
Sea ;  6  steamers  in  the  Lake  of  Aral ; 
firmed  steamers,  18  unarmed  steamers, 
»rpedo -boats  on  the  Pacific  coast.  The 
werful  vessels  are  the  "  Tchesraa  "  and 
rine  II,''  which  were  launched  in  the 
>ea  in  1886,  and  the  "  Sinope,"  which 
Qched  in  June,  1887,  each  of  which  has 
cement  of  10,180  tons,  and  carries  six 
and  seven  6-iQch  guns.  The  armor 
'ater-line  is  16  inches  thick.  The  guns 
mted  in  a  casemated,  pear-shaped  re- 
The  "Alexander  II  "  and  the  "  Nicho- 
2  barbette  cruisers  of  8,440  tons, 
inches  of  armor  above  the  belt,  and 
led  with  two  12-inch,  four  9-inch,  and 
inch  guns.  These  vessels — the  latter  of 
ras  launched  on  the  Neva  in  October, 
re  of  the  same  type  as  the  English 
ieuse,"  but  heavier  and  more  power- 
ned.  The  "Pamiat  Azoff,"  which  was 
d  in  the  Baltic  on  June  1,  1888,  is  an 
i  frigate  of  6,000  tons  displacement, 
;  14  heavy  long-range  guns,  15  machine- 
id  3  torpedo- guns. 

ate* — The  values  in  rubles  of  the  im- 
id  exports  of  merchandise  in  1886  and 
es  of  the  different  countries  in  the  for- 
nmerce  of  Russia  are  exhibited  in  the 
ig  table : 


OOUNTRnCS. 


Bin 

angary.... 
U 

d  Norway, 


Importi. 


185,864,000 
110,071,000 

12,274,000 

16,996,000 
8,998,000 

16,901,000 

80,016,000 
7,781,000 
8.884,000 

26,774.000 
5,682,000 

10,256,000 

845,000 

1,175,000 

2,461,000 

48,888,000 


Kzporte. 


119,210,000 

148,984,000 

80,292,000 

2^81 6,000 

86,79^000 

16,588,000 

1,615,000 

21,947,000 

18,190,000 

882,000 

14,569,000 

6,129,000 

9,108,000 

5,878,000 

4,014,000 

85,077,000 


488,206,000  |    488,484,000 


The  imports  by  way  of  the  Baltic  ports  in 
1886  were  of  the  value  of  152,400,000  rubles; 
the  exports,  144,500,000  rubles.  The  value  of 
the  imports  from  European  countries  brought 
by  railroad  was  150,400,000  rubles,  and  that  of 
the  exports  by  way  of  the  land  frontiers  was 
114,100,000  rubles.  The  imports  at  the  ports 
of  the  Black  Sea  were  valued  at  78.800,000 
rubles,  and  the  exports  at  172,300,000  rubles. 
The  imports  passing  by  way  of  the  White  Sea 
were  1,800,000  rubles  in  value,  and  the  exports 
5,600,000  rubles.  The  imports  from  Finland 
amounted  to  9,900,000  rubles,  and  the  exports 
to  Finland  to  16,600,000  rubles.  The  imports 
across  the  Asiatic  frontiers  amounted  to  45,- 
400,000  rubles,  and  the  exports  to  85,400,000 
rubles. 

The  imports  of  alimentary  products  in  1887 
across  the  European  frontiers  were  valued  at 
50,897,000  rubles;  exports,  850,640,000 rubles; 
imports  of  materials,  raw  or  partly  manufact- 
ured, 224,404,000  rubles;  exports,  198,262,000 
rubles;  imports  of  live  animals,  498,000  rubles; 
exports,  11,991,000  rubles;  imports  of  manu- 
factured articles,  57,940,000  rubles;  exports, 
12,627,000  rubles;  total  merchandise  imports 
in  1887,  888,289,000  rubles ;  total  exports,  568,- 
520,000  rubles. 

The  overland  exports  to  China  in  1887  con- 
sisted of  2,858,502  rubles  worth  of  Russian  mer- 
chandise, 251,914  rubles  worth  of  other  Euro- 
pean products,  2,924,085  rubles  of  the  precious 
metals,  and  809,860  rubles  of  paper  currency. 
The  principal  articles  of  Russian  produce  were 
grain,  hogs,  sdgar,  cotton  goods,  Russia  leath- 
er, sheepskins,  and  furs.  During  the  same  year 
China  exported  to  Russia  26,456,557  rubles 
worth  of  merchandise,  in  which  total  the  sin- 
gle article  tea  stands  for  24,097,679  rubles. 

IgrlciKire* — The  grain  belt  in  European  Rus- 
sia stretches  from  the  government  of  Tcher- 
nigoff,  on  the  middle  X>nieper,  to  the  Ural 
mountains.  North  of  it  is  the  zone  containing 
the  industrial  cities,  between  which  and  the 
tundras  of  the  Arctic  Circle  the  great  forests 
extend  from  Poland  and  the  western  govern- 
ments northeastward  to  the  Ural.  In  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  wheat  belt  is  the  "  black-earth  " 
country,  a  vast  plain  extending  from  Ere- 
raentchug  on  the  Dnieper  to  the  other  side  of 
the  Volga.  Herds  of  horses  and  sheep  cover 
the  steppes  farther  south.  The  productive 
land  in  Russia  amounts  to  70*4  per  cent,  of  the 
entire  surface,  20*4  per  cent,  being  occupied  by 
farms  and  gardens,  11*9  per  cent,  by  pastures, 
and  88*1  per  cent,  by  forests.  The  number  of 
persons  employed  in  agriculture  in  Russia,  ex- 
clusive of  Poland,  is  about  48,000,000.  The 
economical  condition  of  this  population  has  in 
some  respects  become  worse  since  the  emanci- 
pation of  the  peasants  from  serfdom.  The  in- 
sufficiency of  the  land  transferred  to  the  peas- 
ants, their  drunkenness,  which  has  been  actual- 
ly fostered  by  the  Government  in  order  to  swell 
the  revenue  from  excise  duties,  and  their  indo- 
lence, which  is  a  consequence  of  the  commu- 


M 


726 


RUSSIA. 


nistio  mir  system,  have  reduced  the  whole  class 
to  poverty  and  debt.  The  nobility,  owing  to 
their  lavish  way  of  living  and  their  ignorance 
of  practical  affairs,  are  in  still  worse  case.  Rus- 
sians say  that  there  is  hardly  an  estate  outside 
of  the  ''*'  black-earth  "  region  that  is  not  mort- 
gaged for  its  full  value.  More  blighting  even 
than  the  vices  of  the  people  is  the  corruption 
of  the  officials,  who  embezzle  the  funds  that  are 
raised  for  public  improvements  and  draw  black- 
mail from  every  private  enterprise.  The  grain- 
crop  in  1886  was  poor,  and  in  1887,  though  the 
harvest  was  abundant,  prices  were  very  low. 
Protective  duties  in  Germany  and  other  coun- 
tries have  seriously  injured  the  export  trade  in 
Russian  cereals.  In  1888  the  reported  yield  of 
autumn  wheat,  excluding  Poland,  was  11,445,- 
000  quarters,  being  89  per  cent,  above  the  av- 
erage ;  of  spring  wheat,  18,480,000  quarters,  or 
8  per  cent,  better  than  the  average;  of  rye,  85,- 
400,000  quarters,  9  per  cent,  more  than  a  nor- 
mal crop;  of  oats,  63,160,000  quarters,  exceed- 
ing the  average  by  4  per  cent. ;  of  barley,  16,- 
284,000  quarters,  which  was  6  per  cent,  above 
the  average.  Count  Tolstoi  in  1888  proposed 
a  bill  prohibiting  peasant  proprietors  from  sell- 
ing their  land.  The  peasants  have  in  recent 
years  purchased  largely  of  the  nobles,  whose 
land  was  un remunerative  in  their  own  hands. 
The  transfers  have  been  facilitated  by  the  Peas- 
ants^ Credit  Bank,  established  under  Govern- 
ment patronage,  which  during  1887  made  5,000 
loans,  4,800  of  them  to  mirs  or  rural  associa- 
tions containing  in  all  590,000  members.  The 
sum  of  the  loans  was  50,000,000  rubles,  with 
which  8,400,000  acres  were  bought.  More  re- 
cently the  Government  has  founded  a  Nobles' 
Bank  to  prevent  the  lands  of  the  hereditary 
proprietors  from  passing  into  the  hands  of  com- 
mercial men  and  usurers.  The  question  of 
constructing  grain- elevators  was  considered  in 
1888  by  a  special  commission,  which  recom- 
mended building  with  Government  means  ele- 
vators at  the  export  ports  and  on  the  lines  of 
railroad  with  capacity  for  600,000,000  kilo- 
grammes, the  amortization  of  the  required 
capital  of  .20,000,000  rubles  being  provided  for 
by  an  export  tax  of  half  a  copeck  per  pood, 
yielding  1,500,000  rubles  on  a  minimum  export 
of  800,000,000  poods.  This  improvement  will 
tend  to  place  it  out  of  the  power  of  traders  to 
control  and  dictate  prices  as  they  do,  paying 
sometimes  only  half  as  much  for  one  farmer^s 
grain  as  for  that  of  his  astuter  neighbor. 

Mavlgadfii. — There  were  5,373  vessels  entered 
and  5,329  cleared  at  the  ports  of  the  Baltic  dur- 
ing 1886 ;  647  entered  and  625  cleared  at  Arch- 
angel, on  the  White  Sea ;  4,488  entered  and 
4,481  cleared  in  the  ports  of  the  Black  Sea  and 
the  Sea  of  Azov ;  and  1,087  entered  and  1,005 
cleared  at  the  ports  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  Of 
the  11,590  vessels  entered  at  all  ports,  7,204 
were  steamers;  and  of  1 1,440  cleared, 7, 122  were 
steamers.  Of  the  total  number,  2,485  were 
Russian  vessels,  2,828  English,  1.439  German, 
1,397  Swedish  and  Norwegian,  757  Greek,  637 


Turkish,  776  Danish,  689  Anstrian,  and  185 
Dutch.  The  number  of  coasting-vessels  ^• 
tered  was  37,656,  of  which  14,708  were  steam- 
ers. The  merchant  navy  in  1886  numbered 
2,157  sailing-vessels  of  469,098  tons,  and  218 
steamers  of  108,295  tons.  The  Russian  marine 
in  the  Caspian  is  rapidly  increasing,  10  new 
iron  steamboats  having  been  finished  in  1888, 
making  a  total  of  70  steamers,  besides  mao? 
sailing-vessels.  The  Government  has  granted 
an  annual  subsidy  of  111,000  rubles  to  a  new 
line  of  steamers  between  the  Russian  Pacific 
ports  and  the  ports  of  Corea,  Japan,  and  China, 
which  in  time  of  war  will  be  at  the  disposal  of 
the  Government. 

RtUrtiAb — The  railroad  network  completed 
at  the  beginning  of  1888  had  a  total  length  of 
26,964  kilometres,  or  16,745  miles,  excloaire 
of  the  railroads  of  Finland  and  the  Transcaspiao 
line  of  660  miles.   The  amount  invested  in  rail- 
roads at  the  end  of  1885  was  2,800,000,000  ru- 
bles, and  the  net  revenue  they  produced  was 
87,400,000  rubles.    The  Transcaspian  Railroad 
to  Samarcand  was  opened  with  public  ceremo- 
nies on  May  27,  the  anniversary  of  the  Czar'» 
coronation.     When  Gen.  Skobeleff  t«K>k  com- 
mand of  the  Transcaspian  territory  in  1880  it 
was  with  the  condition  that  Eysil  Arvat  should 
be  connected  with  the  Caspian  Sea  by  a  nir- 
row-gauge  railroad.     After   the  conquest  of 
Merv  the  railroad,  on  which  camels  were  jod 
instead  of  locomotives,  was   extended  to  the 
Akhal-Tekke  oasis.     Gradually  the  plan  ex- 
panded, and  the  tramway  was  converted  into  a 
broad-gauge  steam-railway,  and  carried  across 
the  newly  acquired  Turkoman  districts  into 
the  Turanian  khanates  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Oxus.   The  ukase  authorizing  this  railroad  wis 
issued  on  May  20, 1885,  and  within  three  yean 
the  line  was  built  to  Samarcand  which  is  des- 
tined to  play  an  important  part  in  the  commer- 
cial development  of  Central  Asia,  as  well  u  in 
furthering  the  political  and  strategical  plans  of 
Russia  by  enabling  the  Government  to  store 
reserves  and  supplies  at  Merv,  Sarakhs,  Pe^j- 
deh,  Char^jui,  and  Kerki,  and  in  a  short  space 
of  time  to  concentrate  an  army  of  100,000  men 
on  the  Asiatic  frontier.    The  railroad  is  ex- 
pected to  give  Russian  manufacturers  a  greit 
advantage  over  their  English  and  French  com- 
petitors in  the  markets  of  Central  Asia,  and  to 
lead  to  a  large  development  of  the  materisi 
resources  of  the  Russian  dominions  in  Uist 
part  of  the  world,  especially  of  the  cotton-cult- 
ure in  Turkistan,  Ferghana,  and  Samarcand. 
The  cost  of  the  line,  which  has  a  total  len^ 
of  about  1,000  miles,  was  $48,000,000  nib^ 
The  embankments  and  stations  are  neariy  all 
however,  of  a  temporary  character,  and  most 
be  replaced  by  permanent  works  at  a  cost  of 
many  more  millions.     The  Transcaspian  lioe 
connects  all  the  trade-routes  converging  in  tli« 
Black  Sea  with  Central  Asia,  and  will  be  joined 
with  the  Indian  system  if  English  fears  will 
allow.     A  new  railroad  from  the  Vladikavkas 
line  through  the  Kuban  valley  to  Kovoroskoi, 


RUSSIA.  727 

on  the  Black  Sea,  was  opened  to  traffic  on  RisMcattoB  of  the  Baltic  ProTlnces. — The  Gov^ 
March  27,  1888.  The  communications  of  the  emment  has  ordained  that  instruction  in  the 
Transeancasns  will  be  frreatly  improved  by  the  gymnasia  and  secondary  schools  in  Revel,  Dor- 
Snram  Tunnel,  which  is  nearly  completed  be-  pat,  Ooldingen,  Libau,  Birkenruh,  and  Fellin 
tween  Tsipa  and  Malita.  The  route  of  the  pro-  shall  henceforth  be  given  in  the  Russian,  instead 
jected  Siberian  railroad  has  been  surveyed  as  of  in  the  German  language.  When  theEstho- 
fJEur  as  Irkutsk.  It  will  start  from  Tomsk,  and  nian  and  Livonian  nobility  protested  against  the 
p^s  through  Marjinsk,  Erasnojarsk,  Irkutsk,  banishment  of  their  mother-tongue  from  the 
V  erkne,  Oudinsk,  Chita,  Stretensk,  and  Nikol-  schools  in  which  their  sons  are  educated  the 
akoi,  to  Vladivostock,  on  the  Pacific  coast.  A  Minister  of  Education  replied  that  the  only  al- 
branch  line  will  be  constructed  to  the  Trans-  ternative  would  be  to  abolish  the  schools  and 
haikal  province  between  Lake  Baikal  aud  the  demand  the  restitution  of  the  sums  contributed 
Chinese  frontier.  The  European  connection  by  the  Government  to  their  erection  and  en- 
of  the  Siberian  line  will  be  with  a  railroad  from  dowment.  The  Directing  Senate  in  April  re- 
Samara  running  through  Omsk,  which  was  jected  a  complaint  against  a  decree  of  the  Gov- 
completed  as  far  as  Ufa,  in  Astrakhan,  in  Sep-  emor  of  Livonia  according  to  which  no  report 
tember,  1888,  and  is  being  extended  to  Sta-  or  document  in  the  German  language  will  be 
tosk.  A  private  capitalist  has  undertaken  to  received  by  the  courts  or  the  municipal  anthor- 
baild  a  railroad  from  the  river  Obi  to  the  Bay  ities.  The  Senate  also  decided  that  no  part  of 
of  Chainuder,  an  accessible  port  in  the  Arctic  the  local  revenues  of  the  Baltic  provinces  can 
Ocean,  in  order  to  compete  m  the  wheat,  cat-  henceforth  be  diverted  to  ecclesiastical  pur- 
Ue,  fish,  fur,  and  timber  trades  of  western  poses,  which  will  deprive  many  Protestant  re- 
Siberia,  with  the  English  company  that  made  ligious  institutions  of  a  considerable  portion  of 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  in  1888  to  take  a  their  income.  A  proposition  of  Count  Tolstoi, 
fireighted  steamer  through  the  Sea  of  Kara.  made  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Procurator  of  the 

PWI-Oflicie. — The  number  of  ordinary  letters  Holy  Synod,  whereby  the  Minister  of  the  Inte- 

forwarded  in  1886  was  150,848,689  ;  of  postal-  rior  shall  have  the  power  to  remove  Evangelical 

cards,   15,333,686 ;  of  registered  letters,   13,-  pastors  in  the  Baltic  provinces  after  they  have 

087,881 ;  of  letters  containing  valuables,  11,-  been  suspended  by  the  Governor,  was  approved 

017,635  ;   of  journals,  106,100,275  ;  of  sealed  by  the  Council  of  the  Empire,  but  encountered 

packets,  20,986,078.   The  receipts  in  1886  were  such  opposition  on  the  part  of  influential  states- 

67,694, 516  francs,  and  the  expenses  of  the  pos-  men  that  the  Czar  ordered  the  matter  to  be  re- 

tal  and  telegraph  service  99,852,560  francs.  considered,  with  the  result  that  a  msgority  of 

Tdegraphs. — The  length   of  the    state  tele-  28  against  16  voted  against  the  proposition. 

graph  lines  in  1886  was  107,574  kilometres;  Afterward  the  Czar,  yielding  to  Panslavist  ar- 

length  of  wires,  204,043  kilometres.   Including  guments,  changed  his  own  mind,  and  confirmed 

railroad  and  private  lines,  the  Anglo-Indian  the    decision    of   the    minority.     The    Swiss 

tine,  and  military  and  police  lines,  there  were  branch  of  the  Evangelical  Alliance  addressed  a 

116,692  kilometres  of  telegraph   lines  in  the  petition  to  the  Emperor  which  was  answered 

empire,  with  267,414  kilometres  of  wire.    The  by  Procurator-General  Pobedonostzeff.     The 

namber  of  internal  dispatches  in   1886  was  reason  for  clothing  the  Minister  of  the  Interior 

3,371,187;  international  dispatches  sent,  559,-  with  powers  that  the  Czars  never  assumed  in 

154 ;  received,  568,815 ;  dispatches  in  transit,  former  times  is  found  in  the  return  to  the 

180.202 ;    official  dispatches,   660,883  ;    total,  Protestant  faith  of  many  of  the  Letts  and  Esths 

10,290,791.    The  receipts  in  1886  were  35,869,-  who  have  lately  been  induced  to  enter  the 

(80  francs.  Orthodox  Church.    This  movement  the  Russian 

FardgMn  !■•  Ruda. — Statistics  compiled  by  Panslavists  expect  to  check  by  deposing  every 

he    Ministry  of  the  Interior  show  that  the  Protestant  pastor  who  exerts  himself  to  undo 

rearly  average  of  foreigners  arriving  in  Russia  the  extrordinary  proselyting  work  of  the  Rus- 

laa  been  800,000,  and  of  those  who  leave  the  sian  clergy  among  the  Slav  peasantry  of  the 

)Ouiitry  750,000.    During  the  ten  years  ending  German  provinces  of  Russia. 

with    1881  there  were  9,458,182  arrivals  and  QwAug  tf  the  Cntversltlcs. — Toward  the  close 

i,025,198  departures.    Among  the  number  en-  of  1887  students*  riots  occurred  in  many  of  the 

ering  the  country  were  4,871,571  Germans,  universities  and   other  educational  institutes. 

L,805J3d  Austrians,   255,207  Persians,  122,-  The  disturbances  began  in  Moscow,  where  the 

''71  French,  70,387  Turks,  41,878  Roumanians,  inspector  of  the  university  excited  the  ill-will 

Bulgarians,  and  Servians,  20,691  Ens^lish,  17,-  of  the  students,  who  became  so  disorderly  that 

159    Italians,   14,885  Greeks,  and  120,638  of  the  troops  were  called  out.    There  were  simi- 

ither  nationalities.     Stringent  passport  regula-  lar  occurrences  at  Kiev,  Odessa,  Kasan,  and 

jons  and  restrictions  on  the  enterprise  of  for-  other  universities,  all  of  which  were  closed. 

signers  have  been  the  rule  during  the  past  The  students  hoped  by  uproarious  demonstra- 

liree  years.    In  1887  all  foreigners  were  pro-  tions  to  compel  the  Government  to  rescind  the 

libited  by  an  imperial  ukase  from  holding  or  recent  regulations  which  curtail  the  liberty  of 

easing  lands.    This  is  a  reversal  of  the  policy  students  by  various  vexatious  restrictions,  limit 

he   Government  has  foUowed  steadily  since  the  period  in  which  they  are  allowed  to  re- 

he  year  1815.  main  at  the  universities,  and  exclude  whole 


were  seat  to  Siberia  or  to  priMn ;  bat  erento- 
all;  Borae  of  the  obDoiions  noiTenity  statntea 
were  altered,  and  complunts  of  the  students 
ceased.  A  SiberiaD  uoiversitj  was  opened  in 
Angast  at  Tomsk  with  the  establishroent  of  a 
facQtty  of  raedioioe  to  sapplj  the  need  of  doo- 
tors,  who  DOW  namber  only  tweotj-two  for  the 
whole  of  Siberia. 

CeHMMHvtlM  tf  tkc  iBlndMtlM  ef  ChiWluttT, 
— The  nine  handredth  anniversary  of  the  adop- 
tion of  OliriBtienitj  nnder  Vladimir  the  Great 
was  celebrated  tbronghont  Rassia  on  July  27, 
1888.  The  principal  festivities  were  held  at 
Kiev,  the  mother  of  Rassian  cides  and  the  first 
seat  of  the  Russian  Oharoh. 

ne  PaUHtal   SltutJei With  Connt  Tolstoi 

at  the  bead  of  the  Uinistry  of  the  Interior, 
Pobedonostzeff  in  charge  of  ecclesiastical  af- 
faire, and  a  high  Protectionist  directing  the 
finances,  the  Nationalists,  PaDslavists,  and  Old 
Conservatives  have  controlled  the  internal  poli- 
ties of  Rnssia  during  the  reign  of  Alexander 
III,  and  have  even  influenced  the  Czar  to 
sometimes  act  in  foreign  affairs  at  variance 
with  the  officially  declared  policy  of  his  Gov- 
ernment, although  they  have  not  encceeded  in 
displacing  M.  de  Giers  from  the  Foreign  Office. 
The  Greek  Orthodox  propaganda  has  been  car- 
rie<l  on  by  Che  aid  of  Government  enconrage- 
ment  and  iDt«rventioD.  Poland  is  governed  as 
though  it  were  a  part  of  Old  Raaua.  The 
state  schools  of  the  Baltic  provinces  have  been 
Rassified,  and  the  separate  police  system  of 
Livonia,  Esthouia,  and  Ooarland  has  ^ven 
place  to  Russian  iostitations  condacted  by 
ItassiaDB.  The  provincial  end  district  antonoiny 
granted  by  Alexander  II  has  beeo  shorn  of  one 
featare  after  another,  the  independence  of  the 
courts  has  beea  reduced  to  tlie  smnlleBt  limits, 
acd  ecclesiastical  and  civil  bureancrats  rule 
withpower  as_unrestrioti>d  as  in  the  time  ot 


ing  each  8,000  acres  of  land  held  by  the 
ity,  each  460,000  rublea  of  commercial  c 
and  each  4,000  adult  male  peaaanta  repra 
by  one  del^ate  in  the  conncil,  thus  givi 
nobles  a  great  preponderance-  Even  tfa 
would  ^re  the  governor  an  absolatevet 
the  decisions  of  the  Semstvo,  while  the 
ing  committee  which  prepares  the  legii 
would  be  appointed  by  the  Govemmei 
necessarily  from  the  members  of  the  Sei 
and  the  rate  of  salary  woald  be  det^rmiu 
the  Government.  There  was  mnch  oppo 
in  several  of  the  ministries  to  this  plui,  ' 
practically  extinguishes  the  right  of  local 
government,  ana  the  questioa  was  thei 
postponed  till  another  year.  A  proof  ( 
strength  of  Panslavism  was  the  appointnii 
April,  1888,  to  the  chief  place  in  the  D< 
ment  of  the  Interior,  next  to  that  of  the  i 
ter,  of  Gen,  Bogdanovich,  whom  a  yew  1 
the  Czar  had  dismissed  from  the  army  ii 
grace  because  he  hsd  entered  into  ae^vt 
ings  with  Gen.  Boulanger  with  the  obji 
bringing  about  an  alliance  between  Ra« 
France.  Gen.  Ignatieff  was  elected  pm 
of  the  Slavonic  Benevolent  Bocietr,  whi 
the  chief  agencj  of  Panslavio  agitation  ii 
Balkan  Peninsula  on  the  eve  of  the  ani 
sary  of  Rnsua's  converuon  to  Chrintii 
The  organs  of  Liberal  opinion  and  Wi 
ideas  have  all  been  suppressed  in  Rasni 
cept  one  monthly. 

Ceatral  AsU.— Ool.  AlikhanoS  on  the  A 
frontier  has  sacceeded  in  bringing  nearl 
the  Turkomans  under  the  Russian  ngis. 
Afghan  authorities  at  the  instigation  of 
Maclean,  the  British  political  agent  in 
region,  have  sought  to  prevent  by  for« 
migration  of  Tarkomans  into  Russian  d< 
ions,  and  on  April  15.  1688,  a  collinon 
place  between  Afghan  troops  and  Salor  Ti 


SALVADOR. 


729 


s 


LDOB9  a  republic  in  OeDtral  America. 
8,720  square  miles ;  population,  Jan.  1, 
H,618,  an  increase  for  1887  of  18,888. 
UMBt~The  President  is  G^n.  Francisco 
ez,  whose  term  of  office  will  expire  in 
In  April,  1888,  tiie  IjCgislative  Assem- 
ointed  vice-presidents,  and  to  succeed 
ther  in  the  order  in  which  their  names 
n :  Don  Jos6  Larrejnafj^  Don  Manuel 
»,  and  Don  Jos6  Antonio  Quir6s.  The 
It's  Oabinet  is  composed  of  the  folio w- 
isters:  Public  Instruction  and  Gharita- 
Litutions,  Dr.  Hermogenes  Alvarado; 
,  Sefior  E.  Perez;  Foreign  Affairs, 
and  Public  Worship,  Dr.  Manuel  Del- 
nterior.  Dr.  Rafael  Reyes;  and  War, 
Lrriola.  The  United  States  Minister  to 
tral  American  republics  is  Hon.  Henry 
residing  at  Guatemala.  The  American 
it  Salvf^or  is  Thomas  T.  Tunstall ;  the 
nan  Consul  at  New  York  is  Don  Ma- 
)m&res. 

C8>  —  Instead  of  owing  any  money 
Salvador  has  lodged  money  in  London 
completion  of  its  railroad.  The  home 
Iness  of  $5,000,000  involves  an  annual 

charge  of  $869,777.  The  Govem- 
izpenditure  in  1887  of  $2,106,508  was 

an  income  of  equal  amount.     The 
\x  produced  $818,040  in  1887. 
—A  decree  issued  in  August  fixed  the 

of  the  military  forces  at  24,000,  in- 
the  militia,  to  be  drawn  by  lot,  all 
"ians  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and 
e  capable  of  bearing  arms  to  be  sub- 
mrollment,  with  the  exception  of  the 

The  Minister  of  War  has  procured 
uifantry  and  artillery  officers  from  the 
army  to  drill  the  national  recruits  and 
Salvadorian  cadets. 
mlcatliM. — In   addition    to   the   1,281 

wire  that  were  in  operation  in  Sai- 
lor to  1888,  there  were  laid  180  miles 
;he  year,  the  number  of  offices  being 
i  from  68  to  74. 

J,  1888,  the  Gk>vernment  made  a  cou- 
th Stanley  McNider  for  the  establish- 

a  telephone  plant  and  service  in  the 

San  Salvador  and  Santa  Tecla.  The 
3n  covers  a  term  of  twenty-five  years. 
rce> — ^The  trade  of  Salvador  has  devel- 
late  Tears  as  follows : 


COUNTRIES. 

England 

Fnnce 

Germany 

Italy 

Spain 

United  dUtea 

Central  America 

Total 


Kzport. 


1,6T8 

1.198 

1,101 

909 

617 

1,928 

868 


7,697 


The  chief  products  exported  were  as  follow : 
Coffee,  $5,024,288 ;  indigo,  $1,608,952;  silver, 
in  bars,  $268,457;  Peruvian  balsam,  $115,- 
856;  sugar,  $108,189;  brown  sugar,  $107,856. 
There  entered  Salvadorian  ports  in  1886,  880 
vessels,  817  being  steamers. 

The  American  trade  exhibits  these  figures : 


FISCAL  TEAR. 


1886-'8«. 
1886-^87. 

1887-'88. 


Import  Into  tb« 
Uaitad 


$1,961,276 
1,069,841 
1,478,480 


Domwtfc  cqwrt 
lotelTadar. 

$470,641 
477,126 
64^809 


fKNT. 


1883-*84. 


$2,646,623 
6.U6^799 


1884-*85. 


$2,184,095 
^7l6,4^8 


1885-'86. 


$8,460,047 
7,697,688 


g  the  last  fiscal  year  named  the  trade 
ributed  as  follows,  reduced  to  thou- 
dollars: 


The  increase  during  the  last  fiscal  year  is  due 
to  the  advance  in  coffee. 

Hlilig. — ^The  Chamber  of  Deputies,  in  their 
last  session,  made  a  decision  of  great  impor- 
tance to  mine-owners,  by  abolishing  the  taxes 
upon  transfers  of  mine  property,  which  for- 
merly amounted  to  five  per  cent,  of  the  pur- 
chase price.  They  have  also  removed  the 
duties  upon  all  kinds  of  imported  mining  ma- 
chinery and  implements. 

EdncatlM. — On  July  1  was  inaugurated,  at 
the  University  of  Salvador,  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  and  Fine  Arts,  Don  Jos6  Maria 
Francois  y  Rosillo  occupying  the  chair,  and 
Don  David  Guzman  delivering  the  inaugural 
address.  The  National  Library  was  inaugu- 
rated on  March  15  at  the  capital. 

Igrlcittiret — In  April  an  agricultural  school 
was  created  in  Salvador,  with  a  model  farm 
and  experimental  station,  to  which  are  to  be 
admitted,  at  the  expense  of  the  state  and  mu- 
nicipalities, at  least  two  apprentices  for  every 
department  into  which  the  republic  is  divided^ 
and  as  many  paying  pupils  as  may  apply. 

Waterworks. — The  Government  has  made  a 
contract  with  Sefior  Patricio  Branon  to  pro- 
vide the  city  of  San  Salvador  with  drinking- 
ing-water,  by  means  of  steam  machinery,  at 
the  rate  of  2,500  gallons  an  hour.  The  Gov- 
ernment contributes  toward  the  work  the 
sum  of  $15,000,  advancing  the  eonceuionnaire 
$6,000. 

ChaittiMe  lutttitlou. — During  the  fiscal  year 
ended  June  80,  1888,  the  expenditure  in  Sal- 
vador toward  entertaining  hospitals,  work- 
houses, and  orphan  asylums,  and  for  pensions, 
reached  the  sum  of  $142,217,  toward  which 
the  Government  contributed  direct  $41,915. 


t 


730 


SAMOA. 


8IMOA9  a  kingdom  in  the  western  Pacific, 
occupying  the  Samoan  Islands,  formerly  known 
as  the  Navigator  Islands.*  The  group  of  twelve 
islands,  two  of  which  are  uninhabited,  has  an 
area  of  1,000  square  miles,  and  contained  in 
1874  a  population  of  84,265  natives,  of  whom 
16,568  lived  on  the  island  of  Upolu,  12,580  on 
Savaii,  8,746  on  Tutuila,  and  1,481  on  the  other 
islands.  There  are  about  800  whites  and  1,000 
imported  Polynesian  laborers  employed  on  the 
plantations.  The  cocoanut  plantations,  the 
incipient  cotton  and  coffee  cultures,  and  the 
trade  in  copra,  which  is  the  chief  article  of  ez- 

Eort,  are  conducted  mainly  by  Germans,  who 
ave  their  commercial  headquarters  in  this  part 
of  the  Pacific  at  Apia.  The  principal  imports 
are  cotton  goods,  hardware,  arms,  ammunition, 
building-material,  coal  for  steamers,  provis- 
ions, beer,  and  tobacco.  The  total  value  of 
the  imports  in  1885  was  $468,000 ;  of  exports, 
$869,000.  The  share  of  Germany  in  the  im- 
ports was  $855,000,  and  in  the  exports  $295,- 
000.  Of  88  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage 
of  22,008,  that  were  engaged  in  1886  in  the  for- 


Godeffrois  in  a  scheme  to  acquire  the  adininte- 
tration  of  the  finances  and  the  political  control 
of  the  country,  instigated  Maiietoa  to  make 
war  on  Tupua,  and  by  means  of  fire-arms  sup- 
plied by  the  German  company  in  exchange  for 
grants  of  land  the  former  made  himself  sole 
King,  and  chose  Steinberger  for  his  Prime  Min- 
ister, dismissing  and  banishing  him,  however, 
as  soon  as  he  discovered  his  real  purposes. 
The  Germans  then  furnished  the  adherents  of 
the  rival  dynasty  with  war  material,  and  Ma- 
iietoa was  forced  to  abdicate ;  but  the  m^or- 
ity  of  the  people  remained  true  to  him,  aDd  be 
fought  his  way  back  to  power.     His  positioo 
was  strengthened  by  the  ofiScial  recognitioD  of 
the   United   States   Government,    which  was 
anxious  to  secure  the  confirmation  of  the  cesr 
sion  of  the  port  of  Pango  Pango  foranaTil 
and  coaling  station,  which  had  been  made  io 
1872  by  the  then  sovereign  chief  of  the  part 
of  Tutuila  in  which  it  is  situate.    A  treatj  w« 
signed  at  Washington  on  Jan.  17,  1878,  and 
the  ratifications  exchanged  on  February  13,  b; 
which  the  right  to  establish  at  Pango  Pango  a 


eign  and  coastwise  trade,  37,  of  14,588,  carried 
the  German  flag.  The  house  of  Godenroi  and 
Son,  Hamburg  merchants,  since  succeeded  by 
the  German  Trading  and  Plantation  Company, 
took  the  lead  in  developing  the  copra-trade  in 
the  Samoan  Islands.  The  imports  of  this  com- 
pany in  1885  were  valued  at  $806,000,  and  its 
exports  at  $582,000. 

Hlstery. — Formerly  there  were  ten  independ- 
ent chiefs  on  the  island  of  Tutuila,  while  the 
remaining  islands  were  governed  from  time 
immemorial  by  the  two  royal  houses  of  Maiie- 
toa and  Tupua.  In  1878,  at  the  suggestion 
of  foreign  residents,  a  House  of  Nobles  and  a 
House  of  Representatives  were  established, 
with  Maiietoa  Laupepa  and  the  chief  of  the 
royal  house  of  Tupua  as  joint  Kings.  The  isl- 
anders had  been  converted  to  Christianity  by 
American  and  French  missionaries,  and  the 
commerce  was  divided  between  the  Americans 
and  the  English  until  the  cocoanut  culture  and 
the  exportation  of  copra  grew  to  large  propor- 
tions in  the  hands  of  the  Germans.  Stein- 
berger, who  went  to  Samoa  in  1875,  nomindly 
as  a  special  agent  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment Jbiit  in  reality  as  the  secret  agent  of  the 

*  For  another  map.  showing  some  of  the  Islands  on  a  larger 
scale,  see  the  '*  Annual  Cyclopwdla"  for  1SS6,  pAge  798. 


station  for  coal  and  naval  supplies,  freedom  d 
trade,  commercial  treatment  as  a  fiiroredoi- 
tion,  and  extra-territorial  consular  jarisdictwB 
were  secured  to  the  United  States.   On  hn.  2i 
1879,  King  Maiietoa  made  a  pcrpetnal  fre^ 
of  amity  and  commerce  with  Germany,*'* 
by  a  special  clause  confirmed  the  ^^ 
all  lands  acquired  by  Germans,  aod  ^^^^ 
himself  from  future  interference  with  regirt 
to  their  lands,  plantations,  wharves,  and  boosei 
Soon  afterward  civil  war  broke  oflt  1^ 
and  at  the  end  of  the  fighting  Haliet^  f» 
firmly  established  upon  the  throne.   Tbisi>* 
was  recognized  in   a  proclamation  *^^/. 
signed   by  the  American,   British,  *°°-!j?J 


1 


Via  s 


ihax 


man  consuls,  which  was  issued  by  the*; 
Commissioner  for  the  Western  Pacific  ^''^^ 
thur  Gordon,  who,  on   Aug.  27,  ^®^J'^ 
a  treaty  with   Maiietoa  securing  to  ^^ 
most-  favored  -  nation  treatment,  ®*^*|!>| 


torial  jurisdiction,  and  the  right  to 
harbor  for  a  naval  station  an^coaling^^ 
On  Sept.  2,  1879,  a  convention  ^^^ 
upon  between  the  United  States,  Gar^^-: 
Great  Britain,  and  Samoa,  by  the  tero» 
which  the  administration  of  the  town  aw^^ 
triot  of  Apia  was  assumed  by  the  ^'^^"^J^wat 
thorities  for  three  years,  at  the  end  of  vfl»* 


rr-t 


fiht 


-^^ 


b4 


SAMOA.  731 

.  to  Malietoa's  government  any  attempt  to  enforce  his  anthority  against 
a  a  few  days  later  was  sue-  Tamasese  would  be  resented  by  the  Germans, 
nephew  Telavao.  The  new  and  probably  treated  as  a  casus  belli.  The 
to  ratify  the  treaty  with  6er-  Hamburg  Commercial  and  Plantation  Com- 
et that  it  confirmed  land  titles  pany  was  the  earliest  of  the  enterprises  that 
spute,  and  acknowledged  all  have  led  to  the  formation  of  a  German  co- 
nsfers  made  to  Germans,  and  lonial  empire.  Prince  Bismarck  was  williug 
objections  until  the  British  to  extend  financial  Government  aid  when  the 
r  the  Western  Pacific  assured  company  had  become  embarrassed  through 
that  this  was  not  the  case.  In  interfering  with  Samoan  politics,  but  the  op> 
der  to  put  an  end  to  the  war-  position  in  the  Reichstag  was  too  strong, 
led  between  the  two  dynastic  The  naval  forces,  however,  were  employed 
ment  was  made  between  the  to  further  the  political  purposes  of  the  com* 
3-reat  Britain,  and  Germany,  pany,  in  which  some  of  the  Chancellor's  per- 
rranged  that  all  Samoa  should  sonal  friends  were  interested.  In  the  spring 
lietoa  as  King,  and  Tupua  as  of  1886  Admiral  Kuorr  went  with  a  squad- 
1882  the  joint  administration  ron  to  Samoa,  with  the  evident  intention  of 
eign  powers  in  Apia  was  con-  creating  a  state  of  afifairs  that  would  lead  to 
convention  until  such  time  as  German  annexation.  He  treated  M^ietoa, 
of  the  island  should  admit  of  the  King,  with  open  contempt  and  indignity, 
placed  again  under  the  native  visited  the  camp  of  Tamasese  in  his  flagship, 
«rmans  continued  to  barter  landed  with  his  oflScers  and  band  of  music,  and 
'  for  land  at  the  price  of  about  feasted  with  the  rebel  chief.  The  flag  that  the 
ts  and  a  half  an  acre,  and  on  Germans  had  given  Tamasese  was  saluted,  in- 
r.  StAbel,  the  acting  German  stead  of  the  royal  ensigu.  Malietoa  consulted 
)  compelled  Malietoa  to  sign  a  with  bis  English  and  American  friends,  and, 
i  State  Council  consisting  of  by  their  advice,  appealed  to  Consul  Greene- 
sul,  two  Germans  designated  baum  to  proclaim  an  American  protectorate 
Samoans,  one  to  be  appointed  temporarily  by  virtue  of  the  supposed  promise 
the  other  by  the  Vice-King,  of  tne  United  States  to  extend  protection  in 
uld  have  power  to  make  laws  the  event  of  difficulties  with  foreign  powers, 
effecting  the  interests  of  Ger-  The  fifth  article  of  the  American  treaty  was 
in  their  employ,  and  especially  so  construed  by  the  consul,  who  acted  on  this 
to  crimes  committed  by  Sa-  supposition,  although,  whatever  its  covert  in- 
le  persons  or  property  of  Ger-  tent,  it  did  not  indeed  promise  more  than  the 
g  bound  himself  furthermore  good  offices  of  the  United  States.  The  bold 
rman  of  the  consul's  selection  action  of  Greenebanm  and  the  attitude  of  the 
se  him  on  all  subjects  relating  English  deterred  the  German  admiral  from 
lents  and  their  interests,  and  carrying  out  his  intentions.  He  held  no  fur- 
cases  in  which  Germans  were  ther  communication  with  the  rebels,  and  in  a 
German  officer  in  the  Samoan  few  days  left  Apia  just  as  a  British  war-ship 
luld  also  have  supervision  of  entered  the  harbor.  Malietoa  had  been  as- 
oommand  of  a  police  force  for  sured  by  English  consuls  and  by  the  captains 
!e  and  for  the  security  of  the  of  English  men-of-war  that,  if  he  refrained 
ons.  On  Dec.  29,  18iB4,  Ma-  from  putting  down  the  rebellion  by  force, 
)st  to  the  German  Kaiser,  com-  England  would  not  only  give  him  advice  but 
treaty  was  wrung  from  him  by  protection.  At  length  the  German  Govern- 
that  the  former  German  con-  ment  determined  to  depose  Malietoa,  and 
continually  stirring  up  rebell-  notified  the  English  and  American  Govem- 
and  money  to  Samoan  chiefs,  ments  tliat,  since  the  German  representatives 
;  them  to  rise  against  their  in  Apia  did  not  enjoy  the  expected  support 
1  after  this  Malietoa,  Tupua,  from  their  colleagues,  it  would  be  obliged  to 
iefs  petitioned  for  British  an-  protect  German  interests  by  independent  ac- 
King  had  offered  the  sover-  tion,  and  therefore  found  it  necessary  to  de- 
mds  to  Great  Britain  about  clare  war  and  refuse  to  recognize  Malietoa.  In 
y,  and  also  offered  it  to  the  a  dispatch  to  the  German  minister  at  Wash- 
order  to  escape  German  dom-  ington,  dated  Aug.  7,  1 887,  the  German  Chan- 
ritish  Government  supported  cellor  wrote  that  Germany  was  unable  to  re- 
hments,  in  accordance  with  a  nounce  her  demand  for  immediate  reparation 
ding,  and  the  municipal  ad-  for  the  insults  to  the  Emperor  and  to  the 
ipia  passed  entirely  into  the  national  honor  of  which  the  partisans  of  King 
)rmans.  Malietoa  had  been  guilty,  and  must  obtain  a 
>re  he  was  set  up  as  King  by  guarantee  that  German  interests  would  be 
had  a  large  party  at  his  back,  protected. 

m  able  to  crush  the  rebellion  In  August,  1887,  four  German  war- vessels 

did  not,  because  he  knew  that  arrived  at  Apia,  and  on  the  28d,  after  the 


i  *  . 


732  SAMOA. 

mail  -  steamers  had  left,  the  Ctonnan  consul  made  a  sndden  demand  for  a  mofiej  ii 

made  a  demand  on  the  King  for  the  immediate  which  Malietoa  could  not  at  once  ( 

payment  of  $12,000  as  damages  for  coooanuts  woold  not  without  a  decent  interval 

that  had  been  stolen  daring  the  previous  four  sideration. 

years  and  $1,000  for  an  injury  sustained  by  a  The  German  naval  authorities  dec 

German  in  a  street  fight.    King  Malietoa  asked  enforced  martial  law.    Some  natives  1 

for  three  days  to  consult  with  his  chiefs ;  but  the  proclamations  to  this  effect,  n 

on  the  next  morning  a  detachment  of  marines  the  village  of  Sapapaha  was  bombi 

seized  the  Gk)vemment  House,  affixed  a  decla-  burned.    The  German  consul  refuse 

ration  of  war  signed  by  Heusner,  the  German  ognize  the  municipality  of  Apia,  whi 

commodore,    raised    the    German    flag,    and  the  convention  of  1879,  had  been  adi 

searched  the  town  for  Malietoa,  who  had  es-  by  the  forei^  consuls.    The  Americ 

caped  to  his  residence  at  Afanga,  eight  miles  protested.    The  British  consul  issued 

distaot,  from  which  he  fled  just  before  the  mation  to  British  residents  saying  th 

arrival  of  a  German  man-of-war.    On  the  25th  received  no  instructions  to  recognii 

the  Germans  proclaimed  as  King  the  rebel  isting  Gk>vemment,  and  that  BritisI 

chief,  Tamasese,  who  took  possession  of  the  would  be  under  the  jurisdiction  and  ] 

Grovernment  House  and  hoisted  his  flag.    Once  of  the  consulate.     The   British  Go 

before  the  Grermans  had  raised  the  rebel  flag  took  no  action  until  Feb.  24,  1888, 

of  their  protege^  but  had  been  obliged  to  take  ders  were  sent  to  the  acting  British  a 

it  down  again.     The  American  consul  -  gen-  since  the  continuance  of  the  mnnici] 

eral,  Harold  M.  Sewall,  who  had  succeeded  had  been  found  impracticable,  the  ci 

Greeuebaum  when  the  latter  was  recalled  for  should  be  considered  as  suspended  an 

proclaiming  on  his  own  authority  an  American  trict  as  having  passed  under  the  cont 

protectorate  over  Samoa  on  the  occanon  of  de  facto  Samoan  Gk>vemment  as  pre 

the  former  German  attempt  to  depose  Malie-  the  terms  of  the  convention  in  case  c 

toa,  now  was  joined  by  the  British  pro-consul  mination.     The  Government  of   th 

in  a  declaration  that  the  American  and  British  States  refrained  from  any  official  coi 

Governments  would  not  recognize  Tamasese,  tions  with  Tamasese's  Government,  a 

but  would  continue  as  heretofore  to  recognize  not  recognize  him.    The  English  Qo^ 

Malietoa  as  King.    Malietoa  was  hunted  by  the  however,  in  spite  of  the  pledges  ma^ 

Germans  until  he  flually  gave  himself  up,  on  lietoa  by  the  Britsh  consul,  recognize 

the  promise  that  his  life  would  be  spared,  and  sese  as  the  King  de  faeto^  and  ent( 

was  taken  as  a  state  prisoner  first  to  Grerman  diplomatic  relations  with  his  Govemi 

New  Guinea,  then  to  Oameroons,  and  in  An-  Hie  Saaeaa  CsnfeiCMe. — The  convc 

gust,  1888,  to  Hamburg.     A  large  number  of  1879,  the  renewal  of  it  in  1883,  and 

his  chiefs  and  principal  followers  were  like-  vious  acts  of  the  three  foreign  power 

wise  banished  to  distant  islands.     When  the  tion  to  Samoa,  were  based  on  a  definit 

German  squadron  was  sent  to  carry  out  this  standing  and  express  assurances  of  i 

intention,  Malietoa  was  disposed  to  resist,  and  guarantee  of  its  neutrality  and  indep 

was  only  deterred  by  the  proclamation  of  the  In  1884  a  treaty  was  entered  into 

British  and  American  consuls  advising  subrais-  Germany  and  Great  Britain  to  respecl 

sion  to  the  inevitable,  and  declaring  that  their  dependence  of  Samoa.      The  action 

Governments  would  never  acknowledge  Tama-  German  consul  in  forcing  Malietoa  io 

sese  as  King.  her  of  that  year  to  sign  a  treaty  givi 

The  Germans,  on  landing  from  their  war-  many  a  virtaal  protectorate,  and  the  e 

vessels,  endeavored   to  provoke  disturbances  1886,  made  it  desirable  for  the  Uoitec 

that  would  afford  a  pretext  for  carrying  out  Government  to  have  the  diplomatic 

the  warlike  intentions  that  Germany  had  noti-  standing  attested  in   a  solemn  treat} 

fied  to  the  other  interested  powers  through  powers  were  therefore  invited  toa  ooni 

diplomatic  channels.    They  first  set  up  a  target  which  was  held  at  Washington  in  the  ( 

for  rifle- practice,  and  fired  through  the  princi-  of  1887.    At  the  conference  the  Germi 

pal  street  of  Apia.     When  this  arrogant  pro-  ister  proposed  to  compit  the  actoal  ooi 

ceeding  led  to  no  result,  they  regaled  the  na-  the  islanas  for  a  term  of  five  years  to  1 1 

tives  with  intoxicants,  which  was  a  breach  of  adviser  of  the  King,  who'sjiould  be  api 

the  law,  and  bullied  them  into  a  fight  in  which  by  the  power  having  the.  prepondenn 

a  German^s  nose  was  broken.    This  also  led  to  mereial  interests  in  t^e  islands,  the  otbe 

nothing,  because  the  German  magistrate  be-  ers  having  the  right  to  approve  or  di^ 

fore  whom  the  matter  was  taken  refused  to  the  nominee.    At  the  end  of  the  qninqt 

hold  the  accused  persons,  for  lack  of  evidence,  term  the  control  should  Jbe  renewed  < 

It  was  only  then  that  they  fell  back  upon  the  same  conditions.     Mr.   Bayard  propow 

thefts  of  cocoanuts,  for  which  the  courts  ere-  stead,  to  place  the  executive  authority 

ated  under  German   auspicies  had  failed  to  hands  of  a  council  composed  of  the  Ki> 

bring  the  guilty  parties  to  jnstice,  and,  proceed-  Vice- King  of  Samoa  and  three  foreign*'* 

ing  on  the  novel  theory  that  the  King  was  nated  respectively  by  the  three  treaty  P* 

responsible  for  the  pilferings  of  his  subjects,  but  under  the  commission  and  pay  of  t 


V 


SAMOA.  783 

menty  which  would  make  them  as  declares  that,  while  willing  to  accept  the  ex- 

ble  from  the  control  of  the  Gov-  planation  that  the  action  of  the  German  Gov- 

)  which  they  owed  their  origina]  ernment  in  Samoa  was  influenced  bj  a  desire 

;.    In  a  dispatch  to  Minister  JPen-  to  protect  the  people,  he  can  not  bring  himself 

irlin,  the  Secretary  of  State  after-  to  believe  that  its  conrse  has  been  proper, 

oed  that  his  opposition  to  the  Ger-  TnuMtitH  G^Tmaent. — No  sooner  had  the 

SIS  not  due  to  the  fact  that  under  Grerman  forces  overthrown  the  legitimate  King 

Dtment  of  the  actual  governor  of  than  they  began  to  compel  the  puppet  whom 

vonld  be  given  to  Germany,  but  to  they  had  placed  on  the  throne  to  carry  out  the 

>f  complete  political  control  with  scheme  of  transferring  into  German  possession 

preponderance  supplanting  instead  all  the  productive  resources  of  the  islands. 

e  native  Government,  and  tending  Through  land  titles  and  mortgages  the  German 

'ather  than  to  develop  the  capacity  speculators,  with  the  aid  of  the  new  Govern- 

^  to  manage  their  own  affairs.  ment,  held  the  natives  entirely  uoder  their 

he  British  Government,  following  control.    Herr  Brandeis,  who  had  been  con- 

tarck's  principle  of  quid  pro  guo,  nected  with  the  German  consulate,  was  made 

previously  led  to  the  clandestine  the  chief  adviser  of  Tamasese,  and  practically 

the  best  shores  of  Papua  behind  directed  all  acts  of  government    The  German 

•f  the  Australians,  and  which  in-  squadron,    which    consisted    of  the    flagship 

Samoan  question  in  combinations  "  Bismarck.'*  the  ^'  Olga,*'  the  ^*  Carola,*'  and 

iropean  politics  and  the  British  the  **  Sophie,*'  sailed  away  as  soon  as  the  new 

Egypt,  in  South  Africa,  on  the  Gk)vernment  seemed  to  be  established.     Yet, 

inzibar,  and  in  other  parts  of  the  when  the  war- vessels  left,  the  position  of  the 

entered  into  a  secret  bargain  with  usurper  at  once  became  precarious.   He  deeply 

Government  to  give  it  practically  offended  the  people  when,  at  the  suggestion 

in  its  dealings  with  Samoa.     The  of  his  German  Frime  Minister,  he  assumed 

!S  Government  has  for  a  long  period  the  hereditary  name  of  Malietoa.    When  he 

moa,  as  well  as  Hawaii,  as  a  conn-  was  further  misled  into  imposing  a  poll-tax, 

tg  a  frame  of  government  admit-  his  followers  dwindled  to  a  mere  handful  of 

manent  treaty  relations,   and   in  men,  and  the  country  openly  rebelled  against 

lendence  the  United  States  have  the  tax,  which  he  was  unable  to  collect.    In- 

reasons  a  supreme  interest.    In  fluential  chiefs  called  the  people  together  and 

iry  Evarts  declared  that  the  desire  urged  them  to  resist  the  tax ;  and,  when  Taraa- 

)d  States  in  respect  to  Samoa  was  sese  was  induced  by  the  German  agent  to  pro- 

ible,  independent  native  Govern-  pose   the  suppression   of  these  assemblages, 

ished.    In  1880  President  Hayes,  chiefs  of  his  own  party  grew  angry  and  threat- 

1  message,  spoke  of  the  diplomatic  ening.    Many  of  the  influential  men  of  the 

absisting  between  the  three  treaty  islands  remained  away  from  the  Legislature 

the  best  security  for  harmony  in  when  it  met,  and  many  who  attended  were 

)ns    to    the  native    Gk)vernment.  hostile  to  the  Government    The  Germans  in- 

umor  was  circulated  that  in  May,  trodnced  the  registration   of  title-deeds  and 

any  intended  to  annex  Samoa,  as  mortgages,  an  elaborate  judicial  system,  and 

[arsball  and  Gilbert  Islands,  Secre-  regulations  for  village  councils  and  assemblies 

,  in  communicating  his  views  of  of  chiefbains.    The  authority  of  the  Govern- 

f  the  (Jnited  States  in  the  Pacific  ment  was  recognized  in  parts  of  the  districts 

lance  of  the  ministers  at  London  of  Aana  and  Atua  at  the  western  and  eastern 

)aid  that  the  concern  of  the  United  extremities  of  Upolu,  while  the  middle  district 

rnment  in  Samoa  differs  from  that  of  Tuamasanga,  the  birthplace  of  the  Malietoas, 

distant  groups  of  islands,  and  that  as  well  as  the  other  islands,  were  hostile.    The 

blished  treaty  relations  with  Samoa,  American  gunboat  *^  Adams'*  arrived  at  Apia 

relations  Germany  disclaims  any  on  Oct.  19,  1887,  before  the  departure  of  the 

interfere.  German  squadron.    The  German  cruiser  '*Ad- 

•d  refused  to  consent  to  the  Ger-  ler "  and  the  gunboat  "  Eber "  were  subse- 

Eds,  and,  vv^hen  it  became  evident  quently  stationed  in  Samoa.    An  English  war- 

^lish  minister  had  entered  the  con-  vessel,  the  ^*  Lizard,"  was  also  sent  to  observe, 

ructed  to  support  the  scheme  of  Mr.  Sewall,  the  American  consul,  returned  to 

Government  implicitly,  he  broke  the  United   States  on  leave,   a  deputy,   Mr. 

tiations.    The  conference  was  not  Blacklock,  being  left  to  look  after  American 

ut  suspended.   The  question  passed  interests.      The  Germans  in  Apia  subjected 

diplomatic  stage  when,  ten  days  Americans    to    injustice    and    hostility,    and 

ournment,  the  German  fleet  sailed  American  and  British  trade  suffered  greatly. 

3  carry  out  the  purposes  to  which  The  American  residents,  and  some  of  the  Eng- 

an   Government   had   refused   its  lish,  encouraged  the  spirit  of  resistance,  which 

be  correspondence  with  the  Ger-  became  so  strong  and  determined  that  the  en- 

iment  was  closed  by  a  letter  from  tire  country,  except  his  own  clan  and  political 

in  January,  1888,  in  which  he  dependents,  was  ready  to  rise  against  Tamasese. 


i 


It. 


i' 


734  SAMOA. 

CtfU  Wtr. — Mataafa,  a  near  relative  of  Ma-  EuropeaDS,  Tamasese  established  himi 

lietoa,  was  the  chief  of  the  loyalist  party,  and  Saloafata,  where  ho  was  supplied  witfa 

its  candidate  for  the  throne  as  the  le^timate  and  ammanition  by  a  German  schooner 

successor  of  the  exiled  King.    The  enemies  of  made  maoy  trips  between  Apia  and  his 

Tamasese  were  supplied  with  arms  by  Ameri-  Brandeis,  who  had  served  in  the  Germai 

can  and  English  traders.    The  crisis  was  pre-  lery,  became  his  military  adviser.     An  ] 

cipitated  by  a  conflict,  on  August  81,  between  merchant  named  McArthnr  and  an  An 

Tamasese^s  people  and  five  chiefs  of  the  Tua-  named  Moores  supplied  Mataafa  with  mu 

masanga  district,  which  occurred  on  the  occa-  of  war.    Mataafa^s  authority  as  King  ? 

sion  ot  a  division  of  mats.    The  chiefs  were  knowledged  all  over  the  islands,  ezoe| 

summoned  on  the  following  day  to  appear  be-  few  villages.   The  American  vioe-consol, 

fore  the  royal  court  of  justice  at  Matianu.    Re-  lock,  in  replying  to  the  notification  of  Mi 

fusing  to  obey,  they  raised  the  flag  of  revolt,  election  by  the  people,  said  that  he  t 

and  called  on  Mataafa,  who  was  chief  of  Fale-  it  was  in  accordance  with  the  wishes 

ula,  flfteen  miles  from  Apia,  to  lead  them  three  powers.    The  English  consal  sin 

against  Tamasese.    The  King  gathered  his  mili-  formed  Mataafa  that  the  party  of  Tamai 

tary  forces,  fbrtifled  Matianu,  a  point  of  land  he  was  assured  by  the  German  consul, 

jutting  into  the  Bay  of  Apia,  where  the  kings  respect  the  territory  declared  neutral  if  1 

had  from  ancient  times  held  their  court,  and  would  also  do  so. 
occupied  two  forts  at  Matantu.  Warriors  from        Mataafa  gathered  together  an  army 

Upolu  and  Savaii  streamed  into  Mataafa^s  camp  thousand  men,  while  Tamasese^s  force 

at  Faleula.    On  Sept.  9  the  representative  of  nafata  did  not  exceed  seventeen  hundre 

the  old  dynasty  proclaimed  himself  King  of  riors  from  the  Ituatane  district  of  Savi 

all  Samoa,  under  the  title  Mataafa  Malietoa  II.  the  Aana  and  Atua  tribes.     The  main  b 

On  Sept.  12  Mataafa  led  his  forces  around  all  these  tribes,  with  the  Tnmasasas  ai 

Apia  to  the  neighborhood  of  Matantu,  where  a  Mononos  who  flght  in  canoes  joined  Mi 

battle  took  place  that  lasted  from  noon  till  even-  standard.    On  Nov.  5  Mataafa  moved  fix 

ing.    There  were  about  two  thousand  combat-  village  of  Laulii  on  the  formidable  wo 

ants  on  either  side,  Tamasese's  men  having  the  Saluafata.    These  consisted  of  stockades 

greater  number  of  breech-loading  rifles.     Ac-  forest,  parapets  on  the  mountain-side  I 

cording  to  their  wont,  the  Samoans  fired  with-  up  to  the  fort,  from  which  the  timber  hat 

out  aim,  discharging  about  thirty  thousand  cleared  to  afford  a  free  rifle-range,  and  t 

shots,  many  of  which  passed  through  the  houses  fort  built  of  stones  and  baskets  filled  with 

of  Europeans  and  struck  the  shipping,  killing  in  three  sections,  with  narrow  passage 

Oapt.  Bisset,  of  an  English  merchant-schoon-  between  them.    The  fort  stood  on  a  hul 

er,  who  was  in  the  English  consulate,  and  eastern  extremity  of  the  Bay  of  Apia, 

wounding  a  sailor  on  the  ^*  Adler.*^    The  killed  afa's  position  was  likewise  fortified.    The 

on  neither  side  numbered  more  than  half  a  ing  lasted  many  days.    About  one  hundre 

dozen  ;  but  after  the  battle  many  heads  were  twenty  men  were  killed,  and  one  hundre 

cut  off  from  the  wounded  as  trophies  of  victory,  fifty  wounded.    Both  parties  took  the  he 

Conquered  by  noise  an<l  the  consciousness  of  a  their  enemies.   Tamasese's  outposts  in  tb( 

failing  cause,  the  soldiers  of  Tamasese  fied  from  were  driven  from  their  principal  stocks< 

their  forts,  and  escaped  by  swimming  to  Matia-  Nov.  6,  and  retreated  up  the  side  of  a 

nu,  while  Mataafa  took  up  his  position  in  Ma-  hill,  where  they  hastily  made  a  dearioj 

tantu.    On  the  morning  after  the  battle  an  offi-  threw  up  a  stockade.    The  Tumasaga  wa 

cer  of  the  "  Adler,"  with  forty  men,  occupied  of  Mataafa^s  army  stormed  the  height,  p 

the  strip  of  land  giving  access  to  Matianu,  to  themselves  up  by  bushes  in  the  face  of  tbi 

prevent  the  victors  from  attacking  Tamasese^s  my^s  fire,  drove  the  Tamasesans  fh>ro  the  i 

demoralized  army.  ade,  and  forced  them  to  retire  farther  i 

At  the  proposal  of  the  German  and  English  mountain,  where  they  made  another  8tao< 

consuls,  Mataafa  declared  the    neutrality  of  Nov.  9  the  Tumasaga  men  had  fought 

Apia.     The  conqueror  was  elected  King  in  way  to  a  good  position  in  the  monntaim 

meetings  that  were  held  all  over  the  country,  built  a  stockade  within  twenty-five  yardi 

and  was  proclaimed  as  such  in  Apia,  where  he  Tamasese  stockade.   The  wounded  of  Mat 

took  possession  of  the  Government  property,  army  were  taken  to  Apia,  where  they 

The  English  and  American  consuls  were  anx-  bandaged  by  the  surgeons  of  the  ^^A<i 

ions  to  have  the  foreign  parts  of  the  district  of  and  "  Lizard,"  and  cared  for  under  the 

Apia  declared  neutral,  but  the  German  consul  tions  of  Col.  H.  de  Ooetlogon,  the  Briti?! 

insisted  on  extending  neutrality  to  all  German  sul,  Vice-Consul  Blackloc^  and  the  comi 

land  throughout  the  island,  including  the  prom-  ers  of  the  American  and  British  men-oi 

ontory  where  Tainasese's  army  lay  encamped,  The  German  naval  surgeons  dressed  the  w 

and  similar  places  of  refuge  everywhere,  in  of  Tamasese's  men.    On  Nov.  10  the  Gi 

which  he  could  gather  his  forces  and  prepare  steamer  "  Ldbeck  "  arrived  with  Dr.  Ki 

his    attacks    without    molestation.      Mataafa  who  relieved  Consul  Becker, 
would  not  agree  to  this,  and,  in  order  to  remove        The  new  German  consul,  on  the  arri 

the  scene  of  conflict  from  the  vicinity  of  the  the  "  Adler,"  ordered  Mataafa  to  leave  fc 


SAMOA. 


SANDS,  HENRY  BERTON.   735 


leDt,  on  accoQDt  of  alleged  violations  of 
n  nentral  territorj  and  depredations  on 
mtations,  which  Mataafa  denied,  sajing 
)  would  not  stop  fighting  nor  forego  the 
age  that  he  had  gained,  and  only  desired 
lers  to  leave  the  Samoans  to  settle  the 
r  themselves.  The  second  day  after  this 
ree  consuls  held  a  meeting,  at  which 
k^nsnl  Blacklock  proposed  that  the  three 
3  should  assume  the  government  jointly, 
hey  received  definite  instructions  from 
jrovernments.  The  British  consul  said 
le  only  peaceable  solution  was  to  deprive 
ese  and  Brandeis  of  all  power;  but  Dr. 
e  replied  that  he  must  continue  to  recog- 
&masese.  On  the  next  day,  Nov.  16,  the 
I  consul  issued  a  proclamation,  assuming 
ction  over  British  subjects,  and  direct- 
em  to  pay  taxes  to  him  in  trust  for  the 
n  Government,  whenever  it  should  be 
ly  established. 

Nov.  19  the  Monono  and  Savaii  men 
;aafa*s  army  made  an  attack  by  water 
aafata  in  thirty-eight  canoes  and  three  of 
moan  naval  vessels,  which  consist  simply 
large  canoes  lashed  together,  holding  a 
ie,  on  which  small  ancient  cannon  are 
ed.  Two  other  ports  were  taken.  The 
n  gunboat  "Eber"  and  the  "Nipsic," 
hfui  come  to  relieve  the  "Adams,^'  an- 
off  Saluafata.  The  German  authorities 
1  Mataafa  to  keep  away  from  German 
I.  They  obtained  an  agreement  from 
>  this  effect,  but  he  renounced  it  when 
med  that  international  law  imposed  no 
bligation,  ascertaining  that  such  was  the 
f  the  American  and  British  consuls,  and 
his  military  dispositions  without  regard 
ownership  of  the  soil 
the  arrival  of  the  *^  Olga  ^^  the  Germans 
d  to  make  an  attempt  to  disarm  the  na- 
Marines  werelanded  from  the  ^^Olga'^  on 
7  and  18.  An  American  newspaper  cor- 
dent,  John  0.  Klein,  acted  as  military 
r  to  Mataafa.  The  Samoans  fired  at  the 
»n  boats,  but  a  landing  was  made,  and 
irty  already  on  shore  cut  their  way 
h  the  natives  and  joined  the  others  at 
I.  The  Germans,  one  hundred  and  fifty 
iber,  took  their  position  in  the  houses  on 
mtation  and  held  their  own  against  thon^ 
of  natives  for  two  hours,  at  the  end  of 
they  were  re-enforced  by  a  detachment 
le  "  Eber."  The  Germans  then  advanced 
-ove  the  Samoans  before  them,  burning 
rillages.  Several  hundred  natives  were 
while  the  German  losses  were  fifteen 
and  thirty-seven  wounded.  The  Ger- 
>ombarded  and  destroyed  eighteen  vil- 

»r  these  events  the  German  authorities 
med  martial  law,  and  assumed  complete 
ity  in  Apia.  All  vessels  were  searched, 
san  goods  were  not  allowed  to  land  nn- 
nt  to  German  warehouses  for  examina- 
le  English  newspaper  was  suppressed. 


the  confiscation  of  all  fire-arms  was  ordered, 
houses  were  searched,  and  several  English  and 
American  residents  were  roughly  handled. 
Capt  Mullan,  of  the  **  Nipsic,^*  received  Klein 
on  board,  and  refused  to  give  him  up  to  be  tried 
before  a  military  tribunal  on  the  demand  of 
Capt.  Fritze,  the  German  naval  commander. 
These  events  led  to  fresh  correspondence  be- 
tween the  Governments  of  Germany  and  the 
United  States.  The  firmness  of  the  latter 
caused  the  Berlin  authorities  to  check  the  high- 
handed proceedings,  which  could  only  lead  to 
German  annexation.  Consul  Knappe  and  Vice- 
consul  Brandeis  were  recalled,  while  the  State 
Department  at  Washington  ordered  Consul 
Sewall  not  to  return  to  Samoa.  At  the  pro- 
posal of  Prince  Bismarck  it  was  decided  to  re- 
open in  Berlin  the  conference  that  was  sus- 
pended at  Washington  on  July  26,  1887. 

SANDS,  HEBTRT  BERTOM,  surgeon,  bom  in  New 
York  city,  Sept.  27,  1880;  died  there,  Nov.  18, 
1888.  He  was  graduated  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1856,  and  then 
studied  abroad.  On  his  return  he  became 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  that  college  until 


HENRT  BEBTON  RANDS. 


1866,  and  in  1869  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of 
Anatomy,  which  he  held  for  ten  years,  when 
he  accepted  that  of  the  Practice  of  Surgery, 
which  he  filled  until  his  death.  Dr.  Sands  had 
been  connected  with  various  hospitals  as  con- 
sulting and  attending  surgeon,  but  had  grad- 
ually withdrawn  from  such  relations  to  de- 
vote his  entire  time  to  private  practice.  From 
1860  till  1870  he  was  in  partnership  with  Dr. 
Willard  Parker.  He  was  a  member  of  many 
medical  societies,  including  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  and  in  1888  was  chosen 
a  corresponding  member  of  the  Society  of  Sur- 
gery of  Paris.  In  1866-'67  he  was  President 
of  the  New  York  County  Patholojrical  Society, 
in  1874-'76  of  the  County  Medical  Society, 
and  in  1888  of  the  New  York  County  Surgical 
Society.    For  many  years  he  bad  been  recog- 


736 


SANTO  DOMINGO. 


SAVAGE,  JOHN. 


i. 


nized  as  the  foremost  surgeon  in  New  York 
city,  astute  in  diagnosis,  §oand  in  judgment, 
and  dextrous  as  an  operator.  He  was  called 
for  consultation  in  President  Garfield's  case, 
and  also  in  ex-President  Grant's  illness,  and  he 
attended  Roscoe  Conkling  in  his  last  illness, 
performing  the  operation  on  his  head.  Dr. 
Sands  was  too  husy  to  devote  much  time  to 
publishing  his  results,  but  among  the  descrip- 
tions of  operations  that  he  contributed  to 
medical  literature  are  **  Case  of  Oancer  of  the 
Larynx  successfully  removed  by  Larjngoto- 
my  "  (1866) ;  "Aneurism  of  the  Sub-Clavian, 
treated  by  Galvano-Puncture  "  (1869) ;  "  Case 
of  Traumatic  Brachial  Neuralgia,  treated  by 
the  Excision  of  the  Cords  which  go  to  form 
the  Brachial  Plexus  "  (1878) ;  "  Case  of  Bony 
Anchylosis  of  the  Hip -Joint,  successfully 
treated  by  Subcutaneous  Division  of  the  Neck 
of  the  Femur  "  (1878) ;  "  Esmarch's  Bloodless 
Method  "  (1876) ;  "  Treatment  of  Intujjsuscep- 
tion  by  Abdominal  Section  "  (1877) ; ''  The  Ques- 
tion of  Trephining  in  Injuries  of  the  Head  " 
(1888) ;  and  "  Rupture  of  the  Ldgamentum  Pa- 
tell89  and  its  Treatment  by  Operation  "  (1886). 

SABITO  DOMDrGO,  a  republic,  occupying  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  West  Indian  island  of 
that  name,  the  western  portion  being  Hayti. 
The  population  of  the  republic,  by  the  census 
of  1887,  is  604,000. 

G^TenmeBt. — The  President  is  Gen.  Ulysses 
Heureaux.  His  Cabinet  is  composed  of  the 
following  ministers :  Interior  and  Police,  Gen. 
Wenceslao  Figueredo;  Foreign  Affairs,  Don 
Manuel  Maria  Gautier;  War  and  Navy,  Gen. 
Miguel  A.  P.  Pichardo;  Finance  and  Com- 
merce, Gen.  Julio  J.  Juli4;  Justice,  Public 
Works,  and  Instruction,  Don  Juan  Tom4s 
Mejia;  Public  Works,  Seflor  P.  M.  Garrido. 
The  United  States  Chargi  cTAffaireM  is  John 
E.  W.  Thompson,  resident  at  rort-au-Prinoe, 
Hayti.  The  American  Consul  at  Puerto  Plata 
is  Tbomas  Simpson.  The  Dominican  Consul 
at  New  York  is  Don  Leoncio  Juli4. 

Fluiceb — The  public  indebtedness  on  July 
1,  1888,  included  an  internal  debt  of  $1,660,- 
000,  a  balance  of  $234,260  of  foreign  debt 
(which  is  being  paid  off  by  an  extra  2-per- 
cent, import  duty),  and  the  old  6-per-cent. 
English-Santo  Domingo  loan  of  1869,  of  which 
£760,700  is  still  held  in  London.  The  republic 
in  July,  1888,  made  a  loan  in  London  and  on 
the  Continent  to  the  amount  of  £770,000, 
bearing  6  per  cent,  interest,  to  be  paid  off 
within  thirty  years,  the  amount  to  be  applied 
as  follows:  First,  £142,860  for  canceling  the 
Hartmont  loan  of  1869;  second,  £161,660 
toward  canceling  the  internal  debt,  the  re- 
maining £476,480  to  bear  interest  dating  from 
July  1,  1888.  This  debt  is  to  be  paid  off  at 
par  by  sixty  half-yearly  drawings,  the  first  of 
which  is  to  be  made  on  June  16,  1889.  This 
loan  was  placed  at  83^. 

CMiBolcatlMSi — Tbere  is  in  operation  a  line 
from  Sanchez  to  La  Vega,  116  kilometres. 
Besides  the  telegraph  running  along  the  San- 


chez and  La  Vega  Railroad,  there  is  one  eon- 
necting  the  capital  with  Puerto  Plata.  Santo 
Domingo  has  been  connected  with  the  world's 
telegraph  system  since  April,  1888,  by  the 
submarine  cable  connecting  Mole  St  Niccdas 
(Hayti),  Puerto  Plata,  and  Santo  Domingo 
with  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

€Mnwm. — The  imports  in  1887  amounted 
to  $2,067,928,  and  the  exports  to  $2,660,471. 
The  chief  articles  of  export  were  tobacco, 
sugar,  coffee,  honey,  wax,  mahogany,  and 
cabinet  and  dye  woods.  Guano  exportatioD 
has  been  resumed  on  a  large  scale.  The 
American  trade  exhibits  the  following  fignrw: 


FISCAL  TKAR. 

Import  froa 
Saato  Domingo. 

S«rtoPiBk| 

1886 

$1,66«,181 
1,880,126 
1,459,898 

lUOlT^ttS 

1887 

i^nuu 

1888 

mfi» 

SAYA€E,  JOHN,  author,  born  in  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, Dec.  18,  1828;  died  in  Spragueville.  ?v, 
Oct.  9,  1888.  He  was  educated  in  the  Jesuit 
college  at  Colougoues,  and  took  a  course  in  the 
art  school  of  the  Dublin  Society,  where  be 
gained  several  prizes.  While  studying  art  he 
began  to  coo  tribute  patriotic  artacle?  and 
poems  to  John  Mitchell's  Dublin  newspaper, 
and  when  that  was  seized  by  the  British  Got- 
ernmeut,  and  its  editor  sent  to  Australia,  be 
joined  several  friends  in  establishing  another 


JOBX  SAVAOK. 


newspaper  devoted  to  the  popular  cause.  He 
gave  much  aid  with  his  pen  to  the  revolotioD- 
ary  movement  of  1848,  and  the  suppression  of 
his  newspaper  led  him  to  undertake  more  act- 
ive and  personal  work.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  revolt  he  organized  and  commanded  a 
body  of  armed  peasantry  in  the  south  of  Ire- 
laud,  and  at  their  head  captured  several  Brit' 
ish  garrisons.  On  the  failure  of  the  movement^ 
he  came  to  New  York  city  and  secured  em- 
ployment as  a  proof-reader  in  the  ^^  Tribune*' 
office.  While  so  engaged  he  contributed  fre- 
quently to  newspapers  and  periodicals,  wrote 


80H0FIELD,  JOHN  MoALUSTEB. 


787 


leveral  dramu  and  poems,  planned  historical 
vorks.  and  painted  pictures.  Subeeqaently  be 
leld  editorial  appointmentB  on  the  New  York 
'  Citizen  "  and  on  newspapers  in  New  Orleans 
tod  Washington,  besides  writing  regularly  for 
he  "  Democratic  Review  "  and  the  ''  Ameri- 
isa  Review."  While  in  Washington  lie  be- 
ia.iii«  editor-in-chief  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas's 
tolitical  organ  "The  States,'' and  afterward  its 
•roprietor.  When  the  civil  war  broke  out  lie 
raa  assistant  editor  of  the  New  York  "Irish 
Jews,"  bat  be  resigned  his  appuintraent,  aided 
ieD.  Thomas  Francis  Meagher  in  organidDg 
be  famous  Irish  brigade,  and  served  in  the 
rar  as  his  aide,  though  on  the  roll  of  the 
•ixty-ninth  New  York  Regiment.  He  first 
«came  connected  with  Irish  politics  in  the 
Tniced  States  in  1608,  when  fie  was  choeen 
.ead  canter  of  the  Fenian  Brotherhood,  and 
broagh  the  »o1icitdtiuns  of  John  O'Mahony, 
is  friend  and  the  foonder  of  tlie  order,  reluct- 
ntly  accepted  the  olfice.  He  applied  himself 
rith  vigor  to  the  reconcibation  of  the  antago- 
iBtio  factions  within  tlie  order,  and,  thongh  a 
3»n  of  great  popalaritj  and  iiiflaence  in  Irish 
nd  Roman  Catholic  circles,  was  nnsooceeefol. 
>ariDg  the  presidential  canvass  of  1864  he  had 
endered  the  Repoblican  party  much  service  as 
,D  orator,  and  on  the  oonclnsion  of  peace  his 
rienda  nrged  apon  President  Johnson  the  pro- 
•riety  of  appointing  him  to  a  foreign  office,  and 
he  Preaident  tendered  him  the  United  States 
onanlship  at  Leeds,  England.  He  felt  deeply 
Tievod  at  this  action,  becsose  he  was  widely 
:iMiwn  as  an  expatriated  man,  and  was  convinced 
hat  the  British  Government  wonid  never  recog- 
lize  him  officially.  Still,  believing  he  might  be 
•f  some  service  to  the  Fenian  prisoners  con- 
ined  in  England,  he  went  to  Paris,  and  there, 
hrou^b  the  aid  of  Gen.  John  A.  Dix,  the 
V.merioan  iDinister  to  France,  began  negotia- 
ions  with  the  British  Government  which  re- 
nltad  in  the  release  of  some  of  the  prisoners. 
ftetaming  to  New  York  city,  he  engaged  in 
literary  work,  bonght  a  samraer  borne,  "  Lau- 
relMde,"  at  bpragneville.  Pa.,  and  made  his 
winter  onarters  in  Fordhara,  N.  Y.  He  was  an 
nccomplisbnl  scholar,  and  as  an  orator  and  lect- 
urer was  in  great  demand  with  Roman  Catho- 
lic colleges  and  societies.  St.  John's  College, 
I'ordbam,  N.  Y.,  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
^  18TS.  His  paolisbed  works  inclnde  "  liays 
of  the  Fatherland  "  (1850);  "  Ninety-eight  and 
Forty-eight;  the  Modern  Revolntionary  His- 
tory and  Literature  of  Ireland"  (136S);  "Oor 
Uviog  Representative  Men  "  (1860)  ;  "  Faith 
ind  Fancy,"  poems  (1868);  ''Campaign  Life 
of  Andrew  Johnson  "  (1864) ;  "  Life  and  Pnb- 
lio  Services  of  Andrew  Johnson"  (1868); 
"Fenian  Heroes  and  Martyrs"  (1868);  "Po- 
ems ;  Lyrical,  Dramatic,  and  Romantic " 
(1870) ;  and  "  Pictnresqne  Ireland"  (13T8-'e3). 
SCBOrnaj),  JOHN  MtklUSnM,  an  American 
■oldier,  bom  in  Chantanqna  Ooanty,  N.  Y., 
Sept  SQ,  1831.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  unitary  Academy  in  1858,  Philip  H. 
TOL.  xiTm.— 47  A 


Sheridan,  James  B.  McPherson,  and  John  B. 
Hood,  being  among  his  classmates.  McPher- 
son was  at  the  head  of  the  class,  Schofield 
was  No.  7,  Sheridan  No.  84,  and  Hood  No. 
44.     The  whole  number  was  62.     On  his 


graduation,  Schofield  was  assigned  to  tbellrst 
United  States  Artillery,  and  served  for  two 
years  in  Sooth  Osrulina  and  Florida;  and  from 
1855  to  1860  he  was  Assistant  Profes8<ir  of 
Natnral  Philosophy  at  West  Point,  after  which, 
on  leave  of  absence,  he  was  for  one  year  Pro- 
fessor of  Physios  in  Washington  University,  St. 
Lonis,  Mo.  He  had  been  commissioned  first 
lieutenant,  United  States  Army,  in  Angnst, 
1855,  and  oaptsin,  in  May,  1861.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  cii  it  war  he  became  roqjor  of  the 
First  Regiment  of  Missouri  Volunteers,  and  on 
April  26,  1861,  was  made  chief-of-staff  to 
Gen.  Nathaniel  Lyon,  with  whom  he  served 
in  the  Missouri  campaign.  He  was  appointed 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  November, 
1861,  and  soon  afterward  brigadier- general  of 
Missouri  militia,  and  he  commanded  in  that 
State  until  April,  1863.  He  was  made  major- 
general  of  volunteers  in  November,  1862,  and 
from  May,  1868,  till  February,  1864,  be  com- 
manded the  Department  of  the  Missouri.  Ee 
was  next  assigned  to  the  command  of  tbe  De- 
partment and  Army  ot  the  Ohio,  which  formed 
a  part  of  the  army  that  Gen.  William  T.  Sher- 
man organized  for  his  Georgia  cumpaign 
against  the  Confederal*  army  under  Gen.  Jo- 
seph E.  Johnstoh. 

In  that  great  campaign,  Gen.  Schofield  par- 
ticipated in  the  battles  of  Resaca.  Dallas,  Kene- 
saw  monntain,  and  Atlanta.  After  the  oaptu re 
of  Atlanta,  when  Sherman  was  preparing  for 
his  maroh  to  the  sea,  Schofield,  in  command  of 
the  Twenty-third  Corps,  was  sent  back  to 
Nashville,  where  he  joined  the  army  of  Gen. 
George  H.  Thomas.  When  the  Confederate 
army,  of  about  40,000  men,  under  Hood,  de- 
feated by  Sherman  at  Atlanta,  turned  back  to 
attack  Thomas,  it  was  first  confronted  by 
Schofield's  force  of  abont  26,000.  Schofield 
made  a  skillful  retreat  as  far  as  Franklin,  oa 
the  Harpetli  river,  eighteen  miles  from  Nash- 
ville, wliere  he  intrenched  a  line  with  both 
flanks  resting  on  the  stream.    Bere  he  was  at- 


738  SERVIA. 

tacked  on  the  afternoon  of  Nov.  80,  1864.  National  Assembly,  a  single  honse  composed 

The  brigade  forming  Schofield^s  rear  guard,  of  208  members,  of  whom   one  fourth  bare 

instead  of  falling  back  quickly  to  the  main  been  nominated  hitherto  by  the  King.    No 

line  as  ordered,  so  as  to  permit  the  whole  fire  to  member  of  the  legal  or  the  military  profe«<» 

be  directed  ou  the  advancing  enemy,  attempted  is  eligible.    A  Great  National  Assembly  of  foor 

to  withstand  the  onset  alone.  It  was  soon  borne  times  the  number  of  members  in  the  ordinary 

back  in  confusion,  and  the  enemy  followed  it  Skupshtina  is  sometimes  convoked  to  ooDsid- 

over  a  part  of  the  intrenchraents.     A  por-  er  matters  of  vital  national  importance, 

tion  of  the  line  thus  seized   was  recaptured  The  Radical  WbMrj. — The  Radicals  in  Serrit, 

after  hard  fighting;  but  the  remainder  could  whose  opinions  coincide  with  the  ideas  of  cod- 

not  be  retaken,  and  Schofield  established  a  new  stitutional  liberty  prevalent  in  Europe,  with  a 

line  a  few  rods  in  the  rear,  where  the  battle  tincture  of  the  socialistic  theories  of  Rossmd 

was  continued  until  dark.    Meanwhile  he  had  nihilism,  have  for  many  years  represented  the 

got  his  artillery  and  trains  across  the  stream,  prevailing  sentiment  of  the  Servian  people, 

and  at  midnight  he  followed  with  his  whole  The  official,  class  and  the  merchants  are,  to 

force  and  retreated  to  Nashville.    In  the  battle  a  great  extent,  Progressists  or  ConservatiT^ 

of  Franklin,  Schofield  lost  2,500  men ;  Houd,  and  the  liberal  professions  contain  many  Lib> 

about  6,000.     For  this  action,  Schofield  was  erals;  but  the  peasantry,  almost  to  a  man,  be- 

made  brigadier-general  and  brevet  mfgor-gen-  long  to  the  Radic4il  party.    The  King,  sustained 

eral  in  the  regular  army.    He  participated  with  by  the  pro-Russian  Liberals  under  Ri»ticfa  or 

his  corps  in  the  battle  of  Nashville,  Dec.  15  the  pro- Austrian  Progressists  who  followed 

and   16,   1864,   in    which  Thomas  destroyed  the  lead  of  Garashanin,  has  repressed  the  de- 

Hood^s  army.  mand  for  a  more  popular  form  of  govemoi^t 

In  January,  1865,  Gen.  Schofield,  with  15,-  annulled  the  victories  of  the  Radicals  at  the 
000  men,  was  detached  from  Thomas's  army  polls,  and  imprisoned  or  banished  their  leaden, 
and  sent  by  rail  to  Washington,  and  thence  by  who  were  driven  by  persecution  to  conspire 
transports  to  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  river,  the  violent  overthrow  of  despotic  power.  The 
when  Schofield  was  given  command  of  the  Bulgarian  war  was  a  desperate  resort  to  restoft 
Department  of  North  Carolina.  He  captured  the  King's  prestige,  and  when  this  failed,  and 
Wilmington  on  Feb.  22, 1865,  fought  the  battle  Garashanin  retired.  King  Milan  called  Risliohto 
of  Kinston  on  March  8-10,  and  on  March  22  the  head  of  the  Administration  in  June,  1S87, 
joined  at  Goldsborough  the  army  of  Gen.  Sher-  and  attempted  to  govern  with  a  coalition  CalN- 
man  as  it  moved  northward  after  ita  march  to  net.  The  Radicals  gained  another  victcMrrio 
the  sea.  When  Gen.  Johnston's  army  surren-  the  autumn  elections.  The  King  was  cco- 
dered  to  Sherman's,  April  26,  Gen.  Schofield  strained  to  accept  their  programme.  A  eon- 
had  charge  of  the  details.  mission  was  appointed  to  devii^e  a  scheme  cl 

In  June,  1865,  he  was  sent  to  Europe  on  a  constitutional  revision.     He  was  unwilling  to 

mission  relating  to  the  French  occupation  of  intrust  the  Government  to  a  party  which  had 

Mexico,   whence  he  returned  in  May,  1866 ;  been  hostile  to  him  and  was  distrusted  abroad 

and  in  August  of  that  year  he  was  assigned  to  on  account  of   its  revolutionary  tendeneiesL 

the  command  of  the  Department  of  the  Poto-  The  Radicals  had,  however,  a  migority  of  foar 

mac.    From  June  2,  1868,  till  March  12,  1869,  over  the  elected   and   appointed    ministerial 

he  was  Secretary  of  War.    He  was  then  com-  deputies,  and  after  a  preliminary  agreement 

missioned  m^or-general  in  the  United  States  on  their  part  to  continue  the  foreign  policy  of 

Array  and  ordered  to  the  Department  of  the  the  King,  and  to  accept  the  financial  progranuDe 

Missouri.     He  commanded  the  Division  of  tbe  of  the  retiring  ministry,  at  least  in  regard  to 

Pacific  from   1870   till    1876,   and    again   in  the  issuance  of  a  loan  of  20,000,000  dmars  for 

1882-'8d.     lie  was  superintendent  of  the  Mill-  the  payment  of  the  floating  debt,  the  King  «ot 

tary  Academy  at  West  Point  from  1876  till  for  Col.  Gruich,  who,  on  Jan.  1,  1888,  fonoed 

1881,  commanded  the  Division  of  tbe  Missouri  a  new  ministry  of  Radical  complexioo,  nad» 

fmm  1888  till  1886,  and  was  then  transferred  up  as  follows:  Premier  and  Minister  ot^v,  i^ 

to  the  Division  of  the  Atlantic.     On  tbe  death  Sava  Gruich;    Minister   of   Foreign  Afftm,F^-i 

of  Gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan,  in  August,  1888,  Franassovich  ;    Minister  of  Gitmmwalettjm  m.'^ 

Gen.  Schofield  became  the  ranking  officer  of  Velimirovich ;    Minister  of  Finance,  Vq/B;  £'4^ 

the  United  States  Army.     He  was  president  of  Minister  of  the  Interior,  Milosavlyevich;  Mis-  m.^  ^ 

the  board  that  in  1870  adopted  the  system  of  ister  of  Commerce,  Stefan  Popovich;  IW^"  f;^    ^ 

tactics  now  in  use  in  the  army,  and  was  also  of  Justice    and  Education,  Gersbicb.    Cd  yti  ^" 

president  of  the  board   that  investigated  the  Gruich  had  been  Minister  of  War  ndderBa-  1  ^  ^ 

Fitz  John  Porter  case  in  1878.  tich.     Col.  Franassovich  was  Minister  o(f^-  i'^^i^^ 

SERTIl,  a  monarchy  in  Southeastern  Europe,  eign  Affairs  in  Garashanin's  Cabinet.  Tbt^*  \'^  ^ 

which  gained  its  independence  in  1829,  after  a  Minister  of  Justice  was  a  Professor  of  In^^  I  ~^  i<<n, 

war  with  Turkey  lasting  fourteen  years,  and  tional  Law   who   was  sentenced  ^<^    .    i/lT^*^ 

was  erected  into  a  kingdom  in  1882.     The  ex-  1888  for  participating  in  the  »;«y^"^2*Fh  f  v  ^ 

ecutive  authority  is  vested  in  the  King,  who  is  Alexinatz,  and  Dr.  Viyich,  the  Minister  ^     lisi^  ' 

assisted  by  a  council  of  eight  ministers.    The  nance,  was  expelled  from  Russia  in  J^(^[^  |T>^*^ 

legislative  body  is  the  Narodna  Skupshtina,  or  pected  complicity  in  the  Nihilistio  consp"*''*  1 2^<! 


SERVIA.  739 

oting  tbe  new  loan,  which  was  raised  Tlie  ChiMch  Uitetrj*— The  new  Coancil  of 

i  at  6  per  cent.,  the  SkupshtiDa,  on  Ministers,  constituted  on  April  27,  was  made 

1,  adjonrDed  till  the  end  of  the  month,  up  as  follows :  Premier  and  Minister  of  the  In- 

s  of  the  Radical  party,  whose  demand  terior,  Christich ;  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs, 

)ral  amnesty  to  political  offenders  was  Miyatovich ;  Minister  of  Pnhlic  Instraetion  and 

)ent  an  address  expressing  fidelity  to  Ecclesiastical  Affairs,  Vladan  Djoijevich ;  Min- 

In  a  circular  note  to  the  powers  ister  of  Justice,  Georg  Pantelich ;  Minister  of 

iter  of  Foreign  Affairs  unfolded  the  Agriculture  and  Commerce  ad  interim^  Vladan 

>f  political  reforms.     Personal  and  Djorjevich  ;    Minister  of  Finance,   Dimitrije 

ties  should  be  extended,  though  not  Rakich  ;   Minister  of  Public  Works,  Michael 

>ense  of  order,  by  enlarging  the  self-  Bogitchevich ;  Minister  of  War,  Costa  Protich. 

nt  of  the  communes,  restricting  offi-  The  new  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  held  the 

ference  in  elections,  liberalizing  the  same  portfolio  in  the  Pirotshanutz  Cabinet, 

erning  the  press,  associations,  and  which  first  entered  into  the  Austrian  alliance, 

eetings,  and  modifying  the  criminal  and  has  since  been  several  times  Minister  of 

laws  relating  to  security  of  person  Finance.    The  present  Minister  of  Finance  is  a 

)rty,  and  the  civil  service.  young  man  prominent  in  the  councils  of  the 

idical  Cabinet,  existing  only  by  the  Progressist  party,  who  has  been  chief  of  sec- 

jfferance,   endeavored  to  carry  out  tions  in  the  department  over  which  he  was 

;,  and  to  prove  the  capability  of  their  culled  to  preside  and  in  the  Ministry  of  Foreign 

(onduct  the  Government.    But  in  the  Affairs.    The  Minister  of  Justice,  an  eminent 

mber  elected  in  February  and  con-  jurist  who  was  a  member  of  the  Christich 

March  81,  in  which  the  Radicals  se-  Cabinet  in  1888  is  free  from  party  ties,  as  are 

>  seats  out  of  142,  the  Prime  Minister  also  Dr.  Djoijevich,  an  author  and  scientist 

le  to  control  the  majority,  which  was  who  has  done  much  for  sanitary  reform,  and 

[  largely  of  men  educated  in  France,  Gen.  Protich,  a  distinguished  military  adminis- 

iepublican  and  Socialistic  opinions,  trator.    The  Minister  of  Public  Works  held  the 

m,  in  an  angry  message  to  the  Cham-  same  office  in  Garashanin^s  last  Cabinet,  and 

led  the  ministers  that  they  could  not  in  1 888  under  Christich. 

in  office  if  they  allowed  the  Radical  The  Skupshtina  was  dissolved  on  April  29 

:}ontrol  their  decisions,  and  if  they  without  having  voted  the  budget.    The  leaders 

;  forward  legislative  business  within  of  the  Radicals  published  assurances  that  they 

s  lines.    Resolutions  of  revolutionary  would  countenance  no  revolutionary  disturbr 

were  voted,  such  as  one  in  favor  of  ances,   and  would   act  within   constitutionfd 

Kuries,  another  to  make  8,000  dinars  limits.    Gen.  Gruich,  on  account  of  a  state- 

rm  salary  of  officials  of  all  grades,  a  ment  made  to  a  foreign  newspaper  corre-spond- 

lishing  bishoprics,  and  others  reduc-  ent,  in  which  he  ascribed  the  dismissal  of  the 

ly  of  military  officers,  making  officers  Radical    Cabinet   to  Austrian  pressure,   was 

Uitia  elective,  and  introducing  new  placed  on  the  retired  list  of  the  army.    The 

1  indirect  taxes,  some  of  which  were  arrears  of  taxes  were  collected  more  strictly 

M>  existing  treaties.    One  deputy  pro-  than  under  Ristich  and  Gruich,  who  spared 

iismiss  all  foreigners  employed  in  the  their  party  followers.    The  Government  at- 

)rvice,andanotherdemandedtoknow  tempted  again  to  break  the  spirit  of  Radical- 

as  a  secret  treaty  with  Austria.    The  ism  by  tyrannical  repression.   Many  politicians 

he   government   of  communes  took  were  arrested  and  thrown  into  jail.   The  finan- 

n  the  central  authorities  the  right  to  cial  situation  was  difficult,  but,  by  means  of 

^ith  the  ordinances  or  the  acts  of  the  the  new  loan,  the  Government  in  June  re- 

orities  within  their  province,  and  the  deemed  the  tobacco  rSgUy  which  had  been  sold 

remove  mayors  and  to  dissolve  com-  to  a  foreign  corporation.    Besides  suppressing 

uncils.    The  only  other  act  that  was  insurrectionary  movements  in  Servia,  especially 

t>ill  on  the  reorganization  of  the  army,  in  the  Saitchar  department,  the  authorities, 

provisions  for  abolishing  about  half  after  a  frontier  raid  of  political  brigands  into 

nding  army,  and  replacing  it  with  a  Bulgaria  had  taken  place  in  the  Tm  district, 

Both  these  bills  the  Kincr  refused  to  dismissed  the  prefects  of  Pirot  and  Nish,  and 

At  a  conference  with  the, ministers  took  measures  to  prevent  the  recurrence  of 

26,  he  persisted  in  his  refusal  to  sign  such  disturbances. 

1  communal  representation,  and  s.dd  The  Keyal  Dlroite. — King  Milan  married  Na- 

nsidered  the  agreement  which  he  had  talie.  Princess  Sturdza,   born  May  14,  1859, 

b  the  Radical  migority  in  the  winter  daughter   of    a    Russian   nobleman,   Col.  de 

binding  for  either  party,  whereupon  Eeshko  de  Pulcherie,  on  Oct.  17,  1875.    Their 

try  resigned  in  obedience  to  the  de-  only  child,  the  Crown -Prince,  was  bom  in 

the  Radical  Club.     The  King  deter-  1876.      Domestic   differences   arose   between 

call  to  his  aid  the  moderate  men  of  them ;  the  opponents  of  the  King  all  sympa- 

^rvative  party,  and  therefore  invited  thized  with  Queen  Natalie,  and  even  those 

brbtich,-  who  had  thrice  performed  a  who  plotted  to  overthrow  Milan  desired   to 

isk,  to  select  a  neutral  ministry.  preserve  the  throne  for  her  son,  except  some 


{ 


740  8ERVIA. 

of  the  Paiislavist  Liberals,  who  dreamed  of  Gbika,  in  Bachareat,  and  waited  for  pennis- 
the  restoration  of  tlie  Servian  Empire,  em-  sion  to  answer  the  summons  of  the  ecclesi«8ii> 
bracing  all  the  South  Slavs,  under  Russian  cal  tribunal  in  Belgrade.  Her  cause  was  es- 
auspices,  with  Prince  Earageorgevich  or  Prince  poused  by  the  Liberal  and  Radical  Oppoidtion, 
Nikola  of  Montenegro  on  the  throne.  The  and  eyen  the  leaders  of  the  Progressist  putj 
Queen  thus  became  identified  with  the  party  disapproved  the  divorce  proceedings.  Geo. 
having  Russian  leanings.  In  1887  the  King  Uorvatovich,  for  championing  the  Queen,  was 
insisted  on  Natalie's  leaving  Servia.  and  com-  placed  on  the  retired  list.  The  Cabinet  could 
pelled  her  to  sign  articles  of  separation  and  not  approve  the  King's  course,  and  the  mioi^ 
take  up  her  residence  abroad.  The  Queen  ters  wished  to  retire.  So  determined  was 
under  this  arrangement  was  given  the  custody  Milan  to  punish  his  consort  that  he  contetiH 
of  her  son.  In  May,  1888,  Natalie  announced  plated  recalling  the  Russian  party  to  power  od 
her  intention  to  return  to  Belgrade.  The  King  condition  of  its  upholding  the  divorce  proceed- 
forbade  her  to  do  so,  and,  meeting  her  at  Vi-  ings;  but  Ristich  declined  to  take  office  if  thv 
enna,  directed  her  to  go  to  Wiesbaden.  While  suit  were  not  dropped.  Milan's  temper  became 
she  was  there,  he  sent  a  proposal  for  a  new  so  moody  and  violent  that  he  sent  into  exile 
agreement,  declaring  that  the  former  one  was  his  old  and  devoted  friend  Garashanin  for  ad- 
impracticable.  She  rejected  the  new  proposi-  vising  him  to  withdraw  his  application  for 
tion,  whereupon  King  Milan  applied  to  the  absolute  divorce. 

Synod  of  the  Servian  Church  for  a  divorce.        The  Court  of  the  Consistory  mled  that  tiie 

The  Queen  made  a  compromise  more  difficult  King  and  Queen  must  both  be  heard  in  persoo. 

by  addressing  indignant  protests  to  the  Synod,  The  ministers  decided  that  there  was  no  lav 

the  Consistory,  and  the  Council  of  Ministers,  to  prevent  the  Queen  from  entering  Serria, 

£x-Minister  Pirotshanatz  became  her  advocate,  yet  held  that  they  could  prohibit  hersojoara 

She  denied  the  competence  of  the  Synod  to  in  any  particular  town  as  likely  to  produce 

try  the  case.    The  Synod,  consisting  of  the  political  disorders.     When  King' Milan  foood 

Metropolitan,  three  bishops,  and  seven  clergy-  the  Consistorial  Court  determined  to  treat  bim 

men,  asserted  its  jurisdiction ;  but,  after  the  as  a  private  person,  he  suspended  its  action, 

King  had  transferred  the  case  to  the  Belgrade  requesting  an  adjournment  for  three  mosths 

Consistorial  Court,  consisting  of  three  dele-  to  allow  uie  Queen  time  to  prepare  an  answer, 

gates  of  the  Consistory,  the  bishop  agreed  that  While  the  matter  remained  in  abeyance  in  the 

this  was  the  proper  tribunal.    The  Queen  pur-  Consistorial  Court  and  before  the  Holy  Sjnod, 

posed  appearing  in  person  before  the  Consis-  Milan  applied  to  the  Metropolitan  Theodosije, 

tory,  but  was  forbidden  by  the  King,  who  and  on  Oct.  24  obtained  from  him  a  decree ol 

demanded  that  the  Crown -Prince  be  given  absolute  divorce,  granted  in  his  capacttj  as 

into  his  custody,  and  sent  Gen.  Protich  to  autonomous  head  of  the  Servian  Church.  Th$ 

Wiesbaden  to  bring  him  to  Belgrade.    Queen  law  gives  the  Metropolitan   no  authontj  b 

Natalie  refused  to  give  up  her  child,  but  the  grant  divorces  independently  of  I  he  Sjood;  ff  <^ 

German  authorities  interfered,  and  took  him  and,  even  if  he  had  the  right,  the  titit  oi  f  ^^ 

by  force  from  his  mother.  Archbishop  Theodosije  to  his  office  isdoa\itf'Bls  vJS 

The  ground  given  for  the  petition  of  divorce  since  many  religious  peraons  look  q^  ^       "" 

was  ^MrreooncUable  mutual  antipathy."    The  deposed  Metropolitan  Michael  as  th^  ^^i 

Servian  law  gives  to  the  ecclesiastical  authori*  head  of  the  Church.    Milan  took  this  ijc^^^ 

ties  alone  the  power  of  divorce,  which  can  way  to  accomplish  his  purpose,  bL^>ji^^» 

only  be  granted  after  the  parties  have  been  expected  an  adverse  decision  in  tl^  ^«b^*^ 

brought  face  to  face  and  a  formal  attempt  has  torial  Court.    To  prevent  hostile  t^cU^^r^^^^^^ 

been  made  to  reconcile  their  differences.    Bisb-  Synod,  the  King  suspended  Bish(»ps 

op  Dimitrije,  of  Nish,  a  friend  of  the  Queen,  and  Nicato,  on  the  ground  of  contu 
was  sent  by  the  Synod  to  Wiesbaden  to  ar-        RevtelM  tf  tke  Cautttitl«i« — King 

range  a  reconciliation,  if  possible,  on  the  terms  lowed  up  his  divorce  with  a  bid 

proposed  by  the  King,  allowing  Natalie  to  re-  favor,  ordering  elections  for  a 

tain  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  Queen  on  shtina,  to  be  held  on  December  2,  and 

condition  that  she  should  not  return  to  Servia  ing    the  Assembly  for  December   T 

except  at  the  King's  invitation.     The  Queen  manifesto  ends   with  an  assurance 

scornfully  refused  to  accede  to  these  conditions,  elections  should  be  free.     A  comm 

but  afterward,  when  Milan  showed  a  deter-  the  revision  of  the  Constitution,  con 

mination  to  proceed  with  his  application  for  86  members,  chosen  from  the  three^^«^  *^nri 

an  absolute  divorce,  she  pressed  for  a  com-  parties,  met  in  Belgrade,  under  the  J*^%    ^  V/, 

promise  on  these   very  terms.     After  being  of    the    King,   on    November  3.    T       —  «£» 

robbed  of  her  child  and  expelled  from  Wies-  brought  about  a  fusion  in  the  ^^^^^^^^^^i^the 

baden  by  order  of  the  German  Government,  sion  between  the  Progressists  and  IP^  hem 

she  demonstratively  identified  her  cause  with  als,  whose  political  alliances  have  b^  ^ 

the  political  designs  of  Russia  by  going  to  that  been  made  only  with  the  Radicals.  . 

country  in  order  to  interest  the  people  and  the  liminary  elections  were  by  no  m^^  ^f&tns  P 

Czar  in  her  wrongs.     Subsequently  she  went  The  police  interfered  everywhere,  •'^^^^y '^ 

to  the  house  of  her  brother-in-law.  Prince  many  persons  were  arrested  or  mrn^^-wsc^ 


SERVIA.  SEVENTH-DAY  BAPTIST  CHURCH.  741 

mding  this,  the  Radicals  were  ^en-  the  old  Constitution,  were  not  allowed  to  sit 

orioQs.      The  King  then  annulled  in  the  Chamher.    In  the  place  of  deputies  ap- 

Ds,  and  ordered  new  ones  to  be  lield,  pointed  by  the  King,  a  class  of  official  deputies 

supervision  of  three  royal  com  mis-  is  created,  consisting  of  the  members  of  the 

each   of  the  480  circumscriptions.  Council  of  State,  the  bishops,  generals  on  the 

;he  Rndicals  achieved  still  greater  retired  list,  and  the  presidents  of  the  Courts  of 

The  Liberals  did  not  maintain  the  Cassation  and  Appeal.    The  Sknpshtina  has 

th  the  Progressists  at  the  polls,  but  the  initiative  in  legislation.    A  significant  arti> 

Radicals.     In  the  final  elections,  cle  provides  for  a  regency  of  the  King^s  selec- 

e  postponed  till  December  16,  nearly  tion  in  case  of  his  abdication,   showing  the 

ters  of  the  seats  went  to  Radicals,  earnestness  of  King  Milan^s  desire  to  retire 

als  elected  about  100  of  the  628  from  his  difficult  position  before  involving  his 

f  the  Great  Assembly,  and  the  Pro-  dynasty  in  his  fall.     The  Great  Skupshtina 

>t  more  than  60.    Before  convoking  will  hereafter  consist  of  double  the  number 

bly,  the  King  required  every  mem-  of  deputies  in  the  ordinary   Assembly,   and 

i  a  written  promise  that  he  would  its  functions  will  comprise  the  consideration 

he  Constitution  as  drafted  by  the  of  questions  affecting  tne  throne,  the  election 

1.    The  Radicals,  under  the  lead  of  of  a  regent   in  a  case  of  its  vacancy,   and 

ih,  stood  out  especially  for  the  re-  constitutional  revision.    The  Council  of  State 

nt  by  the  King  of  the  right  to  con-  will  con>ist  of  eight  members  nominated  by 

nces  and  military  conventions  with-  the  King  and  an  equal  number  chosen  by  the 

isent  of  the  Skupshtina,  and  when  Skupshtina  for  life,  who^e  duties  will  be  to 

on  this  and  some  other  points,  the  draw  up  bills  and  administrative  decrees,  and 

9  party  agreed  to  accept  the  com-  nominate  candidates  for  judges  of  the  Supreme 

Constitution.      The  session    of    the  Court  and  the  Courts  of  Cassation  and  Appeal, 

ipshtina  was  opened  on  December  Courts  are  declared  absolutely  independent,  and 

fal  ukase  declared  that  no  discus*  judges  irremovable.    The  eupanias  are  to  have 

1  be  allowed,  and  no  amendment  autonomous  organization  for  matters  relating 

l)ut  that  the  Constitution  must  be  to  roads  and   communications,  sanitary  and 

r  rejected  as  a  whole.    The  Radicals  financial  requirements,  and  schools.    The  Ser- 

aed  to  insist  on  having  the  Skup-  vian  Church  is  declared  independent  and  anto- 

;t  annually,   without  requiring  the  cephalous,  and  its  head  shall  bear  the  title  of 

amons.    They  also  wished  to  take  Patriarch.     All  religions  are  free.    The  liberty 

the  King  the  power  to  declare  war,  of  the  press  is  guaranteed,  and  newspapers 

were  pledged  to  vote  for  the  aboli«  may  be  founded  without  a  deposit  of  caution 

standing  army,  and  wished  at  least  money.    No  citizen  shall  be  arrested  or  have 

considerable  reduction  in  the  mill-  his  house  searched  without  a  warrant.  For- 
iishment.  The  King  had  already  eigners  may  possess  any  kind  of  property  in 
1  the  right  to  allow  foreign  armies  Servia  and  may  be  employed  in  the  state  sery- 
rvian  territory  without  the  consent  ice.  Public  instruction  is  gratuitous  and  oom- 
)mbly.  The  limitation  of  the  time  pnlsory.  No  titles  of  nobility  may  be  borne 
lowed  to  the  King  to  continue  pro-  by  Servian  citizens.  No  pensions  may  be 
he  budget  ofthe  previous  year  with-  granted  without  a  special  act  of  the  Skup- 
ing  the  Skupshtina  to  three  months,  shtina.  While  he  retains  the  right  of  declaring 
}e  a  concession  on  the  King's  part,  war  and  making  peace,  the  King  can  not  con- 
Constitution  allowed  a  full  year,  elude  negotiations  involving  the  payment  or 
Js  objected  particularly  to  the  elect-  exaction  of  a  war  indemnity  or  the  cession  or 
n  in  the  new  Constitution,  which  acquisition  of  territory  without  summoning  the 
iat  in  the  10  tupanias  into  which  Skupshtina. 
y  is  divided  the  deputies  shall  be  SEVENTB-DAT  BAPI18T  CHPKCH.    The  statis- 

icrutin  de  liste^  in  the  proportion  tics  of  this  Church  as  presented  to  the  General 

every  4,500  tax-payers,  tnat  voting  Conference  in  August  were  incomplete.    They 

y  ballot,  and  that  three  members  gave  the  whole  number  of  members  as  8,887, 

zupania  must  be  graduates  of  uni-  but  the  returns  of  the  contributions  for  the 

Notwithstanding  the  objectionable  several  purposes  of  the  Church  were  defective 

wer  than  100  of  the  Radical  deputies  and    unsatisfactory.      Seventy  -  ^vq  Sabbath- 

econcilable,  and  voted  against  the  schools  returned  5,754  members,  including  offi- 

n,  which  was  adopted.  cers  and  teachers  and  pupils.    The  revenue  and 

tct  active  franchise  under  the  new  expenditure  of  the  Education  Society  were  bal- 

n  is  given  to  all  citizens  paying  anced  at  $46,557.    It  received  reports  from  Al- 

I  direct  taxes,  and  the  passive  fran-  bion  (Wisconsin)  Academy  and  Normal  Insti- 
arsons  whose  taxes  amounted  to  80  tute ;  Milton  (Wisconsin)  College,  and  Alfred 
rery  elector  is  eligible  to  the  Skup-  (New  York)  University.    The  last  two  of  these 

II  parties  approved  the  removal  of  institutions  have  endowment  funds  amounting 
lifications  of   advocates  and   state  together  to  $148,000.     Young  men  and  young 

including  ex-ministers  who,  under  women  are  admitted  on  an  equal  footing  to  all 


:4 


^^ 


742  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

the  iDstitutions.     The  society  at  its  meeting  unexpired  term  of  William  E.  Stonej,  w 

recommended  that  the  English  langaage  and  signed ;   Attorney-General,  Josepii  H. 

iiteratare  should  hold  a  more  prominent  place  Saperintendent  of  Education,  James  H. 

in  both  preparatory  and  higher  courses  of  in-  Commissioner  of  Agricnltare,  A.  P.  I 

struction.    The  American  Sabbath  Tract  Soci-  Chief-Justice  of  the  Supreme   Court, 

ety  had  received  $6,543.     Three  journals  in  the  Simpson ;   Associate  Jnstices,  Henry  ] 

English  language,  one  in  Dutch  (in  Holland),  and  Samuel  McGowan. 
one  in  Swedish  (in  Sweden),  and  one  Hebrew        FbiaMe. — The  revenues  for  the  year  • 

journal  are  published  under  its  care.    The  re-  Oct.  81,  1888,  amounted  to  $1,163,218.! 

ceipts  of  the  Missionary  Society  had  been,  from  including  the  balance  from  the  previoo 

all  sources,  $12,089.    The  society  had  support-  of  $104,385.05,  and  were  derived  fro 

ed  a  mission  in  China^  with  three  American  following  sources:  Direct  taxes,  $582,6 

missionaries,  two  native  preachers,  and  eight  phosphate    royalty,    $187,064.12  ;    defi 

]  other  native  laborers,  with  which  a  dispensary  bonds  and    stock,  $322,367.46;    Depaj 

''  was  connected;  amission  in  Holland;  amis-  of   Agriculture,   $31,562.14;    railroad 

.  i  sion  to  the  Jews,  home  missions,  and  a  Scan-  ment,  $8,139.62.    The  annual  interest 

I  \  dinavian  mission,  in  the  United  States,  in  which  on  the  State  debt  was  $356, 1 26.81 .    For  i 

twenty -six   laborers   were    employed.      The  poses  the  total  expenditures  were  $1,190,-^ 

I  4  whole  number  of  additions  by  baptism  during  leaving  a  balance  in  the  treasury,  Nov.  1 

'   I  the  year  in  all  the  missions  was  ninety- one.  of  $77,120.63.    The  personal  property 

The  Seventh  -  Day  Baptist  General  Confer-  State  was  assessed  for  the  year  at  $41,4( 

ence  met  at  Leonardsville.  N.  Y.,  August  22.  the  real  estate  at  $84,261,848,  and  n 

The  Rev.  L.  A.  Platts  presided.    A  record  was  property  at  $16,317,394,   a^rgregating 

entered  of  the  organization  of  a  new  associa-  986,154.    The  State  tax  of  five  mills  o 

tion — the  South  Western— of  eight  churches  at  valuation  yielded  $709,784.91.     The  poll 

Texarkana,  Ark.     Four  other  churches  in  the  not  uniformly  collected,  as  the  returns 

South  were  admitted  to  the  Conference.    The  only  1,576  polls  in  Charleston,  while 

Memorial  Board  reported  that  the  amount  of  were  6,089  in  Spartansburg. 
the  memorial  fund,  excluding  original  notes  for       State  DeM« — The  deficiency  bonds  and  i 

$14,148  and  certain  real  estate  not  estimated,  which  became  due  and  payable  on  July 

was  $111,924.    Provision  was  made  for  the  amounted  to  $420,692.26,  have  been  set 

more  complete  collection  of  materials  for  the  follow :  $20,962.26  were  bought  np  an 

history  of  the  denomination  and  its  churches  celed  by  the  Sinking- Fund  Commission ; 

through  the  action  of  individual  churches,  pas-  913.79  were  exchanged  for  4|-per-cent. 

tors,  and  families.    In  view  of  the  movement  of  under  the  act  of  the  last  General  Assc 

11  m  the  Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union  for  and  $216,898.48  was  redeemed  for  cash  n 

ti  I  promoting  the  observance  of  Sunday  as  the  from  the  sale  of  the  4^per-cent.  bonds, 

f|l  Sabbath,  the  Woman's  Executive  Board  was  tliorized  by  the  act,  leaving  a  balance  < 

l"-  q  authorized  to  present  a  memorial  to  that  body  187.73  of  bonds  and  stock  yet  to  be  red 

\7\  explaining  the  reasons  why  the  women  of  this  in  cash.    The  remaining  portion  of  the 

Church  could  not  join  in  its  effort;  andareso-  debt,  which  has  been  funded   nnder  th 

lution  adopted  by  the  Conference  declared  all  solidation  acts  of  1878, 1878,  and  1879,  o 

legislation  ^^against  rightful  business  on  Sunday''  of  consol.  stocks,  $2,161 ,140.26 :  con8<^. 

nn warrantable  from  a  religious  point  of  view,  $3,841,000;  and  the  Agricultural  College 

i    I  and  protested,  ^Mn  the  name  of  religious  liberty,  a  permanent  fund  of  $191,800.    These  an 

5<  U  against  all  infringement  upon  the  rights  and  added  to  the  4|-per-oent.  stock  of  $1 

\r  J  duties  of  Sabbath -keepers  by  such  legislation."  and  4i-per-cent.  bonds  of  $217,000,  t0| 

\p  '^  Another  resolution  declared  that  ^^  total  absti-  with  the  $5,187.73  deficiency  bonds  and 

i   '  nence  from  the  use  of  all  intoxicating  bever-  to  be  redeemed,  makes  the  total  fnndec 

ages  is  the  imperative  duty  of  every  individual,  $6,599,127.99.    The  4i-per-cent  bonds,  1 

and  the  suppression  of  the  manufacture  and  in  the  State  as  ^^  blue  bonds,"  were  adv< 

sale  of  such  beverages,  by  law,  is  the  duty  of  for  sale  in  New  York  and  London,  but 

the  state."    A  committee  was  appointed  to  con-  having  been  received,  the  entire  issue  wa 

sider  and  develop  a  proper  method  for  bring-  chased,  in  some  cases  at  a  premium,  by  ci 

ing  about  united  action  by  the  young  people  of  of  South  Carolina.    Tlie  bonds  redeemi 

the  denomination  in  denominational  work.  1893  are  selling  at  a  premium. 
j.H                           SOUTH  ClEOLUrJL    SUte  GeTOWMatr— The  fol-        UgislAliTe  SmiIm.— The  Lefdslatnre  e 

11  £J  lowing  were  the  State  ofiicers  during  the  year:  in  November  met  on  the  27th  of  that  n 

Governor,   John  P.    Richardson,    Democrat ;  On  Dec.  12  it  re-elected  United  States  S< 

Lieutenant-Governor,   William    L.   Mauldin ;  Matthew  C.  Butler.    The  pension  act  of 

Secretary  of  State,  William  Z.  Leitner,  who  which  had  proved  so  expensive  to  the 

died  early  in  the  year  and  was  succeeded  by  was  revised  and  amended,  the  annua] 

J.  F.  Marshall  by  appointment  of  the  Gov-  available  for  pensions  was  limited  to  $5 

jj'l  ernor;   Treasurer,  Isaac  S.  Bamberg;  Comp-  and  each  pensioner  allowed  only  $3 an 

'    Ji  troller-General,  J.  S.  Verner,  elected  by  the  An  act  to  establish  a  home  for  disable 

V    i  Legislature  in  December,  1887,  to  fill  out  the  diers  was  defeated. 

•! ! 

h 


n 

v 


■y 


SOUTH  CAROLINA.  748 

The  railroad  law  was  amended  so  as  to  give  in^  the  yesr  were  $466,619.78 ;  tbe  ezpendi- 

the  railroad  cominissioDera  power  to  establish  tares,  $430,669.28. 

fares  and  rates,  under  certain  limitations.  The  last  session  of  the  university  was  the 

The  State  tax  for  general  purposes  was  fixed  first  nnder  the  new   system   requiring  pay- 

at  5}  mills  for  the  ensuing  year;  a  regular  inent  of  tuition  fees.     Tbe  attendance  was 

2-mill  tax  for  schools  is  also  levied.  large  (170),  and  the  number  withdrawing  dur- 

Almost  contemporaneously  with  the  opening  ing  the  year  was  smaller  than  ever  before. 
of  the  session,  the  State  Supreme  Court,  in  tbe  At  tbe  end  of  tbe  year  221  students  were  en- 
case of  Floyd  t?«.  Perrin,  rendered  an  itnpor-  rolled.  Sixty-eight  have  asked  for  a  remission 
tant  decision,  which  nullified  all  acts  thereto-  of  tuition  fees.  The  university  has  28  teach- 
fore  done  by  townships  in  issuing  bonds  and  ers.  The  expenses  for  1887-^88  amounted  to 
assessing  taxes  for  their  payment  to  aid  in  the  $50,280,  of  which  $41,500  was  paid  in  salaries, 
construction  of  railroads.  Tbe  court  decided  Clafiin  College,  devoted  to  tne  education  of 
that  the  act  of  1882,  and  acts  amendatory  colored  people,  had  an  enrollment  of  946,  a 
thereto,  by  which  counties  and  townships  large  gain  over  any  previous  year,  with  65 
were  authorized  to  subscribe  to  the  stock  of  teachers  and  superintendents.  Tbe  State  ap- 
nulroad  corporations,  and  for  that  purpose  propriates  $5,000  annually  to  this  institution. 
were  declared  to  be  bodies  politic  and  corpo-  IDUtUu — Companies  have  been  organized  in 
rate  with  necessary  powers  to  carry  out  the  every  county  in  the  State  but  three,  and  inter- 
provisions  of  the  act,  were  in  violation  of  that  est  in  military  affairs  is  everywhere  increasing, 
clause  of  tlie  State  Constitution  which  permits  There  are  now  92  companies  in  the  State,  with 
the  grant  to  the  corporate  authorities  of  town-  841  officers  and  4,748  men.  A  movement  bus* 
ehips  of  the  authority  to  assess  taxes  for  cor-  been  made  to  uniform  tbe  troops  with  the 
porate  purposes.  By  this  decision  the  liabili-  regular  United  States  Army  uniform,  which  is 
ty  of  townbips  for  over  $900,000  of  bonds  furnished  free  by  the  General  Government, 
issued  by  them  was  destroyed.  As  it  was  Twelve  companies  have  been  so  uniformed, 
evidently  unjust  that  these  bonds,  purchased  State  lastltattaos. — Tbe  Penitentiary  contained 
in  good  faith  by  the  bondholders,  should  be  at  the  close  of  the  year  894  convicts,  of  whom  848 
repadiated,  several  measures  were  introduced  were  colored  and  51  white.  Of  these  217  are 
into  the  Legislature  to  restore  the  liability  of  at  work  on  pbosphate>mines  near  Summer- 
the  townships.  After  considerable  discussion  ville,  199  are  employed  on  shoe  and  boeierj 
and  much  opposition,  the  Legislature  finaUy  contracts  inside  tbe  prison,  and  the  others  arc 
passed  an  act  declaring  that  where  the  railroad  at  work  on  tbe  farms  connected  with  the  insti- 
nad  already  been  constructed,  the  principal  tution.  All  the  convicts  are  now  being  worked 
sum  of  the  township  bonds  issued  should  be  a  under  the  sole  control  and  supervision  of  the 
debt  of  the  township  issuing  them,  for  the  officers  of  the  Penitentiary,  and  are  paid  for  by 
payment  of  which  with  interest  a  tax  might  the  contractors  at  a  stated  price  per  capita  per 
be  levied.  An  important  act  to  regulate  and  day.  The  prison  is  on  a  self-supporting  basis, 
protect  primary  elections,  based  upon  the  New  and  there  was  an  excess  of  receipts  over  ex- 
Tork  law,  was  passed.  The  sum  of  $77,250,  penditures  for  the  year  of  $8,444.28. 
received  from  the  United  States  for  rent  of  and  The  State  Lunatic  Asylum  has  680  inmates, 
damage  io  tbe  State  Military  Academy  build-  an  increase  of  81  over  1887,  of  which  893  are 
ing  by  United  States  troops,  was  appropriated  white  and  287  are  colored.  The  present  build- 
to  public  uses.  ings  are  crowded.    It  is  proposed  to  build  a 

iimtMtkm, — The  total  enrollment  of  school  separate  hospital  for  the  colored  insane, 
children  for  1887-*88  was  198,484,  an  increase  There  are  102  pupils  in  the  Institution  for 
of  18,417  over  the  previous  year.  Of  these  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind.  Here,  too,  asep- 
children  103,884  were  colored  and  90,100  were  arate  school  for  colored  children  is  proposed, 
white.  The  average  attendance  for  the  year  PmsImSi — ^Under  the  act  of  1887,  providing  a 
was  189.557,  an  increase  of  14,086  over  1886-  pension  of  five  dollars  a  month  for  disabled 
*87.  There  were  4,208  teachers  employed,  re-  Confederate  soldiers  and  the  widows  of  those 
ceiving  $881,887.81  in  salaries — a  gain  of  209  killed  in  tbe  Confederate  service,  an  unexpect- 
in  the  number  of  teachers  over  the  previous  edly  large  number  of  claimants  appeared.  Up 
year,  but  a  decrease  of  $8,419.41  in  salaries;  to  September  80,  2,623  af)plications  had  been 
8,611  teachers  were  white  and  1,592  were  col-  filed,  of  which  tbe  pension-board  had  approved 
ored;  2,242  were  men  and  1,961  women.  In  2,025,  1,492  being  in  favor  of  widows  and  538 
one  county,  Georgetown,  there  were  no  public  in  favor  of  soldiers.  In  the  payment  of  these 
schools  during  the  year :  twenty-one  counties  approved  claims  the  annual  appropriation  of 
report  an  increase  in  the  number  of  public  $50,000  was  not  only  expended,  but  the  Gov- 
scbools  and  ten  report  a  decrease.  Eighty-six  ernor,  in  accordance  with  tbe  law,  borrowed 
new  school-houses  were  erected  during  the  $50,000  additional,  which  was  nearly  exhausted 
year  at  a  cost  of  $81,486.22,  so  that  tbe  total  at  the  close  of  the  year, 
number  of  school-houses  is  8,2^0,  valued  at  Political.  —  A  Republican  State  Convention 
t435,455.36;  757  are  log  buildings,  1,856  met  at  Columbia  on  May  1,  nominated  dele- 
frame  buildings,  and  88  brick  or  stone.  The  gates  to  the  National  Convention,  and  adopted 
statement  of  receipts  for  school  purposes  dur-  a  platform  containing  the  following: 


744             SOUTH  CAROLINA.  SPAIN. 

We  declare  the  work  and  achieyemente  of  the  Re-  fiPAIH,  a  constitotiooal  monarch  j  in  Sooth- 
publican  party  are  such  as  to  commend  it  to  the  wn-  western  Europe.  The  pr^ent  KiDg  \a  AUoow 
tmued  favor  ot  the  nation,  and  its  mission  will  not  be  yti  r  wx..<,fK.,r»»no  -^«^^  a  i#Vv««^  yii  k«- 
completed  until  all  Amencan  citizens  are  protected  at  ^^11,  posthumous  SOD  of  Alfonso  XII,  bom 
home  as  well  as  abroad,  and  a  full  ballot  and  a  fair  May  17,  1886.  Queen  Maria  Christina,  mother 
count  make  a  solid  South  no  longer  poraible.  of  the  King,  is  Regent   during  the  minorit; 

We  denounce  the  methods  employed  by^  the  Demo-  of  her  son.     She  was  an   Austrian  priaoesi, 

cratic  party  in  carrying  ele<^ion8  in  this  Stete,  and  daughter  of  the  late  Archduke  Karl  FerdiMud. 

charge  them  as  bemg  responsible  for  the  violence  and  ^WTm  ii       •       -T^  ^tv.w^«i*«  m^^m  ^«uu«iiu. 

intimidaUon  which  has  suppreased  the  Bepublicaii  The  foUowmg  ministers  were  m  office  tt  the 

vote.  beginning  of  1888,  having  been  appointed  Not. 

While  registration  kws  are  usually  intended  to  pre-  27,  1886 :  Prime-Minister  and  President  of  the 

venjt  fjaud  and  lo  secure  the  fVee  expression  of  the  CouncU,  Praxedes  Mateo  Sagasta;  Ministwof 

^ir/d'Lfg^M^^  Foreign  Affairs,  8egismnndT;Mo^t ;  Minister 

will  of  the  m^'ority,  and  is  on  its  face  one  ofHhe  most  of  Finance,  Joaqum  Lopez  Pnigcerver ;  Mm»- 

disgraceful  acts  ever  placed  upon  the  statutes  of  thia  ter  of  the  Interior,  Jo66  L.  Albareda;  Minister 

or  any  other  State.       ^  ^^    „   .      ,  ^  of  Justice,  Manuel  Alonso  Martinez;  Minist«r 

We  invoke  the  aid  of  the  Nationid  Government  to  £  Agriculture  and  Public  Works,  Carlos  Nt- 

relieve  us  of  this  obnoxious  law  and  demand  of  Con-  ^^    u«»i;«i«  €*^v*  *«i/*.v      v.i^o,  v/«iv>  x  mr 

gress  to  enact  such  lefrislation  as  shall  secure  a  fair  ^^^^0  Kodngo ;  Minister  of  War,  Manuel  ti*- 

election  at  least  for  members  of  Congress  and  preai-  sola;  Minister  of  Marine,  Rafael  Rodriguez  de 

dential  electors.  Arias ;  Minister  of  Colonies,  Victor  Bakgoer. 

On  May  17,  at  the  same  place,  the  Democrats  The  Amy*— The  peace  establishment  of  the 
elected  delegates  to  the  St.  Louis  Convention,  Spanish  army  was  fixed  by  the  resolution  of 
and  adopted  a  short  series  of  resolutions,  ap-  the  Cortes  of  April  14,  1887,  at  131,400  men, 
proving  the  National  Administration,  the  re-  of  whom  100,000  were  for  service  in  the 
nomination  of  President  Cleveland,  tariff  re-  peninsula,  19,000  for  Cuba,  8,700  for  the  Phil- 
form,  and  the  message  of  the  President  on  that  ippine  Islands,  and  8,700  for  Porto  Rica  The 
subject,  but  omitting  any  reference  to  the  MilPs  number  of  horses  provided  for  is  16,495;  the 
Bill,  the  provisions  of  which  relative  to  rice  number  of  guns.  416.  The  war  effective  is 
were  not  approved.  A  second  Democratic  869,358  men,  with  23,467  horses  and  484  gons. 
State  Convention  met  at  Columbia  on  Septem-  lie  Navy. — ^The  fleet  on  Jan.  1,  1888,  com* 
her  6  to  nominate  candidates  for  State  officers,  prised  3  iron-dad  ft-igaten,  9  unarmored  frigates 
The  renomination  of  Gov.  Richardson  was  op-  and  cruisers,  12  gun-boats,  6  avisos,  1  torpedo- 
posed  by  a  considerable  number  of  delegates,  catcher,  12  torpedo-boats,  and  71  other  veasek 
who  united  upon  Attorney- General  Joseph  H.  There  were  under  construction  1  armored 
Earle  as  a  candidate,  but  the  Governor  ob-  frigate,  3  belted  cruisers,  3  unarmored  cruisers 
tained  nearly  two  thirds  of  the  convention  on  of  the  first  class,  8  of  the  third  class,  and  2 
the  first  ballot  and  his  nomination  was  made  torpedo-boats.  A  credit  of  171,000,000  pesetes 
unanimous.  The  other  State  officers  were  also  to  be  spent  on  the  navy  in  the  space  of  nine 
renominated.  The  resolutions  reaffirm  the  N a-  years  was  made  conditional  on  aU  the  ships 
tional  Democratic  platforms  of  1884  and  1888,  being  built  in  Spain  from  Spanish  roateriaL 
without  adverting  to  State  issuea  No  Domi-  The  Government  in  1888  ordered  3  armored 
nating  convention  was  held  by  the  Republicans,  cruisers,  of  7,000  tons  each,  and  3  torpedo 
and  no  State  ticket  supported  by  them,  so  that  gun-boats. 

the  Democratic  ticket  received  the  entire  vote  €MiMerM. — The  total  value  of  the  imports  m 
cast  at  the  election  in  November.  The  Demo-  1886  was  855,206,950  pesetas,  against  764.- 
crats  elected  every  member  of  the  State  Sen-  758,000  pesetas  in  1885 ;  the  value  of  the  ex- 
ate  (35  in  all)  and  121  out  of  124  members  of  ports  was  727,349,885  pesetas,  against  a  total 
the  Lower  House,  the  three  remaining  members  of  698,003,000  pesetas  for  the  preceding  year, 
being  Republicans.  The  Democratic  national  The  principal  articles  of  import  and  their  valo« 
ticket  was  successful,  and  Democrats  were  were  the  following:  Cotton  and  cotton  goods, 
elected  in  the  seven  congressional  districta  In  73,136,042  pesetas ;  spirits,  68,614,684  peaetas; 
the  Third,  Fourth,  and  Fifth  Districts  there  cereals  and  flour,  53,233,645  pesetas ;  tobacco, 
was  no  opposition  to  the  Democratic  candi-  48,133,521  pesetas;  timber,  37,625,930  pesetas; 
date;  in  the  First  District  the  vote  stood,  sugnr,  32,625.930  pesetas;  wool  and  wooioi 
Democratic  8,540,  Republican  1,296;  in  the  goods,  27,606,381  pesetas;  fish,  27,520,010 
Second  District  Democratic  10,704,  Republi-  pesetas;  hides  and  skins,  26,061,640  pesetas; 
can  1,405;  in  the  Sixth  District,  Democratic  coal,  26,033,681  pesetas;  machinery,  20,902,1M 
8,586,  Republican  327;  and  in  the  Seventh  pesetas;  cattle,  20,409,521  pesetas;  silk  and 
District,  Democratic  8,358,  Republican  7,003.  silk  goods,  18,186,885  pesetas;  iron  and  mano- 

Tbe  people  voted  at  the  same  election  upon  factnres  of  iron,  17,290,616  pesetas;  hemp  and 

two  constitutional  amendments — one  extend-  flax,  and  their  manufactures,  17,888,335  pesetas; 

ing  the  term  of  probate  judges  from  two  to  chemicals,  15,851,813  pesetas;  cocoa,  14,023,- 

four  years,  which  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  433  pesetas;    all  other  articles,   320.629,818 

26,806  yeas  to  20,543  nays ;  the  other  abolish-  pesetas.    The  principal  exports  and  their  values 

ing  the  election  of  county  school  commission-  in  1886  were  as  follow  :    Wine,  834,816,653 

ers,  which  was  rejected  by  a  vote  of  15,125  pesetas;  minerals,  61,849,023  pesetas;  fruitSi 

yeas  to  33,457  nays.  69,520,923  pesetas;  lead,  copper,  iron,  and  xino 


SPAIN.  745 

48,1*94,270  pesetas;  cattle,  22,069,928  pesetas;  bead  of  which  stood  the  Liberal  ez-Minister 
cork,  17,671,091  pesetas ;  wool,  16,094,946  of  the  Colonies  Gamuzo.  This  movement  di- 
pesetas;  oil,  14,858,312  pesetas;  all  other  ar-  vided  the  ministerial  migority,  attracted  Re- 
ticles, 152,774,740  pesetas.  Of  162,623,472  formists  like  Romero  y  Robledo  and  Montillo, 
gallons  of  wine  exported,  130,818,000  gallons  was  supported  by  Oanovas,  Villaverde,  and  the 
went  to  France  and  4,785,800  to  England.  rest  of  the  Conservatives,  and  even  obtained 

BaUrMdB,  Pists^  andl  lUcfrtplMk  —  The  total  the  support  of  Maro  and  other  Republicans. 

length  of  the  railroads  open  to  traffic  at  the  The  Cabinet  met  the  demands  of  the  Agrarian 

beginning  of  1887  was  9,809  kilometres,  or  I^eague  with  partial  concessions,  agreeing  to 

5,780  miles.  take  off  18,000,000  pesetas  of  the  land-taxes. 

The  number  of  letters  forwarded  in  1886  whereas  the  agriculturists  asked  for  a  reduc- 

was  90.845,607;   postal-cards,  832,054;  sam-  tion  of  50,000,000  pesetas,  promising  to  secure 

pies  and  printed  inclosures,  10,054,974;  regis-  lower  rates  on  the  railroads  for  agricnlturd 

tered  articles  and  letters,   1,248,537 ;   money  and  mineral  produce,  and  accepting  the  propo- 

lettera,  62,148.     These  figures  do  not  include  sition  to  spend  large  sums  on  public  works, 

the  international  service,  in  which  11,955,213  The  main  demand  for  higher  duties,  however, 

letters,  38,461  postal-cards,  7,794,370  registered  the  Premier  declared,  could  not  be  granted 

letters,  and  13,356  money  letters  were  sent  or  without  a  violation  of  national  faith,  because 

received.    The  receipts  of  the  post-office  were  the  slight  reductions  of  which  Spanish  manu- 

16,577,417  francs;  expenses,  9,515.468  francs,  factnrers  and  farmers  complained  were  made 

The  length  of  telegraph  lines  in  1887  was  in  pursuance  of  treaty  obligations  entered  into 

18,419  kilometres,  or  11,512  miles;  length  of  with  twenty  diflferent  nations  in  the  course  of 

wires,  46,187  kilometres,  or  28,870  miles.    The  the  last  twenty  years.    The  Reformist  party 

number  of  dispatches  in  1886  was  8,549,860,  which  contested  the  succession  to  the  tottering 

of  which  one  lourth  were  international.  Sagasta  ministry  with  the  Conservatives,  was 

PMttlcal  CilfllSt — ^The  Sagasta  ministry  found  disrupted  in  the  spring  by  the  secession  of 
itself  compelled  in  1888,  to  do  something  to  Lopez  Dominguez,  the  founder  of  the  party, 
redeem  its  ple<lges  in  regard  to  the  long-prom-  and  of  his  powerful  military  following,  leaving 
iaed  political  reforms,  lest  it  should  be  over-  its  parliamentary  leader,  Romero  y  Robledo, 
tnmed  by  tbe  Democrats,  although  at  the  im-  at  the  head  of  a  remnant  that  was  no  better 
minent  risk  of  defeat  through  the  defection  of  than  a  political  group.  Gren.  Lopez  Domin- 
the  Ministerial  Right.  The  Minister  of  Justice  guez  organized  a  new  group,  called  by  the 
accordingly  brought  in  a  bill  to  introduce  trial  name  of  Monarchical  Democrats,  to  advocate 
by  jury.  Canovas  del  Castillo  met  it  with  a  the  old  programme  which  Romero  y  Robledo 
proposition  to  raise  the  grain  duties,  asserting  had  not  faithfully  observed, 
that  the  agricultural  crisis  demanded  the  first  The  ministerial  crisis  had  lasted  almost  a 
a^ention.  The  Conservative  bill  to  impose  a  year  when  the  resignation  of  tbe  Cabinet  took 
supplementary  duty  on  cereals  was  defeated  in  place  as  tbe  result  of  a  trivial  question  of  mili- 
Congress  on  January  9,  by  138  votes  against  tary  etiquette.  The  Queen  had  left  Madrid  for 
60.  In  February  the  party  in  power  was  up-  an  excursion  to  Valencia,  which  the  Minister 
held  by  Castelar,  the  leader  of  the  Possibilists  of  Justice  insisted  on  her  making  according  to 
or  Conservative  Republicans,  in  a  great  speech  the  published  arrangement,  lest  the  postpone- 
in  which,  without  formally  renouncing  Repub-  ment  should  be  construed  as  a  sign  of  fear  of 
licanism,  he  accepted  the  existing  frame  of  tbe  Zorillist  Republicans,  who  had  convoked  a 
government,  including  the  union  of  Church  mass  meeting  in  the  same  city.  The  Infanta 
and  state,  as  the  most  suitable  for  Spain,  and  Isabel,  who  was  left  to  reprettent  her,  decided 
declared  that  as  soon  as  the  ministry  had  car-  to  take  a  journey  also,  and  informed  Gen. 
ried  out  its  scheme  of  Democratic  reforms  he  Martinez  Campos  that  her  sister,  the  Infanta 
would  bid  farewell  to  public  life  and  devote  Eulalie,  would  give  out  the  military  watch- 
his  remaining  years  to  a  "  History  of  Spain."  word.  The  Military  Governor  of  Madrid  re- 
The  official  corruption  and  despotic  misnile  of  plied  that  the  married  infanta  was  nut  legally 
the  colonies,  especially  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  competent  to  perform  that  office,  and  that  it 
afforded  Gen.  Salamanca — whose  appointment  was  impossible,  according  to  military  rules,  for 
as  Governor-General  of  Cuba  had  been  can-  him  to  receive  the  parole  from  her  husband, 
celed^-and  the  opponents  of  the  Government  Prince  Antonio,  Due  de  Montpensier,  who  was 
an  opportunity  to  charge  the  ministers  with  only  a  captain  in  rank.  The  Minister  of  War, 
apathy,  weakness,  and  indifierence  to  official  who  was  not  on  goo<l  terms  with  tbe  Captain- 
immorality,  and  to  condemn  as  futile  a  com-  General,  sent  a  brusque  telegram  ordering  him 
mission  that  was  appointed  to  investigate  col-  to  receive  the  pass- word  from  the  Princess  £u- 
onial  administrations ;  yet  the  discussion  of  lalie,  whereupon  Gen.  Campos  offered  his  res- 
colonial  wrongs  awakened,  as  ever,  very  little  ignation.  All  attempts  to  accommodate  the 
interest.  The  Protectionist  agitation  caused  quarrel  failed,  and  as  the  msjority  of  the  Cabi- 
the  greatest  difficulties  that  the  ministry  had  net  sided  with  the  Captain-General,  Gen.  Cas- 
to  contend  with.  The  commercial  and  agri-  sola  and  the  ministers  who  had  supported  his 
cultural  crisis  was  made  use  of  by  politicians,  view  resigned  their  portfolios.  Sefior  Sagasta 
who  organized  an  Agrarian  League,  at  the  handed  in  the  resignation  of  the  entire  Cabinet 


I" 


746  SPAIN. 

to  the  Queen  Regent,  who  requested  hiro  to  and  bHng  the  matter  before  the  Cortes  in  a 
form  a  new  ministry.    In  the  reconstructed  revised  form.    Bnc  immediately  afterward  the 
Cabinet  the  Marques  de  la  Vega  de  Armijo,  Premier  was  goaded  by  the  Opposition  into  in 
who  was  Minister  of  the  Exterior  in  1881-^83,  announcement  that  Cassola^s  biU  and  all  other 
resumed  that  otfice,  Seflor  Moret,  who  had  held  unfinished  legislation  would  be  revised.    Gen. 
the  portfolio,  exchanging  it  for  that  of  the  In-  O^Ryan  tendered  his  resignation.    At  the  elec- 
terior.      Seflores    Puigcerver,   Martinez,    and  titm  of  the  Budget  Committee,  the  diseentieot 
Rodriguez,  remained  at  the  head  of  the  Minis-  Liberals  and  Protectionists    who  follow  the 
tries  of  Finance,  Justice,  and  Marine.    Sefior  lead  of  Gamazo  and  Montero  Rios,  carried  two 
Ruiz  Capdepon  entered  the  Cabinet  as  Minister  fifths  of  the  seats,  and    were  only  prevented 
of  the  Colonies,  and  Sefior  Canalejas  y  Mendez  from  gaining  a  majority  by  groups  of  the  rep- 
as  Minister  of  Commerce.    Gen.  Cassola  was  lar  Opposition,  notably  the  followers  of  Caste- 
succeeded  as  Minister  of  War  by  Gen.  O^Ryan,  lar  and  Romero  y  Robledo,  who  came  to  the 
the  director  of  infantry,  who  had  never  before  support  of  the  ministry.      Sefior  Sagasti,  in 
held  a  political  ofiSce.  consequence  of  this  moral  defeat,  on  December 
The  question  of  military  reform  brought  the  8  placed  the  resignations  of  all  the  members  of 
generals  again  to  the  front  in  Spanish  politics,  the  Cabinet  in  the  hands  of  the  Queen,  who 
destroying  the  discipline  which  had  been  oulti-  invited  him  to  constitute  another  ministry, 
vated  since  the  accession  of  Alfonso  XII.     A  Gen.  O^Ryan  and  Sefiores  Moret,  Alonso  Mtr* 
Democratic  reform  of  the  army  was  the  de-  tinez,  and  Puigcerver,  were  determined  not  to 
mand  of  the  progressive  wing  of  the  Ministerial  resume  ofiice.    The  Minister  of  Marine,  who 
party,  which  was  led  by  Martos,  President  of  had  sustained  the  course  of  Gen.  O^Ryan,  also 
the  Chamber,  and  represented  in  the  Cabinet  retired.     The  list  of  the  new  nunistry  was 
by  Moret,  Puigcerver,  Capdepon,  and  Canale-  published  on  December  10.     The  Marqnes  de 
Jas.     For  fiscal,  as  well  as  for  political  and  la  Vega  de  Arm\jo,  retained  the  portfolio  of 
military  reasons,   it  was  desirable  to  reduce  Foreign  Affairs,  and  Sefior  Canalejas  ronained 
the  peace  establishment  wliich  has  an  officer  Minister  of  Commerce.    Sefior  Ruiz  Capdepon 
for  every  half-dozen  soldiers.    Gen.  Cassola  took  the  portfolio  of  the  Interior,  being  nc- 
elaborated  a  plan  which  wa^  under  discussion  ceeded  as  Minister  of  the  Colonies  by  Sefior 
for  a  full  year.    It  met  with  such  opposition  Becerra.    The  other  new  Ministers  w^%  V^- 
that  he  was  driven  from  office  before  the  nancio  Gonzalez,  of  the  Department  of  Fi- 
Cortes  could  come  to  a  decision.    Gen.  Lopez  nance;    Count    Xiquena,    Minister  of  War; 
Dominguez  and  Gen.  Martinez  Campos  had  Gen.  Chinchilla,  Minister  of  War;  and  Ad- 
other  plans  of  reform.    The  Government  ere-  miral  Arias,  Minister  of  Marine, 
ated  a  dangerous  situation  by  announcing  just       LegfalatlM. — Among  the  reforms  promised  bj 
before  the  separation  of  the  Cortes  in  July  the  the  Sagasta  ministry  were  trial  by  jury,  dnl 
intention  of  enacting  reforms  by  royal  decree  marriage,  and  universal  military  service.    The 
during  the  recess.    Gen.  O^Ryan  who  was  ex-  biU  introducing  jury  trials  was  passed,  and  was 
pected  to  carry  out  Cassola^s  scheme,  inclined  signed  by  the  Queen-Regent  in  March,  1888. 
rather  to  that  of  Martinez  Campos,  which  was  The  civil-marriage  law,  which  was  framed  with 
a  virtual  abandonment  of  army  regeneration,  the  design  of  meeting  all  the  objections  of  the 
The  army  officers  divided  into  parties  support-  Clericals,  fails  entirely  to  satisfy  the  Radicak 
ing  Cassola,  Campos,  Lopez  Dominguez,  and  The  sanction  of  the  clergy  is  as  necessary « 
the  Government  respectively.    The  friends  of  before  for  mixed  marriages,  and  free-thinkers 
Gen.  Cassola,  who  had  never  led  a  political  of  Catholic  birth  are  still  required  to  go  tfaroufh 
group  before  his  dismissal,  subscribed  money  the  religious  ceremony  in  order  to  be  legallj 
to  have  his  reform  project  printed  as  a  testi-  married,  since  the  new  law  prescribes  that  everr 
monial,  and  arranged  political  demonstrations  Catholic  must  be  married  in  charch,  and  that 
which  the  Government  attempted  to  suppress,  this  marriage  is  valid  in  all   civil  relatioaa. 
placing  officers  under  arrest  for  such  breaches  The  latter  provision  annuls  the  only  innovatioe 
of  discipline.      Gen.  Cassola  entered  into  a  in  the  new  law,  which  provides  that  a  Govern- 
coalition  with  Gen.  Lopez  Dominguez,  whose  ment  official  shall  be  present  at  the  ceremony, 
persistent  agitation  for  army  reform  had  com-  whose  duty  it  is  to  have  the  marriage  properly 
pelled  Sagasta  to  promise  such  a  measure,  and  registered,  because  the  marriage  is  legal  even  if 
who  had  demanded  a  more  radical  reform  than  the  registration  is  for  any  reason  evaded.   The 
was  embodied  in  the  bills  of  Gen.  Cassola  and  principle  of  the  bill  was  agreed  npon  in  nego* 
his  predecessor,  Gen.   Castillo.     The  Demo-  tiations  between  the  Government  and  the  Vati- 
cratic  members  of  the  Cabinet  urged  the  pro-  can  before  it  was  presented  to  the  Cortea,  and 
mulgation   of  reform  measures  by  Executive  when  a  paragraph  was  added  to  the  effect  that 
orders,  but  were  defeated  in  a  Cabinet  council  marriages  of  Spanish  subjects  abroad  could  be 
on  October  21,  when  it  was  decided  to  call  the  contracted  accorduig  to  the  custom  of  Uie  ooon- 
Cortes  together  in  November,  and  re-submit  try  in  which  they  take  place  the  Yatioan  ob- 
the  project  for  legislative  action.    After  the  jected,  and  it  was  stricken  out. 
opening  of  the  Cortes,  a  conference  whs  held        The  biU  introducing  trial  by  jury  was  agreed 
with  all  interested  parties,  at   which  it  was  to  by  both  Houses  on  March  26.     The  jury  law 
decided  to  withdraw  the  military  reform  bill,  withholds  for  the  present  from  the  jories about 


SPAIN.  747 

thirty  oriixies  and  punishable  offenses,  or  two  place  in  the  Eiiropoan  councils,  partly  with 
thirds   of  the  entire  number  on  the  statute-  the  obiect  of  attracting  the  good  will  of  Spain 
books.     The  election  of  jurors  was  fixed  for  and  of  gaining  her  moral  support  or  definite 
JaDuarj,  1889,  and  the  juries  will  begin  their  adhesion  to  the  Central  Earopeao  league,  and 
functions  throughout  the  kingdom  in  the  fol-  partly  in  order  to  enable  her  to  assert  Iter  pre- 
lowing  April.    The  establishment  of  trial  by  tensions  to  Morocco,   and   thus  prevent  the 
jury  is  regarded  with  great  satisfaction  by  the  French  and  English  from  establishing  them- 
majority  of  Spaniards  because  the  administra-  selves  in  that  country,  and  gaining  control  of 
tion  of  justice  by  judges  who  are  the  creatures  the  road  to  the  Suez  Canal.    In  1881  Germany 
of  politicians  has  been  often  scandalously  par-  invited  Spain  to  take  part  in  the  conference 
tial   and  has  brought  the  law  and  the  courts  of  the  great  powers  for  the  regulation  of  the 
into  contempt.  Suez  Canal.     Spanish  pride  and    antipathy. 
In  the  financial  legislation  for  1888,  Seflor  especially  on  the  part  of  the  Liberals,  toward 
Pai^cerver  was  called  upon  to  obtain  a  larger  the  ** hereditary  foe  of  the  Latin  nations'*  de- 
revenue,  and  at  the  same  time  to  remit  a  part  feated  the  purpose  of  the  patronizing  ccurt- 
of  the  land-tax  in  order  to  relieve  the  agricult-  esies.    The  consequences  of  the  indiscreet  nom- 
nral  depression  caused  by  the  fall  in  the  prices  ination  of  Alfonso  XII  to  the  colonelcy  of  the 
of  ^rain  and  diminished  exports  of  cattle.   Heavy  Uhlan  regiment  in  Strasburg,  and,  the  feeling 
tax^  on  imported  spirits  met  the  approval  of  all  roused  by  the  Caroline  Islands  dispute,  cause<i 
the  chambers  of  commerce,  as  they  served  the  the  Government  to  abandon  the  purpose  of 
double  purpose  of  incr^ing  the  receipts  of  the  raising  the  Berlin  legation  to  the  rank  of  an 
treasury  and  of  discouraging  the  manufacture  embassy  after  the  visit  of  the  German  Crown- 
of  artificial  wine,  and  thus  promoting  vine-cult-  Prince  in  1885,  although  the  permission  of  the 
nre.     The  spirits  used  in  imitation  and  forti-  Cortes  had  been  obtained,  lest  it  should  he 
Ged  wines  are  mostly  German  potato  brandy,  construed  as  a  sign  of  a  political  treaty.    The 
The  new  tax  is  a  consumption  duty  on  all  spir-  allied  monarchical  powers  are  especially  inter- 
its,  foreign  and  domestic,  ranging  from  80  pe-  ested  in  preventing  the  establishment  of  a  re- 
setas  per  hectolitre  for  qualities  containing  public  in  Spain,  and  since  1885  a  secret  agree- 
less  than  60  per  cent,  of  pure  alcohol  to  120  ment  for  this  end  has  subsisted  between  them. 
pesetas  for  these  above  80  per  cent.    The  wine-  The  matter  of  raising  the  rank  of  ministers  to 
powers  demanded  the  prohibition  of  imports,  that  of  ambassadors  was  allowed  to  res^t  until 
and  in  their  interest  the  Cortes  passed  a  law  1887,  when  Spain  called  the  Morocco  confer- 
against  the  manufacture  of  spurious  wines,  in  ence,  where  it  was  desirable  that  she  should 
pursuance  of  which  many  factories  were  close<l  appear  as  a  great  power.    The  authorization 
and   the  manufactured  stock  was  destroyed,  of  the  Cortes  was  obtnined,  and  by  the  royal 
In  attempting  to  collect  the  new  tax  on  spirits  decree  of  Dec.  27,  1887,  the  ministries  at  Ber- 
the  revenue  ofiicials  encountered  in  all  the  lin,  London,  Vienna,  and  Rome  were  changed 
large  towns  the  resistance  of  the  distillers,  who  into  embassies.    In  January,  1888,  the  repre- 
organized  indignation  meetings  and  appointed  sentatives  of  these  four  great  powers  at  Madrid 
a  committee  to  arrange  with  the  Government  presented  their  credentials  as  ambassadors, 
for  changes  in  the  law.     At  Tarragona,  where        It  was  the  opposite  of  a  rapprochement  with 
there  are  large  distilleries,  the  populace  rose  Germany  that  Sefior  Moret  and  his  colleagues 
against  the  police  and  revenue  collectors,  stoned  had  in  view  when  they  invested  Spain  with  the 
them,  and  raised  barricades.    To  prevent  se-  outward  rank  of  a  great  power.    They  hoped 
nous  disturbances  the  Government  suspended  to  see  their.country  take  the  lead  in  the  Latin 
the  collection  of  the  duties.    The  largest  dis-  League,  comprising  Spain,  France,  Belgium, 
tillery  in  that  town  is  a  Swedish  concern  on  and  Italy,  with  the  Spanish  republics  of  South 
behalf  of  which  the  Swedish  Government  raised  and  Central  America,  over  which  the  suprem- 
a protest.   In  Saragossa,  Barcelona,  and  Madrid,  aoy  of  the  mother-country  w^ould  again  be  as- 
the  manufacturers,  liquor  merchants,  and  retail-  serted  when  Spain,  strengthened  by  the  acqui- 
era  refused  to  paythe  tax  on  their  stock  in  trade,  sition  of  Morocco,  should   be  restored  to  a 
and  threatened  to  close  up  their  establishments  leading  position  among  the  powers  of  Europe, 
if  the  Government  insisted  on  the  payment.  The  alliance,  which  is  the  dream  of  Spanish 
The  Minister  of  Finance  finally  yielded  and  statesmen,  is  to  be  directed  against  Germany^s 
agreed  with  the  deputations  from  Tarragona,  predominance  in  Europe  and  the  expansion  of 
Barcelona,  Kens,  and  other  cities  that  the  tax  the  Germanic  races  in  all  parts  of  the  world, 
on  pnre  alcohol  should  be  collected,  but  not  on  Count  Benomar,  the  Spanish  ambassador  at 
manufactured  wines ;  that  the  tax  on  spirits  of  Berlin,  disclosed  to  Prince  Bismarck  commu- 
all  kinds  should  be  remitted  if  the  municipal  nications  of  Anti-German  tenor,  intended  only 
authorities  of  any  town  demand  it;  and  that  for  his  own  insiructiou,  revealing  this  secret 
the  cost  of  excise  licenses  should  be  graduated  aim  of  Spanish  policy,  and  for  this  offense  was 
according  to  the  density  of  population.  abruptly  recalled  in  the  autumn  of  1888. 

EtefatiM  tea  GfMlPvwer.— Germany  has  gone       Labar-BlotB.— The  farmers  and  land-owners 

out  of  her  way  to  show  diplomatic  courtesies  to  in  the  province  of  Uuelva,  adjacent  to  the 

monarchical  Spain,  and  aimed  to  be  the  sponsor  mining  district  of  Rio  Tinto,  complained  that 

who  would  help  Spain  to  regain  her  former  the  process  of  roasting  copper-ore  in  the  open 


f 


j 


748                        SPAIN.  SUNDAY  LEGISLATION. 

air  was  ii^iurions  to  the  health  of  the  people,  containini;  a  population  of  abont  75,000;  tbe 
as  the  snlphuruiis  fames  poisoned  the  air  for  a  Mariaoa  Islands,  with  an  area  of  1,140  sqotn 
wide  distance.  The  mines  had  been  fK>ld  in  kilometres  and  a  population  of  8,665 ;  theCaro- 
1S73  for  92,800,000  pesetas  bjr  the  (rovem-  lines,  700  square  kilometres  in  extent,  with 
ment  to  an  English  company,  which  had  de-  22,000  inhabitants;  the  Palaos  Islands,  750 
veloped  an  industry  that  gave  employment  to  square  kilometres  in  extent,  with  a  popdiatka 
12,000  work-people.  The  Government  ap-  of  about  14,000  souls;  Fernando  Po,  Elobe;, 
pointed  a  commission,  and  at  the  request  of  Annobom,  and  the  territory  of  San  Juan,  on 
the  local  officials  issued  a  provisional  edict  for-  the  coast  of  Guinea,  having  an  aggregate  ant 
bidding  the  open-air  process  of  calcination  of  2,203  square  kilometres  and  68,656  inhabit- 
pending  the  investigation.  The  mining  com-  ants;  and  the  Western  Saliara,  between  C^pe 
pany  entered  a  protest,  which  was  supported  Boiador  and  Cape  Blanco,  with  the  territory 
by  the  Englhih  ambassador,  and  when  the  Gov-  of  ifhi  and  other  districts  on  tbe  west  coast  of 
ernment  declined  to  rescind  the  order  the  man-  Africa.  The  extent  and  p«>pulation  of  these 
ogers  cut  down  wages  and  discharged  a  part  of  latter  possessions  are  not  known,  except  in  the 
the  force  of  laborers.  This  led  to  a  general  case  of  the  barren  Saharan,  where  her  coast- 
strike  and  tumultuous  demonstrations.  The  line  is  1,800  kilometres,  and  her  claim  extendi 
miners  demanded  not  only  the  restoration  of  400  kilometres  into  the  interior.  The  territory 
the  old  scale  of  wages,  but  the  shortening  of  at  Ooresoo  Bay,  on  the  French  Gaboon,  is  24,- 
the  hours  of  work  in  their  deadly  occupation  960  square  kilometres  in  extent  Spain  also 
as  a  preventive  of  mortality.  The  Govern-  claims  the  little  district  of  Spri,  at  Cape  Kan. 
ment  ordered  out  the  military,  and  in  a  colli-  Tlie  strip  of  coast  in  Assab  Bay,  between  Ras 
sion  on  February  4  the  troops  were  ordered  to  Garibal  and  Kas  Macama,  on  which  there  is  i 
fire,  and  poured  a  volley  into  the  unarmed  commodious  harbor,  has  been  leased  from  Italy 
crowd.  There  were  230  persons  hit,  and  60  as  a  coaling-station  for  fifteen  years. 
were  killed,  whose  blood  ^^  sprinkled  the  min-  In  March  extensive  districts  in  tbe  SqIb 
isterial  bench.^'  Romero  Robledo  declared  in  Archipelago  were  occupied,  but  not  withoat  i 
moving  a  vote  of  censure,  which  received  only  sharp  conflict,  during  which  many  of  the  na- 
19  votes  against  176.  A  royal  decree  was  is-  tives  and  several  Spaniards  were  slain, 
sued  in  accordance  with  the  conclusions  of  the  8IJ1IDAT  LEfilSLAIIOll*  The  Roman  Empire 
commission  on  March  1  for  the  gradual  aboli-  established  religion  by  entering  into  a  contrart 
tion  before  1891  of  open-air  calcinations.  This  with  the  gods  through  its  official  repreaenta- 
k                        decision,  contravening  the  contract  with  the  tives.    Worship,  therefore,  consisted  of  cere 

company  and  the  law  of  Dec.  17,  1878,  it  is  monies,  prayers,  sacrifices,  and  games,  throni^ 

'i                       feared  will  ruin  the  industry  and  give  cause  for  which  the  people  fulfilled  their  part  of  this 

I                        claims  against  the  Government  contract.     The  state  maintained  colleiEea  of 

The  l&rwlw  EkUMUm* — An  international  sacred  lore,  which  determined  idl  matters  oob- 
industrial  exhibition,  opened  on  April  7,  1888,  nected  with  religion.  The  most  important  ot 
was  planned  on  a  large  scale,  and  proved  mod-  these  was  the  College  of  Pontifices.  The  Em- 
erately  successful  notwithstanding  the  larve  peror  stood  at  the  head  of  this  as  Pontifa 
number  of  similar  exhibitions  that  were  held  Maximus^  and  had  full  power  to  decide  ^  what 
in  Europe,  and  the  critical  economical  and  days  were  suitable  for  the  transaction  of  bust- 
political  conditions  existing  in  Spain.  ness,  public  or  private,  and  what  were  not" 
When  Queen  Ohristina  visited  the  National  The  Oriental  sim-worsbip  cultna,  Mithraicisa, 
Exhibition  at  Barcelona  in  May.,  the  naval  was  widely  prevalent  and  extremely  popokr 
powers  of  Europe  united  in  a  demonstration  in  the  Roman  Empire  about  the  beginning  of 
m  her  honor  in  the  harbor,  where  the  greater  the  Christian  era.  It  was  for  a  long  time  a 
part  of  the  Spanish  fleet  was  also  assembled,  dangerous  and  a  well-nigh  successful  cranpci- 
The  Italian  navy  was  represented  by  the  itor  for  the  controlling  religious  infloenfe 
** Italia,"  *'  Dnilio,^*  and  other  great  ships;  the  throughout  the  empire.  The  evidences  of  this 
French  by  the  **  Colbert, ^^  ^*  Amiral  Dupret,"  worship  are  still  associated  with  the  mina  <rf 
^'Courbet,"  and  other  formidable  iron-clads;  all  the  principal  ^nilitary  stations  that  spma^ 
Great  Britain  by  the  Mediterranean  squadron  up  in  the  course  of  the  Roman  conquest  ot 
under  the  commdud  of  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh ;  Europe.  The  division  of  days  into  judicial  and 
Austria- Hungary  by  an  imposing  detachment;  non-judicial  was  an  established  custom  under 
Germany  by  the  ^' Kaiser  ^^;  and  the  United  the  original  pagan  cultus  of  the  empire.  This 
States,  Russia,  the  Netherlands,  and  Portugal  custom  was  enlarged  and  intensified  by  tlie 
by  representatives  from  their  respective  fleets,  influence  of  Mithraicism,  in  which  the  aon'i 
Cokinles. — The  colonial  possessions  of  Spain  day  occupied  a  prominent  place.  Even  before 
comprise  Cuba,  witli  118,888  square  kilometres  the  age  of  Augustus  the  number  of  days  on 
of  territory  and  1,521,684  inhabitants;  Porto  which  no  trials  could  ti^e  place  at  Roaie,be- 
Rioo,  with  an  area  of  0,620  square  kilometres  cause  of  reverence  to  the  gods  to  whom  tbeae 
and  754,818  inhabitants  in  1880;  the  Philip-  days  were  consecrated,  had  beoome  a  means 
pine  Islands,  having  an  area  of  298,726  square  by  which  wealthy  criminals  evaded  justiee; 
kilometres  and  5,559,020  inhabitants;  theSuln  and  Suetonius  sets  it  down  as  a  praisewortbj 
Islands,  2,456  square  kilometres  in  extent,  and  act  on  the  part  of  Augustus  that  he  rejeeted 


SUNDAY  LEGISLATION.  749 

thirtj  days  from  that  number  in  order  that  festivals,  tinder  Thorsby,  Archbishop  of  York, 
bosiness  might  not    be  impeded  and  crime  in  1357  a.  d.;  while  ^^  unlawfnl  games  on  San- 
might  not  go  onpunished.     The  ferial  system  duysandotber  festivals'' were  prohibited  under 
also  incladed  the  forbidding  of  various  kinds  Henry  lY  in  1409  a.  d.    Fairs  and  markets, 
of  labor  on  the  days  consecrated  by  religious  which  evidently  increased  rather  than  dimin- 
observances.    Tbis  system  and  these  practices  ished,  were  especially  inveighed  against  nnder 
antedate  Christianity.  Henry  YI  in  1448.     The  sale  of  goods  by 
Constantine,  like   his   predecessors,  was  a  ^^  cobblers  and  cordwainers  in  the  city  of  Lon- 
devotee  of  the  sun  god,  and  he  favored  all  in>  don,''  excepting  in  certain  localities,  was  for- 
floences  and  used  all  measures  to  establish  bidden  *^on  Sunday  and  other  festivals,"  in 
himself  as  supreme  ruler.    While  he  was  thus  1464.    In  1547,  nnder  Edward  YI,  more  strin- 
Btraggling  for  the  supremacy,  Sunday  legisla-  gent  regulations  concerning  religious  worship 
tion  first  appeared  (821  A.  D.).    The  pagan  char-  on  Sunday  were  introduced.    In  1552  he  is- 
acter  of  this  first  legislation  is  shown  by  the  sued  ^*  an  act  for  the  keeping  holy  dnys  and 
law  and  its  associations.    There  is  nothing  in  fast  days,"  which  included  a  large  number  of 
contemporaneous  history  to  indicate  that  such  days  and  made  many  strict  prohibitions.    The 
legislation  was  desired  or  sought  by  the  oeople  **  Injunctions  of  Elizabeth  "  created  a  stricter 
of  the  empire  or  by  any  class  thereof.    6n  tbe  legislation,  and  made  special  provision  for  the 
contrary,  everything  shows  that  these  edicts  appointment  of  ^^  discreet  men  to  see  that  all 
aprung  from  tbe  will  of  the  Emperor  alone,  the  parishioners  duly  resort  to  their  churches 
In  886  A.  D.  legislation  was  renewed,  forbid-  upon  Sundays  and  all  holy  days,"  and  to  punish 
ding  shows  and  litigation  on  Sunday,  and  then,  neglect  thereof.    The  spreacl  of  the  Puritanic 
for  the  first  time,  the  term  ^*  Lord's  Day,"  was  element  in  England,  which  urged  this  stricter 
used  as  tbe  counterpart  of  Sunday.  legislation,  was  opposed    by  the   *^  Book  of 
In  the  middle  ages  almost  all  questions  of  Sports,"  first  published  by  James  I  in  1618, 
reHgioas  duty  and  of  ecclesiastical  organization  and  republished  by  Charles  I  in  1688.    This 
-were  subject  to  civil  control.    The  ecclesias-  declaration  set  aside  much  of  the  stricter  legis- 
tloo-civil  authority  claimed  tbe  prerogative  of  lation  that  preceded  it,  and  favored  the  ruder 
legislating  on    religious  questions,   after  the  and  irreligious  habits  of  the  masses. 
manner  of  the  Jewish  theocracy.    Hence  there  The  Sunday  legislation  in  England  that  was 
are  several  points  of  analogy  between  the  Sun-  peculiarly  Puritanic,  dates  from  1640  to  1660. 
day  legislation  of  the  middle  ages  and  the  Sab-  The  Sunday  laws  passed  during  the  Puritan 
Im^  legislation  of  the  Mosaic  period.    Legisla-  supremacy,  were  at  once  civil  enactments  and 
tion  fixed  sacred  time  from  noon  on  Saturday  theological  treatises.    In  strictness  of  require- 
Dntil  snnrise  on  Monday ;  and  during  the  lat-  ment,  extent  of  application,  special  features, 
ter  part  of  the  middle-age  period  those  who  regulations,  and  provisions,  these  laws  are  in 
dared  to  disobey  such  requirements  were  co«  strong  contrast  with  nearly  all  that  preceded 
^roed  by  additional  commands,  which,  it  was  them.    They  form  a  curious  and  interesting 
claimed,  were  furnished  by  direct  interposi-  epoch  in  the  history  of  Sunday  legislation. 
tion  of  Heaven.  They  are  prefaced  by  the  complaint  that  Snn- 
The  Saxon  legislation  was  much  like   the  day  was  little  regarded  as  a  sacred  day,  and 
oiiddle-age  legislation  of  Southern  Europe.    It  was  wickedly  desecrated  by  business  and  reo- 
bcHgan  as  early  as  688  a.  d.  under  Ina,  King  of  reation.     They  forbade  all  secular  business, 
Wessex.    It  divided  the  punishment  for  work-  traveling,   and  recreation,  in    careful    detail. 
in^  on  Sunday  between  the  slave,  the  master  They  specified  minutely  in  all  particulars,  and 
irho  required  work  of  him,  and  the  freeman  instituted  a  rigid  system  of  police  supervision 
irho  worked  from  his  own  choice.    The  sacred  and  of  punishment.    The  dates  of  the  long  and 
dme  sometimes  began  with  sunset  on  Saturday  prominent    laws  under  Cromwell  are  1644, 
ind   ended  with  sunset  on  Sunday,  known  as  1650,   and   1656.    In  connection  with  these 
^^  Monday  eve."    In  some  instances,  as  under  laws,  and  in  the  more  stringent  laws  enacted 
Edgar,  959-975  a.  d.,  it  extended  from  noon  before  and  after  the  Cromwellian  supremacy, 
on  Saturday  until  daylight  on  Monday.  excise  regulations  concerning  drinking-shops 

The  English  Sunday  laws  were  a  continua-  were  prominent. 
tion  and  expansion  of  the  Saxon  laws,  and,  Sunday  legislation  in  Scotland  appeared  un- 
like these,  were  the  product  of  the  original  der  James  I  in  1424 ;  the  main  feature  of  tbe 
Roman  legislation.  In  1281,  under  Edward  I,  first  law  being  a  requirement  that  all  men 
an  attempt  was  made  to  eliminate  the  Jewish  practice  themselves  in  archery  in  connection 
theocratic  idea.  The  showing  of  wool  in  the  with  their  attendance  upon  parish  churches  on 
market  was  forbidden  under  Edward  III  in  "  holy  days,"  under  penalty  of  fine.  This  was 
1354.  Islip,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  in  the  interest  of  military  service.  In  1469, 
1359  enlarged  the  prohibitions  and  require-  under  James  III,  special  legislation  forbade 
ments  with  reference  to  Sunday  and  other  moving,  collecting  of  rents,  etc.,  on  holy  days, 
church-appointed  days.  Marketing,  and  fairs  Next  came  the  forbidding  of  fairs  and  markets, 
for  the  sale  of  goods,  which  seem  to  have  been  in  1503.  From  this  time  Sunday  legislation 
held  in  and  about  church-buildings  and  ceme-  increased  in  strictness,  being  in  its  general 
teries,  were  forbidden  on  Sunday  and  other  characteristics  like  that  of  England,  and  allied 


i 


750  SUNDAY  LEGISLATION. 

to  that  of  the  Cromwellian  period.    This  leg-  The  first  draft  of  oertain  laws  for  this  colony 

islatioQ  also  included  ^'  legal  fast  days/'  as  made  *^  profaning  the  Lord^s  Day,  in  a  carelea 

early  as  1698.    Many  of  these  Scotch  laws  are  or  scornful  neglect  or  contempt  thereof,^  a 

still  in  force.  capital  crime.      This  form    of  the  Uw  wts 

The  first  Sunday  law  in  America  was  en-  erased  from  the  code  as  finally  adopted.   In 

acted  in  Virginia,  previous  to  1628.    It  pun-  1679  the  General  Court  at  Boston  set  a  q)edal 

ished  absence  from  church  service  on  Sunday,  guard  '^  from  sunset  on  Saturday  night  antit 

without  excuse,  by  the  forfeiture  of  fifty  pounds  nine  of  the  clock  or  after,  between  the  fortifi- 

of  tobacco.    But  the  representative  and  most  cation  and  the  town's  end,''  with  insuncdoos 

important  type  of  Sunday  legislation  during  nottopermitanycart,  footman,  or  horsemsn  to 

the  colonial  period,  appeared  in  the  New  Eng-  pass  out  of  the  town,  except  upon  such  neces* 

laud  colonies.    The  early  government  of  these  sity  as  the  guard  deemed  suflScient     Those 

colonies  was  theocratic,  after  the  Jewish  model;  who  disregarded  the  challenge  of  the  giurd 

and  all  Sunday  legislation  was  analogous  to,  or  were  proceeded  against  as  ^^  Sabbath-breaken.'' 

identical  with,  the  Mosaic  legislation  concern-  Sunday  legislation  in  the  New  Haven  Colooj 

ing  the  Sabbath  (Saturday).    This  legislation  began  in  1647.   It  forbade  all  work  from  sans^t 

began  in  the  Plymouth  Oolony  as  early  as  1660,  to  sunset,  with  punishment  according  to  the 

previous  to  which  time  the  common  law  of  judgment  of  the  court.     About  this  time,  aim, 

England  was  regnant  in  the  colonies.    All  this  profaning  Sunday,  ^^  either   by  sinful,  serrile 

colonial  legislation  was  emphatically  religious,  work,  unlawful  sports,  or  careless  neglect,  wis 

The  usual  punishments  were  fine,  imprison-  punished  by  fine,  imprisonment,  or  whipping,'' 

ment,  whipping,  caging,  and  setting  in  the  and  upon  evidence  that  the  ^*  sin  was  proc^j, 

stocks.    This  legislation  forbade  servile  work,  presumptuously,  and  with  a  high  hand  com- 

and  even  the  simplest  forms  of  recreation,  not  mitted,  against  the  known   anthoritj  of  tbe 

excepting   ^*  walking  in  the  streets  or  fields  blessed  God,  such  a  person  therein  disobejing 

after  sunset  on  Saturday  night,  and  before  and  reproaching  the  Lord  shall  be  put  to  dMtk, 

sunset  on  Sonday."    It  also  required  attend-  that  all  others  may  fear  and  shun  such  pro- 

ance  on  such  public  worship  as  was  legally  yoking  and  rebellious  courses."    In  the  colonj 

established,  and   forbade   all  other.     Police  of  Connecticut  there  were  at  first  no  spedil 

regulations  were  rigidly  enforced.    Sunday  ex-  statutes  concerning  Sunday.    The  code  of  1650 

cise  legislation  began  in  the  Plymouth  Colony  punished  burglary  or  theft,  *^  in  the  fields  or  Id 

as  early  as  1662.    By  a  law  enacted  in  that  the  house,  on  the  Lord's  Day,"  by  thelo»of 

year  at  Plymouth,  those  having  occasion  to  one  ear  for  the  first  offense,  and  the  second  etr 

travel,  **  in  case  of  danger  of  death,  or  such  for  the  second  offense.    For  the  third  offeiaa 

necessitous  occasion,"  were  to  receive  a  ticket  *^  he  shall  be  put  to  death.'^    These  require- 

from  one  appointed  for  that  purpose,  without  ments  were  often  repeated, 'being  enlarged  or 

which  the  traveler  was  liable  to  arrest  by  any  changed  in  minor  particulars, 

person.    Servile  work  and  sports  were  also  Sunday  legislation  in  the  colony  of  Rhode 

forbidden  on  days  of  public  fasting,  prayer.  Island  was  less  severe  than  in  those  alreadj 

and  thanksgiving.    In  1665,  in  the  Plymouth  noticed ;  but  there  was  a  general  probibiiion 

Colony,  sleeping  in  church*  was  forbidden,  un-  of  labor,  gaming,  shooting,  drinking,  etc    Id 

der  penalty  of  being  admonished  for  the  first  the  oolony  of  New  Netherlands  (New  York)  in 

f[                       offense,  set  in  the  stocks  for  the  second,  and  1647,  the  dictator  issued  a  proclamation  against 

!|                       being  reported  to  the  court  for  further  pun-  ^^  Sabbath -breaking,   brawling,   and  dnmken- 

j                       isbment  if  this  did  not  reclaim.    In  1669  sleep-  ness."  In  the  colony  of  Pennsylvania  the  early 

I                       ing  and  playing  outside  the  building,  and  near  Sunday  legislation  was  much  more  lenient  than 

,1                      the  meeting-liouse,  were  also  forbidden,  under  in  New  England.    Virginia  led. in  Sunday  kf- 

ij                       penalty.     A  fine  of  twelve-pence  was  inflicted  islation,  although  that  legislation  never  reaebel 

d                       upon  ^*  any  person  or  persons  that  shall  be  such  extreme  features  as  were  common  in  Nev 

ll                      found  smoking  of  tobacco  on  the  Lord's  Day,  England.    The  Sunday  laws  of  New  England 

^                       going  to  or  coming  from  the  meetings,  within  were  not  a  dead  letter ;  many  examples  of 

two  miles  of  the  meeting-house."  punishment  for  *'  Sabbath-breaking  "  are  on 

The  first  Sunday  legislation  in  the  Massa-  record,  while  the  migority  of  cases  were  tried 

chuaetts  Bay  Colony  was  in  1629.    This  or-  in  the  lower  courts,  concerning  which  norw- 

t                      dered   the  cessation  of  all  labor  on  **  every  ord  remains. 

Saturday  throughout  the  year,  at  three  of  the  The  Sunday  laws  of  the  colonial  period  passed 

clock  in  the  afternoon,"  and  the  spending  of  into  the  legislation  of  the  States,  but  in  most 

the  rest  of  that  day  in  **  catechizing  and  prepa-  instances  were  considerably  modified.    Natn- 

ration  for  the  Sabbath,  as  the  ministers  shall  rally  the  Eastern  States,  where  colonial  infla- 

direct."    In  1644,  among  the  answers  of  the  ences  had  been  strongest,  retained  more  of  the 

|!                       reverend  elders  to  certain  questions  propounded  rigid  features  of  the  earlier  lawsw    The  iodn- 

I                       to  them,  they  agreed  that  ^^  any  sin  committed  ences  connected  with  the  Revolutionary  War 

I                       with  a  high  hand,  as  the  gathering  of  sticks  on  diminished  religious  regard  for  Sunday  in  no 

the  Sabbath-day,  may  be  punished  with  death,  small  degree,  and  the  stricter  features  were 

when  a  lesser  punishment  might  serve  for  gradually  eliminated  from  subsequent  legisU- 

gathering  sticks  privily  and  in  some  need."  tion.    The  Sunday  laws  of  the  Western  aod 


SUNDAY  LEGISLATION.  751 

Southwestern  States  are  slight  in  extent  and  since  State  legislation  is  of  little  value,  while 
iDild  in  reqairements,  when  compared  with  the  nation,  in  its  corporate  capacity  through 
earlier  legislation.    This  is  still  more  marked  the  Post-Office  Department  and  otherwise,  con- 
iQ  the  Territories.    Arizona  has  no  Sunday  tinues  *^  to  he  the  greatest  Sahhath- breaker '' ; 
laws,   and  Colorado   and   Wyoming  scarcely  that  State  laws  against  commerce  and  travel- 
more  than  fragments ;  while  the  former  law  of  ing  are  insufficient,  and  hence  Sunday  legisla- 
Calit'ornia,  though  mild,  was  wholly  repealed  tion  must  continue  to  be  a  failure,  unless  Con- 
in  1883.    Louisiana  had  no  Sunday  law  until  gress  assumes  control  of  all  such  matters,  under 
1886,  and  the  original  law  of  Massachusetts  the  general  provisions  of  the  interstate  corn- 
was  so  amended  in  1887  as  to  make  it  extremely  merce  act.    The  history  of  this  movement  in- 
liberal.    In  general,  the  Sunday  laws  forbid  dudes  two  prominent  features.    It  involves 
ordinary  employment — works  of  necessity  and  more  extended  efforts,  and   more  nearly  na- 
mercy  excepted — and  in  a  greater  or  letts  de-  tional  organization  in  its  favor,  among  the  re- 
^*ee,  sporting,  gaming,  fishing,  and  hunting,  ligious  people  of  the  United  States  than  any 
Bat  the  legal  status  of  Sunday  in  the  States  is  similar  movement  in  the  history  of  the  nation. 
Tery  different  from  the  actual  For  many  years  Through  their  efforts,  the  "  the  workingmen," 
past,  the  Sunday  laws  have  been  nearly  or  so-called,  and  especially  representative  organi- 
^oite  inoperative.    Aside  from  excise  legisla-  zations  in  which  these  are  combined,  are  peti- 
tion,  little  is  done  to  enforce  existing  laws,  tioning  Congress  for  the  passage  of  the  bill. 
All  serious  efforts  to  do  so,  even  against  liquor-  The  friends  of  this  movement  claim  that  the 
selling,  have,  in  most  instances,  been  check-  Roman  Catholics  of  the  United  States  have 
mated  by  the  attempt  to  enforce  the  provisions  united  with  Protestants  in  sapport  of  the  Blair 
ai^ainst  traveling,  and  other  secular  occupations  Bill.    Those  who  advocate  its  passage  on  re- 
that  have  become  almost  universal.    Thus  op-  ligious  grounds,  insist  that  they  do  not  wish 
posed,  those  who  have  sought  to  enforce  the  to  deal  with  religion  directly,  but  desire  the 
law  in  one  particular  have  soon  desisted,  and  passage  of  the  law  for  its  indirect  effect.    Nev- 
tiie  execution  of  the  law  has  failed.    The  his-  ertheless,  the  bill  avows  a  distinctly  religious 
tory  of  this  practical  decline  in  the  execution  character,  as  is  shown  by  its  title :  *^  A  bill  to 
of  our  Sunday  laws  shows  a  marked  change  in  secure  to  the  people  the  eigoyment  of  the 
the    public  opinion  concerning  the  religious  first  day  of  the  week,  commonly  known   as 
statoB  of  the  Sunday ;  nor  can  any  one  seeking  the  Lord^s  Day,  as  a  day  of  rest,  and  to  pro- 
Zo  analyze  the  causes  that  have  produced  the  mote  its  observance  as  a  day  of  religious  wor- 
bistory  here  outlined,  make  such  analysis  sue-  ship."    The  history  of  this  movement  also  in- 
cessfully  without  a  careful  and  extended  con-  eludes  an  unprecedented  interest  and   agita- 
sideration  of  the  religious  features  of  the  case,  tion  on  the  part  of  the  people  in  the  various 
For  more  than 'twenty  years  past  prepara-  phases  of  the  Sunday  question.     The  Blair 
'tion  has  been  made  for  an  epoch  in  the  history  Sunday-Rest  bill  expired  in  the  hands  of  the 
cf  Sunday  legislation  in  the  United  States,  Committee,  in  March,  1889. 
iv^hich  has  appeared,  definitely,  within  the  cur-        It  is  impossible  to  trace  the  results  of  Sun- 
rent  year.    The  National  Reform  Association,  day  legislation  in  detail  in  different  periods ; 
organized  to  secure  a  recognition  of  the  name  but  some  general  results  appear  in  the  snccess- 
%Dd  authority  of  God  and  Christ  in  the  na-  ive  laws.    Prominent  among  these  is  the  fact 
tional  Constitution,  has  included  in  its  mission  that  legislation  has  not  secured  religions  regard 
the  work  of  reviving  and  securing  the  better  for  Sunday.   Neither  has  legislation  been  strict- 
enforcement  of  existing  Sunday  laws,  and  the  ly  enforced  and  sustained  in  any  period  when 
enactment  of  more  stringent  ones.    The  Na-  there  was  not  high  religious  regard  for  Sunday. 
tional  Women^s  Christian  Temperance  Union  The  general  effect  has  been,  rather,  the  devel- 
has  lately  entered  into  this  movement  with  opment  of  Sunday  as  a  holiday ;  the  character 
great  zeal;  and,  still  later,  individuals  in  relig-  of  this  holiday  varying  with  the  state  of  civili- 
ions  circles  have  joined  in  the  movement,  by  zation,  refinement  and  general  culture.    The 
organizing  *^The  American  Sabbath  Union.'*  verdict  on  this  point,  as  shown  in  the  results 
In  May,  1888,  a  bill  was  introduced  into  Con-  connected  with  the  stringent  legislation  of  the 
gress  by  Senator  Blair,  of  New  Hampbliire,  Puritan  period,  both  in  Great  Britain  and  in 
proposing  national  legislation  which  forbids  all  the  United  States,  is  emphatic  and  important, 
secular  business  and  work  on  Sunday,  in  all  Such  legislation  has  always  been  lightly  re- 
places under  the  control  of  Congress,  such  as  garded  by  the  irreligious.    In  spite  of  all  strin- 
the  postal  service,  the  army  and  navy,  the  Ter-  gent  legislation,  the  strictness  required  under  the 
ritories,  and  in  interstate  commerce.    At  the  Puritan  regime  declined   rapidly  in  England, 
present  writing  this  bill  is  in  the  hands  of  a  and  steadily,  though  perhaps  a  little  less  rapid- 
committee  which  has  granted  two  public  hear-  ly,  in  the  New  England  colonies,  where  t^uch 
ings  to  the  advocates  of  the  bill,  in  one  of  legislation  passed  through  a  searching  historic 
which  the  opponents  of  the   bill   were  also  test.    In  many  instances  the  history  of  Sunday 
recognized.    This  movement  is  a  radical  de-  legislation  shows  that  enforced  abstinence  from 
parture  from  the  historical  policy  of  the  United  legitimate  business  has  increased  objectignable 
States  concerning    Sunday  legislation.      The  holidayism  on  the  part  of  the  irreligious.     An- 
friends  of  the  bill  claim  that  it  is  necessary,  other  fact  is  clearly  set  forth  in  the  history  of 


1 


752  SURGERY. 

this  legislation,  especially  in  modern  times,  poisoning,  and  similar  conditions.    It  is  chemi* 

viz.,  that  the  more  carefully  men  have  studied  cal  and  microscopic  cleanliness.     The  weak 

the  history  of  such  legislation  and  its  philoso-  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  (r^inrX  carbolic 

phy,  the  less  eager  have  they  been  in  its  sup-  acid,  and  heat  (for  the  instraments  and  dre» 

port ;  if,  indeed,  they  have  not  wholly  dis-  ings),  are  the  chief  agents  employed.    A  nev 

carded  it.     The  discussions  of  the  past  few  substance  called  creoline  is  being  tested,  and 

years,  and  in  some  instances  the  decisions  of  has  shown  excellent  results.     It  is  a  coal-Ur 

courts,  have  sought  a  new  basis  for  Sunday  product.    The  advance  in  this  connection  has 

legislation  in  the  needs  of  society  and  of  indi-  been  a  more  general  knowledge  of  its  impor* 

viduals,  apart  from  religious  considerations,  tance  and  a  more  universal  adoption  of  its  use. 

Many  now  deny  the  right  of  the  civil  law  to  AbdoHeic — In  surgery  of  the  abdomen  the 

touch  Sunday  in  any  way  as  a  religious  insti-  greatest  advance  in  medical  science  has  been 

tution,  and  admit  only  the  right  to  consider  it  made.     By  the  careful  use  of  antiseptic  meas- 

as  a  legal  holiday,  on  hygienic  and  economic  ures  the  operation  known  as  laparotomy,  or 

grounds.    See  Irmischer^s  ^^  State  and  Church  opening  the  abdominal  cavity,  is  so  free  from 

Ordinances  concerning  the  Christian  Observ-  danger  that  the  patient  is  put  to  scarcely  aoy 

ancesof  Sunday  ^*(£rlangen,  1839),  and  Lewis's  risk,  and  we  are  therefore  able  to  treat  soc- 

^^  Critical  History  of  Sunday  Legislation  from  ces^fully  and  safely  many  diseases  and  acd- 

821  to  1888  "  (New  York,  1888).  dents  that  formerly  would  have  been  ho^esai 

SDEGERT.  While  the  advance  in  the  science  The  past  three  years  have  added  little  that  is 
of  surgery  during  the  past  three  years  has  been  entirely  new  in  this  connection,  but  there  has 
great,  it  has  not  been  due  to  the  addition  of  been  great  improvement  in  operative  tech- 
many  new  ideas,  but  rather  to  the  development  nique,  and  consequently  much  better  statistiei 
of  some  already  suggested  and  partly  tested.  as  to  results. 

Itaclerliltgy. — The  study  of  bacteria,  or  the  The  most  important  operations  are :  1.  Gas- 
germs  of  disease,  has  been  pursued  vigorously,  trotomy,  or  opening  the  stomach  for  the  re- 
Many  troubles  belonging  to  the  domain  of  sur-  moval  of  foreign  bodies.  2.  Gastrorrhapbj, 
gery  are  directly  caused  by  these  organisms,  or  sewing  wounds  of  the  stomach- wall.  3. 
and  by  their  exclusion  or  destruction  preven-  Digital  dilatation  of  the  intestinal  end  of  th« 
tion  or  cure  is  accomplished.  The  following  stomach,  done  by  forcing  the  finger  throogii 
surgical  diseases  are  proved  to  be  due  to  mi-  the  opening  to  the  intestine  without  cotting 
orobes,  and  their  peculiar  forms  of  bacteria  are  (except  the  laparotomy).  The  intestine  is  in- 
so  well  known  that  the  diagnosis  can  be  made  verted  over  the  end  of  the  finger,  and  the  eon* 
from  them  alone :  The  various  forms  of  tuber-  striction  is  dilated.  This  is  done  in  cases  of 
cnlosis  or  scrofula,  septicsamia  or  pysamia,  an-  stricture  due  to  cancer  or  to  scar  foUowing 
thraz  or  malignant  pustule,  suppurative  in-  nlceration.  4.  Gastro-entefo8tc»ny,  or  joiniitf 
fiammatlon  (abscess),  gonorrhoea,  glanders,  and  the  intestine  to  the  side  of  the  stomach  and 
hydrophobia.  Many  other  diseases  are  pre-  making  a  communication  between  them,  eo 
snmed  to  have  the  same  origin,  but  we  must  that  the  food  shall  pass  through  the  new  open- 
wait  for  proof  positive.  Cancer  and  syphilis  ing.  This  is  done  for  cancer  at  the  lower  eod 
are  among  these  latter.  While  there  can  be  of  the  stomach  or  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
little  doubt  that  their  peculiar  bacteria  have  bowel.  5.  Removing  intestinal  obstmctioa, 
been  discovered,  that  fact  has  not  yet  been  which  may  be  due  to  any  one  of  severaT  cansea, 
placed  beyond  a  question.  The  antiseptic  such  as  twisting  or  knotting  of  the  bowel, 
method  is  founded  on  the  germ  theory,  and  telescoping  of  a  portion  of  the  intestine  withio 
neglect  of  it  on  the  one  hand,  or  strict  observ-  itself,  constriction  due  to  matting  together  d 
ance  on  the  other,  will  furnish  ample  proof  of  the  bowels  by  inflammation,  impaction  of  fr»r 
the  correctness  of  the  theory.  eign  bodies,  often  gaU-stones,  etc.    6.  Resec- 

AuBSthetlcs. — Many  new  substances  have  been  tion  or  removal  of  a  diseased  portion  of  the 

tested,  but  a  good  ansesthetic  has  not  been  added  intestine  in  cases  of  cancer,  gangrene,  exteo- 

to  the  list.     Cocaine  has  been  extensively  ex-  sive  wound,  typhoidal  nlceration  causing  peri* 

Eerimented  with,  and  has  proved  very  valua-  tonitis,  etc.    7.  Enterorrhaphy,  or  sewing  d 

le.     It  has  aided  greatly  in  the  study  and  wounds  of  intestine.    8.  Entero-enterostomt, 

treatment  of  diseases  of  the  eye  and  the  throat,  or  making  a  direct  communication  betweeQ 

It  is  extremely  useful  in  small  surgical  opera-  two  portions  of  the  intestine,  so  that  their 

tions  and  in  dressings.    For  instance,  abscesses,  contents  shall  pass  through  the  new  opening 

felons,  small  tumors,  etc.,  may  be  operated  and  avoid  the  intervening  diseased  part  of  the 

upon  painlessly  by  its  aid,  and  irritable  wounds  bowel.    This  is  done  in  case  of  cancer.   9. 

may  be  dressed  without  discomfort.    When  it  Abscesses  or  cystic  tumors  of  the  liver  maj  be 

can  be  employed  it  possesses  a  great  advantage,  opened  and  cured.    The  laparotomy  is  done, 

AS  its  effect  is  local  and  transient,  and  we  can  and  the  wall  of  the  abscess  or  cyst  is  sewed 

have  the  intelligent  co-operation  of  the  patient,  to  the  abdominal  wall,  and  not  opened  till  the 

ADttseptlcs. — In  general,  our  methods  of  se-  third  day.     By  that  time  firm  union  takes 

caring  an  aseptic  condition  have  not  changed,  place,  and  there  can  be  no  leakage  into  the 

By  aseptic  is  understood  freedom  from  germs  alidominal  cavity.     10.  The  gaU-madder  mtv 

of  disease    that    cause    infiammation,  blood-  be  opened  (cholecystotomy),  and  aocomola^ 


SURGERY.  753 

ds  remoyed.     Peritonitis  is  treated  ing  the  urine  enter  the  hladder,  we  can  tell 

.    Laparotomy  is  performed,  and  the  which  kidney  is  the  source  of  hsBmorrhage  or 

loved.    A  freauent  cause  of  perito-  of  pus. 

one  that  is  often  cured,  is  perfora-  Enlargement  of  the  prostate  gland,  ohstruct- 

e  vermiform  appendix,  due  to  ulcera-  ing  the  flow  of  urine  from  the  bladder,  has 

gangrene.    The  diseased  appendix  is  of  late  been  successfully  treated  by  operation, 

then  the  abdominal  cavity  is  disin-  Operations  on  the  kidney  are  not  new,  but  the 

washing,  carefully  dried,  and  closed,  results  are  much  better  than  formerly.    The 

ilso  done  in  peritonitis  from  other  removal  of  a  stone  from  the  kidney  has  be- 

Elssmorrhage  from  an  abdominal  or-  come  a  comparatively  common  operation,  and 

)wing  disease  or  accident,  mav  be  is  auite  free  from  danger.  Floating  or  movable 

Laparotomy  is  performed,  and  the  kidneys  are  replaced  and  retained  by  sutures; 

vessel  ligated.    Tumors  of  many  of  and  in  case  of  destruction  of  a  kidney  by  dis- 

is  may  be  removed,  especially  those  ease,  as  diffuse  abscess  or  cystic  degeneration  or 

terus  and  ovaries.    The  uterus  and  tuberoulaii disease,  the  unhealthy  organ  may  be 

lay  be  removeil  when  diseased.    All  removed,tne  other  kidney  carry  ing  on  the  work, 

e-named    operations  are  done   fre-  The  Brain  aid  the  Nerrais  Systea. — The  brain 

nd  with  good  results.    An  important  has  become  much  more  a  field  for  operative 

n  in  this  connection  is  the  device  surgery,  and  mortality  from  its  diseases  and 

i  Benn's  absorbable  plates,  used  for  injuries    has  been    diminished    considerably, 

•us  sewing  operations  on  the  intes-  many  cases  being  saved  by  an  operation  which 

tiey  consist  of  flat  rings  of  bone,  from  formerly  would  have  been  lost.    A  most  im- 

)  mineral  elements  have  been  removed  portant  advance  in  this  direction  is  our  enlarged 

and  are  used  as  follows :   To  each  and  imnroved  knowledge  of  what  is  known  as 

)late  four  threads  are  attached  and  cerebral  localization,  i.  e.,  determining,    by 

irough  needles.    One  plate  is  then  paralysis  and  other  nervous  phenomena  in  a 

each  end  of  the  intestine  that  is  to  g^ven  part  of  the  body,  exactly  what  part  of 

,  and  the  needles  passed  through  the  the  brain  or  spinal  cord  is  affected,  and  to 

from  the  interior  about  a  quarter  of  about  what  extent.    So  exact  has  our  knowl- 

rom  the  margin.    The  corresponding  edge  become  that  abscesses,  tumors,  inflamma- 

re  then  tied  tightly  together,  bringing  tory  changes,  bullets,  heemorrhage,  old  fract- 

layer  of  the  intestines  firmly  in  con-  ures  causingr  pressure  on  the  brain,  etc.,  can  be 

sed  together  between  the  two  rings  successfully  located  and  operated  upon.    Many 

Nature  causes  adhesion  to  take  place  parts  of  the  brain  may  be  cut  into  quite  freely 

hours,  which  gradually  becomes  a  without  producing  ill  effects.  This  has  been 
union.  The  bone  plates  are  softened,  shown  by  experiments  on  animals  and  by 
*  a  few  days,  are  discharged  through  some  remarkable  cases  of  head-injury.  By 
)ls.  This  is  a  complete  and  rapid  removing  diseased  conditions,  many  cases  of 
>f  connecting  the  parts.  The  old  epilepsy,  constant  headache,  neuralgia,  and 
it  sewing  the  ends  together  required  paralysis  have  been  cured.  The  interior  of 
to  two  and  a  half  hours,  while  this  the  skull  is  reached  by  removing  a  button- 
in  be  completed  in  about  half  an  hour,  shaped  piece  of  bone  with  a  trephine.   Tnmora 

is  cured  oy  operation,  with  little  or  have  been  removed  from  the  spinal  cord,  and 

The  proportion  of  permanent  cures  some    cases    have    been  successfully  treaty 

ly  improved,  owing  to  better  methods  where  the  bone  has  been  pressed  upon  the 

e  increased  experience  of  individual  nerve  substance  by  fracture  of  the  spinal  col- 
umn.   It  has  been    known  for  a  long  time 

tie  hns  been  added  to  our  possibili-  that  a  nerve  accidentally  divided  may  be  sewed 

nrgery  of  the  kidneys  and  bladder,  together  and  regain  its  fuU  power.    This  prac- 

lious  instrument  has  been  perfected,  tice  was  at  first  confined  to  recent  cases,  but 

the  cystoscope,  which  enables  us  to  lately  cases  of  local  paralysis  of  long  standing 

he  interior  of  the  bladder  visually  are  cured  by  this  operation, 

era  our   means  of  diagnosis   much  Beqilnitory  Oigau. — The  most  important  ad- 

fect  and  extended.    It  consists  of  a  dition  to  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  the  larynx 

;he  end  of  which  is  a  small  but  pow-  is  known  as  intubation  of  the  larynx  (O^Dwyer). 

trie  lamp  which  illuminates  the  blad-  It  is  especially  useful  in  cases  of  obstruction  of 

)  tube  is  passed  into  the  bladder,  as  a  the  larynx  due  to  diphtheria  and  membranous 

^ould  be,  and  the  oui^rent  turned  on,  croup.     It  is  now  universally  employed,  and 

ler  having  first  been  filled  with  wa-  has  greatly  reduced  the  death-rate.     It  is  a 

entire  interior   of  the   bladder  is  substitute  for  the  operation  of  tracheotomy, 

;  at  a  time,  in  a  small  mirror  at  the  consisting  in  placing  a  very  perfectly  shaped 

be  tube.    A  telescope  in  the  tube  and  sized  tube  in  the  larynx,  through  the  natn- 

the  image  to  about  the  actual  size,  ral  opening.    This  forms  a  metallic  lining  to 

ilcerations,  encysted  stones,  etc.,  can  the  larynx,  through  which  the  patient  breathes, 

which  could  not  be  detected  other-  The  tube  can  be  retained  several  days,  and  is 

out  opening  the  bladder.  By  watch-  not  removed  nntil  the  disease  baa  subsided, 
ti..  xxvuL — 48  A 


\ 


I 


754  SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY. 

Tamon  of  the  larynx  are  frequently  remoyed  87,681,000  kronor.  The  ordinary  reoMpts  are 
by  making  an  incision  through  the  front  of  the  made  np  of  4,435,000  kronor  from  land-Uxea, 
organ,  which  is  afterward  closed.  Complete  2,700,000  kronor  from  farmed  domains,  1,800,- 
removal  of  the  larynx  for  cancer  has  been  done  000  kronor  from  forests,  1,200,000  kronor  from 
SDCcessfally  in  a  sufficient  namber  of  instances  tonnage  dues,  6,000,000  kronor  net  remp 
to  prove  it  to  be  a  justifiable  operation  in  ex-  from  railways,  1,200,000  kronor  from  ld^ 
oeptionally  favorable  cases.  The  death-rate  graphs,  and  1,794,000  kronor  from  othcf 
from  the  operation  is  very  high,  but  in  consid-  sources.  The  customs  revenne,  amoontiag  to 
ering  this  point  we  must  remember  that  the  86,000,000  kronor,  the  postal  receipts  of  6,* 
disease  is  fatal,  and  that,  without  the  operation,  680,000,  the  stamp  -  tax,  yielding  3,500,000 
the  patient^s  life  can  be  but  short  We  are  kronor,  the  spirit  duty,  amounting  to  15,000,- 
limited  in  our  ability  to  operate  on  the  lungs.  000  kronor,  the  income  tax,  reckoned  at  3,600,- 
The  attempt  has  been  made  to  cure  localized  000  kronor,  and  the  sugar  duty  and  other  re- 
consumption  by  excision ;  but,  with  our  present  oeipts,  amounting  to  600,000  kronor,  etm^ 
skill,  the  undertaking  is  too  dangeroj^.  Some  tute  the  extraordinary  receipts.  The  ordiiuiy 
very  brilliant  results,  however,  have  been  ob-  expenditures  are  estimated  at  65,498,411  kro- 
tained  in  the  treatment  of  abscess  of  the  lungs  nor.  The  capital  of  the  public  debt,  wfaidi 
by  surgical  means.  was  contracted  exclusively  for  the  constiw- 

The  Eye* — Here,  also,  has  been  a  steady  ad-  tion  of  railways,  was  245,967,708  kronor  oo 

vance,  though  little  that  is  entirely  new  has  Jan.  1,  1888. 

been  done.    Since  the  last  writing  some  sue-       The  ArHf* — The  Swedish  army  in  1888  duid- 

cessful  transplantations  of  animals'  eyes  have  bered  9  general  officers,  88  officers  on  the  sttff, 

been  made  on  human  subjects.    The  object  is  974  officers  and  men  in  the  engineer  corpfi, 

to  furnish  a  living  artificial  eye.    It  is  hoped,  4,520  in  the  artillery,  4,974  in  the  cavalry,  27,- 

in  young  patients,  that  the  eye  (of  a  yoang  ani-  468  in  the  infantry,  and  803  in  the  traiuport 

mal)  will  cause  the  .orbital  cavity  to  continue  service,  making  a  total  of  88,289  indoave  of 

to  grow  as  does  the  unaffected  one,  so  that  civil  employes.    The  enlisted  troops,  ooantiii; 

there  shall  be  but  little  difference  in  size  at  the  only  rank  and  file,  numbered  9,423,  and  tbe 

time  of  maturity.  cantoned  troops  26,657.     Including  the  M- 

SWEDEN  ABTD  NORWAY,  two  kingdoms  in  the  ring,  or  militia,  the  forces  of  the  kingdom  bid 
north  of  Europe  united  in  one  sovereignty  by  a  total  strength  of  194,577  officers  and  men, 
the  act  promulgated  Aug.  6,  1815.  They  have  with  246  cannon  and  6,178  horses, 
a  common  diplomacy,  which  is  directed  by  a  Ite  Navy. — ^The  naval  force  in  1887  com- 
Oouncil  of  State  composed  of  Swedes  and  Nor-  prised  15  armored  gunboats,  16  sloop  gm-. 
wegians.  The  reigning  sovereign  is  Oscar  U,  boats,  1  school-ship,  1  frigate,  3  oorvettea^ 
bornJan.21, 1829,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne  8  avisos,  1  torpedo  school-ship,  18  torpedo- 
in  1872.  boats,  ^  transports,  and  6  sailing-vessels. 

Sweden. — The  Diet  consists  of  two  cham-  Cmmtttt* — The  imports  in  1886  wereof  tbe 
hers,  both  elective.  The  First  Chamber  has  totsd  value  of  301,366,000,  kronor  as  compared 
143  members,  elected  by  the  provincial  and  with  340,003,000  kronor  in  1885  and  825,817,- 
manicipal  bodies  for  nine  years.  The  Second  000  kronor  in  1884.  The  value  of  tbe  expcHtt 
Chamber  contains  222  members,  of  whom  76  was  228,398,000  kronor,  as  compared  jritli 
represent  the  towns  and  146  the  rural  districts,  246,271,000  kronor  in  1885  and  238,612,000 
elected  for  three  years.  The  King,  in  the  ex-  kronor  in  1884  (1  krona=  27  cents).  Nevlj 
ercise  of  the  execotive  power,  in  making  ap-  one  ihii*d  of  the  imports  in  1886  came  froa 
pointments  to  office,  in  concluding  treatie<>,  Germany,  one  fourth  from  Great  Britain,  and 
and  in  legislating  on  matters  of  political  ad-  one  seventh  from  Denmark,  while  of  tbe  ex- 
ministration,  acts  under  the  advice  of  a  Coun-  ports  nearly  one  half  went  to  Great  BritiiB. 
cil  of  State,  which  was  composed,  in  1888,  of  and  one  third  were  divided  between  Denmiii 
the  following  members:  Oskar  R.  Themptan-  Germany,  and  France.  The  imports  of  textile 
der.  Minister  of  State;  Count  Albert  Carl  Lars  manufactures  in  1885  were  valued  at  5S,939,- 
Ehrensvfird,  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs;  Nils  186  kronor,  and  those  of  textile  material snd 
Henrik  Vult  von  Steyern,  Minister  of  Justice ;  yam  at  29,686,080  kronor.  Grain  and  floor 
Gen.  Knut  Axel  Ryding,  Minister  of  War;  were  imported  to  the  amount  of  46,813,719 
Baron  Carl  Gustaf  von  Otter,  Minister  of  Ma-  kronor,  while  the  exports  amounted  to  28,544,* 
rine ;  Julius  Edvard  von  Krusenstjerna,  Minis-  414  kronor.  The  imports  of  groceries  amoant* 
ter  of  the  Interior;  Baron  Claes  Gustaf  Adolf  ed  to  41,535,545  kronor;  of  cobJ,  25.000,000 
Tamm,  Minister  of  Finance ;  Carl  Gustaf  Ham-  kronor;  of  metal  goods  and  machinery,  2S,- 
marskjOld,  Minister  of  Education  and  Ecclesi-  682,618  kronor.  The  imports  of  live  animab 
astioal  Affairs ;  Johan  Henrik  Lov^n ;  and  and  animal  food-products  were  valued  st  21- 
Johan  Cbrister  Emil  Richert.  490,777  kronor.  and  the  exports  at  33,7714S8 

FtauuiMB.— The  budget  for  1889  makes  the  kronor.     Tbe  timber  exports  were  107,215,799 

ordinary  receipts  18.929,000  kronor,  and  the  kronor  in  value,  and  those  of  raw  metalfl  34,- 

extraordinary  receipts  65,280,000  kronor,  giv-  751,820  kronor. 

ing  a  total  sum,  with  3,472,000  kronor  remain-        CowiBkadaM. — There  were  in  operatioii  «^ 

ing  in  the  treasury  from  the  previous  year,  of  the  end  of  1887  2,496  kilometres  of  state  nil- 


SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY.  755 

Ib  and  2,892  kilometres  of  lines  belon^ng  considered  that  the  grain  duties  woold  add 

ompanies,  making  ^together  7,888  kilome-  enough  to  the  revenue  to  make  the  acoounts 

,  or  4,588  miles.  halance.    The  Diet,  which  had  a  considerable 

he  Post-Office  in  1886  forwarded  62,022,-  Protectionist  mfgority  even  in  the  joint  session 

letters  and  postal-cards,  9,462,185  circulars  of  both  houses,  proceeded  to  impose  a  series  of 

samples,  and  89,664,046  journals.    The  re-  protective  duties  calculated  to  yield  15,000,000 

its  were  6,106,476  kroner,  and  the  expenses  kronor  annually,  while  the  ministers  remained 

16,960  kronor.  entirely  neutral.     The  new  tariff  went  into 

he  state  telegraph  lines  in  1887  had  a  total  force  on  July  1,  except  the  duties  on  raw  iron, 

rth  of  8,845  kilometres,  with  21,804  kilo-  which  were  postponed,  pending  negotiations 

res  of  wires.    The  dispatches  sent  during  with  France  in  regard  to  the  free  importation 

year  numbered  589,278  for  the  interior  and  of  Swedish  iron.    Ships  were  declared  free  of 

,146  in  the  international  service,  besides  duty  if  purchased  by  Swedes  before  July  1 

,287  in  transit.    The  receipts  were  1,229,-  and  brought  into  the  country  before  the  end 

kronor,  and  the  expenses  1,241,978  kronor.  of  the  year.    The  surplus  revenue  obtained  by 

illtiMt — The  old  Agrarian  party  gave  place  the  new  duties  is  to  be  applied,  in  accordance 

.  new  one  of  protectionist  leanings,  which  with  the  desire  of  the  King,  in  establishing 

teved  an  unexpected  victory  in  the  elec-  accident  insurance  and  old-age  pensions  for 

iS  for  the  Rigsdag  that  met  in  January,  workingmen ;  for  the  reduction  of  local  taxes, 

3.     In  Stockholm  there  was  a  disputed  especially  those  for  the  support  of  churches 

tion,  which  was  decided  by  awarding  the  and  public  charities ;  for  the  reduction  of  the 

leats  to  the  Protectionist  candidates,  giving  land-tax ;  for  the  equipment  and  maintenance 

party  a  majority  in  the  House  of  112  of  the  military  forces ;  and  for  the  en  courage- 

Inst   110.     Prime    Minister  Themptander  ment  of  the  shipping  industry.    In  accordance 

red  his  resignation  to  the  King,  and  ad-  with  King  Oscar's  suggestion,  a  commission 

d  him  to  send  for  Archbishop  Sundberg;  was  appointed  to  draw  up  plans  for  the  appli- 

the  latter  was  un willing  to  take  the  re-  cation  of  the  surplus  revenue  from  the  pro- 

isibility  of  broaching  a  decided  protective  tective  duties  in  the  manner  proposed  for  the 

C7  with  a  chance  majority  that  was  not  relief  of  the  working  and  farming  classes.    The 

red  to  represent  the  actual  minority  of  increased  revenue  for  1889  and  1890  will  be 

tors  in  the  country.    As  the  King  would  required  to  cover  the  deficits  for  1886  and 

agree  to  an  immediate  dissolution  of  the  1887,  so  that  three  years  must  pass  before 

b,  the  ministers  retained  their  portfolios  there  will  be  means  available  for  these  objects. 

1,  on  February  6,  a  compromise  Cabinet  The  new  tariff  places  a  duty  on  raw  iron,  in 

formed  by  Baron  D.  A.  G.  Bildt,  in  which  which  there  is  no  foreign  competition,  but 

nt  Ehrensvard,  J.  von  Krusentsjema,  and  could  not  be  made  to  protect  manufacturers 

DTi  Otter,  the  Ministers  of  Foreign  Affairs,  of  machinery  and  iron  wares,  because  these 

Interior,  and  Marine,  were  retained  in  of-  articles  are  embraced  in  the  commercial  treaty 

The  new  members  of  the  Cabinet  were  with  France,  which  will  not  expire  till  Feb.  1, 

bllow :    BergstrOm,   Minister  of  Justice ;  1892.    The  treaty  of  1874  with  Norway  ren- 

-Gen.  Baron  N.  A.  H.  Palms^ema,  Minis-  ders  illusory  many  of  the  new  duties,  and 

yf  War;  Baron  F.  von  Essen,  Minister  of  diverts  the  benefit  to  Norwegian  producers, 

ince ;  and  Dr.  G.  Wonnerberg,  Minister  of  This  treaty  provides  for  free  trade  between  the 

esiastical  Affairs.     Of  the  two  Associate  two  countries,  not  only  in  the  products  of  the 

isters,  Lov^n  and  I^negren,  the  former  countries  themselves,  but  in  all  articles  that 

ed    in    the  Themptander  Cabinet.     The  have  been  subjected  to  a  manufacturing  process 

tions  for  the  First  Chamber  in  September  made  from  *  materials  imported  in  a  raw  or 

ed  beyond  a  doubt  the  preponderance  of  partly  finished    state    from  other    countries, 

protectionist  sentiment  in   the  country.  The  Norwegians,  in  competing  with  Swedish 

Chief  of  the  Department  of  Justice  retired  manufacturers,  have  the  advantage  of  free  ma- 

1  the  ministry,  and  was  replaced  on  Sep-  terials  for  iron  manufactures  and  ship-building. 

>er  28  by  0.  G.  A.  Orbom,  and  on  the  same  The  Swedish  duties  on  live  animals,  in  like 

Baron  A.  L.  E.  Akerhielm  succeeded  manner,  benefit  Norwegian  stock- raisers,  who 
e  Councilor  Ldnegren.  Krusens^ema  and  can  abundantly  supply  the  demand  for  sheep, 
tit  Ehrensv&rd,  two  pronounced  Free-Trad-  hogs,  cattle,  and  horses, 
offered  their  resignations,  but  were  in«  The  new  ministry  was  attacked  by  the  Ad- 
id  to  withdraw  them.  vanced  Liberals  not  only  for  its  protective 
le  grain  tariff  was  passed  by  a  migority  of  policy,  which  threatened  to  shut  out  foreign 
against  96  in  the  Second  Chamber  and  78  commerce  with  tariff  barriers,  but  for  its  re- 
oat  42  in  the  first  Chamber,  and  went  into  actionary  political  tendencies,  manifested  es- 
9  on  February  14.  The  duties  are  2*60  pecially  in  an  administrative  order  to  the  police 
Lor  per  100  kilogrammes  on  wheat,  rye,  to  watch  and,  if  necessary,  to  close  political 
9j,  maize,  peas,  and  beans ;  4*80  kronor  meetings.  This  was  designed  to  put  an  end  to 
lour;  8  kronor  on  malt;  and  1  kronor  on  the  meetings  of  Social  Democrats  and  their 
The  import  duties  on  spirits  were  made  agitation  for  universal  suffrage.  The  Themp- 
h  higher,  although  the  budget  committee  tander  Cabinet  appointed  a  commission  after 


756  SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY. 

the  first  manifestations  of  Socialistic  activity  into  troops  of  the  line,  landwsm,  and  lad' 

in  Sweden  to  consider  measures  for  improving  $torm.    The  troops  of  tlie  line  are  limited  to 

the  condition  of  the  working-classes.     This  800  officers  and  18,000  men.    The  other  bo£ei 

commission,    in    September,    1888,    reported  are  destined  for  the  defense  of  the  coantjy 

projects  of  laws  embracing  measures  for  the  within  its  borders. 

protection  of  the  life  and  health  of  workmen,  The  NtTy. — The  fleet  of  war  in  1887  consisted 

the  insurance  of  laborers  and  seamen  against  of  4  monitors,  2  frigates,  2  corvettes,  30  gon- 

accidents,  and  a  state  insurance  establishment,  boats,  9  torpedo-boats,  and  7  other  vesseh, 

NoBWAT. — The  legislative  power  is  vested  having  a  total  armament  of  163  guns, 

in  the  Storthing,  consisting  of  114  members,  twiufm, — The  total  value  of  the  imports  io 

which,  on  assembling,  divides  itself  into  the  1887  was  138,691,000   kronor,   as  compared 

Odelsthing  and  the  Lagthing.    All  legislation  with  135,169,000  kronor  in  1886;  the  valoe 

originates  in  the  Odelsthing,  which  is  thrice  of  the  exports  was  106,628,000  kronor,  as  ooid- 

as  numerous  as  the  Lagthing.    The  smaller  pared  with  102,844,000  kronor.    Theavera^n 

body  adopts  or  rejects  the  bills  that  come  from  value  of  the  imports  for  the  five  jears  preeed- 

the  other  House.     Bills  that  are  rejected  by  ing  was  152,272,000  kronor,  and  of  the  exports 

the  Lagthing  can  be  passed  by  a  vote  of  two  111,215,000  kronor.     The  imports  from  Great 

thirds  of  the  entire  Storthing  sitting  together.  Britain  in   1887  were  35,368,000  kronor  in 

The  King  can  veto  a  measure  twice,  but,  if  it  value;    from    Germany,    84,950,000    kronor; 

is  passed  by  three  successive  Storthings,  it  be-  from  Sweden,  16,878,000  kronor;  from Rusaa, 

comes  law.    The  executive  authority  is  exer-  14,873,000  kronor.   The  exports  to  Great  Brit- 

cised  by  the  King  through  a  Council  of  State,  ain   were  valued   at   34,588,000   kronor;  to 

consisting  of  a  Minister  of  State  in  Christiania,  Sweden,  14,455,000  kronor ;  to  Germany,  13,- 

another  minister  residing  in  Stockholm  near  817,000  kronor.     The  value   of  the  imports 

Uie  King,  and  at  least  seven  Oouncilors  of  from  tlie  United  States  was  7,185.000  kronor, 

State,  of  whom  two  reside  in  Stockholm.    The  and  of  the  exports  to  the  United  States  1,108,- 

Council  of  State  at  Christiania  in  the  beginning  000  kronor.    The  imports  of  cereids  and  floor 

of  1888  was  composed  as  follows :  Minister  of  in  1886  were  of  the  value  of  26,891,000  kronor, 

State,  Johan  Sverdrup ;  Department  of  Edu-  the  most  important  article  being  wool,  of  the 

cation   and   Ecclesiastical   Affairs,    Dr.  Elias  value  of  9,328,000  kronor,  after  which  came 

Blix ;    Department   of   Justice,    Hans   Georg  coffee,  coal,  sugar,  butter  and  cheese,  and  oo^ 

Jakob   Stang ;    Department  of  the   Interior,  ton  goods.    Fish  was  exported  of  the  value  of 

Sofus  Anton  Birger  Arctander;   Department  31,163,000  kronor,  and  timber  of  the  value  m' 

of  Public  Works,  Birger  Kildal;  Department  29,275,000  kronor.    Other  articles  of  export 

of  Finance  and  Customs,  Baard  Madsen  Hang-  are  wood-pulp,  train-oil,  butter,  woolen  and 

land;  Department  of  Defense,  Johan  Sverdrup ;  cotton  goods,  skins  and  hides,  and  matches. 

Department  of  the  Reyision  of  Accounts,  Jakob  CMimalcattMS. — The  length  of  railroads  opeo 

Liv  Rosted  Sverdrup.    The  delegation  of  the  to  traffic  in  1888  was  1,562  kilometres,  or  970 

Council  of  State  at  Stockholm  was  composed  miles. 

of  Die  Richter,  Minister  of  State,  and  Aimar  There  were  21,722,315  letters  and  21,333,664 

August  Sdrensseu  and  Hans  Rasmus  Astrup,  newspapers  carried  in  the  mails  during  1887. 

Councilors  of  State.  The  receipts  of  the  Post-Office  were  2,366,388 

Flaaaees. — The  receipts  of  the  treasury  for  kronor;  expenses,  2,439,355  kronor. 

the  year  ending  June  30,  1887,  were  42,977,-  The  state  telegraph  lines  at  the  end  of  18S7 

000  kronor,  of  which  sum  19,495,600  kronor  had  a  length  of  7,494  kilometres,  with  13,087 

were  derived  from  customs,  6,038,400  kronor  kilometres  of  wires.    The  number  of  intenil 

from  railways,   2,594,400    kronor   from    the  dispatches  was  442,660  in   1887;   of  fbreiiii 

brandy-tax,  2,276,700  kronor  from  the  postal  dispatches,  172,621  sent  and  214,215  recdrHl. 

service,  2,165,700  kronor  from  invested  capital,  The  receipts  were  838,528  kronor;  expouM, 

and  smaller  amounts  from  the  malt  duty,  do-  1,030,487  kronor. 

mains  and  forests,  and  other  sources.    The  PoUtkSt — The  dissatisfactiim  of  the  Radicals 

total  expenditure  was  43,145,400  kronor,  of  with  the  Cabinet  led  to  their  secession  froffi 

which  7,951,800  kronor  were  for  railroads,  the  party  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  on  tb« 

bridges,   and    other   public   works,   9,026,800  refusal  of  the  Premier  to  dismiss  his  nephev, 

kronor  for  the  administration  of  the  tinances,  Jakob  Sverdrup,  and  admit  Uie  Democratio 

5,280,100   kronor  for  posts,   telegraphs,  and  leaders,  Steen  and  Qvam,  into  the  ministry, 

other  services  under  the  charge  of  the  Interior  The  Storthing  was  opened  on  February  2.  The 

Department,  4,310,300  kronor  for  education  Odelsthing  did  not  re-elect  Qvam  as  president^ 

and  worship,  4,131,400  kronor  for  sanitary  but  Daae,  a  Moderate.     The  left  formally  di^ 

service,  police,  and  prisons.  6,654,100  kronor  solved  itself,  and  a  group  of  the  Pure  Left  was 

for  the  army,  and  2,601,900  kronor  for  the  conatitnted  under  the  leadership  of  Rector 

navy.    The  amount  of  the  state  debt  on  June  Steen.      The    Radical    ministers,    Arctander, 

30, 1887,  was  108,427,600  kronor,  and  of  active  Astrup,  and  Kildal,  retired,  and  their  resifofl- 

capital  139,207,700  kronor.  tions  were  accepted  on  February  16  by  the 

The  Aray.— By  virtue  of  the  laws  of  1866,  Ein?,  whom  the  crisis  brought  to  ChristiaDit 

1876,  and  1885,  the  military  forces  are  divided  Two  weeks  later  the  Minister  of  Education  and 


SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY.  SWITZERLAND.                767 

Worship,  Dr.  Elias  Bliz,  resigned.    The  Op-  years*  standing.    In  office,  however,  he  ahan- 

position  mastered  51  in  the  Storthing  on  a  doned  the  principles  of  popular  sovereignty 

Tote  of  censure  emanating  from  the  Radical  and  national  independence,  and  made  one  com- 

Left,  the  Government  heing  supnorted  hy  80  promise  after  another  with  the   monarchist 

Moderates  and  81  men  of  the  Right    In  June  reaction  that  has  spread  through  the  Scandi- 

Ole  Richter,  the  Minister  of  State,  represent-  navian  lands,  owing  to  the  example  and  influ- 

ing  the  Grovemment  at  Stockholm,  and  Aimar  ence  of  Germany,  until  he  stood  on  the  plat- 

A.  Sdrenssen,  of  the  same  section  of  the  min-  form  of  the  Constitutional  Right,  from  which 

istry,  handed  in  their  resignations,  and  Hans  his  chief  support  now  came,  and  was  surround- 

6.  J.  Stang  and*'  Baard  M.  Haugland  were  ed  by  ministerial  colleagues  taken  from  that 

transferred  to  their  posts.    Richter's  resigna-  party.    The  electoral  contest  that  took  place 

tion  was  the  consequence  of  an  attack  on  the  in  the  autumn  of  1668  was  embittered  by  the 

Prime  Minister  by  Bjdrnson  Bjdrnstiema,  the  accusations  of  faithlessness  brought  against  the 

real  leader  of  the  Radical  party,  who  accused  minister.    The  suicide  of  Richter  was  laid  to 

Sverdrup  of  falsehood  and  violation  of  his  his  door.    Oouncilor  Stang,  the  leader  of  the 

word  on  the  authority  of  his  colleague  in  Oonstitutionalists,  sought  to  make  the  issue  one 

Stockholm.    Richter  denied  having  made  the  of  principles,  asserting  that  his  party  was  the 

accusation,  but  the  evidence  was  so  strong  defender  of  the  historic  rights  of  the  crown,  of 

that,  after  his  return  to  Stockholm,  he  shot  the  connection  between  Church  and  state,  and 

himself  in  despair  on  June  15.    The  ministry  of  the  Union  against  destructive  *^ European^' 

as  finally  reconstituted  was  made  up  as  fol-  innovations,  foreign  to  the  national  character, 

lows ;  Minister  of  State  at  Cbristiania  and  Min-  The  Conservatives  and  Ministerialists,  while 

ister  of  National  Defense,  Johan  Sverdrup ;  preserving  separate  party  organizations,  formed 

Chief  of  the  Department  of  Justice  and  Police,  an  electoral  alliance  against  the  Radicals.    Tlie 

W.  S.  Dahl,  appointed  March  5,  1888;  Chief  Radical  leaders,  Qvam,  Steen,  and  Konow,  lost 

of  the  Department  of  Revision  of  Accounts,  their  seats,  and  were  shut  out  from  the  next 

L.  K.  Liestdl,  appointed  March  5,  18S6 ;  Chief  Storthing,  as  the  law  requires  every  candidate 

of  the  Department  of  Education  and  Ecclesi-  to  be  a  resident  of  the  district  that  he  seeks  to 

astical  Afffurs,  Jakob  Liv  Rosred  Sverdrup;  represent.    The  new  Storthing  consists  of  54 

Chief  of  the  Department  of  Public  Works,  members  belonging  to  the  Right,  88  adherents 

O.  Jakobsen,  appointed  March  5,  1668;  Chief  of  the  Pure  Left,  and  22  who  belong  to  the 

of  the  Department  of  Finance  and  Customs,  ministerial  group. 

O.  J.  Olsen,  appointed  July  19,  1888;  Minister  SWUZERLAND,  a  federal  republic  in  Central 

of  State  at  Stockholm,   Hans  Georg  Jakob  Europe.    The  central  Legislature  is  composed 

Stang;    Councilors  of   State  at   Stockholm,  of  the  State  Council,  in  which  each  of  the 

Baaini  Madsen  Hansrland,  previously  Chief  of  twenty-two  cantons    is   represented  by  two 

the  Department  of  Finance,  and  P.  O.  SclnOtt,  members,  and  the  National  Council,  containing 

appointed  March  5, 1888.    The  Ministry  of  the  one  deputy  for  every  twenty  thousand  of  the 

Interior,  formerly  held  by  Sofus  A.  B.  Arc-  population,  elected  by  direct  universal  suffrage. 

tander,  was  left  vacant.  The  executive  body  is  the  Federal  Council, 

The  Storthing  rejected  a  scheme  of  protect-  which  was  composed,  in  1688,  of  the  following 

ive  dnties  on  wheat,  butter,  and  other  agri-  members :  President,  W.  F.  Hertenstein ;  Yice- 

cnltnral  products,  agreeing  only  to  an  impost  President,    B.    Hammer ;    members.    Dr.   A. 

of  4  6re  per  kilogramme,  equal  to  i  cent  a  Schenck,  Dr.  E.  Welti,  L.  Ruchonnet,  Dr.  N. 

pound,  on  oleomargarine,  and  to  duties  on  Droz.  and   Dr.  A.  Deucher.     (For  area  and 

fresh  fruit  ranging  from  4  to  7  6re  per  kilo-  population,  see  the  ^  Annual  Cyclopffidia  '^  for 

gramme.    On  June  25  an  act  was  passed  re-  1887.) 

dacing  the  salaries  of  members  of  the  State  IhunceB*  —  The    federal    revenue    in    1887 

Council  from  12,000  to  10,000  kroner,  and  tak-  amounted  to  69,586,972  francs,  of  which  24,- 

ing  away  the  additional  allowances  of  the  coun-  632,285  francs  were  derived  from  customs  and 

cilors  residing  in  Stockholm.    The  Storthing  21,108,869  francs  from  the  Post-Office.    The 

separated  on  July  7,  after  rejecting,  by  64  expenditures  amounted  to  56,829,996  francs, 

against  50  votes,  a  motion  of  the  Radicals  de-  the  principal  items  being  21,167,204  francs  for 

claring  want  of  confidence  in  the  ministry.  military  administration  and  19,571,824  francs 

A  law  was  passed  on  April  21,  1888,  in  re-  for  the  post-office.    The  debt  of  the  federation 

lation  to  state  citizenship,  declaring  that  Nor-  on  Jan.  1,  1888,  was  88,984,982  francs,  and  the 

wegiana  who  become  citizens  of  foreign  states  capital  assets  were  78,002,798  francs, 

lose  their  rights  of  citizenship  in  Norway,  and  The  Amy. — The  Swiss  army  consists  of  the 

Likewise  those  who  reside  permanently  abroad,  regulars,  called  Bundesauszug,  and  the  Land- 

nnless  they  record  their  intention  to  remain  as  wehr.    Men  between  the  ages  of  seventeen 

BQcfa  in  the  Norwegian  consulate  within  a  year,  and  fifty,  not  belonging  to  either  of  these 

and  renew  the  declaration  every  ten  years.  forces,  are  enrolled  in  the  Landstrum.     The 

CiCMral  EtoctltD*— Johan  Sverdrup,  when  he  strength  of  the  regular  army  in  1888  was  123,- 

Formed  a  Radical  ministry,  was  regarded  as  a  081  officers  and  men,  and  that  of  the  Land  wehr 

tree  representative  of  the  Norwegian  Democ-  80,248.    The  Landstrum  comprises  4,922  for- 

raoy,  of  which  party  he  was  a  leader  of  many  mer  officers,  5,652  non-commissioned  officers. 


758  SWITZERLAND. 

and  287,069  men,  of  whom  40,247  hare  served  sam  of  forty  thonaand  francs,  and  to  ptf  n 

in  the  regular  army.    The  Federal  Oonncil  has  annual  license-fee  of  fifty  francs.    Sub-tgenu 

divided  the  Landstmm  into  the  armed  and  the  can  be  employed  on  conditions  sabject  to  tbe 

au^iary  forces.    The  active  army  has  20,000  investigation  of  the  cantonal  aothoritieft,  ba 

horses,  and  is  armed  with  the  Vetterli  repeat-  an  additional  bond  of  three  thousand  franes  ii 

ing  rifle  with  ten  charges,  280  Erupp  field-guns,  required  for  each.    No  colonial  enterprise  en 

and  22  mountain-guns.    The  cost  of  the  army  be  undertaken  by  companies,  individuals,  or 

has  nearly  doubl^  in  ten  years.    The  Swiss  agencies,  without  the  approval  of  the  Fdd«nl 

Government  has  fortified  the  entrances  to  the  Government.     When    agencies  undertake  to 

St.  Gothard  Tunnel,  and  to  other  tunnels  of  the  forward  money  to  emigrants  in  foreign  lands 

international  railroad  lines,  and  has  prepared  they  must  deliver  the  full  aom  without  dedQ^ 

the  means  of  blocking  them  instandy  by  nlling  tion.    A  special  bureau  was  created  for  the 

them  with  stones  precipitated  with  the  aid  of  purpose  of  supervising  emigration-agenciee  tsd 

electricity.  furnishing  information  to  intending  emigrtn^ 

dNUMne* — The  special  imports  in  1887  were  and  protection  to  Swiss  citizens  in  fonigs 

valued  at  792,284,000  francs;  the  exports  at  countries. 

641,918,000  francs.    The  imports  of  precious       AatHMaM  PtMwAnp. — The  German  Got* 

metals  were  44,761,000  franca,  and  the  exports  emment  has  brought  pressure  to  bear  on  the 

29,175,000  francs.    Switzerland  has  a  foreign  Federal  authorities  continnoualy  for  sefoil 

trade  of  610  francs  per  capita^  which  exceeds  years  past,  to  secure  the  suppression  of  tbe 

that  of  every  other  country  except  Holland.  German   Socialists    who  make  Zurich  tbeir 

The  commerce  for  three  years  past  has  in-  headquarters,  and  the  Swiss  rulers  have  dooe 

creased  8  per  cent,  per  annum,  almost  the  en-  everything  to  please  Germany  exoept  abro^- 

tire  growth  having  been  in  imports.  ing  the  right  of  asylum.     Four  German  An- 

Bailrsads. — The  railroads  in  operation  in  1886  arohists,  named  Schopen,  Metzler,  Hanpt,  and 

had  a  total  length  of  2,912  kilometres,  exclusive  Yon  Ehrenberg,  were  expelled  from  Ztiricfa  ii 

of  68  kilometres  belonging  to  foreign  com  pa-  January,   1888.      Against  a  German,  named 

nies.  The  total  capital  was  1,050,608,170  francs.  BOrger,  who  had  become  a  naturalized  Sris 

Tbe  receipts  were  75,892,688  francs,  and  the  citizen,  and  acted  as  a  spy  and  €tgtni pnw^- 

expenses  41,084,858  francs.    A  mountain  rail-  teur  in  the  pay  of  the  Berlin  police,  tbe  cifi- 

road  over  the  BrUnig  Pass,  connecting  Lucerne  tonal  authorities  brought  criminal  proceedings, 

with  the  Bernese  Oberland,  was  opened  in  On  March  20  the  Bundesrath  voted  a  cre& 

June,  1888.  for  the  establishment  of    a  political  police, 

The  PwMNBee. — ^The  number  of  domestic  lef-  which  was  asked  for  on  the  ground  that  the 

ters  and  postal-cards  forwarded  in  1887  was  relations  with  Germany  necessitated  measora 

61,001,268,  exclusive  of  6,880,116  official  let-  to  prevent  a  disturbance  of  the  friendship  be 

ters;  the  number  of  printed  inclosures,  16,-  tween  the  two  countries  and  abuse  of  the riglit 

292,656  ;    of    packets,   8,828,127 ;    of  postal  of  asylum.    In  introducing  the  biU,  Fedenl 

money-orders,  2,488,221,  of  the  total  value  of  Oounoilor  Droz  said  :    *'*'  The  migority  of  tbe 

275,410,943  francs.    The  number  of  interna-  Swiss  people  are  determined  that  our  booK 

tional  letters  and  postal-cards  was  80,651,127;  shall  be  respected  by  all  who  dwell  in  it   Tbe 

of  printed  inclosures,  18,576,480;  of  journals,  air  we  breathe  is  the  air  of  healthy  lib^T* 

65,805,033;  of  packets,  2,649,474;  the  value  We  will  not  allow  it  to  be  vitiated  bj  tbe  mi- 

of  money-orders,  83,653,038  francs.  asma  of  anarchism.    Neither  shall  our  house 

Telegraphs. — The  length  of  the  telegraph  lines  be  a  refuge  whence  assaults  can  be  directed 

in  1887  was  7,060  kilometres;  the  length  of  with  impunity  against   the  repose  of  other 

wires,  17,102  kilometres.    The  number  of  dis-  countries."     The  chief   object   of  the  Ger- 

patches  was    8,331,156,   of   which  1,816,524  man  Government  was  to  suppress  the  Sodil* 

were  internal,  1,008,097  international,  896,037  istio  journals  and  pamphlets  that  are  smog* 

in  transit,  and  110,497  official.    The  receipts  gled  into  Germany,  notwithstanding  the  riip* 

were    3,531,598  francs ;    expenses,   2,893,992  lance  of  the  post-office  police  authorities,  m 

francs.  especially  the  "  Social  Demokrat"  newspaper, 

Tlie  Alcahal  Law. — In  order  to  check  the  spread  which  is  the  organ  of  the  German  Parliameot- 
of  drunkenness,  the  Swiss  Legislature  made  the  ary  Socialist  party,  and  has  a  circulatioD  of 
sale  of  spirits  a  state  monopoly  in  1887,  except  from  10,000  to  12,000  copies.  Several  org«»t 
such  as  are  used  in  industrial  processes,  which  notes  from  the  German  Government  demsnded 
must  be  rendered  unfit  for  drinking.  A  com-  the  suppression  of  this  organ  of  moderate  So- 
mission  of  experts  decided  what  substances  cialism,  which  continued  to  spread  throngb 
should  be  used  in  denaturalizing  alcohol  to  be  Germany  the  views  that  no  one  there  daie<I 
used  in  the  various  industries,  and  fixed  the  to  utter  except  from  the  tribune  of  the  Beicb- 
proportions  of  the  admixture  in  each  case.  stag,  and  was  more  ohnoxious  to  the  Genntf 

EMignitlM.~In  1886  the  National  Council  ChanceUor   than    the    revolutionary  ""Rotbe 

passed  an  act  to  license  and  supervise  emigra-  Teufel  '*'*  and  *the  Anarchistic  hroehwrm  iixA 

tion-agents,  the  provisions  of  which  were  made  were  also  issued  by  thousands  in  Ziirich  for 

stricter  by  a  bill  approved  in  April,  1888.  circulation  in  Germany,  heeause  it  helped  to 

Agencies  are  required  to  give  bonds  in  the  keep  alive  the  Parliamentary  party.   Tbe  fed- 


SWITZERLAND.  759 

eral  aQthorities  sent  a  wamiog  to  the  editor,  to  provide  every  one  who  asks,  with  work  cor- 

to  which  he  replied  in  the  next  issue  of  the  responding  to  his  abilities  and  justly  compen- 

paper,   **  Sit  aut  eit,  cmt  non  $iV^     Yet  he  sated  either  in  the  service  of  the  public  or  of 

was  careful  not  to  print  anything  that  could  private  persons  who  are  willing  to  furnish  the 

give  occasion  for  interference.    The  German  employment;   and  the  gradual  naturalization 

authorities  were  not  satisfied,  and  fresh  repre-  of  commerce,  transportation,    industry,  and 

sentatioDs  from  Berlin  made  it  a  point  that  agriculture,  with  the  distribution  among  the 

Switzerland    should   prevent  Germans  from  producers,  as  equally  as  is  expedient,  of  the 

using  the  right  of  asylum  to  carry  on  a  politi-  proceeds  over  and  above  the  working  expenses, 

cal  agitation  in  their  own  country.    At  length  and  a  sum  was  set  aside  for  insurance,  justice, 

the  Federal  Council  decided  on   April  16  to  military,  civil  administration,  etc. 
issoe  a  decree  of  expulsion  against  four  Ger- .      Ceuenial  Treaties* — Negotiations  for  a  new 

mans  connected  with  the  paper:   Bernstein,  commercial  treaty  widi  Germany  were  sus- 

the  editor,  who  came  from  Berlin ;  Schlatter,  pended,  pending  the  settlement  of  commercial 

the  pablisher,  a  native  of  Schleswig-Holstein ;  and  railroad  regulations  between  Germany  and 

Tauscher,  the  business  manager,  a  naturalized  Austria.    The  German  treaty  with  the  Swiss 

American,  who  once  lived  in  Ghicago;    and  Confederation  was  concluded  on  Nov.  15, 1888, 

Motteler,  formerly  editor  of  a  journiu  in  Sax-  and  a  Swiss- Austrian  treaty  on  November  28. 

ony,  and  an  ex-member  of  the  German  Parlia-  The  latter  embodies  substantial  reductions  in 

meat,  who  was  the  agent  for  circulating  the  the  tariff  on  both  sides.    Switzerland  obtained 

paper.   The  printing-ofBce  was  not  suppressed,  the  same  duties  as  Italy  on  silks,  machinery. 

because  it  was  carried  on  under  the  firm  name  and  other  manufactures,  and  in  return  lowered 

of  a  Swiss  citizen,  although  the  managers  and  the  duties  on  grain,  flour,  cattle,  and  timber, 
the  printers  were  all  Germans.     New  editors       The  iMtltate  af  Iitenattaaal  Law. — The  annual 

and  business  agents  at  once  stepped  into  the  meeting  of  the  Institute  of  International  Law 

{>]acee  of  those  who  were  expelled,  and  the  was  opened  at  Lausanne  oo  Sept.  8, 1888.  The 
oumal  continued  to  appear  and  to  find  its  way  principal  subjects  of  discussion  were  the  ex- 
Into  Germany  just  as  before.  In  the  begin-  ceptions  to  the  rule  determining  the  capacity 
ning  of  June  the  Bundesrath  ordered  the  ex-  of  persons  for  entering  into  binding  contracts 
pulsion  of  Ulrich  WQbbeler  and  Martin  Eller,  on  foreign  soil  or  with  foreigners ;  the  law  of 
two  Germans  who  had  been  enticed  into  send-  collisions  at  sea;  extra-terri tonality  of  con- 
ing a  box  of  dynamite  to  an  agent  of  the  Ber-  sulates ;  and  the  obligations  toward  neutral 
lin  police  named  Schr5der,  in  ZQrich.  In  July  powers  incurred  through  territorial  annexa- 
the  Bundesratb  directed  the  cantonal  authori-  tions.  The  Institute  in  its  meeting  at  Oxford 
ties  to  have  all  Socialistic  meetings  watched  decided  that  the  nationality  of  parties  entering 
bj  the  police.  The  Swiss  Socialists  united  into  contracts  ought  to  be  the  test  of  their  ca- 
into  a  single  Social-Democratic  party,  and  ar-  pacity.  At  Lausanne  a  resolution  was  adopted 
ranged  to  hold  a  Labor  Assembly  in  October,  to  the  eflect  that  in  commercial  matters,  if  the 
The  Swiss  Government  was  at  last  induced  to  person  seeking  to  escape  the  obligations  of  his 
take  measures  to  suppress  the  exportation  of  contract  on  the  ground  of  legal  incapacity  had 
forbidden  literature  into  Germany.  The  Ba-  deceived  the  other  party  in  this  particular,  or 
▼arian,  Franz  Troppmann,  a  correspondent  of  if  there  were  a  combination  of  grave  circum- 
the  Chicago  Anarchists,  was  expelled  in  Sep-  stances  showing  fraudulent  intent,  the  judge 
tember,  and  the  evidence  taken  in  the  case  of  should  follow  the  law  of  the  country  in  which 
ex-Captain  von  Ehrenberg,  of  the  German  the  contract  was  made.  The  liability  for  negli- 
army,  was  delivered  up  to  a  military  tribunal  gence  in  maritime  collisions  the  Institute  would 
in  Baden.  Many  Socialists  joined  the  Swiss  place  upon  the  vessel  that  was  the  cause  of  the 
Grlitli  Association,  which  rejected  a  proposi-  accident,  except  where  both  ships  were  negli- 
tion  to  exclude  foreigners  from  membership,  gent,  in  which  case  the  one  chiefly  offending 
The  "  Social  Demokrat "  was  flnally  driven  in  should  pay  its  just  share  of  the  loss  to  the  other 
September  to  change  its  place  of  publication  vessel,  while  damages  to  passengers  and  cargoes 
to  JLondon.  A  Swiss  *^  Social  Demokrat ''  was  should  be  divided  between  them.  The  question 
established  during  the  summer,  and  announced  of  the  inviolability  of  consulates  was  brought 
the  programme  of  a  Swiss  Socialistic  party,  up  by  a  French  member,  in  connection  with  the 
embracing  obligatory  education  up  to  the  age  seizure  of  papers  relating  to  a  will  case,  by 
of  fifteen ;  ass»tance  for  capable  poor  students  order  of  an  Italian  magistrate,  in  the  French 
who  wish  to  complete  their  education  in  the  consulate  at  Florence.  The  consul  had  placed 
higbers  institutions  of  learning ;  election  of  the  documents  among  the  consular  archives, 
the  Bundesrath  by  the  people ;  a  Federal  code  and  warned  the  Italian  authorities  not  to  search 
of  criminal  law ;  obligatory  sick  and  accident  the  consulate,  as  a  special  article  in  the  Treaty 
insarance,  gratuitous  medical  service,  and  Fed-  of  1862  between  France  and  Italy  guarantees 
era!  trade  laws ;  the  acquisition  by  the  state  of  the  inviolability  of  the  archives.  The  Institute 
railroads,  and  management  by  the  Government  decided  to  deal  with  the  subject  of  extra-terri- 
of  banking  and  the  grain-trade ;  the  recogni-  toriality  as  a  whole,  and  appointed  a  committee 
kion  in  the  Constitution  of  the  right  of  all  citi-  to  report  on  the  subject  comprehensively. 
sens  to  labor,  and  of  the  duty  of  the  authorities  Among  the  other  questions  discussed  were  con- 


1 


760  TEACHERS'  ASSOCIATIONS. 

flicts  of  law  in  connection  with  public  com-  rights  in  newlj  annexed  territorj  in  the  qb- 

panies ;  the  limitations  of  the  right  of  Govern-  civilized  parts  of  the  globe ;  to  the  protect 

ments  to  expel  foreigners ;  railways,  telegraphs,  of  vested  interests  of  citizens  of  dvlMzed  itt- 

and  telephones  in  time  of  war ;  and  the  theory  tions ;   to  freedom  of  accesB  and  settkoieot 

of  the  Berlin  Conference  on  the  occupation  of  without  regard  to  nationality ;  to  the  proiubh 

territory.      The  Institute  adopted  resolutions  tion  of  slavery ;  and  to  the  proper  treatmcot 

in  respect  to  the  assertion  of  properly  asserted  of  natives. 


TEACHUS'  iSSOdAnONB.  The  oldest  living  was  the  beginning  of  conferences  that  kd  to 
educational  association  in  this  country  is  the  the  formation  of  organized  efforts,  as  well  ss 
American  Institute  of  Instruction,  organized  in  teachers*  associations  at  a  later  date.  These 
Boston,  in  1830.  The  earliest  educational  as-  voluntary  meetings  led  to  the  general  offtni- 
sociatiou  in  this  country  was  formed  at  Middle-  zation  of  the  State,  and  afterward  to  the  for- 
town.  Conn.,  in  1799,  under  the  name  of  mation  of  Bible.  Educational,  Tract,  and  Sun- 
^'  Middlesex  County  Association  for  the  Im-  day-school  societies.  In  1812  the  first  sacces- 
provement  of  Common  Schools.*'  The  exist-  ful  effort  was  made  to  bring  the  teachers  o< 
ence  of  this  society  was  due  to  the  efforts  of  Boston  and  vicinity  into  an  asaociatioa  for 
the  Rev.  William  Woodbridge,  of  Middletown,  their  own  professional  improvement  The 
Conn.,  a  famous  teacher.  Although  this  effort  name  of  this  was  ^^  The  Associated  In- 
was  premature,  it  gave  a  great  impulse,  to  the  structors  of  Youth  in  the  Town  of  Boston  and 
cause  of  education,  and  its  recommendation  its  Vicinity.**  Meetings  were  held  for  serecii 
was  considered  one  of  a  teacher  *s  best  testi-  years,  and  in  1835  it  was  reorganized  under  the 
monials.  There  is  no  record  of  any  other  con-  name  of  "  The  Association  of  the  Masters  of 
tinuous  associated  movement  until  1826,  when  Boston  Grammar-Schools,**  and  came  before 
Josiah  Holbrook  organized  in  Connecticut  the  the  public  in  the  memorable  oootroversj  of 
"  lyceum,**  which  had  for  its  main  object  the  *Uhirty-one  Boston  masters  **  with  Horaoe 
*>the  association  of  teachers  for  mutual  im->  Mann,  in  1844-*45.  The  lyceum  movemeBt 
provement.**  One  of  the  first  societies  of  this  mentioned  above,  led  to  the  forroatioD  of 
kind  was  organized  in  Windsor  County,  Conn.,  the  Boston  Mechanics*  Institute  in  1827,  the 
by  Mr.  Holbrook  himself,  assisted  by  the. Rev.  Boston  Infant-School  Society  in  1828,  and 
Samuel  J.  May.  Twenty  of  these  lyceums  were  the  Boston  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Um- 
in  active  operation  as  late  as  1888.  In  1827,  a  ful  Knowledge  the  same  year,  and  to  Stite 
*^  Society  for  the  Improvement  of  Cojnmon  educational  conventions  in  1829  and  1^- 
Schools  **  was  formed  m  Hartford,  and  in  1830  One  result  was  the  organization  of  the  Ameri- 
a  general  convention  of  teachers  and  friends  of  can  Institute  of  Instruction,  Aug.  21,  18S0, 
education  was  held  in  that  city,  of  which  Noah  annual  meetings  of  which  have  b^n  hdd  ooui 
Webster  was  president.  This  meeting  was  large-  the  present  time.  It  was  proposed  to  call  this 
ly  attended,  and  addresses  were  delivered  by  society  **  The  New  England  Association  of 
President  Humphrey,  of  Amherst  College,  Noah  Teachers**;  but  as  several  of  the  Middle, 
Webster,  and  W.  A.  Aloott.  In  1889  a  State  Southern,  and  Western  States  were  represented 
convention  was  held  at  Hartford,  at  which  in  its  first  conventions,  and  many  persona  not 
addresses  were  delivered  by  Prof.  Calvin  E.  teachers  were  desirous  of  membership,  a  more 
Stowe,  Thomas  Cushing,  Alexander  H.  Everett,  comprehensive  name  and  plan  were  adoptei 
and  Mrs.  Ljdia  H.  Sigoumey.  Id  the  autumn  of  although  it  has  continued  to  be  an  assootBtkn 
the  same  year  the  first  teachers*  institute  in  this  of  New  England  teachers.  Its  presidati 
country  was  held  in  Hartford,  under  the  invi-  from  1830  to  1856  were  Francis  Wajlssi 
tation  and  arrangement  of  the  secretary  of  the  William  B.  Calhoun,  James  G.  Carter,  George 
Connecticut  Board  of  Education.  The  ex-  B.  Emerson,  Gideon  F.  Thayer,  Thomas  Sber< 
penses  of  this  institute  were  paid  by  the  Hon.  man,  and  John  Eiugsbury.  Through  the  ff* 
Henry  Barnard.  During  the  same  year,  a  plan  forts  of  James  G.  Carter  in  1835.  then  a  member 
for  a  State  association  was  drawn  up  by  Dr.  of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature,  an  appro* 
Barnard,  which  was  the  first  decisive  move-  priation  of  (300  a  year,  for  ^Ye  soooeasird 
ment  of  this  kind  in  Connecticut,  and,  perhaps,  years,  was  made  in  aid  of  the  association,  as^ 
in  the  country,  although  there  were  voluntary  this  grant  was  from  time  to  time  renewed, 
conferences  in  Massachusetts  for  discussing  Tear  after  year  the  institute  has  held  its  meet- 
educational  questions  at  a  much  earlier  date,  ings,  usually  in  one  of  the  princifMd  cities  or 
For  instance,  in  August,  1686,  **  a  general  meet-  towns  of  New  England,  each  session  oocop;* 
ing  of  the  registered  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  ing  three  or  four  days  in  lectures,  reports,  aod 
Boston**  was  convened,  and  money  was  sub-  discussions.  The  day  meetings  have  been  at- 
scribed  ''  toward  maintaining  a  free  school-  tended  by  hundreds  of  teachers,  schod-offioer^ 
master  for  the  youth  with  us.**  This  was  not  and  friends  of  education,  and  the  evening  m^ 
distinctively  an  association  of  teachers,  but  it  tions  by  thousands  of  people. 


TEACHERS'  ASSOCIATIONS. 


761 


irtttrnatioiial  edacational  adsociatioD  was 

erioan  AssociatioD  for  the  Advancement 

ication,   organized  in  Philadelphia  in 

>er  1849,  nnder  the  leadership  of  Horace 

Alonzo  Potter,  Joseph  Henry,  Henrj 

d,   Charles  Northend,  John  S.   Hart, 

Griscom,    Joseph    Chandler,    Nathan 

,  Alexander  D.  Bache,  Saronel  S.  Ran- 

id  others.    The  earlv  presidents  were 

Mann  (1849),  Eliphalet  Nott  (1850), 

Rev.  Alonzo  Potter  (1861-'62),  Joseph 

(1858),  Alexander  D.  Bache  (1854),  and 

Barnard  (1855).     The  credit  of  sag- 

and  originating  the  formation  of  the 

National  Educational  Association  is 

J  due  to  William  RasseU,  who  was  bom 

gow,  Scotland,  in  1798,  and  was  edu- 

n  the  Latin  School  and  University  of 

J,    He  began  his  life  work  as  a  teacher 

gia,  and  was  the  author  of  an  admirable 

setting  forth  the  natnre  and  obiects  of 

nization  that  should  include  all  the  pro-^ 

d  teachers  in  this  country.    This  address 

kd  to  a  convention  held  in  Philadelphia, 

\  1857,  and  resulted  in  a  formal  organi- 

of  the  National  Teachers^  Association, 

dmon  Richards  as  president.    The  first 

"sary  of  the  association  was  held  in  Cin- 

on  Aug.  11-18,  1858.    Its  successive 

nts  were:   Andrew  J.  Rickoff,  J.  W. 

%  John  D.  Philbrick,  W.  H.  Well?,  S.  S. 

J.  P.  Wic"kershara,  J.  M.  Gregory,  L. 

kelen,  and  Daniel  B.  Hagar.    This  as- 

•n  was  merged  into  the  National  Ednca- 

Association,  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  in  1870. 

locessive  presidents  have  been:   J.  L. 

1   (1871),   E.  E.  White  (1872),   B.  G. 

ap  (1878),  S.  H.  White  (1874),  W.  T. 

(1875),  W.  F.  Phelps  (1876),  M.   A. 

(1877),  John  Hancock  (1879),  J.  Or- 

9'ilson  (1880),  John  H.  Smart  (1881), 

rr  (1882),  E.  T.  Tappan  (1888),  Thomas 

knell  (1884),  F.  Louis  Soldan  (1885), 

Calkins  (1886),  W.  E.  Sheldon  (1887), 

Gove  (1888),  and  A.  P.  Marble  (1889); 

neetings  have  been  held  in  most  of  the 

al  cities  of  our  country,  the  last  being 

Francisco.    The  meeting  for  1889  is  to 

i  in  Nashville,  Tenn.     An  historical 

of  the  organization  of  the  associations 

of  the  States  would  till  a  large  volume, 

)  following  outline  will  indicate  afew 

»nceming  their  early  history.    In  some 

ee  the  records  of  the  first  meetings  have 

)st,  but  the  dates  as  given  below  are 

t  to  be  correct : 

isas — Teaehers'  AB»ociation,  1860. 

ma — State  Educational  ABsociation,  1856. 

mia— Education  Society,  1854. 

tcticut — State  AsBociation,  1839. 

ct  of  Columbia — Association  of  Teachers,  1849. 

are^-State  Convention,  1858-'66. 

A — Education  Society,  Tallahassee,  1881. 

iBr-Teaohers*  Society,  1881. 

-State  Teachers*  Association^  1864. 

la — State  Teachers'  Association,  1864. 

s — State  Education  Society j  1841. 

s — State  Teachers'  Association,  1868. 


Kentucky — State  Teachers*  Association,  1857. 

Louisiana— Institute  for  the  Promotion  of  Educa- 
tion^ 1888. 

Mississippi — Teachers'  Association,  1868. 

Maine— ^tate  Teachers'  Association,  1846. 

Maryland— Institute  of  Education,  1848. 

Massachusetts— State  Association,  1886. 

Michigan — State  Education  Society,  1862. 

Minnesota — State  Teachers'  Association,  1863. 

Missouri — Teachers'  Association,  1848. 

New  York — State  Teachers'  Association,  1845. 

New  Jersey — State  Teachers'  Association,  1868. 

New  Hampshire— State  Teachers'  Association,  1848. 

North  Carolina— Institute  of  Education,  1880. 

Oregon— State  Educational  Association,  1868. 

Ohio — State  Teachers'  Association,  1868. 

Pennsylvania — State  Teachers'  Association,  1863. 

Bhode  Island — Institute  of  Instruction,  1844. 

South  Carolina— State  Teachers'  Association,  1849. 

Texas — Literary  Institute,  1846. 

Tennessee — Association  of  Professional  Teachers, 
1887. 

Vermont— State  Teachers'  Association,  1860. 

Virginia — State  Teachers'  Association^  1866. 

West  Virginia — State  Teachers'  Association,  1866. 

Wisconsin — Teachers'  Association,  1868. 

The  National  Educational  Association, '  as 
now  organized,  is  divided  into  the  following 
departments:  General  Association ;  National 
Council  of  Education;  and  Departments  of 
Kindergarten  Work,  Elementary  Education, 
Secondary  Education,  Higher  Education,  Nor- 
mal Education,  Superintendence,  Industrial 
Education,  Art,  and  Music.  The  National 
Council  of  Education  holds  its  meetings  the 
week  previous  to  the  sessions  of  the  General 
Association.  During  its  meetings,  the  General 
Association  occupies  the  forenoon  and  evening 
of  each  d^y,  while  the  departments  meet  at 
assigned  places  in  the  afternoons. 

Questions  bearing  directly  upon  the  work  of 
education  in  all  parts  of  our  country,  and  in  all 
its  relations,  are  discussed  by  able  educators, 
whose  papers  and  remarks  are  published  in  an 
annual  volume  of  "Proceedings."  The  vol- 
ume for  1888  contains  944  pages ;  that  of  1887, 
829  pages ;  and  the  volumes  of  several  years 
preceding  1887  contained  from  400  to  550 
pages.  The  attendance  at  these  meetings  dur- 
ing the  past  few  years  has  been  very  large. 
The  membership  attendance  at  Madison,  1884, 
was  over  8,000;  at  Topeka,  1888,  5,000;  at 
Chicago,  1887,  about  10,500;  at  San  Francisco, 
1888,  about  4,500. 

Among  the  principal  subjects  discussed  at 
the  San  Francisco  meeting  were:  >*The  Place 
of  Literature  in  Common-School  Education," 
"The  Best  Discipline  to  Prepare  Law- Abid- 
ing Citizens,"  "Current  Criticism  of  Public 
Schools,"  "The  Relation  of  the  State  to  School 
Supplies,"  "The  American  Schools  and  the 
American  Library,"  "  Waste  in  Elementary 
Education,"  "  The  BosinesB  Side  of  City  School 
Systems,"  "The  University  and  the  High- 
School,"  "  The  Normal  School  and  the  Acad- 
emy," "The  Ethics  of  School  Management," 
"Industrial  Training  and  General  Culture," 
"Elementary  Music  in  Public  Schools."  As 
an  example  of  the  scope  and  value  of  these  dis- 
cossions,  we  refer  to  the  papers  on  the  relation 


762  TEACHEBS'  ASSOCIATIONS. 

of  the  State  to  school-soppHe^.    This  sabject,  prefer,  while  independent  and  special  district! 

daring  the  past  few  years,  has  been  exciting  ha?e  been  at  liberty  to  cbooee  for  their  cbildra 

considerable  attention,  and  it  was  giren  a  large  the  best  and  freshest  in  the  markets.*^ 

{»lace  in  the  discussions  of  the  California  meet-  It  was  nrged  dnring  the  discnssion  that  the 

ng.    The  question  at  issae  was,  ShoaM  the  tendencj  of  oar  school  systems  is  to  mike 

State  raise  by  taxation  a  fond  sofScient  to  far-  them  machines  that  grind  out  all  the  individih 

nish  to  aD  pupils  in  the  public  schools  text-  ality  from  children ;  that  the  manufacture  ct 

books  and  other  supplies  free  of  cost?    In  text-books  by  State  authority,  and  the  forcing 

other  words,  should  the  State  become  a  public  of  these  books  upon  the  districts,  is  a  species 

corporation,  publishing  text-books  and  manu-  of  literary  tyranny  that  is  contrary  to  the  free 

facturing  supplies  for  the  schools  under  its  character  of  our  institutions,  and  wooM  iutefi- 

care?    Superintendent  R.   W.   Stevenson,  of  sify  the  ^*  machine 'Mn  education ;  that  there  is 

Columbus,  Ohio,  in  discussing  this  question,  no  more  sense  in  requiring  all  schools  to  oie 

said:   *^The   principle    underlying  free  text-  the  same   geography  or  history  or  grammir 

books  is  wrong,  and  must  result  in  evil.    That  than  there  would  be  in  requiring  all  farmen' 

gnvemment  is  the  best  which  gives  the  people  wives  to  use  the  same  kind  of  floor  or  sugsror 

the  power  and  the  opportunity  to  do  the  most  potatoes.    It  was  urged  with  great  force  thit 

for  themselves.    There  can  be  no  co-operation  States  attempting  to  adopt  the  system  of  maoa- 

without  interest.    To  be  interested  in  anything,  facturing  school-books  had  faileid  to  carry  vith 

the  person  must  have  a  share  in  its  use  that  them  the  sympathy  of  the  people,  and  thus  tiie 

costs  something  to  secure— even  in  education,  plan  had  fallen  into  disrepute  from  the  evident 

There  are,  therefore,  limitations  beyond  which  unfairness  of  its  requirements.     It  wss  a}$o 

the  State,  for  its  own  safety,  should  not  go.  said  by  the  Hon.  E.  E.  Higbee,  of  Pennsylvanii, 

The  State  that  supplies  those  wants  of  its  peo-  that  a  legalized  State  monopoly  and  a  nnifona 

pie  which,  by  common  industry  and  economy  system  of  text-books  by  State  authority  woaU 

they  can  supply  for  themselves,  encourages  create  a  tyranny;  that  the  large  puhlishin^ 

idleness  and  dependence.    No  good  will  come  houses  command  the  best  skill  in  workmio- 

from  a  system  of  free  text- books,  but,  on  the  ship  and  the  best  experience  of  learned  meo 

contrary,  great  dangers.    The  taxation  of  the  ana  professional   teachers,    which  the  Stite 

Northern  States  for  school  purposes  is  now  as  would  fail  to  do ;   that  the  competition  dov 

heavy  as  the  people  will  bear.    The  plan  of  existing  is  itself  a  guarantee  that  prices  viD 

free  text- books  means  higher  taxes,  or  the  at-  not  be  excessive,  and  that  also  the  highest  (k- 

traction  of  the  money  now  raised  from  more  gree  of  perfection  will  be  obtained, 

useful  purposes.''  In  opposition  to  these  arguments  it  was 

Hon.  L.  S.  Cornell,  of  Denver,  Col.,  in  dis-  urged  by  Thomas  Tash,  of  Portland,  Mtine, 

cussing  this  question,  said :  ^^  The  members  of  that  it  is  wise  to  furnish  text-books  at  pablie 

the  State  board  of  education  and  text-book  expense  on  account  of  convenience  and  eoono- 

commissions,  however  constituted,  are  usually  my.    Much  confusion,  especially  in  rural  dis- 

men  whose  time  is  fully  occupied  with  official  tricts,  results  from  the  ownership  of  wroog 

and  private  duties.    They  ore  not,  as  a  rule,  and  unsuitable  books.     In  such  schools  popils 

connected   with    the   work  of   the  common  do  not  pursue  all  the  studies  they  should,  or 

schools,  and  are  unable  to  make  the  best  selec-  such  as  they  ought,  on  the  plea  that  the?  hare 

tions.     Books  that  have  been  adopted  by  such  not  the  books.    With  an  ample  supply  of  boob 

persons  with  the  greatest  conlidence  in  their  a  school  can  be  more  easily  and  promptly 

merits,  have  frequently  been  found  very  de-  classified.    There  is  no  waiting  for  slow-moY- 

fective  when  practically  tested  in  the  school-  ing  fathers.     Reducing  the  grade  of  scholars 

room.     The    power   to    decide  what    books  or  loss  of  time  or  neglect  of  study  vanish 

should  be  used  by  every  child  in  the  State,  when  text-books  are  furnished  by  the  State. 

and  to  give  some  publishing-house  or  dealer  a  Parents  criticise  the  classification  of  their  cbil- 

monopoly  of  the  school  -  book  trade,  is  too  dren  far  less  than  under  the  old  voluntary  afs- 

great  to  place  in  the  hands  of  any  board  or  tem.  .  Where  text  books  are  supplied  by  tbe 

commission.    The  record  of  the  past  in  many  State,  supplementary  books  may  be  fumiabed 

States  wilf  testify  to  great  danger  in  this  direo-  in  any  study  without  increase  of  cost— tvo 

tion.    It  is  not  desirable  for  the  State  to  enter  sets  of  readers  lasting  six  years  costing  no 

'  I                      the  field  as  a  publisher  or  manufacturer  on  the  more  than  one  set  lasting  three  years. 

i  j                      ground  of  economy.     No  one  will  claim  that  The  picture  of  the  State  estabiishing  its  owb 

;  li                      the  State  will  make  better  books  than  those  shops,  gathering  its  material,  oonstruciing  its 

i  i                      issued  by  some  private  houses,  nor  that  it  can  various  machines,  fixing  prices,  enforcing  the 

' '                      do  the  work  more  cheaply  than  they.    A  first-  use  of  its  books,  establishing  its  depots  of  sop- 

class  book  is  a  thing  of  growth ;  it  can  not  be  plies  and  its  numerous  agents  of  distribatioo, 
made  to  order  in  a  few  weeks  or  a  month."  its  collectors,  and  accounts,  were  presented  ia 
The  testimony  of  the  superintendent  of  a  West-  such  a  forcible  manner  as  to  lead  to  the  gen- 
em  State  was  given  in  the  following  words;  eral  verdict  that  such  a  course  would  be  the 
"  It  has  been  the  misfortune  of  our  common  death-knell  of  our  inventive  genius  in  the 
schools  that  they  have  been  forced  to  use  direction  of  text-book  making;  wonld  cripple 
books,  by  authority  of  law,  which  none  would  all  self-developing  enterprise  on  the  pari  of 


«     5 


TENNESSEE.  763 

the  people,  and  tend  to  destroy  the  chief  in-  1886.    The  total  nomber  In  the  school  during 

daoements  to  individaal  impulse  and  activity,  the  past  two  years  was  120,  and  the  expendi- 

The  discussion  of  this  question  gives  a  fair  tures  during  that  period  were  $81,906.62. 

example  of  the  subjects  considered  by  the  Na-  At  the  School  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  the 

tional  Association  from  year  to  year.    In  State  attendance  at  the  close  of  the  year  had  in- 

and  county  meetings  the  topics  discussed  are  creased  to  115. 

generally  more  technical,  relating  to  subjects  lUlls  aid  ManfiMtail«h — The  following  figures 
usually  taught  in  elementary  village  and  conn-  for  1888  are  taken  from  the  annual  report  of 
try  schools.  Teachers'  iostitutes  are  in  some  the  State  Gommissioner  of  Statistics :  Woolen- 
respects  modified  teachers'  associations.  miDs,  19 ;  pounds  of  scoured  wool  used,  2,118,- 

TEEOneSSEE.    Stile  CeTeruMBt— The  follow-  000;  of  which  887,500  pounds  were  Tennessee 

ing  were  the  State  officers  during  the  year :  wool ;  hands  employed,  879 ;  cotton-mills,  28 ; 

Governor,  Robert  L.  Taylor,  Democrat;  Sec-  spindles,  100,161;  bales  of  cotton  consumed, 

retary  of  State,  John  AUlson;  Treasurer  and  87,610;  hands  employed,  2,677;  iron  manu- 

InsuranceCommisaioner,  A tha Thomas ;  Oomp-  factories,  18;  hands  employed,  6,510. 

truller,  P.  P.  Pickard;  Attorney-General,  B.  CtaL — The  product  for  1886  in  short  tons 

J.  Lea;  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  was  as  follows:  First  District,  coal,  188,424; 

Frank  M.  Smith ;  Commissioner  of  Agricult-  coal  coked,  260,082 ;  total,  448,606.    Second 

ore,  Statistics,  and  Mines,  B.  M.  Uord;  Chief-  District,  coal,  488,917;  coal  coked,  811,259; 

Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Peter  Turney ;  total,  750,176.    Third  District,  coal,  515,608. 

Associate  Justices,  W.  C.  Folkes,  W.  C.  Cald-  Total,  1,714,290  tons.    The  product  for  1888 

well,  B.  L.  Snodgrass,  and  W.  H.  Lurton.  in  short  tons  was :  First  District,  coal,  882,715 ; 

FtaHMHU — The  receipts  of  the  State  Treasury  coal  coked,  804,700 ;  total,  687,416.    Second 

for  the  biennial  period  ending  Dec.  20,  1888,  District,  coal,  809,978;  coal  coked,  874,000; 

were$8,694,996.87,  of  which  $916,002.10  is  a  total,  688,978.    Third  District,  coal,  645,909. 

temporary  loan.  Deducting  this  and  $22,942.50  Total  for  the  three  districts,  1,967,297  tons, 

for  accidental  receipts,  there  remains  $2,766,-  PMItlcaL — A  Democratic   State  Convention 

052.18.    The  total  disbursements  during  the  met  at  Nashville  on  May  9,  for  the  purpose  of 

two  years  were  $8,408,761.69,  of  which  $878,-  electing  delegates  at  large  to  the  St.  Louis  Con- 

114.48  represents  Bank  of  Tennessee  certifi-  vention,  nominating  presidential  electors,  and 

cates  paia  by  the  State,  and  $262,500  of  the  selecting  a  candidate  for  Governor.    The  two 

temporary  loan  repaid,  leaving  $2,778,147.26  former  objects  were  ea«ly  accomplished,  but  a 

as  the  actual  expense  for  ordinary  purposes,  prolonged  contest  arose  over  the  gubernatorial 

This  is  greater  than  the  ordinary  reyenue  by  nomination,  which  required  a  session  of  four 

$17,095.38.  days  and  forty  baUots.   Gov.  Taylor  was  a  can- 

Tlie  assessed  valuation  of  the  State  for  1888  didate  for  renomination,  but  was  opposed  by  a 

was  $297,205,054,  divided  as  foUows:  Land,  large  minority  of  the  delegates,  whose  support 

$165,479,717;    town  lots,   $88,646,688;   per-  was  divided  between  four  aspirants— T.  M.  Mc- 

sonal  propertv,  $48,078,704.    The  increase  in  Connell,  W.  M.  Daniel,  Julius  A.  Trousdale,  and 

valuation  over  1887  is  $57,654,978.    Railroad  W.  P.  Caldwell.     On  the  first  ballot,  Taylor 

property  is  assessed  for  the  year  at  $82,290,-  received  649  votes,  McConnell  241,  Daniel  226, 

802.10.    There  are  2,224  miles  of  railroad  in  Trousdale  100,  and  CaldweU  114.   A  two-third 

the  State.  yote  of  the  1,884  delegates  was  necessary  for  a 

EtentlMk — The  last  annual  report  of  the  choice.   The  contest  was  marked  with  so  great 

State  Superintendent,  for  the  year  ending  June  excitement  and  bitterness  that  more  than  one 

80,  1887,  pr^ents  the  following  public-school  third  of  the  minority  refused  to  vote  at  all  on 

statistics:  Scholastic  population  between  six  the  decisive  ballot,  in  which  1,081  yotes  were 

and  twenty-one  years,  white  males,  248,112;  cast  for  Taylor,  with  214  scattering  votes.   The 

white  females,  280,509 ;  total  white,  478,621 ;  nomination  was  then  made  unanimous.    The 

colored  males,  81,006;  colored  females,  80,-  resolutions  included  the  following : 

387 ;  total  colored,  161,898 ;  grand  total,  640,-  We  fevor  such  reform  in  our  penal  system  as  will 

014.     Number  of  teachers  employe^:   White  separate  minor  convicts  and  offenders  of  low  grade 

males,   8,906;    white  females,   1,883;  colored  from  hardened  criminals,  and  will  reduce  to  a  mini- 

»««i»<.    ^  (\^7K,  ^^^^mr^A  #^»««1aI    rak.  frv»«i   n  mum  the  competition  between  convict  and  free  labor. 

?^^  iJ'^^5 '      .u   'f™*l^^ .5^1'  .^^}^'  ^r  We  9re  opp^ed  to  all  monopolies  and  '» trusts." 

879.    Number  of  schools:  White,  5,101 ;  col-  /-.    ur     I/,  ^v    n       n-              i.    *  vr    i    -n 

ored,  1,506;  total,  6,607.    Number  of  pupils  9°  ^^J  i^^^,®  Republicans  met  at  Nashville 

enroUed  during  the  year,   880,625;    average  and  selected  delegates  to  the  Chicago  Con ven- 

daily  attendant,  252,248.  *»oj^»  }>°*  postponed  the  nomination  of  a  guber- 

The  State  University  has  undergone,  during  °**^"«1  candidate  till  the  meeting  of  a  snbse- 

the  year,  a  thorough  reorganization ;   a  new  J.^^^^  convention  on  July  18     This  con ven- 

preaident  and  almort  an  entirely  new  faculty  *»^°  selected  Samuel  W.  Hawkins.    The  plat- 

have  been  selected.     Commodious  buildings  form  mcluded  the  following : 

have  been  erected  and  the  older  ones  improved.  ^  ^e  f'J7°j;^*"^®^«j^P^^''^[j^^  o^^"^^  hlJ\fl 

^^^T*^®  ?^^^^),  ^^L^¥  ?^^^\ ?J^  ^®:  fomily  who'b^  cftiwn  of  the  Stat^,  without  regard  t5 

cerober  20,  bad  84  pupils,  78  being  white  and  itn  character,  in  lieu  of  the  present  law  exempting 

11  colored,  an  increase  of  18  since  December,  $l,000  worth  of  personal  property. 


i 


764  TENNESSEE.  TEXAS. 

i 

I  We  oppose  the  present  Bystem  of  asBessing  and  Argnments  in  the  lojanction  case  were  mide 

j  equalization  of  values  of  the  taxable  property  of  the  |>efore  ChanceUor  Allison  in   December,  the 

1  State,  and  favor  such  revision  of  the  aaseasmentlawB  Qovernor  appearing  by  connsel  and  denyin* 

.1  as  will  secure  a  more  just  and  equal  assessment  and  ^L  !  A"       i»pp^«iiui5   wj   w»**«»«»  *»u^      ^r^ 

oqualization,  to  the  end  that  the  burdens  of  taxation  that  the  court  had  any  jurisdiction  to  control 

\  will  fall  equally  upon  all  the  tax-payers  of  the  entire  the  Executive  in  the  exercise  of  what  he  claimed 

\  State.  was  the  discretionarv  power  of  his  office.  The 

j  1  We  M-e  opposed  to  the  taxation  of  the  a§ente  of  the  Chancellor  decided  in  favor  of  the  GoTenwr, 

!!  tr:S!rU°f??^rra^L°;^^  and  an  appeal  was  taken  to  the  State  8npr«oe 

!  ers  equal  rights  and  privile^  with  all  other  secular  Court. 

y,  oocupatious  and  professions  in  the  State.  TEXA&      Sllle    GtVCmMBU — The    foUowisf 

We  again  denounce  the  system  of  leasing  the  con-  ^qj^  ^he  State  officers  darinir  the  year:  Go?- 
victs  in  our  Penitentiary  to  be  worked  in  the  mines  in  Lawrence  8.  Ross,  Democrat ;  Lieuttt- 

competition  with  the  free  labor  engaged  m  developmg  ^' "    X,  «"v^  •^.  **^^?»  a^«.**v^  «•. ,  *^«  *«r 

our  wonderful  mineral  resouroes.  ant  -  Governor,  T.  B  Wheeler;    Serrettry  of 

State,  J.  M.  Moore ;  Treasurer,  Frank  R.  Lab- 
Late  in  July  the  Prohibitionist  State  Execn-  bock;  Comptroller,  John  D.  McCall;  Attomej- 
tive  Committee  auDounced  the  name  of  J.  C.  General,  James  S.  Hogg;    Superintendent  of 

I  Johnson  as  the  candidate  of  its  party.    At  the  Public  Instruction,  Oscar  H.  Cooper;  Comnui- 

I  November  election,  Taylor  received  156,799  sioner  of  the  General  Land-Office,  R.  M.  Hall; 

!|  votes,  Hawkins  139,014,  Johnson  6,893.    The  Chie^Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Asa  H. 

Legislature  elected  at  the  same  time  will  con-  Willie,  who  offered  his  resignation,  to  take 
tain  23  Democrats  and  10  Republicans  in  the  effect  March  8,  and  was  succeeded  by  Aaso- 
Senate,  and  73  Democrats  and  26  Republicans  ciate  Justice  John  W.  Stayton ;  Associate  Jos- 
in  the  House.  Cleveland  electors  were  chosen,  tices,  John  W.  Stayton,  promoted  as  above, 
and  Democratic  Congressmen  elected  in  all  of  R.  R.  Gaines,  and  Alexander  H.  Walker,  ap- 
the  ten  districts  except  the  First,  Second,  and  pointed  in  March  to  succeed  Justice  StaTtoo. 
Third.  In  the  Third  District  the  contest  was  Legldattye  8MBiiB«~A  special  session  of  tb« 
close.  Upon  the  face  of  the  returns,  it  ap-  Legislature  was  called  to  meet  on  April  16. 
peared  that  Evans,  the  Republican  candidate,  The  more  important  reasons  for  this  were,  first, 
nad  a  majority  of  228  votes;  but  the  friends  the  existence  of  a  large  and  growing snrplaa ii 
of  Creed  F.  Bates,  the  Democratic  candidate,  the  revenue  account  of  the  treasury,  arnount- 
olaimed  that  fraud  in  two  of  the  election  ing  at  that  time  to  over  $1,500,000,  exdnsiTO 
districts  could  be  shown,  sufficient  to  jus-  of  the  net  indemnity  claim  of  $922,541.52,  ra- 
tify the  canva^ssing  board  in  rejecting  the  re-  cently  received  frcHU  the  General  Government; 
turns  from  those  districts.  In  the  event  of  second,  a  large  deficiency  in  the  school  reve- 
such  rejection,  the.  Democratic  candidate  would  nues,  amounting  to  $400,000  for  the  year  1886- 
have  a  majority  of  one  vote.  On  the  repre-  '87  and  $250,000  for  1887-'88;  third,  the  com- 
sentation  of  these  facts,  the  Governor,  as  the  pletion  of  the  new  State  Capitol.  The  existence 
head  of  the  board  of  canvassers,  prepared,  at  of  a  large  surplus  revenue  gave  rise  to  varioos 
the  suggestion  of  Bates^s  friends,  a  certificate  extravagant  measures  for  its  expenditure,  bat 
of  his  election  prior  to  the  meeting  of  the  the  action  of  the  Le^slature  in  making  appro- 
hoard,  in  order  that,  if  it  should  find  that  he  priations  was  on  the  whole  moderate,  tboof^h 
had  been  duly  elected,  the  certificate  might  be  its  reduction  of  the  tax-rate  from  25  cents  to 
instantly  issued  before  an  injunction  could  be  10  cents  for  1888,  and  20  cents  for  each  jetf 
obtained  by  the  Republican  candidate.  The  thereafter,  proved  to  be  ill-advised.  For  tb« 
certificate  was  signed  and  sealed  and  delivered  purpose  of  reducing  the  school-revenue  defi- 
by  the  Governor  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  with  ciency  a  bill  was  passed  transferring  $254,000^ 
orders  that  it  was  not  to  be  considered  as  issued,  or  so  much  of  it  as  should  be  needed,  to  pt; 
and  was  not  to  be  entered  or  copied  into  the  outstanding  warrants  held  by  the  coantiee 
records,  until  further  directions  were  given,  against  the  available  school-fund,  from  tbe 
When  the  canvassing  board  met,  it  was  found  general  revenue  fund  to  the  school-fund ;  an^ 
that  the  facts  would  not  justify  the  exclusion  the  further  sum  of  $250,000,  which  wasappro- 
of  the  votes  in  the  two  districts  referred  to,  and  priated  out  of  the  treasury  as  a  sinking-fand  to 
the  Governor  destroyed  the  first  certificate  and  pay  such  part  of  the  bonded  debt  payable  io 
prepared  another  in  favor  of  Evans.  But  the  1890  and  1891  as  should  be  held  by  ind'ividoala, 
Secretary  of  State  disagreed  with  him  'in  his  was  loaned  to  the  school-fund  without  interest 
conclusions  regarding  the  frauds,  and  refused  till  the  maturity  of  said  bonds.  The  sam  of 
to  attest  his  signature  to  the  second  certificate.  $504,000  was  thus  made  available  for  the  aneof 
He  was  also  enjoined  from  issuing  and  deliver-  the  school-fund.  Among  the  other  approprii- 
ing  the  certificate  to  Evans.  The  investigation  tions  of  the  season  was  $150,000  for  the  erectioD 
of  the  returns  not  only  showed  that  Evans  was  of  two  wings,  for  the  accommodation  of  iOO 
elected,  but,  even  if  the  amended  returns  were  patients,  at  the  North  Texas  Insane  AstIqid,  io 
accepted  and  the  two  districts  thrown  out,  still  Terrell;  $140,000  for  furnishing  the  State  Capi- 
Evans  was  elected,  because  an  amendment  froni  tol  and  grading  and  fencing  the  grounds;  $50,* 
Bradley  County  increased  his  minority  by  four  000  for  the  expenses  of  the  sesnon ;  $13d,OO0 


votes,  thus  overcoming  Bates^s  miyority  of  one    as  a  loan  to  the  University  of  Texas,  without 
and  leaving  Evans  a  clear  majority  of  three,    interest,^  payable  in  1910,  of  which  $50,000  k 


TEXAS.  765 

Bed  in  the  oonstrnction  of  a  medical  de-  of  the  State,  for  the  school  year  1886^*87,  to 

nt  at  Galveston ;  $18,500  for  enlarging  have  been  480,795,  an  inorease  of  87.117  in  one 

flum  for  the  Blind;  $20,000  for  a  new  year;  864,968  being  white  and  124,842  colored. 

3rj  and  hall  at  the  Agricoltaral  and  Me-  Of  this  nnmber,  295,510  white  and  113,150 

d  College ;    $25,890  for  additions  and  colored  children,  or  408,660  in  all,  were  en- 

einents  at  the  State  Reformatory ;  $18,-  rolled  in  the  public  schools,  an  increase  of 

!5,000,  and  $15,000  for  similar  porposes  5,849  over  1885-*86.   There  were  6,911  schools 

Deaf  and  Damb  Asylum,  Prairie  View  for  white  children  and  2,076  for  colored  chil- 

1  School,  and  State  Orphan  Asylum  at  dren  maintained  during  the  year,  a  total  in- 

ina,  respectively.    The  total  appropria-  crease  of  267.     In  the  white  schools  8,282 

I  the  session  amounted  to  $1,241,471.17.  teachers  were  employed  at  an  average  month- 

I  regard  to  the  State  Capitol,  the  Legis-  ly  salary  of  $48.27  in  the  counties  and  $69.82 

passed  a  bill  appointing  the  Governor,  in  the  cities ;   in  the  colored  schools  2,891 

rer,  Comptroller,  and  Commissioner  of  teachers  were  employed  at  a  monthly  salaiy  of 

neral  Land-Office,  a  board  for  the  pur-  $88.65  in  the  counties  and  $49.78  in  the  cities. 

'  accepting  or  rejecting  the  building,  and  The  average  school  term  in  the  counties  was 

rbill  creating  a  Capitol- furnishing  board  5*07  months;  in  cities,  7*92  months.    During 

e  members,  appointed  by  the  Governor,  the  year  the  amount  of  the  school-fund  appor- 

3rintend  the  expenditure  of  the  above-  tioned  to  counties  was  $2,862,226.25  or  $4.75 

appropriation  for  furnishing  and  grad-  per  capita.    This  apportionment  was  $400,000 

grounds.    Other  acts  were:  m  excess  of  the  school-fund  revenue  for  the 

ling  that  the  CommiBeioner  of  Agriculttire  y^^^:    ^^^^o^®I;'®!,^2  *^^^*^^^1T^^ 

lue  a  goolo^cal  and  mineralogical  survey  of  ™®^t  was  $2,285,551,  $4.50  for  each  child, 

e  to  be  made,  and  appropriatiiig  $15,000  there-  Charities. — The  State  Orphan  Asylum  estab- 
lished by  the  Le^slature  m  1887  was  located 

idin^  the  general  incorporatton  law  so  as  to  5.  commissioners  at  Corsicana,  on  a  tract  given 

the  inoorporation  of  mercantile  companies  to  -.1  ♦u-*  *;♦»       -D«:i^:»»a  «r^«  ;«  ^m^^Jz.^  ^t 

B  and  8ellW«,  wares,  and  merchanclise,  and  ^7  ^^^t  city.      Buildings  were  in  process  of 

ind  and  farm  productn.  erection  at  the  close  of  the  year  for  the  acc<vn- 

ring  the  assessment  of  property  for  taxes  that  modation  of  200  children, 

removed  from  ttie  State  before  January  1  to  The  Institute   for  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind 

ixation,  provided  it  he  returned  to  the  State  Colored  Youth,  established  at  Austin  by  the 

be  tax-rolls  are  completed  for  the  year.  v^wiv*^    *  vuc^u,  «oi/ai/tt  «««  ««  -i^woi,^^  */j  *  « 

tablish  a  tax-lien  upon  property  assigned  or  8*™®  Legislature,  was  completed    dunng  the 

pon  by  creditors.  year,  and  many  of  beneficiaries -were  received. 

ling  that  the  county  or  district  attorney  or  At-  Prlstiis. — The  report  of  the  State  Penitentiary 

General  mav  procure  issuance  of  the  wnt  of  in-  for  the  two  years  ending  in  November  is  as 

e^en^^or'^^n'JTLw^^^^^^  follows:  ConVicts,  Nov.^1,  1886,  2,859;  con- 
ring  suits  to  be  instituted  by  order  of  commis-  victs,  Nov.  1, 1888,  8,802  ;  increase  442.  High- 
courts  to  recover  taxes  doe  on  unrendered  est  number  at  any  time,  on  July  25, 1888, 8,396; 
I  property.  average  nnmber  daily,  8,129.  Cash  receipts, 
session  adjourned  on  May  15.  $1,256,795.44;  cash  disbursements,  $1,226,- 
«!•.— At  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year,  Au-  212.10;  cash  balance,  $80,583.84.  The  num- 
l,  there  was  a  balance  in  the  treasury  of  ^^  of  deaths  for  the  period,  228,  i»  high. 
000  to  the  general  revenue  and  $88,000  The  State  Reformatory,  established  by  the 
available  school  fund.  The  general  rev-  Legif«lature  of  1887,  was  located  by  commis- 
arpliis,  one  year  previoiisly,  was  $888,-  sioners  in  Coryell  County,  near  Gatesville,  on  a 
By  the  reduction  of  the  tax-rate  at  farm  of  696  acres  purchased  for  $10,000.  They 
H5ial  session  to  10  cents,  it  is  estimated  expended  $62,157  for  buildings,  which  were 
K)  of  annual  revenue  will  be  cut  off,  completed  and  transferred  to  the  State  on  No- 
the  extraordinary  appropriations  of  the  ▼ember  10.  The  institution  was  opened,  and 
session  will  further  reduce  the  surplus,  t;he  youthful  prisoners  transferred  thereto  by 
t,  according  to  the  Comptroller's  esti-  proclamation  of  the  Governor  of  Jan.  1,  1889. 
>nly  about  $70,000  will  remain  in  the  StttlstifS.— The  following  figures  for  the  year 
y  on  Aug.  31,  1889.  The  balance  of  ending  Jan.  1, 1888,  are  taken  from  the  annual 
)  in  the  school-fund  is  produced  by  ad-  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture : 

to  the  fund  of  $504 JOIOO  loaned  to  it  by    Popaiatton 8;.oia.(«« 

he  special  session.  The  actual  deficiency    Cohon :  Awes  planted ?'?JS'S? 

fund  is,  therefore,  about  $420,000.  vSi?fS^p: ! .' : .' .;::::::::::::::::::::::::  %^^ri^l 

total  bonded  debt  of  the  State,  on  Au-    Wheat:  Acreapianted 620,219 

I  WM  $4,287,780,  of  which  $8,017,100  f^iJJlJf'S^';;::;::::.;;::.:;::::;:::;;::::  4:K 

by  the  State  m  its  various  special  funds.     Com:  Acres  planted 2,929,2«7 

220,630  by  individuals.    The  only  bonds       Ba«hetoin,ae .S'lI^IlS 

due  in  1890 and  1891  are  $200,000,  of  oau :  ISl^Li^d:::::::::;.:.:::::::::::::: '  w,02? 

B  6-per-cent.  deficiency  bonds,  none  of       Buabeis  made. 1?4??'?S 

are  held  by  individuals.  Vaioeofcrop H.4fie.689 

itiM* — The  report  of  the  State  Superin-  There  are  422  saw-mills,  with  a  capital  of 

b  shows  the  total  scholastic  population  $3,147,688 ;    17  cotton-seed  oil-mills,  with  a 


x 


7M  TEXAS. 


I 


Bilk,  vhb  ft  caf^SAl   c4  fLS^i.!!'*;    8  cmI-    setejct  kwfe  be  igU  oelj  to  ksmI  acBfan  m  qvnti- 


mCk.   with  ft  cftpn*!  o<   t<5«>.'>*>;    «Dd  40    ^T^^J^ J^*^  «^*^ li^*"^.^  »^^ 
$7«je.7«0.  Od  MftT  15c  delefstes  from  the  SUte  AIB- 


Odober  29  the  Unitfd  Sotes    akcv  KnizhtBoC  Lftbc^,  aad  Union  Labor  pirt/ 
Sipntne  Coart  ret^'irred  a  dectaoo  dMiftzin^    meC  at  Waeo  in  ft  semi-pofitieftl  eonTcntioB. 


ODcoDiUtixtkAftl  the  Scjde  \xw  makiny  it  a  mi»-  Tbeir  eoouDOtt  mtereste  were  diacQssed,  and  t 

detneanor  fee  aDj  person  to  do  UsaoNa  Ǥ  a  platfom  adopted  vhich  indoded  these  psn- 

eommereial  trareler  without  hann^  first  paid  graphs : 

an  oeenpatioo-^ax.     The  law  was  heid  to  be  a  The  ^tiaaal  fanks  dsonld  be  aboli»hed  uid  tbdr 

rejTuUt ion  of  inter^ate  com  meree  br  the  State.  biBk-BotesRtzRdlhniarcalatkx^andiDlieattowf 

SIsIt  €m0UL — ^This  bfiildiDir  wai  so  far  com-  ^«  adroote  «  keal-iexider  mooej  aod  a  <Urect  fcn 

pleted  in  Maj  that  the  government  oc«ipi€d  it  J^^Je««to^  people  «t  m  tew  rate  <rf  interet 

eartr  in  the  mooth,  and  the  closing  meetingB  ^^  „«»  of'ttaiisportstioii  and  commonkadai 

of  the  special  session  were  held  in  it.    On  Ma j  sbookl  be  owned  or  eootroUed  bj  the  people,  u  is  the 

16,  the  daj  following  the  adjonmment  of  the  rmted  Sutes  Poit-Oflfee,  and  eqoiuble  nta  emr- 

se«ision,  exercises  in  dedication  of  the  building  ^^'^  i?**^*^^?'*^^  v            -^  :■  ^  ..  ,^              i 

•r.B^^  k^M       A*  ♦!.:-  ♦i—^  I*  \.^j\  iw.^.. ITj  >o  aliens  sboaJd  be  permitted  to  hold  orovn  iwl 

were  held.    At  this  time  It  had  been  aeeeptcd  c«.te  iii  the  United  St««^  that  no  further  gnitf 

vj  the  constmction  oommission  onlj  conoition-  of  jrabhe  ImwU  be  made  to  oorporatioiu. 

ally.     Some  farther  improTements  were  made,  We  drmaiMl  that  an  amemboent  be  mboutted  tD 

and  it  was  finaUy  accepted  bj  that  ccMnmisBlon  C'mgnm  making  the  President  and  Vice-Pre»da& 

on  September  20  and  deUvered  OTO- as  com-  '^^^ZA?''^2Lr^,2S*^*i^^        ,    ^,w 

_i  .     1     . .                                                        ^  J     X  ^«  demand  a  free  baUoi  and  a  tair  ooont,  ■ad  tail 

plete  to  the  receiTing  commission  created  at  tampering  with  the  ballot-box  shall  oonstitate  one  of 

the  special  sesnon  to  receiTe  the  propertj  in  the  greatest  of  crimes. 

hehafr  of  the  State     Bat.  finding  manifest  do-  ^h^  Democrats  selected  delegates  to  their 

fects  m  the  roof  and  elsewhere,  this  commission  ^^^^^  Convention  on  May  22,TlWt  WortL 

refused  to  accept  the  report  of  the  consttnction  ^^  ^j^^  ^^  ^      ^^  j^,  ^3^  ^^^  iBdependent 

commission  or  U>  receive  the  bnilding.    It  was  ^^  organiied  it  Waco  on  May  15,  heW  t 

then  agreed  that  an  expert  be  engaged  to  ex-  ^^'^  ^^^  Conrention,  and  nomintt€d  i 

amine  the  work;  the  contractors  m^idesoch  g^  ^^^et  as  follows:  Evan  Jones  for  Got- 

changes  as  he  jo^e^  aod  it  finally  became  ^           ^  g  g^.,^  ^^^  Lientenant-Gorenior; 

the  property  of  the  State  late  m  the  year.  Ward  Taylor  for  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 

^'^•TfT:^  ^r^^  f^  ^""""w!!;  «troction ;  C.  W.  Cheers  for  Comptroller;  J. 

met  at  Fort  Worth  on  April  24,  and  selected  -^  im^v^ai^  #^-  T*^on*^. .   t  t>   bi>:i,v^  Vm. 

^^i^««*^  ♦^  fK^  r!K;«-«^  n^««^«%;^«  .r.A  .^  M-  McFadm  for  Treasorer;  J.  P.  Philpot  for 


a*  Z  Z'  1   *      A           ix.          1^                *i  tioe ;  J.  1.  iNogent  and  w.  sl.  noman  for  as- 

State  ticket.     Among  the  resolutions  were  the  gociites;  Hal.  W.Greer  and  William  H.  Bark- 

rouowmg :  ^^^^  ^^^  q^^^  ^^  Appeals.    The  resolatioM 

We  recognize  the  importance  of  sheep  husbandry  in  included  these : 

this  State,  and  the  danser  threatening  its  future  pit»-         -or   j  j  *i.    i j-  *  «.    ^«v  .  ♦:«-.*i 

perity ,  ank  we  therefore  repeat  the  ^emandi.  of^this  .  ^«  ^?™«»<*  ^%  Immediate  payment  of  the  MtiflMl 

important  ajnicultural  interest  for  a  full  and  adequate  *^®S          -^  ^   t'r  <w^      ^       v    -^^  ^«^  rf 

protection  of  her  product.  ., ^e  "«  "»  ^»^o^  ^^  fr«^  "^^  unhmited  ooms^  rf 

We  demand  of  our  General  Government  at  Wash-  J?'*  j         j          j    *.  j  •             ^ 

inrton  to  make  ample  proviuion  for  the  construction  Z^  demand  a  p^duated  income-tax. 

ofa  flrst-class  deep- watir  harbor  on  our  Gulf  coast,  at  ,   ^®  ^^JT  l^^ .  I«««^  ^J^^PJil^'''  f  r  ^^ 

iuch  point  OB  maybe  designated  by  the  GovemmJait  »«^«  ^^  ^Jf Jj  *  J°l*°*^  «P«^y  '!!"*^°^\^L*^ 

en^n^rs,  and  that  CongJeas  concentrate  the  appro-  ^"^"^J*^  ^  ^^  *^^«^  corporations  and  their  em- 

priations  of  money  for  that  purpose.  ^'Wdemand  that  all  real  estate  held  for  .pcpUtire 

On   the   following  day  the  Prohibitionists  purposes  be  taxed  to  the  f\ill  amount  at  which  it  u 

met  in  convention  at  Waco,  selected  delegates  offered  to  purchasers. 

to  their  National  Convention,  and  nominated  A  committee  was  appointed  to  confer  with 

the  following  ticket :  For  Governor,  Marian  a  State  Convention  distinctively  of  the  UnioD 

Martin  ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  F.  E.  Yoaknm ;  Labor  party,  which  should  meet  on  the  foUov- 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  F.  O.  ing  day  at  the  same  place,  and  to  secure  its 

McKinzey ;  Treasurer,  W.  D.  Jackson;  Comp-  adoption  of  the  Independent  ticket    In  tiiis 

troller,  C.  K.  King ;  Commissioner  of  the  Gen-  object  they  were  successfnl,  and  the  two  ptf- 

eral  Land-Office,   J.  C.  Rathburn ;  Attorney-  ties  were  practically  united.     But  the  ticket 

General,  J.  B.  Goflf.    The  resolutions  included  was  unfortunately  constructed.   The  caudidsfcei 

the  following :  for  Governor,  Lieutenant-Governor,  Chief-Jo»- 

\    We  fkvor  the  repeal  of  the  United  States  internal  tioe,  and  one  of  the  Associate  JosUoes,  soon 

revenue  laws,  and  the  repeal  of  all  revenue  laws,  State  sent  in  their  declinations.     On  August  24  tbe 


TURKEY.  767 

committee  selected  in  their  places  Marion  Mar-  Public  Instrnction,  Mnnif  Pasha ;  Ekvaf -Naziri 

tin  as  its  candidate  for  Governor,  W.  A.  Moers  or  Intendant  of  Religions  Property  and  Reve- 

for  Ldentenant-Governor,  and  H.  F.  O^Neal  for  noes,  Mustafa  Pasha.    The  reigning  Sultan  is 

Chief-Justice.  Abdul  Hamid  Khan,  bom  Sept.  21,  1841,  the 

The  Democratic  State  nominating  convention  tliirty-fourth  sovereign  of  the  family  of  Os- 

met  at  Dallas  on  August  15,  and  renominated  man.    He  succeeded  his  brother  Murad  Y  on 

Gov.  Ross  by  acclamation.    The  Lieutenant-  Aug.  81,  1876.    (For  area  and  population  see 

Governor,  Treasurer,  Comptroller,  Attorney-  "  Annual  Oyclopsdia "  for  1887.) 

General,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Fluicest — The  receipts  of  the  Sultan's  treas- 

and  Superintendent  of  the  General  Land-OfSce  nry  for  the  year  1887-88  are  estimated  at  17,- 

were  also  renominated.    For  Chief-Justice  of  500^000  Turkish  liras.    The  debt,  on  March  18, 

the  Supreme  Court,  John  W.  Stayton  of  that  1887,  amounted  to  104,458,706  pounds  ster- 

ooort  was  nominated,  and  R.  R.  Gaines  was  ling.    Agob  Pasha  gave  place  in  the  Ministry 

renominated  as  Associate  Justice.    For  the  of  Finance,  in  the  beginning  of  1888,  to  Mah- 

third  member  of  the  court  John  T.  Henry  was  moud  Djelaled-Din  rasha,  who  promised  to 

selected.    For  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  extricate  the  Government  from  its  financial 

John  P.  White,  J.  M.  Hnrt^  and  Samuel  A.  difficulties  by  an  extensive  scheme  of  improve- 

Wilson  were  the  nominees.    The  platform  in-  ments,  and  especially  by  unlocking  new  sources 

dudes  the  following :  of  revenue  through  the  development  of  fish- 

We  fovor  the  enactment  of  prudent  and  efficient  ^^^^^  '"l^/?'  forests  and  new  industries.    Ger- 

mining  and  irrigation  laws  to  develop  the  agricultural  pa^  capital  was  embarked  m  these  enterprises, 

and  mineral  reeouroes  of  our  State.  but  the  minister  failed  m  accomplishing  his 

We  favor  the  enactment  of  such  laws  as  shall  re-  task.     The  salaries  of  officials  remained,  and 

strict  the  freight  charges  of  raU way  and  express  com-  only  at  the  Bairam  festival  was  the  Sultan  able 

ri^n^y^lJ^finTite^SYnSra^^^^  to  nay  an  instalhnent  of  the  .sums  due  to  civil 

time  to  prevent  discrimination  in  charges  against  any  a°^  military  otncers.    1  he  Mmister  of  l«inance 

points  within  the  State.  was  detected  in  discounting  the  salaries  of  the 

That  the  next  Leffislature  shall  pass  laws  defining  suffering  officials  at  60  per  cent,  and  in  tlie 

tnwts  pools  and  alt  Ulegal  combinations  in  restraint  Bummer  was  dismissed  from  his  post.     Agob 

of  trade,  anci  miposing  severe  penalties.  p^j^^  ^^  Armenian  Christian,  would  not  nn- 

The  Republican  Executive  Committee,  in-  dertake  the  task  of  establishing  the  finances  of 
stead  of  nominating  a  State  ticket,  according  the  Empire  on  a  sound  basis,  but  was  induced 
to  the  vote  of  the  Fort  Worth  Convention  of  to  resume  the  administration  of  the  department 
April  24,  called  a  second  convention  at  the  provisionally.  Eventually  Zihni  Pasha  was  ap- 
same  place  for  September  20,  at  which  the  pointed  to  the  post.  The  Deutsche  Bank,  rep- 
qnestion  of  nominating  a  ticket  was  earnestly  resenting  the  group  of  German  financiers  who 
discussed,  and  where  it  was  finally  determined  obtained  the  concession  for  the  Asiatic  Rail- 
to  support  the  Prohibition-Independent- Union-  road  to  the  Euphrates,  negotiated  a  loan  of 
Labor  ticket  headed  by  Marion  Martin.  At  1,850,000  Turkisn  pounds.  The  unpaid  credi- 
tbe  November  election  the  Democratic  national  tors  of  the  Porte  clamored  for  the  payment  of 
ticket  was  successful  by  a  large  m^ority,  and  their  claims  out  of  this  sum,  which  the  Minis- 
Gov.  Ross  was  re  elected.  ter  of  Finance  reserved  to  carry  out  his  pro- 

TVSKET,  an  empire  in  eastern  Europe  and  jected  reforms.    The  Ottoman  Bank,  which 

western  Asia.    The  Government  is  an  absolute  encashes  the  funds  for  the  payment  of  the 

monarchy.    The  Sultan  is  recognized  as  Kba-  public  debt,  objected  to  the  infringement  of 

lif  or  Vicar  of  the  Prophet  in  most  Mohamme-  the  monopoly  of  all  loan  transactions  given  to 

dan    lands.     The   legislative   and    executive  it  by  law.    The  Government,  having  been  un- 

gower  is  exercised,  under  the  direction  of  the  able  to  obtain  a  loan  from  this  institution  ex- 

ultan,   by  the  Sheikh-ul-Islam,  who  is  the  cept  on  exorbitant  terms,  answered  that  it  had 

bead  of  the  religious  and  judicial  departments  failed  to  fulfil]  its  part  of  the  bargain.    The 

of  the  Government,  and  the  Grand  Vizier,  who  Russian  Government  made  a  pressing  demand 

is  the  chief  in  civil  and  administrative  affairs,  in  June,  1888,  for  the  payment  of  the  arrears 

With  these  are  associated  heads  of  depart-  for  two  years  of  the  war  indemnity.    The 

ments  corresponding  to  ministers  of  state  in  amount  that  Turkey  undertook  to  pay  was 

European  Governments.    The  present  Sheikh-  fixed  by  the  treaty  of  February,  1879,  at  802,- 

ul-lslam  is  Ahmed  Essad  Effendi.    The  Grand  600,000  francs.    By  a  subsequent  convention, 

Vizier  is  Eiamel  Pasha.    The  Cabinet  in  1888  dated  May  14,  1882,  it  was  settled  that  the 

was  as  follows:    President  of   the  Council,  payments  should  be  eflfected  in  annual  install- 

Aarifi    Pasha ;    Minister  of   Foreign  Affairs,  ments  of  850,000  Turkish  pounds,  the  proceeds 

Said  Pasha :  Minister  of  War  and  Grand  Mas-  of  the  sheep-tax  and  the  tithes  of  certain  vila- 

ter  of  Artillery,  All  Saib  Pasha;  Minister  of  yets  being  assigned  for  that  purpose.    The  rey- 

Marine,  Hassan  Pasha;  Minister  of  the  Inte-  enues  on  which  the  payment  of  the  indemnity 

rior,  Munir  Pasha;  Minister  of  Justice,  Djevdet  was  secured  failed  owing  to  a  famine  in  these 

Pasha;  Ministerof  Finance,  Zihni  Pasha ;  Min-  districts.    In  November  the  Minister  of  Fi- 

ister  of  Public  Works,  Commerce,  and  Agri-  nance  reported  a  deficit  in  the  treasury  of 

cnltnre,  Agob  Pasha  Kaziazin ;   Minister  of  1,600,000  liras,  and  informed  the  Sultan  that 

I 


768  TURKEY. 

no  means  would  be  available  to  provide  against  was  opened  to  traffic  in  tLe  spring,  and  ^ 

it  without  severe  economy  and  the  reorgauiza-  line  through  Servia  and  Bulgaria  to  ConsUnti- 

tion  of  certain  departments.    By  an  imperial  nople   by  way  of  Adrianople,  affording  nil 

irade,  promulgated  on  November  6,  machinery  communication  with  all  the  capitals  of  Europe, 

and  apparatus  of  public  utility  imported  into  was  opened  on  August    12.      A  concession, 

Turkey  were  declared  free  of  duty  for  ten  which   English   and   French  applicants  ban 

years.    A  commercial  treaty  was  negotiated  sought,  was  given  to  a  German  syndicate  in 

with  Germany  in  the  autumn.  September,  1888,  to  extend  the  Scutari-Ismid 

The  Navy.— ^The  Turkish  naval  force,  at  the  line  to  Angora,  and  eventaally  to  Bagdad, 

beginning  of  1887,  comprised  16  iron-clads,  of  Puts  tmi  Tdegraphs. — There  were  408  post* 

which  7  were  frigates  and  8  corvettes;  60  offices  in  European  Turkey  in  1886  and  746  in 

wooden  vessels — viz.,  8  frigates,  8  corvettes,  18  Asiatic.     The   state  telegraph  stations  nam- 

gun-boats  and  avisos,  8  imperial  yachts,  and  18  bered  288  in  Europe,  438  in  Asia,  and  13  in 

transports ;  and  12  torpeao-boats,  including  2  Africa.     The   European    governments    hire 

submarine  boats  of  the  Nordenfeldt  pattern.  maintained  separate  post-offices  for  their  citi- 

CevBerce. — The  value  of  the  imports  into  zens  doing  business  in  Turkey.     The  arrange- 

Turkey  for  the  year  ending  March  12,  1888,  ment  was  not  protected  by  treaty,  and  whesi 

was  21,026,968  Turkish  pounds  (equal  to  $91,-  the  international  railroad  was  completed  the 

988,000),  against  20,708,281   pounds  for  the  Turkish  Government  determined  to  suppresi 

previous  year.    The  exports  were  valued  at  the  foreign  post-offices.    Although  prompt  sod 

11,287,800  Turkish  pounds,  against  12,707,296  efficient  service  was  promised,  the  goFemmenti 

in  1886-^87.    The  trade  in  tobacco,  which  is  refused  to  part  with  the  privilege  that  had 

administered  by  the  K6gie,  is  not  included  in  grown  up  by  custom,  and  which  yielded  some 

these  figures,  nor  are  articles  free  of  duty,  profit  in  addition  to  the  power  and  pres^ 

The  exports  of  tobacco  amount  to  about  10,-  connected  with  it    The  Austrian  GoverDment 

000,000  kilogrammes  per  annum.    The  values  took  the  lead,  and  was  able  to  compel  tb« 

of  the  principal  imports  in  1886-^87  were,  in  Turkish  authorities  to  abandon  the  system  of 

Turkish  pounds,  as  follow:  Sugar,  1,478,226;  an  international  postal  service  that  thejhid 

cotton  thread,  1,278,812;  cotton  prints,  1,171,-  careftdly  organized,  by  refusing  to  deliver  or 

217;  linen  goods.  441,177;  cotton  and  linen  forward  official  correspondence  of  the  Ottoman 

stuffs,  288,861 ;  sheeting,  688,263 ;  cashmere.  Government 

242,717;  cloth,  463,990 ;  muslin,  296,688 ;  cof-  Fwrtiieatlmfl.— To  supply  the  loss  of  Kars,  the 

fee,  768,046;  flour,  698,606;  wheat,  629,688;  Turkish  engineer.   Gen.   Ghahab    Pasha,  bis 

live    animals,   447,961;    petroleum,   429,744;  converted  &zerum  into  a  fortress  of  the  first 

leather,  340,386;  iron,  314,681 ;  carpets,  278,-  rank,   by  building  fifteen   forts  on  the  nd« 

468:    skins,   266,982;    chemicals  and    drugs,  fronting  the  road  from  the  Russian  frontier. 

203,266;  butter,  192,346 ;  coal,  178,674;  glass,  The   Russian  Government,  supported  by  the 

127,896 ;  timber.  177,408.    The  principsd  ex-  English,  remonstrated  with  the  Porte  in  An- 

ports  were  of  tne  following  values :   Raisins,  gust,  1888,  against  the  erection  of  fortificationi 

1,828,896;  other  fruits,  844,190;  opium,  798,-  at  El  Arab,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Tigris 

181 ;    raw  silk,   792.233  ;    cocoons,   338,896 ;  and  the  Euphrates.    Adrianople  has  been  for- 

wheat,  766,447:  cotton,  628,911 ;  valonia,  612,-  tifled,  and  the  Government  has  decided  to  e»- 

660:    wool,  600,280;    coffee,  490,067;   skins,  tablish  a  military  port  at  Ghinkin  or  St  Joan 

366,913 ;  wines,  31 1,609 ;  chemicals  and  drugs,  de  Medua  on  the  Albanian  coast,  opposite  Italj. 

274,996;  sesame,  272,614;  olive-oil,  266,949;  The  defenses  of  the  Bosporus  and  the  Dirdt- 

beans  and  lentils,  191,606;  carpets,  146,930;  nelles  have  been  strengfthened  since  the  vtr 

soap,  138,761 ;  minerals,  121,891 ;  seeds,  109,-  under  the  superintendence  of  German  officers. 

217;  confectionery,  108,264;  gum  tragacanth,  The  MaccdMlaa  ^^jKMtm* — Jealousies  between 

49,042.  the  Ohristian  nationalities  inhabiting  Enropeao 

The  merchant  navy  in  1886  numbered  416  Turkey  involved  Turkey,  in  1888,  in  adisfMite 

vessels  of  over  60  tons  burden,  with  an  aggre-  with  Greece,  and  created  a  ferment  through- 

gate  tonnage  of  69,627,  and  17  steamers  of  100  out  the  peninsula.    The  Greeks  once  coasted 

tons  or  above,  having  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  all  the  Ohristians  as  of  their  nationalit}-,  tM 

7,297.  confidently  expected  to  extend  the  limits  of 

RailiMds. — The  length  of  railroads  open  to  the  Hellenic  kingdom  to  the  Danube.  The 
traffic  in  1888  was  788  kilometres  in  European  language  of  the  Ghurch,  of  the  schools,  of  bo^i- 
Turkey,  and  in  Asia  Minor  660  kilometres,  ness,  and  of  educated  societv  was  Greek.  The 
viz.,  four  lines  in  the  vicinity  of  Smyrna  of  the  rise  of  the  Balkan  nationalities  and  their  de- 
total  length  of  462  kilometres,  the  line  from  velopment  as  independent  states  has  deerrored 
Scutari  to  Ismid,  98  kilometres  in  length,  the  this  dream  of  a  greater  Greece,  and  now  the 
line  of  38  kilometres  from  Modania  to  Brussa,  only  hope  the  Hellenes  have  of  advancing  their 
and  one  of  67  kilometres  between  Mersina  and  boundaries  into  Macedonia  is  in  preserving  the 
Tarsus.  The  international  railroads  of  Euro-  predominance  of  the  Greek  language  with  the 
pean  Turkey,  which  have  been  in  contempla-  help  of  the  Phanariot  in  Constantinoplei  The 
tion  for  twenty  years,  were  completed  in  1888.  creation  of  the  independent  Exarchy  of  Bol- 
The  line  from  the  Servian  frontier  to  Larissa  garia  made  this  difficult  in  respect  to  the  Bnl- 


UNITARIANS,  709 

gaiians  of  Haoedonia.  Very  recently  the  Roo-  object  the  re-establishroeiit  of  the  ancient 
manians  and  Albanians  on  the  borders  of  the  Kingdom  of  Armenia.  The  local  antborities 
Greek  kingdom  have  begun  to  cultivate  their  searched  the  houses,  and  even  the  churches 
separate  nationalities,  encouraged  probably  by  and  convents,  in  the  districts  of  Van,  Harpoot, 
Austria.  The  Roumanian  Government  and  an  Diabebir,  and  Erzerum.  In  Van  a  great  num- 
edncational  society  founded  for  the  purpose  in  her  of  persons  who  possessed  arms  or  com- 
Bucharest  have  aided  the  Wallacbian  peasaot-  promising  documents  were  imprisoned,  and 
ry  of  Epirus  to  maintain  schools  in  their  own  some  were  subjected  to  torture  in  order  to  ex- 
language.  In  the  districts  of  8aIonica  and  tort  confessions.  Armenian  teai^hers  and  mer- 
Clissura  the  Greeks  used  every  means  to  check  chants  in  Constantinople  were  placed  in  con- 
tbe  Roumanian  nationalbt  movement,  and  be-  fineraent  or  banished  to  Tripoli,  Sir  William 
gan  to  form  political  conspiracies  for  the  an*  White,  the  English  ambassador  at  Ooustanti- 
nexation  of  these  districts  to  Greece.  The  Pa-  nople,  addressed  an  inquiry  to  the  Grand  Y iz- 
triarch  refused  the  request  of  the  Roumanians  ier  concerning  the  arrests,  and  was  informed 
for  a  liturgy  in  their  national  language,  and  that  the  Government  possessed  documentary 
when  the  Bulgarian  Exarch  requested  the  proofs  of  an  insurrectionary  conspiracy.  The 
Turkish  Government  to  install  Bulgarian  bish«  British  Government,  which  the  Armenians 
ops  in  certain  districts  of  Macedonia,  the  Porte  have  considered  their  special  protector,  refused 
refused,  acting  at  the  instigation  of  the  RnS"  to  interfere,  saying  it  had  no  right  to  do  so 
nan  ambassador.  Many  Bulgarians  were  ar-  under  the  Treaty  of  Beriin,  unless  it  did  so  in 
rested  in  the  aatomn  for  refusing  to  recognize  conjunction  with  the  other  signatory  powers, 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  Greek  clergy.  The  Armenian  Patriarch,  Barioutioun  Veha- 
llie  knuadMB  Agititiaii — The  Turkish  author!-  bedian,  who  had  sought  in  vain  to  allay  the 
ties  took  vigorous  measures  in  1888  to  sup*  revolutionary  spirit^^was  forced  to  resign  by 
press  the  national  movement  that  has  for  its  his  compatriots. 

U 

mnTABIANS.    The  **  Year-Book  of  the  Uni-  had  to  be  withdrawn  from  the  general  fund, 

tarian  (Congregational  Churches  "for  1889  gives  The  general  fund,  after  accounting  for  the 

lists  of  392  Unitarian  Societies  and  488  minis-  addition  of  $69,000  to  it  from  legacies  and  for 

ters  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  365  the  amoimts  that  had  been  withdrawn  from  it, 

Unitarian  churches  and  others  in  fellowship  stood  at  $189,609.  The  trustees  of  the  Church- 

and  habitual  association  with  them  in  Great  Building  Loan  fund  had  received  $3,650  in 

Britain,  Ireland,  and  Australia.  contributions  and  $3,075  from  payments  on 

American  CiitariaMi— The  American  Unitarian  loans,  and  had  on  hand  $5,266.    The  associa- 
chorches  and  their  associations  and  benevolent  tion  gives  aid  in  Southern  edncation  at  the 
societies  are  represented  in  the  National  Con-  Hampton     Institute,    Yo.,     Tuskegee,    Ala., 
ference    of    Unitarian    and    other    Christian  Paladca,   Fla.,   and   the  Highland  Academy, 
churches,  a  body  that  imposes  no  authorita-  N.  C,  and  supports  an  industrial  school  for 
tive  tests  of  membership,  which  meets  for  con-  Indian  children  at  the  Crow  Reservation,  Mon- 
sultation  and  discussion  every  two  years.    The  tana.     The  mission  in  Hindustan  has  been 
American  Unitarian  Association,  organized  in  discontinued  since  the  death  of  the  Rev.  C.  H. 
1825,  is  the  most  active  agency  through  which  A.  Dall.    A  mission  has  been  begun  in  Japan, 
work  for  the  extension  of  the  principles  of  the  in  the  conduct  of  which  the  British  and  Foreign 
flocieties  is  carried  on.  Its  objects  are  to  collect  Unitarian  Association  co-operates.    The  Wom- 
and  diffuse  information  respecting  the  state  of  an's  Auxiliary  Conference,  which  was  formed 
Unitarian  Christianity  in  America;  to  promote  in  1880  to  aid  the  Association  and  supplement 
union,  sympathy,  and  co-operation,  publish  and  its  work,  had,  since  that  time  collected  and 
distribute  books  and  tracts,  supply  missionaries  applied  $31,887,  the  contributions  of  its  last 
when  they  are  needed,  and  to  promote  its  pur-  financial  year  having  amounted  to  $6,000. 
poees  by  such  other  measures  as  may  be  ex-  The  Unitarian  Sunday-School  Society,  in- 
pedient.    These  purposes  are  also  furthered  by  corporated  in  1885,  seeks  to  promote  moral 
a  number  of  local  organizations  in  virtual  co-  and  religious  instruction  in  Sunday-schools. 
operation  or  affiliation  with  this  society.    The  It  publishes  text-books  and  *^  Lesson-Helps  for 
aixty-tbird  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Sunday-Schools,*'  and  an  illustrated  Sunday- 
Unitarian  Association  was  held    in   Boston,  school  paper,  and  has  a  missionary  work  of 
Mass.,  May  29.    The  Hon.  George  S.  Hale  pre-  increasing  scope  and  importance.    The  Mead- 
«ided.     The  receipts  for  the  year  had  been,  ville  Theological  School,  Meadville,  Pa.,  and 
from  societies  and  individuals,  $50,291,  and  the  Divinity  School  of  Harvard  University  are 
irom  the  income  of  invested  funds  and  all  other  under  Unitarian  influence. 
sources,  except  legacies,  $28,922.    The  expen-  PBitariaw  in  (Sreat  Britain.— The  third  Trien- 
•ditaree  had  amounted  to  $103,969  showing  a  nial  National  Conference  of  Unitarian  and  other 
deficiency  of  $24,775,  the  amount  of  which  non-subscribing  or  kindred  congregations  met 

VOL.  XXTIU. — 49  A 


770  UNITABIANS.  UFITED  BRETHREN  IN  OHMST. 


at  Leedfl,  April  24.    Papers  were  read  by  the  ciotride  of  tbe  Britiah  Eminre  and  Huagv;, 

Rer.  tTw.  Freckelton  and  Mr.  John  Dendy,  which,  witboat  taking  the  Unitariaa  ma% 

Jr.,  on  the  heat  means  of  commending  free  are  in  aabatantial  agreement  with  theUnita- 

Obristianitj   to   pablic   faTor.     Propositions  rian  fiuth.    A  considerable  number  of  the  225 

were  made  for  bailding  chapels  at  Oxford  and  Protestant  churches  in  Aostria  are  liberal  in 

Cambridge  to  hold  Unitarian  students  to  their  their  the<dog7.    The  Protestanten  Yer^  o( 

faith.    An  address  on  *^  The  Organization  of  Genoanj  has  abont  40  brancbes  and  27,000 

onr  Chnrches,''  by  Dr.  Martineaa,  attracted  memben,  and  sopporta  two  missionaries  io 

much  attention.   The  speaker  was'not  satisfied  Japan.     The   Free  Cbrislaan  Association  in 

with  the  Congregational  system,  or  with  the  Switzerland  is  active  in  the  Protestant  cantoDS. 

Unitarian  name.    He  proposed  a  Presbyterian  The  Protestant  Union  of  Holland  has  1S,000 

organization,  and  tbe  name  English  Presbyte-  members.    A  minority  of  the  Protestants  d 

rian.    A  committee  was  appointed  to  consider  France  bold  liberal  yiewa.    The  Spanish  £?an- 

the  qaestions  raised,  and  call  a  special  confer*  gelical  Church  indndes  a  few  liberal  congrega- 

ence  to  consider  its  report.  tions.    The  Liberals  in  Sweden,  while  hanog 

The  British  and  Foreign  Unitarian  Associa-  societiea  similar  to  the  Protestant  unions  ra- 
tion met  in  London,  May  23,  and  was  opened  tain  their  membership  in  tbe  state  ehucL 
with  a  sermon  by  Prof.  Estlin  Carpenter,  who  Serrices  of  a  Unitarian  type  are  bM  in  Rome 
oiged  that  theology  be  based  on  tne  broadest  and  Brussels.  The  Unitarian  faith  is  repr»- 
homan  experience.  The  Unitarian  churches  sented  in  Salem,  Madras,  and  Calcutta,  IndiA. 
of  the  United  States,  the  Reformed  Church  of  A  missionary  is  supported  in  Tokio,  Japan,  bj 
France,  and  the  Sadbaran  Brahmo  Somig  of  the  American  Unitarian  Association,  the  Bri^ 
India  were  represented  by  visiting  delegates,  ish  and  Foreign  Unitarian  Aaaociation  eoH)p- 

Mr.  Harry  Rawson,  J.  P.,  of  Manchester,  pre-  operating.      

sided.     A  diminished  income  was  reported.        VNTIED  WMXTBMJBH  H  CHim.    The  foQoT- 

Papers  were  read  on  *^  Some  Special  Difficul-  ing  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  thk 

ties  of  UnitarianLsm  To-day,  and  how  to  over-  Church,  as  they  are  given  in  the  ^  United 

come  them,''  in  which  the  character  of  the  re-  Brethren  Tear-Book  ^  for  1889 :  Number  of 

liffious  services  in  the  chapels  was  discussed,  bishops,  6;  of  organized  churches,  445;  of 

The  autumnal  meeting  of  the  association  was  itinerant  preachers,  1,490 ;  of  local  preachers^ 

held  in  Newcastle  in  October.    A  paper  un-  660;  of  members,  204,617;  of  Sunday-schools 

favorable  to  the  scheme  of  church  organization  8,609,  with  82,026  officers  and  teachers  and 

which  had  been  presented  by  Dr.  Martineau,  219,846  pupils;  of  churcb  edifices,  2,609,  hsf- 

was  read  by  Dr.  Glendining.  ing  a  total  value  of  $8,757,161 ;  of  paraona^ 

The  council  of  the  Association  issued  a  pro-  498,  valued  at  $401,959.  Total  amount  of  coo- 
test  against  tbe  proposals  of  tbe  Education  tributions,  $1,086,086 ;  of  whicb  ^74,591  w^t 
Commission,  in  which  it  was  affirmed  that  the  for  preachers'  salaries,  $366,258  for  drareh 
only  satisfactory  scheme  of  national  education  expenses.  $8,666  for  bishops,  $3,566  for  preacb- 
is  one  placing  the  management  of  the  schools  ers'  aid,  $91,184  for  missions,  $1,964  for  dimtb 
under  the  control  of  those  who  are  compelled  erection,  and  the  remainder  for  Sunday-fldiool 
to  contribute  to  their  support  Since  the  last  and  educationid  purposes.  The  property  of  tbe 
report  till  October,  1888,  12,000  tracts  had  Publishing-House  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  is  valued  ai 
been  sent  out,  and  86  copies  of  Cbanning's  $262,987  above  indebtedness;  its  receipts  from 
works,  with  other  boolcs,  had  been  presented  in  business  for  the  year  ending  April  1,  1888^ 
answer  to  applications.  were  $166,198.     The  educational  inititotioof 

The  Unitarian  Sunday  •  School  Association  include  9  colleges,  6  academies  and  semmanea, 

in  Great  Britain  includes  251   schools,  with  and  1  Biblical  seminary.    The  United  Brethret 

82,244  pupils  and  8,989  teachers.     It  returned  Home,  Frontier,  and  Foreign  Missionary  Soei- 

an  income  for  the  year  of  £1,067.  ety  received  during  its  fiscal  year  $66,238.  It 

Poltailaas  la  CeatfaMatal  Euepe. — ^The  number  operates  missions  in  West  Africa,  Gennu^ 

of  Unitarian   churches  in  Hungary  —  where  Canada,  and  the  United  States,  with  a  flta* 

Unitarianism  was  introduced  into  Transylvania  tion  among  the  Chinese  at  Walla  Walla,  Wasb- 

in  1668 — is  110,  and  the  number  of  registered  ington  Territory,  and  gives  aid  to  ei^tea 

Unitarians  is  67,000.     The  head  of  the  organi-  conferences.    The  two  missions  in  Africa  re- 

zation  is  Bishop  Joseph  Ferenez,  who  has  un-  turned  27  stations,  reaching  328  towns;  13 

der  him  eight  rural  deans  and  an  ecclesiastical  organized  churches,  6  American  and  25  oaiN 

council  of  850  members.    The  higher  educa-  missionaries;  4  ordained  and  25  unordaioed 

tion  is  provided  for  by  the  college  at  Klansen-  preachers ;  4,105  members ;  14  Sunday-scbo(^ 

burg,  where  there  are  five  theological  and  nine  with  88  teachers  and  ofiScers  and  5^  pupils; 

ordinary  professors,  with  assistant  professors  12  day  schools,  with   12   teachers  and  600 

and  teachers;  and  the  middle  schools  at  Thor-  pupils;  11  church -houses,  8  mission  resideoeefl^ 

da  and  Szekely  Keresztnr.    The  Church  has  a  ana  property  valued  at  $66,000.     The  G^noaa 

considerable  religious  literature,  including  a  mission  returned  720  members  and  345  paf>i^ 

periodical  organ,  *^  The  Christian  Seed- Sow er.^'  in  Sunday-schools.    The  society  has  an  iote^ 

The  American  *^  Year- Book  "  mentions  sev-  est-bearing  fand  of  $85,264,  and  has  expead^d 

eral  organizations  in  other  European  countries  since  its  organization  in  1858,  $2,301,9(^ 


UNITED  STATES.                                                 771 

DURD  9Til!K   The  AtefaMratlMr— On  Jin-  the  Preeidrat,  on  September  11,  nominated 

nry  16  the  United  States  Senate,  after  much  Lambert  Tree,  the  recently  confirmed  Belgian 

liflcaadon  and  delaj,  confirmed  the  nomination,  minister,  to  the  vacancy.    Ten  days  later  he 

nade  by  the  President,  in  December,  of  La-  nominated  John  G.  Parkhorst,  of  Michigan,  to 

ins  Q.  C.  Lamar  to  be  a  Justice  of  the  United  the  Belgian  mission.    These  nominations,  as 

States  Supreme  Court,  the  vote  standing  82  also  that  of  Perry  Belmont,  of  New  York,  in 

br  confinnation  and  28  against.    Three  Re-  December,  to  be  minister  to  Spain,  were  con- 

>ublican  Senators  (Stanford,  Stewart,  and  Rid-  firmed.    Ezekiel  E.  Smith,  of  North  Carolina, 

Ueberger)  voted  with  the  majority.    The  Re-  was  nominated  and  confirmed  as  Minister  Red- 

mblicans  that  voted  against  confirmation,  based  dent  and  Oonsul-General  in  Liberia.    On  Janu- 

heir  objections  upon  the  record  of  Mr.  Lamar  ary  12  Edward  S.  Bragg,  of  'Wisconsin,  was 

Q  the  Confederacy.    At  the  same  time,  the  confirmed  as  minister  to  Mexico, 

lominations  of  William  F.  Vilas  to  be  Secretary  On  August  5  Qen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan  died, 

if  the  Interior  and  D.  M.  Dickinson  to  be  Post-  and  on  August  14  the  President  promoted  Mai.- 

aaster-General  were  confirmed,  and  these  oflS-  Gen.  John  M.  Schofield  to  the  command  of  the 

ters  qualified  on  the  following  day.    On  Jan-  army  (see  page  787). 

lary  19  the  appointments  of  the  r resident  to  The  Amy. — At  the  date  of  the  last  consoli- 

he  Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  made  dated  returns,  the  army  consisted  of  2,188  offi- 

a  the  prece<Bng  March,  were  approved.  cers  and  24,549  enlisted  men.    The  actufd  ez- 

The  most  important  change  m  the  Govern-  penditnres  of  the  War  Department  for  the  fiscal 

aent  during  the  year  was  caused  by  the  death  year  ended  June  80,  1888,  amounted  to  $41,- 

»f  Chief-Justice  Morrison  R.  Waite  on  March  166,107.07,  of  which  $9,168,516.68  was  ex- 

18  (for  sketch  of  Chief-Justice  Waite  see  page  pended  for  public  works,  including  river  and 

136;  for  portrait  see  the  **  Annual  Cyolopsd-  narbor  improvements,  and  $28,887,246.11  for 

lia  ^'  for  1882,  page  126).    The  President  made  the  actual  support  of  the  army  and  the  Military 

ID  appointment  of  his  successor  till  April  80,  Academy.    The  only  difEiculty  with  the  Indi- 

rhen  the  name  of  Melville  W.  Fuller,  of  Chi-  ans  that  occurred  was  upon  the  Crow  Reserva- 

ago,  was  sent  to  the  Senate  (see  page  859).  tion  in  Dakota,  where  a  threatened  outbreak 

liis  appointment  was  confirmed  on  July  20,  was  promptly  suppressed  by  Gen.  Ruger,  and 

J  a  Yote  of  41  to  20 ;  but  the  new  Chief-Jus-  the  rmgleaders  arrested  and  punished.   All  the 

loe  did  not  take  his  seat  until  the  October  term  States  and  Territories  now  have  an  active  mi- 

•f  the  court.  litia  sufficient  under  the  regulations  to  entitle 

Strother  M.  Stockslager,  of  Indiana,  was  them  to  receive  ordnance  and  quartermaster's 

iominated  on  March  20,  to  be  Commissioner  of  stores  from  the  United  States,  excepting  Ar- 

be  General  Land-Ofilce,  vice  William  J.  Sparks,  kansas,  Arizona,  Idaho,  and  Utah, 

esigned;  and  Thomas  J.  Anderson,  of  Iowa,  Ptftal  SerriM* — For  the  fiscal  year  ending 

3  be  Assistant  Commissioner,  a  former  nomi-  June  80,  1888,  the  total  revenue  was  $62,696,- 

ation  by  the  President  to  the  commissioner*  176.79,  while  the  actual  and  estimated  expenses 

bip  having  been  annulled.    On  May  21,  Thom-  were  $56,886,408.84,  leaving  an  estimated  de- 

s  J.  Smith,  of  New  Hampshire,  was  nominated  ficiency  of  $4,190,227.06.     The  actual  defi- 

B  Solicitor  of  Internal  Revenue,  tnee  Charles  ciency  for  the  fiscal  year  preceding  was  $4,- 

^edey.    The  resignation  of  Commissioner  of  297,288.81,  the  total  expenses  $58,184,847.70, 

odian  Affairs  Atkins,  in  June,  caused  a  va-  and  the  total  revenue  $48,887,609.89. 

ancy,  which  was  filled  by  the  nomination  of  The  number  of  post-offices  on  June  80, 1888, 

HvU-Service  Commissioner  John  H.  Oberly.  was  67,876 ;  there  were  established  during  the 

^her  nominations  were :   Carroll  D.  Wright,  year  preceding  8,864  offices,  and  1,646  were 

f  Massachusetts,  to  be  Commissioner  of  Labor  discontinued.    The  number  of  postmasters  ap- 

zr  a  second  term ;  William  L.  Bancroft,  of  pointed  during  the  year  ended  June  80,  1888, 

Qchigan,  to  be  General  Superintendent  of  the  was  12,288,  of  which  6,621  were  upon  resigna- 

tail way-Mail  Service;  John  S.  Bell,  of  New  tions  and  commissions  expired,  1,244  upon  re- 

ersey,  to  be  Chief  of  the  Secret  Service  Divis-  roovals,  669  to  fill  vacancies  by  death,  and  8,- 

m  of  the  Treasury  Department;  and  Charles  864  on  establishment  of  new  post-offices.    The 

ary,  of  New  York,  to  be  Soliciter  of  the  Treas-  free- deli  very  service  was  extended  to  169  ad- 

ry   Department.     All  of  these  nominations  ditional  places,  under  the  act  of  Jan.  8,  1887, 

ere  confirmed.    The  President,  on  July  17,  making  a  total  of  858  free-delivery  cities.    The 

[>iiiinatedasenvoysextraordinary  and  ministers  volume  of  ordinary  mail  has  largely  increased, 

lenipotentiary :  Lambert  Tree,  of  Illinois,  to  as  shown  by  the  increased  revenue  of  the  de- 

elgium;  Robert  B.  Roosevelt,  of  New  York,  to  partment  from  the  sale  of  postage-stamps.   The 

le  Netherlands ;  Rnfus  Magee,  of  Indiana,  to  total  number  of  pieces  handled  has  doubled 

weden  and  Norway ;  and  Charles  L.  Scott,  of  since  1888. 

labama,  to  Venezuela;  also  John  £.  Bacon,  The  number  of  money-order  offices  at  the 

f  South  Carolina,  to  be  Minister  Resident  at  close  of  the  year  was  8,241,  and  the  number 

'araguay  and  Uruguay.    The  Senate  confirmed  of  postal-note  offices  811.    The  domestic  or- 

bese  nominations  on  August  14.    Soon  there-  ders  issued  numbered  9,959,207,  of  the  aggre- 

iter  the  resignation  of  Geon^e  Y.  N.  Lothrop  gate  amount  of  $119,649,064.98,  while  the  or- 

rom  the  Russian  mission  was  received,  and  ders  paid  and  repaid  were  in  excess  of  that 


1 


H, 


f* 


'  K 


f 


TT2                                                   UNITED  STATEa 

mmhjtl9i^2l&0J27.    Tbert  were  isaed  €,668,-  JkriK^—TheGovcnoratantntitt^ 

006  postal  DOle«,  amotmtiiif  to  $12,184,459.04,  taott  of  AlMka  m  follovs :  WUtca^  MM 

and  tbe  notes  paid  were  only  $39,577.49  kaa  olea,  1,900;  AlestK,  2.ft50:  drited  ^ 

in  Taloe.    There  were  759,686  orders  drawn  8,500 ;  anci¥ili»d  natirea,  35,000—4  ^ 

for  pajmeot  io  foreign  coontriea.  reaching  the  49.850.     The  town  of  Jonean  his  doi^ 

large  total  of  $11,293,870.05,  while  286,992  or-  popoladKion  dnrmg  the  past  year,  ovintzv 

ders  of  the  Taloe  of  $1,169,675.64  were  trans-  development  ofTahmble  mining  property 

mitted  from  abroad  for  payment  in  the  United  moet  oSf  the  towns  in  the  aoadieaBteni  .mt 

States.  of  the  Territory  abow  an  increase. 

Fnrfiah — ^Tbe  number  of  pensioners  added  the  past  year  oonsiderahle  pragres  vt^ 

to  the  rolls  dariog  the  fiscal  year  ended  Jone  in  mining;  the  great  atamp-miD  on      j 

80,  1888,  is  60,252,  and  increase  of  pensions  Island  has  now  two  hundred  and  for^lt^t^ 

was  granted  in  45,716  casesL    The  names  of  in  operatioD,  and  it  is  the  largest  rnilc^j 

15,7^  pensioners  were  dropped  from  the  rolls  kind  in  the  world,  its  ontpnt  beinf  ^ 

doring  the  year,  and  at  the  dose  of  the  year  $150,000  a  month.    The  ore  at  this  ^^ 

the  nomber  of  persons  of  all  classes  receiving  improring,  and  foor  nndevdoped  chanty 

pensions  was  452,557.  island  were  reeently  9(M  to  Easteni  at^ 

The  CM  floTlMi — The  fourth  annaal  report  pean  capitalists  for  $1,500,000.    ICn^^^ 

of  the  Givil-Senrice  Commisaon,  covering  the  ing  op«ied  and  new  disouyeries  made^i^ 

period  between  Jan.  16, 1886,  and  July  1, 1887,  ising  ore-beds. 

was  transmitted  to  Congress  in  July.    Daring  Coal  seems  to  aboond  in  the  expl»#^ 

the  time  covered  by  the  report,  15,852  persons  of  the  Territory.    During  the  last  j*-^- 

l;'                           were  examined  for  admission  in  the  cLsssified  coal  was  foond.    The  United  Ifiti    ^ 

civil   service  of   the  Government  in  all  its  *^ Thetis"  replenished  her  bonken 

branches,  of  whom  10,746  passed  the  ezsmina-  that  measored  thirty-two  feet  in  tb^ 

tion  and  5,106  failed.    C>f  those  who  passed  while  on  a  cruise  with  thb  vessel  ^ 

the  examination  2,977  were  applicants  for  ad-  saw  all  along  the  eoaat  coal-veins 

mission  to  the  departmental  service  at  Wash-  fifteen  feet  tihick.                             _ 

I  I                           ington,  2,547  were  examined  for  admission  to  The  following  is  a  earefol  ^6^^^^ 

I I  !                           the  customs  service,  and  5,222  for  admissioD  to  market  value  of  Alaskan  products     ^ 
if|                           the  postal  service.    During  the  same  period  Furs,  $8,000,000;  fish,  oil,  bon^^;^^ 

547  appointments  were  made  from  the  eligible  $4,000,000 ;  gold  (bullion  and  ^J^^o 

lists  to  the  departmental  service,  641  to  the  000;  silver,  $50,000;  lumber,  '^ 

}  I                           customs  service,  and  3,254  to  the  postal  service.  $9, 100,000. 

Since  the  period  covered  by  the  report,  the  Firelp  EtdMrnk — On  Febmi 

rules  and  regalations  governing  the  violations  missioners  appointed  to  n< 

of  the  law  upon  the  subject  have  been  com-  tween  Great  Britain  and  the 

Sletely  remodeled  in  soch  a  manner  as  to  ren-  with  respect  to  the  Canadian 

er  the  enforcement  of  the  statute  more  effect-  pleted  their  work  at  Washington, 

ive  and  greatly  increase  its  osefulness.  proposed  treaty,  which  was  trani 

lidlaifl. — Reports  of  Indian  agents  show  that  Senate,  which  on  August  21  r^ect 

the  total  Indian  population  for  the  fiscal  year  by  a  strict  party  vote  of  80  Republi:^^ 

1887-'88  was  246,095,  not  including  the  In-  27  Democrats.    The  President  th^  ^^ 

dians  of  Alaska.    The  entire  extent  of  terri-  a  warlike  message  to  Congress,  saj^.^ 

^                           tory  now  in  reservation  for  Indian  purposes^  taliatory  measores  were  now  the  cc^^ 

I                           including  all  portions  of  the  Indian  Territory,  be  adopted,  and  asking  for  greatei^^" 

i                           is  112,413,440  acres,  being  an  average  of  456  carry  them  into  effect.     The  Rep^=^ 

I                           acres  for  each  Indian,  computed  on  the  last  Congress  claimed  that  he  already        ^ 

<                           reported  number  of  the  total  population.    The  authority  for  that  purpose,  and, 

^                          work  of  allotting  lands  in  severalty  which  was  message  as  an  attempt  to  attract 

begun  in  1887  on  seven  reservations,  the  Yank-  the  pending  political  canvass,  rei 

ton  and  Lake  Traverse  Reservations  in  Dakota  any  action  thereon. 

Territory,  the  Winnebago  Reservation  in  Ne-  On  March  12  a  treaty  with  China 

brafika,  the  Pottawatomie  Reservation  in  the  at  Washington.     It  provides  for  th^^ 

Indian    Territory,  the  Crow  Reservation  in  exclusion  of  Chinese  laborers  from  ^^ 

Montana,  the  Fon  du  Lao  Reservation  in  Min-  try  for  twenty  years,  and  for  a  ^^^^^^^m 

nesota,  and  the  Siletz  Reservation  in  Oregon,  of  twenty  years  unless  notice  to  th^^ 

was  suspended  early  in  1888,  because  the  funds  should  be  given  by  either  party.    T^^ 

had  been  exhausted.  ratified  this  treaty  with  some  ameu^^  * 

In  June  Congress  appropriated  $10,000,  and  May  7,  but  it  was  rejected  by  the  Chi^^ 

with  this  money  the  work  was  resumed  on  three  emment,  whereupon  a  Chinese  excl' 

reservations,  the  Winnebago  Reservation  iu  having  already  passed  the  House,  wi 

Nebraska,  the  Crow  Reservation  in  Montana,  by  the  Senate  on  September  7  and 

and  tlie  Fond  du  Lao  Reservation  in  Minneso-  the  President.     Differences  existii 

ta.    The  allotment  on  the  Lake  Traverse  Res-  the  United  States  and  Morocco  woe 

ervation  is  complete.  an  agreement  made  in  May. 


UNITED  STATES.                                                 778 

OTomber  diffionlties  arose  with  Hayti  the  Iawb  and  are  oharyi^  with  the  duty  of  preserviog 

^ucDce  of  the  nemre  and  detention  of  P«!Sf » insurinij  o<iuality,  and  establiBhing  justic©. 

r«  «rA<».^i.  ^.^^^i^u-^  4.u^  «4.^»«»».  t(  iT«-.  The  Democratic  party  weloomeB  an  exacting  scru- 

iJive»els,especiaUy  the  steamer  "Hay.  ^    ^f  ^^^  adminSrafion  of  the  Executive  power 

^UDlic,     by  the  aatbonties  temporarily  whiGh  four  years  ago  was  committed  to  its  trust  in 

r*  in  that  island.     A  strife  of  factions  the  selection  of  Grover  Cleveland  as  President  of  the 

C«d  there  for  several  months,  and  the  United  States,  but  it  challenges  the  most  searching 

.t,^thoat  recognmBgany settledgov.  p;jiyX?SeT«'^J^'?l::^.X^«;?'jg°j^„t 

»  bad  sent  to  Haytian  waters  a  ww--  burmg  a  most  critlcai  i>eriod  of  our  financial  affiurs, 

3r  the  protection  of  American  people  resulting  from  overtaxation^  the  anomalous  condition 

r^ests.    On  being  satisfied  that  the  seiz-  of  our  currency,  and  a  pubho  debt  unmatured,  it  has, 

^  "  Haytian  Republic"  was  wrongful,  ^y}^^  adoption  of  a  wiseand  oniservative  course,  not 

rtched  Admiral  Lace  with  the  shipl  on^avei^diswter,  but  gie^^ 

"  and  **  Yantic  "  to  demand  a  return  it  La  reversed  the  unprovident  and  unwise  policy 

sssel.    The  demand  was  promptly  ao-  of  the  Bepublicau  party  toucbin||[  the  public  domain, 

^  the  steamer  was  surrendered  on  De-  ^^^  has  recUimed  fh>m  corporations  and  syndicates, 

£  5  and  tliA  forniAr  amicjihlA  rAlfttinna  *^®^  ^^  domestic,  and  restored  to  the  people  nearly 

iv.  ^            lormer  amicaoie  reJations  100,000,000  acres  of  valuable  land  to  beWsfedly  held 

^e  two  countries  were  restored.  ^s  ^om4steads  for  our  citizens, 

a  prehensive  treaty  of  amity  and  com-  While  careftUhr  guarding  the  interests  of  the  tax- 

■.th  Peru  was  completed  and  ratified  ^yers  and  conforming  strictly  to  the  principles  of 

fc^e  year,  and  became  effective  by  proo-  J^tice  and  equity,  it  Has  paid  out  more  for  pensions 

of  the  President  dated  November  7  ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^'^Z.'^t^^  "^^'^SS^ 

Wie  CMTeKtIei.— At  a  meetmg  of  the  u  has  adopted  and  oonsistentiy  puraued  a  firm  and 

^ic  National  Ooramittee  in  Washing-  prudent  foreign  policy,  preserving  peace  with  all  na- 

B>*ebruary  28,  it  was  voted  to  call  the  »o^  wbUe  scrupulously  maintaimng  all  the  rights 

Convention  to  meet  at  St.  Louis  on  hSmJ"md3Si^"'  ^^°  ^^«"^™«'^*  ^^ P«>pl«  •* 

Some  time  before  the  date  of  the  ^The"LcUision  fnim  our  shores  of  Chinese  laborers 

c»n,  President   Cleveland  s  renomma-  has  been  effectually  secured  under  the  provieions  of 

universally  conceded ;  the  only  ques-  a  treaty,  the  operation  of  which  has  been  postponed 

x-egarding  the  second  place  on  the  tick-  ^y  ^«  "ction  of  a  Republican  majority  in  the  Senate. 

invention  organized  by  the  choice  ^^^nnf  Zn^ii'eS  4'^^S  Xv^diri 

White,  of  California,  as  temporary  Je  has  brought  the  public  service  to  the  highest  stand- 

fc,   and  Congressman  Patrick  A.  Col-  ardofefflcienc^,  not  only  by  rule  and  precept,  but  by 

Cassachusetti,  as  permanent  chairman,  the  example  oi  his  own  untiring  and  uuaelftsh  admiii- 

«  of  President  Cleveland  was  present-  i«tration  of  public  affiaiw.             ,  -,.    ^ 

e^   ^rxn»^n4^»^  v«>  n««:Ai  T^^»»ivl.4.«  «#  lu  cvciy  brauoh  aud  dcpartmcnt  of  thc  Govemment 

a   convention  by  Daniel  Dougherty,  of  ^^d^r Democratic  oontrolthe  rights  and  the weliare 

PK,  and  his  nomination  unanimriusly  of  all  the  people  have  been  guarded  and  defended ; 

•mid  great  enthusiasm.    For  the  Vice-  every  public  mterest  has  been  nrotected,  and  the 

oy    Gov    Isaac  P    Gray    of  Indiana,  equiuity  of  all  our  dtizens  before  the  law,  without  re- 

Seiator  Allen  G.  Thurman,  of  Ohio,  f?'^  \^^  °Lf ^>^'  ^"l^?^''*^''^ ""^  maintained 

<ou»wvr»   *»*«»*'.-..  ^i^utuiou,  v»  v^jjiv,  "(jpon  its  record  thus  exhibited  and  upon  a  pledge  of 

a   only  candidates  formally  before  the  a  continuance  to  the  people  of  these  benefits,  the 

on.  Democracy  invokes  a  renewid  of  popular  trust  bv  the 

i  the  first  ballot  was  completed,  it  was  re-election  of  a  Chief  Magistrate  who  has  been  faith- 

liat  Mr.  Thurman  would  easily  obtain  I^»  f^Jf i  "^^  P;*^^*,'**-,  V,«  »?7<>^«  ^  «1<^1*VI°  ^^  <^^*' 

h^      Tu«  -.-^.^  «^  n r«.-.„  -,««  *u^«  trust  the  transfer  also  to  the  Democracy  of  the  entire 

ty.    The  name  of  Gov.  Gray  was  then  lemslative  power. 

^B,  and  the  Ex-Senator  was  unani-  The  Republican  party,  controllmg  the  Senate  and 

dominated.    Of  the  votes  cast  on  this  resisting  in  both  Houses  of  Conjrress  a  reformation  of 

do  were  for  Thurman    105  for  Gray  unjust  and  unequal  tax  laws  which  have  outlasted  the 

>Wohn  p.  Black,  of  Illinois.                 '  3rror.Mr^' de'nr.^  '^t^^^^l^^ 

^tiorm  IS  as  lollows .  ^re  the  law  and  the  fairness  and  the  justice  whicn  aie 

^ixiocratic  partv  of  the  United  States  in  na-  their  right.    Thus  the  crv   of  Amencan  labor  for  a 

vention  assembled  renews  the  pledge  of  its  better  share  in  the  rewards  of  industry  is  stifled  with 

II>emocratic  fiuth  and  reaffirms  the  platform  fal^^e  pretenses,  enterprise  is  fettered  and  boimd  down 

*y  its  representatives  in  the  convention  of  to  home  markets^  capital  is  discouraged  with  doubt. 

Indorses  the  views  expressed  by  President  and  unequal,  uujust  laws  can  neither  be  properly 

i^  in  his  last  earnest  message  to  Congress  as  amended  nor  repealed.     The  Democratic  party  will 

^  interpretation  of  that  platform  upon  the  continue  with  all  the  power  confided  to  it  the  struggle 

^f  tariff  reduction,  and  also  indorBce  the  ef-  to  reform  these  laws  in  accordance  with  the  pled«^s 

>iar  Democratic  representatives  in  Congress  of  its  last  platform,  indorsed  at  the  ballot-box  by  Uie 

a  reduction  of  excessive  taxation.    Chief  suffrages  of  the  people. 

»  principles  of  party  faith  are  the  mainte-  Of  all  the  industrious  fVeemen  of  our  land  the  im- 

tne  inoisffoluble  union  of  f^ee  and  indc-  mense  m^ority,  including  every  tiller  of  the  soil, 

3  States,  now  about  to  enter  upon  its  second  gain  no  aa vantage  from  excessive  tax  laws,  but  the 

:>f  unexampled  progress  and  renown  ;  devo-  price  of  nearly  everything  tiiey  buy  is  increased  by 

',plan  of  Government  regulated  by  a  written  the  favoritism  of  an  unequal  system  of  tax  legislation. 

Son  strictly  specifying  every  granted  power  All  unnecessary  taxation  is  unjust  taxation.    It  is  re- 

tessly  leservmg  to  the  States  or  people  the  pugnant  to  the  creed  of  Democracy  that  by  such  taxa- 

ngranted  residue  of  power;  the  enoourage-  tion  the  cost  of  the  necessaries  of  life  should  be  un- 

jeidous,  popular  vigilance  directed  to  all  who  justifiably  increased  to  all  our  people.     Judged  by 

iQ  chosen  for  brief  terms  to  enact  and  execute  Democratic  principles,  the  interests  of  the  people  are 


-VJ 


meet  and  eilutist  by  ennvagtnt  ■ppropiution  juid 
eipenBM,  whether  ooDMitutioDal  or  not,  the  aooamu- 
Utionof  eWmvBgBiittiiaticFn.  Tlio  DamocradopoliOT 
'~  'a  eaforoe  fhigalit;  in  public  axpenee  uid  abolish 


;     J- 


)f  the  bnrdeiuofUEaboii.  Oal 
ooiitrai7,  k  fUr  snd  nreful  reviatoQ  of  our  tax  laws, 
with  due  alloitaDce  for  the  differeuoe  between  the 
wages  of  American  and  foreign  labor,  murt  promote 
and  enoouraee  every  brauoh  of  such  induetries  and 
eDterpriaea  b;  giving  them  asanrance  of  an  eitanded 
marliet  and  att^Hly  and  oontinuoos  aperatioDS.  In  the 
InCereBla  of  AmcHcaQ  labor,  which  should  in  no  event 
be  neglected,  tlie  revigionof  our  tai  laws  oonlamplalod 
bj  the  Democratic  party  should  promote  the  advan- 
tilge  of  such  labor  by  cheapeniDg  the  ooel  of  uecoMO- 
rie>  <jf  life  in  the  home  of  every  workingman,  and  at 
tbo  same  time  securing  to  him  steady  and  ramanera- 
tlve  employment.  Upon  this  question  of  tariff  ra- 
form,  ao  clonely  concerning  every  phaae  of  our  na- 
tional life,  and  upon  every  queetion  involved  in  the 
problem  of  good  jrovemmant  the  DamooralJo  par^ 
submits  its  principles  and  profeuiona  to  the  intelli- 
geot  au9h4(ee  ot  the  A  merieanpeopte. 

Keaolution  presented  by  Hr.  Soott,  of  Panndvlvania ; 

"■Haolofd,  That  thii  convention  hereby  mdoreea 
and  recammends  the  early  pasaags  of  the  bill  for  the 
reduction  of  the  revenue  now  pending  in  the  House 
of  Bepresentativen." 

Besolndon  presented  by  Mr.  Lehmnnn,  of  Iowa ; 

".Anoicaf,  That  a  just  and  libeml  policy  should  be 
pursued  In  refcreuce  to  tbe  Territoriee :  that  right  of 
aalf-governmenl  is  inherent  in  the  people  and  guaran- 
teed under  the  Constitution;  that  the  Territoriee  of 
Washington,  Dakota,  Montana,  and  New  Mexico  are 
by  virtue  of  population  and  development  entitled  to 
aamuaion  int/)  the  Union  as  State*,  and  we  unquali- 
fiedly condemn  the  course  of  the  Bepubllcan  party 
in  refHtsing  Statehood  and  aelf-govemment  tn  their 

Besolution  presented  by  ez-Qovemor  Abbett,  of 
New  Jersey ; 

"  Raottid,  That  we  exprese  oar  cordial  sympathy 
with  the  struggling  people  of  all  nations  in  tbeir  effort 
to  secure  for  tnemselves  the  ineetinuible  blestdngs  of 
■elf-govamment  and  dvil  and  religious  liberty,  and 
we  Bipeoially  declare  oor  sympathy  with  the  offorts 
of  tho»e  noble  patriots  who,  fed  by  QIadstone  and 
Pamell,  have  conductod  their  grand  end  peaoeftU 
contest  tbr  home  rule  in  IreUnd." 

BcjtDkllcai  CHTHttai. — The  plaoe  and  d&te  ot 


ei-Senator  Benjamin  HarriBon ;  Iowa  r 
mended  Senator  William  B.  AUison;  '. 
^n,  ex-6oT.  Baaaell  A.  Alfcer;  Wise 
Got.  Jeremiah  H.  Bnak.  Jndge  Walt 
GreebacD,   of  Indiana,   attracted   eamM 

Krter«  in  many  parts  of  the  aoaatr],  an 
'pablioan  Conveution  of  lllinob  insfa 
itH  delegates  to  vote  in  his  favor.  In 
York,  Ohaancey  U.  Depew  waa  a  popola 
didate,  ollbongh  the  delegation  from  that 
waa  unpledged.  Senator  Joseph  B.  H 
was  the  favorite  of  Coimeclicnt,  Ccmgre 
William  Walter  Plielpe  of  New  Jerae] 
Senator  John  J.  IngaAs  of  Eanaas.  Tbi 
sibilit;  that  Mr.  Blaine  might  finallj  1 
duced  to  accept  the  nominatioo  waa  a  dt 
infc  element,  which  apparently  prevenUd 
of  the  delegates  from  eamestV  anpportiii 
other  candidate.  On  Hay  80  a  secMid 
from  him  was  nnblished,  which  aet  at  r 
reasonable  donbts.  In  this  letter,  dat 
Paris,  France,  be  said,  aneqnivocall?,  til 
coolil  not  accept  a  nomination  withont  i 
ing  bad  faith  toward  those  candidate* 
refyinfi  on  his  former  letter,  were  alrei 
the  Held,  and  therefore  he  conld  not  aoc< 
all.  No  one  of  the  candidatea  waa  aaau 
the  support  even  of  one  third  of  the  dele 
The  convention  organized  b;  choosing 
M.  Thurston,  of  Eanaas,  for  teniporarj  i 
man  and  H.  Estee,  of  Oalifomia,  for  p> 
nent  ohainiian.  Three  days  were  oecopi 
the  work  of  organization,  in  tbe  prepai 
and  adoption  of  a  platform,  and  in  the  pi 
tation  of  oandidatea.  Nominating  spe 
were  made  in  favor  of  Greeham  by  Lw 
Swett,  of  Illinois;  in  favor  of  Harriso 
ex-Guv.  Albert  G.  Porter,  of  Indiana; 
Allison  by  William  P.  Hepbnm.  of  Iowa 
Alger  b;  R.  E.  Frazier,  of  Michigan  ;  fni 

Sew  by  Senator  Biscock,  of  New  York 
herman  bj  Qen.  Hastings,  of  Penn'^lv 
for  Rnsk  by  Senator  Spooner,  of  Wiko 
The  names  of  Senator  Uawley  and  ei-tl 


UNITED  STATES.                                                 775 

rom  Kansas  and  Arkansas,  and  sixteen  at  once  transferred  to  Harrison.    Friends  of 

Pennsjl vania  delegation  voted  for  Fitler.  the  other  candidates  joined  to  swell  the  win- 

ew  York  delegates  voted  onitedlj  for  ning  colamn,  and  at  the  end  of  roll-call,  on  the 

,  according  to  an  agreement  made  in  eighth  ballot,  Harrison  had  obtained  544  votes, 

on  the  preceding  day.    The  State  dele-  or  ove#  200  more  than  were  necessary  for  a 

I  not  having  favorites  were  very  much  choice.    Sherman  received  on  this  ballot  118 

1.  votes,  Alger  100,  Gresham  69,  Blaine  6,  Mc- 

Q  the  second  ballot,  after  the  names  Kinley  4.     The  nomination  was  then  made 

Mfayor  Filler  and  Senator  Hawley  had  unanimona. 

ithdrawn,  the  following  vote  was  cast:  For  Vice-President,  William  O.  Bradley,  of 

Bin  249  votes,  Alger  116,  Gresham  108,  Kentucky;   William  Walter  Phelps,  of  New 

99,  Harrison  91,  Allison  76,  Blaine  88,  Jersey ;    and  Levi  P.  Morton,  of  New  York, 

10,  Phelps  18,  Ingalls  16,  MoKinley  8,  were  placed  in  nomination.    Mr.  Morton  was 

1  2.    On  the  third  ballot  Kansas  ceased  nominated  on  the  first  ballot  by  the  following 

9  for  IngaUs,  and  nearly  all  the  New  vote:   Morton  661,  Phelps  119,  Bradley  98, 

delegates  abandoned  Phelps.    Sherman  Blanche  K.  Brnce,  of  Mississippi,   11.    The 

id  on  this  ballot  244  votes,  Gresham  128,  nomination  was  made  unanimous. 

L22,  Harrison  94,  Depew  91,  Allison  88,  The  platform  adopted  by  the  convention  is 

85,  Rusk  16,  McKinley  8,  Phelps  5,  as  follows: 
1  2,  and  Mr.  Justice  MiUer  2.    The  con- 

1  adjourned  after  this  ballot,  and  on  its  The  Bepublicaiw  of  the  United  States,  assembled 

abling,  Mr.  Depew  made  an  address,  }7  *A®iL?h«!i?x,^?  Nation;!  Convention,  pause  on 

«—:«»  k;-  ««w.^      n^i  xf^u^^  n  j^.^J  the  threshold  of  their  proceedings  to  honor  the  mem- 

awing  his  name.     Ool.  Robert  G.  Inger-  ^ry  of  their  first  great  leader,  the  immortal  champion 

en  bemg  asked  to  address  the  oonven-  of  liberty  and  the  rights  of  the  people— Abraham  tin* 

ttempted  to  advocate  the  nomination  of  coin— and  to  cover  also  with  wreaths  of  imperishable 

km,  but  the  convention  refused  to  hear  remembrance  and  gratitude  the  heroic  names  of  our 

The  convention  again  adjourned  with-  ^^«'  ^S*?«"  ^^'^  ***^S  ^°  "?^^«  !ST^^a^'®^ 

vrlli  ^""'^""""  «©€»***  a^tjwwti*^   w.wM  ^^      £^^j  ^^j.  councils — Grant,  Garfield,  Arthur, 

Olotmg.      When  it  reassembled  on  the  Logan,  Conkling.    May  their  memories  be  faithftdly 

lay  Congressman   McKinley    protested  cherished  1 

;  the  use  of  his  name,  but  without  effect.  We  also  recall  with  our  greetin^rs  and  with  prayer 

.  fourth  ballot  Wisconsin  transferred  her  ^""i  ^^  J^very  the  name  of  one  of  our  living  tero«, 

-««    i>„-i,   *.«   Ti„.»:.^,,    ^^A    Ko  «^*^„  whose  memory  will  be  treasured  m  the  hwtory  both 

rom  Rusk  to  Hamson,  and   69  votes  ^f  the  Kepublicans  and  the  repubUc,  the  nine  of 

^ew  York  went  to  the  same  candidate,  that  noble  soldier  and  favorite  child  of  victory,  Philip 

ftn  received  285   votes,   Harrison  217,  H.  Sheridan. 

186,  Gresham  98,  Allison  88,  Blaine  42,  ^  In  the  spirit  of  those  great  leaders  and  of  our  own 
ley  11,  Gov.  Foraker,  Lincoln,  and  devotiontohumaiMiberty,  and  with  that  hortihty  to 
^j  A  A,  x^vT.  Av«a^«,  A^tuw.ui  •^■'^  all  forms  of  despotism  and  oppression  which  18  the 
-touglas  one  each.  The  tilth  baUot  re-  ftmdamental  idea  of  the  Republican  party,  we  send 
as  follows:  Sherman  224,  Harrison  218,  fraternal  congratulations  to  our  fellow  Americans  cf 
142,  Allison  99,  Gresham  87,  Blaine  48,  Brazil  upon  their  great  act  of  emancipation  which 
ley  14.  The  convention  then  adjourned  oprapleted  the  abolition  of  slavery  throughout  the  two 
f  n      •       \r     A  American  continents. 

loiiowmg  Monoay.  We  earnestly  hope  we  may  soon  congratulate  our 

ad   become  evident  that*  bnerman,  al-  fellow-citizens  of  Insh  birth  upon  the  peaceful  reoov- 

i  still  leading,  could  not  command  a  f  ol-  ery  of  home  rule  for  Ireland. 

suflBcient  to  nominate   him,  and  the  ^o  reaffirm  our  unswervinjj  devotion  t<^the  na- 

,h  of  HarrUon  appeared  to  have  reached  grsu^^^riS?  SSfon^^o^'rSet^S't'ihetStel 

lest  pomt.     A  conference  committee  of  ^nder  the  Constitution,  to  the  pereonal  riirhts  and 

of  the  vanous  candidates  met  on  Sat-  liberties  of  citizens  in  all  the  States  and  Territories  in 

evening  and  during  Sunday,  but  without  the  Union,  and  especially  to  the  supreme  and  sover- 

;  upon  a  candidate.     When  the  conven-  eign  ri^ht  of  everv  lawful  citizen,  rich  or  poor,  native 

•»^  4>^»A«^kA.  r<^»^i..Aa<.».»*.   [i^.<.4^^iia   r»#  or  foreign  bom,  white  or  Diack,  to  cast  one  free  bal- 

me  together,  Congressman  Boutelle,  of  j^^  ^  ^^b^^  elections  and  to  have  that  ballot  duly 

announced  the  receipt  of  two  telegrams  counted. 

f  r.  Blaine,  at  Edinburgh,  in  which  he  We  hold  a  free  and  honest  popular  ballot  and  just 

;ly  requested  his  friends  to  respect  his  and  equal  representation  of  all  the  people  to  be  the 

Btter  and  to  refrain  from  voting  for  him.  ''<^"'^^i^°  t^  ?^.  ^V}'^^^^  Government,  and  de- 
.  J             is     I'A       lAiT       u  *v  mand  effective  legislation  to  secure  the  intcffntv  and 
as  accepted  as  a  finality,  although  the  purity  of  elections,  which  are  the  fountains  of  ail  pub- 
ma  delegation  and   a  few  others  still  Uc  authority. 

or  their  favorite.     On  the  sixth  ballot  We  charge  that  the  present  Administration  and 

m   received  244  votes,    Harrison  231,  Democratic  majority  in  Congress  owe  tiieir  existence 

187,  Gresham  91,  Allison  73,  Blaine  40,  *°,^«  ^^PP^,^'^'^  °f  *,^«  ^""i'li!'^*  ''""??if^  n'^V'*; 
w"'  1      <  A      fpu  '  -""*"""   •  7,  ^         ,r  J  cation  of  the  Constitution  and  the  laws  of  the  United 

^Kmley  12.    The  seventh  ballot  resulted  states. 

►ws:  Harrison  278,  Sherman  281,  Alger  We  are  uncompromisingly  in  favor  of  the  American 

resham   91,  Allison   76,  McKinley   16,  svstem  of  protection;  we  protest  against  its  destruo- 

16,  Lincoln  2,  Foraker  1.    The  decisive  S-u""  "  P">poeed  by  the  President  and  his  party. 

»»1  •»««.  .^«l.u»^     «.!.«»   n^^r^^^^^^  They  serve  the  mterests  of  Europe ;  we  will  support 

was  now  reached,  when  Congressman  ^^  interests  of  America.    Wo  accept  the  issue  Imd 

rson,  01  Iowa,  arose  and  withdrew  the  oonfldenUy  appeal  to  the  people  for  their  judgment. 

of  Senator  Allison,  whose  strength  was  The  protective  system  must  be  maintained.    Its 


!l 


776 


UNITED  STATES. 


J  J 


ftlMmdonment  has  tlwajB  been  followed  by  geoenl 
diBaiiter  to  all  Interesta  except  those  of  the  uaurer  and 
the  sheriff. 

We  denonnoe  the  IGlls  Bill  aa  destructive  to  the 
general  business,  the  labor,  and  the  &rmtniBr  interests 
of  the  country,  and  we  heartily  indorse  the  consistent 
and  patriotic  action  of  the  Republican  representatives 
in  Congress  in  opposition  to  its  passa^re. 

We  condemn  tne  proposition  of  the  Democratic 
party  to  place  wool  on  the  free  list,  and  we  insist 
that  the  duties  thereon  shall  be  adjusted  and  mun- 
tained  so  as  to  Aimish  full  and  adequate  protection  to 
that  industry. 

The  Bepublican  party  would  effect  all  needed  re- 
duction of  the  national  revenue  by  repealing  the  taxes 
upon  tobacco,  which  are  an  annoyance  and  burden  to 
agriculture,  and  the  taxes  upon  spirits  used  in  the 
arts  and  for  mechanical  puiposes,  and  by  such  re- 
vision of  the  tariff  laws  as  will  tend  to  check  imports 
of  such  articles  as  are  produced  by  our  people,  the 
production  of  which  gives  employment  to  our  labor, 
and  release  from  import  duties  those  articles  of  for- 
eign production  except  luxuries  the  Uke  of  which  can 
not  he  produced  at  home.  If  there  shall  still  remain 
a  larger  revenue  than  is  requisite  for  the  wants  of  the 
Government,  we  favor  the  entire  repeal  of  internal 
taxes  rather  than  the  surrender  of  anv  part  of  our  pro- 
tective system  at  a  joint  behest  of  whiaky  trusts  and 
agents  of  foreign  manufacturers. 

We  declare  our  hostility  to  the  introduction  into 
this  country  of  foreign  contract  labor  and  of  Chinese 
labor  alien  to  our  civilization  and  our  Constitution, 
and  we  demand  the  rigid  enforcement  of  existinj^^  laws 
a^inst  it  and  favor  such  immediate  legislation  as 
will  exclude  such  labor  from  our  shores. 

We  declare  our  opposition  to  all  combinations  of 
capital  oi^^anized  in  trusts  or  otherwise  to  control  ar- 
bitrarily the  condition  of  trade  among  our  citizens, 
and  we  recommend  to  Congress  and  State  legislatures 
in  their  respective  jurisdictions,  such  legislation  as 
will  prevent  the  execution  of  all  schemes  to  oppress 
the  people  by  undue  charges  on  their  supplies  or  by 
unjust  rates  for  the  transportation  of  their  products  to 
market.  We  approve  the  legislation  b;^  Congress  to 
prevent  alike  ui^ust  burdens  and  unfair  disoimina- 
tions  between  States. 

We  reaffirm  the  policy  of  appropriating  the  public 
lands  of  the  United  States  to  be  homestcaas  for 
American  citizens  and  settlers  not  aliens  which  the 
Kepublican  party  established  in  1863  against  the  per- 
sistent opposition  of  the  Democrats  in  Congress,  and 
which  has  brought  our  great  Western  domain  into 
such  magnificent  development.  The  restoration  of 
uneam41  railroad  land  grants  to  public  domain  for 
the  use  of  actual  settlers  which  was  begun  under  the 
administration  of  President  Arthur  snould  be  con- 
tinued. We  deny  that  the  Democratic  party  has 
ever  restored  one  acre  to  the  people,  but  declare  that 
by  joint  action  of  Bepublicans  and  Democrats  about 
fifty  million  acres  of  unearned  lands,  originally 
granted  for  the  construction  of  railroads,  have  been 
restored  to  the  public  domain  in  pursuance  of  the 
conditions  inserted  by  the  Bepublican  party  in  the 
oriirinal  grant. 

We  charge  the  Democratic  Administration  with 
failure  to  execute  the  laws  securing  to  settlers  titles 
to  their  homesteads  and  with  using  appropriations 
made  for  that  purpo^  to  harrass  the  innocent  set- 
tlers with  spies  ana  prosecutions  under  the  false  pre- 
tense of  exposing  frauds  and  vindicating  law. 

The  government  by  Congress  of  the  Territories  is 
based  upon  necessity  only  to  the  end  tliat  they  may 
become  States  in  the  Union ;  ther«fore,  whenever  the 
conditions  of  population,  material  resources,  public 
intelligence,  and  morality  are  such  as  to  insure  stable 
local  government  therein,  the  people  of  such  Terri- 
tories should  be  permitted  as  a  right  inherent  in 
them  to  form  for  themselves  constitutions  and  State 
governments  and  be  admitted  into  the  Union.  Pend- 
mg  the  preparation  for  statehood,  all  officers  thereof 


should  be  selected  fh>m  bona^fds  raeidenti  md  fSA- 
zens  of  the  Territory  wherein  thej  are  to  serve. 
South  Dakota  should  of  right  be  immediately  admit- 
ted as  a  State  in  the  Umon  under  the  Cotutia&m. 
framed  and  adopted  by  her  people,  and  we  hesrtily 
indorse  the  action  of  tne  Bepablioan  Senate  in  tiriet 
passing  bills  for  her  admu^ion.  The  refnsal  of  tbi 
Democratic  House  of  Kepresentativeflj  for  paitiBiB 
purposes,  to  favorably  consider  these  bills  is  a  willfvl 
violation  of  the  sacred  American  prinriple  of  loal 
self-government,  and  merits  the  coDdemnatioD  of  aO 
just  men.  The  pending  bills  in  the  S«iate  for  acts 
to  enable  the  people  of  Washington,  North  Dakota, 
and  Montana  Territories  to  form  oonstittttioDs  aad 
establish  State  governments  should  be  passed  witboei 
unnecessary  delaj.  The  Bepublican  v^rtj  fMgm 
itself  to  do  all  in  its  power  to  BMnlitate  tne  admiaaoQ 
of  the  Territories  or  New  Mesdoo,  Wyoming,  Idaho, 
and  Arizona  to  the  enjoyment  of  self-jzovemmcnt  ai 
States :  such  of  them  as  are  now  qualified  as  soon  ai 
possible,  and  the  others  as  soon  as  they  become  so. 

The  political  power  of  the  Mormon  Church  io  tba 
Territories  as  exercised  in  the  past  is  a  menace  to  fite 
institutions  too  dangerous  to  be  long  suffered.  Tbef»> 
fore  we  pledge  the  Bepublioan  party  to  appn>priate 
legislation  asserting  the  sovereignty  of  the  natioQ  m 
all  Territories  where  the  same  is  questioned,  and,  io 
furtherance  of  that  end,  to  place  npon  Uie  Btatoto- 
books  legislation  strin^nt  enough  to  divorce  the  po- 
litical fix>m  Uie  ecclesiastical  power  and  thus  rtaiop 
out  the  attendant  wickedness  of  polygamy. 

The  Etepublican  party  is  in  &vot  of  the  use  of  both 
TOld  and  silver  as  money,  and  condemns  the  palicv  of 
the  Demooratio  Administration  in  its  efforts  to  deinoa- 
etize  silver. 

We  demand  the  reduction  of  letter  poeti^  to  one 
cent  per  ounce. 

In  a  republic  like  ours,  where  the  cxtisen  is  sovet- 
eign  and  the  offldal  the  servant,  where  no  power  ii 
exercised  except  by  the  will  of  the  people,  it  is  iat- 
portant  that  the  sovereign— the  people^— should  po»- 
ses>i  intelligence.  The  f^  school  is  a  promoter  of 
that  intelligence  which  is  to  preserve  us  a  free  natioD. 
Therefore  the  State  or  nation,  or  both  combiBed, 
should  support  f¥ee  institutions  of  learning  suffiaant 
to  afford  to  every  child  growing  up  in  the  land  tbi 
opportunity  of  a  good  common-school  education. 

We  earnestly  recommend  that  prompt  action  Iw 
taken  by  Congress  in  the  enactment  of  such  kpda- 
tion  as  will  beist  secure  the  rehabilitation  of  our  Anen- 
can  raerebant  marine,  and  we  protest  against  the  wh 
sage  by  Congress  of  a  f^ee  ship  biU,  as  oalculatea  » 
work  injustice  to  labor  by  leasening  the  wages  of 
those  engaged  in  preparing  materials  as  well  as  those 
directly  employed  in  our  snip-^uxis. 

We  demand  appropriations  for  the  early  rebuildiBg 
of  our  navy ;  for  the  construction  of  coast  fbiti6ei- 
tions  and  modem  ordnance,  and  other  approved  mod- 
cni  means  of  defense  for  the  protection  ofour  defeiue- 
less  harbors  and  cities  :  for  the  payment  of  just  pen- 
sions to  our  soldiere ;  lor  necessary  works  of  nabooal 
importance  in  the  improvement  of  harbors  and  tbe 
channels  of  internal,  coastwise,  and  foreign  commeroe; 
for  the  encouragement  of  the  shipping  interests  of  tbe 
Atlantic,  Gulf,  and  Pacific  Stat^  as  well  as  for  the 
pavment  of  the  maturing  public  debt.  This  poli(? 
will  give  employment  to  our  labor,  acCi^ty  to  o« 
various  industries,  increase  security  of  our  eoontzT, 
promote  trade,  open  new  and  direct  markets  for  oor 
produce,  and  cheapen  the  cost  of  transportation.  V< 
affirm  this  to  be  far  better  for  our  country  than  tfae 
Democratic  policy  of  loaning  the  Government's  mooey 
without  interest  to  *^  pet  banks.*' 

The  conduct  of  foreiirn  affiurs  bv  the  proMot  Ad- 
ministration has  been  distinguished  by  its  inefBaency 
and  its  cowardice.  Having  withdrawn  from  the  Sen- 
ate all  pending  treaties  effected  by  Republicsn  Ad- 
ministrations for  the  removal  of  foreign  burdens  and 
restrictions  upon  our  commerce  and  wr  its  exteoaoo 
into  better  markets,  it  has  neither  effected  nor  pio- 


UNITED  STATES.                                                 TTt 

othen  in  their  stead    Profeesinff  edher-  homes.    The  Bepuhlioen  tMutr  eordisllT  sympathises 

e  Monroe  doctrine,  it  lias  seen  with  idle  with  all  wise  ana  well  direotea  efforts  for  the  promo- 

cj  the  extension  of  foreign  influence  in  tionof  temperance  and  morality, 

mcrica  and  of  foreign  teade  everywhere  prthlMllHl  Ciifeitlfl.— The  Prohibition  Na- 


national  influence  in  Central  and  South  permanent  chairman  was  Ex-Gov.  John  P.  St. 

md  necessaiy  for  the  developmc^t^^  J^jj      ^f  Kansas.     Gen.  Clinton  B.  Fisk,  of 

bl!S.t  anTfSthTr^^^^  New  W  was  nominated  by  accl^^^ 

President)  and  John  A.  Brooks,  of  Missonn,  for 

ijg^  the  present  Democratio  Administration  Vice-President.    Considerable  discussion  arose 

ik  and  unpatriotic  treatment  of  the  flshcries  regarding  the    platform,  especially  npon  the 

^il;Sn&ur«IS;;?-"^^'.Se%r  subject  of  won.^  .nffr.ge.    Tl;e  report  of  th« 

aoKlian  ports  under  the  tiSity  of  1818,  the  migonty  of  the  Platform  Committee  was  finally 

maritime  legislation  of  1880  and  the  comity  adopted  in  the  following  form : 

tions,  and  which  Canadiim  ftshin^vessels  rpi^^  Prohibition  party,  in  national  convention  as- 

the  ports  of  the  Umted  StatM.    We  con-  .embled,  aoknowle^ing  Ahnighty  God  as  the  source 

policy  of  the  present  Admmisteation  and  the  ^f  ^  ^^^^  -^  government,  do  hereby  dechire : 

c  migonty  m  Congress  toward  our  flshenes  ^    f  jj^^  ^^e  manufacture,  importation,  exportation, 

dly  and  conspicuously  unpatriotic,  and  as  transportation,  and  sale  of  alcoholic  beverages  shall  be 

>  d«troy  a  valuable  national  industry  and  niadej)ublic  crimes,  and  punished  as  such. 

Mible  resource  of  defense  against  a  loreign  ^  rf^^  g^^ji,  prohibition  must  be  secured  through 

rhe  name  of  Amenoan  appfies  alike  to  all  amendmenU  of  our  national  and  State  constitutions, 

Uie  repubbc  imd  imposes  upon  all  alike  the  enforoed  bv  adequate  laws  adequately  supported  by 

gation  of  obedience  to  the  laws.    At  the  administrafive  autiiority ;  and  to  this  end  the  organ- 

that  ciUienship  ui  and  must  be  the  panoply  i^ti^^  of  the  Prohibition  party  U  imperatively  de- 

laid  of  him  who  weaw  It  and  protect  him.  manded  in  State  and  nationf 

ugh  or  low.  nch  or  poor,  m  all  his  mvil  g   r^^^^^  ^y  ^^  of  license,  taxation,  or  regulation 

t  should  and  must  afford  him  protection  at  ^,f  ^^e  liquor-traffic  is  contrary  to  good  government ; 

follow  and  protect  bim  abroad:  m  whatever  ^^^  ^^y  party  which  supports  regulation,  license,  or 

mj  be  on  a  lawful  errand.  tux  enters  into  alliance  with  such  traffic  and  becomes 

n  who  abandoned  the  Repubhoan  party  in  ^he  actual  foe  of  the  State's  weltare,  and  that  we  ar- 

oontinue  to  adhere  to  the  Democratic  party,  ^^  t^e  Eepublican  and  Democratic  parties  for  tiieir 

.rted  not  only  the  cause  of  honest  govern-  persistent  attitude  in  favor  of  the  licensed  iniquity, 

^ound  finance,  of  freedom,  of  punty  of  the  thereby  they  oppose  the  demand  of  the  people  lor 

t  especially  have  dwerted  tiie  ^use  of  re-  prohibition,  and.  through  open  complicity  with  the 

he  civil  service.    We  will  not  Jul  to  keep  jjq^or  cause,  defeat  tiie  enforcement  of  Uiw. 

es  because  they  have  broken  tibenis,  or  be-  ^   Yot  the  immediate  abolition  of  the  hitemal  reve- 

w  candidate  has  broken  his.    We  therefore  ^^e  system,  whereby  our  national  Government  U  do- 

r  declaration  of  1884,  to  wit :  The  reform  rfving  support  ftom  our  greatest  national  vice, 

il  service,  auspiciously  begun  under  ^e  Re-  -^  ^t^t,  an  adequate  public  revenue  being  neces- 

Admimstration,  should  be  comolet^  by  the  g^ry,  it  may  properly  be  raised  by  impost  duties  and 

tension  of  the  retorm  sjrstem  already  eetat)-  y^y  j^q  equitable  assessment  upon  the  property  and  the 

law  to  «ai  the  grades  of  the  service  to  which  legitimate  business  of  the  country,  but  import  duties 

cable.    The  spint  andpurpose  of  the  reform  ghould  be  so  reduced  that  no  surplus  shall  be  accumu- 

obeerved  m  all  Executive  aMwintments,  and  i^^ed  in  the  Treasury,  and  that  the  burdens  of  taxa- 

t  variance  with  tiie  object  of  existing  reform  tio^  shall  be  removed  from  foods,  clothing,  and  other 

I  should  be  repealed,  to  the  end  tiiat  the  comforto  and  necessaries  of  life. 

0  free  institutions  which  lurk  m  tiie  power  ^^  That  civil-service  appointments  for  all  civil 
patronage  may  be  wisely  and  effecuvely  offices,  chiefly-  clerical  in  their  duties,  should  be  based 
•^m     ^..t-        ^     >..   4.1-    J  ^    J        jf  ^x.  upon  moral,  intellectual,  and  physical  qualiflcations, 

ibtnde  of  the  naUon  to  the  defendere  of  the  ^nd  not  upon  party  service  or  party  necessity. 

1  not  be  measured  by  laws.  The  lejpjilation  7.  That  tiie  right  of  suffrage  rests  on  no  mere  cir- 
Bs  should  conform  to  the  pledge  nwde  by  a  cumstance  of  race,  color,  sex,  or  nationalitv,  and  that 
)Ie  and  be  so  enlarged  Mid  extended  as  to  ^hero,  from  any  cause,  it  has  been  held  from  citizens 
igamst  the  possibihty  that  any  man  who  ^h^  are  of  suitable  age  and  mentally  and  morally 
;  wore  tiie  Federal  imiform  shaU  become  an  qualified  for  the  exercise  of  an  intelligent  ballot,  it 

an  almshouse  or  dependent  upon  private  Should  be  restored  bv  the  people  through  the  Lcgis- 

In  the  prwence  of  an  overflowing  Treasury,  i^tures  of  the  several  States,  on  such  educational  baais 

be  a  public  scandal  to  do  less  for  tho(*e  gg  ^hev  may  deem  wise. 

Jorous  service  preserved  the  Government.  s.  ^or  the  abolition  of  polvgann-  and  the  estabUsh- 

ance  the  hostile  spint  shown  by  President  ^ent  of  uniform  laws  governing  marriage  and  divorce. 

I  in  his  numerous  vetoes  of  measures  for  9,  Yot  prohibiting  all  combinationH  of  capital  to 

ftlief,  and  the  action  of  the  Democratic  House  control  and  to  increase  the  cost  of  products  for  popu- 

entativea  m  refusing  even  a  consideration  of  j^.  consumption. 

msion  legislation  10.  For  the  preservation  and  defense  of  the  Sabbath 

K)rt  of  the  principles  herewith  enunciated  we  gg  a  civil  institution  without  oppressing  any  who  re- 

co-operajjon  of  patriotic  nien  ot  all  parties,  n^jiouflly  observe  the  same  on  any  otiicr  day  than  the 

lally  of  all  workingmen,  whose  prospenty  is  fij^^  ^y  (,(•  jj,e  week 

tiireatened  by  tiie  free-trade  policy  of  the  That  arbitration  is  the  Christian,  wise,  and  economic 

dnunistration.  method  of  settling  national  differences,  and  the  same 

»Uowing  addendum  was  adopted  in  the  method  should,  bv  judicious  legislation,  be  applied  to 

—    «  «u^  ^^..  ^«4^  «  the  settiement  of  disputes  between  large  bodiea  of  em- 

lonrs  of  the  convention  .  ploy^g  and  employee ;  tiiat  tiie  abolition  of  the  saloon 

it  concern  of  all  good  government  is  the  vir-  would  remove  theburaens,  moral,  physical,  pecuniary, 

jbrietj  of  the  people  and  the  purity  of  their  and  social,  which  now  oppress  labor  and  rob  it  of  its 


I,  an  vnii  ui  (green. 
In  the  ftill  belief  that  this  putf  am  and  will  remoTa 
■ectioiwl  diObieneM,  pn>inoM  oational  unity,  and  in- 
■ure  tbo  beet  velTve  of  our  entin  Und, 


llaj  IS  ft  national  ooDTention  of  tbe  Union 
Labor  party,  consisting  ot  two  hundred  and 

Bcvenij-fourde)^at«s,  from  twentj-fire  States, 
met  &t  GiQcinnati  for  the  porpoM  of  nominat- 
ing preddential  candidal^  This  party  waa 
formed  on  Feb.  23,  1687,  at  a  oonvention  held 
in  the  same  city,  to  which  delegates  had  been 
invited  from  the  labor  and  fanners'  orj^aniia- 
tions,  incloding  the  Knights  of  Labor,  the  Ag- 
ricoltural  Wheelers,  the  Com- growers,  the 
Homesteadry,  Farmers'  Alliances,  Greenback- 
era,  and  Grangers.  The  party  tbna  formed 
placed  a  State  ticket  in  the  field,  in  Ohio,  in 
the  aotamn  of  1887,  and  in  Arkansas,  Missoori, 
and  nearl;  all  the  Western  States  daring  the 
canvass  of  this  year.  The  convention  nomi- 
nated for  President.  Alaon  J.  Btreeter,  of  Illi- 
nois; and  for  Vice-President,  ObarlesF.  Cnn- 
ningham,  of  Arkansas.  The  platform,  after 
reciting  the  existing  hardships  of  fanners  and 
laborers,  contains  the  foUoving  declarations : 

We  oppaee  bud  monopoly  in  OTery  form,  demind 
the  farnttture  of  aneamed  panta^  the  limiUtion  of 
land  ownenhip,  and  liuch  other  le^slation  aa  will  atop 
■pcoulation  in  lands  aad  holding  it  unused  from  thoee 
whose  necessities  require  it.  A  homeMead  should  b« 
exempt,  to  *  limited  extent,  from  eieeulion  or  taxa- 
tion. 

The  means  of  oommunicataon  and  transportation 
■hall  be  owned  by  the  people,  aa  is  the  United  Statee 

The  establishment  of  a  nadonal  monetary  sjitem  in 
the  interest  of  the  producer,  instead  of  the  speculator 
and  usurer,  by  vhiah  the  circulating  medium  m  neces- 
sary quantity'  shall  be  issued  directly  to  the  people, 
without  the  intervention  of  banks,  and  loaned  to  citi- 
sens  upon  land  security^  at  a  low  raXe  of  inlerest,  so 
aa  to  relieve  tbem  from  the  extortion  of  usury,  and 
enable  them  to  control  the  money  supply.  Foslal 
aaviuics  banks  should  bo  eetablished,  and  while  we 
have  inie  coinage  of  gold  we  should  have  free  coinage 
-»  ^1 —      nr-  ,1 J  .!._  :^niedial«  appliosti ' 


the  United  Sutea. 

The  right  to  vote  is  iahenmt  in  ciii»iitfai| 
spective  of  aei.  andis  properly  within  tbeproi 
State  l^alation. 

The  pusmount  issues  to  be  solvvd  in  the  it 
of  humanity  are  the  abolilion  or  usury,  mandpa 
(justs,  and  we  denounce  the  Democndc  and  It 
can  parties  (or  creating  and  perpetuating  thm 

The  Union  Labor  party  drew  its  ■ 
from  the  Greeabaokerx,  the  farmer  org 
tions,  and  the  older  labor-refonnerB.  1 
it  differed  from  the  United  Labor  party, 
waa  an  outgrowth  of  the  Henry  George 
ment  of  two  years  ago  in  New  York 
This  letter  organization  supported  J 
George  in  the  canraaa  of  18B7  for  Secret 
State  in  New  Yofk,  and,  with  the  opat 
the  national  canvass,  placed  in  nominati 
first  national  Idcket.  The  National  Conve 
oonsisting  of  ninety  delegBteB,repreaentia 
States,  waa  held  at  Cincinnati  on  May  li 
day  after  the  Union  Labor  Conventior 
nominated  Kobert  H.  Cowdrey,  of  Illina 
President;  and  Williara  U.  T.  WakeGe 
Kansas,  for  Vioe-President.  The  national 
form  contains  the  following  dtolarations 

We,thedelagi 
United  Btates, 


a  the  United  States  Trcsaurv  C< 


the 


republic,  that  all  men  are  created  equal  and  I 
dowed  with  inalienable  rii^hla.  We  aim  at  tlM 
tion  of  the  system  which  compels  men  to  paj 
fellow- creatures  for  Che  use  of  the  oommooboni 
nature,  and  permits  monopoliieni  to  deprive  la 
natural  opportunities  for  emplojmeot. 

We  see  aooen  (o  lanning-land  denied  to  lab 
oept  on  payment  of  exorbitant  rent  ch-  the  acoti 
of  mortgage-burdens,  and  labor,  thua  lorUii 
employ  itself  driven  into  tl^e  cities.  We  •> 
wage-workers  of  the  oitiea  subjected  to  this  nni 
oompetitioa,  and  forced  to  pay  an  exortHtant  si 
their  soantj  eaminga  for  cramped  and  oofaei 
lodgings.  We  see  the  saine  intense  compelilio 
deinning  the  great  m^ority  of  buHueas  altd  1 


Br  and  otlsD  i 


UNITED  STATES.                                                779 

tha  miUioxudre  on  one  Bide  and  the  tramp  on  the  We  denounce  the  Bemooratic  and  Republican  par- 
other,  tiea  as  hopelesaly  and  Bbamelea^lj  corrnpt,  ana  by 
To  give  all  men  an  interest  in  the  land  of  their  reason  of  their  affiliation  with  monopolies,  equally 
ooontiy  ;  to  enable  all  to  share  in  the  benefits  of  so-  unworthy  of  the  sufflages  of  those  who  do  not  live 
dal  gTowUi  and  improvement ;  to  prevent  the  shut-  upon  public  plunder ;  we  therefore  require  of  those 
tin^  out  of  labor  from  employment  by  the  monopoli-  wlio  would  act  with  us  that  they  sever  all  connection 
zation  of  natural  opportumties ;  to  do  away  wiUi  the  with  both. 

one-sided  competition  whic^  cuts  down  wages  to  Unraocesaful  attempts  were  made   at  this 

starvation  rates ;  to  restore  life  to  business  and  pre-  ..^^  4.^  „«;♦«.  ^-Vi^o^  ♦«,*%  IoK^-  T^^^Xi^a  in  *v.^ 

vent  periodical  depressions;  to  do  away  with  that  *!"»«  ^  miite  these  two  labor  parties  m  the 

monstrous  injustice  which  deprives  producers  of  the  support  of  a  single  ticket,  and  on  Angast  2  a 

fruits  of  their  toil  while  idlers  grow  rich ;  to  prevent  conference  of  their  leaders  was  held  at  Chicago 

the  oonflicts  which  are  arraying  oUss  against  class,  for  the  purpose ;  but  as  the  Union  Labor  rep- 

^^^^  ^  ^  w^toTh^w  the^Lti^sys^  resentatives  demanded  the  entire  withdrawal 

ta^o^th^it^STo^  sh^  bftax^  on  t£f  wLlth  he  of  the  United  Labor  ticket,  no  agreement  was 

Eroduces,  nor  any  one  suffered  to  appropriate  wealth  reached.     The  canvass  of  the  latter  party  was, 

e  does  not  produce  by  taking  to  himself  the  increas-  however,  not  pushed  with  enthusiasm,  and  ex- 

inff  values  which  the  growth  of  societjr  adds  to  land,  ^ept  in  New  York  and  Illinois  it  polled  only  a 

What  we  propose  IS  not  the  disturbing  of  any  man  „«rfA^-:-,„  „^*«. 

in  his  holding  or  title ;  but,  by  taxation  of  land  ae-  scatienng  vote.                        m.     la-  ^.       1  /^ 

cording  to  its  value  and  not  according  to  its  area,  to  A««rlf«  PiTty  CnfTeitM.— The  National  Oon- 

devote  to  common  use  and  benefit  those  values  which  vention  of  the  American  party  was  held  at 

arise  not  from  the  exertion  of  the  individual,  but  from  Washington,  D.  0.,  on  August  14  and  16,  dele- 

dte^Sd  i^'^u^^'HiL^no^d^to^tton^f  ^^  ^  *^®  number  of  126  being  present. 

h^S^Xes  mast,  while  relievmi^SS^orking  famer  More  than  half  of  these  were  from  the  State  of 

and  small  homestead  ownfer  of  the  undue  ourdens  New  Y6rk,  and  their  disposition  to  rule  the 

DOW  imposed  upon  them,  make  it  unprofitable  to  hold  convention  in  their  own  interest  early  led  to  a 

land  for  speculation,  and  thus  throw  open  abundant  withdrawal  of  about  25  members  from  other 

SSSdK-Vhomt.  ""P'°>™"»  "'  '*'»'  ""*  *^  States,  «d  a  cons^inent  diviBimi  in  the  party 

We  would  do  away  with  the  present  uiyust  and  councils.     James  L.  Ourtis,  of  New  York,  was 

wastefulsystemof  finance,  which  piles  up  hundreds  nominated    for  President,  receiving  45  to  15 

of  millions  of  dollars  in  treasury  vaults  while  we  are  for  Abram  S.  Hewitt.     The  nominee  for  Vice- 

^ying  interest  on  an  enonnous  debt;  and  we  would  President  was  James  R.  Greer,  of  Tennessee, 

S^-^nd^rS^STa^^m^e^ri^^^^^^  who  later  dedined  the  honor.   The  resolutions 

Government  without  the  intervention  of  banks.  adopted  include  the  lollowing : 

We  wish  to  abolish  the  present  ui^ust  and  wasteM  Rstolved,  That  all  law-abiding  citizens  of  the  Uidted 

system  of  ownership  of  railroads  and  telegraphs  by  States  of  America,  whether  native  or  foreign  bom,  are 

private  corporations — a  svstem  which,  while  failing  to  politicallv  equals  (except  as  provided  by  the  Comititu- 

supply   adequately  public  needs,  impoverishes  the  tion),  ana  all  are  entitled  to  and  should  receive  the 

fiu-mer,  oppresses  the  manufacturer^  hampers  the  mer-  full  protection  of  the  laws. 

chant,  impedes  travel  and  commumcation,  and  builds  Besohed,  That  thi  Constitution  of  the  United  States 

up  enormous  fortunes  and  corrupting  monopolies  that  should  be  so  amended  as  to  prohibit  the  Federal  and 

are  becoming  more  powerful  tnau  the  (Government  State  Governments  from  conferring  upon  any  person 

itself.    For  ^is  system  we  would  substitute  Govern-  the  right  to  vote  unless  such  person  be  a  citizen  of  the 

ment  ownership  and  control  for  the  benefit  of  the  United  States. 

whole  people  instead  of  private  profit.  Besolved,  That  we  are  in  favor  of  fostering  and  en- 
While  dleclariuji^  the  foregoing  to  be  the  frmdamental  couraging  American  industries  of  every  class  and 
principles  and  aims  of  the  Umted  Labor  Party,  and  kind,  and  declare  that  the  assumed  issue  **Proteo- 
while  oonsdous  that  no  reform  can  give  effectual  and  tion ''  ts.  **  Free  Trade  "  Is  a  fraud  and  a  snare.  The 
permanent  relief  to  labor  that  does  not  involve  the  best  '* protection'*  is  that  which  protects  the  labor 
legal  recognition  of  equal  rights  to  natural  opportuni-  and  life  blood  of  the  republic  ft-om  tne  degrading  com- 
nities,  we,  nevertheless,  as  measures  of  relief  ftom  petition  with  and  contaminations  by  imported  foreign- 
aome  of  the  evil  effects  of  ignoring  those  rights,  favor  ers  ;  and  the  most  dangerous  '^free  trade*'  is  that  in 
such  legislation  as  may  tend  to  reduce  the  hours  of  paupers,  criminals,  communists,  and  anarchists,  in 
labor,  to  prevent  the  employment  of  children  of  ten-  which  the  balance  nas  always  been  against  the  United 
der  years,  to  avoid  the  competition  of  convict  labor  States. 

with  honest  industry,  to  secure  the  sanitary  inspco-  WhereaSy  One  of  the  greatest  evils  of  unrestricted 

tion  of  tenements,  factories,  and  mines,  and  to  put  an  foreign  immigration  is  tne  reduction  of  the  wages  of 

end  to  the  conspiracy  laws.  the  American  workingman  and  workingwoman  to  the 

We  desire  also  to  so  simplify  the  procedure  of  our  level  of  the  underfed  and  underpaid  labor  of  foreign 

courts,  and  diminish  the  expense  of  legal  proceedings,  countries ;  theretbre, 

that  the  poor  mav  therein  be  placed  on  an  equalitv  Resolved^  That  we  demand  that  no  immigrant  shall 

with  the  rich,  ana  the  long  delays  which  now  result  be  admitted  into  the  United  States  without  a  passport 

in  scandalous  miscarriages  of  justice  may   be  pre-  obtained  ftt>m  the  American  Consul  at  the  port  irom 

vented.  which  he  sails ;  that  no  passport  shall  be  issued  to 

Since  the  ballot  is  the  only  means  by  which  in  our  any  pauper,  criminal,  or  insane  person,  or  to  any  per- 

republic  the  redress  of  political  and  social  grievances  son  who,  in  the  judgment  of  the  consul,  is  not  likely 

ia  to  be  sought,  we  especially  and  emphatically  de-  to  become  a  desirable  citizen  of  the  United  States ; 

dare  for  the  adoption  cMf  what  is  known  as  the  Aus-  and  that  for  each  immigrant  passport  there  shall  be 

tralian  system  of  voting,  in  order  that  the  effectual  collected  by  the  consul  issuing  the  same  the  sum  of 

secrecy  of  the  ballot,  and  the  relief  of  candidates  for  one  hundred  dollars  ($100),  to  be  by  him  paid  into 

public  office  from  the  heavy  expenses  now  imposed  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States, 

upon  them,  may  prevent  bribery  and  intimidation,  do  Jiesohed^  That  the  present  naturalization  laws  of 

away  with  practical  discriminations  in  favor  of  the  the  United  States  should  be  imconditionally  repealed. 

ridi  and  unscrupulous,  and  lessen  the  pernicious  in-  Besohed^  That  the  soil  of  America  should  belong  to 

finance  of  money  in  politics.  Americans ;  ^at  no  alien  non-  resident  should  be  per- 


780                                                  UNITED  STATES. 

mitted  to  own  Teal  estate  in  the  United  States,  and  the  whole  oonntry,  sapplementing  and  in  sooe 

that  the  realty  posaeegiona  of  the  resident  alien  should  oases  practically  sapersedinir  the  reiralar  wuty 

be  limited  in  value  and  area.  marhinprv                                               ^         t^  J 

Betolved,  ThAt  no  flag  shall  float  on  any  public  ™^    ,  ^^T'    ^qh.  ^v     t>        vr          -rn   k  ^  v 

buildings,  municipal,  StSe.  or  national,  in  the  United  Early  in  1887  the  Republican  Clob  of  New 

States,  except  the  municipal.  State,  or  national  flag  of  York  city  began  the  work  of  enlisting  the  Re- 

the  United  States — ^theflagof  the  stars  and  stripes.  publican  dabs  already  in  existenoe  into  one 

Ba^lfed,  That  we  r^ssert  the  American  pi^^  compact  body,  and,  by  means  of  circokrs  md 

of  absolute  freedom  of  remrious  worship  and  belief,  ,,i.'      -i.         -i-^u     *.*i^         l     jj 

Se  permanent  separationTf  Church  an^  state;  and  betters,  the  existence  of  aboat  three  hundred 

we  oppose  the  appropriation  of  public  money  or  pro{^  dabs  was  discovered,     A  national  conventioB 

erty  to  anjcburch  or  institution  administered  by  a  of  these  organizations  was  held  in  New  York 

church.     We   maintain  that  aU  church   property  ©ity,  Dec.  16-17,  1887,  with  about  1,600  dde- 

ahould  be  subject  to  taxation.  ^^^^  j^  attendance  from  twenty-three  States 

Other  CtBTCitleu,  —  The    first    presidential  and  Territories.    Daniel  J.  Ryan,  of  Ohio,  wis 

ticket  of  the  year  was  nominated  by  a  conven-  temporary,  and  William  M.  Evarts  permaneot, 

tion  of  the  Indostrial  Reform  party,  at  Wash-  chairman.    A  National  Repablican  League  wis 

ington,  D.  C,  on  February  22,  and  contained  thereoi^^ized,to  becomposed  of  State  leasnes, 

the  names  of  Albert  E.  Redstone,  of  Galifornia,  which  in  tarn  were  to  be  made  np  of  loeal 

for  President,  and  John  Golvin,  of  Kansas,'  for  clubs.    James  P.  Foster,  of  New  York,  wis 

Vice-President.    The  new  party  found  only  a  elected  president;  Andrew  B.  Uomphrey  secre- 

few  supporters,  and  had  no  appreciable  infln-  tary ;  and  J.  8.  Glarkson,  of  Iowa,  chairman  of 

ence  in  the  election.    Another  ticket,  equally  the  executive  committee ;    the   headquartos 

without  support  at  the  PoUSf  was  nominated  being  in  New  York  city.     New  clubs  sprang 

by  the  National  Equal  Rights  party  at  Des  up  everywhere,  and  by  Angnet,  1888,  6,500 

Moines,  Iowa,  on  May  15,  bearing  the  names  clubs  were  reported,  with  an  ^imated  mem- 

of  Belva  Lockwood,  of  Washington,  D.  0.,  for  bership  of  one  million  voters.     The  work  of 

President,  and  Alfred  H.  Love,  of  Philadel-  forming  clubs  in  the  doubtful  States  was  pushed 

phia,  for  Vice-President.    The  latter  declined  rapidly.     In  West  \irginia  the  number  m- 

the  nomination,  and  the  name  of  Gharles  Stuart  creased  in  six  weeks  from  4  to  118,  and  there 

Wells  was  substituted.    A  demand  for  woman  were  over  800  clubs  in  November.    Before  the 

suffrage  and  equal  rights  of  man  and  woman  election  there  were  1,100  clubs  in  Indiana,  wi& 

constituted  the  most  important  portion  of  the  a  membership  of  80,000,  and  1,400  clubs  in  New 

platform.    On  July  16  the  Grand  Oounoil  of  York.    State  leagues  were  formed  and  Sute 

the  Independent  Labor  party  met  at  Detroit,  conventions  of  Republican  clubs  were  held 

and,  after  discussion  of  the  different  parties  during  the  campaign  in  nearly  all  the  Northeni 

and  candidates,  voted  to  support  the  Repub-  Stiates.    A  great  work  was  done  by  these  o^ 

lican  candidates.    A  call  issued  on  August  16  ganizations  in  the  distribution  of  campaign 

for  a  national  convention  of  the  Greenback  documents,  and  especially  in  the  enrollment  of 

party,  brought  together  only  eight  delegates  at  RepubUoan  voters. 

Cincinnati  on  September  12,  who  issued  an  ad-  The  former  work  was  aided  and  extended 

dress  proclaiming  the  Greenback  principles,  but  by  the  Home  Market  Olub,  of  Boston,  MasL, 

made  no  nominations.    On  July  25  a  conven-  which  was  formed  to  spread  the  doctrine  of 

tion  of  colored  Democrats  was  called  to  meet  protection.    Its  work  was  largely  confined  to 

at  Indianapolis  to  organize  a  movement  to  di-  the  circulation  of  documents,  neJarly  thirteen 

vide  the  negro  vote.    There  were  64  delegates  million  being  issued  and  distributed,  to  a  great 

divided  into  two  factions,  each  of  which  strove  extent,  by  the  local  dubs  of  the  Repablicaa 

for  control  of  the  convention,  and  their  quarrels  League. 

tended  largely  to  destroy  the  influence  and  ef-  In   this   movement   the    Democrats  were 

feet  of  the  movement.    Resolutions  supporting  scarcely  less  active  than  their  opponents.   The 

the  Democratic  ticket  and  approving  Democratic  National  Association  of  Democratic  Globs  greir 

principles  were  adopted.     A  large  and  en-  out  of  a  suggestion  of  the  Young  Men^s  Demo* 

thusiastic  conference  of  anti-saloon  Republicans  cratio  Olub  of  New  York  to  form  aleagae  of 

was  held  at  New  York  on  May  2  and  the  day  Democratic  clubs  to  secure  the  adoption  of  the 

following.    Representatives  were  present  from  principles  of  tariff  and   civil-service  reform, 

nearly  every  State,  and  the  necessity  of  solving  After  much  correspondence,  several  dabs  imit- 

the  liquor  problem  through  the  agency  of  the  ed  in  a  call  for  a  conference,  which  was  held 

Republican  party  was  discussed.    Resolutions  in  New  York  city,  April  21,  1888,  and  was 

were  adopted  and  a  movement  organized  in-  participated  in  by  delegates  from  twentv-ooe 

tended  to  arrest  the  growing  defection  of  Pro-  clubs  from  fourteen  States.     This  conference 

hibitionists  from  the  Republican  party.  called  a  convention  of  Democratic  clubs,  which 

Pelitieal  Chibs. — An  important  feature  of  the  was  held  in  Baltimore,  July  4,  1888,  and  was 

political  canvass  of  this  year  was  the   rapid  attended  by  2,400  delegates  from  500  olohe. 

growth   of  the  political  club  system.     Two  W.  £.  Russell,  of  Massachnsetta,  was  chosien 

powerful  organizations,  the  Republican  League  temporary,  and  John  Winans  permanent,  chai^ 

of  the  United  States  and  the  National  Associa-  man  of  the  convention.    The  principles  of  the 

tion  of  Democratic  Clubs,  were  formed,  whose  association  were  adopted,  which  heneefortii 

influence  stimulated  the  formation  of  dubs  over  became  an  organization  for  the  success  of  the 


UNITED  STATES.                                                   781 

Ohanncej  F.  Black,  of  PennsyWania,  minister  at  Wasliington,  asking  advice  in  re- 
cted  president;  Edward  B.  Whitney,  of  gard  to  the  political  situation,  and  of  the  reply 
'ork,  secretary ;  and  Robert  Grier,  of  of  Minister  West  thereto.  The  writer  said  he 
ork,  chairman  of  the  executive  com-  was  a  naturalized  citizen  of  the  United  States 
and  headquarters  were  opened  in  New  of  English  birth,  but  he  still  considered  Eng* 
ity.  State  organizations  were  formed  land  the  motl^er-land.  He  further  said  that 
ve  States,  and  by  November  3,009  clubs  the  information  he  sought  was  not  for  himself 
^ported  from  forty-two  States  and  Ter-  alone,  but  to  enable  him  to  give  assurances  to 
,  with  an  aggregate  membership  of  800,-  many  other  persons  in  the  same  situation  as 
^ew  York  led  the  list  with  480  clubs ;  himself,  for  the  purpose  of  influencing  their  po- 
ky bad  801 ;  West  Virginia,  Pennsyl-  litical  action  as  citizens  of  the  United  States  of 
and  Illinois  more  than  200  each;  and  English  birth.  The  letter  also  contained  gross 
»ther  States  more  than  100  each.  The  reflections  upon  the  conduct  of  the  United 
ai  Association  distributed  about  one  States  Government  in  respect  to  questions 
documents  during  the  canvass,  and  the  in  controversy  and  unsettled  between  the 
eagues  many  times  that  number.  The  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  and  both  di- 
ork  State  League  undertook  a  unique  rectly  and  indirectly  imputed  insincerity  in 
1  chartering  a  canal-boat,  the  ^*  Thomas  such  conduct.  Tlie  British  minister  replied 
)n,^*  which,  under  the  command  of  Presi-  that  ^*  any  political  party  which  openly  favored 
hatcher  of  the  League,  with  a  crew  of  the  mother-country  at  tfie  present  moment 
"s  and  a  cargo  of  tariff  documents,  made  would  lose  popularity,  and  that  the  party  in 
weeks*  voyage  across  the  State,  through  power  is  fully  aware  of  that  fact " ;  and  that 
9  and  Ghamplin  Ganals,  holding  meetings  m  respect  to  the  ^*  questions  with  Ganada 
tributing  documents.  The  State  League  which  have  been  unfortunately  reopened  since 
insylvania  opened  the  canvass  with  a  the  relection  of  the  (flsheries)  treaty  by  the 
id  simultaneous  meetings  in  all  parts  of  Republican  minority  in  the  Senate,  and  by  the 
te.  President's  message  to  which  you  allude,  •  .  • 
lea  these  party  organizations,  the  tariff  allowances  roust  be  roade  for  the  political  situ- 
olubs  throughout  the  country  were  act-  ation  as  regards  the  presidential  election." 
he  canvas&  notably  the  Reform  Glnb  of  The  President  regarded  this  reply  as  an  in- 
Tork,  the  Massachusetts  Tariff  Reform  terference  of  Minister  West  in  the  politics  of 
,  the  New  Haven  Reform  Glub,  and  the  this  country  by  giving  political  advice  to 
»n  Tariff  Reform  League  of  Ghicago.  American  citizens,  and  notified  the  British 
Praidaitial  Caovasb — Gn  August  6  the  Government  of  his  conduct.  No  action  being 
ites  of  the  Prohibition  party  made  pub-  taken  by  that  Government  for  his  recall,  the 
dr  letters  of  acceptance.  President  President,  on  Oct.  80,  notified  him  that  his 
ind's  letter  accepting  the  Democratic  presence  as  the  representative  of  Great  Britain 
idon  was  published  on  September  10,  was  no  longer  agreeable  to  this  Government, 
I  the  following  day  that  of  ex-Senator  and  his  passports  were  delivered  to  him.  The 
)n  appeared.  Mr.  Morton's  letter  ac-  British  Government,  regarding  this  action  as 
;  the  vice- presidential  nomination  ap-  unduly  hasty  and  discourteous,  refused  to  fill 
on  October  2,  and  ex- Senator  Thur-  the  vacant  mission  during  the  remaining 
on  October  14.  President  Cleveland  months  of  the  Administration.  The  incident 
ted  in  his  letter  the  strong  views  in  acquired  unusual  importance  from  the  circum- 
•f  tariff  reduction,  and  the  danger  of  a  stance  that  it  was  a  part  of  the  Republican 
I  in  the  national  Treasury,  expressed  by  argument  throughout  the  campaign  to  show 
his  message  to  Congress  in  December,  that  the  Democratic  party,  in  its  tariff-reform 
The  Republicans  were  not  slow  in  and  free-trade  views,  was  adopting  a  course 
up  the  tariff  issue  thereby  presented,  that  would  open  our  markets  to  British  manu- 
at  question  became  the  absorbing  topic  facturers,  and  was  hostile  to  American  inter- 
snssion  in  the  canvass.     The  contro-  ests. 

>ecame  largely  one  between  protection  The  efforts  of  both  parties  were  directed 
ee  trade,  the  Republicans  striving  to  mainly  to  the  doubtful  States  of  Indiana,  New 
hat  the  Presidenrs  utterances  and  the  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Connecticut.  Presi- 
lill  committed  their  opponents  to  a  free-  dent  Cleveland  took  no  active  part  in  the  can- 
policy,  while  they  were  themselves  vass,  and  Gen.  Harrison  confined  his  efforts  to 
1  to  abolish  the  entire  internal  revenue  short  addresses  made  to  the  numerous  delega- 
before  destroying  protective  tariff  rates,  tions  that  came  to  pay  their  respects  to  him  at 
jrvice  reform,  the  Southern  problem,  the  his  home.  Ex-Senator  Thurraan  delivered  a 
record  of  the  candidates,  and  all  other  series  of  addresses  in  the  West,  and  spoke  also 
•ns  dwindled  into  comparative  insignifi-  in  New  York  city  and  at  Newark,  N.  J,    The 

central  figure  of  the  canvass  on  the  Republican 

ncident  of  the  later  days  of  the  canvass  side,  was  Mr.  Blaine,  whose  return  in  August 

le  publication  on  Oct.  24  of  a  letter  from  his  European  trip   was  signalized  by  a 

ting  to  be  written  by  one  Charles  F.  great  demonstration  in  his  honor  in  New  York 

[son,  of  Pomona,  Cal.,  to  the  British  city.    He  took  an  active  part  in  the  Maine 


782 


UNITED  STATES,  FINANCES  OF  THE. 


STATD. 


AlmlMiroa. 

Arlunsu 

OaUfomU 

Oolondo 

Connectfcmt. . . . . 

Delawftro 

Florida. 

0«orglA 

lUtnoia 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kanus 

Kentacky 

Iionialana 

Maine 

Maiyland 

Masaachnsetts . . 

Michigan 

Minneaota 

Mlsslflalppl 

Missoan 

Nebraaka. 

Nerada 

New  Hampshire 
New  Jersey .... 

New  York 

North  Carolina. . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylyanla... 
Bhode  Island... 
Soath  Carolina. . 
Tennessee.. .... 

Tezaa  

Vermont 

VirginU 

West  YlrginU. . 
Wisconsin 

Total 

PlnrmUty.... 


Ckvalaad, 

Dtm. 


117.880 

117J» 

87.667 

74,990 

1M14 

89,561 

100,499 

848,278 

261,018 

179,887 

108,744 

188,800 

85,062 

50,481 

106,168 

151,855 

218,459 

104,885 

85.471 

261,974 

80,552 

5,862 

48,456 

151,498 

685.757 

147,902 

896,456 

26^522 

446,638 

17.580 

65,825 

158,779 

284,888 

16,783 

i5i,9n 

79,664 
166,282 


6,540,828 
100,476 


HwrlMB, 
B«p. 


66,197 

5S752 

124,816 

60,774 

74,684 

12.978 

26,657 

40,496 

870,478 

268,861 

211,698 

182,984 

165,184 

80,484 

78,784 

99,986 

188,892 

286,870 

142,492 

80,096 

286,257 

108,425 

7,229 

4^728 

144,844 

648,759 

184,784 

416,054 

88,291 

626,091 

21,968 

18,786 

188,988 

88,422 

45,192 

160,488 

77,791 

176,558 


6,489,868 


Pro. 


588 

641 
^761 
2,191 
4,234 

400 

428 
1,808 
21,686 
9,Sbl 
8,550 
6,768 
^226 

160 

9.691 

4,767 

8,701 

20,942 

1^811 

218 

4,589 

9,429 

41 

^jm 

7,904 
80,281 

2,787 
24,866 

1,677 
20,947 

1,250 


6,969 
4,749 
1,460 
1,678 
669 
14,277 


248,606 


StTsetoTy 
Uatoa 
Labor. 


10,618 


1,266 
240 


186 

7,090 

2,694 

9,105 

87,726 

622 

89 

1,844 


4,642 

1,094 

22 

18,682 
4,226 


18 


626 

82 

8,496 

868 

8,878 

18 


48 
29,459 


1,064 
6,652 


146»986 


Oowdry, 
United 
lAbor. 


160 


1,501 


8,668 


2,818 


ptafmlltiH. 


61,128 
27,210 


886 

8,441 
12,904 
60,008 


28,666 
64,548 


6,182 


65375 
26,717 


US91 


7,148 

i^iis" 


62,080 

19,791 

146,4ftl 


1,589 
1,878 


5n,&18 


7,087 
18,207 


t2,195 

a,S48 

81,711 

T9,190 


28s268 


82,US7 
21,911 
88,106 


27,678 
1.867 
2,272 


18,002 


19.609 
6i.769 

T9,452 
4,433 


28,404 


81,821 


477,042 


ToM 


]7ilM 
1&&^ 
25UBI 

fim 

»,7«^ 
<S,M1 

mm 

747,» 
404J49 

8»,m 

844.;Sl 
115,744 
12SLIM 
210^ 
844,448 
479Jlt 


115.!!<7 

63U9S 
2Bt,6IS 

njm 

90.« 
808.741 

28Sc47l 
841,M1 

fU91l 
S97.MI 

4«,7fil 

TI,SI1 
808,781 
857.511 

6M4f 
804.098 
lMaS9 
854,(14 


IMSS^ 


tf. 

n 


I 

I ' 


'■ ' 


■  i 
t 


I 


oanvass  before  the  September  electioD,  and 
afterward  made  a  tour  of  the  West,  speaking 
to  large  aodiences. 

At  the  election  in  November  the  Democrats 
carried  all  the  Soathem  States,  as  nsnal^  and 
the  Northern  States  of  New  Jersey  and  Gon- 
necticnt.  In  New  York,  while  the  State  Demo- 
cratic ticket  was  elected,  their  National  ticket 
was  nearly  16,000  votes  behind  the  Republi- 
can ticket.  G^n.  Harrison  was  thus  assured 
of  283  electoral  votes,  while  Mr.  Cleveland  had 
168.  The  popular  vote,  by  counties,  may  be 
found  in  tne  article  Unitsd  States,  Pbbsi- 
DBNTiAL  £lbction8  IN.  The  accompauyiug 
table  gives  it  by  States. 

A  presidential  candidate  nominated  by  the 
Socialists  of  New  York  city  received  2,068 
votes. 

The  result  of  the  Congressional  elections  was 
to  give  control  of  the  popular  branch  of  Con- 
gress to  the  Republicans  by  a  small  majority. 

The  Governor  of  West  Virginia  denied  cer- 
tificates of  election  to  two  Republicans  who 
were  elected  to  Congress  upon  the  face  of  the 
returns  and  gave  them  to  their  Democratic 
opponents.  Should  the  Republicans  be  finally 
seated,  the  Republican  migority  in  the  Fifty- 
first  Congress  will  be  increased  from  8  to  7. 
The  Democratic  majority  in  the  Fiftieth  Con- 
gress was  19. 

UMTED  STATiS,  FUIA1VCE8  OF  THE.  During 
the  fiscal  year  ended  June  80,  1888,  the  reve- 


nues collected  by  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment averaged  more  than  $1,000,000  a  day, 
including  all  Sundays  and  holidays,  or  aboat 
$879,000,000  for  the  twelve  months.  Tbii 
aggregate  is  more  by  about  eight  million  than 
for  the  preceding  year,  and  is  at  the  rate  of  s 
little  more  than  six  doUars  per  capita  of  pqw* 
lation,  about  the  average  rate  of  the  past  fifteen 
years,  and  less  than  half  the  highest  rate  of 
Federal  taxation  per  capita  per  annum  of 
which  the  Government  has  reoord  ($15.73  per 
capita  in  1866). 

The  expenditures  for  the  year  have  been 
about  $268,000,000,  or  about  the  same  as  in 
1887,  and  greater  than  in  any  previous  year 
nnce  1876. 

The  surplus  in  the  Treasury  at  the  close  of 
the  fiscal  year,  over  and  above  ail  accrued  ha- 
bilitiea,  was  about  $108,000,000.  It  was  aboot 
$41,000,000  when  the  year  began. 

The  average  monthly  surplus  has  been  twice 
as  great  during  1888  as  during  1887,  and  the 
highest  amount  has  been  nearly  double  the 
highest  aggregate  of  the  preceding  year.  The 
surplus  at  one  time  during  the  past  year  was 
greater  by  $58,487,000  than  the  highest  point 
previously  reached,  and  has  since  declined  u> 
little  less  than  half  its  greatest  aggregate. 

The  National  Bank  depositary  system,  which 
has  been  the  subject  of  much  recent  discna' 
sion,  has  Just  rounded  out  a  quarter  of  a  cent- 
ury of  its  existence.    From  the  beginning  of 


UNrraj)  STATES,  FINANCES  OF  THE.  788 

the  fifloal  year  1864  to  the  close  of  the  fiscal  ixfbiiditubis. 

year  1888,  it  has  been  maiDtained  by  each  sue-    SJSiS  totei^u • ^^I'wISi  4o 

oessiTe  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under  the  i^tanUryter!.!^ .*!.'!. *!.**. .'.*.* .*.*;!.' !.'.'. '.".'!      cJm^sot  S? 

discredonary  aaUiority  conferred  by  law.    The    S^S"*®" 8o,288^  n 

aggregate  amoont  of  public  fundB  handled  r^S^wtatoS^^::::::::::::":::.::  !I;K« 

during  the  twenty-five  years  by  this  important  Mtaoeiiuieoiu,  inciadiiig  pabUe  baUdinga, 

adjunct  to  the  Treasary  has  been  nearly  $5,000,-  T>i!IS5i?«f!%„'S.lu  ^^'^^  ^^  reTenue.. . .     u^Mi  w 

i\ivr\ /vrw\       -.J  au      VI  I.  1 1    V  'J     A     IMatrlct  or  Columbia 4,278,118  48 

000, 000,  and  the  balance  hela  has  vanea  at    interest  on  Um  pabUe  debt 44,715,00747 

diflferent  dates  from  $6,000,000  to  $62,000,000.         ^    , 

At  the  close  of  1864  the  balance  was  about         ^""^ |8fiO,6M,»58  w 

$40,000,000,  and  durmg^the  fonr  years  follow-  Leeying  a  sorplos  of |il»,6is,il6  00 

ing  declined  steadily  to  $23,000,000  in  1868.  Wbieh  was  appUed  aa  Miowi : 

Since  that  year  it  has  never  risen  to  the  latter  Pnrehaae  of  bonds  for  the  sinking-ftand.  in- 

figure  except  in  1878,  when  it  exceeded  $62,-  ^^"^S^  •J'^^'^i^?  ^^  ^l  ^1!!"?"°:^'  •   ^^"^^^^  ^ 

A^/^^/x        *j  J     o^wiw,  w*j%7u   tu  vAv^Tvuou  vv<«.  Purchase  of  4  and  4tper'eent  bonds  other 

000,000,  and  during  the  past  fiscal  year,  when  than  for  the  stnUng-ffand^inclndlng  •6,418,- 

it  again  rose  to  this  high  sum,  and  has  been    ^^•^J?>'P"?**°™- vv*";v«ii« 'l'?J!'!?S  55 

midStained  for  several  months  at  about  $60,-  l^^jSSS  Sf 'o^^JtlJ^i,*  th^JT^        ^''''''^  "" 

000,000.    From  1874  to  1887  the  balance  never       C7,etc 84l,i«  06 

exceeded  $15,000,000,  audit  is  to-day  nearly  f^^^^                                           TisS^osMoTM 

three  times  as  large  as  it  was  two  years  ago.  i^Wnr'auWce' added' to' the 'cm^ 

During  the  entire  period  the  Government  has  the 'treasury  of 86,a»7,7io  68 

never  been  subjected  to  the  slightest  loss  ex-         Total |ii»,6ii,n«  w 

oept  during  the  earliest  stages,  when  the  sys- 
tem was  imperfect  and  the  necessary  saie-  It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  that,  of  all 
guards  had  not  yet  been  applied.  the  items  in  the  national  expenditure,  pensions 

During  the  year  just  closed  the  number  of  constitute  much  the  largest,  and  exceed  the 
depositaries  was  increased  more  rapidly  than  total  cost  of  administering  the  legislative,  ex- 
efer  before.  The  system  has  proved  itself  to  ecutive,  and  judicial  branches  of  the  Govern- 
be  an  important  monetary  agency  of  the  Gov-  ment,  as  well  as  the  Indian  and  diplomatic  and 
emment — safe,  economical,  efiicient,  and  ex-  consular  branches.  The  pension-roll  costs  the 
peditious  in  the  discharge  of  public  business.  Government  more  than  twice  as  much  as  its 
The  important  changes  of  policy  toward  the  military  establishment  and  engineering-works, 
depositaries  during  the  past  year  have  relieved  and  more  than  four  times  as  much  as  the  navy, 
the  system  of  the  suspicion  of  favoritism  and  even  during  these  days  of  increased  expendi- 
bave  placed  it  upon  a  basis  of  better  business  ture  in  naval  construction.  This  item  of  pen- 
principles.  The  undue  expansion  of  the  balance  sion  payments  is  the  only  one  that  is  growing 
far  beyond  the  amount  necessary  for  the  true  in  amount.  It  was  $5,000,000  more  in  1888 
scope  and  purpose  of  the  depositary  system  is  than  in  1887,  and  $12,000,000  increase  in  1887 
doe  exclusively  to  the  present  excessive  tax  over  1886,  while  the  aggregate  of  other  expen- 
laws,  and  whatever  objection  is  justly  made  to  ditures  was  no  greater  for  1888  than  for  1887. 
this  large  balance  will  apply  with  greater  force  As  compared  with  the  fiscal  year  1887,  the 
to  any  other  disposition  which  the  Treasury  revenues  for  1888  increased  $11,041,749.88  in 
eould  have  made  of  the  money.  the  following  items :  Internal  revenue,  $5,478,- 

The  holdings  of  public  money  by  depositary  480.76 ;  customs,  $1,804,280.50 ;  sales  of  public 

banks  were  almost  exactly  the  same  at  the  lands,  $1,947,780.81 ;  profits  on  coinage,  $458,- 

close  of  the  year  as  at  its  beginning,  or  about  881,65;  consular  fees,  $161,426.40;  deduction 

$52,000,000.  on  mutilated  notes,  etc.,  $112,422.05;  sale  of 

The  following  tables  exhibit  in  detail  the  naval  vessels,  $105,665.88;  sale  of  Government 

revenue  and  expenditures  of  the  Government  property,  $108,044.94;  customs  fees,  $97,871.- 

for  the  fiscal  year  ending  .June  80,  1888 :  98 ;   surveying  public  lands,  $67,601 ;   immi- 

RxvKNUK.  grant  fund,  $82,787;  fees  on  letters  patent, 

pxitoiM $219,091,178  88  $14,487.86;  revenues  of  the  District  of  Co- 

Sw^Wtetaids;::'::;:::::  ••;:::'•   ^ulSg^na  lambla,  $328,290.18;  and  misceUaneous  items, 

Pmfits  00  ooina«:e 9^7,'«84  48  $389,278.92.    There  was  a  decrease  of  $3,178,- 

?£'r.;^'S^£Sff^":*.'^':.'"•:;::::•.    f;^JSS  Sei'i'S'  " '«"»^»  =  ^*''''\T\"TV„?/' 

Outoms  fees,  fines,  etc 1*097,448  90  $798,070.18;  tax  ou  national  banks,  $637,284.- 

5S?  S*?^  sinking.ftind MI?-S1  S  88  ;  sales  of  old  public  buildings,  $624,882.20 ; 

^iSr^i^^n^:  " : mm  S  ^^  of  Indian  lands,  $598,941 .88 ;  Pacific  Rail- 

Boidiers' Home nind 488^1 89  29  road  interest,  $238,096.18;    Pacific  Railroad 

^^^S^SS^^":^::::::::::::::     ^^  SJ  l^^^T^"^  $i94,io4.44;  customs  fees,  $50;- 

Immigrant  fond 891,189  60  373;  land  fees,  $44,111.98 ;  and  customs  fines, 

£SSl^/-?«  *i;,!?f!2?  H  n^;;  •  V J?i'S2  IS  penalties,  and  forfeitures,  $3,088.64 ;  making  a 

Dedoctions  on  mutilat4:d  notes,  etc 112.422  05  ^   x.        ^           •                   ^     A.                 if  apt  a  ok 

Bale  of  narai  reseeis 106,665  88  ^^^  increase  of  revcuue  f Or  the  year  of  $7,862,- 

Sevennea  of  District  of  Columbia 2,650,860  81  797.10.    There  was  a  decrease  in  the  expendi- 


Mlaoenaneoas 1,888,712  54 


tures  of  $15,377,724.31,  as  follows:  Civil  ex- 


TotaL $879,266,074  76    penses,  $12,312,564.79 ;  interest  on  the  public 


784 


UNITED  STATES,  FINANCES  OF  THE. 


debt,  $3,026,569.78;  military  establishment, 
$88,589.74.  There  was  an  increase  in  the  fol- 
lowing :  Pensions,  $5,259,406.98 ;  naval  estab- 
lishment, $1,785,810.85 ;  Indian  service,  $54,- 
785.18 ;  making  a  net  decrease  in  expenditares 
of  $8,278,221.80. 

The  revenue  derived  from  the  various  ob- 
jects of  internal  taxation  during  the  past  two 
fiscal  years  is  shown  in  the  following  table : 


OBJECT. 

1887. 

1888. 

Spirits 

$65,829,821  71 

80,108,067  18 

21,922.187  49 

4,288  87 

728,948  04 

249,483  82 

$113,887,801  06 

$69,806,166  41 

Tobiiooo 

80,662,481  02 

Fermented  liquors 

Btate  bftoks  and  bankers. 
Oleomargarine 

28,824,218  48 

4,202  50 

864,189  88 

165,816  48 

Total 

$124,826,476  82 

In  1888  the  receipts  from  customs  were 
$219,091,173.63;  from  internal  revenue,  $124,- 
296,871.98. 

State  of  the  Trcmrj.— The  following  is  a 
statement  of  the  condition  of  the  public  Treas- 
ury on  Dec  81,  1887,  and  Dec.  31,  1888: 


ITEM& 

Dm.  11,  U8T. 

Dm.  11,  IBM. 

A»seti: 

Ooldeoin .. 

Gold  bullion 

$182,618,968  88 

122,728,228  19 

218,917.589  00 

8,^82,686  66 

6,729,229  M 

22,409,424  94 

164,098  00 

&2,199,917  54 
24,888,289  70 

4,755.840  74 
4,506,542  09 

$2i7,854,21S  88 
96.919,458  63 

Standard  silrer  dollars 

Stiver  bullion 

254,406,869  00 
4.774,441  16 

Trade-doliar  buUton 

United  States  notes 

National-bank  nutes 

Deposits  in  national  bank- 
Inir  deoosltaries 

6,090,795  61 

41,125,859  86 

848,828  00 

52.890.168  79 

Fractional  and  minor  coin. . 
National-bank  notes  in  pro- 
cess of  redemption 

Miscellaneoos  items 

23,788,796  19 

8,724,728  12 
286.998  95 

Total 

LiabUiHea: 
Gold  eertiflcates  outstand- 
\ng 

$642,640,200  28 

$711,650,687  24 

$96,784,057  00 

176,860,428  00 

6,98^000  00 

100,000,000  00 

102,584,767  00 

7,87?,699  48 

82,766.885  79 

2,819,788  88 

4,248,478  88 
1^844,944  50 

2,246,092  04 
94,226,168  81 

$120,888,448  00 

246,219,999  00 

10,250,000  00 

100,000,000  00 

86,279,471  60 

6.588,079  92 

Ing 

Currency   certificates  oat- 
standing^  

Reserve  for  redemption  of 
United  States  notes 

Funds   for    retirement  of 
bank  rircniation 

Fire-per-cant.   redemption 

Disbnrsing-offlcers*  balances 
Transfer  checks  and  drafts. 
Post-OflBce  Department  ac- 
count  

Matured  debt  and  interest. . 

Miscellaneous  items 

Balance 

82,991.569  62 
4,120,076  64 

4,291,860  97 
18,306.802  26 

2,844,770  01 
84,870,060  82 

Tbtal 

$642,640,200  28 

$711,650,687  24 

In  the  jadicious  management  of  the  silver 
coinage  and  the  careful  fostering  of  gold  re- 
sources, the  administration  of  the  Treasury 
Department  has  achieved  greatest  credit  and 
accomplished  the  most  important  results.  In 
March,  1885,  the  Treasury  silver  holdings,  un- 
represented by  silver  certificates  in  circulation, 
amounted  to  $48,000,000,  and  In  July,  188t), 
they  had  risen  to  $97,000,000  ($185,000,000  of 
standard  doUars  and  bnUion  in  the  vaults  being 


offset  by  only  $87,500,000  of  certificates  oot- 
standing).  At  the  close  of  December,  1888, 
the  net  silver  holdings  were  only  $12,900,000 
($260,000,000  of  dollars  and  balHon  being  off- 
set by  more  than  $246,000,000  of  outstaadiog 
silver  certificates). 

While  thus  successful  in  putting  out  silrer, 
the  Treasury  has  achieved  equally  good  resolti 
in  accumlating  gold.  The  net  gold  fund  when 
the  administration  began  was  $125,700,000, 
and  it  soon  fell  to  abbut  $110,000,000,  a  dio- 
geronsly  narrow  margin,  if  gold  payments  vera 
to  continue.  In  little  more  than  two  jein 
from  that  date  it  was  nearly  doubled.  Three 
years  from  the  beginning  of  the  administntios 
it  reached  $218,800,000,  and  at  the  close  of 
1888  it  was  $203,800,000,  having  doubled  dur- 
ing the  past  decade.  In  1878  the  Goverameot 
gold  fund  was  $100,000,000,  and  in  OctoW, 

1887,  it  reached  $200,000,000.  Since  the  kt- 
ter  date  its  highest  amonnt  has  been  $218,- 
000,000,  and  its  lowest  $186,000,000;  both  ex- 
tremes having  been  touched  within  the  pest 
year — the  highest  in  March  and  the  lovett  is 
October.  On  Jan.  1,  1888,  the  gold  fund  w 
$208,000,000.  Since  the  amount  of  $100,000,000 
was  reached  in  1878,  the  Grovemment  pM 
holdings  have  never  declined  nearly  to  this 
limit,  except  in  May,  1885,  when  the  Tretnrer 
resorted  to  the  expedient  of  borrowing  gold 
from  the  banks. 

The  PaMc  DeM.— Two  of  the  most  striidiig 
features  of  our  recent  history  have  been  the 
increase  of  population  and    the  decrease  d 
public  debt,  ana  these  have  operated  together 
to  cause  a  reduction  of  the  debt  per  capiu  it 
a  rate  more  rapid  than  is  generally  kooiriL 
When  our  public  debt  was  at  its  highest  ig- 
gregate  of  nearly  $3,000,000,000,  in  18S5,  ind 
the  population  fewer  than  35,000,000,  the  debt 
amounted  to  more  than  $80  for  each  indiiidBiL 
At  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  1888  the  pohlie 
debt  unpaid  and  unprovided  for,  less  cash  is 
the  Treasury,  was  about  $1,165,000,000,  vhila 
the  population  was  61,394,000.    Thetmoont 
of  debt  per  capita  has  thus  been  reduced  froo 
over  $80  to  less  than  $19.    The  period  of  Jetf 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century  has  witnessed  a  r^ 
duction  of  the  debt  by  nearly  $2,000,000,000, 
and  an  increase  of  population  by  more  tb» 
26,000,000.    In  1865,  when  the  public  deht  per 
capita  was  over  $80,  the  Crovermeot  rereooef 
collected  amounted  to  $9.60   per  capita.  /> 

1888,  with  the  debt  at  less  than  $19  per  capita 
the  revenues  amounted  to  $6.18  from  eteft 
individual. 

The  operation  of  the  present  rerenae  Uf^ 
if  all  the  collections  could  be  applied  to  tbe 
payment  of  the  public  debt  at  par  vaJne,  worn 
cancel  the  entire  amount  in  less  than  tiirM 
years.  . 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  thepnncipi» 
and  interest  of  the  national  debt  at  the  eloM 
of  the  calendar  years  1887  and  1888.  Bot  tti» 
statement  is  exclusive  of  cash  appli^^^^^ 
payment  of  the  debt  and  of  cash  held  bj  tM 


:'**i 


UNITED  STATES,  FINANCES  OF  THE. 


785 


o  offset  outBtanding  gold,  silver,  and 
tertificates : 


;  OF  DEBT. 


«rcent 

ir  cent 

TtifleatM  at 

1  fiind  at  8 

ued  on  Uie 

atanddebt 
I  to  Padflc 
mpanles .... 
Id  thereon . . 
United 

I 

tea 

atea 

tUSeatea: . . . . 
rrency 

ft 


Dm.  11,  188T. 


$230,544,600  00 
782,442,100  00 

151,580  00 

14,000,000  00 

10,058,105  86 

8,188.955  26 

178,892  04 

64,828,512  00 
1,948,605  82 

848,788,121  00 
96,784,057  00 

176,855,428  00 
8,985,000  00 
8,942,214  12 


$1,691,860,705  60 


Dec  11, 1888. 

$181,152,800  00 
681,187,600  00 

128,240  00 

14,000,000  00 

9,102,128  19- 
2,094,695  26 
160,788  64 

84,628,512  00 
1,948,215  82 

848,787,828  50 

120,888,448  00 

246,219,999  00 

10,250,000  00 

6,919,628  47 


$1,886,868,271  88 


dmlitiM. — The  tendency  of  na- 
Qcial  operations  for  some  time  past 
to  bring  the  legal-tender  notes  to  a 
asis,  despite  the  fact  that  Congress 
parentlj  bad  that  end  in  view,  and 
)  the  way  for  their  cancellation,  al- 
eir  retirement  has  not  yet  been  aa- 
When  the  anxiety  and  apprehension 
h  these  notes  have  at  times  been  re- 
e  recalled  and  the  doubts  as  to  the 
the  Government  to  maintain  their 

remembered,  it  seems  wonderful 
I  little  aid  from  statesmanship  and 
g,  the  great  problem  has  solved  it- 
bhis  leg^-tender  currency  has  been 


brought  to  such  a  basis  as  no  longer  to  present 
a  practical  question  or  difficulty  as  to  the  means 
of  redemption  on  the  one  hand,  nor  to  threaten 
any  financial  disturbance  as  a  consequence  of 
the  eventual  retirement  and  cancellation  of 
these  notes  on  the  other. 

Such  are  the  daily  operations  of  the  coinage 
and  currency  laws  that  the  Treasury  comd 
now,  without  the  slightest  difficulty,  redeem 
and  cancel  the  greenbacks  as  rapidly  as  they 
would  be  voluntarily  surrendered.  At  the 
same  time  the  increase  in  metallic  money  has 
been  so  rapid  and  so  great,  and  the  expansion 
of  circulation  of  other  forms  of  paper  money 
has  been  so  large  that  the  greenbacks  are  no 
longer  essential  for  the  purposes  of  a  convenient 
currency,  and  could  be  withdrawn  and  can- 
celed in  accordance  with  a  conservative  plan 
of  gradual  retirement  without  causing  any 
popular  inconvenience  or  injuriously  affecting 
the  circulating  medium.  A  statement  is  given 
below  of  the  actual  paper-money  circulation  of 
the  United  States  on  Dec.  81,  1887  and  Dec. 
81,  1888,  showing  the  year's  changes  in  the 
four  forms  of  note  circulation. 

The  NatiMal  Ruks. — ^Although  a  contraction 
of  $27,700,000  has  occurred  during  the  past 
fiscal  year  in  the  national  bank-note  circu- 
lation, only  $11,800,000  of  tliis  amount  has 
been  due  to  the  withdrawal  during  that  period 
of  bonds  deposited  with  the  Treasury  as  secu- 
rity. The  larger  amount,  or  $15,900,000,  came 
from  the  fund  for  the  redemption  of  notes  of 
banks  that  had  before  the  beginning  of  the 
year  surrendered  this  part  of  their  circulation. 
In  other  words,  the  contraction  of  note-circula- 


TIYE  STATEMENT,  BY  DENOMINATIONS,  OF  UNITED  STATES  OUBEENCY  AND  BANK- 
NOTE CIBCULATION. 


MATIONAL  BUfK-MOnU. 

VirtTKD  STATU  HOTB. 

DBNOUINATIONS. 

Dm.  81,  188T. 

Dm.  81,  1888. 

Dm.  81,  188T. 

Dm.  81,  1888. 

$880,514 

200,084 

7.\788,820 

88,418.040 

68,482,220 

15.410,450 

24,888,600 

807,500 

58,000 

$879,488 

192,874 

66,590,695 

78,095380 

58.014.860 

18,814,900 

21,ni,900 

258,500 

47,000 

$6,788,495  90 

8,608,184  60 

98,448,519  50 

87,885c822  00 

72,848,119  00 

20.594,405  00 

28,66.%520  00 

8,068,500  00 

28,695,500  00 

85,000  00 

10,000  00 

$4,828349  90 

4.024,964  80 

m.       

70,891,085  50 
88,060,524  00 
88,288,682  00 

28,940,820  00 

dollara 

82,905,140  00 

dollars 

18,142,600  00 

1  dollara 

29309,000  00 

1  doHara.  

85,000  00 

IdoUara  

10,000  00 

$268^98,878 

$288,660,027 

$847,681,016  00 

$847,681,016  00 

DKN0MIMATI0N8. 


dotlara.. 
I  dollara. 
I  dollara. 
d  dollars. 
I  dollara. 


BILTSR  OSRTIFIOATaB. 


Dm.  81,  188T. 


$17,692,298  80 

10,891,154  20 

82,482,485  50 

64,580,947  00 

48,158,128  00 

4,921,450  00 

8,478,080  00 

585,500  00 

425,000  00 


$188,194,998  00 


Dm.  81,  1888. 


$27,258,687  90 

19,280,672  60 

T1,452,9S2  60 

84,898,879  00 

40.182,624  00 

a955.500  00 

2.727,720  00 

409,500  00 

287,000  00 


GOLD  CXaTIFIOATM. 


Dm.  81,  1887. 


$14,089,246 
10,999,825 
14,850,600 
18,028,500 
22,905,000 
14,055,000 
88,020,000 


$250,178,566  00  |      $125,892,671 


X^VCtt  oly    lOOo* 


$12,187,260 
9.488,250 
12,698,200 
12,582,000 
26.684,000 
21,915.000 
80.950,000 

$126354,710 


L.  zznu. — 60  A 


786 


UNITED  STATES,  FINANCES  OF  THE. 


tion  has  been  much  more  largely  due  to  the  con- 
tinued retirement  of  the  notes  originally  based 
upon  the  3-per-cent.  bonds,  for  the  redemp- 
tion of  which  the  banks  furnished  funds  when 
the  3  per  cents  were  redeemed  than  from  the 
voluntary  surrender  of  4  or  4^  per  cent,  bonds. 
Expensive  as  these  bonds  have  become,  and 
slight  as  is  the  inducement  for  holding  them  as 
a  basis  of  note-circulation,  here  is  another  evi- 
dence that  the  banks  surrender  their  circula- 
tion very  slowly,  and  that  the  contraction 
which  is  in  progress  is  more  largely  due  to  the 
compulsory  surrender  of  the  8-per-cent.  bonds, 
when  they  were  being  called,  than  to  the  sub- 
sequent voluntary  sale  of  the  high-priced  bonds 
now  held  as  the  basis  of  circulation. 

Despite  the  heavy  burden  that  is  now  im- 
posed upon  bank-note  circulation,  and  the  un- 
just and  illogical  requirements  of  law,  the  banks 
adhere  tenaciously  to  their  bonds,  and  are  mak- 
ing a  desperate  struggle  for  existence.  The 
vitality  of  the  system  and  the  strength  of  its 
popular  support  are  shown  by  the  pertinacity 
with  which  the  banks  maintain  their  charters 
and  continue  to  comply  with  the  requirements, 
which  are  steadily  becoming  more  severe  as  the 
prices  of  bonds  advance.  The  analysis  of  the 
year's  returns  shows  clearly  that  scarcely  a 
bond  has  been  surrendered  except  under  the 
pressure  of  absolute  necessity,  and  yet  the  re- 
linquishment has  proceeded  more  rapidly  than 
it  can  continue  without  forcing  many  banks 
out  of  the  national  system. 

Public  sentiment  has  demanded  the  mainte- 
nance of  the  national  banks  in  the  great  cities 
and  small  towns  throughout  the  country,  no 
matter  how  well  established  State  or  private 
banks  may  be.  The  returns  show  a  steady  re- 
duction of  the  bond-deposits  to  the  amounts 
which  the  law  makes  compulsory,  and  that  the 
new  banks  organized  have  deposited  less  bonds 
for  circulation  than  a  similar  number  of  banks 
have  ever  done  before.  The  action  of  the  old 
banks  and  the  continued  admission  of  new 
ones  show  the  earnestness  of  the  battle  that  the 
banking- system  will  make  for  self-preservation; 
but  the  returns  show,  in  a  manner  equally  con- 
clusive, the  necessity  for  a  prompt  redaction  in 
the  compulsory  amount  of  bond-deposits. 

One, respect  in  which  the  year's  returns  will 
be  disappointing  is  the  failure  of  the  banks  to 
make  any  progress  in  the  substitution  of  4  for 
4J  per  cent,  bonds.  As  the  former  have  sev- 
eral years  longer  to  run,  there  has  been  gen- 
eral recognition  among  bankers  of  the  import- 
ance of  substituting  the  long-term  for  the 
short-term  bonds,  and  thus  securing  the  main- 
tenance of  the  bank  charters  at  least  as  long 
as  the  lease  of  life  of  the  4-per-cent.  bonds. 
The  two  classes  of  bonds  are  nearly  at  a  par 
when  interest  worth  is  computed;  but  the 
past  two  years  have  not  witnessed  any  prog- 
ress in  this  direction.  Two  years  ago  the 
national  banks  had  on  deposit,  as  security  for 
circulation,  about  |315,000,000  of  4-per-cent. 
bonds,  and  about  $57,000,000  of  4i  per  cents ; 


one  year  ago  tiiey  had  about  $116,000,000  4i 
and  about  $70,000,000  4^8;  and  now  they  have 
about  $105,000,000  of  4s  and  $69,000,000  ^i. 
It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  proportion  of 
4-per-cent.  bonds  has  fallen  instead  of  rising. 
This  is  partially  offset  by  the  fact  that  tk 
national  bank  depositaries  have  furnished  over 
$37,000,000  of  4s  and  Ies8  than.  $18,000,000  of 
4|s  as  security  for  deposits ;  and  this  amount 
of  4-per-cents  is,  to  some  extent,  owned  bj 
national  banks,  which  can  substitute  these 
bonds  for  the  4is  now  held  as  security  for 
circulation. 

The  Comptroller  has  matured  an  elaborate 
plan  for  the  issue  of  circulation  based  upon 
commercial  paper  and  a  small  cash  reserre, 
and  regulated  by  national-bank  anions  in  vari- 
ous cities,  in  which  the  banks  as  weU  as  the 
Government  will  be  represented. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  condition 
of  the  national  banks  on  Dec.  12,  1888,  as 
shown  by  reports  from  8,150  banks  then  io 
operation : 

RESOITRCBS. 

Loftns  ftnd  disooants $l,<{6S^nyBM  A 

Overdrafts  ..   10.96UJ7  S4 

United  States  bonds  to  secure  drcolatiiMi . .  1 93,9301,00  9b 

United  States  bonds  to  secnre  deposits 48.9^^  tt 

United  States  bonds  on  hand e.87i4M(IB 

Other  stocks,  bonds,  and  mortgages    10S;i76i,9iS  IT 

Dae  from  approved  reserve  agents, 15<,6Si  J9t  S7 

Due  from  other  national  banks 107,n3.40i  SI 


Due  from  State  banks  and  bankem. . 

Keal  estate,  fUmiture,  and  fixtures 

Current  expenses  and  taxes  paid    

Premiams  paid 

Checks  and  other  cash  items 

Exchanges  for  Clearing-House 

Bills  of  other  banks 

Fractional  currency 

Trade-dollars 

Specie,  viz. : 

Gold  coin |T0,826,18T  96 

Gold  Treasury  certificates  . .     78v834,420  00 

Gold  Clearlng-Uouse  certifi- 
cates        7399.000  00 

Silver  coin,  dollars 7,086t,626  00 

Silver  coin,  fractional S.27<1,200  54 

Silver  Treasury  certificates. .      S,812,844  00 

Legal-tender  notes 

United  States  certificates  of  depoait  for  le- 
gal-tender notes 

Five-per-cent.  redemption  ftind  with  Trots- 
urer  of  the  United  States 

Due  from  Treasurer  of  the  United  States 
other  than  redemption  ftind 


24.21T,1«5  « 
68,48fi,OI6?4 

l«.e&l  JU  M 
K14aSW  « 
$l,T«t2W» 
StTiSJSSff 


1717H«73» 

9,2»,«»« 
7,141,«4<1 


Aggregate $2,77WT^1»* 

LIABILITIES. 

Capital  stock  paid  In $598.S4^T  » 

Surplus  ftmd  1ST,»2,4»  f^ 

Other  undivided  profits 88^»  « 

National-bank  notes  issued.  fi14«,(^439  00 
Amount  on  hand 2,484,182  &0 


Amount  outstanding 

State-bank  notes  outstanding. 

Dividends  unpaid 

Individual  deposits 

United  States  deposits 

Deposits  of  United  States  disbursing-  offi- 
cers  

Due  to  other  national  banks 

Due  to  State  banks  and  bankers 

Notes  and  bills  re-disoonnted. 

Bills  payable 

Aggregate $2,77T^7»«» 

The  CoiDa«e.~The  gold  deposited  at  the  mioO 
and  assay-offices  during  the  fiscal  year  1888,  not 


l^l.S65LflT  « 
4«,T0I,«U'  * 

4.4i&fias« 
i(».«i,£j 


>  STATES,  FINANCES  OF  THE.  UNITED  STATES  NAVY.        787 

re-deposits,  was  8,882,120*497  stand-  standard  silver  dollars,  of  $494,155.64.    In  ad- 

9,  of  the  value  of  $72,225,497.56  in  dition,  trade-dollars  were  received  and  melted 

ling  year,  an  excess  of  $4,002,424.69  of  the  coining  value  in  silver  dollars  of  $1,060,- 

fiscal  year  1887.    In  addition  there  174.11  (911,087*13  standard  ounces).    Old  ma- 

^posits  of  the  value  of  $8,668,959.11.  terial,  consisting  of  plate,  jewelry,  etc.,  was 

deposits  of  gold,  $4,895,315.84  repre-  deposited,  containing  silver  of  the  value  of 

ralue  of  imported  hars,  and  $4,278,-  $627,316.82. 

fine  hars  hearing  the  stamp  of  the  The  coinage  during  the  fiscal  year  1888  con- 

e  at  New  York,  sent  in  for  coinage,  sisted  of  109,080,547  pieces,  of  the  value  of 

deposits  of  gold  during  the  fiscal  year  $63,719,242.32.    The  gold  consisted  of  2,850,- 

iding  re-deposits  as  ahove  cited,  were  534  pieces,  of  the  value  of  $28,864,170.50,  of 

049  standard  ounces,  of  the  value  of  which  $16,301,740  was  in  douhle-eagles ;  $8,- 

»6.67.    The  deposits  and  purchases  of  998,260  in  eagles;   $2,995,510.  in  hcdf-eagles; 

iDcIuding  re-deposits,  were  35,518,-  $84,098  in  three-dollar  pieces;   $15,682.50  in 

ndard  ounces,  of  the  coining  value  of  quarter-eagles;  and  18,880  gold  dollars.    The 

14.66,  against  $47,756,918.75  in  the  silver  coinage  consisted  of  $32,717,673 ;   $2,- 

year.    In  addition  tnere  were  re-  886.50  in  half-dollars ;  $194,668.25  in  quarter- 

f  silver  of  the  coining  value  of  $491,-  dollars;    and  $1,219,917.50  in    dimes.      The 

f    which    $275,189.75    consisted    of  suhsidiary    coinage    amounted    to  12,988,521 

bars,  principally  of  the  minor  assay-  pieces,   of  the  value  of  $1,417,422.25.     The 

1  $216,642.04  of  fine  bars.    The  total  minor  coinage  consisted  of  15,207,173  five-cent 

nd  purchases  of  silver  were  35,941,-  nickel  pieces,  of  the  nominal  value  of  $760,- 

odard  ounces,  of  the  value  (calculated  858.65 ;  45,573  three-cent  nickel  pieces,  of  the 

I  rate  in  standard  silver  dollars)  of  nominal  value  of  $1,367.19;   and  45,725,078 

[6.45.     The  value  of  both  the  gold  one-cent  bronze  pieces,  of  the  nominal  value  of 

deposited  and  purchased  at  the  mints  $457,250.73 ;  the  total  minor  coinage  amount- 

•offices  during  the  fiscal  year,  not  ing  to  60,977,819  pieces,  of  the  nominal  value 

re-depusits,  was  $113,556,512.22,  and  of  $1,218,976.57.     The  coinage  of  the  fiscal 

*e-deposits,  $122,717,808.12.     Of  the  year  exceeded  in  number  of  pieces  even  the 

ved  at  the  mints  and  assay-offices  large  coinage  executed  the  preceding   year, 

3  year,  $82,406,306.59  was  classified  being  109,030,547  pieces  in  1888  against  98,- 

lestic  production,  against  $32,973,-  122,517  in  1887. 

the  preceding  year.     A  reduction  of  UNITED  STATES  NAYT.     Since  1881,  when  the 

)r  $500,000  in  the  production  of  the  United  States  Navy  had  fallen  into  a  condition 

ates  is  thus  indicated.     The  foreign  of  material  decay,  a  great  and  successful  effort 

on   deposited    aggregated   $21,741,-  has  been  made  to  restore  the  fleet  to  the  posi- 

id  the  foreign   gold  coin  $14,596,-  tion  it  occupied  prior  to  1861,  when  its  ships 

i   total    of   $86,387,927.47,   against  were  in  general  the  best  of  their  classes  in  the 

tO.98  in   the  year  preceding.     The  world.     The  movement  began  with  the  ap- 

the  United  States  light-weight  gold  pointment,  by  Secretary  William  H.  Hunt,  of 

dted  for  re-coinage,  was  $492,512.60.  the  first  advisory  board,  in  1881,  to  determine 

rial  was  deposit^  in  the  form  of  the  composition  of  the  fleet  required  by  the 

>ars,  plate,  etc.,  containing  gold  of  necessities  Of  national  policy.    This  board  was 

of  $2,988,750.90.  composed  of  able  officers,  presided  over  by 

ilver  bullion  deposited  and  purchased.  Rear- Admiral  John  Rodgers.     Its  report  com- 

i'79  standard  ounces,  valued  at  $37,-  manded  general  attention,  and  is  still  quoted  in 

:,  was  classified  as  of  domestic  pro-  debates  relating  to  naval  construction.     It  re- 

md  29,671,470*54  standard  ounces  of  ported  that  the  fleet  should  be  composed  of 

g  value  of  $84,526,803.02,  consisted  twenty  -  one  armored  vessels,   seventy  unar- 

rs  bearing  the  stamp  of  well  known  raored  cruisers  of  diflerent  types,  ^ve  rams,  ^ve 

Queries  in  the  United  States,  but  the  torpedo-gunboats,  and  twenty  torpedo-boats, 

on  at  the  mints  of  silver  bullion  is  and  that  steel  should  be  the  material  of  which 

or  the  reason  that  fine  silver  bars  they  should  be  built.    The  adoption  by  Oon- 

from  private  refineries  are  all  neces-  gress,  at  the  instance  of  Secretary  William  E. 

jified  as  of  domestic  production,  while  Chandler,  of  the  principle  that  obsolete  ships 

er  of  fact  they  are  to  a  large  extent  should  not  be  rebuilt  or  repaired  when  the  ex- 

,  as  for  several  years  they  have  been,  penditure  exceeded  20  per  cent,  of  the  original 

obtained  from  ore  and  bullion  im-  cost,  was  an  important  step  in  preparing  the 

m  Mexico.     The  silver  bullion  classi-  way  for    reconstruction.      During    Secretary 

reign  bullion  received  at  the  mints  Chandler's    administration     the     "  Chicago," 

e  year  was  $1,668,384.25.     Foreign  "Boston,"  "Atlanta,"  and  "Dolphin"  were 

s  of  the  value  of  $87,886  were  melted  built  by  John  Roach,  on  designs  furnished  by 

e  year.     United  States  silver  coins,  the  second  advisory  board.     In  1885,  at  a  crit- 

almost  entirely  of  worn  and  uncur-  ical  time  in  our  naval  reconstruction,  the  Navy 

idiary  coins  and  old  silver  dollars.  Department  came  under  the  administration  of 

ted,  of  the  value,  at  coining  rate  in  William  C.  Whitney.    During  his  administra- 


UNITED  STATES  NAVY.  789 

department  has  maintained  an  inti-  ory  and  boilen  for  additional  proteotion  against  g^on- 

ition  with  the  mechanical  indnstries  *™;  Boilers  we  of  the  horizontal  tubtdar  type,  single 

.uity  of  the  country ;  its  requirements  ^'xhe  "  pSritan  "  is  a  low  free-board,  double-turreted 

Is,  guns,  armor,  torpedoes,  and  the  monitor,  buUt  of  iron ;  armored  with  a  steel  belt  ex- 

(  of  war  have  been  of  the  highest  tending  the  entire  length  of  the  vessel ;  and  carrying 

and   every   suitable   encouragement  *o^  lO-inch  br^ch-loading  guns  in  two  annored  tur- 

given  to  all  ship-builders,  manufact-  ?*»»  ^^^^.  *?  «^«|f °i  secondajy  batleir.    The  mo- 

A  i^.,^^^^^  n.K^«»  »4r^»4^L  ».^».;»».i  tive  power  18  fumwhed  hy  two  direct-acting  honron- 

d  inventors  whose  efforts  promised  tal  engines.    The  armor  on  the  turrets  is  lU  inches 

In  1886,  forgmgs  for  guns  of  more  thick.    The  side  armor  is  12  inches  thick  amidships, 

;h  caliber,  armor,  steel  shafting,  rapid-  reduced  to  8  inches  at  the  ends.    The  oonning-tower 

lachlne  guns,  torpedoes,  and  torpedo-    ifll2inchMthick.      ,„  ,,  ^        ..  ,,  .      

uld  be  procured  only  from  abroad.  T^.^J^T^ST^*^'  V  "Terror"  "  Amphitrite," 

J    r  *v                 y         7t  oon\  ^  *^d  "  Monadnock  "  are  of  similar  type,  though  smaller 

e  end  of  the  present  year  (1889)  the  than  the  "  Puritan,"  but  carry  the  same  battery.    The 

manufacture  of  guns  of  8-inch,  10-  machinery  of  this  class,  except  the  ^'  Monadnock,"  is 

nch,  and  16-incli  caliber,  steel  armor  of  the  comi>ound  tvpe.    The  machinery  of  the  "  Mo- 

hest  character  and  greatest  thickness,  5ft4°°«^^ "  .*»  f  ^^\  triple-expansion  type,  of  recent 

«♦;««  .p^«  ^,v»:»^o  ,^^«rv-™^«-  •x^«.«r  design,  and  of  much  greater  power  than  that  of  the 

!tmg  for  engines  of  enormous  power,  ^^hS  vessels  of  this  cli^.    Thrarmor  on  the  turrets 

and  machine  gons  ana  ammunition,  of  the  *'  Terror  "  **  Amohitrite,"  and  "  Monadnock  " 

•guns,  torpedoes,  torpedo-boats,  and  is  lU  inches  thick^  ana  on  the  sides  the  armor- belt 

B  boats  will  he  fully  established.     As  vanes  in  thickness  from  7  inches  amidships  to  6  inches 

of  Secretary  Whitney's  policy,  the  fJ.^t®  ^J^'^!^*  ♦'^^^  eonning-tx)wer  is  9  iiiches 

*        •!!           u      u    1  A  i*^«   J         J  thick.    The  *^ Miantonomoh "  is  similarly  protected 

ates  will  soon  be  absolutely  mdepend-  by  compound  armor,  purchased  in  England  in  1884. 

•eign  aid  for  the  production  of  every  The  '^' Maine"  is  an  armored  cruiser,  designed  by 

it  part  of  the  modem  war- ship.  the  Navy  Department,  building  at  the  Brooklyn  Navy- 

)dern  war-ship  represents  the  highest  Yard.    The  material  forher  construction  is  on  hand, 

«nA/«k.r«;/ioi  ot-;ii  \^^A  ;««»A»r.u»    ««^  ^"^  *^®el  has  been  laid,  and  several  of  the  frames 

mechanical  skdl  and  mffenuity,  and  ,^^     rph^  ^^^^      j^,  ^^  mounted  in  paim,  in 

ne  a  macnine  ol  the  costliest  prod uo-  {wo  turrets  placed  m  Melon  on  upper  deck ;  two 

h-power  guns,  armor,,  machinery  of  6-inch  ^na  are  mounted  in  recessed l)ow  ports;  two 

est  power,  torpedoes,  torpedo-hoats,  "*  similarly  placed  in  quarter  |>ort8,  and  two  are  on 

ric  lights,  all  find  places  in  its  con-  the  superstructure  deck  in  broadside.    The  engines  are 

A  ^u    xi  ♦li      u-  *^^*    ^«-'         A  of  the  vertical  triple- expansion  type.    The  protection 

and  the  hattle-ship  of  to-day  is,  under  of  the  *  *  Maine  "  consistsof  an  aribr-belt  180  feet  long 

favorable  conditions,  from  three  to  and  ll  inches  thick ;  the  two  forward  ends  are  joined 

3  in  building,  while  its  cost  is  more  hy  a  6-inch  armored  athwartship  bulkhead.    Above 

ble  that  of  its  prototype  of  twenty  t^e  belt  and  below   turret,  oval  redoubts  ourying 

TK^    oAnf;^;^^*-   «lt.^n/*k^r.4-   ♦kl  10-inch  aHttor  protect  turret-hascs,  loadmg-tubes,  oui- 

3.      The    sentiment  throughout  the  chmery,  etc. ;  the  turret^irmor  vakes  from  10-6  iiches 

seems  to   be  decidedly   m  favor  of  to  11-5  inches  in  thickness.    The  oonning-tower  U 10 

I  fieet  capable  of  efficiently  aiding  in  inches  thick,  and  a  4'5-inch  tube  runs  down  from  it 

se  of  our  coasts,  and  of  maintaining  to  the  protective  deck.    The  armored  deck  is  2  inches 

s  and  interests  abroad.    Such  a  fieet  ^^^^  it*u  4^iSchM*  "^°^  ''  ^^  '^^  ^^"^  °^  ^^  ^^^ 

composed   of  a  variety   of  vessels.  The***  Texas  "Is' an  armored  battle-ship  building 

and  unarmored,  and  can  be  created  at  the  Norfolk  Navy- Yard  on  designs  by  William 

onsiderable  expense,  and  the  appro-  John,  of  England,  submitted  in  competition  in  reply 

most  be  continuous  and  liberal  if  the  to  proposals  ipsued  by  the  Navy  Department.    The 

to  be  Bpeedily  and  economically  ao-  ¥SriTL.chg;J^.rrSSSd"S4l7ta^u«!^ 

^*  en  ichelon  on  the  upper  dcck«    Four  6-inch  gims  are 

eveloprnent  of  the  fieet  by  new  con-  mounted  on  the  lower  deck,  and  two  on  tiie  upper 

\  authorized  since  1882  is  shown  in  deck,  near  the  12-inch  guns.    The  engines,  drivmg 

I  on  pages  790  and  791,  indicating  the  '^  ,»£~^^  »™  ^?P^®t^P';?S°.'  ?Z  *^f*'®^'  ^® 

,     ^^    . ' .        -       ,  ' „^  ,   ^  vessel  has  a  water-lme  belt  of  12-inch  steel  armor  in 

characteristics  of  each  vessel.  ^^^  ^f  magazines,  engines,  and  boilers.    The  ends  are 

^  Tables. — In  all  cases,  unless  noted,  boil-  connected  by  ath wart-ship  <> -shaped,  6-inch  armored 

ichinery  are  placed  in  water-tight  compart-  bulkheads.     An  armored   redoubt  runs  diagonally 

9  material  of  which  the  vessels  are  built  is  across  the  vessel  on  the  main  deck,  inclosing  and  pro- 

3t  the  monitors,  which  are  buUt  of  iron ;  tecting  bases  of  turrets  and  their  machinery ;  this,  as 

is  steel,  and  will  be  furnished  bv  the  Beth-  well  as  the  turret  and  oonnmg-tower,  carries  12-inch 

I  Company,  except  that  for  the  "  Miantono-  armor.     The  ammunition-tubes  and  the  tube  from 

ich  is  compound  armor,  purchased  in  £ng-  conning-tower  down  to  protective  deck  carry  6-inch 

hulls  are  divided  into  numerous  water-tignt  and  8-inch  armor,  respectively.    The  protective  deck, 

tnts,  and  the  bottoms  of  the  larger  vessels  8  inches  thick,  covers  the  armor- belt  and  curves  down 

All  are  twin-screw  vessels,  so  far  as  de-  forward  and  abaft  it  to  stem  and  stem. 

«ptthe'' Boston,*' "Atlanta,'* ''Dolphin,"  The  Coast-Defense  Vessel  No.  1  is  a  formidable 

el."    Rapid-flre  and  machine  guns,  form-  low  free  board,   barbette,  twin-screw  vessel.    The 

is  known  as  the  secondary  Mittery,  are  main  battery  assigned  consists  of  one  16-inch  110- ton 

.bout  the  upper  and  superstructure  decks,  breach-loader  in  forward  barbette ;  one  12-inch  in 

titary  tops.    The  midn  and  secondary  bat-  after  barbette  \  one  15-inch  pneumatic  dynamite-gun 

placed  so  as  to  secure  all-round  flre.    Trial  in  bow :  and  six  83-pounder  rapid-fire  guns  mounted 

en  are  for  vessels  at  load  draught.    Where  on  the  light  superstructure  that  joins  the  barbettes, 

its  are  given  in  the  column  ''  Coal  Capac-  The  protection  consists  of  an  armor-belt  extending 

irst  is  the  normal  supply ;  the  second  the  the  entire  length  of  the  vessel,  sixteen  inches  thick 

or  capacity.    Coal  is  placed  about  maohin-  along  vital  parts,  reduced  to  six  inches  at  the  extremi- 


\ 


790 


UNITED  STATES  NAVY. 


Conditloa. 


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UNITED  STATES  NAVY. 


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ties ;  a  complete  armored  deck  three  inches  thick  over 
the  magazines,  boilers,  and  ail  machinery,  and  two 
inches  at  the  extremities ;  armor  on  barbettes,  sixteen 
and  fourteen  inches,  and  on  conning-tower  ten  inches. 
The  shields  over  the  barbettes  are  three  inches  thick. 
The  engines  are  of  the  most  approved  triple-exnansion 
type.  The  designs  were  made  in  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment, in  conformity  with  conditions  prescribed  by 
Secretary  Whitney. 

The  designs  for  the  armored  cruiser  of  7,500  tons 
displacement  are  in  preparation  in  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment. The  vessel  will  be  an  important  and  formi- 
dable addition  to  the  fleet. 

Coast-Defense  Vessel  No.  2  is  a  vessel  of  novel 
t^pe,  capable  of  being  submerged  on  going  into  ac- 
tion, by  means  of  water- ballast  admitted^  three  feet 
beyond  the  ordinary  crulsing-line  of  flotation,  for  the 
purpose  of  diminishing  the  taiget  exposed  and  in- 
creasing the  protection  to  vital  parts.  Two  12-inch 
breech-loading  guns  are  mounted  in  a  turret,  at  a 
height  of  eleven  feet  above  the  fighting  water-line, 
one  6-inch  breech-loader  on  the  deck  near  the  stem, 
one  15-inch  dynamite-gun  in  the  bow.  Two  tor- 
pedo-tubes in  the  bow.  The  armor  on  the  turret  is 
ten  inches  thick,  and  on  the  curved  upper  deck  three 
inches  on  the  crown  and  five  inches  on  the  sides, 
which  extend  four  feet  below  the  fighting  water-line. 
On  top  of  this  armored  deck,  and  Mtween  the  turret 
and  tne  stern  gun,  is  a  light  superstructure,  which 
affords  quarters  and  a  convenient  working-deck. 

The  ^^Dolphin ''  is  a  single-screw  dispatch-vessel, 
carrying  but  a  light  battery.  The  engine  is  of  the 
compound  vertic^  type.  The  design  of  the  ^'  Dol- 
phin'* affords  no  protection  to  boilers  and  machinery. 

The  *^  Boston"  and  the  *'  Atlanta"  are  central  su- 
perstructure, single-deck,  partially,  protected  cruisera. 


The  '^  Newark"  is  a  protected  cmlaer,  deagoid  m 
the  Navy  Department  to  meet  the  requirements  d 
the  Naval  Board.  The  protective  deck  is  complete, 
two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  thick  on  flat,  and  three 
inches  on  inclined  parts.  The  conning-tower  is  tbne 
inches  thick.  The  battery  ia  mounted  on  the  spsr- 
deok.  The  engines  are  of  horizontal  tiipIe-expiDsiaD 
type,  designed  by  Cramp  &  Sons. 

The  "  Yorktown,"  "  Cfoncord,"  and  "  Bennin^ftoo," 
are  poop-and-forecastle,  partially  protected  eruisen; 
designs  fW>m  same  source  aa  tno^e  of  the  '^New- 
ark."' The  protective  deck  is  oomplete«  but  onlj 
three  eighths  mdi  thick.  The  conning-tower  is  two 
inches  wick.  Two  6-inch  guns  are  mounted  on  tbe 
forecasUo,  two  on  the  poop,  and  two  amidBhips  <» 
the  main  deck.    The  engines  are  of  the  boriaootal 


triple-expansion  type. 
The  *f Petrel"  iB 


They  are  uu(^uestionably  very  efficient.  The  design 
is  a  modification  of  the  ^^  Esmeralda"  type,  of  which 
examples  are  found  in  several  navies.  Tne  steel  pro- 
tective deck,  over  engines  and  boilers  only,  ia  H  inch 
thick.  The  main  battery  is  mounted  as  follows :  The 
8-inch  guns,  in  barbettes  on  main  deck,  are  placed 
en  echelon  forward  and  abaft  the  superstructure  ; 
the  6-inch  guns  and  rapid-fire  and  heavier  machine 
ffuns  are  mounted  within  the  central  superstructure. 
The  engines  are  three-cylinder,  cOmpouna,  horizontal, 
back-acting,  driving  a  single  screw.  The  '*  Atlanta" 
during  a  six-hour  trial  cteveloped  a  mean  speed  of 
15*43  Knots  and  an  indicated  norse-power  or  8,856. 
The  maximum  speed  was  16'8d  knots.  The  ^*  Boston  " 
during  a  six-hour  trial  developed  a  mean  speed  of 
18'8  knots  with  a  mean  indicated  horse-power  of 
8,780 ;  but  at  this  time  the  bottom  was  very  foul,  and 
under  favorable  conditions  her  speed  should  be  greater 
than  that  of  the  '*  Atlanta." 

The  **  Chicago"  is  a  double-deck,  partially  protect- 
ed cruiser.  The  protective  deck  is  or  the  same  thick- 
ness and  extent  as  m  the  ^'  Boston  "  and  the  **  Atlanta." 
The  main  battery  is  thus  distributed :  Four  8-inch 
guns  are  mountea  in  sponsons  on  the  spar-deck,  twen- 
ty-four feet  above  the  water-line ;  the  eight  6-ijich  and 
two  5-inch  guns  are  mounted  on  the  gun -deck.  There 
are  two  sets  of  two-cylinder,  compound,  overhead- 
beam  engines,  and  fourteen  horizontal  return-tubular 
boilers,  fitted  with  exterior  furnaces  lined  with  fire- 
brick. These  boilers  and  engines  are  altogether  unique 
in  war-ships.  During  a  continuous  six-hour  trial  the 
ship  developed  a  mean  speed  of  15*8  knots  and  a  mean 
indicated  horse-power  or  5,088.  The  maximum  speed 
for  one  hour  was  16*8  knots.  The  bottom  was  foul, 
and  the  fire-rooms  were  not  closed  for  foreing  the 
draught. 

The  **  Charleston  "  is  a  protected  cruiser  of  an  im- 
proved Esmeralda  type.  Tlie  protective  deck  extends 
the  entire  len^h  of  the  vessel,  two  inches  thick  on 
flat,  and  three  inches  on  inclined  parts.  The  battery 
is  distributed  as  in  the  "Atlanta,"  except  that  tbe 
8-inoh  guns  are  on  the  middle  lino  of  the  ship.  The 
engines  are  of  the  two-cvlinder  compound  horizontal 
type. 


a  single-ficrew,  poop-aiKi-for»- 
oastle,  partially  protected  cruiper  or  gun- vessel;  de- 
signs or  hull  ana  machinery  made  in  the  Navy  De- 
partment. The  protective  deck  extends  over  the 
Doilers  and  machinery  only,  and  is  but  three  eightbi 
to  five  sixteenths  inch  thick.  There  are  two  gnu 
on  each  side,  mounted  in  sponsons  about  four  fe«t 
above  the  main  deck  and  ten  feet  above  tbe  vate^ 
line,  just  abaft  the  forecastle  and  forward  of  tbe  poop. 

The  "Baltimore"  is  a  poop-and-foreca^  p>r»- 
tected  cruiser.  The  protective  deck  is  complete,  tvo 
and  a  half  inches  thicK  on  flat,  and  four  inches  on  in- 
clined sides.  The  8-inch  guns  are  mounted  on  for^ 
castle  and  poop,  and  the  6-inch  guns  oc  the  spar-decL 
The  designs  for  the  '*  Baltimore  "  and  "  Cbarleitoo" 
and  their  machinery  were  purchased  of  Sir  WilliaiB 
Armstrong  <&  Co.,  of  England. 

The  "San  Francisco"  is  like  the  " Newark,"  with 
the  following  modifications :  Bigj  fore  and  aft,  three 
masts ;  the  o-inch  guns  nearest  the  extremities  tit 
mounted  on  forecastle  and  poop;  the  engines  tit 
horizontal  triple-expansion,  aesigned  in  ue  Nst; 
Department. 

The  "Philadelphia"  is  like  the  " Bamnmre," 
modified  as  follows :  Hig  and  distribution  of  bstteiy 
same  as  in  the  "  San  Francisco  *' :  the  en^es  of  the 
same  type,  but  designed  by  Cramp  &  Sons. 

The  "  Vesuvius "  is  a  vessel  of  altogether  notd 
type,  of  high  speed,  armed  with  three  15-inoh  poea- 
matic  dynamite-guns  placed  abreast  at  a  fixed  aofk 
of  16*,  the  muzztes  projecting  through  the  deck  aboil 
thirty-seven  feet  from  the  bow.  Thirty  full-csliber 
projectiles  are  carried.  The  engines  are  of  the  fovf- 
cylinder  triple-expansion  type.  On  trial,  in  Jsnonr, 
1889,  she  ran  twice  over  a  measured  coarse  of  2*54 
knots  at  a  mean  speeil  of  21*64  knotr*,  developiEf 
4,866  indicated  horee-power.  (For  remarks  oooflon- 
ing  guns,  see  the  following  sections.) 

For  the  Cruisers  No.  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11,  18^  li  the 
designs  are  not  yet  completed.  The  table  indicttee 
the  general  character  for  each  class. 

Gibs  toA  Ani«r. — In  18S6  the  armament  of 
United  States  war-ships  consisted  of  smooth- 
bore gnns,  principally  of  9-inch  caliber,  supple- 
mented by  a  few  converted  8-inch  wnsle- 
loading  rifles  and  converted  80  and  60  pooDder 
breech -loading  rifles.  The  8-inch  converted 
mnzzle-loading  rifles  were  11 -inch  cast-iroOi 
smooth-bore  Dahlgrens,  converted  into  riflei 
by  the  introd  notion  of  a  wrought-iron  tube 
(which  was  afterward  rifled)  into  the  cast-ina 
body,  the  latter  being  expanded  by  heat  soffi* 
oiently  to  permit  the  tongh  wronght-iron  tabe 
to  be  pushed  into  place.  On  cooling,  the  ca^ 
iron  body  held  the  tube  securely  in  place. 
The  100-ponnder  and  60-poun(ler  Parrotts  were 
converted  into  80  and  60-pounder  breech-load- 
ers in  a  similar  manner  by  the  introdoctioa 
into  the  bore  of  a  steel  tube  extending  from 


DNITED  STATES  NAVY. 


794 


UNITED  STATES  NAVY. 


fl 


^ 


f 


the  breech  for- 
ward as  far  as 
the  truDDions ; 
the  breeoh-clos- 
nre  used  was  of 
the  present  type. 
These  converted 
guns  were  but 
make-shifts.  It 
was  impossible 
at  that  time  to 
obtain  forgings 
in  this  country 
for  built-up  steel  breech- 
loading  guns  of  high  power 
and  approved  type  heavier 
than  6- inch  caliber.  The 
Midvale  Steel  Works,  at 
Nicetown,  Pa.,  had  under- 
taken the  manufacture  of 
forgings  for  guns  of  3-inch, 
5-inch,  and  6-inch  caliber, 
and  had  turned  out  excel- 
lent material  for  these 
smaller  guns.  The  Cambria 
Iron- Works,  at  Johnstown, 
Pa.,  also  had  made  the 
smaller  forgings.  But  the 
resources  of  the  country 
for  the  production  of  gun- 
material  in  1885  did  not  ex- 
tend farther,  and  no  manu- 
facturers found  it  expe- 
dient to  erect  a  suitable 
plant  for  the  production  of 
heavier  forgings  without 
the  promise  of  such  an  or- 
der as  would  warrant  the 
great  outlay.  The  8-inch 
guns  for  the  "Chicago," 
"Boston,"  and  "Atlanta," 
and  the  10-inch  guns  for 
the  "Miantonomoh,"  were 
built  of  forgings  purchased 
in  England.  These  guns 
were  assembled  (machined 
and  put  together)  at  the 
Washington  Navy- Yard,  at 
the  South  Boston  Iron- 
Works,  and  at  the  West 
Point  Foundry. 

In  1883  the  Gun-Foun- 
dry Board — Rear- Admiral 
Simpson,  president — under 
the  authority  of  Congress, 
visited  the  principal  steel 
and  gun  establishments  at 
home  and  abroad,  for  the 
purpose  of  determining  the 
best  methods  for  the  manu- 
facture of  heavy  ordnance 
adapted  to  modern  warfare, 
and  in  1884  recommended 
that  steel  forgings  and  ma- 
terial for  guns  be  supplied 
by  private  industry,  while 


the  Government  should  maintain  gun-factories 
in  which  the  material  delivered  by  steel-worb 
should  be  machined  and  assembled.  The  at& 
chosen  for  these  Grovemment  factories  were 
the  Washington  Navy -Yard  for  the  naval  gon- 
factory,  and  the  Watervliet  Arsenal  (Troj, 
N.  Y.)  for  the  army.  The  report  also  urged  id 
appropriation  of  $15,000,000  for  forgings,  aod 
$2,000,000  for  the  plant  of  the  two  factories. 

Up  to  this  time  the  question  of  prodndng 
armor  of  domestic  manufacture  had  received 
little  consideration.     In  May,  1885,  the  Board 
on  Fortifications,  composed  of  civilians  aod 
officers  of  the  army  and  navy,  was  eoDTened, 
and  in  January,  1886,  renewed  the  recom- 
mendations of  Uie  Gun-Foundry  Board,  iod 
suggested  steel  as  the  preferable  material  for 
armor-plates.     These  suggestions  and  recom- 
mendations were  also  supported  by  Senator 
Hawley's  select  committee  in  Februar?,  1886. 
Steel  armor  and  gun- forgings  are  roost  econo- 
mically produced  if  manufactured  in  a  angle 
establishment,  much  of  the  plant  for  the  pro- 
duction of  each  being  common  to  both,  bd 
the  creation  of  such  a  plant  involves  an  ex- 
penditure of  about  $3,000,000.     In  order  to 
make  the  creation  of  such  an  establiahmeot 
practicable,  Secretary  Whitney  secured,  io  Au- 
gust, 1886,  an  appropriation  of  $4,000,000  for 
armor,  and  $2,128,000  for  guns  for  the  ye^ 
authorized,  and  immediately  invited  proposals 
for  the  supply  of  6,700  tons  of  steel  armor, 
and  1,220  tons  of  gun-forgingB.     In  May,  I88T, 
the  contract  for   this  was   awarded  to  the 
Bethlehem  Iron  Company.    The  terms  of  tlM 
contract  required  the  company  to  establish  i» 
plant  within  two  and  a  half  years,  and  begin 
the  delivery  of  gun-forgings  and  armor-plattf 
by  February,  1890.    The  contract  price  of  1,221 
tons  of  gun-forgings  was  $851,513,  and  of  6.700 
tons  of  steel  armor-plates,  $3,610,707.   V^ 
gun-plant  is  now  in  working  order  and  pro- 
ducing forgings,  and  the  armor- plates  will  b« 
forthcoming  within  the   year.      When  com- 
pleted, the  Bethlehem  will  be  the  finest  estab- 
lishment of  its  kind  in  the  world;  its  piaot 
includes  Whit  worth's  liquid   compression  fof 
making  ingots ;  two  hydraulic  forging-presses. 
capable  of  forging  the  parts  of  guns  up  to  16- 
inch  caliber;   the  heaviest  steam-hammer  is 
the  world ;  and  tools  of  the  most  approved 
type  for  machining  armor-plates  and  roogb- 
boring  ami  turning  gun-forgings. 

The  naval  gun-factory  has  been  in  procea 
of  reconstruction  since  1887;  buildings  bate 
been  erected,  and  contracts  have  been  made 
for  the  supply  of  the  necessary  tools,  cranes, 
etc.  Since  1884  the  old  establishment  h«» 
turned  out  two  5-inch,  twenty-^two  6-incb,  foof 
8-inch,  and  three  10-inch  guns.  The  yearlj 
capacity  of  the  enlarged  factory  will  in  ao* 
other  year  be  twenty-five  6-inch,  four  8-incl»» 
six  10-inch,  and  four  12-inch  guns. 

The  high-power  guns  of  aB  nations  at  th« 
present  day  are  of  steel.  In  all  the  prinripw 
of  initial  tension  is  employed,  which  oonflsto 


UNITED  STATES  NAVY.  795 

ig  the  exterior  portioD  of  the  gun  a  cer-  ing  considered  too  nnoertain,  and  the  increased 

tial  tension,  gradually  decreasing  toward  weight  objectionable. 

^rior,  and  giving  to  the  interior  parts  a  Gupewder. — In  the  improvement  of  gnnpo w- 

normal  state  of  compression  bj  the  der  probably  lies  the  principal  field  of  devel- 

ige  of  the  outer  jacket  and  hoops.    The  opment  of  gnn-power.     Great  improvements 

r  body  of  the  gun  is  a  single  forging,  have  already  been  made,  and  study  and  ezperi- 

ing  almost  the  entire  length  of  the  gun.  ment  are  being  devoted  to  this  question.    The 

le  rear  portion  of  the  tube  is  shrunk  a  initial  velocities  of  projectiles  in  1870  ranged 

extending  about  two  fifths  of  the  length,  between  1,100  feet  and  1,800  feet  a  second, 

er  the  remainder  of  the  tube  and  over  while  at  present  initial  velocities  of  guns  in 

ket  is  shrunk  a  series  of  hoops,  all  the  service  rise  to  2,000  and  2,100  feet  with  a 

eing  locked  together  so  as  to  form  an  pressure  of  but  15  tons  to  the  square  inch,  and 

ely  strong  structure.    The  breech-olos-  powders  recently  fired  in  Germany  and  France 

ews  into  the  jacket.    The  tube  and  jack-  have  again  raised  this  velocity  to  2,400  and 

made  from  solid  steel  ingots,  forged,  even  2,600  feet  with  the  moderate  pressure  of 

ed  in  oil,  annealed,  and  bored  and  ma-  15  to  16  tons.    Much  attention  is  being  directed 

to  the  required  dimensions.    The  hoops  to  the  production  of  a  powder  that  shall  give 

ged  upon  a  mandrel,  and  subsequently  a  high  initial  velocity  with  low  pressure,  and 

in  the  same  manner  as  other  forgings.  yet  be  comparatively  smokeless.    By  the  em- 

nk  the  jacket  on  the  tube,  the  latter  is  ployment  of  gun-cotton  and  picric  powders, 

vertically  in  a  pit,  breech  end  up,  and  much  has  been  accomplished  in  Europe  in  this 

mating  the  jacket  to  a  temperature  suffi-  direction.    But  the  new  powders  are  less  stable 

o  expand  its  interior  diameter  to  the  than  the  old,  and  doubtless  deteriorate  under 

d  amount,  it  is  lifted  by  a  crane  and  influences  of  heat  or  moisture.    The  powders 

d  over  the  tube.    The  hoops  are  then  for  United  States  naval  guns  (and  each  caliber 

on,  and  finally  the  trunnion-band  is  has  a  powder  whose  exact  quality  is  peculiar  to 

i  on  in  place,  which  also  assists  in  lock-  itself)  have  been  developed  and  manufactured 

parts  together.    The  gun  is  then  ready  by  the  Messrs.  Dupont,  near  Wilmington,  Del. 

ified,  and  afterward  to  have  the  breech-  Pr^Mtltos. — Ordinary  shells  are  still  made  of 

and  sights  fitted:    The  following  are  cast-iron,  but  armor-piercing  projectiles  are 

lairements  for  material  for  6-inch  and  made  of  steel,  forged  and  highly  tempered, 

guns:  The  manufacture  of  armor- piercing  projectiles 

'_  has  been  developed  chiefly  in  France,  and  has 

introduced  another  important  element  in  the 
relation  between  the  resistance  of  armor  and 


CMENTS. 


treii^.,..Ibe. 

nit *• 

>n per  cent. 

on  ofareft./* 


Tnbet.  jNckcUj    Hoopi. 


lUaurb. 


^Z\  3S:r i  'M  i  ''l^^ar  t^e  capacity  of  the  gon  for  penetration.    So 

22       20         18  long,  i  inch  perfect  IS  the  manufacture  of  these  projectiles 

85|      8o|        80    diameter,  that,  when  fired  under  service  conditions,  they 

perforate  the  best  armor-plate  of  a  thickness  80 

powder-pressure  is  usually  about   15  per  cent,  greater  than  the  caliber  of  the  project- 

the  square  inch,  but  the  guns  may  be  lie,  and  remain  practically  undeformed.    The 

ired  under  a  pressure  of  22  tons.  bursting- charge  even  in  ordinary  shells  is  com- 

ntly  manufacturers  of  steel  have  claimed  paratively  small— for  6-inch,  5  to  10  pounds ; 

lid  steel-cast  guns  are  preferable  to  the  for  the  16-inch  (weighing  1,800  pounds),  179 

>  gun  before  described.    In  order  to  test  pounds.      This  has  given   rise  to  a  further 

ims  of  these,  Congress  authorized  the  development  of  the  destructiveuess  of  shell- 

ction  of  three  steel-cast  guns — the  first  fire  by  introducing  high-explosive  shells,  whose 

nade  of  Bessemer,  the  second  of  open-  bursting- charges  are  dynamite,  explosive  gela- 

and  the  third  of  crucible  steel.    Pro-  tine,  gun-cotton,  or  melinite.     Shells  loaded 

vere  received  from  two  firms — the  Pitts-  with  500  pounds  of  dynamite  and  explosive 

^eel- Casting  Company  for  the  Bessemer  gelatine  are  safely  fired  from  the  Zalinski  dyna- 

d  the  Standard  Steel-Casting  Company,  mite-gun.     Gun-cotton  is  used  as  a  bursting- 

rlow.  Pa.,  for  the  open-hearth  gun.    No  charge  in  Germany,  while  the  French  nse  meli- 

ds  were  received  for  the  gun  of  crncible  nite  as  a  burster  for  shells  fired  from  service- 

The  Pittsburg  gun  exploded  on  firing  guns  under  service  conditions.    High-explosive 

(t  round  under  service  conditions ;  the  shells,  however,  are  quickly  detonated  if  the 

w  gun  successfully  underwent  the  trial  surface  hit  offers  fair  resistance,  and  for  this 

service- rounds,  fired  as  rapidly  as  possi-  reason  armor  is  coming  much  more  into  vogue 

'he  test  of  material  for  the  Pittsburg  and  is  being  more  distributed  over  the  sides  of 

lowed  very  poor  characteristics ;  that  of  vessels  than   has  recently  been  the  practice, 

irlow  gun  very  fair  characteristics.    But  Four  inches  of  armor  are  said  to  be  sufficient 

>arison  of  the  weights  of  the  steel-cast  to  cause  the  detonation  of  high-explosive  shells. 

1  the  built-up  gun  shows  their  relative  The  ordinary  side-plating  of  ships  is  not  suffi- 

to  be  13,000  to  11,000  pounds.    Nona-  cient  to  detonate  these,  and  the  destructive 

8  yet  adopted  the  steel-cast  gun  for  the  effects  of  their  explosion  within  a  ship  are  ap- 

dnt  of  vessels  or  forts,  the  material  be-  palling. 


796 


UNITED  STATES  NAVY. 


111 

I: 
]• 


T  1 


! 


i 

i 


r. 

If 


? 


SapldpFIre  Gus. — Rapid-fire  gnns  and  revolv- 
ing cannon  have  hitherto  been  procorable  only 
from  abroad,  the  principal  type — that  of  the 
American  inventor  and  manufacturer  Hotch- 
kiss — being  made  in  Earope.  In  1887  the  Navy 
Department  contracted  with  the  Hotchkisis 
Ordnance  Company  for  the  supply  of  ninety- 
four  rapid-fire  guns  and  revolving  cannon  of 
domestic  manufacture,  at  a  cost  of  $121,400,  to 
include  thirty  6-poander  rapid-fire  guns,  twenty- 
two  8*  pounder  rapid-fire  guns,  ten  1-pounder 
rapid-fire  guns,  thirty-two  87-millimetre  re- 
volving cannon.  The  material  for  these  gnns 
has  b^n  supplied  by  the  Midvale  Steel  Com- 
pany ;  the  guns  are  made  by  Pratt  Ss  Whitney, 
Hartford,  Conn. ;  and  the  ammunition  by  the 
Winchester  Arms  Company. 

A  new  type  of  rapid-fire  gun,  the  invention 
of  two  naval  officers,  known  as  the  Driggs- 
Schroeder  gun,  has  been  designed  and  manu- 
factured in  this  country.  It  has  been  tried 
and  favorably  reported  upon. 

Rapid-fire  guns  are  light  guns  using  metallic 
ammunition,  in  which  the  operation  of  loading 
is  performed  wholly  or  in  part  by  hand,  although 
the  empty  cartridge  is  mechanically  extracted, 
and  the  gun  recovers  automatically  from  re- 
coil, if  any  is  permitted.  Aiming  is  done  fi*om 
the  shoulder,  and  the  guns,  up  to  6-pounder 
caliber,  may  fire  about  fifteen  aimed  shots  in  a 
minute.  The  largest  gun  of  this  type  adopted 
for  service  is  the  36 -pounder  (4*72  inches  cali- 
ber), which  in  England  has  fired  ten  carefully 
aimed  shots  in  a  minute  and  thirty-eight  sec- 
onds ;  its  penetration  in  wrought-iron  is  seven 
inches.  In  machine-guns  the  operation  of  feed- 
ing, loading,  and  extracting  the  metallic  ammu- 
nition are  successively  performed  by  a  continu- 
ous action  of  the  breech  mechanism ;  no  recoil 
is  permitted.  The  rapidity  of  fire  is  great — 60 
rounds  from  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon  and 
up  to  1,000  rounds  from  the  Gatling  gun. 

GUMS   IN   SERVICB   IN   1884. 


CAUBER. 


Typ«. 


I 


^'S  J's 


9-inch I  Smooth 

I      bore. 

8-lnoh Converts 

M.L.R 
80-pdr 


60-pdr. 


Toni 

4 
7-8 


f  & 

II 

1 

lai. 

LiM. 

Um. 

Ft  tons 

182 

10 

TO 

847 

160 

fUi 

180 

8,481 

189 

8 

80 

<»6 

112 

8 

48 

ses 

J 


NEW   GUNS 

12-iiich 

10-inch 

8-Inch 

6-lnch 

6-inch 


Converts 

B  L.  K.  I  45 

Convert'd 

B.  L.  R.  I  2  4 

IN   SERVICB,    OR   UNDER  CONTRACT, 


•-pdr. , . 
3-pir... 
l-pdr... 
47-min.. 
87-inm.. 


B.  L.  R. 

45  2 

441 

426 

860 

26,990 

B.  L.  R. 

24-1 

829 

250 

600 

18.870 

B.  L.  R. 

12  8 

258 

126 

260 

6.984 

B.  L.  R. 

4-9 

196 

50 

100 

2,n4 

B.  L.  R. 

2-8 
Lbk 

162 

80 

Oia. 

60 

1,G64 

R.  F.  a. 

805  97-6  81 -5 

600 

187 

R.  P.  G. 

507  80-6  27-5 

8-82 

94 

R.  P.  G. 

78  88-1    2  8 

111 

R.  C. 

1268....    71 

2  4 

•  •  •  • 

R.  0. 

441 

•  •  •  • 

2-8 

11 

•  •  ■  • 

IJ! 

Int. 


10-8 
6-2 

6  1 

1889. 

28-7 
21-6 
17- 
18' 


•0 
'6 


10-6 


9 
4 


1-8 
1-7 
•76 


M.  L.  R.,  mozzle-loading  rifle:  B.  L.  R.,  breech-kNuUng 
rifle  ;  R.  F.  G.,  rapid-fire  gun  ;  R.  .C,  reTolTing  cannon. 


Dyualte-€o«— The  dynamite-gun  i 
vention  of  Mr.  Mefford,  of  Oliio,  devel< 
made  practicable  by  Capt.  Ekimund  1 
linski,  of  the  United  States  Army,  and  ] 
as  a  marketable  weapon  by  the  Pnean] 
Company,  of  New  York.  The  origin; 
this  system  was  of  2-inch  caliber  (see ' 
Oyclopsedia  "  for  1884,  page  278).  AfU 
menting  with  other  guns  of  4  and  8  i 
her,  the  Pneumatic  Gun  Company  hasj 
15-inch  guns  for  the  "  Vesuvius."  1 
55  feet  long,  placed  at  a  fixed  angle  of 
throw  projectiles  containing  from  50 
pounds  of  explosive  gelatine  and  dyna 
mile,  or  snb-caliber  projectiles  oontainii 
200  pounds  of  explosive  up  to  4,000  yar 
projectiles  are  discharged  by  compre 
at  a  pressure  of  about  1,000  pounds 
gives  an  initial  velocity  of  about  80 
second.  The  trajectory  is  of  course  ve 
curved.  The  most  valuable  feature  of 
tem  is  the  electric  fuse,  which  is  enti 
invention  of  Capt.  Zalinski^  so  con 
that  the  projectile  may  be  exploded  i 
tering  the  water  or  by  delayed  action 
at  any  desired  depth  beneath  the  surfac 
dynamite-gun  is  not  intended  to  rep 
service  powder-guns;  it  is  really  a  i 
gun  affording  a  safe  means  of  throw  in 
which  are  virtually  torpedoes  charged 
large  amount  of  the  highest  explosives, 
the  air  to  a  considerable  range  and  wi 
racy.  If  the  chances  of  dropping  its  p 
at  the  desired  spot  are  only  fair,  tbi 
successfully  placed,  will  secure  results 
other  single  projectile  or  torpedo  can  pr 
the  probable  destruction  of  any  vessel  y 

Torpedees. — There  are  no  autoroobUi 
does  in  the  United  States  service.  ^ 
occupy  an  entirely  unique  position,  a 
been  far  in  the  rear  in  this,  as  in  man 
respects,  of  Brazil,  Chili,  Japan,  and 
But  contracts  have  been  made  with  the 
kiss  Ordnance  Company  to  supply  the 
torpedo.  This  torpedo,  the  invention  < 
J.  A.  Howell,  of  the  United  States  ¥ 
thought  to  be  sunerior  in  meet  respect 
celebrated  Whitehead.  ItQ  advantages  ( 
Whitehead  are  comparative  smallnesB,  i 
directive  force  derived  from  the  gyi 
properties  of  its  fly-wheel,  and  large  ej 
capacity.  Its  disadvantage  lies  in  the  fi 
it  requires  an  appreciable  time  to  pre 
for  discharge.  Power  is  stored  in  a  he 
wheel,  in  the  middle  of  the  torpedo,  vl 
about  thirty  seconds,  is  spun  up  tu  a  i 
of  10,000  turns  a  minute  by  means  of  a 
This  fly-wheel  imparts  its  power  to  t« 
pollers,  which  dnve  the  torpedo.  Tl 
mersion  is  automatically  controlled  by 
zontal  rudder,  actuated  by  a  hydro-pne 
cylinder,  the  piston  of  which  moves  w 
varying  pressures  at  different  depths. 

The  contractors  will  furnish  a  t 
whose  size  and  performance  are  guarant 
be  within  the  following  prescribai  limit 


UNITED  STATES  NAVY. 


798 


UNITED  STATES  NAVY. 


* 


Lngth. 


12  ft 
9  ft  6  In. 


DJan- 
•ter. 

14-2  In. 
U  2in. 


ToUl 
weight 

4fi8lbs. 
428  lbs. 


^  T!!«*'»    LMrt  .pMd 


of  azplodT* 
chiirga. 


80  lbs. 
75  IbB. 


for  400  7*rda 


22i  knots.  IfUOOydB 
22i  knots.;    800 ydi 


ToUl 

nwga. 


I 


The  Patrick  torpedo,  of  the  controllable 
type,  is  made  of  copper,  fuHiform,  40  feet  long 
and  24  inches  in  greatest  diameter.  It  is  held 
at  a  depth  of  nearly  4  feet  by  means  of  a  float 
46  feet  long  and  18  inches  in  diameter,  filled 
with  cotton  or  lamp-black.  The  motive  power 
is  oarbonic-aoid  gas,  contained  in  liquid  form 
in  a  flask  near  the  center  of  the  torpedo.  From 
the  flask  the  gas  passes  through  pipes  about 
which  an  inten.se  heat  is  obtained  by  the  action 
of  sulphuric  acid  on  quick-lime.  The  gas 
thus  expanded  passes  to  a  six-cylinder  engine, 
which  drives  the  propeller.  The  range  is  one 
mile,  and  the  explosive  charge  carried  200 
pounds.  The  torpedo  is  controlled  by  an  elec- 
tric cable  paid  out  as  it  runs.  It  has  been  tried 
by  a  naval  board,  and  upon  its  report  three  tor- 
pedoes have  been  ordered  by  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment, at  a  cost  of  $55,000.  The  contractor 
guarantees  a  speed  of  20  knots.  This  torpedo 
is  intended  for  harbor-defense,  and  is  operated 
from  the  shore  or  from  a  stationary  vessel. 
Undoubtedly  it  is  the  best  of  the  controllable 
type.  The  French  Navy  Department  has  pur- 
chased it  for  coast-defense. 

Torpedo-BoitB. — The  United  States  occupies  a 
most  singular  position  in  regard  to  torpedo- 
boats.  All  nations  agree  that  these  are  most 
efficient  for  coast  and  harbor  defense,  and  all 
possess  them  in  large  numbers.  England  has 
145;  France,  131;  Germany,  75;  Italy,  120; 
Spain,  13;  Brazil,  15;  Chili,  10;  Japan,  12; 
Ohina,  26 ;  the  United  States,  2. 

The  "Stiletto"  is  the  single  torpedo-boat 
(unworthy  of  the  title)  yet  possessed  by  the 
United  States,  although  a  new  first-class  boat 
is  being  built  by  Messrs.  Herreshoff,  at  Bristol, 
R.  I.  This  boat  will  compare  favorably,  it  is 
thought,  with  those  built  abroad  (see  table  of 
ships  for  description).  The  Fortification  Board 
placed  the  number  of  torpedo-boats  at  150. 

SnbMariiie  Boat — The  latest  device  in  naval 
warfare  is  the  submarine  boat,  intended  to  dive 
beneath  the  surface,  to  be  there  manoeuvred 
and  discharge  torpedoes.  Sabmarine  boats 
have  been  used  in  naval  warfare  since  1776, 
but  with  unsatisfactory  results.  Recently  they 
have  again  come  into  notice  in  Europe,  and 
several  have  been  built  there.  In  1888,  the 
Navy  Department  published  a  circular  contain- 
ing its  views  of  the  requirements  for  a  subma- 
rine boat,  and  invited  proposals  for  the  con- 
struction of  such  a  boat  under  guarantees. 
After  considerable  delay  in  finding  any  one  to 
undertake  this,  bids  were  received  in  February, 
1889,  from  the  Columbia  Iron-Works,  of  Balti- 
more, in  which  a  very  good  performance  is 
guaranteed.  The  dimensions  of  the  boat  are : 
Length,  85  feet;  greatest  diameter,  10*9  feet; 
displacement,  submerged,  120  tons,  with  com- 


partments empty,  98  tons.  The  hull  is  to  be 
of  steel ;  the  engine,  triple-expansion,  dmisf 
a  single  screw ;  the  fuel,  petroleum.  Diving  k 
to  be  efl^ected  by  horizontid  rodders.  The  great- 
est surface-speed  guaranteed  is  12  knots,  and 
the  speed  submerged,  9  knots.  The  boAt  i^ 
cigar-shaped,  and  is  capable  of  being  opent€<i 
under  three  different  conditions;  first,  abore 
the  surface,  with  nearly  half  of  the  boat  above 
water ;  second,  awash,  with  only  a  few  inches 
of  the  upper  deck  exposed ;  third,  completelj 
submerged.  The  armament  consists  of  a  tube 
placed  in  a  horizontal  axis,  from  which  are  dis- 
charged, either  by  pneumatic  power  or  pow- 
der, 8-inoh  projectiles,  giving  a  range  of  several 
hundred  feet,  or,  if  desired,  some  form  of  auto- 
mobile torpedo  may  be  used.  In  addition  to 
this,  there  is  another  8-inch  tube  fixed  at  an 
angle  for  over- water  fire  to  a  range  of  aboot 
1,000  yards.  The  contract  for  the  boat  has  not 
yet  been  awarded. 

PersMBeL — The  personnel  of  the  United  Stat« 
Navy  consists  of  7,500  enlisted  men,  750  ap- 
prentices, and  the  following  ofiScers :  Admiril, 
1 ;  vice-admiral,  1 ;  rear-admirals,  6 ;  commo- 
dores, 10;  captains,  45;  commanders,  85; 
lieutenant-commanders,  74;  lieutenants,  2^; 
lieutenants  (J.  G.),  76;  ensigns,  181;  medial 
directors,  15;  medical  inspectors,  15;  sur- 
geons, 50;  passed  assistant  sargeons,  55:  as- 
sistant surgeons,  28  ;  constructors,  7 ;  assiftant 
constructors,  14;  professors  of  mathematics, 
12 ;  civil  engineers,  10 ;  pay-directors,  13 ;  pay- 
inspectors,  18;  paymasters,  48;  passed  assitl- 
ant  paymasters,  23 ;  assistant  paymasters,  U: 
chief  engineers,  70 ;  passed  assistant  engineers, 
78 ;  assistant  engineers,  68. 

Besides  these,  there  are  allowed  one  navtl 
cadet  for  each  congressional  district,  and  tco 
at  large.  The  course  for  naval  cadets  is  four 
years  at  the  Naval  Academy,  Annapolis,  and 
two  years  in  cruising-ships.  At  the  end  of 
the  six  years  a  number  of  cadets  pass  into  tb« 
service,  equal  to  the  number  of  vacancies  in  th« 
line,  engineer  and  marine  corps;  usually  from 
20  to  26,  never  fewer  than  10.  The  marine 
corps  is  composed  of  82  oflBcers  and  aboot 
1,900  enlisted  men,  under  regimental  organi- 
zation, a  colonel-commandant  commanding. 
The  number  of  enlisted  men  and  apprentices 
allowed  in  the  navy  is  too  small,  in  view  of  the 
fact  that  the  fleet  is  being  rapidly  increasei 

Not  more  than  50  per  cent  of  the  cnliat*^ 
men  are  native  or  naturalized  Americans,  and 
the  present  small  number  of  apprentice,  who 
are  American  boys,  is  not  sufficient  to  give  the 
desired  tone  to  ships'  companies.  The  offiw 
as  a  body,  are  highly  educated,  well  trained, 
and  efficient ;  but  slowness  of  promotion,  br 
keeping  them  in  subordinate  grades  to  an  ad- 
vanced age,  threatens  seriously  to  impair  their 
efficiency.  Promotion  in  the  navy  is  altogether 
by  seniority.  The  system  presents  few  ad- 
vantages and  afibrds  no  incentive  to  enerptoc 
effort  and  no  reward  for  hard  work  or  distio- 
guished  service. 


FNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Alabama,  Arkansas.)     799 


{VTED  SrrATES,  PRESlDENTliL   ELECTIONS 

The  following  tables,  referring  to  presi- 
ial  contests,  include  every  county  iu  each 
e  of  the  Union,  and  reveal  the  political 
>ry  of  all  sections  during  the  past  twenty 
s.  Results  are  shown  from  1872  to  the 
tioD  of  1888,  the  year  in  which  each  con- 
took  place  being  indicated  at  the  top  of 
column.  The  figures  opposite  each  county 
esent  the  total  vote  and  the  plurality,  and 
capita]  letter  b  or  d  denotes  whether  the 
ity  plurality  was  Republican  or  Demo- 
ic.  By  this  arrangement  not  only  can  the 
tical  history  of  every  county  be  ascertained 
lOut  difficulty,  but  increases  and  decreases 
be  readily  observed  and  easily  noted.  Those 
rested  in  the  political  affairs  of  each  State 
ascertain,  by  running  the  eye  down  the 
mns  or  across  the  lines,  how  many  ooun- 
were  carried  at  each  election  during  the 

twenty  years  by  each  of  the  great  politi- 
parties,  and  also  how  many  counties  have 
rded  an  unwavering  allegiance  to  one 
y  or  the  other : 

ALABAMA. 


►UNTY. 


uga... 

r 

irin 

our — 

It 

«k  . . . . 

T 

>im 

ibers.. 
3kee. . . 

jxx 

taw ... 
:e 

•      •  •  •  •  • 

ime  .. 

e 

jrt 

cuh ... 

i 

igton.. 
ihaw.. 
lan  ... 

B 

klb... 
re 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

2,2m 

2,380 

i,9er 

9iMR 

712 

2380 

772R 

4d 

1,256 

1,451 

1,453 

158R 

127D 

104D 

6,076 

3,756 

3.974 

4.36R 

8,432d 

1,573d 

1.222 

1,223 

843 

366d 

557D 

631 D 

825 

1,749 

1,578 

273d 

1,055d 

1,058d 

4,326 

2,526 

780 

1.876R 

608d 

532R 

«,Dov 

2,961 

2,889 

387D 

951 D 

1.165D 

2,164 

2,461 

2,505 

1,364d 

1,619d 

1,475d 

8,092 

8.335 

2,830 

456d 

1,229d 

1,0Wd 

1,453 

1,959 

1,670 

997D 

1.378D 

1,210d 

879 

845 

577d 

583d 

i,796 

1,902 

2,272 

506D 

516D 

630D 

2,M2 

2,526 

1,913 

352D 

286D 

4,33d 

1,335 

1,374 

1,228 

533d 

1,002d 

950D 

928 

1.271 

1,021 

96d 

833d 

787D 

839 

a59 

827 

643d 

811D 

701 D 

1.863 

2,160 

2,376 

151d 

6(Md 

166D 

1,853 

1,944 

1,997 

49r 

.390d 

811D 

1,918 

2,082 

2,122 

138D 

616D 

4HtD 

670 

851 

M6 

590D 

789D 

815D 

1,328 

1.601 

2,005 

710D 

1,253d 

1,543d 
499 
173d 

1,508 

1,383 

1,412 

689D 

874D 

940D 

9,015 

5.539 

2,902 

5,147r 

2,32lR 

686D 

1,161 

1,464 

1,102 

9r 

510D 

607D 

2,872 

2,648 

2,869 

2B6R 

150o 

78d 

1884. 


1888. 


1,788 
84d 


1,478 

74d 
2,822 
1,422d 

897 

847d 
1,953 
1,027d 

876 

2^d 
2,804 

644d 
8,101 

969D 
2,934 

796D 
1,824 

970D 
1,136 

546D 
1,331 

597d 
1,983 

157d 
1,421 

873d 
1,220 

650d 

914 

836d 
2,294 

106r 
2.008 

64d 
2,178 

544d 

830 

652D 
1,846 

i.avtD 

738 

274D 
1,125 

835D 
6,049 
1,003d 
1,542 

612D 
2.503 

SllD 


1,412 
874d 


1,271 

177d 
8,962 
8,078d 
1,626 

806d 
2,256 
],498d 
1,181 

251D 
8,277 

568d 
8,628 
1,742d 
3,708 

622d 
2,038 
1,353d 
1,538 

6&4d 
2,018 

760d 
2,801 

881  d 
1,668 

902d 
1,217 

664d 
1,181 
1,117d 
2,696 

41 R 
2,096 

599D 
2,068 

596D 
1.108 
1,008d 
2,120 
1,726d 
1,272 

570d 
1,281 
l,251o 
7,896 
8J212D 
1,937 

734D 
8,252 

182d 


COUNTY. 

Esciiinbia . . . 

Etowah 

Fayette 

Franklin 

Geneva 

Oreene 

Hale 

Henry 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Lamar 

Lauderdale  . 
Lawrence... 

Lee 

Limestone  . . 
liowndes .... 

Bfacon. 

Madison 

Bfarengo 

Marion 

Marshall 

Mobile 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Perry 

Pickens 

Pike 

Randolph . . . 

Russell 

Sanf  ord 

Shelby 

St.  Clair 

Sumter 

Talladega . . . 
Tallapoosa. . 
Tuscaloosa.. 

Walker 

Washington. 

Wilcox 

Winston 

Arkansas 

Ashley 

Baxter 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

816 

982 

1,119 

1,(V49 

883d 

686D 

627d 

815d 

996 

1.471 

1,668 

2,126 

420d 

925D 

870d 

600D 

862 

1,202 

876 

1,069 

162d 

668d 

4290 

405o 

871 

917 

1,004 

1,181 

2lD 

646D 

645d 

896D 

316 

8.741 

466 

488 

206d 

1,681R 

454d 

488D 

8.711 

410 

2.406 

1,929 

1.821R 

406d 

620R 

679R 

4,467 

4,665 

8,285 

4,128 

2.863R 

21 IR 

187d 

278R 

2.271 

2,020 

2,002 

1,849 

1,475d 

1,154d 

1,456d 

1,467d 

2,287 

8,383 

8.614 

8,269 

937d 

1.995D 

1,460d 

1,166d 

2,267 

2,792 

2,669 

4,201 

151d 

1,413d 

931D 

165d 

1,028 

1,062 

6B4D 

694D 

2,275 

2,764 

8,069 

2,827 

408d 

676D 

616D 

1,069d 

2,669 

8,148 

8,567 

2.987 

267r 

175D 

141D 

175R 

4,581 

3,990 

8,517 

8,587 

207r 

1,780d 

874D 

227D 

1,719 

8,027 

8,279 

2,880 

67r 

d4lD 

28r 

20r 

4,864 

5,461 

8,818 

4.898 

3,064r 

2,843r 

986R 

1,526d 

8,021 

2,374 

729 

403 

1,126r 

612D 

847d 

248D 

6,457 

6,200 

6,859 

6,955 

626R 

646D 

264R 

855R 

8,276 

4,787 

4,184 

8,980 

86d 

778D 

634D 

984d 

688 

844 

641 

471 

aOR 

622D 

465D 

421  d 

912 

1,234 

1,081 

1,060 

816D 

900D 

866d 

91  4d 

12,468 

9,602 

7,224 

5,608 

676D 

1,058d 

646D 

9d 

1,920 

2,138 

1,908 

1,906 

958d 

926d 

266D 

817D 

10,075 

8,640 

8,479 

7,797 

4,1  17r 

8,878r 

2,498r 

2,623r 

2,024 

2,206 

2,389 

8,426 

12r 

659D 

776d 

720D 

5,527 

4.996 

4,868 

4,587 

2,759r 

2,06lR 

198d 

2,429d 

1,928 

2,206 

1,776 

1,116 

1,086d 

2,1  IOd 

1,848d 

1,054d 

2,394 

2,575 

8,071 

8,277 

1.288D 

1.647D 

1,586d 

1,711d 

1,839 

2,044 

1,818 

1,7«J 

117R 

314d 

d46D 

116D 

4,202 

8,073 

8,018 

8,845 

860R 

1,029d 

276d 

661D 

859 

1,399 

803d 

1,003d 

1.966 

2,245 

3,806 

8,512 

172D 

706D 

616D 

266D 

1,301 

1,569 

1,443 

1,562 

299D 

699D 

451 D 

240D 

4,141 

8,604 

8,124 

2,488 

^IR 

864D 

450D 

562D 

8,495 

8,828 

8,478 

8,057 

891R 

706D 

98r 

501 R 

2,826 

8,608 

8,455 

2,936 

1,876d 

2,18lD 

1.897D 

1,586d 

3,014 

8,172 

2,662 

2,583 

288D 

1,196d 

1,0480 

969D 

870 

1.804 

812 

1,318 

80r 

294D 

319D 

27d 

674 

649 

775 

612 

416d 

467d 

436d 

326d 

6,224 

6,089 

8,124 

8,915 

2,692r 

2.109R 

596d 

943d 

538 

691 

275 

815 

828R 

217R 

28d 

53b 

ARKANSAS. 


1,271 

1,666 

1,677 

1,875 

19r 

192d 

145d 

65r 

1,644 

1,572 

1,899 

1,546 

42d 

242d 

56o 

IOOr 

440 

763 

741 

a02D 

4610 

879D 

1888. 

1,187 

210D 
2,808 
1.071D 
1,186 
549D 
420 
52b 
799 
789d 
2,181 

easD 

4,400 

1,436d 

1,970 

1,925d 

8,366 

1.282D 

8,613 

2,607d 

1,377 

890D 
2,758 

517d 
2,926 

8b 
8,426 

669D 
2,698 

a06D 
8.678 

687d 
1,199 

668D 
4,737 

459b 
6,360 
1,493d 

994 

448d 
1,484 

918d 
6,661 

6770 
2,212 

678d 
6,678 

746D 
2,227 
1.200D 
8,619 
1,939d 
1,^44 
l,d09D 
8,513 
1,783d 
1,764 

290d 
8,068 

882D 


2,681 

689D 
2,150 

H49D 
2,890 
1,241D 
4,252 

196b 
8,136 
1.634D 
3,299 
1,157d 
2,173 
79d 
725 
291  d 
6,418 
4,204d 
643 
108r 


1,997 

40b 
1,8HB 

2H9D 
1,072 

899D 


\ 


800     UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELEOTIONS  IN.    (Abkanbas,  CAuronnA.) 


CX>UNTT. 


1878. 


Benton.'. 

Boone 

Bradley 

Calhoun 

Carroll 

Chicot 

Clark 

Clay 

Cleburne 

Clereland 

Columbia 

Conway 

Craighead 

Crawford .... 
Crittenden . . . 

Cross. .  

Dallas 

Desha 

Drew 

Dorsey 

Faulkner 

FrankUn 

Fulton 

Garland 

Grant 

Greene 

Hempstead . . 
Hot  Spring. . . 

Howard 

Independence 

Izard 

Jackson.. .  . . 

Jefferson 

Johnson. 

Lafayette 

Lawrence 

Lee 

Lincoln 

Little  River.. 

Logan 

Lonoke 

Madison 

Marion 

Miller 

Missiasippi... 


1,886 
916D 
9S6 
606d 

1,040 

aaoD 

641 
2810 
002 
48d 
1,082 
1,884r 
2,120 
688r 


1876. 


1,044 
482D 
201 
lOlD 
648 
875d 

1,807 
829r 

2,187 

1,687b 
866 
242D 

1,010 
428d 

1,158 
882R 

1,742 
TOOd 


780 

278r 

641 

aoiD 


288D 


2,021 
718R 
078 
474D 


1.441 
170r 
794 
482D 


8,890 
1,804r 


2,176 
074R 
701 
601R 


1,006 
IIOr 
778 
288r 


643 
467d 
818 
628o 


676 
228r 


2,204 
1,642d 
1,226 
700d 
788 
866d 
749 
160d 
1,016 

868d 
2,002 
I,024r 
2,158 
561D 
626 
478D 


1880. 


2,262 
l,666o 
1,450 
800D 
768 
887D 
741 
20lD 
1,286 

488D 
1,818 
1,286r 
2,143 
888d 
668 
617D 


2,000 
5600 

1,828 
216o 
660 
416o 

1,617 
201o 

1,886 
782b 
601 
107o 
700 
887o 
881 
460R 

1,811 
8810 

1,001 
6170 
020 
688o 

1,884 
888o 
881 
267D 

1,202 
244o 
456 
280o 
670 
670o 

2,028 
218o 
518 
256o 

1,012 
668D 

1,742 
870o 

1,068 
760R 

1,345 
580D 

8,046 

2.800R 

1,200 
818o 
070 
192R 
727 
719D 

1,619 
288R 

1,608 

259R 

752 

78r 

1,419 
829o 

1,848 
547d 

1,190 
286D 
660 
508D 

1,203 

25d 

892 

288o 


1884. 


1,765 
691  o 

1,928 
112R 
667 
491d 

2,112 
1640 

1,152 
074R 
763 
1650 
791 
199D 

1,061 
480D 

1,441 
8860 
706 
284o 

1,566 
638o 

2,051 

l,l]5o 
686 
480o 

1,880 
248o 
688 
878d 
688 
402o 

8,001 

lOlR 

817 

401o 
1,887 

431D 
1,068 

068o 
1,228 

782d 
1,383 

S83o 
4,061 
2,811 R 
1,377 

810o 

860 

220R 

004 

606o 
1,634 

466R 
1,316 

880R 
1,088 

56r 
1,962 

828D 
1,600 

402D 
1,149 

8210 

774 

534D 
1,619 

149o 

934 

138o 


8,121 
l,886o 
1,524 
676o 
017 
889D 
765 
187D 
1,005 

462o 
1,824 
1,018r 
2,628 
424D 
002 
6620 
600 
470o 


1888. 


OOUMTY. 


1872.     1876.     ISSO,     1884.     188ft. 


2.242 

TOOd 

2,551 
815R 

1,180 
842o 

2,638 
247o 
046 
600r 
065 
877o 

1,015 
822o 
865 
406b 

2,112 
47b 

1,060 
845o 

1,972 
404O 

2,607 

l,240o 
888 
865o 

1,042 
64o 
718 
414D 

1,113 
OOlD 

8,478 
22o 

1,100 
608D 

1,401 
644o 

2,608 

1,281D 

1,002 
586D 

2,116 
4470 

4,867 

2,431  R 

1,871 
065o 
882 
265R 

1,342 
800o 

2,678 
404O 

1,363 
804R 
096 
216r 

2,686 
620D 

2,275 
428d 

1,754 
2l8o 
810 
404o 

2,084 
79d 

1,109 
175R 


4,801 

2,06lD 

2,048 

764D 
1,006 

605D 

921 

264o 
2,820 

466d 
1,882 
1,410b 
8,068 

576D 
1,424 

622o 

770 

461D 
1.846 

662D 
2,842 

048d 
2,705 

80o 
1,576 

005O 
8,616 

288o 
1,866 

745b 
1,086 

160D 
1,186 

261D 
1,668 

OOOb 
2,276 

146d 
NoTvto 

NOOffdsd. 

2,605 

470D 
3,022 
1,348d 
1,840 

6010 
2,248 

200D 

010 

660D 
1,620 

080D 
8,607 

155b 
1,874 

670o 
1.044 

882o 
3,888 
1,466D 
1,688 

800o 
2,470 

7l8o 
7,286 
3,508b 
2,286 

016o 

888 

100b 
1.097 

989D 
2,514 

577b 
1,947 

484b 
1,262 

25b 
2,963 

7650 
2,596 

426D 
2,590 

1740 
1.208 

542D 
2,244 

1490 
1,137 
74b 


Alameda 

Alpina 

Aniador 

Butte 

Calaveras 

Colusa 

Contra  Costa. 

Del  Norte 

El  Dorado.... 

Fresno 

Humboldt  . . . 

Inyo 

Kern 

Lake 


467 
219o 
847 
218r 
708 
48lB 
6,811 
1,227r 
405 
06r 
786 
740o 


1,806 

12lB 

887 
150D 
1,546 
762o 
697 

6lB 

2,006 
4d 
206 
66d 
8,840 
1,886b 
641 
lOTo 
268 
178o 

8S7d 
1,486 

?60o 
1,160 

9080 
5,415 
1.075b 
1,003 
807O 
008 
531D 
806 
4Q2D 
586 
127b 
2,312 
402D 
625 
8860 
786 
604D 
1,464 
874D 
386 
207D 
1,888 
846o 
584 
466d 
2,706 
l,07lD 
1,022 
1,458d 
1,676 

154d 
1,472 
478d 


1,7S7 
71b 
868 
12d 

3,291 

1,44Sb 
406 
IMo 
288 
842d 
882 
286D 

1,582 
780D 

1,268 
846D 

».S22 

1,880b 

1.062 
758d 
086 
4680 
814 
404o 

1,018 
114b 

2,704 
6&6o 
7S2 
46QD 
067 
610D 

1,187 

noo 

477 

857o 
1.886 

a05o 
1,085 

711D 
2,786 
1.140D 
2,228 
^6»lo 
1,406 

70b 
2,000 

0620 


2,073        IJ7I 


CALIFORNIA. 


Los  Angeles. . 


8,708 
1,887b 
127 

8,207 
1,601R 
175 

5lR 

46b 

1,780 
288r 

2,487 
1480 

2,010 
887r 

8,800 
80b 

1,660 
167R 

1,822 
60d 

080 
Oo 

8,286 
706o 

1,410 
497R 

2,022 
846b 

808 

441 

80r 

42d 

^SIh 

2,772 
llOo 

848 
126o 

i;»6 

620d 

1,806 
500R 

2,764 
610R 

882 

718 

aOR 

82d 

450 

lllD 

1,400 
288D 

6S7 
158o 

1,002 
814o 

272 

488 

OOr 

20b 

8lR 

6,658 
574o 

0,705 

l,WnfB 

107 
25b 
2,756 

66d 
8,644 

16d 
2,206   j 
IObI 
2,400 

786D 
2,811 
208r 
500 
84o 
2,088 

lOOo 
1,748 

582D 
2,225 
756b 
605 
47b 
1,125 

lOOo 
1,181 
288D 
624 


566 

847D 
2,185 
406D 
682 

ICSal 

2,145] 
157b 
504 

laoo 

2,588 
OllBJ 


525 

4060 
2,180 

«22d 
1,840 

150D 
6,563 
1,602 
1,868 
1,064d 
1,876 

612d 
1,110 

5Md 

770 
58b 

8,8n 

006d 

oas 

6G5d 
1,021 

OOlD 

1,503 
237d 
474 
8140 

1.096 


8440; 

8.773 
1.140D 
2.588 
1,9040' 

2.1»  I 
818dI 


41flb 


9M 


U» 


5,706 


12,401 
2,7aOB 
180 
40r1 
2,760 

4lD 
4,480 

57a| 

2,400 

TObI 
2,890 

774d! 
2,674 


16b 
2,887 

180D 
8.105 

800D 
4,068 
7SU 
683 
65b 
1,42S 

200Di 

1,886 

210D 

821 

81o 

10,881 

018BJ 


15,46 


4,M1 


V9 
sill 
557 

tan 

5,496 

asiB 


7« 
1611 

^^ 

1,00 
flMM 


./ 


IITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Colorado,  Oonnkotiout.)    801 


>UNTT. 

n 

posa 

loclno . . . 

«d 

sc 

0 

terey 

I 

Ida 

er. 

las 

unento.. 

Benito. . . 

Bernar- 
diDo. 

Diego.... 
rraocisoo 

roaqiiin. . 

Luis 
Obispo. 

Ilateo ... 

ik-Bar- 
iMtra. 

ft  Clara. . 
ft  Cruz... 

ta 

a 

jrou 

lO 

ma 

islaiis 

rr 

ma 

ty 

:« 

imne  ... 
tira 

i 

ahoe 

uleta — 

ier 

ree 

•  Creek.. 

)oe 

Ua. 

TOL. 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

819 

1,270 

1,821 

1,587 

881R 

82r 

199r 

128r 

763 

919 

1,030 

1,107 

86r 

189D 

1660 

144D 

1,887 

2,212 

2,283 

8,018 

68d 

854D 

845D 

272D 

643 

1.862 

1,288 

1,762 

117d 

!^48d 

221D 

144D 

206 

630 

883 

1,120 

89d 

114D 

93d 

131D 

138 

278 

1,786 

796 

88r 

28r 

91r 

171R 

2,181 

2,195 

2,470 

2,910 

179R 

171R 

50b 

95b 

1,449 

2,118 

2,283 

2,881 

846r 

188R 

116R 

837R 

8,473 

4,205 

4,269 

4,199 

599R 

895R 

213R 

5r7R 

2,255 

2,888 

8,069 

8,307 

679R 

332R 

227R 

266r 

792 

1,086 

1,813 

907 

233R 

82r 

63r 

167D 

4,862 

6,824 

6,609 

7,266 

l,g»iR 

1,854r 

979b 

1,704r 

1,099 

1,074 

1,300 

229D 

216d 

9Bd 

609 

1,281 

1,441 

2,974 

129r 

67r 

19r 

829R 

873 

1,462 

1,288 

1,864 

163r 

126b 

198r 

832b 

22,969 

41,571 

40.657 

47,440 

599r 

TTSr 

2,897d 

4,816b 

8.095 

4,122 

4,977 

6,114 

4nR 

422R 

159R 

174b 

782 

1,716 

1,660 

2,027 

140R 

172D 

IOOr 

•  257b 

961 

1,667 

1,479 

1,722 

845R 

175R 

41R 

201b 

1,172 

1,918 

1,610 

2,442 

212R 

4d0R 

201R 

194b 

8,889 

6,401 

5,933 

7,276 

549R 

«7lR 

293R 

652b 

1,499 

2,669 

2,836 

8,106 

569R 

405R 

186R 

302r 

921 

1,266 

1,746 

2,214 

267r 

16d 

IOd 

130b 

1,800 

1,428 

1,667 

1,619 

562R 

406r 

437R 

609b 

1,872 

1,679 

1,700 

1,955 

.  46r 

143d 

IOOd 

152d 

8,670 

8,706 

8,922 

4,443 

],166r 

199R 

4r 

4(Mb 

3,d(H 

6,839 

4,918 

6,147 

102it 

475d 

838d 

100b 

1,130 

1,899 

1,913 

2,479 

202D 

295D 

409D 

445d 

772 

1,103 

i,m 

1,387 

220r 

8d 

IOr 

40r 

685 

1,821 

1,822 

2,243 

165r 

29d 

86d 

71  d 

662 

796 

1,122 

886 

88r 

20d 

206R 

16r 

803 

2,356 

2,225 

8,158 

103d 

384D 

391 D 

423d 

1,536 

1,726 

1.922 

1.917 

8lR 

108d 

78d 

230d 

1,199 

1,105 

1,388 

17r 

93r 

146R 

i,653 

2,602 

2,628 

1,575 

131 R 

136D 

116D 

40d 

2,015 

2,827 

2,350 

1,843 

311R 

176r 

20d 

ifi23R 

C 

OLORA 

DO. 

7,898 
6.i2R 

18.030 
1,803r 

422 

68d 
2,402 

676r 
2,»40 

63d 
2,611 
606R 

14J19 
3d 
713 
46d 

863 

&4d 

2,690 

489r 

2,130 
156r 



2,212 
843r 

1,309 
197r 

975 

........ 

89r 

1888. 

1,774 

184b 
1,208 

188d 
8,821 

296d 
1,796 

199d 
1,278 

127d 

681 

132b 
8,862 

9b 
8,814 

2e7B 
4,192 

244r 
8,864 

214b 
1,288 

78b 
8,460 
1,822b 
1,658 

138D 
5,718 

e7lB 
8,194 
1,472r 
66,717 
2.99V> 
6,981 

7b 
8,400 

104b 
2,117 

141b 
3,428 

119b 
8,924 

486b 
8.940 

JM6B 
2,989 

96b 
1,695 

816b 
2,^15 

98d 
4,492 

7Sb 
7,011 

101  d 
2,314 

412d 
1,475 

24b 
2,508 

109D 

985 
Id 
6,192 

862d 
2.076 

8050 
2,056 

201 B 
8,023 

230D 
2,487 
40d 


20,412 
8,22Sb 

204 
50b 
2.594 

264r 
2.1*78 

4K2R 
2,272 

336R 
2,044 

640b 
1,656 

813b 

898 

124b 


COUNTY. 

Custer 

Delta 

Dolores 

Douglas 

Eagle 

Elbert 

El  Paso 

Fremont 

Oarfleld 

Gilpin 

Grand 

Gunnison. . . . 
Hillsdale.... 
Huerfano . . . 

Jefferson 

Lake 

La  Plata .... 

Larimer 

Las  Animas. 

Logan 

Mesa 

Montrose..  . 

Ouray 

Park 

Pitkin 

Pueblo 

Rio  Grande  . 

Routt 

Saguache . . . 
San  Juan. . . . 
San  Miguel. . 

Simmiit 

Washington. 
Weld 

Fairfield .... 

Hartford 

Litchfield . . . 
Middlesex... 
New  Haven . 
New  Ix>ndon 

Tolland 

Windham . . . 

Kent 


1878. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

2,394 
236b 

1,480 

148b 

411 

66b 

846 

a6B 

614 
49b 

684 

42b 

497 

116b 

877 
19o 
1,761 

671b 
1,201 
76b 

618 

68d 

1,746 

676b 

1,640 

881 B 
885 

106b 

2,067 
431b 
212 

»lB 

2,079 
48d 
782 
60b 
1,013 

66d 
1,679 

42r 
8,140 
896D 
604 
86d 
1,212 

2S8r 
1,944 
728d 

2,267 
218b 

427 

66b 

2,294 

282R 

426 

65b 

1,187 

207o 
1,694 

108b 

6,160 

747b 

1,416 

90b 

1,770 
898b 

2,492 

81  2d 

686 

26b 

671 

191b 

908 

6lR 

1,827 
100b 

Onv 

109b 

1,427 

148b 

1,064 

126b 

1,684 
86d 
496 
100b 
68 
20b 
8H4 
1S8B 
426 
28b 

8,289 



854b 
736 

187b 

179 

83b 

991 

1 

107b 

1 

1,159 

1 

191b 

1 

789 

1 

60b 

1 

2,617 
99d 

1,174 

64b 

; 

1,428 
431R 

2,403 



664b 

1888. 


CONNECTICUT. 

16,917 

21,620 

24,148 

25,932 

115d 

l,a00D 

68d 

677d 

20,822 

25,818 

27,141 

28,480 

425b 

1,226d 

931 R 

271 D 

8,970 

11,158 

11,937 

11,819 

160R 

684d 

58r 

470D 

6,047 

7.522 

7,^)23 

7,707 

819R 

208k 

453R 

487r 

22,472 

29,509 

33,818 

36,716 

226R 

1,749d 

2,1  HOD 

3,01  6d 

11,107 

13,793 

14,552 

14,589 

I.IOOr 

5«^R 

1.124R 

81  3r 

4,331 

6,072 

5,817 

5,063 

879R 

396r 

622r 

51  »R 

5.853 

7.146 

7,4*^ 

7,0(19 

1,725r 

1,502r 

1,716r 

1,:389r 

DELAWARE. 


6,297 
429D 


6,213  I 
1,343d  I 


6,695 
625D 


6.002  I 
1,840d| 


065 

200r 

684 

18b 
248 
87b 
781 
78b 

1,007 
204r 

1,878 
206b 

8,572 
888b 

2,252 
856b 

1,960 
2gOB 

1,794 
265r 
247 
80b 

1,622 
287b 
272 
40b 

1,462 
76b 

1,884 
202b 

6,878 
486b 

1,661 
75b 

2,268 
664b 

6,605 
180D 

1,898 
417b 
889 
68b 
916 
186b 

1,789 
227b 

1,857 
176b 

2,781 
806b 

4,468 
242b 
787 
192b 
687 
147b 

1,020 
164b 
710 
106b 
087 
162b 

1,260 
144b 

1,870 
a05B 

8,874 
906b 


80,848 

817D 
81,881 

565b 
12,354 

290b 
8,251 

750b 
42,189 
8.110D 
15,911 

144b 
6,371 

&32R 
7,673 
1,010b 


6,872 
1,170d 


XXTIIL — 61    A 


802     UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.     (Flobtoa,  Gtobqia.) 


I 


COUNTY. 

New  Castle. . . 
Sussex 

Alachua. 

Baker 

Bradford 

Brevard 

Calhoun 

Citrus 

Clay 

Columbia . . . . 

Dade 

De  Soto 

Dura! 

Escambia . . . 

Franklin 

Gadsden  

Hamilton  . . . , 
Hernando. . . 
Hillsborough 

Holmes 

Jackson 

Jefferson. 

Lafayette ... 

Lake 

Lee. 

Leon 

Levy 

Liberty 

Madison 

Manatee. 

Marion 

Monroe , 

Nassau 

Oranfi^ 

Osoeoia 

Pasco 

Polk 

Putnam 

St.  John's . . . 
Santa  Rosa.. 

Sumter 

Suwanee 

Taylor 

Volusia 


187S. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

10,410 
1,280h 
5,614 
58b 

12,667 

559d 
6,258 
727D 

15,847 

108R 
7,866 
620D 

16,868 

746D 
7,460 
1,428d 

FLORIDA. 


2,275 

8,244 

8,364 

8,a» 

739R 

746b 

826b 

354b 

217 

881 

373 

518 

43d 

95d 

109D 

161D 

639 

905 

1,226 

1,288 

249D 

50lD 

620D 

634D 

169 

297 

416 

53d 

145D 

196D 

191 

279 

292 

888 

117D 

151d 

114D 

62d 

846 

487 

558 

815 

114D 

186D 

144D 

185D 

i;«50 

1,621 

1,831 

^*^iL 

46b 

185D 

196D 

88d 

27 

14 

55 

67 

8b 

4b 

9d 

13d 

2,518 

8,804 

4,120 

5,276 

781b 

930b 

l,]a2B 

1,498b 

1,508 

8,028 

2,764 

8,757 

93b 

176b 

160D 

85d 

288 

248 

881 

492 

47d 

66d 

87d 

60d 

1,988 

8,185 

2,293 

1,931 

459b 

465b 

159D 

169d 

460 

808 

1,286 

1,219 

42lD 

114D 

260D 

99d 

182 

718 

819 

1,810 

166d 

480d 

485D 

770D 

457 

976 

1,157 

1,609 

4lD 

604D 

717D 

905D 

218 

316 

844 

478 

210D 

284o 

838b 

8250 

2,029 

2,139 

2,658 

8,556 

188b 

217b 

292D 

284D 

2,834 

8,836 

8,499 

8,269 

1,636b 

1,864r 

863b 

781b 

221 

271 

427 

431 

lOlD 

247d 

277d 

835D 

■  ••••••• 

'8,071 ' 

"4,036 ' 

■  '8,*817 ' 

8,082 

1,728b 

2,090b 

1,887b 

1,864b 

452 

695 

1,258 

991 

196d 

281 D 

810d 

817D 

168 

230 

235 

256 

76d 

64d 

27d 

68d 

1,986 

2,602 

2,067 

1,148 

604b 

446b 

89d 

32r 

277 

766 

886 

119D 

442d 

454b 

1,716 

2,514 

8,600 

8,501 

421b 

590b 

460b 

518b 

906 

1,567 

2,045 

1,794 

832D 

275b 

811d 

18b 

1,039 

1,469 

1,476 

1,668 

121b 

185b 

»16r 

141b 

832 

1,109 

1,452 

8,028 

264D 

693d 

680D 

708d 

862 

"4^ 

'  ■ '  617 ' 

■ ' '  816 ' 

362D 

450d 

499D 

692D 

803 

1,191 

1,499 

8,262 

15d 

19d 

IB 

74b 

554 

839 

962 

1,240 

188d 

163d 

254D 

212d 

927 

1,177 

1,012 

1,275 

213d 

359D 

232D 

333d 

433 

679 

981 

1,649 

157D 

8SSD 

448o 

601  d 

849 

1,084 

1,308 

1,7.54 

131D 

168d 

280D 

202d 

252 

815 

870 

823 

62o 

169D 

254D 

95d 

810 

645 

814 

1,691 

94d 

278d 

158d 

65d 

1888. 

14,786 
8,332d 
8,186 
68b 


8,446 
616D 
530 
220D 

1,370 
640d 
722 
210D 
888 
200d 
618 
872d 

1,042 
74o 

2,018 

6lD 

189 
49d 

808 

478D 
4,096 
1,318r 
8,586 

826d 

682 
120 
1,788 
l,254o 
1,096 

886D 

621 

163d 
2,874 
1,018d 

581 

519d 
8,994 

756D 
2,388 

llD 

698 
537D 

3,232 
868D 
818 
178o 

1,508 

1,126d 

1,116 
201D 
841 
85d 
902 
544o 
595 
2S0D 

8,755 
70d 

2,285 
85b 

1,869 
47o 

8,423 
2960 
653 
193d 
706 
528D 

1,678 
958D 

2,518 
190b 

2,070 

14D 

1,233 
376D 

1,091 
473d 

1,791 
213d 
865 
2R7d 

8,158 
145b 


COUNTT. 

1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

isn. 

Wakulla 

Walton. 

WAAhinoftnn 

486 
76d 
441 
297d 
848 
238d 

548 

179D 

674 

582D 

526 

2910 

657 

205D 

716 

S74D 

559 

281D 

544 

206D 

786 
178d 
549 
89d 

5» 

im 

7« 

£% 

GEORGIA. 


Appling 

Baker 

Baldwin 

Banks 

Bartow 

Berrien 

Bibb 

Brooks 

Bryan 

Bullock 

Burke 

Butts 

Calhoun 

Camden 

Campbell 

Carroll 

Catoosa 

Charlton 

Chatham 

Chattahoo- 
chee. 

Chattooga.... 

Cherokee. 

Clarke 

Clay 

Clayton 

Clinch 

Cobb 

Coffee 

Colquitt 

Columbia 

Coweta 

Crawford 

Dade 

Dawson 

Decatur 

De  Kalb 

Dodge. ...... 

Dooly 

Dougherty . . . 

Douglas 

Early 


147 

545 

417 

129D 

281D 

163d 

828 

1,085 

875 

424D 

615D 

193d 

1,270 

905 

1,177 

614D 

805D 

MSd 

810 

717 

765 

178D 

551 D 

525D 

1,879 

8,389 

2,744 

498d 

1,555d 

1,090d 

456 

981 

891 

448D 

861 D 

T99D 

5,164 

4,668 

8,496 

888d 

2,ia6D 

680D 

1,488 

1,285 

1,783 

61 D 

985D 

845D 

472 

1,180 

»44 

72b 

426b 

1020 

568 

1,006 

1,007 

568D 

1,006d 

9T7D 

2,147 

1,289 

8,097 

25b 

753d 

1,131B 

668 

1,110 

1,075 

44r 

876d 

9690 

1,284 

1,177 

776 

186b 

65d 

80r 

598 

740 

1,266 

24QR 

166b 

4a 

1,08S 

1,227 

982 

llB 

489D 

880d 

1,290 

2,177 

1,569 

428D 

1,485d 

911o 

880 

799 

558 

54d 

577d 

483d 

800 

268 

187 

96b 

844D 

95d 

5,617 

8,774 

6,564 

947d 

670d 

1,8440 

700 

8» 

682 

76d 

460D 

14d 

601 

1,886 

1,878 

a05D 

024D 

960d 

1.091 

1,817 

1,988 

865D 

1,6930 

1.668D 

8,279 

2,840 

1,565 

107b 

46d 

850 

782 

1,094 

896 

180b 

890D 

1840 

784 

1,277 

550 

aOD 

489D 

884D 

817 

665 

551 

265D 

488D 

185o 

1,701 

8.809 

8.539 

509o 

1,708d 

1,481D 

66 

888 

285 

44d 

8620 

835D 

822 

858 

220 

896D 

181 D 

184D 

100 

526 

844 

Tie. 

6960 

844D 

8,815 

8,734 

8,666 

267b 

168D 

96d 

1,012 

1.194 

54S 

40d 

1,004d 

193o 

269 

516 

542 

269d 

478d 

87to 

886 

557 

548 

80b 

888D 

89SD 

2.290 

8,186 

2,104 

556b 

186b 

94d 

1,172 

1,807 

1,808 

826d 

987d 

54^ 

156 

626 

428 

138D 

886d 

298D 

897 

1,754 

1,084 

8Q8D 

l,166o 

586D 

8.195 

942 

1,398 

809b 

114D 

674b 

425 

768 

006 

57d 

468D 

858d 

801 

748 

986 

78d 

541D 

488D 

818 

158d 

424 

424D 

611 

425o 

664 

8»D 
1,619 

451d| 

745 

OOlD 
8,584 

870d 

1,481 

55d 

492 
14d 

848 

698d 

558 

558d| 
1.173 

lOlo 

643 
17d 

58S 

198Bi 
1.000 

S80D 
8.557 
1,559d 

557 


281 

1670 

4.881 

l,88rD 
778 
1170 
984 

6asi> 

1,006 

TSd 
1,553 

3D 
668 

784 


487 
86I0I 
1,908 
895d| 
255 
195D 
190 

4GS 

40SD 
8,815 
163d 
46S 
145o| 

eno 

29lD 
846 


1,708 

7te 
1,475 

575o 

910 
4Sd 
1.087 

T21D 

41; 

8170{ 

663 

85901 

6S7 

163dI 


7S 

m 

681 

im 

m 

m 

TiCb 

a.4s 

1,(Md 

1,« 

1.KB 
1.01fe 

m 

m 

ss 

4a 

4Us 
510 
HI 
1,K0 
4B^ 

SB 

m 

5fis 

5vS1 
2,509 

147 
1» 

m 
tfia 

l.lito 

1,« 

HU 

m 

f!Ot 

m 

SOD 

554 

SBI 

» 

4(1 

m» 

4I«B 
657 

SIP 
8M 

1,7» 
80BI 

IJC 
914 

1.174 
4(QD 

*'!! 

708 
7SB 

ins 


UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.     (Geobgia.) 


808 


NTT. 


uun . 

lel. . . 

I 

e 

h... 
in... 

ck... 

1 

I 

8tt... 

iham 

ck... 
on... 

»n 

D 

on... 
n 

a 

r 

I 

BS... 

In... 

n.... 

le... 
sh.. . 
$ther 


1879. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

190 

107 

225 

277 

aoo 

43o 

145D 

95d 

470 

769 

671 

617 

66d 

496D 

159D 

22lD 

491 

8ri 

856 

924 

239D 

871t) 

799o 

846D 

333 

868 

946 

965 

83SD 

66QD 

692D 

608D 

4ffr 

466 

645 

724 

166R 

106D 

41 D 

160r 

666 

1,094 

682 

824 

lllR 

242D 

816D 

832D 

2,128 

8,642 

8,148 

2,617 

8S6D 

1,090d 

1,369d 

791D 

424 

1,022 

1,279 

694 

146D 

820D 

1,089d 

420D 

484 

990 

1,324 

680 

478d 

974D 

1,022d 

4d8D 

4,636 

6,518 

6,874 

2,864 

1,082r 

1.960D 

816d 

1,014d 

614 

626 

719 

620 

86r 

897D 

269d 

226D 

812 

402 

218 

280 

S80D 

848D 

197D 

22to 

801 

864 

660 

1,096 

821b 

800r 

76r 

222R 

866 

1,978 

1,411 

1,011 

468D 

1.624D 

1,066d 

750D 

1,748 

1,200 

1,712 

1,687 

?47r 

1,00Od 

202R 

77r 

1,010 

1,768 

2,066 

1,240 

616D 

1,427d 

1,668d 

948d 

229 

1,054 

1,161 

660 

145D 

99Qd 

l,06lD 

410d 

814 

1,108 

2,018 

1,601 

474D 

778D 

1,475d 

988D 

1,100 

1,292 

966 

766 

166D 

658D 

200d 

516D 

286 

641 

481 

680 

7r 

473d 

817p 

680D 

2,286 

2,136 

1,929 

2,066 

171b 

866D 

148d 

8880 

606 

868 

624 

822 

4lD 

668d 

296o 

6aOD 

872 

1,006 

881 

1,148 

206d 

470D 

858d 

498D 

1,268 

2,124 

1,197 

1,627 

68d 

800D 

186D 

289D 

8,206 

4,027 

2,291 

1,788 

1,818r 

2660 

478D 

867D 

186 

806 

676 

416 

1(J2d 

806D 

206r 

844D 

967 

1,668 

1,712 

1,498 

8870 

809D 

830d 

671D 

451 

1,204 

791 

864 

88lD 

480D 

267D 

8r 

960 

1,725 

988 

1.087 

206d 

218D 

817D 

138D 

847 

448 

268 

289 

847d 

286D 

256D 

279D 

1,160 

1,290 

1,024 

817 

5180 

2S0d 

16b 

179D 

629 

1,082 

679 

847 

629d 

620d 

860D 

896D 

702 

1,124 

978 

984 

164R 

828R 

452D 

64r 

808 

1J388 

1,139 

1,318 

896r 

224R 

801R 

869R 

286 

646 

275 

886 

286D 

646D 

275D 

8860 

1,289 

1,442 

1,406 

1,246 

llR 

270d 

86d 

60d 

289 

594 

650 

611 

63d 

538d 

622d 

221d 

1,802 

1,6M 

1,451 

1,811 

64d 

260D 

45r 

llD 

263 

699 

1,696 

648 

109D 

609D 

488d 

830d 

682 

919 

708 

1,089 

182D 

248D 

281D 

415D 

828 

664 

411 

618 

816D 

656d 

291D 

228d 

662 

980 

801 

978 

426R 

860R 

4S3R 

666R 

1,642 

2,101 

1,916 

2,571 

8Br 

678d 

140D 

857D 

254 

427 

259 

116 

102D 

8050 

228o 

116D 

246 

726 

606 

654 

178d 

e04D 

414D 

440D 

1888. 

198 

107D 

665 

178D 

809 

768D 

689 

628d 

1,072 
818b 
896 
486D 

1,748 
660D 

1,800 

1,870d 
733 
486D 

6,147 
686d 

1,121 
18d 
836 
246o 

1,212 
19d 

1,007 
7S8D 

1,638 
89d 

2,218 

l,8l8o 

1,027 
642D 

2,486 

1,806d 
774 
419D 
696 
400D 

1,666 
887D 
776 
694o 
828 
441 D 

1,678 
624D 

1,418 
48SD 
276 
214D 

2,698 

1,674d 
765 
41  Id 
976 
686D 
616 
256d 
976 
88d 

1,070 
617d 
684 
227r 

IJWO 
23lB 
447 
446d 

1,427 
124d 
770 
123d 

1,004 
363o 
727 
4d9o 
638 
449d 
892 
886d 
866 
481B 

1,454 
639D 
179 
161D 
968 
889d 


COUNTT. 

.MitcheU 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 

Morgan 

Murray 

Muscogee... 

Newton 

Oconee 

Oglethorpe. . . 

Paulding 

Pickens 

Pierce 

Pike 

Polk. 

PulaskL 

Putnam 

Quitman 

Rabun  

Randolph 

Richmond 

Rockdale 

Schley 

Scriven 

Spalding 

Stewart 

Sumter 

Talbot 

Taliaferro 

Tatnall 

Taylor 

Telfair 

Terrell 

Thomas 

Towns. 

Troup 

Twiggs 

Union 

Upson. 

Walker 

Walton 

Vv  ttl  "•  •  •  •      •  •  •  • 

Warren 

Washington.. 

Wayne 

Webster 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

1,040 

1,166 

1,306 

761 

18r 

68d 

92r 

109D 

2,287 

2,910 

2,336 

1,743 

6070 

864D 

289D 

748o 

196 

518 

818 

646 

196d 

488D 

144D 

268D 

1,288 

1,163 

1,938 

1,278 

201R 

4810 

277r 

74d 

491 

1,111 

1,018 

906 

249d 

96lD 

828d 

428D 

2,620 

2,292 

2,441 

2,541 

106d 

1,864d 

581d 

l,86lD 

1,428 

2,048 

1,324 

1,596 

812R 

169D 

162D 

12D 

728 

787 

749 

lOlD 

129D 

119D 

862 

1.186 

806 

652 

28d 

726D 

489D 

482D 

428 

1,276 

1,212 

910 

7lD 

890D 

0940 

468d 

666 

672 

546 

686 

182r 

174D 

96r 

40b 

812 

000 

470 

667 

14d 

64o 

80d 

268d 

1,462 

2,286 

1,808 

1,692 

162R 

870d 

8870 

224D 

911 

1,672 

1,674 

1,024 

117r 

612D 

658D 

164o 

948 

1,546 

1,271 

1,271 

446o 

1,162d 

875d 

696D 

1,112 

960 

026 

619 

18r 

870d 

0260 

519D 

660 

612 

494 

201 

64d 

416D 

108d 

117D 

188 

482 

684 

284 

ITlD 

482D 

6800 

224d 

1,771 

2,064 

612 

1,116 

69o 

782d 

1740 

222d 

6,090 

4,467 

8,927 

5,286 

486D 

2,897d 

968d 

1,848d 

684 

1,029 

707 

788 

62d 

457D 

22lD 

283d 

608 

689 

444 

707 

20d 

lllo 

166D 

105D 

766 

1,194 

1,449 

1,288 

848D 

806o 

813d 

791D 

2,080 

1,710 

1,608 

1,814 

406b 

490D 

119r 

68d 

1,681 

1,236 

768 

891 

266D 

618d 

&12d 

477D 

2,441 

2,615 

2,158 

1,912 

617b 

825o 

18lB 

460D 

1,471 

1,510 

1,482 

2,288 

117d 

458d 

6d 

424b 

279 

667 

745 

681 

71b 

24lD 

85b 

155D 

897 

645 

075 

897 

96d 

486D 

4490 

8960 

1,048 

1,122 

896 

1,213 

296D 

282D 

246d 

883d 

228 

475 

880 

597 

2SSd 

401  o 

204D 

857D 

1,862 

1,217 

1,068 

819 

894D 

496D 

409d 

268D 

2,488 

2,805 

2,629 

679 

802b 

875D 

108d 

Id 

806 

484 

482 

812 

42d 

158d 

76o 

18d 

2,046 

2,854 

1,987 

1,672 

8840 

1,750d 

841D 

746D 

871 

956 

666 

433 

257b 

2lD 

166b 

]04o 

420 

681 

691 

653 

96d 

466D 

597D 

201 D 

1,679 

1,854 

1,866 

1,152 

117o 

356d 

192D 

404O 

756 

1,602 

1,N% 

1,018 

108o 

810D 

653o 

622D 

1,002 

1,395 

1,134 

1,841 

352D 

1,891  D 

576D 

608D 

246 

627 

654 

544 

]4d 

163d 

152D 

186d 

892 

1,088 

888 

663 

90d 

863o 

806d 

879d 

1,092 

1,229 

2,010 

2,022 

81  8d 

419D 

182D 

144D 

197 

712 

475 

648 

79d 

880D 

281D 

260d 

686 

772 

466 

614 

64d 

162D 

187D 

92d 

1888. 

1,064 
217D 

1,867 
964D 
671 
8Q2D 
720 
29Qd 
788 
826o 

1,784 
496d 

1,219 
890d 
587 
224D 
660 
646o 
786 
407D 

1,168 
420s 
600 
168D 

1,660 
610d 

1,064 
187D 

1,407 
800d 
618 
511D 
460 
206D 
488 
848D 
940 
207b 
949 
096D 
664 
268D 
688 
122D 

1,409 
918d 

1,607 
69lD 
602 
628d 

1,690 
288d 
960 
186d 
596 
19lD 
647 
441D 
600 
4800 
760 
269D 
008 
446D 

2,820 
6270 
664 
2b 

1,664 
807D 
460 
142D 
988 
107D 

1,828 
682d 
990 
466d 

1,028 
682D 
672 
188d 
648 
446o 

1,986 
779d 
467 
180d 
614 
OOd 


804     UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Gkobgia,  Iujsoib.) 


COUNTY. 

White 

Whitfield.... 

Wilcox 

Wilkes 

Wilkinson... 
Worth 

Adams 

Alexander . . 

Bond 

Boone 

Brown 

Bureau 

Calhoun 

Carroll 

Cass 

Champaign. 

Christian 

Clark. 

Clay 

Clinton 

Coles 

Cook 

Crawford . . . 
Cumberland 
DeKalb  .... 

DeWItt 

Douglas 

Du  Page 

Edgar 

Edwards 

Effingham  . . 

Fajette 

Ford 

Franklin .... 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Greene 

Grundy  

Hamilton . . . 

Hancock 

Hardin 

Henderson . . 

Henry 

Iroquois 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

S94 

498 

700 

870 

274o 

441 D 

580D 

8640 

907 

1,778 

1,076 

1,458 

105D 

96dD 

786D 

818D 

193 

861 

810 

440 

97d 

809D 

278d 

864D 

7»4 

1,141 

920 

785 

450D 

1,187d 

534D 

786D 

1,078 

1,861 

689 

914 

863d 

1,047d 

485o 

836d 

874 

808 

683 

598 

128d 

460D 

859D 

848D 

ILLINOIS. 


9,580 

884D 
8,871 

191 R 
8,860 

438r 
1,938 
1,446s 
8,135 

509d 
5,063 
1,413r 
1,006 

154o 
8,588 
l,a'S4R 
8,301 

7d 
6,719 
l,82rR 
4,878 

393d 
8,486 
Tie  Toto. 
8,988 

808r 
8,068 

4dOD 
6,058 

836r 
50,853 
18,379r 
8,838 

74r 
8,868 

50o 
8,576 
8,362r 
8,839 

189R 
8,674 
1,486r 
8,376 

988R 
4,474 

114r 
1,888 

460u 
8,721 

515D 
8,438 

17r 
1,733 

753R 
8,031 

185D 

7,ao(t 

802D 
8,009 

8100 
8,568 

886D 
8,808 

874R 
8,053 

S13d 
6,469 

187D 

870 
IGd 
1,996 

4()8r 
5,304 
8,0O4r 
4.841 
1.381R 


11,808 
1,855d 
8,499 

61 D 
8,679 

878r 
8,871 
1,608r 
8,628 

551 D 
6,088 
1,501R 
1,841 

4590 
8,860 
1,318r 
8,901 

409D 
8,837 
1,487r 
6,996 

786D 
4,847 

883d 
8,069 

186D 
8,450 

660d 
5,881 

135R 
76,508 
8,408d 
8,036 

888D 
8,681 

868D 
6,157 
8,266r 
8,84S 

754R 
8,083 

874r 
8,430 

853R 
6,759 

168d 
1,497 

5a4R 
8,453 

i,iaoD 

4,359 

540d 
8,367 

859r 
8,659 

836d 
8,945 

488d 
8.125 

437d 
4,856 
1,465d 
8,846 

854R 
8,830 

806D 
7,742 

711D 

1,075 

281  d 
2,a31 

300r 
6,445 
8.249R 
6,590 
1,190r 


11,708 
1,186d 
8,978 

226R 
8,098 

838R 
2,443 
1,717r 
8,816 

647d 
7,083 
1,444r 
1,473 

441d 
8,490 
1,456r 
8,864 

616d 
8,758 
1,^8r 
6,827 

659d 
4,710 

875D 
8,350 

106d 
8,936 

664d 
6,087 
86r 
100,886 
10,514r 
8,488 

876d 
8,080 

198d 
6,806 
8,546r 
4,084 

166r 
8,678 

889R 
8,578 
1,098r 
5,850 

155D 
1,762 

602R 
8,918 
1,091  D 
4,976 

497D 
8,092 
1,077r 
8,179 

824D 
9,439 

550D 
8,644 

584D 
5,074 
1,895d 
8,484 

958r 
8,861 

758d 
7.W1 

347D 
1.259 

281 D 
8,854 

856r 
7,266 
8,408r 
7,307 
1,880r 


18,068 
1,718d 
8,168 

847R 
8,197 

866a 
8,576 
1,557r 
8,739 

687D 
6,frl8 
1,9I8r 
1,481 

433d 
8,706 
1.846R 
8,585 

661o 
9,054 
],058r 
6,127 

647d 
4.861 

891D 
8,585 

17r 
8,848 
1,0610 
6,669 
41o 
181,698 
8,618r 
8,568 

264o 
8,850 

881o 
5,998 
8,367r 
4,060 

6r 
8,787 

880r 
8,918 

685R 
6,846 

883d 
1,937 

60Br 
4,061 
1,876d 
5,054 

4480 
8,189 

943R 
S,8M 

289d 
9,747 

891  o 
8,767 

417d 
6,817 
1.1950 
8,666 

953R 
8,372 

624D 
7,388 

603d 
1,286 

160d 
2,218 

321 R 
6,759 
8,041r 
7,175 

747R 


1888. 

689 
856D 
1,880 
416d 
433 
884d 
696 
668d 
411 
270d 
767 
868d 


18,648 
1,108d 
8,648 

470r 
8,181 

409R 
8.788 
1,605r 
8,886 

6710 
7,998 

588r 
1,581 

850d 
4,158 
1,805r 
8,786 

546d 
9,681 
1,001  R 
6,688 

497D 
5,280 

868o 
8,498 

59r 
8,669 

7740 
6,888 

188R 
178,889 

804R 
8,838 

806D 
8,438 

837o 
6,162 
2,178r 
4,186 

66r 
4,208 

868r 
4,166 

74SR 
6,458 

68o 
8,006 

653R 
4,180 
l,056o 
6,184 

496d 
8,619 

905R 
8,896 

9lD 
10,815 

17d 
8,863 

421  o 
6,537 
1,1650 
4,051 

636R 
8.549 

546o 
7,777 

»42d 
1,44)8 

138d 
8,820 

445R 
7,808 
8,067r 
7,780 

761R 


COUNTY. 


Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson .... 

Jersey 

Jo  DaTiesB . . . 

Johnson. 

Kane 

Kankakee 

Kendall 

Knox. 

Lake 

LaSaUe 

Lawrence 

Lee 

Livingston . . . 

Logan. 

Maoon. 

Macoupin 

Madison. 

Marion 

Marshall 

Mason 

Massac 

McDonough.. 

McHenry 

McLean 

Menard 

Mercer 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 

Morgan 

Moultrie 

Ogle 

Peoria 

Perry 

Piatt 

Pike 

Pope 

Pulaski 

Putnam 

Randolph 

Richland 

Rock  Island.. 

Saline 

Sangamon . . . 


1879. 


8,867 

847r 
1,968 

148d 
8,104 

488D 
8,686 

886D 
4,654 

750r 
1,681 

6llR 

6,868 

8,051  R 

8,497 

1,685r 

1,968 

1,844r 

6,169 

8,461 r 

8,066 

1,488r 

9,006 

1,069r 

8,199 

8lR 
8,958 
1,458r 
2,998 
1,888r 
4,860 

688R 
6,064 

418r 
6,816 

154D 
7,886 

106r 
4,859 

883d 
2,668 

886R 
8,970 

196d 
1,685 

S49R 
6,897 

197R 
8,974 
1,814r 
9,180 
2,510r 
8,064 

814D 
8,036 

9S&R 
8,106 
1.061D 
4,736 

SOOo 
6,196 

814R 
8,178 

182D 
4,848 
1,848r 
7,628 

aoiD 

8,528 

456r 
8,856 

510r 
6.461 

193d 
1.781 

591 R 
1,739 

851 R 

911 

291R 
,8,746 

14r 
8,660 

86d 
4.788 
1.078R 
8,156 

68r 
8,580 

838d 


1876. 


4,217 

81  o 
2,486 

54SD 
8,660 

881D 
8,511 

8210 
6,383 

63lR 
8,321 

474R 
8,480 
8.548R 
4.116 
1,864r 
8,703 
1.845R 
8,006 
8.608R 
4,881 

978R 
12,793 

877R 
8,554 

131D 

6,867 

1,007r 

6,864 

1.416R 

6,480 

I98R 
6,170 

888r 
7,757 

609d 
9,893 

176d 
4,668 

4350 
8.118 

183R 
8.681 

883d 
8,044 

4.38R 
6,110 

14lR 

5,878 
1,501R 
11.891 
1,963r 
8,7«2 

&48d 
8,727 

781R 
8,508 

806o 
5,700 

587D 
6,858 

105D 
8,945 

427D 
6,868 
1,918r 
10,808 

778d 
8,972 

168R 
8,240 

491 R 
7,180 

WbD 
8,184 
•  519r 
1,815 

871R 
1,119 

187R 
4,948 

838d 
8,017 

1480 
6,777 
1,874r 
8,708 

lOlo 
10.777 

9960 


1880. 

1884. 

1333. 

4,805 

6,164 

5,9V 

8d 

dOSRi        Od 

d,043 

3.506 

1813 

6670 

574c 

»       S51D 

4.815 

4,377 

4361 

6040 

542DJ      »^ 

4,078 

3,330 

3,4tt 

85to 

7tP7D 

>      Rb 

6,585 

5,487 

5,«S 

681 R 

2»^ 

b 

2,584 

2.66i)  1    tflS 

628R 

796R       «* 

0,421 

ii.cei 

lifiM 

8,849r 

8.585b 

.lltil 

4.948 

6,194 

5,2» 

1,561R 

l,lllRJ     1.1181 

8,866 

2.800 

iMi 

i;?r5a 

l,ie6R 

l.a»i 

8,184 

6.060 

8,8m 

8,471 R 

2,S60b 

1281 

4,487 

4,514 

4.71T 

l,a90R 

i.iaos   Lom 

14,141 

14,744     17/m 

688r 

847D     3ar> 

3,086 

8,121       SJ» 

6d 

57d        M 

5,996 

6,878 

6,(M 

1,817r 

816s 

m 

7,497 

7,654 

8,05: 

910r 

38U 

Sh 

6,537 

6,782       &.«8 

42r 

856d 

81 JD 

6,701 

7,856 

8iS 

378r 

81 IR 

»l 

8,858 

8,7SS 

9;mo 

4S7d 

6120 

m 

9,814 

10.584 

laM 

»47r 

2580 

SHh 

5,086 

6,349 

5,1« 

447d 

507D 

Si 

8,894 

8,4n 

tm 

61R 

88r 

m 

8,690 

8,607 

8,W 

8l0o 

53iDi    m  1 

2,876 

2,961   .    t&     1 

706r 

GS4R 

rat  1 

6,850 

6,434 

«,«   1 

187R 

Id'       511   1 

5,500 

6.987 

Si88 

1,717r 

l,62rR 

IJfll 

18,886 

13,513 

14,58 

2,1  15r 

1.8G8S 

i,n3i 

2,937 

8,961 

fm 

479D 

4450 

m 

449S 

4,821 

VSi 

861 R 

6a9R 

5fii 

2,884 

2.954 

m 

540D 

TRD 

4R9 

6,07« 

6,257 

6J» 

471 D 

57a> 

79to 

6,948 

7,168 

7^:: 

^3d 

4S1D 

ar* 

8,023 

3,116 

^ 

aeoD 

415D 

3ev 

6,868 

6,413 

6.W 

1,960r 

1.644R     1.W0    1 

11,580 

13,304     It^     1 

eOOD 

7060        7*    1 

8,850 

3.506 

^•SL  i 

816R 

Ss 

»  1 

3,589 

8,988      4,»     1 

887R 

S59KJ 

2H 

6,657 

7,191 

7.96? 

1.560 

9710 

rt» 

2,514 

8,552 

t« 

647R 

7*JR 

7»i 

1,958 

2,190 

txti 

432R 

err^     ?»  1^ 

1,809 

1.194 

1J61     1 

801 R 

72b 

6IS   1 

6,360 

5,257      5JW     1 

91 R 

2SX> 

ISP     1 

8,366 

3,281 

*^:  1 

108d 

15SD        ^ 

7,501 

7.689  j   8£,      , 

1,460r 

1.09Dr'      W*      Ti 

8,181 

8^15  1    4,(W 

ijaooo 

145*       «»      '- 

11,910 

18,114     I4.«L 

Taoo 

833Di 

ii»  1 

UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Ilunois,  Indiana.)     805 


JNTY. 


ier 

7 

fidr 

enson  . . 

reU 

I 

ilion 

inh 

en 

ington.. 

le 

i 

!sides. . . 

imsoii .. 
ebago .. 
f<ml 

IS 

olomew 

•n 

ford 

> 

1 

U 

B 

>n 

tord 

S8 

torn  — 

ur 

Jb 

'are  — 

8 

b 

te 

ain 

Jin 

« 

a 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

3,oar 

8,441 

3,526 

3,538 

147D 

282d 

417d 

423d 

2,008 

2,861 

2,452 

2,437 

141D 

S&9D 

253d 

297d 

4,565 

6,963 

6,362 

6,544 

768D 

1,484d 

1,311D 

1,512d 

1,824 

2,322 

2,448 

2,460 

612R 

654R 

701 D 

581  r 

8,314 

10,698 

11,975 

12,421 

116r 

1,183d 

30d 

1,592d 

4,960 

5,962 

6,717 

6.858 

723r 

44QR 

5I0R 

196d 

4,452 

6,065 

6,439 

6,192 

268a 

821D 

448d 

715D 

2,592 

3,136 

8.413 

3,627 

868d 

1,177d 

1,125d 

994d 

6,080 

7,691 

8,856 

10,118 

1,666r 

l.^'MlR 

l,56lR 

1.639R 

1,666 

1,793 

2,120 

2,»18 

T2d 

286d 

208D 

1,679d 

4,106 

4,917 

6,157 

6,114 

883R 

811R 

846r 

697R 

2,982 

8,621 

4,236 

4,219 

502R 

245R 

368r 

167r 

8,288 

8,803 

4,426 

4,828 

40d 

181 D 

141 D 

21  8d 

2,982 

8,832 

4,667 

4,775 

SaiD 

769D 

780d 

805D 

4,460 

6,115 

6,536 

6,892 

1,026r 

1,720r 

1,703r 

1,460r 

7,149 

9,446 

10,461 

11,007 

1,275r 

771R 

1,973r 

1,070r 

2,646 

8,367 

3,819 

4,297 

18r 

28r 

28r 

272R 

4.860 

6,143 

6,406 

7,286 

2,758r 

2,937r 

8,1  06r 

3.153R 

8,277 

4,075 

4,479 

4,341 

IWd 

372D 

357D 

606D 

INDIANA. 


1,977 

63lD 
8,710 
1,638d 
4,457 

4270 
1,480 

246r 
1,418 

26d 
5,272 

4Mr 
1,419 

495D 
8,328 

364D 
4,841 

609R 
6,101 

365D 
4,096 

6I2r 
8.800 

186r 
2,059 

5d 
8,53:i 

297r 
4,782 

802D 
4,233 

209R 
8,305 

817R 
4,212 
1.314R 
2,366 
1,186d 
5,342 

654r 
2,430 

302r 
4.500 

9;^4d 
8,6H6 

MiB, 
4,069 
1,147d 
2,405 

183r 


2,902 
1,165d 
11.762 
3,719d 
6,277 

484o 
2,550 

171 R 
1,662 

128D 
5,709 

170r 
1,851 

766D 
8,186 

209d 
6,601 

466d 
6,780 
1,079d 
5,066 

240d 
4,941 

:320d 
2,197 

181d 
4,400 

823d 
6,508 
1.286D 
4,846 

69r 
4,971 

171D 

4,970 

1.514R 

3,040 

1,631d 

7.175 

.3.52R 
2,899 

330r 
4,903 
1,165d 
4,658 

34r 
4,645 
1,374d 
8,285 

183d 


8,621 
1,212d 
12,690 
2.976D 
6,562 

855d 
2,866 

250r 
1.937 

248d 
6,202 

28r 
2,217 

977D 
4,481 

IOd 
7,085 

192D 
6,559 

760d 
6,107 

42d 
6,690 

450d 
2,557 

234D 
4,692 

07d 
6,189 
1,068d 
4,9H4 

308R 
6,133 

141D 
6.568 
i;857R 
3,413 
1,598d 
7,a50 

719R 
8,001 

530R 
5.450 
1,048d 
6,072 

4d 
4,836 
1,468d 
3,612 
47d 


8.854 
l,502o 
14,025 
8,972n 
5,542 

305d 
2,966 

283r 
2,122 

194D 
6,325 

199d 
2,218 

914d 
4,787 

122d 
7,748 

487D 
6,654 

810d 
6,245 

lllD 

6,355 

24dD 
2,938 

314D 
4,873 

202d 
6,130 
1.039D 
4,930 

21lR 
6,404 

S40d 
6,674 
1,529r 
3,728 
1,686d 
8,677 

323R 
8,621 

543R 
6,922 
1.150D 
4,897 

205D 
4,585 
1,348d 
4,062 

167d 


1888. 

8,714 

8»4o 
2,598 

283d 
6,936 
1,467d 
2.351 

533r 
12,986 

256d 
7,231 

55r 
6,532 

600D 
8,800 
1,021D 
11,292 
1,626r 
2,530 

252D 
6,047 

693b 
8,962 

242b 
4,882 

60D 
5,248 

669D 
6,714 
1,390b 
11,^2 
1,100b 
4,493 

327r 
8,969 
1,910r 
4,447 

698D 


4,368 
1,659d 
15,406 
4,2:^d 
6.927 

368o 
8,116 

201R 
2,450 

9lD 

7,029 

117b 
2,273 

877d 
5,326 

48b 
8,248 

399D 
7,045 

580D 
7,712 

62d 
6,968 

241B 
8,106 

183d 
6,426 

3r 
6,268 

883d 
6,140 

269b 
6,221 

281 D 
6.794 
1,860b 
4,226 
1,765d 
9,789 

492b 
3,448 

482r 
6,872 

877d 
6,278 

83r 
4,622 
1,159d 
4,297 

IIOd 


CX)UNTr. 


Gibson 

Grant 

Greene 

Hamilton . . . 

Hancock 

Harrison 

Hendricks . . 

Heniy 

Howard 

Huntington . 
Jackson..  .. 

Jasper 

Jay 

Jefferson 

Jennings 

Johnson 

Knox 

Kosciusko... 
Lagrange... 

Lake 

Laporte 

Lawrence . . . 

Madison 

Marion 

Marshall 

Martin 

Miami 

Monroe 

Montgomery- 
Morgan  

Newton 

Noble 

Ohio 

Orange 

Owen 

Parke 

Perry 

Pike 

Porter 

Posey 

Pulaski 

Putnam 

Randolph . . . 

Ripley. 

Rush 


1872. 


4,002 
128r 

4,212 
904R 

8,643 
36.3R 

4,642 

1,718r 


8,776 

8&4d 
4,460 
1,208r 
4,970 
1,840r 
4,571 
],193r 
4,089 

289R 
8,900 

754D 
1.408 

488R 
8,177 

287r 
4,949 

&47r 
8,296 

263b 
8,809 

409d 
4,632 

522d 
4,660 

806r 
2,693 
1,033r 
2,108 

73lR 
6,686 

120R 
8,346 

820r 
6,069 

521D 
17,015 
2,1  17r 
8,622 

20r 
2,054 

114D 

4,654 

41  6r 
2,966 

2:«R 
6,326 

142R 
3,733 

467R 
1,367 

27lR 
4,119 

407r 
1,047 

135R 
2,426 

76d 
2,891 

127D 
8,449 

987R 
2,618 

IOOr 
2,606 

88r 
2,655 

715R 
8,701 

405O 
1,274 

6r 
4,459 

397D 
4,843 
1.829R 
8,911 

33d 
3,992 

324b 


1876. 


4,678 

43d 
6,122 

704r 
4,679 

104R 
6,342 
1,362r 
3,706 

&69D 
4,228 

677D 
6.156 
1,095r 
4,678 
1,697r 
4,560 
1,179r 
4,935 

12d 
4,601 
1,1  09d 
2,093 

611R 

8,998 

20d 
6,796 

294R 
8,699 

162r 
4,527 

603d 
6,370 

770D 
5,927 

514r 
8,524 

949r 
8,148 

512r 
7,035 

411D 

8,689 

268r 
6,042 

771 D 
24,669 
1,302r 
4,981 

563d 
2,695 

454d 
4,631 

123d 
8,851 

108r 
6,434 

242d 
4,191 

268R 
1,955 

370R 
6,324 

34d 
1,287 

50r 
2.880 

334d 
8,401 

522d 
4,532 

679R 
8,101 

.S88D 
2,281 

182d 
8,629 

49:lR 
4,087 

698d 
2,052 

266d 
6,1H4 

51  9d 
6,933 
1,019r 
4,489 

213d 
4,680 

265b 


1880. 

1884. 

5,213 

5,490 

185R 

125R 

6.669 

6,243 

755R 

748r 

4,894 

4,937 

210R 

184R 

6,897 

6,230 

1,&45r 

1,208r 

4,120 

4,276 

550d 

686d 

4,562 

4,572 

531 D 

623d 

6,408 

6,321 

1,202r 

934r 

6,067 

6,886 

1,753r 

1.571b 

4.917 

6,188 

1,304r 

1,046b 

5,420 

6,849 

19d 

19d 

6,202 

6,207 

l,14lD 

1,088d 

2,259 

2,318 

472r 

368b 

4,560 

6,253 

82r 

25b 

6,003 

5,983 

649R 

462b 

8,834 

8,728 

358r 

267b 

4,768 

4,7;« 

441 D 

496D 

6,160 

6,296 

750D 

884D 

6,501 

6,971 

734R 

834b 

8,926 

8,749 

974R 

869R 

8,339 

4,152 

1.004R 

807b 

7,682 

8,069 

249D 

898d 

8,904 

8,993 

856b 

620b 

6,513 

6,818 

924D 

783d 

26,873 

18,994 

2,44lR 

226r 

6,370 

6,491 

548d 

762D 

2.969 

8,849 

310d 

256d 

6,189 

6,4.32 

50d 

814D 

8,627 

8,738 

98r 

164b 

7,211 

7.501 

238R 

61 B 

4,570 

4,443 

d45R 

267b 

2,021 

1.966 

486R 

413b 

6.787 

5,912 

Tie. 

74b 

1,333 

1,273 

139R 

104b 

8,038 

8,077 

IOOd 

23d 

8,569 

8,522 

491D 

496D 

4,783 

4,577 

797R 

633r 

8,553 

8,798 

208d 

282D 

8,607 

8,847 

141D 

56d 

3,9:« 

4,460 

665R 

61  3r 

4,765 

4,961 

488d 

61  6d 

2,190 

2,534 

207D 

442d 

5,508 

5,593 

31  Id 

377d 

6.397 

6,651 

2.237R 

2.097R 

4,881 

4,749 

71 D 

122D 

6,053 

6,091 

853R 

d48R 

1888. 

6,087 

232b 
7,208 

039b 
6,647 

275b 
6,428 
1,186b 
4,446 

SOOd 
4,766 

396D 
6,624 
1,214b 
6,414 
1,570b 
6,122 
1.402b 
7,229 

78b 
6,686 

972d 
2,706 

601b 
6,807 

eOB 
6,067 

620b 
8,708 

460b 
4,990 

426d 
6,708 

696D 
7,480 
1,066r 
8,946 

746b 
4,608 

474b 
8,487 

884D 
4,064 

442b 
7,692 

492D 
86,113 

879d 
6,910 

606D 
2,962 

166D 
6,714 

449d 
8,990 

24lB 
7,892 

248b 
4,668 

423b 
2,226 

428b 
6,156 

46b 
1,316 

140b 
8,448 

126b 
3,620 

2H6d 
5,189 

606b 
8,986 

33d 
4,392 

99b 
4,597 

411R 

5,184 

31  5d 
2,721 

223d 
6,696 

446D 
7.100 
2.372b 
4,829 

24b 
6,172 

421B 


i 


806        UNITED  STATES,  PRESmENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Indiawa,  Iowa.) 


OOUNTT. 

Soott 

Shelbj 

Spencer 

Starke 

Steuben 

St.  Joseph. . . 

Sullivan 

Switzerland. 
Tippecanoe . 

Tipton 

Union 

Vanderburg. 
Vermilion... 

Vigo 

Wabash 

Warren 

Warrick 

Washington. 

Wayne 

Wells 

White 

WhiUey 

Adair 

Adams 

Allamakee.. 
Appanoose. . 

Audubon 

Benton 

Black  Hawk 

Boone 

Bremer 

Buchanan... 
Buena  Vista. 

Butler 

Calhoun 

Carroll 

Cass 

Cedar 

Cerro  Oordo 

Cherokee 

Chickasaw.. 

Clarke 

Clay 

Clayton 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

1,477 

1,862 

1,887 

1,738 

115D 

800D 

S29D 

305D 

4,811 

6,627 

6,271 

6,247 

517D 

796D 

907D 

681 D 

4,102 

4,458 

4,917 

4,990 

148R 

415D 

112D 

122D 

727 

974 

1,022 

1,863 

4lD 

139D 

182D 

274d 

2,691 

8,668 

8,714 

8,694 

1,163r 

1,212r 

1,042b 

907b 

6,829 

7,078 

8,159 

9,578 

1,023r 

72r 

466R 

490D 

3,498 

4,616 

4,796 

4,618 

740D 

1,348d 

1,442d 

l,556o 

2,559 

8,013 

8,138 

8,207 

827r 

99r 

120b 

10b 

7,278 

8,453 

9,017 

9,242 

1,058r 

609r 

1,211R 

&ldB 

2,586 

8,145 

8,436 

8,976 

68d 

862D 

838D 

450D 

1,655 

1,840 

1,904 

l.»70 

891R 

299R 

260b 

295b 

7,875 

8,500 

9,626 

11,074 

631R 

56d 

428R 

68d 

1,963 

2,600 

2,946 

8,011 

664R 

263R 

827R 

27lR 

7,006 

8,615 

10,840 

11,829 

81  4r 

178D 

407R 

144b 

4,740 

6,786 

6,184 

6,607 

1,2»6r 

1,272r 

1,400b 

1,892b 

2,283 

2,669 

2,876 

2,886 

725R 

908r 

049b 

818b 

8,618 

4,146 

4,424 

4,706 

72d 

478D 

886D 

85d 

8,519 

8,965 

4,184 

4,060 

861 D 

719d 

091D 

686D 

7,624 

9,002 

9,716 

10,046 

1,712r 

2,896r 

2,927b 

2,666b 

2,846 

8,866 

4,428 

4,746 

252D 

8370 

880d 

1,146d 

2,268 

8,002 

8,826 

8,627 

267R 

62r 

109b 

106d 

8,061 

8,721 

4,263 

4,436 

249D 

891 D 

288d 

858d 

1888. 

1,800 

287D 
6,478 

632d 
5,442 

48b 
1,766 
70d 

1,004b 
10,401 

3290 
6,348 
1,480d 
8,259 

77d 
9,500 

791b 
4,648 

328d 
2,024 

240b 
11,999 

137r 
8,804 

292b 
12,686 

ma 

6,824 

1,481B 

2,919 

BSBSa, 
6,818 

196D 
4,260 

540D 
10,079 
2,488b 
6,182 
l,016o 
4,046 

75d 
4,619 

192D 


COUNTY. 


968 
646b 
1,120 

620b 
2,837 

78b 
2,456 
661b 
830 
38b 
8,419 
1,601B 
8,286 
1,669b 
2,204 

624b 

1,962 

1,028b 

2,740 

1,014b 

572 

454b 

1,864 

1,002b 

435 

245b 

626 

294b 

1,229 

767b 
8,152 
1.298R 
1,084 
726R 
673 
853r 
1,621 

eiOR 
1,517 
558r 
626 
522b 
4,306 

aoiR 


IOWA. 

2,489 

1,241r 

2,097 

750b 
8,394 

63b 
8,843 

292b 

779 
76b 
4,627 
1,646b 
4,612 
1.388b 
8,501 

713b 
2,607 

978b 
8,845 

810b 
1,083 

670b 
2,631 
1,049b 

796 

4&3B 
1,670 

28b 
2,916 

897b 
8,839 

883R 
1,737 

82SR 
1,191 

689R 
2,680 

4aiR 

2,342 
589r 
671 
47SR 

6,306 
40b 


2,642 

1,002b 

2,461 

757b 
8,701 

807b 
8,621 

361 B 
1,676 

826r 
4,609 
1,576b 
4,641 
1,466b 
8,919 

988b 
2,567 

841b 
8,807 

948b 
1,426 

740b 
8,046 
1,135b 
1,179 

558b 
2,452 

20b 
8,725 
1,043b 
8,934 

%7b 
2,301 

927b 
1,620 

706b 
2,776 

296b 
2.388 

760R 

919 

642b 
6,685 

679b 


8,184 

8,178 

44SB 

706b 

2,725 

2,696 

18b 

241b 

8,729 

8,970 

263d 

120D 

8,522 

4,018 

68o 

266b 

2,438 

2,660 

6b 

156b 

5,098 

6,485 

221b 

122b 

6,237 

5,807 

1,060b 

979b 

4,834 

4,736 

411b 

921b 

8,199 

3,401 

206r 

115D 

4,156 

4,809 

298b 

463b 

2,276 

2,603 

669b 

836b 

8.281 

8,340 

756b 

747r 

2,139 

2,589 

742b 

901b 

8,660 

8,723 

572d 

459D 

4,268 

4,829 

133R 

651b 

4,166 

4,844 

239b 

8r 

2,613 

2,948 

762b 

862b 

2,561 

8,265 

753b 

798b 

8,062 

8,230 

196d 

43d 

1,517 

2,486 

1.108b 

485R 

1,897 

1,968 

668b 

944b 

6,768 

6,964 

683d 

735D 

Clinton 

Crawford . . 

Dallas 

Davis. 

Decatur 

Delaware .. 
Des  Moines. 
Dickinson . . 
Dubuque.  . 
Elmmett. . . . 
Fayette . . . . 

Floyd 

Franklin... 
Fremont . . . 

Qreene 

Qrundy 

Quthrie . . . . 
Hamilton . . 
Hancock... 

Hardin 

Harrison... 

Henry 

Howard 

Humboldt . 

Ida 

Iowa 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson . . 

Johnson 

Jones 

Keokuk .... 

Kossuth 

Lee 

Linn 

Louisa 

Lucas 

Lyon 

Madison. . . . 
Mahaska... 

Marion 

Marshall... 

Mills 

MitcheU.... 
Monona 


1879. 


6,460 
732b 
649 
191b 
2,1m 
1,066b 
2,838 

826b 
2,168 

808b 
2,868 

897b 
4,588 
464b 
868 
266b 
6,804 
l,046o 
276 
140b 
8,266 
1,246b 
2,026 
1,214b 
1,016 

714b 
2,668 
8lD 
852 
eS8B 
860 
516b 
1,846 

(126b 

1,081 

64SB 

230 

188b 

2,291 

1,287b 

1,778 

627b 
8,749 
1,266b 
004 
640b 
618 
288b 
05 
69b 
2.899 

687b 
8,741 

27b 
8,798 
1,90Sb 
2,900 

630b 
8,998 

220b 

8,522 

1,048b 

8,218 

491b 

688 

400b 

6,757 

67b 
4,818 
1,928b 
2,218 

788b 
1,807 
429b 
88 
86b 
2,704 

812R 
8.707 
1,857b 
4,062 

480r 
2,614 
1,87«r 
1,862 

486b 
1,684 
868b 
747 
395R 


1876.     18SO. 


7,000 
2S7B 

1,661 
406b 

8,806 

1,411B 
8,866 

44d 
2,718 

836b 
8,660 

806b 
6,241 
40:b 
808 
212b 
7,814 
2,179d 
282 
210b 
4,768 
1,819r 
2,910 
1,262r 
1,662 

607b 
8,488 

22d 
1,974 

601b 
1,617 


1,872 

196o 
1,665 
7«2b 
880 
182b 
8,801 
1,192b 
8,070 

171b 
4,406 
1,821B 
1,616 
540b 
700 
840b 
802 
166b 
8,870 

628b 
4,712 

860D 
6,207 
1,671B 
8,788 

718r 
4,016 

22te 
4,868 

8»B 
4,828 

601b 

666 

411b 
6,814 

660D 
7,a5 
1.414R 
2,038 

022r 
2,630 

434b 

806 

216b 
8,044 

706b 
6,667 
1,617b 
6,010 

482b 
4,866 
1,867b 
2,624 

288b 
2,800 

002b 
1,817 

400r 


0,660 

602R 
2,687 

643b 
4,110 
1.704b 
8,665 

64d 
8,151 


1884.    18S8. 


8,044 
007b 

6,S20 
601b 
871 
279b 

7,640 

i,5eoD 

816 
252b 
4.621 

i,8rrB 

2,666 

1.805b 

1,066 

1,001B 

8,060 

260b 
2,601 
1,166b 
2,001 

017b 
2.067 
1,072k 
1,080 


849k 
8,160 
1.411b 
8,006 

661b 
4,170 
1,816b 
1.514 

781b 

045 

410b 
1,088 

850b 
8,106 

601b 
4,024 

872d 
6,718 
1,766b 
8,076 

744b 
5,202 

866D 
4^260 

OOOr 
4,530 

564b 
1,090 

6D4B 
7,066 

866D 
7.670 
1,626 
2.666 
l,a26B 
2,984 

570b 

475 

27Sk 
8,760 

066r 
6,477 
1,871R 
6,163 


4,500 

1,850b 

8,025 

617b 
2,560 

638b 
1.034 

612Ki 


7,828 

1.3I2D 

8,296 

263d 
4,670 

6Q2B 
8.284 

904D 
8,354 

152b 
8,961 

502b 
0,007 
1,021d 

7S6 


8.7K 


0,265 
2,787d 

466 

285b| 
5,074 

186b 
8.869 

6b 
2,886 

664b1 
8,836 

160d 
8,472 

804b 
2,524 

414b 
8,711 

2,710 
596b 

1,054 
880b 

8.851 

1.257R 

4,090 

lOlB 
4,104 

660b 
1,096 

ins 

1.608 
484R 

2,182 
84QBJ 

8,701 
481d| 

6.W7 

l.llOD 

6,780 


8,756 

ao6B 

6,188 

1,1SSd^ 

4,028 

804b, 
6.2Q5 

210d 
1.775 

S16b] 
7,490 

OlODJ 

ojses 

634b< 

2,870 


8,192 
418te 
665 
860b 

8,740 
121  Rj 

0,254 
572r 

4.984 

6,544 

1.270R 

8J2S9 

61 K 
2,501   I 

2,548 


4,M 

SfiSi 
3,496 

3.481 


3.8B7 
ffTTk 
7.714 


906 

44ri 

9,451 
7» 

ssn 

5,ao» 

9191 

aNi 

148 

7tn 

8,510 

an 

2,5S 

SJO! 

&k 

1,467 

ssu 

8.CT 
IJlfii 
4,9]S 
1341 
449 

t« 

Sfll 

1,915 
5«l 

1ft 

8,n» 
314B 
6,1S 
LOQto 
5,90! 

7m 

5.108 

4,» 
9|!l 

5.49 
SI 

iEi 

8,se 

9JM 

89tl 

6,7(«? 

an 

5.01* 

5.448 
1.4Si 

m 

9» 


UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Iowa,  Kansas.)        807 


OUNTY. 
ITOe 

itgomery. 
icatine — 

rien 

eola 

« 

>Alto 

tnoutii 

RhontAS.. 

c 

tawatta- 
mie. 

reshiek . . . 
Kgold 

tt 

Iby 

IX 

T 

lA 

lor 

cm 

iBuren... 

pello 

rren 

ihington.. 

fne 

yeter 

inebago... 
ineahSek.. 
xibiuy . . . 

th. 

ght 

n 

\encni 

bJson 

boiir. 

ton 

rboo 

im 

ter 

ie 

utaaqua.. 

rokee 

fenne  ... 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

2,061 

2,665 

2,547 

2,785 

d49R 

17;^ 

514R 

82d 

1,440 

2,707 

2,093 

8,521 

5i»R 

990R 

1,280r 

747b 

8,566 

4,674 

4,912 

6,391 

724R 

490R 

608r 

SWlD 

395 

605 

889 

1.839 

271R 

wrR 

400R 

555b 

211 

386 

523 

883 

193r 

268R 

d4lR 

397R 

2,125 

8,821 

4,020 

4.469 

691R 

1,382r 

1,737r 

1,090r 

445 

676 

869 

1,822 

53r 

IOr 

23r 

2lD 

610 

1,849 

1,700 

8,870 

£!8r 

333r 

128R 

62d 

331 

627 

686 

1,271 

195R 

234R 

247r 

277R 

4,524 

7,088 

8,146 

10,920 

1,57«r 

1,942r 

2,620r 

1,354r 

2,604 

7.021 

6,664 

8,784 

298R 

2.151R 

894R 

88d 

2,515 

8,637 

8,962 

4,187 

1,397h 

1,425r 

1,504r 

4d4R 

1,019 

2,912 

2,411 

2,789 

589R 

1,823r 

1.014R 

681R 

853 

1,{»1 

1,888 

2,894 

257b 

1,475r 

901 R 

672R 

6,017 

8,702 

7,066 

7,987 

279D 

2,086o 

1,728r 

2.460D 

617 

4,527 

2,567 

3,546 

241b 

8,265r 

536r 

6lR 

427 

659 

1,039 

2,262 

193r 

219R 

326r 

446R 

1,735 

1,724 

8,049 

8,537 

1,043r 

269R 

1,497r 

1,102r 

2,663 

8,737 

8,996 

4,&I3 

1,203r 

2lR 

1,622r 

331 R 

1,554 

2,831 

8,327 

3,586 

690R 

1,051R 

1,200r 

499R 

1,091 

2,460 

8,127 

8,589 

501R 

444R 

784r 

80r 

8,214 

8.790 

8,704 

8,835 

518R 

449R 

847b 

13lR 

8,778 

6,063 

6,483 

6,»12 

484R 

169R 

601b 

26r 

2,918 

4,999 

4,176 

4,018 

1.336R 

23r 

1,186b 

348D 

8,361 

4,205 

4,233 

4,497 

919R 

959R 

1,146b 

878R 

2,052 

8.042 

8,401 

8,380 

376R 

842b 

963b 

9d 

1,856 

2,684 

2,962 

4,003 

296R 

812b 

777b 

43r 

286 

637 

803 

911 

254R 

449R 

686b 

474r 

2,996 

4,496 

4,101 

4,437 

1.096R 

1,142r 

1,059b 

479R 

1,229 

2,143 

2,583 

6,186 

d5lR 

8lR 

458b 

409r 

489 

857 

1,241 

1,891 

811R 

654R 

643b 

412R 

509 

756 

971 

2,001 

339R 

898R 

676b 

626R 

KANSAS. 


1,678 

8,012 

2,423 

8,168 

641R 

206b 

778r 

836r 

1,239 

1,229 

1,994 

2,935 

613R 

515b 

630b 

»I6r 

8,312 

8,377 

6,097 

6,015 

606R 

855b 

762b 

702R 

170 

630 

1,747 

24d 

87b 

180R 

224 

936 

1,948 

2,194 

96r 

815b 

458b 

21 R 

8,384 

8,478 

8,645 

4,917 

026r 

1,149b 

1,159b 

1,303r 

1,513 

2,078 

2,854 

8,819 

7.51R 

662b 

953b 

954R 

1,920 

2,275 

8,950 

6.442 

981R 

a^lB 

1,279b 

1.380R 

669 

1,881 

1,449 

1,953 

296b 

832R 

392b 

317R 

1,300 

2,309 

8,169 

67r 

666r 

700R 

2,079 

2,603 

4,910 

6,633 

296D 

296R 

698r 

662R 

•  -   •  •  »  •  • 

1888. 

2,866 

209r 
8,340 
1.032R 
6,496 

113d 
2,762 

686r 
1,055 

d4lR 
4,422 
1,103r 
1,762 

IOd 
4,014 

385D 
1,786 

253b 
12,265 
2,083b 
9,606 

290D 
4,827 

568b 
8,650 

26b 
2,996 

TSOb 
6,626 
2,860d 
8,634 

48d 
8,389 

497b 
3,605 
1,870b 
4,726 

llB 
8,696 

698b 
8,781 

419b 
8,896 

253b 
6,780 

181b 
4,090 

766b 
4,444 

855b 
8,441 

211b 
4,410 

544b 
1,136 

676b 
4.651 

516b 
7,886 

581b 
1,634 

521b 
8,528 

846b 


8,881 

850b 
8,848 

883b 
6,179 

616b 
2,002 

267b 
2,752 

125b 
6,254 
1,738b 
4,851 

893b 
6,730 
1,.^';6B 
2,081 

533b 
2,762 

896b 
6,434 

807b 
1.235 

859b 


COUNTY. 

Clark 

Clay 

Cloud 

Coffey 

Comanche . . . 

Cowley 

Crawford 

Davis 

Decatur 

Dickinson 

Doniphan 

Douglas 

Edwards 

Elk 

Ellis 

Ellsworth 

Finney 

Ford 

Franklin 

Garfield 

(love 

Graham 

Grant 

Gray 

Greeley 

Greenwood. . . 

Hamilton 

Harper 

Harvey 

Haskell 

Hodgeman... 

Jackson 

Jefferson. . . . . 

Jewell 

Johnson 

Kearney 

Kingman. .... 

Kiova 

Labette 

Lane 

Leavenworth. 

Lincoln 

Linn 

Logan 

Lyon 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

932 

556R 
1,180 

660R 
1,505 

665R 

1.409 
8r3R 

1,680 
695R 

1,564 
895R 

2,665 
1,234b 
8,109 
1,268r 
2,462 
671R 

8,291 
1,192r 
4,158 
l,5d4R 
8,467 
780R 

1,758 
724R 

1,613 
443d 
988 
106R 

2.629 
714R 

2,400 
896R 
939 
152R 

4,890 

1,060r 

8,706 

646R 
1,436 

808r 

498 

144R 
8,182 
1,068b 
8,261 

924b 
4,757 
1,565b 

414 

210b 
8,218 

816b 
1,154 

260b 
1,602 

694b 

6,524 

1,435r 

6,318 

964R 
1,650 
241R 
702 
255R 
4,202 
1,019r 
8,814 
1,048r 
6,582 
l,e90R 
610 
139R 
8,027 

877b 
1,077 

96d 
1,676 
827r 
369 
69r 
1,806 

119R 

4,842 
1,868r 

1,066 
624R 

8,881 
693R 

4,385 

1,731B 

•  •■••••• 

•  •  •      •  •  •  ■ 

877 
49b 
478 
6d 

1,861 

873r 
8,683 

620r 
8,720 
1,388r 

838 
28r 
1,473 

578r 

852 
68r 

699 

2!r/R 

"i,812' 
1,604b 

818 

48d 
8,481 
966r 

666 
82b 
8.734 
1,880b 

606 
890b 

580 
269R 

1,206 
611b 

1,449 
606b 

2,826 
644b 

8,860 
088b 

1,010 
252b 

2,275 
960r 

2,987 
616b 

8,558 
971B 

750 
876b 

1,357 
655b 

241 

124R 
2,3n 

651B 
8,451 

579b 
8,481 
1,316b 
8,668 

950b 

419 

188b 
8,0b0 

711b 
8,962 

595b 
4,034 
1,804b 
8.991 

716b 

1,866 
464b 

8,686 
614b 
799 
569b 

8,090 
644b 

1.466 

293R 
8,477 

526R 
1,859 

833r 
8,062 

929R 

20 
14r 

721 
256b 

2,347 
438b 

2,792 
764b 

8,478 
719R 

4,608 
1,259r 

6,034 
1,381B 

6,445 
413b 
435 
207r 
2,836 
1,072r 

5.443 
257r 
680 
218R 
2,413 
1,102r 

5,M8 
699b 

1,330 
&38R 

8,312 

1,245r 

7,251 

108b 
1,686 

524b 
8.897 
1,189b 

2,041 
1,205b 

2,076 
1,149b 

3,669 
1,529r 

4,999 
1,667b 

1888. 

022 
124b 
8,766 

094b 
4,260 
1,400b 
8,746 
748b 
067 
106b 
7,699 
2,179b 
6.518 
1,281B 
1,690 

271b 
2,182 

498b 
6,071 
1,061B 
8,876 
1,186b 
6,818 
1,68Qb 
1,009 

207b 
3,918 

670b 
1,668 

66d 
8,061 

886b 
1,102 

846b 
1,661 

268b 
4.799 
1,800b 
862 
06b 
600 
806b 
1,104 
466b 
666 
145b 
766 
140b 
716 
842b 
8,041 
1,182b 
618 
166b 
8,064 

660b 
8,044 
1,090b 
609 
04b 
660 
848b 
8^804 

750b 
8,970 

667b 
4,160 
1,266b 
4,078 
720b 
616 
119b 
8,815 

791b 
1,048 

144b 
6,057 
1,894b 
795 
192b 
7,194 

244D 
2,004 

452b 
4,125 
1,364b 
925 
826b 
5,015 
1,687k 


808     UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.     (Kansas,  Kentuokt.) 


COUNTY. 


liarion 

Marshall 

McPherson... 

Meade 

Ifiami 

MitcheU 

Montgomery. 

Morris. 

Morton 

Nemaha. 

Neosho 

Ness 

Norton 

Osage 

Osborne 

Ottawa. 

Pawnee 

Phillips 

Pottawatomie 

Pratt 

Rawlins 

Reno 

Republic 

Rice 

Riley 

Rooks 

Rush 

Russell 

Saline 

Scott 

Sedgwick . . . 

Seward 

Shawnee 

Sheridan 

Sherman 

Smith 

Stafford 

Stanton 


Stevens  — 
St.  John.... 

Sumner 

Thomas 

Trego  

Wabaunsee 
Wallace.... 


1872. 


825 
520R 
2,0U0 
756b 
491 
895R 


2,414 
676R 
901 
635R 

3,194 
400R 
464 
194R 


1,551 

663r 
2,727 
77r 


34 
34R 
2,342 
1,2^R 
461 
385R 
732 
478R 


179 

115R 

1,999 
615r 


9M 
176r 

1,076 
980r 
fBSi 
160r 

1,393 
717r 


162 
IdOR 
1,4)7 
725R 


1,476 
508r 


3,500 
1,542r 


441 
291R 


1,130 
326R 


817 
445R 

98 

IOr 


1876. 


1,253 

491 R 
2,565 

815r 
1,728 
1,060r 


2.745 

745R 
1,405 

615R 
8,d&4 

647R 
1,101 

8d7R 


1,786 
498r 

2,493 
415R 


245 
146r 

1,896 
664r 
860 
473r 

1,094 
591 R 
497 
2S0R 
676 
282r 

2,118 
615R 


1,460 
774R 

1,509 
982R 
750 
481 R 

1,421 
910r 
172 
67r 
151 
131R 
403 
253R 

1,713 
954R 


2,7.^3 
799R 


3,622 
1,505r 


1,034 
455R 


1,802 
243R 


1,007 
4:>4r 


1880. 


2,049 

TOOr 
8.700 
1,279r 
3.334 
1,661 R 


8,788 

686r 
2,760 

931R 
3,760 

479r 
2,010 

731R 


2,694 
821R 

2,880 
523R 
444 
186R 

1,296 
426R 

4,404 

1,797r 

2,096 
857r 

2,300 
91  9r 
949 
462R 

2,035 
708r 

8,M1 
959r 
827 
99r 


2.172 

a48R 
2,697 
1,214r 
1,917 

610r 
2,207 
1,108r 
1,469 
4e7R 
804 
d04R 
1,859 

61.'>R 
2,883 
1,112r 


4.006 
934R 


6,074 
2.855R 
209 
4lR 


2,447 

1.007R 
782 
838R 


4,021 
654r 


467 
225R 
1,828 
769R 


1884. 


2.921 

785R 
4,873 

785b 
4,092 
1,598r 


4,178 

a50R 
2,934 

950r 
6,662 

869b 
2,4.39 

745b 


8,964 

666b 
4,061 
578R 
660 
200R 
1,224 

457R 
5,462 
2,006r 
2,409 

969R 
2,790 

759R 
1,102 

460R 
1,897 

587r 
4,272 

705R 
1,340 
d05R 
363 
23r 
8,477 

913R 
8,545 
1,377r 
2,754 

705R 
2,621 
l,a42R 
1,614 
600R 
793 
187r 
1,269 

814R 
8,535 
1,831R 


6,461 
997R 


8,762 
8,5a'iR 
144 
40r 


2,882 

1.019R 
1,160 
461 R 


6,578 
941R 


671 
270r 
2,386 
739R 


1888. 


8.948 

],092r 

6,270 

7d2R 
4,408 
],450r 
1,018 

236b 
4,229 

570r 
2,996 

796r 
6,476 
1,008b 
2,746 

772b 

674 

128b 
4,871 

833b 
4,297 

990b 
1,556 

421b 
2.599 

»40b 
6.987 
2,0G2b 
2,598 

994b 
2,798 

800b 
1,445 

692b 
8,071 

918b 
4,104 

948b 
2,222 

463r 
1,785 

890r 
6,768 
1,557b 
4,060 
1,390r 
8,208 

917b 
2,970 
1,084b 
1,907 

700r 
1,160 

257b 
1,568 

882r 
8,904 
1,077b 

638 

112r 
10,987 
2,(V46r 

654 

193R 
11,208 
4,529r 
1.005 

280R 
1,442 

322R 
8,273 

&49R 
2,062 

492b 

548 

101 R 

657 
89r 


7,038 
1,3(?0r 
1,364 
265b 
746 
257b 
2,732 
74SR 
624 
214R 


COUNTY. 

1872. 

1876. 

1880.  1  1884.    188S. 

Washington.. 

1,430 
688b 

1,734 
697R 

8,014        4,296       4.815 
1,130b,     1.355b     ],«Bi 

1 7* 

Wichita 

Bit 

Wilson 

Woodson 

Wyandotte... 

1.882 
834R 

1,020 
&44R 

2,460 
148R 

2,297 
727R 
979 
367R 

2,496 
267R 

2,876 
9Q6B 

1.344 
461B 

4,179 
677* 

3,337       S,»44 
881 R     l.]26t 

1.963  1    2.211 
507r'       S&H 

6,788       9m 
981  Ri    IXti 

KENTUCKY. 


Adair 

AUen 

Anderson  — 

Ballard 

Barren 

Bath 

BeU 

Boone 

Bourbon  

Boyd . 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt.  ... 
Breckenridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell 

Calloway 

Campbell 

Carroll 

Carter 

Carlisle 

Casey 

Christian 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden . . . 
Cumberland . 

DaFiess 

Edmondson.. 

Elliott 

Estm 

Fayette 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Gallatin 


1,486 

2^238 

2,150 

2,050 

91 B 

144D 

158d 

TOd 

065 

1,713 

1,696 

1.830 

7lR 

415D 

2610 

2850 

1,080 

1,668 

1.753 

1,753 

a62D 

&45D 

523d 

507D 

1.600 

2,404 

2.051 

2.478 

952D 

1,718d 

1,188d 

1.340D 

2,196 

8,494 

8,609 

8,308 

14d 

876d 

icKD 

908o 

1,608 

1,954 

2,006 

2,400 

66r 

292d 

254D 

128d 

602 

602 

796 

787 

808R 

224b 

272b 

290R 

1,624 

2,210 

2,158 

2.252 

844D 

1.394D 

1,818d 

1,165d 

2,986 

8,376 

3,356 

8,689 

109R 

176d 

18d 

8o 

1,044 

1,943 

1,960 

2,457 

252b 

165d 

165b 

220R 

1,963 

2,610 

2,479 

2,546 

29r 

258d 

OSd 

19d 

1,619 

2,209 

2,891 

2,712 

287d 

941D 

725d 

814D 

787 

1,038 

1,129 

1,347 

8I9D 

8860 

467D 

412D 

1,801 

2,157 

2,7^ 

2,5^) 

297b 

557d 

464D 

lete 

791 

1,279 

1,106 

054 

238D 

756d 

613d 

83CiD 

1,100 

1,006 

1,816 

1,922 

258r 

106r 

188b 

236R 

1,406 

1,961 

2.066 

2,004 

32d 

447D 

261o 

304D 

1,331 

1,893 

1,711 

1,784 

986D 

1,401D 

990D 

i,oarD 

8.291 

6,258 

6,006 

6,486 

851D 

645d 

160D 

906R 

1,068 

1,664 

1,832 

1,849 

710D 

1,014d 

l,(»«o 

915D 

967 

1,476 

1.547 

2,529 

175R 

60d 

118B 

205R 

M6 

1,010 

1,621 

1.530 

6d 

72D 

184D 

6d 

8,9TO 

4,904 

6,183 

5,flei 

970b 

780b 

991B 

817r 

1,686 

2,381 

2,399 

2.749 

80b 

831D 

204D 

249D 

1,140 

1,731 

1,596 

i.es 

280b 

89b 

248b 

2491 

666 

840 

1,008 

817 

184R 

156b 

272b 

271 R 

1,500 

1,875 

1,814 

1,849 

212R 

13d 

41 D 

55r 

777 

1,210 

1,342 

1,215 

861R 

18r 

131b 

146R 

8,121 

4,836 

4,564 

4,773 

949D 

2,235d 

1,783d 

l,56to 

653 

875 

963 

1,184 

143R 

88d 

&2d 

88d 

506 

880 

801 

1,134 

2.')8d 

696o 

613d 

6I2D 

1,106 

1,553 

1,587 

1,5CB 

62r 

237D 

27d 

48d 

6,405 

6,048 

6,818 

6.640 

80rR 

122b 

38lR 

40rR 

2,020 

2,646 

2,969 

3,259 

86r 

422D 

224d 

1.%D 

920 

1,209 

1,345 

1,745 

466D 

646D 

652D 

598D 

2,342 

8,073 

2.903 

aoeo 

224D 

905D 

617D 

5020 

711 

1,185 

912 

1.314 

6S7D 

889D 

538D 

080D 

783 

916 

957 

1,015 

281D 

440D 

409D 

48901 

2.446 
12fii 

iM 
20ID 

%(m 

6A> 

4.69 
96» 
2,947 

ino 

1J06 


4,0(8 

eei 

29i 
189 
SD 
Vtl 

6960 
1.1» 

ISID 
IflOB 

5:d 

1,4(9 

6Mi 

]^ 
1;^ 

ffifio 
8,» 

ISS 

i,a*» 

3,1»« 
4lX!l 
1,146 

57rp 
:» 

S.»4 
IJM 
VBi 
S8i 

2,01$ 
7» 
1.S6 

4MI 
iJM 

i.m 
s» 

6.m 

1.5* 

21 
1.M0 
«4D 
1,T« 

134D 

1(8d 
1.819 

3.T« 
1J06 

eooD 

i.i» 


UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.     (Kentucky,  Louisiana.)     809 


OOUNTT. 

rrard 

ant 

ares 

ajson 

een 

eenup  

mcock 

irdin 

irlan 

unison 

u* 

ioderson. . 

jnry 

ckmui 

»pkin8 

ckson 

OTerson 

samine... 

hnson 

BhBeU.... 

(nton 

lOX 

lOtt 

Rue 

urel 

wrenc© . . . 

e 

slie 

tcher 

wis 

icoln 

vingsfton.. 

gan 

on 

idison 

kf^offln 

oion 

irahaU 

irtin 

uson 

<:!racken. . 

;Lean 

tade 

inif ee 

Toer 


1879. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

1,879 

2,271 

2.283 

2,126 

2tt3R 

Id 

121 R 

77r 

1,3U3 

2,016 

2,202 

2,198 

lllD 

578D 

464D 

541d 

2,429 

3,911 

3,513 

8.901 

875D 

2,059d 

1,513d 

1,673d 

1,204 

1,681 

2,019 

2,279 

128r 

455D 

288d 

146d 

1,218 

1,692 

1,625 

1,477 

a08R 

210d 

4lR 

103r 

1,898 

1,999 

2.031 

2,198 

406r 

4lD 

202R 

198R 

879 

1,015 

1,347 

1,209 

a03D 

605D 

290o 

124d 

2,066 

2,948 

2,949 

2,481 

888D 

1,322d 

715D 

630d 

561 

787 

875 

867 

867r 

431 R 

538R 

4d3R 

2,374 

2,908 

2,970 

8,024 

aaiD 

927d 

763d 

741  d 

1,599 

2,615 

2,672 

2,287 

123r 

553d 

380d 

479d 

2,950 

4,116 

8,966 

4,429 

SMd 

l,0tt8D 

713d 

409D 

2,022 

2,682 

2,757 

2,572 

448D 

1,042d 

T78D 

600D 

1,188 

1,698 

1,484 

1,724 

876d 

936D 

683d 

715D 

1,705 

2,811 

2,929 

2,973 

129D 

907d 

621 D 

503d 

645 

857 

1,M0 

957 

a53R 

295r 

480R 

876R 

16,725 

20,561 

23,238 

20,399 

2,895d 

8,751d 

6,224d 

2,557d 

1,851 

2,228 

2,040 

2,111 

285R 

56d 

78r 

163d 

806 

1,266 

1,161 

1,917 

2I)6r 

148R 

131R 

876R 

602 

649 

702 

a08R 

332D 

829D 

4,855 

6,625 

7,363 

8.059 

1,083d 

1,745d 

1,390d 

1,030d 

1,216 

1,540 

1,581 

1,M1 

32iR 

288r 

853r 

813R 
684 
834D 
1,227 

837 

1,400 

1,641 

1570 

556d 

563d 

4(>4d 

089 

1,290 

1,583 

1,890 

247r 

IOOr 

283R 

221R 

819 

1,663 

1,696 

2,a52 

21D 

433d 

210d 

188d 

560 

719 

813 

795 

SOr 

15r 

24r 

25R 

675 
461R 

6M 
442R 

585 

679 

6&I 

47r 

>  •  •  •      •  •  • 

79d 

6lR 

1,696 

2,281 

2,557 

2,678 

308r 

13d 

313R 

846r 

1,911 

2,594 

2,715 

2,520 

217D 

500d 

375D 

305D 

1,004 

1,328 

1,131 

1.292 

500D 

818d 

&46d 

652D 

2,635 

3,799 

4,000 

4,210 

849R 

685d 

930r 

4.%D 

911 

1,205 

1,153 

1,878 

8lR 

297D 

203d 

177D 

3,341 

4,203 

4,063 

4,437 

24.JR 

269D 

53d 

189d 

&13 

925 

1,172 

1,499 

13r 

5;^d 

66r 

93r 

1,674 

2,459 

2,559 

2,452 

&lD 

80ftD 

W2d 

545D 

1,148 

1,528 

1,354 

1,561 

658D 

1,094d 

783d 

944D 

20i 

829 

«^5 

581 

148r 

141R 

iKiD 

223d 

8,108 

3,882 

4,179 

4,813 

288d 

844d 

896d 

526d 

1.825 

2,699 

2,600 

8,272 

147D 

813d 

492D 

7:wb 

9i)8 

1,085 

1,422 

i,a55 

246d 

473d 

418D 

346d 

997 

1,485 

1,584 

1,880 

.  473d 

969D 

750d 

5()6d 

270 

510 

ft49 

702 

144D 

292d 

3a2D 

329D 

2,272 

2,790 

2,760 

2,728 

114d 

628d 

433d 

385D 

1888. 

2,384 

96r 
2,792 

478D 
8.699 
],250d 
8,032 

52r 
2,268 

laiR 
2,698 

124R 
1,793 

19d 
3,672 

754D 
1,065 

626R 
8,624 

806d 
8,197 

129D 
6.644 

680d 
8,290 

780d 
1,518 

670d 
8,703 

818d 
1,270 

788r 
80,590 
4.672D 
2,480 

200d 
2,232 

503b 


9,991 

1,885d 

2,079 
778r 
688 
304D 

1,748 
278D 

2,405 
409R 

8,878 
62b 
948 
82r 
726 
594r 
902 
8a5R 

8,297 
501R 

8,143 
290D 

1,524 
483d 

6,802 
7G2D 

1,252 
67d 

4,808 
63d 

1,528 
2a5R 

2,634 
591 D 

1,891 
631d 
744 
807R 

6,077 
513d 

8,426 
277D 

1,7(W 
!J:Wd 

1,946 
765D 
814 
840D 

8.200 
850d 


CX)UNTY. 


1872. 


Metcalfe 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 

Morgan 

Muhlenburg.. 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 

Pendleton... 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson 

Rockcastle... 

Rowan 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 

Spencer 

Taylor 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington.. 

Wayne 

Webster 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 

Acadia 

Ascension 

Assumption . . 

Avoyelles 

Baton  Rouf^e 
(East). 

Baton  Rouge 
(West). 

Bienville...  . 


Bossier. 


742 
286r 
866 
394R 
1,631 

121D 

902 

894o 
1,586 

824R 
1,711 

139D 
1.644 

242d 
2,158 

184r 
1,108 

248D 
2,139 
1.544D 

584 

282R 

1,968 

32d 

610 

150d 

787 

179D 

429 
21 D 
2,820 

696R 

814 

168d 
1,146 
6d 

431 

136r 

788 
2r 
2,465 

229d 
2,543 

273d 
1,497 

217d 

786 

299d 

927 
27d 
1,729 

483R 
1,905 
49d 

781 

533d 
1,978 

896D 
8,435 

171R 
1,795 

253R 
1,245 

632D 
1,277 

265D 
1,036 

430R 

537 

167d! 

2,109   ! 

19rI 


1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

1,387 

1,531 

1,869 

49d 

36r 

40r 

1,254 

1,446 

1,366 

74r 

6lR 

252r 

2,082 

2,169 

2,460 

345d 

254D 

293d 

1,357 

1,682 

1,913 

6870 

696D 

693d 

2,109 

2,313 

2,393 

209D 

140D 

287d 

2,597 

2,7W 

2.451 

967D 

809D 

6.57D 

2,077 

2,316 

2,271 

653d 

61  5d 

469D 

2,708 

2.683 

8,070 

475D 

943d 

174D 

1,880 

1,445 

1,096 

522D 

899d 

d04D 

8,098 

8,278 

8,028 

2,d03D 

2,01  4d 

1,822d 

741 

885 

817 

81 IR 

441b 

864R 

2,606 

2,967 

2,850 

766D 

693d 

226d 

936 

877 

240 

284R 

241R 

2^o 

1,376 

1,829 

2,217 

518d 

302d 

69d 

694 

654 

688 

94d 

85d 

85d 

8,633 

8,848 

8,506 

829R 

401R 

757r 

1,048 

1,093 

736 

830D 

301 D 

285d 

1,600 

1,518 

1,603 

48d 

49r 

207r 

645 

697 

873 

61 R 

8d 

47r 

1,175 

1,030 

1,029 

119o 

175D 

58d 

8,149 

2,985 

8,181 

505D 

884D 

461D 

8,315 

2,996 

8,258 

925D 

810D 

755d 

1,869 

1,579 

1,701 

675d 

575D 

890D 

1,201 

1,209 

1,234 

561 D 

492D 

512d 

1,461 

1,416 

1,390 

519D 

342D 

274D 

2,610 

2,653 

2,188 

180D 

49d 

146d 

2,.502 

2,144 

2,267 

514D 

388d 

4I6d 

1,162 

l,iM4 

1,148 

944D 

9:31  D 

769d 

2,854 

2,8M 

2,568 

1,546d 

1,317d 

1.2870 

4,551 

4,196 

4.869 

753d 

550D 

l,07lD 

2,442 

2,529 

2,284 

414D 

147D 

llD 

1,744 

1,369 

1,452 

a56D 

186D 

121D 

1,761 

1,994 

2,027 

789D 

553d 

028D 

1,476 

1,448 

1,610 

500R 

483R 

626R 

801 

920 

1,095 

261 D 

224d 

285D 

2,420 

2,333 

2,421 

260D 

124D 

141D 

L 

OUISIA 

NA. 

2,492 

8,268 

2,054 

2,855 

1.168R 

874R 

1,232r 

1.213R 

8,190 

8,877 

2,254 

2,950 

434D 

5r 

662R 

658r 

8,  KM? 

2,97^ 

2,599 

2,273 

4^0 

3:^ 

21 D 

73r 

2,189 

2.2.52 

2,S!ll 

2,480 

4H7D 

67(>R 

95d 

40r 

1,187 

i,a53 

601 

1,100 

61  3r 

471 R 

31 R 

440d 

1,207 

1,183 

1,6(^4 

912 

5370 

729D 

2d 

714d 

1,504 

2,228 

2,329 

2,175 

896D 

1,022r 

1,959d 

1,825d 

1888. 

1,952 

187r 
2,163 

474b 
2,768 

329d 
2,035 

659D 
8,634 

49r 
8,022 

774D 
2,551 

542D 
4,211 

34r 
1,832 

866d 
8.909 
2,088d 

950 

451R 
8,887d 

498D 

997 

403b 
2,621 
17b 

861 
38d 
4,822 
1,172b 
1,021 

811D 
1,869 

273R 

799 
28r 
1,522 

107b 
8,694 

506D 
8,687 

783d 
2,443 

666d 
1,424 

599D 
1,914 

267D 
8,215 

67d 
2,000 

60R 
1,465 

948D 
8,217 
1,289d 
6,276 

997D 
2,710 

37r 
2,248 

Id 
2.684 

692d 
2,917 
1,.521B 
1,263 

361D 
2,638 

170D 


611 

6a3D 
2.955 
1.075D 
8,284 
1.191D 
2,114 

900d 
8,105 

5(y5R 
1,002 

144D 

990 

987D 
2,327 
l,983o 


1 


:1 


.1 


810     UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Louisiana,  Mautk.) 


COUNTY. 


1^ 


^4 

ii 


Caddo 

Calcasieu . 
Caldwell . . 


Cameron 

Carroll  (East). 
Carroll  (West) 

Catahoula 

Claiborne 

Concordia 

De  Soto 

Feliciana 

(East). 
Feliciana 

(West). 

Franklin 


Grant . . . 
Iberia... 
Ibenrille. 
Jackson. 


Jefferson 

Jefferson 

(R  B.). 
Jefferson 

(L.  B.). 

Lafayette 

La  Fourche.. 

Lincoln 

Livingston . . . 

Madison. 

Morehouse . . . 
Natchitoches. 

Orleans 

Ouachita 

Plaquemines. 
Point  Coup6e. 

Rapides 

Red  River.... 

Richland 

Sabine 

St.  Bernard.. 
St.  Charles. . . 
St  Helena . . . 

St.  James 

St.  John 

Baptist. 

St.  Landry. . . 
St.  Martin's . . 

St.  Mary's 

St.  Tammany 
Tangipahoa. . 


1872. 


8,884 
286d 
652 
528D 
829 
8lD 
214 
184d 
1,854 
l,nOR 


1,548 

108d 
2,197 

318d 
1,788 
1,490r 
1,875 

985D 

2,814 

1,020s 

1,677 

1J229R 

785 

205D 

905 

95d 

1,672 

820R 
2,943 
1,556r 
1,278 

71 D 
8,262 
190R 


1,847 

895d 
8,462 
78d 


079 
881 D 
2,055 
1,099r 
1,295 

838R 
1,795 
699D 
86,221 
9,988d 
2,806 

825R 
1,499 

579r 
2,551 

855r 
8,182 

780D 

1,272 

554r 

970 

822d 

808 

688D 

773 

65d 

1.873 

1,083r 

979 

425D 


1,706 

627r 
4,260 
1,484D 
1,3.>4 

5()R 

2.603 
459R 


1,882 
164D 


1876. 


4,»I8 

1,031R 

1,836 

1,168d 
692 
270D 
298 
194D 
8,0SM 
1,840r 


1,641 

37d 
1,824 

960d 
2,882 
2,214r 
1,330 

104R 


862 
886R 
838 
614D 


2,866 
616R 

8,251 

1,848r 
486 
489D 


1,715 
488R 

828 

646r 
1,287 

2lR 
3,555 

179r 
1,401 

739D 

512 

270D 
2,912 
2,256r 

^1 
88r 
8,510 

674R 
88,889 
8,947d 
1,094 

896a 
2,466 
1,042r 
8,070 

904r 
8,876 

187r 
1,246 

421 R 

814 
74d 

929 

883d 
1,027 

856R 
1,458 
1,000r 
1,169 

149d 
2,963 
1,005r 
2,031 

&46R 
6,020 
1,232d 
2,122 

76r 
8,864 

946R 
1,200 

98d 
1,420 

290O 


1880. 


2,486 

2,470d 

883 

685d 

669 

889d 

222 

108d 

1,497 

1,078r 

289 

205o 

774 

458D 

1,513 

1,193d 

1,690 

1,200d 

955 

635D 

879 

647D 

1,802 

l,034o 

571 

671D 

412 

240D 

1,715 

615R 
2,785 
1,687r 
882 
882D 
1,419 
648R 


1,027 

158D 
1,864 

992D 
2,818 

688D 

842 

198d 
1,882 

470D 
1,082 

980d 
2,158 
1,106d 
24,812 
10,856o 
2,248 
2,207d 
1,715 

IM6R 
1,650 

182d 
2,328 
1,168d 

675 

605D 
1,164 
1,100d 

432 

482d 

781 
49d 
1,188 

922R 

612 

124D 
2,143 

{M6r 
1,441 

675R 
8,221 

797D 
1,570 

816R 
2,752 
1,610r 

788 
74d 
1,063 

875d 


1884. 


2,489 

1,715d 

1,744 

1,076d 
810 
608d 
257 
147d 

1,481 

1,027r 

871 

59d 

981 

85d 

2,063 

1,263d 

2,048 

1,884r 
841 
817d 

1,194 
726D 

1,202 
7aOD 
796 
7»4d 
886 
146d 

2,888 
1670 

8,275 

1,981  R 
660 
659d 

1,276 
780R 


1,997 

a09D 
8,679 

59d 
1,184 
1,1  76d 
488 
212d 
1,232 

470a 
1,490 
1,074d 
2,169 
1,227d 
21.164 
7,608d 
1,982 
1,810d 
2,062 

756R 
1,118 

280R 

2,627 

809D 

669 

408d 

965 

691D 

668 

663d 

694 

102R 

989 

836r 

663 

115D 

1,823 

1,081R 

1,»I7 

705R 
8,558 

198d, 
1,760 

452R 
4,072 
2,066r 
702 
86d 
1,106 
416D 


1888. 


2,666 
2.416D 
1,700 
1,147d 
904 
860d 
215 
191D 
2,870 
1,622d 
603 
663d 
1,061 

405D 
1,695 
1,687d 
2,948 
2.01  Id 
1,022 
1,018d 
834 
81  9d 
1,841 
1,749d 
592 
640D 
679 
489D 
1,619 
l,586o 
8,187 
966D 
620 
619D 
1,668 
465a 


1,405 
1,841D 
8,067 
l,60eD 
888 

&12D 

670 
261D 
2.689 
2,857d 
1,292 
l,282o 
1,987 
1,26]D 
22,312 
6,858d 
2,710 
2,698d 
2.075 

669r 
1,669 

87d 
8,802 
2,995d 
1,552 
1.406D 
1,098 
1,090d 
642 
&12d 
911 
21  Id 
1,853 
1,143r 
470 
816d 
2,874 
1.288R 
1,493 

605R 
2,205 
1,067d 
1,018 
1,005d 
8,286 
336D 
668 
80d 
1,298 
611D 


COUNTY. 

Tensas 

Terre  Bonne 

Union 

Vermilion... 

Vernon 

Washington. 

Webster 

Winn 

Androscoggin 

Aroostook 

Cumberland  . 

Franklin 

Hancock 

Kennebec 

Knox 

Lincoln 

Oxford 

Penobscot 

Piscataquis .. 
Sagadahoc. . . 

Somerset 

Waldo 

Washington.. 
York 

Allegany 

Anne  Arundel 

Baltimore 

city. 

Baltimore  Co. 

Calvert. 

Caroline 

Carroll 

Cecil 

Charles 

Dorchester. . 

Frederick 

Garrett 

Harford 

Howard 

Kent 

Montgomery. 

Prince 

George's. 

Queen  Anne.. 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

.«u. 

2.466 

8,671 

2,671 

2,772 

*  2,16lR 

2,743r 

1,478d 

1,378d 

•     a    •     ■            •    •    • 

8,358 

2,701 

8.3S6 

580r 

601 R 

62»R 

i,7a() 

1,686 

1,214 

1.441 

754d 

1,398d 

1,110d 

l,061o 

903 

1,186 

490 

1,129 

447d 

632D 

256d 

496d 

718 

M7 

872 

4r2 

668d 

291d 

872D 

472d 

684 

679 

880 

450 

250d 

849D 

802d 

aooD 

1,578 

1,091 

1,049 

14m 

880D 

189r 

678d 

S5d 

667 

G26 

820 

421 

417o 

474D 

saoD 

299o 

Somerset. 


MAINE. 


6,777 

7,870 

0,386 

2,597r 

1,218b 

TSOb 

2,286 

8,101 

5,885 

1,278r 

5r7B 

178D 

12,022 

16,287 

19,908 

2.960R 

1,875b 

1,828r 

8,111 

8,675 

4,600 

1,268r 

667R 

212b 

4,610 

6,150 

8,149 

1,482r 

e98B 

616b 

8,469 

10.844 

18,167 

4,006r 

2,668r 

2,770b 

8,868 

6,992 

6,964 

1,804r 

806b 

TTOd 

8,187 

4,219 

6,667 

868R 

a07B 

221D 

6,806 

6,788 

8,674 

1.&42R 

620b 

886b 

10,726 

18,917 

16,660 

5,112r 

8,496b 

1,879r 

2,826 

2,815 

8,418 

1,110r 

78SB 

61SB 

2,887 

8,920 

4.724 

1,868r 

1,078b 

l,17lB 

6;7r7 

7,067 

8,066 

1,715r 

771b 

664b 

4,844 

6,072 

6,816 

1,676r 

858b 

1,100d 

6,478 

6,815 

8,061 

1,482r 

691b 

789b 

9,486 

12,181 

15,018 

2,778b 

1,091B 

610b 

MARYLAND. 


6,896 

1,206b 

4,706 

297b 
42,898 
8,854o 
7,917 

899D 
1,762 

378r 
2,144 

72r 
6,002 

82r 
4,660 

444r 
2,791 

80lB 
8,607 

97b 
9,251 
1,121B 


4,072 

162b 
2,506 

113b 
8,281 

d5R 
4,070 

172D 
8,895 

688R 
8,458 

150d 
2,787 

4S8B 


6,620 

86d 
6,875 

886d 
64,257 
10,14lD 
12,804 
2,80£d 
2,008 

42a 
2.826 

173d 
4,207 
2,403d 
6,492 

460d 
8,806 

llD 

8.901 

268D 
10,281 

280b 
1,978 

17b 
6.078 

974D 
2,830 

453d 
8,622 

252d 
4.949 

781D 
6,047 

187d 
8,625 

678d 
8,700 

128o 


6,421 

256b 
6,204 

SMd 
66,010 
0.884D 
12,672 
I.OTOd 
2,012 

I880 
2,638 

220D 
6.680 

854D 
6.657 

SllD 

8,575 

208b 
4,374 

108b 
11,042 

486b 
2,834 

86r 
6.402 

640D 
8,152 

422D 
8,820 

114D 
5,023 

G20D 
5,885 

41 1) 
8,073 

6410 
8,603 

178r 


aR65 
1,276b 
6,492 
886b 

1.840b 
4,015 
1,012b 
7,251 
1.029B 
12,012 
8,666b 
6,896 

456b 
4,746 

410b 
7,M2 
1,S28r 
18.860 
2.niQB 
8,812 

807b 
4.148 
1.4&2B 
7,518  ; 
1,185b 
6,128  I 

484Ri 
7,666 

901r' 

18,587  i 

1.1»4 


6J9CI8  I 

448«, 
6,865  I 

289D( 
61,052 
6.706D 
14,118 
I.SOOd 
2.019 

16:b 
2,880 

34D 
6,796 

88SD 
6,657 


8..V1 


4,626 

lesB 

10,701 


2.151 
].4!Ud 
S,56ri 
4K)D 

tec 

2.08ID 
1.17S 

&(« 

4S6 


i.sa 
see 

STp 


6,541 

lifiTi 

l.»t 

4,0J7 

7.0» 
l.»fte 
Uitt 
S,8Mi 
5,8n 
Kit 


7ja 

1.96^ 
1150 
2JHB 
1«5 
7911 
4,0W 
1.2901 
7M 
I. TOM 

&,:>3 

619b 
7J» 
l.tiSi 
111« 
l,67to 


7JSK 

6,09 

»,415 

iiw 
ij**^ 

1149 


2,641 

197b 
6,88S 

MTd 
8,125 

841 D 
4,199 

]08d 
6,689 

648D 
6,821 

121  D| 
4,054 

684D 
8.TM 

2B8Bf 


lOB 

7.4I4 

9tov 

6J« 

4JN 

4ft  " 
11.4* 

43%" 

14IS 

4,1« 

cm 

5S8D 

6,121 
» 

54to 

ion 

4^ 


UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Mabyland,  Michigan.)     811 


COUNTY. 

St.  Maiy'B... 

Talbot 

Washington. 
Wicomico... 
Worcester. . . 

Barnstable.. 
Berkshire... 

Bristol 

Duke's 

Essex 

Franklin.... 
Hampden... 
Hampshire.. 
Mlddlesez... 
Nantucket . . 

Norfolk 

Plymouth  .. 

Suffolk 

Worcester... 

Alcona 

Alger 

Allegan 

Alpena 

Anteim 

Arenac 

Baraga. 

Barry 

Bay 

Benzie. 

Berrien. 

Branch 

OalhouD 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

2,675 
S97R 

8,042 
88r 

8,802 
^2r 

3,312 
23lR 

142R 

3,620 
4d 

4,136 
160D 

4,421 
7d 

6,868 
460R 

7,905 
133d 

8,110 
50r 

8,579 
201 R 

2,561 
889D 

3,158 
993d 

8,406 
710D 

8,616 
906d 

2,900 
668d 

8,892 
1,494d 

8,658 
854d 

8,705 
767d 

Charlevoix. 
Cheboygan 
Chippewa. 

dare 

Clinton 

Crawford 

Delto 

Eaton 

Emmett.. . 
Genesee... 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


8,056 
2,360r 
9.436 
2,650r 

12,601 
7,317r 
672 
440r 

27,575 
9,571r 
5,368 
8,803r 

10,605 
2,405r 
6,318 
3,096r 

39,051 

14,099r 
838 
294r 

12,664 
4,402r 
9,024 
4,996r 

28.936 
6,602r 

27,042 

12,614r 


4,278 
2,708r 

11,498 
532R 

17,390 
5,762r 
548 
250R 

86,581 
6,791r 
6,329 
1,8]5r 

14,568 
1,358r 
7,525 
2,51  IR 

46,862 
7,740r 
482 
276R 

15,648 
2,278r 

12,828 
8,792r 

47,938 
2,264d 

86,370 
7,7©R 


4,429 
2,617r 

11,420 
1,354r 

19,594 
7,242r 
750 
402r 

88,978 
6,122r 
6,120 
1,926r 

18,868 
2,478r 
7.186 
2,914r 

60,188 

10,540r 
608 
287r 

16,530 
8,506r 

18,602 
4,282r 

67,206 
51  8d 

85,891 

10,193r 


MICHIGAN. 


127 
103R 


6,071 
1,875r 
810 
206r 
354 
214R 


8,279 

875r 
8,218 
678R 
607 
393R 
6,176 
1,628r 
4,622 
2,362r 
6,836 
2,136r 
4,262 
602r 
276 
25Sr 
410 
88r 
225 
117r 
820 

112R 

4,289 
T71R 


817 
7d 


7,724 
1,112r 
1,264 
6d 
756 
195r 


460 
14d 
6,471 

1,0&1R 

6,348 
4320 
667 
288R 

8.171 
509r 

6,834 

1,628r 
12,136 

1,71  8d 

6,259 
414R 
616 
206r 
707 
183d 
367 
23d 
608 
36r 

6.348 
173R 


647 
134r 


8,648 
2,687r 
1,832 
126r 
968 
447r 


569 
219R 
4,837 
1,567r 
202 
76r 
6,949 
2,025r 


957 
53r 
6,978 
1,107r 
746 
114D 
8,787 
l,d08R 


897 
61 D 
6,232 
2,063r 
6,206 

836R 

761 

279R 
8,611 

999R 
6,942 
2,926r 
9,174 
8,044r 
6,454 

679R 
1,166 

480r 

1,246 

65r 

745 
49r 

902 

118r 
6,852 

602R 

345 
4lR 
1,155 

267R 
7,685 
1,514r 
1,227 

819r 
8.945 
1,848r 


4,625 
2,207r 
11,865 

382R 
19,876 
6,816r 
839 
366R 
42,570 
5,156r 
6,882 
1,099r 
16,536 

662r 
7,438 
1,288r 
67,017 
6,448r 
661 
124R 
17.728 
1,080r 
14,618 
8,198r 
62,682 
11,338d 
39,154 
8,949a 


886 
206R 


8,452 

635R 
2,118 

200d 
1,824 

845R 

974 

284D 

703 
89r 
6,037 

238d 
8,040 
2,047d 
1,013 

176r 
9,248 

13d 
7,048 

713R 
9,086 

804R 
6,724 

20r 
1,924 

218R 
1,714 

120d 
1,842 

61 R 
1,341 

68d 
6,317 

438d 

636 
81 R 
1,816 

592R 
8,817 

389R 
1,779 

116D 
8,990 

671R 


1888. 

3,857 
221b  V 

4,510 

162b/ 
9,107 

894r*^ 
8,887 

769d^ 
8,732 

448D 


4,596 
2,326b 

13,302 
753R 

24,139 
6,585B 
888 
871R 

48,684 
7,670r 
7,337 
1,246r 

19,269 
3,196b 
8,461 
1,826b 

66,911 
7,144b 
715 
272b 

19,948 
2,04lB 

16,077 
8,278b 

70,736 
7,432d 

44,446 
7,066b 


1,160 

148b 

466 

122b 
9,763 
1,249b 
8,152 

18d 
2,800 

424b 
1,121 
96b 

799 
17d 
6,613 

536b 
10,012 
1,008d 
1,246 

296b 
10,314 

489b 
7,408 
l,d59B 
10,862 
1.374b 
5,786 

865b 
2,249 

896b 
2,431 

127D 
2,046 

146b 
1,886 

7d 
7.180 

I^R 

925 
4dD 
2,930 

255R 
8,873 
1,358r 
2,108 

IIOd 
10,165 
1,500b 


OOUNTT. 


Gladwin. 


Gogebic 

Grand  Trav- 
erse. 

Gratiot 

Hillsdale 

Houghton 

Huron 

Ingham 

Ionia 

Iosco 

Iron 

Isabella 

Jackson 

Kalamazoo... 

Kalkaska. 

Kent 

Keweenaw . . . 

Lake 

Lapeer 

Leelenaur 

Lenawee 

Livingston . . . 

Luce 

Mackinac 

Macomb 

Manistee 

Manitou 

Marquette 

Mason 

Mecosta 

Menominee. . . 

Midland 

Missaukee 

Monroe 

Montcalm... 
Montmorency 
Muskegon. . . 

Newaygo 

Oakland 

Oceana. 

Ogemaw 

Ontonagon.. 

Osceola 

Oscoda 

Otsego 


1872. 


853 

565R 
2,059 

905R 
6,099 
8,059r 
2,284 

428r 
1,215 

529R 
6,715 
1,185r 
5,028 
1,624r 

687 

258b 


978 
468r 
7,578 

606R 
6,410 
1,604r 
106 
IOOr 
9,006 
2,828r 


242 
202R 
8,853 
1,119r 
688 
820r 
9,131 
2,445r 
4,247 
423r 


172 
26d 

4,606 
286r 

1,209 
861R 
76 
76r 

2,662 

1,166r 
»47 
41 IR 

1,422 
7Wr 
667 
813R 

1,012 
606r 
119 
103r 

4,837 
453R 

2,760 

1,260r 


2,458 
1.086R 
969 
615R 
7,816 
1.1G4R 
1,354 
962R 


879 
57r 
721 
87lR 


1876. 


246 
78d 


1,833 

670R 
8,605 

838r 
2,900 
1,758r 
8,705 

827r 
2,305 

233R 
8,063 

64r 
7,606 
1,078r 

836 
98r 


1,814 

aoiR 

10,214 
814d 


918r 
624 
254r 
16,136 

1,725b 

1,149 
82lB 
631 
205R 

6,729 
732R 

1,046 

222r 
12,110 
976r 

6,665 
IMr 


278 

130d 
6,480 

444d 
1,788 
85r 

134 
64d 
4,058 

558r 
1,667 

253r 
2,369 

416r 

744 
42r 
1,139 

171R 

287 
5lR 
6,948 

861 D 
6,628 

661R 


8,929 
744R 

2,351 

6i4R 
10,417 
260D 

1,993 
766R 
188 

14r 
625 
12DD 

1,721 
184R 


829 
89r 


1880. 


410 
83d 


1,854 

928r 
6.002 
1,059r 
8,225 
2,d58R 
8,441 

789R 
8,000 

468r 
8,410 

572r 
8,009 
1,668r 
1,827 

296R 


2,568 

442R 
10,039 
743R 

8,072 

l,4d4R 
697 
826R 
16,466 

8,198r 
853 
S29R 
851 
313r 

6,217 
834R 

49r 
12.099 
1,206r 
6,029 

60r 


442 

160D 
6,566 

BID 
2,299 

819r 

m 

106D 
3,719 
1,16Sr 
2,109 

501R 
2,748 

769R 
2,264 

600r 

i,5n 

856R 
424 
145R 
7,108 

523d 
7.696 
1,893r 


4,795 

1,177r 

8,111 

867R 
10,838 

220R 
2,464 
999R 
613 
78r 
471 
IOr 
1,829 
644r 


626 
lllR 


1884. 


501 
75r 


2,547 

837R 
5,696 

60d 
8,166 
1,093r 
4,116 

689r 
8,432 

548D 
8,743 

858d 
7,869 

262D 
1,923 

1G2R 


8,310 

7b 
10,901 

648D 
8,720 

766R 
1,084 

261R 
19.686 

632D 

833 

419R 
1,716 

296R 
6,079 

821R 
1,403 

240r 
12,496 

255R 
6,807 

841D 


1,040 

79d 
6,469 

682D 
8,393 
621D 
166 
180D 
6.756 
2,762r 
2,673 

82r 
4,899 

618r 
8,576 
1,678r 
1,998 
188r 
869 
97r 
7,169 

896d 
7,818 
69r 
239 
44d 
6,971 

812R 
4,225 

80d 
10,750 

544R 
8,207 
4^R 
966 

6r 
658 
68r 
2,562 
705R 
290 
112r 
916 
76r 


1888. 


893 

168b 
2,515 

255b 
2,946 

934b 
7.006 

813b 
8,700 
1,924b 
6,892 

316b 
4,659 

380d 
9,948 

236D 
8,706 

657b 
8,811 

184D 
1,268 

78b 
4,186 

818b 
11,566 

476b 
9,950 
1,487b 
1,280 

896b 
86,931 

947b 

600 


1,966 

264b 
6,863 

748b 
1,620 

226b 
18.068 

804b 
6,016 

186d 

896 
40b 
1,658 

288d 
7,178 

468D 
4,402 

660d 

144 

188d 
6,861 
2,407b 
3,842 

124b 
4,740 

811b 
6,696 

928b 
2,694 

188b 
1,258 

60b 
7,668 

510D 
8,437 

986b 

481 
2d 
8,622 
1,007b 
4,721 

616b 
11,890 

2lD 
8,609 

800b 
1,280 
41 B 

852 

234b 
8,801 

792r 

587 
22d 
1,065 

139b 


i 


812    UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (MionioAjr,  MnorKsoTiu) 


COUNTY. 


Ottawa 

Presque  Isle. 
Bosooznmou. 
Saginaw  — 

Sanilac 

Schoolcraft . 
Shiawamee  . 

St.  Clair 

St.  Joeeph. . . 

Tuscola 

Van  Buren . . 
Washtenaw . 

Wayne 

Wexford 

Aitkin 

Anoka. 

Becker 

Beltrami 

Benton 

Big  Stone... 
Blue  Earth. . 

Brown 

CJarlton 

Carver 

Cass. 

Chippewa... 

Chisago 

Clay 

Cook 

Cottonwood. 
Crow  Wing. . , 

Dakota 

Dodge 

Douglas 

Faribault 

Fillmore 

Freeborn 

Ooodhue 

Grant 

Hennepin . . . . 

Houston 

Hubbard 

Isanti 

Itasca 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

8,738 

7,091 

6,087 

7,088 

1,527b 

1,7H1R 

1,265b 

709b 

182 

821 

861 

619 

182b 

15u 

71 B 

169b 

•  •••  •••• 

238 

1,021 

861 

i:»u 

261 D 

8d 

7,8S?r 

9,(Ki7 

11,120 

18,191 

2lB 

668o 

97d 

1,108d 

1,733 

8,791 

8,720 

8,905 

QiiTR 

67b 

942b 

106b 

293 

224 

198 

829 

261 R 

18r 

116b 

229b 

4,2U9 

6,667 

6,486 

6,469 

1,255r 

723b 

1,875r 

436D 

6,556 

7,890 

8,416 

9,088 

'1,088r 

857b 

780b 

651d 

4,945 

6,408 

6,477 

6,948 

l.d63R 

675b 

1,042b 

293b 

2,395 

8.892 

4,874 

6,860 

1,245r 

1.179b 

1,482b 

290b 

6.854 

7,146 

7,197 

7,518 

1,744r 

1,447b 

2,127b 

1,286b 

7,135 

9,690 

9,919 

9,981 

1,077r 

652o 

828o 

1,266d 

21,476 

28,718 

81,939 

88,948 

2,897b 

2,496d 

1,098b 

8,615b 

351 

987 

1,646 

2,226 

2a3B 

aOOB 

706b 

844b 

MINNESOTA. 


69 

45r 
438 
183b 
170 

68b 


814 
8b 
82 
82r 
3,523 

289b 
1,239 
865b 
194 
78b 
1,957 
88lD 
28 
6b 
434 
378b 
888 
6&4B 
412 
278b 


488 
888b 
788 
128r 
2,827 

6770 
1,453 

449b 
1,260 

820R 
2,135 
1,117r 
4,213 
1,653b 
2,267 
l,n9B 
4,006 
1,812r 
197 
175r 
7,063 
1.089R 
2,777 
637R 


64 
20b 
1,222 
238b 
689 
891b 


436 
108D 
106 
102b 

4,448 
870b 

1,637 
150b 
284 
28b 

2,809 
441o 
88 
12b 
701 
651b 

1,263 
775b 
604 
276b 


467 
810b 
261 
143b 
8,883 

673d 
2,350 

998r 
1,406 

796r 
2.259 

9H6r 
5.605 
2.073R 
2,745 
l,6fiOB 
5,697 
2,K'i0r 
304 
241b 
10,600 

769b 
8,434 
M2r 


69 
21 R 
1,498 
452b 
831 
655b 


686 
84o 

704 

196b 
4,550 

yOSR 
2,001 

585b 

445 
13d 
2,442 

146b 

199 
63b 
1,021 

699b 
1,498 

994b 
1,269 

67lB 


8a5 

(UlR 


845 
589R 
555 
101 R 
8,852 

132d 
2,802 
1,102r 
1,733 
1.143R 
2,597 
1,129r 
4,062 
2,870r 
8,086 
1,836b 
5,394 
2,686b 
639 
653b 
12,141 
8.931R 
8,2(M 
610r 


90:^ 
775R 


485 
7r 
1,984 

870R 
1,273 
667b 
19 
7b 
871 
169d 
759 
845b 
4,608 

452R 
2,828 
llOo 
934 
404b 
2,777 
403d 
150 
140R 
1,151 

437r 
1,798 
1,186r 
1,903 
449R 
64 
88r 
786 
462R 
1,468 

466b 
8,847 

801 D 
1,655 

693b 
2,202 
1,084r 
2,322 
1,044r 
8,940 
1,914r 
2,837 
1,871R 
6.542 
2,272r 
948 
672R 
22,654 
6,538r 
2,797 
481 R 
176 
26r 
1,356 
l,iaOR 


1888. 

7,818 
1,111R 
906 
76d 
720 
2b 
16,025 
2.200D 
6,691 

606b 
1,234 

IB 
7,719 

820b 
11,061 

138R 
7,171 

156b 
7,867 

776b 
8,240 
1,797b 
10,588 

933d 
48,216 
4,660d 
2,668 
872b 


627 

228b 
2,806 

516b 
2,174 

850b 


1,324 

285D 
1,196 

195b 
6,479 

646b 
2,988 

204o 
1.417 

486b 
8,433 

400d 

716 

238b 
1,514 

814b 
2,078 
1,061R 
2,717 

575b 
68 
6d 
1,128 

487b 
1,908 

445b 
4,254 

709D 
2,557 

725b 
2,825 
1,083b 
8,527 
1,122b 
6,628 
1,669b 
8,776 
1,442b 
6.898 
2,092b 
1,385 

583b 
88,028 
6,170b 
8.108 

248b 

878 
12d 
1,403 

765b 

173 

47d 


COUNTY. 


Jackson 

Kanabec 

Kandiyohi. . . 

Kittson 

Lac  qui  Parle 

Lake 

Le  Sueur 

Lincoln 

Lyon 

Marshall 

Martin 

McLeod 

Meeker 

MilleLacs... 

Morrison 

Mower 

Murray 

Nicollet 

Nobles 

Norman 

Olmsted 

Otter  Tail... 

Pembina 

Pine 

Pipestone . . . 

Polk 

Pope 

Ramsey 

Redwood 

Renville 

Rice 

Rock 

Scott 

Sherburne . . 

Sibley 

Steams. 

Steele 

Stevens 

St.  Louis.... 

Swift 

Todd 

Traverse 

Wabasha 

Wadena 

Waseca 


1872. 


650 
608b 
35 
9b 
1,240 
056r 


243 
229b 


2,101 
448o 


841 
629b 

1,099 
183b 

1,S83 
481b 
257 
106b 
401 
79d 

2,070 
900b 


1,641 
181b 


8,186 

922b 
1,818 
809b 
40 
40b 
296 
75b 


89 
41 B 
669 
583b 

6,836 
30d 
829 
247b 

1,011 
677b 

8,110 
7S»r 
186 
153b 

2,080 
854D 
484 
194b 


8,053 
799d 

1,660 
406b 
149 
57b 

1,175 
641b 
291 
213b 
680 
178b 


2,794 
112b 


1,878 
274b 


1876. 


592 
453b 
1-38 
80b 
1,696 
LdOOB 


372 
831B 
17 
17b 
106 
70b 
2,680 
696d 
606 
447b 


794 
474R 

1,700 
17d 

2,028 
728b 
285 
103b 
698 
166o 

2,999 

1,014b 
27Ti 
191b 
828 
661  o 
642 
416b 


4,424 

989b 

2,091 

1,167b 

26 

26b 

291 

18d 


865 

191R 

864 

e96B 

6,496 

1,158d 
672 
822b 

1,270 
646b 

4,241 
833b 
687 
449b 

2,896 

1,076d 
657 
224b 

1,707 
242d 

8,586 

1J295D 

2,642 
640b 
801 

98b 
743 
225b 
767 
441 R 
673 
169b 


8,949 
335b 
74 
88b 
1.926 
386R 


1880. 


898 
&I1B 
149 
63b 
1,768 
1,458b 
2S1 

8&B 

925 
831b 
20 
aOB 
680 
a56B 

3,266 
499D 

1,386 
946r 
215 
89b 
9S0 
778r 

2,142 
BOB 

1,896 
770R 
866 
164b 

1,126 
208d 

2,941 

1,219r 
741 
878R 

2,007 
639b 
920 
466R 


1884. 


4,044 

928b 
8,400 
1,866r 


156 

114d 

529 

187b 
2.805 

9^B 
1,085 

813b 
9,920 

252D 
1,088 

6t9B 
2,060 

864b 
4.254 

782b 

818 

48HB 
2,610 

»42d 

643 

219D 
2,031 

91 D 
8.884 
1,0&4d 
2,586 

e98R 
1,151 

125R 
1,116 

280r 
1,485 

333R 
1,(W5 

823r 

208 
83r 
8,907 

178r 

473 

250b 
2,344 

418b] 


1888. 


798 

506R 

S20 

diOBl 
2,0ro 
1,646b 

501 

129b 
1,186 

746b 
80 
68aJ 

758 

445b| 
8,479 

243d 
1,465 

981r 

741 

42rB 

996 

476b| 
2,649 

507DJ 
8,815 

fi07B 

441 

161b 
1.697 

88SD 
2,446 

8N>B 

871 

883b 
1,830 

428kj 

737 

S45b| 
1,211 

621b 
3.666 

5(«r 
4,995 
1,915b 


686 
72b 

864 

342b( 
4,135 

t«)B 

1,518 

l.<J|i8B 

14,681 

l.d)SB 

978 

493b 
2,a<l 

753r 
4,284 

622b 

908 

579r 
2,534 
1,150d 

990 

298a 
2,162 

«eD 
4,453 
1.G91D 
2.279 

267R 
1,012 

214b| 
3,198 
1,539B 
1,438 

49011 
1.307 

200b 

664 

158R 
3,564 

344D 

eJ7 

141b| 
2,066 


i,seo 


m 

HDl 

tm 

],46te 
1.010 

1,9a 

75efe 

xa 

13te 

i.on 

l«a 

1,8» 

I.TIB 
7«l 

1,«1 
fiCt 
126 

50(i> 

m 

2,4» 


ZJSS 

i.aaoi 

SSfk 
2,7M 

I»t 

1,754 
2141 

1,CT 
8ffii 

4,C3 


6jn 
S,10(l 


981 
Ml 
I.IS 

5.447 

1,8^ 
l.«0 

«,!» 

1,:6S 

Cik 

5.ia( 

3I7K 
1.4a 
67Si 

S.94» 
1.KP 

1^ 
SSl 

7,115 
2.5r4B 

tJ« 

3Mi 
].» 

$M 
7,13 

1,9:4 
Ste 

2.49 
fi38i 

l.(» 
SS» 

S,M 
8650 

i,att 

967^ 

m 


UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Minnesota,  Mississippi.)    813 


COUNTY. 

Washington., 
Watoxiwan . . 

Wilkin 

Winona 


Wright 

TeUow  Medi- 
cine. 


Adams 

Aloom 

Amite 

Attala 

Benton 

Bolivar 

Calhoun 

CSarroU 

Chickasaw . 
CSioctaw . . . 
daibome . . 

Clarke 

Clay 

Coahoma... 
Copiah.  ... 
CoTington.. 
De  Soto.... 
Franklin... 

Oreene 

Orenada ... 
Hancock... 
Harrison. . . 

Hinds 

Holmes  — 
Issaquena.. 
Itawamba.. 
Jackson..  . 

Jasper 

Jefferson. . . 

Jones 

Kemper 

Lafayette . . 
Lauderdale 
Lawrence.. 

Leake 

Lee 

Leflore 

Lincoln  — 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

2,060 

8,075 

3,675 

4,406 

9goR 

854R 

659R 

1,002r 

811 

751 

965 

818 

345R 

853R 

525R 

434R 

100 

182 

365 

604 

26r 

48r 

167R 

196r 

4,027 

5,579 

6,127 

6,967 

ig5B 

291 R 

17b 

689D 

2,065 

2,762 

3,427 

3,902 

2(yrR 

202r 

798b 

774R 

830 

673 

920 

1,805 

2d8R 

493b 

780b 

919R 

MISSISSIPPI. 


3,754 

3,966 

2,284 

2,609 

2.190R 

701B 

854D 

1,225b 

1,374 

2,289 

1,776 

1,862 

424D 

943d 

653d 

612d 

1,673 

1,544 

870 

1,713 

417r 

l,398o 

262d 

873d 

1,871 

3,043 

2,212 

2,181 

281R 

899D 

450d 

53r 

1,080 

1,904 

1,733 

1,483 

270D 

396d 

16d 

89d 

1,568 

3.385 

1,299 

2.077 

1,322r 

793b 

757b 

1,443b 

672 

1,972 

1,573 

1,407 

544D 

1,630d 

976d 

1.005D 

2,006 

3,010 

1,553 

2,171 

212R 

976d 

l,0l9o 

897D 

2,400 

2,897 

2,308 

1,757 

304R 

885D 

838d 

129D 

725 

1,121 

689 

743 

69d 

815D 

593d 

639D 

2,679 

1,927 

1,»19 

1,243 

l,80lR 

l,08lD 

765D 

761 D 

1,999 

2,248 

1,416 

1,418 

213R 

654d 

725D 

588D 

2,661 

2,771 

1,654 

1,394 

1,143r 

1,133d 

914D 

852D 

1,401 

2,235 

WS 

1,481 

1,160r 

657b 

155b 

613b 

3,608 

4,253 

8,446 

2,954 

28r 

9750 

602d 

1,4I6d 

611 

903 

636 

547 

71 D 

337d 

257d 

297D 

5,146 

4,212 

3,406 

8,314 

796R 

876D 

615D 

816D 

926 

1,858 

712 

840 

IOd 

480D 

186D 

810D 

219 

437 

251 

496 

143d 

325D 

150d 

294D 

1,811 

1,927 

1,036 

1,301 

709b 

655D 

463d 

117b 

629 

866 

630 

959 

5b 

238D 

236d 

177D 

809 

1,055 

750 

1,279 

137D 

46lD 

248D 

383d 

5,5&l 

5,977 

8,481 

3,839 

2,476b 

8,029d 

1.381D 

461 D 

3,oa3 

3,765 

8,007 

1,956 

1,757b 

1,463d 

599D 

386D 

1,623 

1,697 

392 

1,290 

1,365b 

121b 

278b 

900b 

583 

1,451 

1,300 

1,307 

487D 

1,369d 

1,198d 

1,137d 

805 

1,230 

858 

1,656 

189D 

544D 

262D 

346D 

1,449 

2,020 

1,255 

1,392 

105o 

622D 

577d 

302D 

2,087 

1,966 

1,088 

1,399 

l,38lB 

1,128d 

808d 

68ID 

328 

a57 

295 

412 

IMd 

329d 

205d 

87CD 

2,080 

2,483 

1,604 

1,500 

526b 

675d 

525D 

394D 

2,557 

4,006 

3,622 

3,217 

85b 

942D 

917D 

621D 

2,789 

2,627 

l,«i4 

1,634 

2I5r 

1,433d 

995D 

1,160d 

954 

1,475 

1,198 

1,458 

140r 

219d 

30d 

328D 

1,263 

1,916 

1,692 

1,295 

98d 

1,032d 

984d 

959D 

1,685 

2,931 

1,9<)2 

1,986 

895o 

2,52f>D 

1,555d 

1,678d 

1,220 

2,058 

918 

1,116 

610R 

662D 

366d 

592D 

1,447 

2,150 

1,539 

1,520 

249b 

400d 

70b 

126d 

1888. 

4,904 
747b 

1,334 
602b 
955 
187b 

7,058 
568d 

5.355 
744b 

1,660 
829b 


2,774 

1,188b 

1,544 

647d 
1,777 
1,024d 
2,851 

997d 
1,294 

3S5d 
2,633 

819b 
1,276 
l,055n 
1.116 

992d 
1,696 

832d 

746 

740D 

613 

585D 
2,018 
1,014d 
1,742 
1,274d 
2,203 

979b 
2,728 
1,806d 

642 

634o 
3,043 
1,123d 

988 

573d 

444 

818d 

961 

455D 
1,071 

412d 
1,350 

872d 
8,169 
1,245d 
2,383 

947d 
1,055 

8lR 
1,410 
1,310d 
1,457 

217D 
1,660 

434D 
1,016 

320d 

671 

671 D 
1,588 

888D 
2,174 
1.200D 
2,495 
1,81  8d 

839 

835D 
1,409 

991 D 
1,535 
1,4«1D 

828 

834D 
1,728 

466d 


CODWTY. 

Lowndes 

Madison 

Marion 

Marshall 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 

Neshoba  

Newton 

'  Noxubee 

Oktibbeha... 

Panola 

Pearl 

Perry 

Pike 

Pontotoc 

Prentiss 

Quitman 

Rankin 

Scott 

Sharkey 

Simpson 

Smith 

Sunmer 

Simflower 

TaUahatchee. 

Tate 

Tippah 

Tishemingo . . 

Tunica 

Union 

Warren 

Washington.. 

Wayne 

Webster 

Wilkioson.... 

Winston 

Talabusha . . . 
Tazoo 


Adair ... 
Andrew. 
Atchison 
Audrain. 

Barry 

Barton.. 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

3,915 

2,075 

1,533 

2,a36 

2,519b 

2,071 D 

873d 

1,829d 

8,2r7 

1.486 

2,176 

1,929 

1,747b 

1,460d 

320D 

659D 

457 

696 

518 

962 

6b 

218D 

116d 

414o 

4.739 

6.328 

6,170 

3,980 

971b 

228d 

56d 

242o 

8,982 

4,&« 

2,810 

3,002 

1,194b 

894D 

1,406d 

1.910D 

1,665 

1,965- 

1,521 

1,367 

137b 

1,063d 

1,229d 

931D 

497 

1,235 

882 

604 

127D 

997D 

652D 

522d 

1,085 

1,943 

1,026 

1,119 

28Sd 

l,ailD 

1,026d 

869D 

S,SU 

8,050 

1,661 

1,956 

2,272b 

201D 

807d 

1,090d 

1,678 

2,396 

1,609 

1,547 

1,068r 

850D 

844d 

597d 

8,196 

6,307 

4,266 

8,797 

1,234r 

288d 

10b 

849b 

70 

198 

48d 

171D 

213 

363 

278 

613 

163d 

aoiD 

lti6D 

257d 

1,678 

2,398 

1,550 

2,638 

82r 

650D 

279d 

432D 

1,549 

2,194 

1,840 

1,428 

533d 

1.076D 

686D 

408d 

1,040 

2,044 

1,696 

1,747 

674d 

1,718d 

1,878d 

1,209d 

286 
70d 
1,767 

9 

8d 
1,836 

2,152 

2,577 

60r 

1,008d 

647d 

d92D 

1,129 

1,432 

793 

680 

209D 

l,a&lD 

793d 

630d 

683 

660 

795 

499D 

d04D 

lOlB 

805 

1,129 

745 

948 

159D 

447d 

293d 

720d 

650 

1,126 

966 

772 

854D 

1,105d 

966d 

768d 

1,397 

1,086 

581D 

522D 

817 

750 

816 

734 

117b 

2a2D 

16d 

156D 

1,219 

1,145 

1,188 

1,302 

563R 

1,143d 

349D 

268d 

3,456 

8,261 

8,040 

4.38D 

191D 

64o 

720 

1.885 

1,798 

1,995 

334D 

1,231D 

919D 

845D 

514 

948 

995 

989 

348D 

900D 

746D 

597d 

1,121 

1,626 

7»4 

506 

949R 

1,168r 

338R 

31  6r 

1,115 

2,009 

1,937 

2.082 

863d 

1.213d 

1,098d 

1,256d 

5.993 

2,659 

1,108 

2,995 

3,425r 

1,413d 

960D 

6e7D 

3,164 

4,499 

2,379 

2,702 

2,774r 

1,303d 

95r 

8r4R 

696 

1,086 

977 

1,025 

26b 

158d 

113d 

137D 
972 
424D 
1,457 

2,689 

2,68r 

2,510 

1,663r 

163R 

306D 

6'.Md 

968 

1,476 

1,241 

905 

90d 

870d 

600D 

553d 

1,510 

2,765 

2,482 

2,000 

54d 

1. 04.30 

1.079D 

316d 

3,345 

3,674 

2,288 

1,336 

1,501R 

8,670d 

1,978d 

1,324d 

MISSOURI. 


2,380 

2,820 

8,255 

8,518 

466R 

413r 

•JoWR 

598R 

2,987 

3,149 

3,483 

8,733 

221R 

87r 

21()R 

278R 

1,913 

2,416 

2,979 

8,063 

89r 

39r 

33d 

835b 

2,218 

8,104 

3,835 

4,616 

902D 

1,432d 

1,339d 

1,480d 

1,446 

2,014 

2,460 

8,248 

72d 

Id 

193d 

76r 

1,173 

1,511 

2,173 

8,553 

83r 

60d 

423o 

122D 

1888. 

1.141 
1,105d 
2,377 
1,688d 
836 
821D 
8,6^^ 

844o 
8,375 
2,549d 
1,107 
871D 
887 
881D 
2,011 
1,740d 
846 
846D 
1,752 

948D 
2,771 
529D 


698 
680D 
2,109 

938d 
1,480 

458d 
1,512 
950d 
272 
62b 
2,049 
1,041D 
1,138 
904o 
831 
871b 
944 
557D 
1,086 
1,060d 


879 
851D 

1,049 
993d 

2,868 

1.4940 

1,785 
818o 
959 
666D 

1,465 
447b 

1,450 
652D 

8,822 

l,406o 

8,181 
528D 

1,188 
196d 
910 
664o 
532 
458o 
710 
T06D 

1,257 
835o 

1,208 

1,189d 


8,860 
697r 

8,737 
286b 

8.366 
89r 

4.734 

1,M6d 

4,225 
59o 

8,954 
840D 


! 


814 


UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.     (MiBeouBL) 


COUNTY. 


Bates 

Benton 

Bollinger. . . . 

Boone 

Buchanan. . . 

Butler 

C2aldweU .... 
Callaway 

Camden 

Cape  Girar- 
deau 

CarroU 

Carter 

Caw. 

Cedar 

Chariton 

Christian.... 

Clarke 

Clay 

CUnton 

Cole 

Cooper 

Crawford . . . 

Dade 

Dallas 

Daviess 

DeKalb 

Dent 

Douglas 

Dunklin 

Franklin .... 
Gasconade.. 

Gentry 

Greene 

Grundy  

Harrison 

Henry 

Hickory 

Holt. 

Howard 

HoweU 

Iron 

Jackson 

Jasper 

JelTerson 

Johnson 


1879. 


8,245 

^7d 
1,719 

106R 
1,070 

252d 
4,192 
2,206d 
6,128 

981D 

592 

216d 
2,205 

455R 
8,439 
1,997d 

987 

161 R 
2,887 

179d 
8,179 

219d 

156 
96d 
8,466 

559d 
1,515 

29r 
8,684 
1,000d 

916 

410R 
2,542 

84r 
2,785 
1,679d 
2,893 

448d 
2,468 

176d 
8,611 

747d 
1,201 

153d 
1,668 

261R 
1,242 

840R 
2,754 

56b 
1,858 

176R 

909 

121D 


919 

695D 
8,807 

143r 
1,154 

602R 
2,210 

152D 
8,748 

416r 
2,197 

649r 
2,865 

635R 
8,650 

598o 

904 

406R 
2,221 

533r 
2,845 
1,0Q9d 

789 
27r 

977 

223d 
7,289 
1,661D 
8,430 

754R 
2,118 

362D 
4.808 

205D 


1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

8,551 

5,091 

6,892 

598D 

1,0S2d 

781D 

1,947 

2,330 

2,8523 

245R 

212b 

232b 

1,570 

1,814 

2,107 

426d 

439D 

328D 

5,080 

4,857 

4,945 

2,664d 

2,099d 

2,2U5d 

6,706 

8,401 

9,115 

1,640d 

1,376d 

1,357d 

926 

1,117 

1,891 

466D 

471D 

409d 

2,556 

2,880 

8,211 

325R 

280R 

507b 

4,478 

4,664 

4,770 

2,517d 

2,185d 

2,a78D 

1,178 

1,240 

1,416 

98r 

29b 

200b 

8,260 

8,612 

4,174 

419D 

228d 

6d 

4,406 

4,862 

6,670 

426D 

865d 

119D 

806 

868 

416 

129d 

168d 

152D 

8,721 

4,695 

6,282 

887d 

1,000d 

950d 

1,825 

2,084 

8,019 

17b 

26b 

•118d 

4,912 

5,064 

5,481 

1,446d 

1,282d 

1,093d 

1,427 

1,758 

2,242 

435r 

858b 

836b 

8,088 

8,193 

8,254 

87d 

67d 

58d 

8,409 

8,751 

4,157 

2.886D 

2,880d 

2,268d 

2,866 

8,485 

8,878 

787D 

824o 

628d 

2,628 

2,777 

8,014 

4dOD 

46d 

18d 

4,101 

4,291 

4,708 

561D 

459d 

252D 

1,790 

1,978 

2,170 

282d 

294d 

53d 

2,286 

2,867 

8,048 

412R 

825b 

424b 

1,446 

1,696 

2,050 

109R 

167b 

676b 

8,515 

4,126 

4,896 

185D 

249d 

88b 

2,265 

2,764 

8,154 

27b 

67d 

144b 

1,266 

1,815 

1,969 

874D 

866D 

878d 

927 

1,216 

1,570 

608b 

d34B 

794b 

1,241 

1,515 

1,909 

1,065d 

1,151D 

1,145d 

4,445 

4,986 

5,221 

145D 

88rB 

64lB 

1,716 

1,999 

2,072 

600r 

1,025b 

975b 

2,554 

8,698 

4,015 

263d 

606D 

855d 

5,026 

6,396 

7,132 

250R 

286b 

608b 

2,923 

8,143 

8,341 

697R 

815b 

923b 

3,390 

8,922 

4,125 

640R 

511b 

722b 

8,880 

4,821 

5,628 

881D 

1,127d 

1,012d 

1,021 

1,363 

1,696 

241R 

289R 

437b 

2,961 

8,114 

8,436 

313R 

d08B 

482b 

8,420 

3,726 

8,552 

1,323d 

887D 

1,039d 

953 

1,388 

2,487 

87d 

269D 

253d 

1,191 

1,419 

1,336 

419d 

289D 

241 D 

8,837 

12.558 

18,900 

2,529d 

1,580d 

270d 

6,563 

652 

7,442 

233b 

84lB 

806b 

8,010 

8,582 

4,178 

6g6D 

511D 

414D 

4,923 

5,513 

6,429 

561D 

896D 

272D 

1888. 

7,024 

882D 
3,140 

830r 
2,402 

213d 
5,645 
2,557o 
11,599 
1,358d 
2,089 

S32D 
8,591 

825b 
5,565 
2,288d 
1,956 

381B 
4,308 

304b 
6,140 
24b 

748 

168D 
5,284 

920d 
8,806 

IOd 
6,908 
1,107d 
2,802 

746b 
8,552 

67d 
4,877 
2,525d 
8,960 

585D 
8,550 

115D 

6,188 

209o 
2,438 

83b 
8,580 

262b 
2,868 

463b 
4,685 

2nD 
8,290 

25R 
2,202 

217D 
2,417 

829b 
2,557 
1,119d 
6,881 

682b 
2,809 
1,179b 
8,870 

419o 
9,787 

949R 
8,778 

981b 
4,301 

696b 
6,207 

655D 
1,868 

448b 
8,391 

398b 
8,936 
1,300d 
8,206 

136d 
1,768 

342D 
80,765 
1,313d 
2,949 

837b 
4,709 

210D 
6,249 

288d 


COUNTY. 


Knox 

Laclede 

Lafayette . . . 
Lawrence . . . 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Linn 

Livingston . . 

Macon 

Madison 

Maries 

Marion 

McDonald... 

Mercer 

Miller 

Mississippi . . 

Moniteau 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

New  Madrid. 

Newton 

Nodaway . . . 

Oregon 

Osage 

Ozark 

Pemiscot 

Perry 

Pettis 

Phelps 

Pike 

Platte 

Polk 

Pulaski 

Putnam 

Ralls 

Randolph . . . 

Ray 

Reynolds 

Ripley. 

Saline 

Schuyler  — 

Scotland 

Scott 

Shannon 


1872.     1876.     1»80.     1884.    ISW. 


2,011 

81lD 

1,381 

260D 
4,507 
1,461D 
2,297 

101 R 
2,812 

594D 
2,182 

892D 
8,164 

206r 
8,816 

174i> 
4,080 

590D 
1,064 

884D 

092 

186D 
4,278 

908D 

294 
8d 
1,728 

674R 
1,681 

149b 
1,068 

417d 
2,261 

289D 
8,012 
2,106d 
2,861 

227D 
1,552 

238d 
1,089 

558D 
2,194 

122R 
8,186 

180r 

499 

891D 

979 

661R 

423 

158b 

486 

466D 
1,846 

104b 
8,640 

290D 
1,602 

210D 
4,818 

888d 
3,064 
1,21 2o 
2,170 

174b 

858 

210D 


9??p 


2,807 

BMdI 
2,090 

6Q6d| 
6,087 
1,341d1 
8,880 
91b| 


8^110 


2,157 
1270 
1,561 

68SDi 

8,969 

iOto 

6.850 

810b 

1,400 

8g6D 

2,317 

12SB 

978 

29Qr1 

8QS 

66SD 

2,218 

237D 
6.644 

410d 
2,167 

406d 
6,8r4 

966d 
8,753 
],6I6d 
8.487 

a9iB 

1,571 

88Sd 
2,773 

901b 
2,470 
1,0Sd 
6.011 
l^STSo 
4,504 
1,287d 

996 

SfiSD 
1,195 

443d 
6,668  • 
1,4«2d 
2,221 

198D 
8,680 

449d 
1,846 

816d 

729 

4150 


i; 


1^ 


UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.     (Missodbi,  Nebraska.)     815 


3UNTT. 

bj 

Siarles. . . 
Oair 

lenevieve 
iouiflcity. 
/mis  Co.. 

dard 

e 

▼an 

5J 

18 

ion 

ren 

hington.. 

ne 

6ter 

th. 

5ht 

ma 

slope 

ne 

oe 

Butte.... 

wn 

alo 

t. 

er 

L 

u* 

le 

rry 

fenne  ... 

ax 

ling 

er 

Ota 

■ea. 

aon 

m 

ge 

glaa 

d7 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

2,165 

897d 
8,231 

113d 
2,186 

182d 
1,470 

686D 
1,018 

250d 

2,643 

716d 
8,571 
1,447d 
2,121 

259D 
2,10Gi 

970D 
1,692 

626d 
48,380 
2,469d 

2,967 

l,420o 

4,447 

82b 
2,781 

198d 
2,588 

972D 
2,771 

431D 
47,715 

881d 
5,496 

604b 
2,223 

961d 

711 

296b 
8,597 

24d 
1,857 

976d 
2,012 

778d 
8,638 
1,898d 
2,208 

681b 
2,842 

714d 
1,758 

676D 
1,701 

468d 
1,571 

94d 
1,415 

232b 

8,066 

782D 
4,452 

216b 
8,362 

56d 
2,882 

874D 
1,799 

431D 
42,926 

677D 
6,077 
1,084b 
2,488 

957D 

905 

439b 
8,658 

114b 
1,106 

186b 
2,668 

682D 
5,826 
1,774d 
1,965 

753R 
2,461 

455D 
2,161 

628d 
2,549 

87b 
1,078 

128b 
2,217 

292b 

979 
84lD 
470 
226b 

2,262 
14b 
540 
138b 

1,819 
867D 

1,945 
748d 

1,678 
440b 

1,519 
237D 
919 

211D 

1,571 

45d 
977 

85b 
1,037 

69b 

1,811 
997d 
591 
278b 

2,935 

4lB 

719 
17b 
1,708 

681  o 
2,674 
1,100d 
2,088 

450b 
2,866 

848d 
1,609 

719d 
2,087 

78d 
1,857 

84d 
1,110 

107b 

NEBRASKA. 


183 
116b 
97 

8lB 

971 

563b 

271 

141R 

2,048 
897R 
770 
482R 

8,078 
744b 

1,608 
657b 

68 
63b 

807 
217b 

897 
445R 

1,041 
540b 

1,680 
559b 

2,786 
465b 

2,012 
921b 

2,540 
78d 

4,112 
430b 
827 
160D 

245 
179R 
608 
183b 
488 
400b 
1,735 
845b 
149 
7b 

651 

831b 

984 

80lB 
1,001 

165b 
2,298 

496b 

431 

143d 

1,623 
805R 

1,437 
630b 

1,788 
242b 

8,856 
658b 
544 
108d 

497 
23b 
765 
36b 
2,689 

878r 
1,596 

16d 
1,806 

49d 
1,931 
582R 
939 
18r 

106 

2d 
286 
224R 
818 
128b 
5M 

4d 

808 
97d 
1,378 
696b 
923 

7r 
904 
88d 

554 

90d 
2,096 

997b 
1,086 

286b 
1,192 
61b 
429 
169b 
714 
58d 

'  '819 

lllB 

27 
7b 
846 
160b 
960 
146b 
8,078 
706b 

247 
95b 
657 
60r 
1,940 

28r 
4,612 
72r 

526 
108r 
780 
144R 

2,520 
860R 

5,889 
88SR 

1,085 
802r 

1,260 
363r 

8,395 
67d 

9,497 
392R 
104 
2b 

1888. 

8,315 

1,003d 

6,067 

2878 
8,692 

68d 
8,759 

769d 
1,995 

891 D 
08,0^ 
6,256b 
7,176 
1,709r 
8,005 

856d 
1,262 

651b 
8,996 

78r 
1,401 

856b 
8,821 

652d 
6,627 
1,805d 
2,146 

800b 
2,560 

114D 
2,434 

427d 
8,008 

155R 
1,786 

18d 
2,092 

OOlB 


8,816 

047b 
2,284 

828b 

270 
50b 
1,844 

590R 
1,828 

162R 
1,800 

538R 
8,926 

949b 
2,388 
1,014b 
8,246 

17d 
6.214 

128b 
1,805 

54d 
1,212 

817B 
1,388 

209b 
2,946 

675b 
8,400 
1,095b 
1,958 

211D 
2,472 

278D 
4,678 
1,277b 
1,616 

IOOd 
1,7W 

472b 
1,773 

478b 
1,628 

261b 
4,282 

392D 
21,540 

673d 

922 

266b 


COUNTY. 

Fillmore . . . 
Franklin... 

Frontier 

Furnas 

Gage 

Qarfleld.... 

Gosper 

Grant 

Greeley 

HaU 

Hamilton . . 

Harlan 

Hayes 

Hitchcock. . 

Holt 

Howard 

Jefferson. . . 
Johnson.... 
Kearney . . . 

Keith 

KeyaPaha. 

Knox 

Lancaster.. 

Lincoln 

Logan 

Loup 

Madison 

Merrick 

Nance 

Nemaha. . . . 
NuckoUs . . . 

Otoe 

Pawnee 

Perkins 

Phelps 

Pierce 

Platte 

Polk 

Red  Willow 
Richardson. 

Saline 

Sarpy 

Saimders. . . 

Seward 

Sheridan... 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

457 
867b 
115 
69b 
17 
6b 

'""756" 
492b 

1,090 
588r 
614 
200R 

■     "286 
187R 
1,089 
605R 

2,016 
9&4r 
889 
337R 
175 

9lR 

861 
405R 
2,714 
987r 

2,674 
622r 

1,215 
298R 
460 
174R 

1,229 
452R 

5.126 

1,071R 
256 
40r 
538 
IIOr 

82 

14r 

287 
86r 

'   "  "444" ' 

212b 

139 

107b 

72 

58b 

41 
85r 
1,015 
425R 
668 
606R 
457 
227R 

815 
56r 

1,711 
606r 

1,644 
661 R 
960 
489b 

693 
19d 
2,693 

251r 
2,287 

456R 
1,137 

489b 

" '  92 
72r 
445 
289r 
743 
886R 
61 
89b 

26 
6r 

22 

22r 
876 
208r 
688 
894R 
1,073 
821R 
228 
144R 

71 

89d 

184 
86b 
718 
26b 
992 
285b 
1,653 

668b 
1,649 
489r 
798 
808b 
83 
19d 

248 
72b 
2,906 

472b 
1,441 

6d 
2,147 

554b 
2,381 

870b 
1,589 
860b 
140 
5d 

"i,"628" 
945b 
227 

61 B 

266 
166R 
2,662 
1,240r 
490 
12r 

802 
326r 
4,888 
2,016b 
638 
116b 

1,400 

410b 
6.398 
1,831B 
880 
144b 

206 
126b 

1,798 
158b 

1,562 
386R 
732 
250r 

2,926 
482R 

1,542 
400R 

4,070 
84k 

2,063 
600r 

""429" 
251R 

665 
67r 
769 
869b 

1,154 
244b 

1,128 
544R 
283 

115R 

2,338 
616r 
981 
263b 

3,193 
692b 

1,589 
865b 

1,396 
477R 
09 
43b 
1,545 
243b 
726 
514b 

1,600 
484b 
807 
119b 

2,348 
169b 
896 
566b 

"     "45 ' 

43d 

408 

69b 

183 

149b 

*  i,*854 " 
842R 
917 
487R 
40G 
124R 
1,106 
652R 
T75 
449R 

69 

63b 
121 

81  d 
1,044 

16d 
027 
460r 
102 

flSR 

2,340 
188r 

1,522 
584R 
812 
dOD 

1,570 
&42R 

1,230 
580R 

493 
800r 
195 
43d 

1,698 
22r 

1,190 
707r 
479 
137R 

8,389 
272R 

2,944 
844R 

1,026 
25d 

2,970 

1,161R 

2,279 
665R 

1,064 
618r 
620 
47r 

2,430 
168d 

1,811 
162r 
897 
827R 

4,143 
55R 

8,867 
560r 

1,249 
6r 

8,659 
152R 

8,028 
297b 

•  •      •  •  •  •  • 

1888. 

2,791 
610R 

1,563 
332b 

1,706 
456b 

2,100 

eroB 

6,579 

922b 

897 

118R 
1,002 

800b 
96 
7d 
1,098 

60d 
8,548 

896b 
2,860 

742b 
1,799 

599b 

878 

196b 
1,844 

890r 
8,742 

458b 
1,909 

47d 
2,888 

741b 
2,898 

806b 
1,968 

889b 

637 
66b 
1,009 

298b 
1,897 

832b 
9,960 
2,109r 
1,909 

428b 

858 
57b 

270 

146b 
2,715 

288b 
2.066 

497b 
1,127 

276b 
2,766 

888b 
2,202 

609b 
4,544 

96d 
2,229 

652b 
1,182 

248b 
1,851 

883b 

917 
19d 
2,958 

387d 
1,996 

471B 
2,072 

590b 
4,145 

196b 
4,148 

863b 
1,606 

217d 
4,378 

a35B 
8,578 

146b 
1,852 

S09B 


816    UNITED  STATES,  PRESmENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Nkbeaska,  New  Yowl) 


COUNTY. 

Sherman 

Sioux 

Stanton 

Thayer 

Thomas 

Valley 

Washing^n. 

Wayne 

Webster 

Wheeler 

York 

Churchill... 

Douglas 

Elko 

Esmeralda . . 

Eureka 

Humboldt. . . 

Lander 

IJncoln 

Lyon 

Nye 

Ormaby 

Storey 

Washoe 

White  Pine. . . 

Belknap 

Carroll 

Cheshire 

Coos 

Qrafton 

Hillsborough. 
Merrimack... 
Rockii^gham. 

Strafford 

Sullivan 

Atlantic 

Bergen 

Burlington. .. 

Camden 

Cape  May 

Cumberland. . 
•    Essex 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

•  •■••••• 

100 
22R 

897 
228R 

153R 

145 
19r 
229 
197r 

267 

5d 
621 
27&R 

20r 
1^4 

486R 

667 

8lD 

2,093 
miB. 

»?2 
874R 

S3 

aSR 
191 
149R 

188 
176R 
1,439 
615R 
62 
S6r 
625 
893R 

485 

299R 
1,720 

60lR 

161 
75r 
1,897 

617r 

1,170 
860R 

2,392 
495R 
637 
208R 

1,985 
645R 
205 
84r 

2,973 

l,0e7R 

124 
48d 

1,197 

611R 

■  2,108 
914R 

1888. 

1,310 
145a 
618 
6d 


NEVADA. 


94 

80 

181 

184 

12d 

12d 

17d 

8r 

836 

611 

622 

882 

126r 

153R 

28d 

48r 

1,169 

1,683 

1,668 

1,806 

63r 

67d 

lOlD 

78r 

474 

743 

1,280 

841 

60r 

3d 

66d 

2rrR 

1,548 

1,917 

1,271 

IOr 

1S6R 

285r 

750 

894 

970 

967 

Mr 

106D 

226D 

lOlD 

1,890 

905 

1,090 

948 

54r 

146D 

6Qd 

146R 

1,894 

762 

674 

456 

196d 

84D 

leon 

65D 

638 

838 

648 

644 

276r 

228r 

6lR 

76r 

633 

865 

767 

406 

45r 

7d 

8Qd 

llR 

824 

1.360 

1,076 

872 

204r 

338R 

172R 

202R 

4,074 

6,918 

6,138 

2,609 

1,132r 

466R 

892d 

367r 

761 

1,568 

1,583 

1,209 

193r 

244R 

73d 

223r 

1,112 

1.136 

838 

690 

208R 

Tie  roto. 

42d 

60r 

NEW 

HAMPSHIRE. 

8,958 

4,336 

4,888' 

4,889 

IIOd 

28lD 

133d 

9d 

8,676 

4,490 

5,089 

4,869 

&R 

458d 

213d 

157D 

6,328 

7,146 

7,386 

7,165 

1,4s28r 

1,178r 

l,36lR 

,907r 

3,146 

3,809 

4,260 

4,568 

308D 

451  d 

658D 

810D 

8,989 

9,854 

10,896 

10,276 

99d 

328d 

336d 

256r 

12,669 

14,980 

15,744 

16,017 

1,81IR 

1,400r 

1,690r 

1,467r 

9,556 

11,347 

11,866 

11,867 

24r 

27d 

13r 

493R 

10,201 

11,998 

13,086 

12,170 

1,341r 

ai6R 

967R 

480R 

5,801 

7,415 

8,593 

8,276 

1,185r 

669R 

713R 

691R 

4,300 

4,674 

4,916 

4,591 

467r 

462R 

654R 

446R 

NEW  JERSEY. 


2,286 

3,134 

4,251 

4,594 

381R 

237r 

768r 

585r 

6,050 

7,610 

7,948 

8,151 

70d 

I.ICMD 

562d 

639D 

10.924 

12.87« 

13,707 

18,688 

1,464R 

6Cd 

467R 

378R 

7,517 

11,796 

13,784 

15,581 

2,877r 

l,a'S2R 

2,063r 

1,99:)R 

1,314 

1.921 

3,240 

2,399 

4H4R 

189R 

685D 

231 R 

6,133 

7,664 

8,600 

8,805 

1,437r 

545R 

806r 

1,021R 

26.035 

34,306 

38.968 

42,818 

5,021r 

1,906r 

2,912r 

1,215a 

26d 

2,607 
SSlR 
166 
2r 

1,634 
804b 

2,475 
SSlR 

1,230 
173r 

2,304 
667R 
430 
167R 

8,608 

1,142b 


419 
125b 
1,494 

98r 
680 
148r 
964 
251r 
908 

37d 
644 
104R 
822 

27d 
712 
186R 
886 

6lB 
924 
216r 
2,852 

STOr 
1,671 
247R 
600 
178R 


6,387 

160r 
4,934 

96d 
7,416 

953b 
6,074 

132d 
10,570 

39r 
18,166 
1,021R 
12,467 

118d 
18,229 

IOSd 
8,932 

31  Or 
4,710 
&48R 


6,847 

476r 
9,240 

658d 
16,009 

510R 
18,867 
2,5fl2R 
2,728 

d63R 
10,735 
1,189r 
61,236 
116R 


COUNTY. 

.  Gloucester . . 

Hudson 

Hunterdon.. 

Mercer 

Middlesex  .. 
Monmouth . . 

Morris. 

Ocean 

Passaic 

Salem 

Somerset 

Sussex 

Union 

Warren 

Albany 

Allegany 

Broome 

Cattaraugus 

Cayuga  

Chautauqua. 
Chemung . . . 
Chenango... 

Clinton 

Columbia . . . 

Cortland 

Delaware . . . 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin .... 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson ... 
Kings  

Livingston . . . 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 

New  York 

Niagara 


1872. 

1876. 

4,316 

5,701 

1,188r 

449r 

19,555 

28,750 

1,447d 

6,826d 

7,562 

9,488 

6760 

S,06lD 

'  9,648 

12,125 

354R 

&3r 

9,088 

11,097 

816R 

603d 

8,974 

11,652 

474d 

2.283d 

7,959 

10,301 

1.353R 

65r 

2,811 

8,405 

689R 

271R 

8.681 

11.012 

1,665r 

407R 

4,838 

6,806 

506R 

109R 

4,956 

6,187 

475R 

168D 

4,913 

6,748 

719d 

1,660d 

9,079 

11,160 

176R 

860D 

6,668 

8,461 

1,102d 

2,426d 

1880. 


6,180 
687R 
84,371 
4,954d 
9,674 
1,807d 
13,960 

675R 
12,041 
1,1S7d 
18,364 

1,9210 
10,902 

683R 
3,604 

244R 
18,424 
],800r 
6,233 

143R 
6,415 

60r 
6,892 

8Md 
11,719 

119D 
8,676 
2,109d 


1884. 


6,587 

e»R 

88,820 

5,32So 

9J299 

2,007d 

15.108 

613b 
11.944 

6^7d 

14,508 

1.106D 

10.707 

877r 
8,774 

496r 
14,780 
1.879b 
6,166 

158b 
6,189 

]R9d 
5,851 
lJ240i>! 
12,218 

730D 
81778 
2,1«D 


18M. 


7,Si7 

47^ 
8.ie9» 
9,GS 
1.97SO 

18^ 

1$,538 
1,148» 

16,511 
1.1SSP 

iLser 

84te 

asn 

19il5 
1.0841 
6,78) 
a7k 

ISto 

im 

96?b 
li4W 
9» 

l,71fi» 


NEW  YORK. 

28,807 

34,194 

86,542 

87,837 

|«^ 

621R 

1,180d 

8,060d 

646D    1,S% 

9,131 

10,707 

11,805 

12,470 

1IJG5 

8,169r 

2,998r 

3,345b 

2,7«B 

I     3.41b 

10,041 

12,219 

12,826 

13,561 

15.M 

1,897r 

1,342r 

1,723b 

1.4021 

L   ijm 

9,221 

11,891 

18,582 

14.880 

aeii 

2,009r 

1,664r 

1,»36b 

1.3988 

lllk 

12,771 

16,211 

15.912 

16.258 

I6.« 

8.207R 

2,8S7r 

8,896r 

2.984b 

UGte 

13,025 

16,871 

16.543 

17,518 

ia,a 

3,265r 

4,371  R 

4,960b 

4,809b 

&.98ili 

8.078 

9,992 

10,421 

10,715 

10.» 

622R 

498D 

170D 

479b 

SM 

9,866 

11.156 

11,043 

10,710 

11,0(S 

1,296r 

1,348r 

1.210R 

l,OffiB 

1.1M 

8,651 

10,296 

10,404 

11,177 

11^ 

481R 

706R 

1,8S0b 

»5b 

Infill 

11,509 

12,210 

12,497 

12,487 

VLTlt 

585D 

610d 

4MR 

57DB 

4lte 

6,923 

6,722 

6.964 

7.307 

8.455 

1,229r 

1.396b 

1,376r 

1.266^ 

ijm 

9,689 

11,128 

11,392 

11,439 

ii«r 

l,013ii 

640r 

974R 

978r 

liStt 

16,872 

18,897 

19,641 

1^974  1  au« 

402D 

399R 

2,570r 

1.034R 

1.0lfi 

30,299 

39,872 

45,480 

51,996 

61.M 

6,363r 

765R 

835r 

1.490b 

IMI 

6,667 

7.602 

7,721 

7,453 

&fll7 

1,789r 

1,522r 

2,001  R 

1.775R 

VIM 

6,447 

7,055 

7.083 

7.723 

8.M 

],295r 

1,158r 

1,386r 

1.69UR 

tr* 

6,478 

7,627 

7,906 

a406 

«,c? 

624R 

2r8R 

1,252h 

I.OMb 

ijnu 

6,634 

7,668 

8,378 

8,701 

%M 

1,454r 

1,001R 

1.834R 

988b     UHi 

7,146 

8,608 

8,498 

8,701 

MS 

263d 

1,093d 

526d 

45d 

Mi 

&46 

891 

1,019 

1,112 

1,844 

139D 

247d 

146D 

46i> 

471 

9,581 

11,381 

11.531 

11,850 

It® 

1,447r 

7&4R 

1.261b 

81QB 

].!)» 

14.250 

16,360 

16,704 

16,773 

i8ja 

2.712R 

2,733r 

2^22Sb 

1.954R 

iJHi 

71,477 

96,684 

113,329 

126.299 

151C« 

4.739D 

18,490d 

9,31  Id 

15,729d 

VL^ 

6,435 

7,325 

7,723 

7,759 

8.S* 

smn 

96d 

aeea 

77b 

5tt 

8,103 

9,540 

9,»15 

9,623 

iai« 

1,403r 

1,028r 

1,280b 

1.153b>    iJiP* 

9.994 

11,608 

11.718 

12.086     10.1« 

2,198r 

1.922R 

2,110b 

1,743b     15ft 

22.2M 

27,968 

81,153 

33.384  { 

3B,« 

3,772r 

],66lR 

3,878b 

5,n8aB 

4jK1i 

7,855 

9,849 

10,112 

11,100 

lii« 

371R 

209D 

283r 

92b 

f» 

132,481 

171,380 

205-381    SK'.TSO  1^ 

SU7» 

23,147d 

63,960d 

41,285d 

43.064D 

!&J^ 

9,798 

11,950 

12.519 

12.637 

ttJW 

1,006r 

Sl6o 

541b 

S16D 

4Bi 

UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (New  York.) 


817 


)UNTy. 

da 

odaga — 

trio 

ige 

ans 

ego 

BO 

lam 

ma 

iselaer... 
mond. . . . 

eland 

Awr^ioe 

toga 

oectady 
diarie — 
lyler 

^^Bk  >  •  •      •  •  1 

ben 

>lk 

ran 

a 

pkins 

ar 

pen 

hington.. 

Be 

tchester.. 
ming  — 
e 

nance 

ander . . . 

^liany 

m 

» 

ifort 

\e 

en 

iswick . . . 

•ombe... 

:e 

irms 

ireU  .   ■ . 

den 

VOL 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

23,462 

27,010 

27,539 

28,608 

3,a06R 

1,175r 

1,946r 

30d 

22,457 

26,158 

28,072 

30,748 

2,9&9r 

3,706r 

4,422r 

3,736r 

9,625 

11,917 

12,700 

12,885 

1,531R 

807r 

MOTr 

739r 

16,180 

19,262 

19,926 

20,680 

756R 

346d 

416r 

128r 

6,248 

7,396 

7,778 

7,641 

],466r 

1,135r 

i,4rrR 

1,090r 

16,001 

17,645 

17,487 

18,236 

8,115r 

3,81  IR 

3,490r 

2,542r 

12,510 

13,886 

14,576 

14,694 

40d 

168D 

28d 

436d 

3,048 

8,764 

3,824 

3,722 

a69R 

144R 

406r 

677r 

11,732 

17,005 

18,641 

19,288 

422R 

3,024d 

2,240d 

1,922d 

20,607 

25,245 

27,043 

28,300 

3,265r 

672D 

641R 

818r 

5,269 

7,222 

8,116 

8,462 

187R 

1,455d 

1.524D 

1,970d 

4,658 

5,863 

6,114 

6,441 

21  Id 

1.145D 

7270 

1,104d 

15,730 

19.281 

19,617 
7.918R 

19,807 

6,940r 

7,677r 

7,406r 

11,689 

14,026 

18.992 

14,558 

2^1  R 

991  r 

2,808r 

2,344r 

5,060 

5,649 

6,956 

6,883 

567R 

257D 

622R 

288R 

7,479 

8.887 

8,965 

9,061 

913o 

1.775D 

1,616d 

1,867d 

4,474 

5,268 

6,280 

4,920 

482R 

605R 

497R 

577R 

6,773 

6,723 

7,243 

7,094 

83r 

537d 

408d 

298d 

15,491 

18,646 

19,825 

20,599 

1,611R 

959r 

1,258r 

988r 

7,997 

11,529 

12,641 

11,851 

l,e77R 

215D 

455R 

658D 

6,321 

7,670 

7,491 

7,354 

199R 

1,140d 

879d 

275D 

7,292 

8,641 

8,614 

8,351 

870R 

769R 

1.128R 

988r 

7,687 

9,191 

9,232 

"9,052 

949R 

1,004r 

940r 

428R 

16,432 

19,625 

19,926 

20,886 

912R 

1,722d 

124R 

69R 

4,704 

5,865 

6,334 

6,672 

1,098r 

472r 

712R 

7»4r 

10,300 

12.218 

11,989 

11,929 

2,:70r 

2,488r 

3,634r 

8,115r 

9,932 

12,860 

18,062 

12,477 

2,896r 

1,882r 

2,393r 

2,218r 

21,345 

21,650 

23,316 

24.493 

879d 

2,476d 

49lD 

1,238d 

6.211 

7,712 

8,071 

8,166 

1,609r 

1,162r 

1,S86r 

1,2S2r 

4,568 

5,293 

6,740 

5,439 

952R 

1,181R 

1,236r 

1,273r 

1888. 

31,868 
1,965r 

34,864 
6,1  15r 

18,086 
1,214r 

22,750 

409r 
8,326 
1,063r 

19,aV) 
8,867r 

15,864 

857R 
3,722 
688r 

28,943 
l,666o 

31,678 
d09R 

10,083 
1,664d 
7,200 
926o 

21,627 
8.101a 

15,810 
2,024r 
7,120 

804R 
8,925 
1,810d 
4.898 

720R 
7,437 
129D 

21,897 
2,483r 

14,259 

567R 
7,773 

103R 
8,842 
1.243R 
9,868 
1,164r 

21,835 

388r 
7,882 
1,252r 

12,692 
3,739r 

13.588 
2,729r 

29,447 
1,148d 
8,589 
1,733r 
5,836 
1,271R 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


1,775 

2,887 

2,710 

2,866 

8,406 

75r 

65r 

216d 

348o 

1720 

680 

1,190 

1,190 

1,247 

1,523 

54d 

502D 

458D 

579o 

400d 

362 

677 

808 

979 

1,098 

78d 

8770 

290D 

269o 

280d 

1,993 

2,916 

2,627 

2,955 

8,212 

4lR 

282d 

607D 

7750 

1.102O 

854 

1,899 

2,786 

2,435 

2,934 

280R 

255D 

&48d 

58d 

102r 

2,478 

3,266 

8,489 

3,708 

8,992 

^IOr 

180d 

4do 

282D 

200D 

2,207 

2,781 

2.951 

8.459 

2,332 

827r 

529r 

613R 

369R 

109D 

2,167 

2,787 

2,815 

2,542 

2,895 

661R 

7d 

259R 

!22r 

145o 

1,347 

2,046 

1,685 

1,864 

1,992 

367R 

42r 

148R 

8r 

58o 

2,079 

3,177 

3,586 

4,656 

5,950 

189d 

805d 

404D 

&12o 

83d 

1.109 

1,798 

1,915 

2,346 

2,418 

21 D 

637D 

335D 

m)D 

87o 

1,741 

2,568 

2,558 

2,883 

2.673 

149D 

714o 

445D 

9a3o 

726d 

846 

1,479 

1,4:» 

1,683 

1,981 

202D 

907o 

546D 

831D 

534o 

979 

1,239 

1,166 

1,277 

1,202 

lllR 

127D 

118d 

135o 

26r 

XVIII.- 

-62  A 

OOUNTY. 

Carteret 

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham 

Cherokee 

Chowan 

Clay 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Craven 

Cumberland  . 
Currituck .... 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 

Duplin 

Durham 

Edgecombe.. 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Gaston 

Ghites 

Graham 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood 

Henderson . . . 

Hertford 

Hyde 

IredeU 

Jackson 

Johnston 

Jones 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg. 

MitcheU 

Montgomery. 


187«. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

1,896 

1,860 

1,727 

1,778 

92d 

440d 

825D 

554o 

2,813 

3.125 

8,244 

8,163 

293R 

139R 

880R 

67r 

1,693 

2,320 

2,507 

2,969 

81lD 

l,428o 

1,259d 

l,645o 

2,886 

4,011 

4,090 

4,169 

286R 

271  o 

S22D 

738D 

656 

1,212 

1,871 

1,195 

88r 

148d 

73d 

161R 

1,137 

1,435 

1,482 

1,528 

277r 

ir7R 

222R 

180R 

829 

499 

652 

569 

79o 

1810 

1780 

1490 

1,004 

2,252 

2.271 

2,658 

102R 

l,286o 

1,201D 

l,426o 

1,507 

2,201 

2,519 

2,815 

47r 

660d 

675o 

91 9o 

8,713 

4,016 

8,989 

8,869 

1,805r 

1,488r 

1,629r 

1,209r 

8,288 

4,853 

4,246 

4,661 

404r 

1070 

28r 

2T7o 

1,890 

1.388 

1,408 

694o 

610o 

668d 

861 

642 

662 

646 

73r 

68o 

14d 

86r 

2,196 

2,956 

8,646 

8.997 

713R 

609o 

84r 

197r 

1,147 

1,708 

1,741 

2,162 

127r 

804D 

209o 

46r 

2,250 

3,448 

8,243 

8,428 

172D 

9420 

787o 

1,066d 
2,768 

882o 
4,978 

4,667 

5,493 

6.201 ' 

2.215R 

2,189r 

1.749R 

1,606r 

1,858 

3,025 

8,569 

4,001 

842R 

38r 

13r 

1190 

2,740 

3,793 

4,044 

4,118 

346r 

47r 

20d 

124d 

1,448 

2,066 

2,246 

2,834 

168d 

436D 

32r 

378o 

1,065 

1,420 

1,538 

1,882 

135o 

898d 

487D 

408o 

117 
43o 
4,343 

420 
132o 
4,294 

4,141 

6.006 

968r 

47r 

850R 

74o 

1,895 

1,963 

1,823 

2,139 

445R 

171R 

63r 

65r 

8,116 

4,802 

4,513 

4,684 

866R 

866o 

47d 

]60d 

6,279 

4,909 

4,221 

6,445 

2,309r 

1,543r 

738R 

1,5»7r 

1,326 

1,806 

1,732 

1,998 

12r 

334d 

324D 

&10d 

1,009 

1,437 

1,439 

1,946 

827o 

583d 

425D 

416o 

905 

1,589 

1,510 

1,774 

167r 

29o 

16211 

216R 

1,528 

2,101 

2.128 

2,449 

407r 

6lR 

157r 

2I5R 

948 

1,554 

1,428 

1,W2 

108d 

242D 

410D 

210o 

2,139 

8,649 

4,006 

4,380 

179o 

l,165o 

778o 

908d 

663 

913 

938 

1,085 

287d 

891  o 

416d 

859o 

2,177 

3,876 

8,690 

4,636 

659R 

492D 

428o 

974D 

1,029 

1,398 

1,374 

1,501 

279r 

204R 

226R 

7d 

2,005 

2,720 

2,485 

8,017 

603R 

292R 

221 R 

201D 

1,361 

1,767 

1,699 

1,930 

113d 

493d 

127D 

41  2d 

652 

1,062 

1,081 

1,244 

334d 

488d 

4110 

168o 

797 

1,707 

2,075 

2,500 

37r 

•     83d 

173R 

370R 

2,250 

2,484 

2,695 

2.814 

a32R 

184d 

121D 

814d 

903 

1.506 

1,372 

1,501 

7r 

420D 

262D 

289D 

4,883 

6,066 

6,606 

6,707 

21  d 

768d 

116D 

565D 

.'i82 

1,805 

1,502 

1,717 

404R 

189d 

474R 

567r 

P61 

1.399 

1,581 

1,851 

879.1 

103r 

143r 

59r 

1888. 

1,829 

868o 
2,989 

276a 
3.208 
1,584d 
4,738 

564D 
1,561 

215b 
1,550 
70r 

700 

HID 
8,068 
1.502D 
2,966 
1.186D 
3,983 
1,259b 
4,551 

495o 
1,468 

540D 

658 
16r 
4,466 

828r 
2,224 

19lB 
8,847 
1,074d 
8,536 

217D 
8,878 
1,21  IB 
4,861 

875R 
4,288 

199o 
2,926 

829D 
1,957 

888d 

479 
89d 
6,032 

228b 
2,072 

84b 
6,644 

259b 
6,355 

879b 
2,598 

396d 
2,341 

337d 
2,220 

882b 
2,162 

52d 
1,614 

72o 
4,687 

826o 
1,582 

290d 
5.128 

863o 
1,322 

93d 
3,066 

17lD 

2.136 

283o 
1,600 

5lD 

8,063 

743R 
2,971 

355D 
1,887 

128D 
7,552 

953d 
2,265 

907b 
2,202 

215b 


818     UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (North  Cabouna, 


OOUNTT. 


m 


i 
i 


Hoore 

Nash 

New  HanoYcr 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 

Pasquotaiik . . 

Pender 

Perquimans.. 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson 

Rockingham . 

Rowan 

Rutherford. . . 

Samson 

Stanley 

Stokes. 

Siury 

Swain 

Transylvania. 

T3^rrel 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington. 
Watauga. . . . 

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey 


1879. 


Adams 

AUen 

Ashland 

Ashtabula. . . 

Athens 

Auglaize 

Belmont. 


1,445 

17r 
2,218 

5,822 

1,668r 

2,750 

1,946b 

1.249 

19lD 

2,750 
216D 
648 
68r 

1,400 
606b 


1,280 
485b 

1,7»4 
184D 

8,168 
806b 
969 
166d 

2.274 
808d 

1,016 
456d 

2,554 
452o 

2,786 
46b 

1,088 
14d 

1,827 
529D 

2.859 
581 D 
861 
95r 

1,664 
14r 

1,768 
6d 
298 
228R 
880 
80r 
556 
86d 

1,140 
238b 


1876. 


6.112 
1,298d 
8,463 
1,447d 
1,825 
545D 
084 
610r 
84i45 

623d 
1,817 

539D 
2,177 

7lD 

1,835 
299D 
651 
87r 


2,568 

162D 
8,058 

874D 
4,618 
1,370b 
8.615 

767b 
1,867 

767D 
4.096 

760D 
1,268 

232D 
2,078 

875r 
2,424 

80b 
1,852 

188b 
2,200 

222D 
4,081 

241D 

750 
66d 
3,845 

206D 
2,806 

106b 
8,856 

S78d 
8.658 

657D 
3,415 

968d 
2,888 

168d 
8.767 

483d 
1.884 

590d 
2,202 

242D 
2,864 

840D 

462 

8680 

096 

223d 

806 

293d 
2,280 

832d 


1880. 


2,848 

109d 
8,018 

206d 
8,688 

762b 
8,599 

571 B 
1,615 

555D 
4,489 

635d 

944 

220D 
1,684 

484b 
2,241 

227b 
1.750 

234b 
2,467 

221D 
4,016 

824D 

755 
85b 
8,616 

194D 
8,106 

880b 
4,196 

275u 
8,942 

864d 
8,852 

718d 
2,448 

29d 
8,748 

496d 
1,462 

812D 
2.247 

241D 
2,470 

854D 

409 

207d 

745 

irro 

786 
78d 
2,840 
682d 


1884. 


8,756 
126r 

8,819 

1,179b 

1,697 
313r 
994 
430d 

4,472 
96d 

2,889 
121b 

2,933 
609d 

1,991 

181B 

1,081 

411D 

OHIO. 


8,981 

263r 
4,047  I 
1,3I5r 
1,584 

880R 
1,257 

167D 
4,684 

170D 
8,003 

78r 
8,030 

284D 
2,109 

22rR 
1,155 

269D 


8,287 

aoiD 

1,401 

269D 
4,688 
1,149b 
4,115 

658b 
1,796 

788D 
2,732 

604D 
1,856 

156d 
2,149 

86lB 
2,458 

89b 
1,761 

218b 
2,580 

890d 
4,711 

1450 

088 
47b 
8,858 

78d 
8,651 

241D 
4,781 

225D 
4,171 

677d 
4,014 
1,270d 
2,760 

248D 
4,142 

960D 
1,704 

626d 
2.890 

292D 
2,815 
llB 

648 

814d 

782 

122D 

844 

164D 
2,478 
1,219d 
2,776 

490b 
9,041 

450D 
8,286 

996b 
1,748 

427b 
1,898 

128d 
5,286 

202d 
8,369 

687b 
8,643 

&%D 

2.208 

272b 
1,401 
85D 


1888. 


OOUNTT. 


8,849 

4,687 

5J288 

5,776 

95d 

405d 

162D 

53d 

4,473 

6,999 

6,844 

7,908 

463d 

1.087D 

964D 

1,070d 

4,551 

5,804 

6,960 

6,104 

186D 

634D 

465D 

759d 

7,442 

9.065 

9,486 

10,472 

4,0H«R 

4,477b 

4,640r 

4,626r 

4,423 

5,608 

5,966 

6,465 

1,627r 

1,218r 

1,411R 

1,576r 

8,716 

5,081 

5,451 

5,922 

1,355d 

2,039d 

1,762d 

1,856d 

7,914 

10,000 

11,038 

12,180 

620R 

48d 

IQOr 

423r 

8,828 

128D 
8,900 

462D 
4,726 

986b 
8,686 

812b 
1,680 

7240 
2,947 

8l4o 
1,844 

126D 
2,072 

895b 
1,483 

88b 
1,785 

208r 
2,661 

77d 
4,995 
211D 
800 
18d 
4,720 

218b 
8,481 

14b 
4,890 

909d 
4,571 

175D 
4,064 
1,458d 
8,371 

Od 
4,005 

782D 
1,818 

IM5d 
2,812 

79d 
8,298 

61D 
1,006 

74d 
1,088 
42b 
847 
08d 
2,962 
1,188d 
8,814 

544b 
9,628 

518b 
1,429 

830b 
1,887 

275b 
1,887 

68b 
5,419 

1I9D 
8,999 

601b 
8,710 

550D 
2,541 

d66B 
1,7»4 
124D 


6,015 

1.'>2d 
9.1.58 
1,362d 
5,782 

7070 
10.631 
4,489b 
6,568 
2,958b 
6,223 
1,716d 
12,832 
887b 


Brown 

Butler 

Carroll 

Champaign . 

Clark 

Clermont. . . . 

Clinton 

Columbiana. 

Coshocton... 

Crawford . . . 

Cuyahoga... 

Darke 

Defiance  

Delaware . . . 

Erie 

Fairfleki.... 

Fayette 

Franklin.... 

Fulton 

Qallia 

Geauga 

Greene 

Guernsey . . . 

Hamilton . . . 

Hancock 

Hardin 

Harrison 

Henry 

Highland . . . 

Hocking 

Holmes 

Huron 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Knox 

Lake 

Lawrence 

Licking 

Logan 

Lorain 

Lucas 

Madison 

Hahoning 

Marion 

Medina 


1879. 


1876.     ISSO.     1884 


6,980 

744o 
7,019 
1,98Sd 
8,100 

584R 
5,244 

874b 
6,707 
1,488r 
7,066 

250D 
4,891 
1,819r 
7,670 
1,876r 
4,906 

404D 
6,676 
l,514i> 
22,484 
6,418a 
5,829 

809m 
2,818 

0270 
4,726 

700b 
6,198 

618R 
6,428 
l,848i> 
8,686 

595R 
18,121 
1.569D 
8,066 
1,884r 
4,409 
l,80lR 
8,811 

2,lllR 

6,080 

2,106r 

4,580 

:^R 
45,024 
4,856d 
4,760 

188d 
4JS08 

268r 
8.908 

608r 
2,670 

860d 
6,104 

288r 
8,210 

51  Od 
8,619 
1,441d 
5,994 
l,6aOR 
8,818 

708r 
5,878 
1,674b 
6,608 

48b 
8,780 
1,772b 
5J»1 
1,987b 
8,055 
1.069D 
4,750 

840b 
6,529 
2,885b 
8.835 
2,171  B 
8,559 

309b 
6,275 
1,239b 
8,182 

502d 
4,480 
1,009b 


7,094 

1.112D 

0,800 

2,6T8d 

8,614 

SOOr 
6,400 

666r 
a67« 
l.aOOR 
8,168 

467i> 
5,648 
1,4&2r 
9,417 
1,417r 
5,890 

794D 
6.677 
2,058d 
82.628 
8.778R 
8,244 
1,0QQd 
4,406 
1,S66d 
6,046 

4S8R 
6,270 

46r 
7.867 
l,887i> 
4,810 

662R 
16,940 
1.8S6D 
4je04 
1,100r 
5,604 

900R 
8,812 
2.196R 
6,988 
1,994r 
6,666 

646r 
58.820 

6,086 

404o 
5,588 

188r 
4,584 

544R 
8,972 

918d 
6,664 

]8r 
8.784 

784i> 
4,418 
1,980d 
7,518 
1,490r 
4,476 

568r 
6,969   I 
1.145R 
6,458 

160D 
4,062 
1.60OR 
6.984 
1,096r 
9,536 

1.511D 

5,545 

9738 
7,907 
8,467r 
11,679 
1,869b 
4,336 

46r 
7,612 

230r 
4,581 

686d 
5,811 


1,770r 
11,184 


I 


UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Ohio,  PmnsTBTLVAinA.)     819 


X)UNTY. 
g» 

tser 

jni 

aroe 

itgomeiy 

■g»n 

TOW 

lUngum. 

>le 

awa 

tiding 

ly 

IcBvraj . . . 

ft 

tage 

Ue 

nai 
bland. 

19*  -  •  •  •  • 

idtisky 
>to  ... 
eca... 
Iby ... 

rk 

unit., 
mbull 


on 

1  Wert 

ton 

rren 

ihington.. 

fne 

Uanifl 

od 

andot 

KT 

(ton 

ckmi 

tBop... 

ombia 

8 

ok... 
ry... 


1879. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

5,818 

6,785 

6,862 

6,917 

1,689b 

1,189b 

1,354b 

1,547b 

8,116 

8,968 

4,853 

5,186 

l,064o 

l,n2D 

1,894d 

2,844o 

6,663 

7,897 

8,572 

9,491 

8I3r 

879b 

1,324b 

1,189b 

4,185 

5,267 

5,457 

5,675 

1.571  D 

2,843d 

2,151d 

2,865d 

14,181 

16,892 

20,112 

22,993 

185D 

1,060d 

606D 

196b 

8,800 

4,484 

4,627 

4,686 

788r 

268b 

419b 

584b 

8,886 

4,496 

4,766 

4,986 

508b 

404b 

438b 

452b 

8,862 

10.689 

11,208 

11,784 

254R 

225D 

466b 

200b 

8,643 

4,321 

4,548 

4,568 

889b 

129b 

272b 

824b 

2,561 

8,544 

4,128 

4,366 

817D 

872o 

1,049d 

1,167d 

1,616 

2,498 

2,963 

4,283 

842b 

188b 

96b 

100b 

4,079 

4,894 

6,240 

6,686 

265D 

726D 

511D 

108b 

5,013 

6,954 

6,667 

6,871 

aOTD 

824D 

843d 

958D 

2,852 

8,561 

3,973 

4,093 

284o 

631 D 

486d 

446D 

5,916 

6,718 

7,223 

7,548 

1,(M0b 

706b 

843b 

668b 

4,816 

5,555 

5,898 

6,200 

614b 

453b 

472b 

861b 

8,406 

4,780 

5,292 

6,249 

856d 

1,568d 

1,S66d 

1,815d 

7,0*1 

8,056 

8,923 

9,350 

803d 

758d 

853d 

1,178d 

7,861 

&608 

9,813 

9,608 

6lD 

254d 

183b 

107b 

6,107 

6,362 

6,847 

6,940 

840o 

298D 

581  d 

554d 

4,970 

6,384 

6,612 

7,238 

797b 

334b 

727b 

1,165b 

6,500 

8,308 

8,962 

9,159 

834D 

722d 

837D 

946D 

4,028 

6,126 

5,602 

5,955 

594d 

1,156d 

l,046o 

1,076d 

11,067 

18,182 

14,422 

16,797 

fi67B 

862D 

299b 

320b 

7,272 

8,859 

10,153 

11,771 

1.796b 

1,251b 

1,819b 

2,002b 

8,180 

9,163 

10,188 

9,978 

8,548b 

8,103b 

8,612b 

8,521  B 

6,764 

8,119 

9,011 

9,774 

408d 

971D 

748d 

82lD 

4,014 

5,008 

5,540 

5,907 

886b 

857b 

1,066b 

1,273r 

8,492 

4,700 

5,210 

6,052 

118b 

120d 

63b 

112R 

2,654 

8,350 

8,607 

8,596 

26d 

284d 

292D 

127d 

5,981 

6.706 

7,134 

6,883 

1,505b 

1,587b 

2,001  B 

1,837r 

7,911 

8,H&3 

9,275 

9,593 

551 B 

131D 

269b 

123b 

7,801 

8,607 

9,266 

9,557 

2S5B 

589D 

395D 

321D 

8,632 

6,247 

5.653 

6,979 

794b 

155b 

285b 

10b 

4,890 

7,324 

7,925 

8,578 

1,098b 

834B 

864b 

796b 

8,911 

4,698 

6,381 

5,520 

279D 

540d 

583d 

694D 

OREGON. 


590 

869 

1,118 

1,794 

26d 

230o 

122D 

156D 

905 

1,259 

1,551 

2,068 

189b 

48b 

126b 

16r 

1,116 

1,691 

2,043 

2,496 

238r 

226R 

294r 

366b 

269 

817 

970 

1,551 

127b 

47b 

102r 

202b 

198 

857 

550 

762 

86b 

23d 

84b 

156b 

607 

1,086 

1,162 

1,445 

136b 

56r 

54b 

laOB 
742 

lllD 

835 

161 

258 

296 

55b 

7b 

6b 

4Sb 

1888. 

6,608 
1,576b 
6,136 
2,305d 
10,016 
1,054b 
5,581 
2,265d 
26,065 

661d 
4,600 

557b 
4,927 

446b 
12,474 

850b 
4,729 

428b 
4,842 
l,3d5D 
5390 

194b 
7,177 

54b 
7,019 

785D 
4,080 

893d 
7,410 

620b 
6,485 

191b 
6,806 
1,906d 
9,644 
1,010d 
9,747 

858b 
7,297 

0990 
7,306 

995b 
9,668 
1,067d 
6,168 
1,160d 
18,529 

831D 
12,663 

960b 
10,062 
8,122b 
10,457 

754d 
5,925 
1,244b 
7,079 

13r 
8,744 

88d 
6,961 
1,575b 
9,604 

475b 
9,507 

727d 
6,268 

94b 
10,060, 

768b 
6,418 

725D 


1,607 
96b 

2,260 
237b 

2,708 
522b 

1.759 
413b 
963 
277b 

1,797 
127b 
977 
84d 
877 
9lR 


OOUNTT. 

Douglas 

Gilliam. 

Grant 

Jackson 

Josephine 

KfliwiAth 

Lake 

Lane 

Linn 

Malheur 

Marion 

Morrow  

Multnomah . . 

Polk 

Tillamook... . 

UmatOla 

Union 

Walloma 

Wasco 

Washington.. 
Yamhill 

Adams 

Allegheny.... 
Armstrong... 

Beaver 

Bedford 

Berks 

Blair 

Bradford 

Bucks 

Butler 

Cambria 

Cameron 

Carbon 

Centre 

Chester 

Clarion 

Clearfield .... 

Clinton 

Columbia 

Crawford 

Cumberland. . 

Dauphin 

Delaware 


1879. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

1,277 
266b 

1,898 
155b 

2,879 
151b 

8,875 

9lB 

876 
90b 
1,096 
44d 

282 
12b 

694 
87b 
1,480 
965D 
466 
48d 

040 
68b 
1,806 
819D 
600 
80D 

1,884 

84d 
8,875 
804D 
650 
50d 
888 
22d 
887 
60d 
8,667 

19r 
8.167 
197d 

"i,*884' 
246b 
1,808 
88b 

481 
86d 
1,988 

8b 
8,860 
80d 

600 
152D 

2,151 
80d 

8,114 
260d 

8,087 
826b 

8,960 
628b 

8,451 
666b 

8,910 
666b 

2,741 
919b 
791 
186b 
114 

70b 
768 

8d 
788 

92b 

8,649 
697b 

1,804 
66b 
196 
48b 

1,870 
866d 
988 
150D 

6,080 

492b 
1,491 
60b 

818 
60b 
8,787 

885D 
1,588 

885D 

9,088 

1,178b 

1,678 

llB 

877 
47b 
8,988 
148D 

706 
78b 
728 
882b 
1,012 
190b 

1,118 
180D 

1,115 
269b 

1,490 
186b 

8,840 
180D 

1,458 
802b 

1,909 
115b 

8,048 
274b 

1,847 
180b 

8,267 
150b 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

6,813 

6,879 

6,968 

6,674 

155B 

518D 

515D 

450D 

84,901 

48,862 

50,271 

61,106 

16,79lB 

9,482b 

18,448b 

18,896b 

4,575 

7,464 

0,087 

8,707 

419b 

1,782b 

786b 

1,094b 

5,815 

7,274 

8,822 

8,961 

1,719b 

1,088b 

1,200b 

1,529b 

6,066 

6,748 

7,414 

7,878 

786b 

882d 

85d 

170b 

17,943 

28,961 

86,868 

86.297 

8,460d 

7.589D 

7,784d 

6,897d 

6,434 

8,720 

10,781 

11,430 

8,066b 

819b 

1,060b 

1,747b 

11,015 

16,094 

18,598 

18,446 

8,8808 

1,019b 

8,202b 

4,189b 

12,358 

15,758 

17,085 

16,898 

1,468r 

801D 

242D 

413d 

6,549 

10,561 

10.248 

9,950 

1,481  R 

813b 

501r 

961b 

♦6,386 

7,351 

8,667 

0,567 

294R 

1,268d 

596D 

563d 

♦892 

1,125 

1,256 

1,354 

212R 

29b 

66b 

167r 

4,398 

6,959 

6,409 

6,815 

506R 

848D 

607d 

142D 

6,837 

7,856 

8.299 

8.695 

447b 

799d 

996d 

4380 

18,061 

16,893 

18,912 

18.579 

544b 

8,086r 

8,r74R 

3,793r 

4,860 

7,244 

7,068 

7,084 

252b 

1,107d 

1,500d 

1,143d 

4,299 

6.664 

8,329 

9,763 

359d 

1,902d 

1,823d 

898d 

8,761 

4,842 

5,438 

6,353 

245R 

1,164d 

838d 

1,O0Od 

5,010 

6,483 

7.028 

7,066 

992d 

2.321D 

2,362d 

1.805D 

11.825 

14,061 

14,796 

14,720 

2,051  R 

809R 

1,345r 

1,60Dr 

7,462 

9,263 

10,012 

10,185 

338R 

912D 

103d 

716D 

10,285 

18,388 

15,507 

16,070 

3,623r 

2,090r 

.    1,964b 

3,016b 

6.397 

8,736 

11,483 

12,281 

8,066b 

2,234b 

2,535b 

2,974b 

1888. 

2,528 

188b 
1,055 

161b 
1,987 

38b 
8,580 

138D 
1,068 
7b 
788 
9Qd 
787 
18d 
8,087 

226B 
8,885 
88d 

uUtf 
27b 
4,1ft 

668b 
1,110 

119b 
10,450 
8,86Sb 
1,586 
56r 
681 
178b 
8,806 

88d 
8,550 
80b 
776 
149b 
8,726 

541b 
8,156 

411B 
8,880 
896R 


7,848 

423d 
70,966 
20,406b 
9,000 
1,2678 
0,584 
1,846b 
8,215 

465b 
28,998 
7,47^ 
12,837 
2,136b 
13,908 
4,210b 
17,479 

68d 
9,961 
1,378b 
11,711 

43lD 
1,345 

231b 
7,177 

886d 
9,471 

188d 
19,788 
4,037b 
7,078 

980D 
11,900 

969d 
6,073 

448d 
7,441 
2,192d 
15,008 
2,076b 
10,347 

693d 
18,828 
8,168b 
14.170 
8,766b 


820  UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Pennsylvania,  Tehkim«.) 


COUNTY. 

Elk...  

Erie 

Fayette 

Forest 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Greene 

Huntingdon.. 

Indiana 

Jefferson 

Juniata 

Lackawanna. 

Lancaster 

Lawrence 

Lebanon 

Lehigh 

Luzerne 

Lycoming 

McKean 

Mercer 

lUfflin 

Monroe 

Montgomery . 
Montour 

Northampton. 

Njrthumber- 
land. 

Perry 

Philadelphia. 

Pike 

Potter 

Schuylkill... 

Snyder 

Somerset 

Sullivan 

Susquehanna. 

Tioga 

Union 

Venango 

Warren 

Washington. . 

Wayne 

Westmore- 
land. 

Wyoming 

York 


1879. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

1,482 

1,914 

2,848 

2,667 

741) 

796D 

814D 

866D 

11,287 

14,968 

16,864 

16,961 

8,715r 

2,545r 

2,281  R 

2,005r 

6,544 

10,224 

11,779 

18,121 

1^18r 

1,215d 

1,880d 

779d 

615 

849 

976 

1,447 

205R 

79r 

45r 

268r 

7,447 

9.526 

10,847 

10,961 

1,156r 

277r 

415r 

a09R 

1,545 

2,011 

2,105 

2,1<»7 

7lD 

869D 

899D 

828d 

4,681 

5,675 

6.513 

6,650 

977d 

1,768d 

2,061  D 

l,986o 

4,901 

6,525 

7,219 

7,194 

1,294r 

51 IR 

748r 

1,005r 

5,652 

7,227 

8,224 

8,157 

8,120r 

2,686r 

2.498R 

2,628r 

8.400 

4,868 

5,522 

6,639 

1,007r 

109d 

115R 

440r 

2,571 

8,564 

8,686 

8,671 

41 R 

468D 

874d 

180D 

14,686 

16,511 

179r 

8,485r 

20,006 

27,106 

80,817 

80,141 

8,57lR 

7,787r 

8,700r 

9,896R 

4,874 

6,475 

6.575 

6,916 

2,484r 

1,666r 

2,813r 

2,174r 

6,247 

7,585 

7,277 

8,506 

2,095R 

1,524r 

834r 

2,580r 

10,964 

18.316 

14,458 

14,540 

280d 

2,173d 

2,148d 

1,788d 

28,870 

S4,02i 

24,875 

27,252 

2.062R 

8,475d 

1,147d 

052d 

8.260 

10.252 

11,931 

11,834 

586r 

l,313o 

1,461  D 

545d 

1,658 

2,759 

7,161 

7,647 

422R 

107R 

524R 

840r 

8,9:» 

10,645 

ii,se6 

12,270 

2,106r 

922R 

1,050r 

1,496r 

2,812 

8,614 

4,095 

4,233 

558R 

175D 

120r 

Sd 

2,992 

4,066 

4,813 

4,278 

1,418d 

2,504o 

2,872d 

2,233d 

18,193 

19,138 

22,126 

22,036 

2,967r 

268D 

IR 

529r 

2,717 

2,916 

8,207 

8,045 

5lR 

501 D 

697D 

690D 

10,996 

14,597 

15,717 

16,061 

1,314d 

8,960d 

8,692d 

8,164d 

7,627 

9,427 

10,067 

11,938 

015R 

792D 

1,084d 

117D 

4,807 

6,478 

6,026 

6,051 

81  9r 

125D 

188r 

223R 

92.199 

189,218 

178,787 

174,638 

45,385r 

14.965R 

20.890R 

aO.OOOR 

1,186 

1.881 

1,879 

1,678 

457o 

944D 

795D 

629d 

2,017 

2,919 

8,162 

8,637 

909R 

841 R 

6S9R 

627R 

15,640 

20,881 

23.386 

24,047 

1,674r 

1,777d 

2,174d 

72r 

1,998 

8.462 

8,712 

8,686 

160r 

S83r 

541r 

726r 

4,858 

6,129 

6,705 

7,891 

2.182R 

],448r 

l,ft'WR 

2,348r 

1,011 

1,408 

1,691 

1,921 

181D 

877d 

869D 

883d 

7,443 

8,762 

9,069 

8,804 

1,629r 

938R 

1,229r 

1,323r 

7,507 

8,802 

9,884 

10,310 

8,953R 

S,163r 

8,203r 

4,033b 

2.913 

8,652 

8,767 

8,670 

1,081  R 

664R 

752R 

814R 

7,766 

7,627 

8,347 

8,518 

1,794r 

371 R 

51  6r 

529R 

4,638 

5,617 

6,009 

7,528 

1,552r 

786R 

1,089r 

1,257r 

8,357 

11,330 

12,631 

18,341 

1,8I1R 

483R 

601 R 

850R 

4,615 

6,460 

6,&56 

6,042 

31 IR 

920D 

229D 

65d 

10,131 

18,958 

15,9.57 

17,549 

693R 

l,249o 

832D 

7d 

2,951 

8,702 

8,806 

4,129 

153r 

341D 

196d 

67d 

13.052 

17,230 

19,460 

19,698 

454D 

8,576d 

8,71  Id 

3,538d 

1888. 

8,215 

SOSd 
17,281 
2,28lB 
14,806 

88b 
1,602 

805b 
11,042 

600r 
2,215 

279d 
6,680 
1,748d 
7,201 
1,426b 
8,092 
2,858b 
7,648 

888r 
8,699 

82d 
21,105 

421b 
88,016 
11,481r 
6,941 
2,220b 
0,896 
2,426b 
16,004 
1,060d 
81,668 

825b 
14,586 

876o 
7,700 
1,144r 
11,028 

102b 
4,510 

237b 
4,437 
2,167d 
26.417 

868b 
8,280 

676d 
17,108 
8,242o 
12,842 

8lB 

5,078 
4aOB 
205,444 

18,572b 
1,840 

706D 
4,616 

878r 
25,960 

532D 
8.910 

867b 
7,882 
2,506r 
2,310 

81  4d 
9,076 
1,691B 
11,279 
4,a36B 
4,000 

866R 
8,762 

049b 
7,764 
1.689b 
14,227 
1,954r 
6,324 

71 D 
20,105 

824R 
8,996 

185R 
21,707 
8,812d 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


COUNTY. 

Bristol....... 

Kent 

Newport 

Providence. . . 
Washington.. 

AbbeviUe.  — 

Aiken 

Anderson 

Barnwell 

Beaufort 

Berkel<^ 

Charleston . . . 

Chester 

Chesterfield.. 

Clarendon 

Colleton 

Darlington... 

Edgefield 

Fairfield 

Georgetown.. 

Greenville 

Hampton 

Horry 

Kershaw 

Lancaster 

Laurens 

Lexington 

Marion 

Marlborough. 

Newberry 

Oconee 

Orangeburg. . 

Pickens 

Richland 

Spartanburg. 

Sumter 

Union 

Williamsburg 
York 

Anderson 

Bedford 

Benton 


1872. 

1876. 

1S80. 

1884. 

1,004 

1,680 

1,«M 

1,784 

596b 

405b 

606b 

SSSb 

1,608 

2,808 

2,081 

8,577 

834b 

465b 

606b 

716b 

1,968 

2,676 

8,048 

8,416 

1,140b 

786b 

1,06Sb 

8a5B 

11,964 

17,165 

18,467 

«1,7W 

4,860r 

2,757r 

4,841b 

8.886b 

2,483 

2,426 

8,250 

8,352 

699b 

662b 

768& 

66te 

SOUTH  CAROLINA- 


4,184 

7,616 

8.057 

2.502R 

02d 

4,005d 

2,068 

6,110 

6.488 

1,660r 

66SD 

a.466D 

2,067 

5,211 

5,se2 

8lB 

2,705o 

8,06«D 

2,866 

6.730 

8,008 

1,606r 

i,oeoD 

8,155d 

5,006 

0.803 

6.428 

4,01  8r 

5,a08R 

6,64Sb 

18.400 

23,864 

10,608 

6,870b 

6,806b 

8,278d 

8,086 

4,414 

4,087 

1,720r 

468b 

1,800d 

1,162 

2,614 

8.006 

162R 

688d 

8B2D 

1,481 

8,810 

8,966 

1,081R 

46eB 

1.040D 

2,618 

7.152 

8,000 

1,771B 

1,810b 

824b 

8,848 

6,268 

6.704 

2,418r 

784b 

2.504D 

4,868 

0,880 

7,681 

2,687b 

8,184d 

5,548d 

8,224 

4,988 

6,417 

1.906b 

860b 

2,057d 

2,805 

8.846 

788 

1,921R 

1,726b 

46lB 

2,531 

5.001 

6,8» 

475R 

2,860d 

S,15ftD 

767 

2,688 

8.781 

68r 

1,860d 

1,556d 

1,788 

8,822 

4,715 

l,05lB 

818b 

1,826d 

1,510 

2,778 

1,048 

418b 

2600 

1,048d 

2,845 

4.721 

4,066 

1,157r 

1,008d 

8,070d 

1,085 

8.892 

8,162 

558r 

796D 

846D 

2,8:^ 

5,648 

6.468 

2.010R 

644o 

1.566D 

1,717 

8,530 

8,006 

1,608b 

9&D 

06OD 

8.678 

4,064 

6,701 

2,06lB 

724b 

S.S53D 

004 

2,686 

8.440 

118R 

1,560d 

1,417d 

8,884 

7,821 

6,»tO 

2,344r 

1,651B 

901  d 

008 

2,417 

2,186 

86r 

1,571D 

1.204D 

8.048 

6,266 

6,291 

2,546r 

1,522b 

S77d 

2,861 

6,150 

6,?^ 

60d 

8.066D 

8,107d 

8,822 

64MS 

8,960 

2.450R 

IJMlB 

734D 

8,121 

4,271 

8,741 

83d 

651 D 

2,238d 

2,888 

4,204 

2,771 

1.750b 

706b 

786D 

8,175 

5,683 

6,144 

OOlB 

751 D 

1,444d 

TENNESSEE. 


8.714 

8i,568d 

8.816 

8.804D 

8.866 

8,562d 

4,281 

8,218d 

8JB5 

8,883r 

8,106 

S46B 
8.049 

8,oerD 

8,214 

LfiCKD 
1,924 
1,21  2d 
1,88 

6B7d 
8.780 
l.lOBo 
8.419 
1.919D 
8.880 
8,206d 
8,005 
1,611d 
1,096 

515b 
8,699 
8.017D 
8;M8 
1.066D 
1,600 


1,807 

9»Sd 
2.S4S 
1.220D 
8.147 
2,OI7D 
8.180 
1.531D 
8,868 
1.989! 
8.182 
IJOSD 
2.446  ! 
1.796d^ 
1.8&4 

97Dd' 
4.7M  1 
1.296o^ 
1,4*4  I 
1.216D| 
2.637 

8ffiD 
8.861 
8,5150 
8,610  I 

TSOd! 
8.426 
2.178D 
1.73S 

2511^ 

s,8a 

1,6570 


1.001 

1,426 

1,582 

1080 

315R 

189b 

484b 

«3r 

8,897 

4,802 

4,407 

8,985  ! 

127D 

6»4d 

738D 

171 D 

1,005 

1325 

1,853 

1,653 

408D 

717D 

886d 

455d< 

18S& 

i,:« 

8J14 

4,160 
»k 
27,480 

i.:«7b 


S,OK 

ISllo 

i» 

tm 
i,8a» 

S.?QO 

1.9DS 
2,90 


S,n4 

ttl79 
l.»l 

i.aBD 

IOC 
1.«Md 

i.:» 

i,iflp 

%jM 

1141 

tm 
t(m 

1,4M 
13^ 

ijm 
no 
t7:% 

IMD 

i.w 

1.074» 

i.en 

1,4» 
1.(880 

IJtt 

1.4ISt 

low 

11« 

i.ri* 

ija 

lirto 

i.» 

i.ino 

1.46 
ItOO 

4jn 
i,ff» 


tm 
i» 
ici 


IJM 
1447 

ma 

1410 


lO 

l.ff^ 

4^ 


UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.     (Tenito8ee.) 


821 


OUNTT. 


Isoe 

int 

lley 

ipbell ... 
non  —  . 

roU 

ter 

athun.. 
borne . . . 

r. 

to 

ee 

^ett ... 
iberland 

idson 

attir 

C&lb..... 

cion 

r 

ette 

tres 

iklin ... 

ion 

■ 

inger 

me 

iidy 

iblen 

lOton ... 

oock 

deman.. 

din 

rldns 

wood ... 
demon. 

jy 

ionan. . . . 

flton 

nphreys 

Cson 

les. 

erson .  . 

Dson 

X 

e 


1872. 


8:24 
60r 

1,7M 
6Ur 

1,350 
199a 
746 
4fi2R 

1,268 
&48D 

8,118 
44.3R 

1,889 

1,009r 
987 
419d 

1,155 
305R 
fiS7 
821D 

1,800 
686R 

1,250 
80io 


866 

60r 
11,808 
9d 

848 

218d 
1,877 

101 D 
1,266 

668d 
1,660 

938d 
4,767 
1,917r 

488 
79r 
2,016 
1,478d 
8,863 
l,281o 
8,968 

115R 

1,229 
149R 

2,617 
99r 
886 
2620 

1,241 
285R 

2,728 
&32R 
789 
247r 

2,622 
126o 

1,668 
278R 

2,047 
179R 

4,837 

1,6I7r 

1,671 
81 D 

2,504 

1,298d 

1,126 
656d 
558 
865D 

1,186 
836D 
909 
798d 
M7 
281 R 

1,864 
960R 
835 
721R 

5,089 

1,690r 
292 
292D 


1876. 


754 
78d 
2.114 

882R 
1,727 

147R 
1,088 

8dOR 
1,456 

770D 
8,978 

285R 
1,545 

1,166 
632o 

1,710 
186R 
744 
4»lo 

1,812 
562R 

1,527 

1,183d 


482 

6o 
18,009 
2,115o 
1,144 

496d 
1,441 

669d 
1,787 

895d 
1,513 
1,293d 
5,295 

137r 

563 

161 R 
2,551 
1,999d 
4,497 
2.201  D 
5,143 
1,409d 
1,887 

2U3r 
8,645 
27r 

575 

465D 
1,742 

142R 
8,501 

275R 
1.086 

252r 
8,802 

466d 
2,059 

a3R 
2,810 

144R 
4,912 
1,124r 
2.336 

358D 
8,425 
l,ft25D 
1,452 
1,094d 

602 

402D 
1.612 
1.218D 
1,380 
1,334d 

637 

7lR 

2,483 
92:iR 
022 
512R 

6,601 
748R 
411 
411D 


1880. 


1884. 


112r 
2,485 

714R 
1,788 

267R 
1,897 

769R 
1,528 

735D 
4,053 

388r 
2.049 
1,239r 
1,172 

502D 
2,179 

245R 

.892 

890D 
2,514 

7Q2R 
2,079 
1,568d 


078 
84r 
14,440 
1.094D 
1,259 

342d 
2,192 

458d 
1,868 

672d 
1,573 

812d 
5,829 

835R 

825 

197R 
2,560 
1.880O 
4,808 

991  d 
5,016 

859D 
2,102 

827R 
4.504 

248R 

633 

896o 
1,055 

247R 
4,172 

865R 
1,441 

4i5R 
8,150 

157d 
2,823 

873R 
8,549 

853R 
6,454 
1.791R 
2,756 

IllR 
8,483 
1,292d 
1,611 

765D 

649 

895d 
1,642 
I.OHOd 
1,462 
1,163d 

638 

194R 
2,538 
1,114r 
1,295 

889r 
7,496 
1,242d 

899 

809o 


156r 
2,672 

974R 
2,196 

412R 
1.708 

995R 
1,526 

496D 
4,169 

469R 
1,982 
1,168r 
1,294 

(mo 
2,811 

409R 

961 

205D 
2,462 

712R 
1,073 
1,22ID 
1,788 
1,028d 

800 

176r 
16,276 

Md 
1,887 

8lD 

2,526 
292D 

1,000 
778D 

2,151 
038d 

4,366 
008r 
674 
234R 

2,736 

1,446d 

5,209 

l,21lD 

5,053 

497d 
2,148 

463R 
4,618 

896R 

778 

897d 
1,047 

107R 
6,266 
1,888r 
1,474 

624R 
8,166 
•  71  4d 
2,&3:J 

459R 
8,502 

444r 
4.110 
1.426R 
8,107 

151R 

8.080 

802d 
1,844 
426d 
804 
456d 
1.769 
1.109O 
1,661 
1,099d 
758 
250R 
2,645 
1,173r 
1,280 

9i>2R 
8,720 
1,767r 
875 
869D 


1888. 


1,135 

171R 
8,246 
1,228b 
2,509 

527R 
2.404 
1,286r 
1,852 

536D 
4,281 

481B 
2,260 
1,344b 
1,868 

758d 
2,851 

438b 
1,228 

270D 
2,789 
1,106b 
2,357 
1,279d 
2,388 

178d 
1,054 

210b 
19,036 

894o 
1,691 

105d 
2,772 

152D 
2,276 

746d 
2,938 
1,088d 
4.703 
2,838d 

851 

853b 
8,036 
l,688o 
5,656 
1,870d 
5,281 
l,081o 
2,347 

485b 
4,917 

527b 
1,117 

685d 
2,110 

328b 
10,170 
2,S58b 
1,696 

736r 
8,012 

81  4d 
2,95:i 

587R 
8,884 

686R 
8,686 

238d 
8.284 

260b 
8,800 

906D 
2,646 

872D 
1,004 

486d 
1,838 
1,048d 
2.130 
1,040d 

805 

279R 
8.154 
1,542r 
1,527 
l.ie7R 
10,052 
2,104R 

609 

891D 


COUNTY. 

Lauderdale . . 
Lawrence 

Lincoln 

Loudon  

Macon 

Madison 

Marion 

IfarshaU 

Maury 

McMinn 

McNairy 

Meigs 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 

Moore 

Morgan 

Obion 

Overton 

Perry 

PickeU 

Polk 

Putnam 

Rhea 

Roane 

Robertson 

Rutherford. . . 

Scott.... 

Sequatchie... 

Sevier 

Shelby 

Smith 

Stewart 

Sullivan 

Sumner 

Tipton 

Trousdale 

Unicoi 

Union 

Van  Buren... 

Warren 

Washington.. 

Wayne 

Weakley 

White 


187S. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

1,587 

1,946 

2,206 

2.818 

881 D 

582D 

176D 

158d 

677 

1,146 

1,290 

1,664 

199D 

612D 

666d 

342D 

167 

218 

288 

273 

99d 

104D 

168d 

145D 

8,191 

4,618 

4,632 

8,729 

2,246d 

8,422d 

2.766D 

1,881D 

1,100 

1,610 

1,654 

1,476 

448b 

404R 

488b 

622R 

885 

060 

1,806 

1,429 

23b 

108D 

154D 

191R 

8.648 

4,680 

6,213 

4,294 

540d 

1,518d 

611D 

492D 

700 

1,207 

1,020 

2,008 

232b 

180R 

140b 

206R 

2,041 

2344 

2.698 

2,812 

801  d 

l,474o 

1,618d 

1,856d 

6,201 

6,418 

0,048 

6,066 

325b 

844D 

604D 

8aOD 

2,281 

2,604 

2,072 

2,056 

883R 

196R 

254b 

870r 

1,800 

2,310 

2,488 

2,748 

8lD 

868D 

180d 

124D 

092 

040 

1,002 

1,208 

120D 

289D 

212d 

156D 

1.487 

2,083 

2,108 

2,878 

258D 

667d 

262D 

188d 

4,220 

4,085 

4,961 

4,688 

02d 

741d 

807O 

004D 
060 
868D 
007 

888 

720 

.  079 

IIOr 

ITlta 

189b 

807R 

2,314 

2,868 

2,788 

8,448 

1,562d 

1,088d 

1,800d 

1,670d 

888 

1,206 

1,587 

1,600 

689D 

738d 

722D 

768d 

778 

036 

007 

1,162 

404D 

078d 

881D 

268d 
660 
Or 
1,287 

815 

1.140 

1.020 

01 D 

266d 

201D 

171D 

860 

1,118 

1,500 

1,614 

884D 

747D 

678d 

612D 

072 

896 

1,096 

1,607 

198D 

8S6D 

241 D 

167D 

1,568 

2,880 

2,438 

8,061 

782R 

801B 

828b 

1,086b 

2,479 

8,024 

8,119 

2,771 

705D 

1,868d 

1,156d 

1,183d 

4,829 

4,086 

0,414 

4,868 

177D 

1,058d 

1,378d 

788d 

868 

877 

709 

1,099 

854D 

280R 

456b 

889R 

249 

867 

845 

426 

83d 

lllD 

106D 

142D 

1,814 

1.888 

2,470 

2,710 

1,088b 

1,204b 

1,614r 

1,774R 

14,801 

16,666 

14,970 

16,701 

2,080r 

412D 

861B 

1.680R 

1,840 

2,878 

2,524 

2,472 

668d 

1.088D 

864D 

712D 

1,808 

1.742 

1,820 

1,866 

e72D 

1,054d 

861D 

806D 

2,222 

2,92^ 

8,471 

8,474 

822D 

086d 

1,057d 

878d 

8,200 

8,452 

8,999 

8,170 

918D 

1,460d 

1,802d 

1,280d 

2,470 

2,r28 

8,520 

8,790 

98d 

171D 

289d 

54d 

881 

827 

1,068 

810 

626D 

600D 

646d 

858D 
660 
46Sr 
1,851 

862 

1,848 

1,620 

848R 

820R 

660r 

791R 

203 

269 

841 

407 

181 D 

207D 

221d 

289D 

1,837 

2,120 

2,145 

2,286 

879d 

1,220d 

1,096d 

1,222d 

2,295 

8,160 

8,680 

3,374 

021 R 

818r 

528R 

256R 

1,858 

1,881 

1.554 

1,792 

127R 

48d 

2S6R 

456R 

2,381 

8,106 

8,996 

8,899 

969D 

1,424d 

1,066d 

687D 

1,026 

1,862 

1.667 

1,680 

768D 

1,118d 

1,186d 

1,060d 

1888. 

3,271 

401 D 
1,722 

460o 

380 

122d 
4,807 
2,208o 
1,750 

696b 
1,999 

241b 
4.686 
1,727d 
2.681 

286b 
8.077 
l,606o 
0,404 

822d 
8,266 

587B 
8,080 

4o 
1,820 

161D 
2,860 

68d 
4,702 

464o 
1,088 

878d 
1,220 

401b 
4,164 
1,820d 
1.808 

674D 
1,870 

822D 

771 
47b 
1,814 

44d 
8,178 

644o 
8.601 

287b 
8,880 
1,106b 
8,156 
l,26lD 
6,781 

828d 
1,588 
1,254b 

680 

ITOd 
8,819 
2,841b 
20.209 
8,666d 
8.210 
1,000d 
1,818 

741D 
8,768 

742D 
4,000 
1,560d 
8,837 

866D 
1,108 

470d 

780 

6e0B 
2,024 

g78B 

620 

820D 
2,011 
1.330D 
8,532 

484b 
1,076 

432b 
4,52S 
1,000d 
2,188 
1,186D 


I 


822     UNITED  STATES,  PRESroESTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (TmBnswoBMM,  Texab.) 


cocTrrr. 


1S7S. 


WOkd. 


8,408 

S18d 
8.686 
i;8a8D 


1S76.     18S«.     18S4. 


4.196 


4,360  1  8,486 

1.1«D  564o 

8.954   {     4.1^   *  8,425 

l,774o:     l,69l0i  067d 

TEXASw 


8J»49 

807D 
4.194 


m 
it 


Archer.. 

AtMCOM 

Austin.. 
Bandera 
Bastrop. 
Baylor.. 

Bee 

BeU 

Bexi 

Blanco 

Boaque 

Bowie. 

Brazoi 

Brazoi 

Brews 

Brown 

Burleson... 

Burnet 

GUdweU... 

Calhoun 

Callahan... 
Cameron... 

Camp 

Caraon 

Caw. 

Chambera.. 
Cherokee . . 
ChillbresB.. 

Clay 

Coleman . . . 

CoUln 

Colorado. . . 

ComaL 

Comanche . 
Concho. . . . . 

Coryell 

Crosby 

Dallas 


433 
193d 
177 
106D 

2,258 
172D 

198D 

141 

118D 

•    2J50B 
SUd 
TH 
TTOd 
217 

leo 

114 

407 
828d 
1,806 
160R 
875 
84&D 
2,446 
17d 
148 
148n 
889 
295d 
8,856 
2,740d 
4.174 
1,060d 
185. 
65o 
1,606 
l,418o 
1,079 

801D 
1,466 

820R 
2,897 
269d 

8,M4  ; 

84BD 
1,006 

8»io 

186 

180D 

127 
46d 

750 

OTOd 
2,9121 

217R 

552 

STto 
8,811 

148D 

808 

291D 

244 

815D 
6,087 
4,O0Ud 
6,656 
1.889D 

ftl3 

888o 
8,147 
1,6S8d 
2,141 

8HRD 
1,560 

608r 
2,828 

125D 

175 

lllD 

2,100 
206D 
180 
88d 

1,996 
113d 

198 
161  d 

1.811 

.86lD 
119 
lllo 

2,116 
118d 

88 
88d 
502 
2640 

1,566 
194D 
196 
124D 
484 
406o 
661 
48d 

1,268 
775R 

1,808 
145D 

166 
166n 
2.214 
1.91 6o 
2,047 

asiD 

808 

201D 

780 

682d 

702 

412d 

1,240 
606R 

2,096 
168D 

12 
12D 
928 
714D 
281 

181D 

1,060 
IIOd 
887 

llR 

646 
644D 
1,090 
214D 
506 
488d 
866 
284o 
807 
88o 

1,252 

1,880 

281d 
1,060 

609D 
2,152 

715D 

821 
69d 

441 

412D 
2.119 
1,686d 
1,067 

166D 

'  i,788 
1,574d 
2,094 

122D 
1,276 
1,010d 
2,260 
678d 
294 
64d 
862 
816D 
8,160 

618d 
1.146 
020 

419 
98d 

1,017 

171D 

702 

64d 

1,848 
824d 
208 
65d 

1,840 
606o 

1,714 

784o 

161 

180D 
1,664 

648D 

2,115 
688D 
888 
176d 

2,286 
802D 

8,267 
1.081D 
416 
182d 
8,089 
i;e58D 

""887" 
4970 

2,825 
25r 
668 
194d 
265 
86SD 

50 
84D 
123 
128d 
2.860 
1,909d 
2,858 
286R 
442 
90r 

893 
683d 
488 
414D 
4,028 
8,061  D 
2,912 
685R 
848 
160R 
1.882 

1,181D 

145 
132D 
8,777 
2,921  D 
1,770 
1,665d 

1,089 
628d 
727 
706D 
6,606 
4,208d 
8,069 
841  r 
069 
68r 
1.984 
1,786d 
808 
204D 
4,161 
8,138d 
2,487 
2,8S9d 

*  *  *419  ' 
855D 
676 
634o 

i,604 
1.482D 
1,065 
1,053d 

1,600 
694D 

3.837 
2,22lD 

6,109 
2,6060 

8,530 
8,845d 

8,200 
S87d 


206 
188d 
167 
57d 
660 
64SD 
8,851 
917D 

240D 
8,680 
OTlD 
241 
237D 
615 
840d 
6,617 
4,180d 


1,578d 
812 
457d 
2,420 
l,67lD 
8,504 

818d 
1,750 

846r 
8,081 
19d 
274 
178D 
1,660 
1,160d 
2,307 

178D 
1,479 

hOStD 

2,677 
754D 
166 

784 
66lD 
1,856 
1,008d 
1,238 
89d 
74 
42d 
8,868 
964D 
410 
181D 
8,542 
1,317d 
80 
80d 
1,000 
604D 
041 
868d 
6,795 
6,09lD 
8,641 

226D 
1,127 

267D 
2,226 
1,281D 
239 
147D 
4,884 
8,768d 
2,541 
1,682d 
241 
288d 
10,990 
4,000d 


OOUNTT. 

187S. 

1876. 

18841. 

1884. 

I1888. 

Delte 

288 

ITOd 

660 

447D 

M4 

126l> 

688 

416d 
1,576 
1,426d 
967 
408k> 

988 
647o 

96d 

49 
40d 

1,207 

SORo 
8,948 
2,546b 
1,688 
1510 
240 
1740 
1S7 
1180 
491 
23So 
1,485 
1,129d 
67 
«Sd 
5,151 
S.0B1D 
1,978 

2.569 

2.006D 

8,608 

749n 
4.808 
2,8B1D 
4,7» 

60Qn 

i.7n 

Dentoa 

DeWttt 

»     l.SIft 

8.7n 
>   urn 

1S& 

9r> 

» 

Donley 

29D 

588 
471  x> 

807d 

740 

Doral 

is 

Eastland.... 
Edwards 

175 
175D 

1.471 
1.MB 
80S 
14SD 

T''3Hf        ,    . 

606 
64SD 

""288' 
290d 
1,706 
24R 
070 
268D 
2,838 
60d 

1,787 
1,781D 

177 
66d 

806 

886d 
1.518 

069D 
2,015 
1,«Bd 
2,088 

107d 

8.821 
2,78lD 
480 
188R 
8,006 
1,68Sd 
2.060 
1.088D 
4,401 
2,501  D 
4^806 
881& 

coao 

El  Paso 

Erath 

8,478 

1.77to 

Fannin 

F^ette 

W3U    a^ 

SNd 

«ja7 
wn 

l.SM> 
815 

Fisher 

SfiD 

Fort  Bend.... 

Fkvnklin 

Freestone 

Frk) 

1,2» 
79QR 

"i,494' 
218D 
48 
48d 
8,666 

1,161D 

806 
82d 

1,»4 
840R 
478 
466D 

—  ■ 

85d 
8,943 

1,8«D 

265 
Id 

1,184 
662r 
8M 
639d 

2,888 
646d 
280 
165D 

"787 
65r 

1,006 

127R 
1,008 

OOlD 
2,566 

5680 
8S0 
219D 
6,801 
2,181D 
948 
lOs 

1.4Ite 
1.1M 

no 

8,90 

anp 

40 

1101 

1,6B0» 
1,134 

GalYCSton 

Gillrapie 

Goliad. 

Kt 

Qonales 

Grayson..  ... 

1,844 
806D 

1,081 
891D 

1,610 

7800 
8,887 
2,810d 

2,268 
1,076d 
7.080 
8,511  D 

2.805 

1,01  ID 

8JB8 
8,509d 

ijtt» 

ISCto 
S7 

Greer 

tito 

Oregg 

Grimes 

Guadalupe . . . 

w     a 

•  •  •      •  •  •  • 

2,'557 
468R 

1,810 
182D 

1,207 
175D 

1,007 
461R 

1,048 
152D 

1,688 
834R 

8,288 
806R 

1,784 
268d 

1,648 
lite 

8,527 
170R 

2,888 
8S7D 

Hale 

n^ 

Hamilton 

122 

118d 

460 
460D 

817 
765o 

1,461 
l,806o 

1.491 

i.in» 

818 

Hardeman..., 

SM» 

Hardin 

Harris. 

Harrison 

61 
17d 
4,089 

261a 
8,149 
1,500r 

86 
86d 
4,000 

007D 
4,246 
1,648r 

214 

210D 
5je67 

9440 
4,887 

207r 

876 

278D 
6,568 

44te 
8,7ro 

435a 

s. 

17« 
1.151* 

1:1 

Haskell 

i:ii 

Hays 

606 
216d 
948 
484D 
186 
28d 
987 
688d 
442 
442D 
758 
431D 

•  •          •  •  • 

675 
845D 
872 
884D 
186 
65d 
1,688 
1,0860 
674 
668d 
1,698 
1,188d 

1,404 

748d 
1,868 

546 
879d 
2.885 
2,489d 
1,146 
1.009D 
2,600 
1,876d 

1.6S1 

TOOd 
1,801 
809D 
810 
817D 
4,088 
8jB0iD 
1,850 
],084o 
2,568 

1,7«D 

810 
186d 
8,008 

515D 
4.066 
8,2890 
1,408 

911» 

858 

AM 

in 

Henderson... 

Hidalgo 

Hill 

Hood 

Hopkins. 

Howard 

lOC^ 

Houston 

Hunt    

Jack 

1,663 
40d 
560 
421 D 
201 

IR 

1,996 

79d 
1,706 
1,518d 
140 
54D 

2,887 

236D 
8,149 
2,888b 
1,186 
08Bd 

8^ 
4i 

us: 

1,001  DJ        •— ' 

UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Texas.) 


823 


COUNTY. 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jeff  DaviB.... 

Jeffenon 

Johnson 

Jones . 

Karnes 

Kaufman  — 

Kendall 

Kerr 

Kimble 

Kinney 

Knox 

Lamar 

Lampasas 

LaSaUe 

Lavaca 

Lee 

Leon 

Liberty 

Limestone 

Limpsoomb . . 

Live  Oak 

Llano 

Madison. 

Marlon 

Martin 

Mason 

Matagorda... 

Maverick 

McCuUoch . . . 
McLennan . . . 
McMullen  — 

Medina 

BCenard 

Midland 

BftOam 

Mitchell 

Montague  — 
Montgomery. 

Morris. 

Nacogdoches 

Narmrro 

Newton 

Nolan 


1879. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

316 

86r 
551 

69d 

846 
26r 
865 
865D 

474 
20r 
672 
582D 

629 
13r 
799 
807D 

191 
63d 
922 
920D 

230 
IIOd 
1,734 
1,668d 

561 

185D 
8,506 
2,967d 

902 
904D 
8,585 
2,968D 
515 
902D 
431 
278d 
4,084 
8,785d 
582 
214r 
516 
224D 
808 
265D 
738 
148D 

" 

201 

145D 

812 

458D 

162 

26r 
182 

76d 

802 
92r 

278 
276d 
1,505 
1,351D 
214 
92r 
160 
48d 
9 

9d 
172 

116D 

816 
d]6D 
8,107 
1,909d 
475 
190R 
a57 
126d 
175 
88d 
559 
813d 

1,842 
432d 
169 
158D 

8,048 
1,309d 
479 
469D 

4,104 

l,ft»D 

841 
547D 

4,985 
8,193d 
1,469 
1,071D 
872 
228D 
2,109 
1,105d 
1,837 

2rOD 
2,411 
749d 
845 
IOTd 
8,958 
1,740d 

1,158 
447D 

'*i,'4l3' 

443d 

542 

6r 

1,464 

574D 

1,882 
648D 
998 
688D 

1,155 
76rD 
505 
159D 

1,740 

1,258d 

2,018 
893d 

1,561 
319D 

1,417 
992D 
747 

121D 

8,826 
1,082d 

182 

120D 
LW 
144D 
601 
157D 
1,819 
263R 

156 
1540 
116 
116d 
580 
456D 
1,671 
867R 

869 
856D 
696 
468d 
988 
800D 
1,834 
66lR 

809 

292D 
1,019 

950d 
1,160 

594D 
1,803 

781r 

1S6 
84D 
500 
830k 
804 
16d 

'  '8,469 ' 
887d 

96 

54d 
875 

43d 
142 

80d 
121 

121 D 

2.863 
1,201D 

430 
2riD 
679 
169R 
480 
154D 
810 
169D 
8,966 
1,786d 

828 
538d 
724 
228R 
423 
55r 
409 
868d 
4,698 
1,760d 
178 
186d 
811 
69d 
844 
156d 

184 
104R 

160 
48d 

616 

114R 

179 

141D 

1,017 
653d 

1,912 
1,828d 

8,823 
1,186d 

8,891 
1,912d 
675 
185D 
2,743 
2,570d 
2,0« 
50d 
974 
184D 
2,180 
1.170D 
4,681 
8,294d 
747 
869D 
889 
818d 

152 
96d 
1,148 
96r 

'*i,'i9i 

853d 
1,562 
684D 
847 
67d 

472 
456d 

1,082 
70d 
510 
174D 

1,311 
405D 

2,255 

1,099d 
268 
868d 

2,076 
1,658d 
1,806 
449D 
844 
236d 
1,606 
l,2a3D 
8,191 
l,7l/rD 
486 
485D 

1888. 

616 

8d 
782 
854D 
858 
54r 
941 
181D 
4,251 
8,85lD 
423 
849D 
509 
405D 
4,909 
8,025d 
697 
195b 
626 
120D 
849 
319D 
606 
120r 
157 
157d 
5,401 
8,130d 
1,308 
670d 
480 
186R 
8,089 
1,89Qd 
8,029 

906d 
8,836 
6980 
877 
67d 
3,496 
1.545D 
212 
56d 
831 
822D 
962 
868d 
1,387 
546D 


155 
89d 
804 
488d 
756 
aSSR 
715 
47r 
532 
875d 
7,016 
8,834d 
194 
173d 
1,063 
870d 
278 
824D 
168 
88d 
4,026 
1,987d 
415 
183d 
766 
589d 
2,136 

159d 
1,261 

274d 
2,662 
1,478d 
5,896 
2,&45d 
620 
440D 
2a3 
809D 


COUNTY. 

Nueces 

Oldham 

Orange 

Palo  Pinto... 

Panola 

Parker 

Pecos . . . f . . . 

Polk. 

Potter 

Presidio 

Rains 

Red  River... 

Reeves 

Refugio 

Robertson... 

Rockwall 

Runnels 

Rusk 

Sabine 

San  Augus- 
tine 

San  Jacinto. 
San  Patricio. 
San  Saba. . . . 

Scurry 

Sliackelford. 

Shelby 

Smith 

Somerville . . 

Starr 

Stephens 

Tarrant 

Taylor 

Throckmor- 
ton 

Titus 

Tom  Green. . 

Travis. 

Trinity 

T^ler 

Upshur. 

Uvalde 

Van  Zandt. . 
Val  Verde... 

Victoria 

Walker 

Waller 


1878. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

645 

772 

1,059 

1.194 

lOlD 

434D 

72lD 

756D 
159 
159D 
697 

137 

108 

862 

27d 

SOD 

145D 

383d 

142 

204 

901 

1,259 

132D 

a04D 

779D 

1,188d 

896 

i,a?7 

1,601 

2,030 

890D 

1,169d 

1,281D 

1,212d 

67^ 

1,097 

8,564 

8,231 

856D 

943d 

1,655d 

2,361  D 

141 

809 

297 

108d 

1930 

15.7D 

892 

275 

953 

1,462 

184D 

875d 

600d 

890D 

• 

704 

218D 

585 

845 

313 

615 

295D 

296D 

a66D 

499D 

1,551 

8,090 

2,321 

8,061 

89r 

356D 

535d 

841D 

184 

166 

198 

187 

168d 

160D 

168d 

58d 

8,972 

8,919 

4,063 

4,160 

104D 

IR 

810R 

6r 

814 

617 

724 

800D 

518d 

660d 

176 
176D 
8,298 

806 
896d 
8,537 

8,709 

8,653 

89d 

607D 

445D 

657d 

879 

841 

571 

688 

79d 

841D 

489D 

456d 

647 

689 

880 

968 

107r 

7r 

234D 

861D 

748 

486 

951 

997 

182R 

196r 

133R 

815R 

87 

47 

168 

187 

71 D 

45d 

157D 

lllD 

148 

889 

661 

1,088 

186D 

887D 

485D 

888D 
129 
96d 
496 

183 

860 

181 D 

284D 

279d 

726 

758 

1,348 

1,666 

245D 

674d 

1,308d 

1,486d 

8,530 

8,284 

8,865 

4,686 

74r 

242D 

187D 

728D 

209 

472 

639 

809D 

832D 

471D 

877 

'    111 

569 

689 

2lR 

19r 

69r 

131 D 

8 

745 

798 

8r 

680D 

766d 

689 

1,771 

4,644 

6,604 

469d 

1,496d 

2,978d 

8,748d 

802 

860D 

129 

125D 

915 

966 
7aOD 
844 
206D 
1,800 

967 

636 

518D 

866d 

869D 

794D 

628 

1,816 

192D 
4,M2 

318D 
6,714 

2,477 

8,266 

87d 

638d 

891 D 

587d 

440 

289 

715 

1,144 

214D 

175D 

469d 

688D 

431 

874 

818 

1,299 

131 D 

318D 

767D 

658d 

1,404 

1,042 

i,rr7 

1,892 

212D 

814D 

861 D 

888d 

101 

160 

312 

680 

89d 

138D 

268d 

414d 

796 

891 

2,218 

2,606 

290d 

579d 

1,2Wd 

l,80lD 

690 

575 

1,140 

1,728 

62d 

189d 

16d 

121 R 

1,763 

398 

1,450 

1,929 

805R 

896d 

551 D 

133r 

1,530 

1,717 

2,007 

830r 

570R 

867R 

1888. 

1,488 
744d 
441 
188d 


985 
926D 
8,458 

899d 
8,108 
8,048d 
178 
189D 
1,821 
864d 
72 
66d 
456 
296d 
897 
490d 
3,887 
1,291D 
828 
994D 
229 
98d 
4,517 

874R 
1,188 
979o 
87 
a8B 
8,719 
7S9D 
680 
680D 
808 
608D 
1,167 
886b 
149 
149D 
910 
667D 
140 
115D 
871 
159d 
8,161 
1,78Sd 
4,917 
787d 
486 
898D 
481 
477d 
756 
676d 
6,989 
8,064o 
886 
670d 
171 

lOlD 

1,586 

985D 
1,896 

460D 
6,068 

448D 
1,186 

894D 
8,828 

SOOd 
2,071 

727D 

666 

857D 
8,136 
1,854d 

516 

120D 
1,569 

181b 
1,919 

890d 
8,141 

662b 


1 


824  DNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Texa8,  Vehmoht,  Vibodiu.) 


i 

r 


CX)UNTT. 

Washington, 

Webb 

Wharton 

Wheeler 

Wichita.... 
WUbarger.. 
Williamson. 

W^Uson 

Wige 

Wood 

Young 

Zapata 

Zavala 

Addison 

Bennington 
Caledonia.. 
Chittenden. 


Franklin.... 
Qrand  Isle.. 

LamoUle 

Orange 

Orleans 

Rutland 

Washington. 
Whidham... 
Windsor 

Accomack . . 
Albemarle .. 
Alexandria.. 
Alleghany. . . 

Amelia 

Amherst  — 
Appomattox 

Augusta 

Bath 

Bedford 

Bland 

Botetourt . . . 
Brunswick . . 
Buchanan... 
Buckingham 
Campbell . . . 


1872. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

4,171 
647r 

" " '  887 
619r 

3,945 
667b 
283 
205o 
443 
865R 

4,988 

866R 
1,448 
l,2dOD 
733 
528R 
81 
65d 

5,411 

669R 
1,767 
985D 
920 
592R 
400 
298D 
509 
255D 
241 
195D 
8,474 
1,909d 
1,890 

888D 
4,202 
3,194d 
2,316 
1,265d 
842 
687D 
169 
87r 
145 

141D 

665 
82SD 

208 
125D 
864 
858D 

"  99 ' 
28r 

1,338 
994o 
895 
205D 
610 
656D 

1,049 
601 D 
274 
280D 
110 
18r 

2,675 
1,498d 
259 
213d 
2,884 
1,865d 
1.862 
952d 
800 
684D 
111 
9d 

VERMONT. 


4,108 

3.069R 

8.340 

1,606r 

3,554 

2,128r 

4,908 

2,214r 

1,100 

548r 
8,945 
2,1  13r 
571 
225R 
2,157 
1,355r 
8,616 
1,988a 
2,967 
2,28lB 
6,460 
3.332R 
4,563 
2,107r 
4,562 
3,844R 
6.532 
4,294r 


4,622 

2,952r 

4,161 

695R 
4,443 
l,82rR 
6,249 
1,675r 
1,222 

288R 
5,047 
1,257r 

695 

153b 
2,548 
1,134r 
4,807 
1,853r 
8,657 
1,987r 
7,717 
2,757r 
5,899 
1,407r 
5.698 
d,097R 
7,586 
8,756r 


4,482 

8,J»7r 

4,081 

1,201R 

4,535 

1,762r 

6,016 

1,882r 

1.380 

381 R 
5,024 
1,866r 
653 
158r 
2,557 
1,1  15r 
4,770 
1,476r 
3,742 
2,107r 
8,153 
8.269R 
5,762 
1,684r 
6,072 
8.21  IR 
7,921 
4,382r 


VIRGINIA. 


4,282 

2,878r 
8,731 

9e9R 
4,249 
1.317R 
5,620 
2,7Mb 
1,461 

398R 
5,385 
1,228r 

648 

200R 
2.435 

986r 
8,886 

959r 
8,884 
1.795R 
7,648 
2,848r 
5,215 
1,317r 
5,643 
2.085R 
6,884 
8,509r 


2,495 

8,691 

8.018 

4,646 

283d 

1,263d 

708d 

1,252d 

4,894 

5,019 

3,459 

5,528 

16d 

563d 

171D 

854D 

580 

824 

715 

778 

8dOR 

860R 

227r 

245R 

259 

689 

406 

1,663 

149D 

347d 

n4D 

201 R 

1,446 

1.128 

1.245 

1,638 

692R 

220r 

687r 

458R 

2,507 

3.164 

2,879 

8,332 

63d 

418D 

763R 

606D 

1,510 

1,755 

1,040 

1,729 

42d 

137d 

120D 

81 R 

2,005 

4,279 

3,689 

5.804 

793d 

2,435d 

1,609d 

860D 

418 

645 

285 

841 

286d 

481 D 

113d 

123d 

3,921 

4,787 

4,798 

5,404 

eSTD 

1,061  D 

1.017D 

1,390d 

431 

629 

1,178 

966 

245D 

497D 

1.053d 

86d 

1,623 

2,093 

2,024 

2,687 

445D 

869D 

832D 

541D 

1.964 

2,738 

1,868 

2,678 

e94R 

44d 

952R 

459r 

267 

1.382 

143 

530 

161D 

1.828D 

77d 

44d 

2,318 

2,.52:J 

1,418 

2,822 

440R 

2m)R 

266r 

470r 

2,562 

6,327 

2,919 

7,471 

240d 

447d 

437o 

795D 

1888. 

4,851 
857D 
904 
628d 
1,485 
821b 
447 
267o 
439 
240D 
434 
185D 
8,835 
],869o 
1,779 
1,416d 
8,186 
2,065d 
2,876 
1,096d 
765 
595d 
196 
196D 
175 
151  d 


4,819 

8.418R 

8,716 

1,869b 

4,499 

1,884r 

6,201 

2,209r 

1,435 

405R 
4,685 
1,778r 
648 
285b 
2,425 
1,254b 
4,188 
1,515b 
8,864 
2.312b 
8,658 
8,67lB 
5,712 
1,828r 
6,984 
2,826b 
6,697 
3,706b 


6,888 

1.191D 

4,752 

407D 

726 

207b 
1,760 

286R 
1,740 

832R 
8,188 

S66D 
1,490 

98b 
6,979 

846d 

(AJV 

771 D 
5.198 
1,213d 
1,046 

28d 
2,802 

342d 
2,815 

232b 

919 
65d 
2.711 

a%R 
8,665 

625d 


COUNTY. 

Caroline 

Carroll 

Charles  City. . 
Charlotte.  ... 
Chesterfield.. 

Clarke 

Craig 

Culpeper 

Cumberland . 
Dickenson  . . . 

Dinwiddle 

Elizabeth  City 


Fairfax 

Fauquier 

Floyd 

Fluvanna 

Franklin 

Frederick 

Giles 

Gloucester . . . 
Goochland . . . 

Orayson. 

Greene 

GreenyHle 

Halifax 

HanoTer 

Henrico 

Henry 

Highland 

Isle  of  Wight. 
James  City... 

King  George. 

King  and 

Queen. 

King  William 

Lanca.<iter 

Lee 

Loudoun 

Louisa 

Lunenburg... 

Madison 

Matthews  — 
Mecklenburg. 
Middlesex — 
Montgomery. 


1872. 

1876. 

2,579 

2,916 

23b 

72d 

1,043 

1.493 

857D 

1.047D 

541 

1.051 

185b 

257R 

1,382 

1,9(M 

490b 

180b 

8,168 

8,840 

8d 

8Sd 

973 

1J234 

229D 

510o 

876 

460 

242d 

852d 

2,042 

2,229 

TfvTote. 

205o 

1,472 

1,861 

622b 

418b 

1,812 

1,048 

6r2B 

60b 

1,519 

1.768 

929R 

884b 

1,620 

1,651 

884b 

185b 

2,135 

8,042 

129R 

262u 

2,876 

8,545 

888d 

1,007d 

957 

1,481 

18Sr 

601D 

882 

1,668 

84r 

264o 

2,109 

8.866 

91 D 

1,892d 

1,876 

1,905 

488d 

1,18Sd 

780 

879 

822d 

«I5d 

1,580 

2,020 

202r 

42d 

1,835 

765 

175r 

7lD 

1,065 

1,409 

629d 

M71D 

625 

758 

6Sd 

416D 

1,086 

1,080 

864r 

16d 

8.185 

6,854 

571b 

486R 

£,820 

8,188 

286d 

846D 

2,807 

8,281 

173b 

llR 

1,854 

2,628 

22b 

172D 

478 

684 

858d 

584n 

1,675 

2.144 

295D 

754D 

687 

667 

267b 

201 R 

777 

1,070 

19b 

90d 

1.688 

l,6re 

•     136b 

71 R 

1,885 

1,886 

139b 

166R 

673 

1,189 

109b 

123b 

1,889 

1,608 

768D 

1,02Sd 

2,901 

4,196 

Id 

824d 

2,551 

2,902 

623b 

180b 

1,577 

2,025 

833b 

-83b 

1,296 

1,192 

836d 

l,0tV4D 

938 

1,068 

177D 

421D 

8.551 

4,283 

i,ioaB 

733r 

879 

1,137 

1S7B 

llR 

1,650 

2,807 

93b 

687d| 

1880. 


2,354 

IQd 
1,637 

861 D 

007 

231R 
1.906 

475b 
1,975 

65d 
1,875 

651  d 

879 

286d 
2,020 

868d 
1.828 

487R 
53 
27r 
1,47D 

6788 
1,660 

714R 
1,627 

243R 
2,910 

114D 

8,607 

1,233d 

1,066 

a65D 

689 
95d 
2,478 
1,S56d 
2,500 
1,0280 

804 

874d 
1,580 

134b 

789 

22^ 

878 

669D 

471 
79d 
1,082 

0I6b 
8,825 

149r| 
2,065 

298D 
2,066 

9r 
1,080 

d48R 


1884.    18M. 


1440 
1,071 

205D 

465 

257R 

860 

178b 
1,287 

125R 
1,328 

261 R 
1,112 

188r 

962 

416d 
4,427 

843d 
2,069 

401 R 
1,10! 

1,219 
261 D 
970 
89RD 
2,9^4 
1,874r 
1,128 

106R 
1,499 
297d 


8,063 

41  R| 
2,282 

S36D 
1,004 

824R 
2,«90 

588d 
8,062 

198d 
1,661 

706d 

655 

43Sd{ 

2A» 

270D 
1.680 

480b 

623 
64d 
2,267 

543b 
S.006 


1,968 


8,554 

9Q2d 
4.106 
I.ISSd 
1,959 

285b 
1,873 

221d 
4,116 
1.118b 
8,490 
],096d 
1,499 

801  d 
2,341 

191R 
1,798 

288b 
1,906 

a04D 

959 

14ID 
1,098 

548R 
6,847 

4890 
8,804 


8,989 

419b 
2,707 
55r 
907 
45d 
2,020 
70b 
859 


1,274 

l8eR 
1,869 

7d 
1,815 

251R 
1,526 

192r| 
2,354 

31 4o' 
4.773 

817dI 
2,969 

215R 
1.88S  ) 

2niR| 
1.834 

I32D 
1,487 

48901 
4.083 

OSSr 
1,410 

ISOa 
2,794 

1080 


lite 
2,4M 

17SD 

m 

8811 
1:57 

OMo 
8,175 
Ito 

1,740 
CTSo 
781 
STIto 

2,fiS 

set) 
i.oes 

107b 
8» 
C7d 
1487 
S4SB 

im 

1.W 

n4i 
s.»o 
I860 

4,4.» 
8fQD 

2.456 
530s 

1,7s 

4,164 
6I60 

2,7* 
9S1D 

1,046 

sn> 

2.442 
«l 

1.650 
SIlR 

2,55s 
90 

1,052 
120 

1,610 
i:iR 

6.078 

I.OBT^ 

urn 

2100 
4,008 

614b 
3.017 

1MB 

140 
2,816 
f%40 
896 
»te 
1.2B 
17* 
1.7W 
lito 

i,a» 
id 

1,73 

m 

2,T« 
5.00 


2,8a 
site 

ion 


1.8* 

540 

1.6a 

4l«0 

4^ 

84te 
1.556 

274B 
t990 

IINIB 


UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Virginia,  West  Virginia.)   825 


OOQNTT. 


Nansemond 

Nelson 

New  Kent.. 
Norfolk.... 


Northampton 

Northumber- 
land. 

Nottoway 

Orange. 

Page 

Patrick 

Pittsylvania.. 

Powhatan 

Prince  Ed- 
ward. 
Prince 

George. 
Prince 

William. 

Princess  Anne 

Pulaski 

Bappahan- 

nock. 

Richmond 

Roanoke 

Rockbridge . . 
Rockingham. 

Russell 

Scott 

Shenandoah . 

Smyth 

Southampton 
SpottsyWania 

Stafford 

Siury 

Sussex 

Tazewell 

Warren 

Warwick 

Washington. 

Westmore- 
land, 

Wise 

Wythe 

York 

CITIES. 

Danrille 

Alexandria 

city 
Fredericks- 
burg 

Norfolk  city. 

North  Dan- 
▼iUe 


1879. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

2,505 

2,808 

1,472 

8,878 

47r 

482D 

444R 

667r 

2,147 

2.092 

2,827 

2,905 

66d 

574D 

507d 

41  Id 

837 

1,010 

468 

1,131 

113R 

70r 

254R 

251R 

8,546 

4,612 

8,494 

4,731 

l,i»6R 

490R 

600R 

1.095R 

1,317 

1,706 

1.668 

2,003 

407R 

147d 

224R 

198r 

963 

887 

1,275 

1,755 

109R 

99d 

98d 

81 D 

1,533 

1,291 

1,172 

1,730 

688R 

5o 

91  4r 

ft24R 

1,660 

2,074 

1,838 

2,290 

62d 

152D 

78d 

228D 

654 

1,898 

466 

2,246 

242D 

1,120d 

168D 

68d 

1,150 

1,564 

1,085 

1,602 

46r 

rr8D 

449D 

292D 

8,945 

6,831 

6,009 

7,W7 

173R 

691D 

557D 

1,007d 

1,318 

1,411 

888 

1,392 

460R 

271 R 

448R 

416R 

1,768 

2,788 

1,624 

2,177 

602R 

464R 

588R 

457R 

1,848 

1,820 

1,245 

1,729 

512R 

160R 

67rR 

609R 

1,227 

1,582 

1,554 

1,819 

245D 

556d 

686D 

667D 

1,255 

1,885 

1,260 

1,857 

82:r 

165D 

52d 

15o 

787 

1,179 

1,046 

1,671 

105D 

405D 

112d 

lllD 

1,160 

1,406 

1,315 

1,498 

148D 

476d 

557o 

50lD 

952 

1,062 

1,165 

1,878 

294R 

84r 

137r 

154R 

1,804 

1,926 

1,295 

2,122 

70d 

878d 

97d 

IIOr 

2,821 

8,408 

2,588 

4,042 

419D 

1,602d 

686D 

102D 

2,860 

8,888 

2,602 

5,528 

1,895d 

2,872d 

1,122d 

Id 

1,105 

1,168 

513 

2,801 

879D 

984D 

188d 

148D 

1,262 

1,698 

908 

2,949 

82d 

636d 

185D 

801 R 

1.988 

2,958 

1,783 

8,848 

1,265d 

2,426d 

1.083d 

104D 

1,192 

1,597 

743 

2,260 

488D 

1,047d 

839d 

Md 

2,890 

8,168 

2,608 

8,310 

278R 

660D 

740R 

2I2R 

1,342 

1,533 

1,082 

1,664 

150d 

86ID 

70r 

24D 

1,023 

1,266 

756 

1,406 

501O 

788D 

21  9d 

118R 

711 

1,232 

1,118 

1.541 

215R 

40d 

246r 

819R 

1,511 

1,854 

1,503 

2,192 

603R 

434R 

813R 

602R 

932 

1,389 

826 

2,142 

5040 

1,105d 

530d 

426R 

815 

1,068 

1,064 

1,471 

5I5o 

794D 

776D 

839D 

400 

444 

402 

967 

196R 

134D 

172R 

831 R 

1,539 

2,947 

1,705 

4,578 

661D 

1.509D 

559o 

676d 

993 

1,279 

1,081 

1,671 

2i!5R 

89d 

125R 

235R 

603 

649 

594 

971 

245D 

873d 

91d 

49o 

1,315 

2,041 

1,910 

2,820 

535D 

1,181D 

509D 

8d 

1,106 

1,337 

1.154 

1,497 

890R 

279R 

2r8R 

341R 

880 

1,517 

1,816 

1,885 

48r 

103r 

166D 

109d 

2,960 

2,452 

8,008 

•  •••  ..•• 

274n 

4640 

457  D 

708 

768 

756 

964 

192D 

800D 

212D 

160D 

8,675 

8,826 

2,831 

5,187 

Id 

958D 

65d 

403R 

2a5 
43d 

896 
74d 

1888. 

8,468 

704R 
2.778 

830D 
1,074 

3I4R 
6,722 
1,771R 
2,201 

241R 
1,458 

354R 
1,781 

505R 
2,268 

27r 
2,540 

188r 
2,274 

2I6d 
8,188 

414D 
1,826 

206r 
2,703 

437R 
1.679 

857R 
2,056 

571D 
1,854 

160R 
2,079 

77d 
1,687 

481D 
1,298 

188b 


4,124 

44r 
6,186 

280R 
2,952 

268D 
8,860 

250R 
4,259 

101 D 
2,540 

82d 
8,781 

557b 
1,800 

46r 
1,478 

2H8R 
1,768 

440R 
2,484 

686r 
8.600 

938r 
1,690 

784D 
1,148 

878r 
5,538 

882D 
1,637 

883b 
1,469 

20r 
8,121 

181R 
1,494 

477r 


1,886 
258d 

8,805 
142D 

1,004 
186d 

5,837 
586r 
560 
1140 


COUNTY. 

1879. 

1876. 

1880. 

1884. 

1888. 

Manchester.. 

Petersburg... 

Portsmouth 
city. 

Richmond — 

"8,799' 
748r 
2,011 
848r 

1,065 
265D 

8,481 
765R 

2,887 

1,023d 
12,495 

1,605d 

689 

287D 
2,659 

569R 
2.802 

7540 
7,104 
2,786d 

1,457 

271D 
4,877 
1,153r 
2,656 

32r 
18,315 
1,883d 
1,189 
53o 

1,640 

161D 

4,235 

161R 

2,566 

8d6D 
14,474 
1,938d 
4,336 

Roanoke  city. 

98r 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 


Barbour 

Berkeley 

Boone 

Braxton 

Brooke 

CabeU 

Calhoun 

Clay 

Doddridge . . 

Fayette 

Gilmer 

Grant 

Greenbrier . . 
Hampshire.. 

Hancock 

Hardy 

Harrison 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Kanawha . . . 

Lewis  

Lincoln 

Logan 

Marion 

Marshall. ... 

Mason 

McDowell . . . 

Mercer 

Mineral 

Monongalia . 

Monroe 

Morgan 

Nicholas 

Ohio 

Pendleton... 
Pleasants . . . 
Pocahontas . 

Preston 

Putnam 


1,866 

2,121 

2,110 

99r 

835D 

175d 

2,594 

8,460 

8,360 

28r 

834D 

180D 

826 

7U6 

888 

20d 

350d 

294D 

621 

1,812 

1,616 

801 D 

570d 

51  5d 

849 

1,188 

1,287 

81 R 

146d 

74d 

1,222 

2,101 

8,470 

268d 

618o 

657D 

284 

788 

1,018 

88d 

2670 

253d 

196 

284 

428 

18d 

18d 

68d 

965 

1,463 

1,881 

269R 

61 D 

78r 

722 

1,616 

2.400 

42d 

860D 

801 D 

442 

860 

1,879 

54d 

807D 

871 D 

617 

1,422 

981 

260R 

210D 

291R 

1,243 

2,268 

2,829 

429D 

1,06Od 

897D 

680 

1,987 

1.831 

197D 

1,879d 

1,I73d 

706 

946 

1,026 

196r 

90r 

140R 

559 

1,024 

1,046 

821D 

780D 

640d 

2,822 

8,768 

4,118 

574R 

247o 

150D 

1,446 

2,637 

8,097 

84r 

59d 

26r 

2,456 

2,999 

3.068 

486D 

1,047d 

1,007d 

2,976 

5,486 

6,094 

»00r 

712D 

266d 

1,216 

2,081 

2,877 

96r 

865D 

236d 

470 

906 

1,106 

90d 

826d 

8&4D 

196 

744 

927 

98d 

622D 

748d 

2,880 

3,341 

8,515 

1I4R 

175D 

241D 

2.430 

8,470 

8,810 

630R 

472r 

590R 

2,489 

8,840 

4,066 

265R 

IOd 

7r 

157 

292 

121D 

192d 

676 

899 

1,025 

81€d 

577o 

426d 

894 

1,668 

1,840 

162R 

274D 

150D 

2,337 

2,716 

8,078 

783r 

436R 

51  2r 

950 

1,844 

1,980 

256d 

6»4d 

856D 

588 

941 

1,049 

212r 

97r 

261 R 

419 

605 

977 

53d 

251D 

804D 

4,845 

7,071 

8,116 

89r 

591 D 

]65o 

566 

1,154 

1,176 

7lD 

468D 

344D 

902 

1,166 

121D 

171 D 

520 

866 

845 

164D 

388D 

317D 

2,434 

8,407 

8.838 

1,006r 

959R 

1,012r 

965 

1,781 

2,000 

63d 

873d 

877d 

2,529 

2,992 

22d 

85d 

8,&46 

4,199 

77d 

172R 

837 

1,264 

108D 

221  d 

2,274 

2,755 

610D 

626d 

1,476 

1,602 

5d 

17d 

8,834 

4,412 

480D 

480d 

1,258 

1,570 

254D 

812D 

596 

666 

80d 

60r 

2,289 

2,668 

219r 

242R 

8,332 

4,754 

198r 

698R 

1.710 

2,012 

853d 

846d 

1,169 

1,416 

486R 

649b 

2,937 

8,522 

809d 

728d 

2,154 

2,488 

1,344d 

1,388d 

1,119 

1,209 

200R 

186R 

1,890 

1,597 

842D 

714D 

4,660 

4,929 

234R 

467b 

8,527 

4,196 

118r 

292R 

8,809 

8,512 

1,212d 

1,225D 

7,188 

8,307 

1,420r 

1,452b 

2,&49 

8,196 

160D 

115D 

1,623 

2,106 

»46d 

197d 

1,184 

1,926 

862D 

1,140d 

4,008 

4,608 

2r 

23d 

4,134 

4,604 

61  8r 

839b 

4,465 

5,014 

398r 

325b 

889 

991 

17d 

173b 

1.410 

2,789 

486D 

28b 

2,111 

2,500 

92d 

42b 

8,812 

8,599 

696r 

847b 

2,178 

2,587 

208D 

116d 

1,220 

1,489 

302r 

338b 

1.271 

1,848 

147d 

237d 

8,869 

9,696 

125D 

106d 

1,444 

1,792 

245D 

233d 

1,217 

1,510 

153d 

IIOd 

1,066 

1,484 

878D 

S04D 

3.995 

4,480 

1.309R 

1,595b 

2,394 

8,049 

181R 

131b 

i 


826   UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (West  ViBonoA,  Wwoohot.) 


COUNTY. 


Raleigh 

Randolph . . . 

Ritxdiie 

Roane 

Summers 

Taylor 

Tucker 

Tyler 

Upshur 

Wayne 

Webster 

Weteel 

Wirt 

Wood 

Wyoming 

Adams 

Ashland 

Barron 

Bayfield 

Brown 

Buffalo 

Burnett 

Calumet 

Chippewa — 

Clark 

Columbia 

Crawford  — 

Dane 

Dodge 

Door 

Douglas 

Dunn. 

Eau  Claire . . . 

Florence 

Fond  du  Lac. 

Forest 

Orant 

Green 

Green  Lake.. 

Iowa 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Juneau. 

Kenosha 


187S. 


1876. 


806 

2dD 

607 
109D 

1,512 
216r 
002 
118d 
496 
84d 

1,600 
266R 
210 
82d 

1,251 
829R 

1,194 
586r 
865 
271D 
124 
82d 

1,053 
169D 
672 
28r 

8,152 
486r 
252 
54ji 


1880. 


880 
21  Id 

1,244 
644d 

2,007 
12siR 

1,607 
270D 

1,865 
878d 

2,249 
205R 
446 
186D 

1,804 
175R 

1,611 
447R 

1,808 
881D 
867 
281D 

2,072 
778d 

1,045 
164D 

4,652 
189D 
427 
6lR 


1884. 


027 
254o 

1,282 
508d 

2,621 
2aOR 

1,8«5 
542D 

1,624 
252d 

2,400 
195R 
588 
151D 

2,174 
195R 

1,785 
409R 

1,084 
688d 
805 
284D 

2,610 
884D 

1,842 
285D 

6,087 
128r 
456 
44d 


1,866 
185D 

1,680 
66&D 

8,105 
487r 

2,487 
224D 

1,057 
187D 

2,578 
2r4R 
725 
146D 

2,454 
862R 

1,080 
585R 

2,817 
744o 
508 
2S6d 

3,008 
889D 

1,503 
152d 

6,441 
881R 
655 
20d 


1888. 


COUNTY. 


WISCONSIN. 


1,118 

1,428 

1.887 

1,470 

652R 

53eR 

651R 

548R 

120 

298 

425 

1,772 

43r 

80d 

23d 

412R 

158 

001 

1,480 

2,576 

82r 

887R 

683R 

003r 

181 

160 

164 

675 

47r 

2r 

8d 

188R 

4,880 

6,852 

5,825 

6,705 

508r 

042D 

852D 

785D 

1,725 

2,»48 

2,426 

2,808 

lOo 

24r 

751R 

810R 

167 

818 

426 

635 

153R 

2S7R 

812R 

574r 

2,070 

8,158 

8,246 

8,284 

556d 

1,185d 

843d 

1,182d 

1,775 

8,870 

8,104 

6,140 

275r 

178D 

27d 

46r 

020 

1,855 

2,251 

8,860 

6^R 

655R 

871 R 

708R 

4,005 

6.025 

5,010 

6,855 

1,235r 

1.080R 

1,261R 

840R 

2,818 

2,050 

8,046 

8,238 

llR 

240D 

44d 

75d 

0,024 

11,161 

11,215 

18,247 

860a 

201D 

1,017r 

180d 

8,678 

0,042 

0,400 

0,501 

2,571 D 

8,078d 

2,085d 

8,000d 

1,687 

1,601 

2,158 

8,060 

59r 

409a 

722R 

72r 

168 

117 

117 

525 

24d 

25d 

88d 

26r 

1,888 

2,027 

8,444 

8,874 

802r 

1,180r 

1,420r 

1.834R 

2,434 

4,251 

4,000 

6,788 

706r 

681R 

816R 

678R 
608 
220r 
0,658 

8,722 

10,504 

10,005 

188d 

814o 

170D 

6n8D 

6.626 

7,521 

7,871 

7.858 

1.088R 

1,525r 

1,616r 

887R 

8,636 

4,835 

4,550 

6,600 

1,204r 

886r 

21  4r 

674R 

2,586 

8,252 

8,480 

2,023 

406r 

224R 

104R 

233R 

4,066 

4,099 

6,068 

6,148 

IOOr 

a08R 

384R 

167R 

1,814 

2,219 

2,576 

8,145 

598R 

783r 

1.168R 

1,005r 

6,180 

7,008 

7,065 

7.863 

OTOd 

1,260d 

863d 

1,818d 

2,489 

8,1H2 

8,890 

8,873 

858R 

256R 

S60R 

802R 

2,623 

8,045 

8,086 

8,232 

108R 

179R 

264a 

748R 

1,750 

ll8o 
2,108 

654d 
8,600 

552R 
3,001 

187d 
2,640 

81 D 
2,881 

86lB 
1,820 

62d 
8,714 

426b 
2,608 

87&R 
8,478 

646D 

053 

868D 
8,721 

OIOd 
1,9qo 

188d 
6,264 

452R 
1,068 

126R 


1,540 
•    676b 
6,157 

685b 
2,074 

016b 
1,040 

407r 
6,488 

800D 
8,174 

428b 

780 

421b 
8,124 
1,082d 
6,474 

179b 
8,728 

068b 
6,665 

SSOb 
8,467 

S36B 
14,841 

401b 
0,484 
2,860d 
2,763 

670b 
1,063 

405b 
8.071 
1,232b 
6,270 

791 B 

662 
94b 
9,810 

8990 

460 
17b 
8,199 

828r 
6,414 

561b 
8,247 

287b 
6,202 

227b 
8,831 
1,104b 
7,498 
1,2H8d 
8,926 

400b 
8,468 
SB 


Kewannee 

La  Crosse 

Lafayette .... 
Langlade  — 

Lincoln 

Manitowoc... 
Marathon  .. 

Marinette 

Marquette 

Milwaukee... 

Monroe. 

Oconto 

Oneida 

Outagamie... 

Ozaukee  

Pepin 

Pierce 

Polk 

Portage 

Price 

Racine 

Richland 

Rock 

St.  Croix 

Sauk 

Sawyer 

Shawano 

Sheboygan... 

Taylor 

Trempealeau. 

Vernon 

Walworth 

Washburn . . . 
Washington.. 
Waukesha  . . 

Waupaca 

Waushara 

Winnebago . . 
Wood 


1879. 


1,515 
.  609D 
4,140 

214b 
8,080 

178b 


4,066 
888d 

1,402 
420d 


1,668 

267o 
14,846 
2,676d 

602b 
1,478 
661b 


8,505 
485o 

8,168 

l,0a0D 
086 
a02B 

2,004 
826b 
848 
470b 

7b 


4,820 

78QB 
2,674 

676b 
6,878 
8,8g6B 
2,568 

188b 
4,056 
1,848b 


1876. 


8,815 
1,083d 
6,186 
168b 

4,888 
125b 


846 
102d 
6,608 
1,906d 
2.464 
1,126d 


1,800 
417d 
82,086 
8,026d 
4,288 


8,987 
680b 


6,467 

1,740d 

8,068 

]3)7d 

1,880 

448b 
8,180 
1,15Qb 
1,801 

657b 
8,645 
6lR 


880 
48d 
6,688 
861D 


1,874 

1,040b 

2,087 

1.008b 

6,011 

8,018b 


8,074 

1,780d 

6,891 

40d 
8,005 
1,106b 
8,097 
1,310b 
7,848 
l,81lB 
1,086 

OOr 


6,440 
«80b 

8,880 
447b 

8,581 

8,808b 

8,611 
80b 

5.506 

1,104b 


1,455 

891D 
6,858 
470D 
485 
5d 
8,150 
1,570b 
8,880 
1,646r 
6,188 
8,848r 


1S80. 


8,808 
772D 

4,867 
7S4r 

4,780 

a58B 


708 

108b 
6,665 

688D 
8,815 

958D 
1,011 

758b 
1,008 
70d 
85,161 
3,091b 
4,638 

614b 
1,866 

814b 


6.688 

1,136d 

8,046 

1,857d 

1J840 

648R 
8,808 
1,480b 
1,898 

086b 
8,565 

418b 

886 
52b 
6,884 
1,088b 
4,045 

625r 
8,650 
8,8a5B 
4,141 

6781B 
6,888 

1,6&1B 


1884. 


8,761 

l,8aOD 

7,868 


4,865 


1,838 

6Bd 
8,106 

88b 
6,768 
1,678d 
5.580 
1,814d 
8,068 

i.iaeai 

8,068 

188DI 
84J8BS 
555b 

5,058 


8,668 
461b 


1888. 


7,075 

l,585i> 

8,018 

l,456o 

1,88G 

544bJ 
8.708 
1,8581 
8,515 
1,711B 
4,696 

6Sb 
1,185 

465r| 
7,848 

607b| 
4,408 

674b 

10.447 

8.818b 

4,851 


1,940 

86d 
6,787 


574 
86b 
8,817 
1.687b 
4,818 
1,760b 
6,886 
8,475b 


4,868 

l,7a6D 

6,464 

806d 
4,884 
1,060b 
8,688 
1,588b 
8,518 

666b 
1,404 
86d 


4,798 

888d 
6,818 

881b 
4.868 
1,807b 
8,788 
1,068b 
5,078 

060r 
8,008 

160b 


6:858 
1,5;6b 

418 

180b 
8,986 

6d 
7,708 

473o 
1,804 

1 
8,688 

881B 
4,806 

184R 
8,806 


465 

144B 
4,566 
l,880of 
8,800 

67k> 
6,W0 
1,870b1 

1.M1BI 
10,858 


8Md 


1SS7 

6,556 

83:i 

5.112 
8»i 

8,06 
4I8D 

8,380 
108B 

7^067 

1.5150 

5,8SS 
IJM3D 
8,8n 
8B 
8,151 

114R 
48,58» 
4.(«S 
5.088 

ssnt 

8,507 
]«71t 
1,645 
OTa 
7,0H 
1.8410 
2,816 
IvZno 
1.568 
465a 

l,8l9t 
1066 

Lons 

5,114 
8S1I 
1,6S4 

8Ka 
8.008 

oni 

4,580 

10,817 
8,7S4t 
6.(H§ 

1.054 
«■ 
8,465 

lati 
a,5n 

6.487 

1^ 
4,086 

«BQa 

l,77li 

7,157 

8.4«« 

Ml 

1511 
IW 
l.ooto 
7,0B 

htm 

s.i» 

ijsm 

Iff! 

4J008 

80» 


Sammazyi — The  increase  in  the  popular  rote  finee 
1872  is  4,921,878.  The  total  vote  oast  in  im  vi* 
6.466,165;  in  1888,  11,888,088.  The  incretse  in  the 
electoral  vote  since  1872  is  85.  Electonl  vote  in  1978, 
866 ;  in  1888, 401.  The  Republican  party  carried  the 
States  by  a  majority  of  25  States  in  1878,  4  States  is 
1876,  a  tie  (of  19  States  each),  with  minority  (tfthi 
popular  vote,  in  1880,  and  8  Sutes  in  18S8.  The 
Democratic  party  carried  the  States  by  a  n^jority  of 


UNITED  STATES,  PRESmENHAL  ELECTIONS  IN.    (Siimmabt.)  827 

2  Statea  in  1884.    The  Bepublican  party  obtained  a  SUnodSt — The  increase   in  the  popiUar  vote  since 

plurality  of  the  popular  vote  as  follows :  1872, 762,991 ;  1872  is  817,746.    Total  vote  in  1872,  429.940 ;  in  18S8, 

1880,  7,018.    The  Democratio  party  obtained  a  plu-  747,686.    The  Republican  party  carriea  the  State  at 

rality  of  the  popular  vote  as  follows:  1876,  250,935;  every  election,  the  pluralities  bein^— in  1872.  58,948 ; 

1884,62,688:  1888,100,476.  1876,1,971;  1880,40,7163  1884,24,827;  1888,  22,195. 

One  new  State  (Colorado)  has  been  admitted  to  the  Eifht  counties  chan^^ed  sides  in  1888. 

Union  since  1872 ;  91  counties  voted  for  the  first  time  fiMtiaiia.~The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since 

in  1876 ;  65  counties  voted  for  the  flrot  time  in  1880 ;  1872  is  185,753.    Total  vote  in  1872,  851,196  ;  in  1888, 

47  counties  voted  tor  the  first  time  in  1884 ;  69  counties  536,949.    The  Kepublican  party  carried  the  State  by  a 

voted  for  the  first  time  in  1888 ;  230  counties  "  changed  plurality  of  21,098  in  1872 ;  6,686  in  1880 ;  and  2,848 

sides  *'  in  1888,  placing  a  Republican  plurality  on  m  1888.     The  Democratic  party  had  a  plurality  of 

record)  against  a  Democratio  plurality  in  1884,  or  vic$  5,505  in  1876,  and  6^512  in  1884.    One  new  county 

verwi,  has    been   formed   sinoe  1872.     Thirteen   counties 

• — There  has  been  an  increase  of  4,884  in  changed  sides  in  1888. 


the  popular  vote  since  1872 ;  the  total  vote  in  that  year  lowai — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  1872 

being  169,716,  and,  in  1888,  174,100.    In  the  interval  is  199,157.    Total  vote  in  1872,  204,983 ;    in  1888, 

there  was  a  falling  off  of  nearly  20,000,  the  vote  in  404,140.    The  Republic;m  party  carried  the  State  at 

1880  being  only  151,507.  and  153,489  in  1884.    The  every  election,  the  pluralities  being— in  1872,  58,149; 

Bepublican  party  carried  the  State  by  a  plurality  of  1876,  50,191 ;  1880,  78,059  ;  1884,  19,773 ;  1888,  31,- 

10,828  in  1872.     Since  that  time  the  record  shows  711.    Eight  counties  chan^d  sides  in  1888. 

Democratic  pluralities — 1876,  83,772 ;  1880,  84,509  ;  Kannsi — The  increase  m  the  popular  vote  since 

1884,  33,829 ;  1888,  61,123.    Three  new  counties  have  1872  is  280,558.    Total  vote  in  1872,  100.614 ;  in  1888, 

been  formed,  according  to  the  returns,  since  1872.  831,172.    The  Republican  party  carried  the  State  at 


Forty- 

Aikamas. — ^The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  One  county  changed  sides  in  1888. 

1872  is  76^68.    Total  vote  in  1872,79.800;  in  1888,  Kentookyr— The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since 

155,968.    The  Republican  party  carried  the  State  by  1872  is  153,646.    Total  vote  in  1872,  191,135 ;  in  1888, 

a  plurality  of  3,446  in  1872.    Since  that  time  the  344,781.    The  Democratio  porty  carried  the  State  at 

record  shows  Democratic  pluralities — 1876,  19,113;  every  election,  the  pluralities  being — in  1872,  8,855; 

1880,  18,828 ;  1884,  22,032 ;  1888,  27,210.     Eighteen  1876,  59,772  ;  1880^  43,449 ;  1884,  34,839  ;  1888,  28,666. 

new  counties  have  been  Ibrmed  sinoe  1872.     Eight  Three  new  counties  have  been  formed  since  1872. 

oounties  changed  sides  in  1888.  Sixteen  counties  changed  sides  in  1888.    There  is  no 

Oalifinnia*— The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  record  of  a  vote  in  Josh  Bell  County  in  1888. 

1872  is  155,533.    Total  vote  cast  m  1872,  .95,806 ;  in  Lonlirfiiia.— An  increase  of  importance  in  the  popu- 

1888,  251,339.     The  Bepublican  party  carried  the  lar  vote  has  only  been  recorded  once  since  1872,  i.  e., 

State  in  every  election  except. that  of  1880,  when  the  in  1876,  when  the  record  showed  145,648  (increase 

Democratic  nominee  received  a  plurality  of  78.  Eleven  over  that  of  1872,  16,951).    The  vote  of  1680  was 

new  counties  have  been  formed  sinoe  1872.     Seven  97,201  (decrease  from  that  of  1876,48,442),  and  that  of 

oounties  changed  sides  in  1888.  1884  was  109,234.    The  vote  of  1888  was  115,744,  an 

Oolondoi — Tne  increase  in  the  popiriar  vote  since  increase  of  6,510  over  that  of  1884,  but  a  decrease  of 

1880  is  38,266.    Total  vote  in  18M),  53,532;  in  1888,  12,948  as  compared  with  1872.   The  Bepublican  party 

91,798.    The  Bepublican  party  carried  the  State  at  carried  the  State  by  a  plurality  of  14,634  in  1872,  and 

every  election— in  1880,  pluralitv  2,803  ;  1884,  8,563 :  4,627  in  1876.    Since  that  time  the  Democratic  plu- 

1888,13,207.    Eleven  new  counties  nave  been  formed  ralities  have  been— in  1880,  27,816;    1884,  16,199; 

sinoe  1880.    Three  oounties  changed  sides  in  1888.  1888,  54,548.    Eight  counties  hav6  been  formed  since 

Oonneotioat. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  1872.    Twelve  counties  changed  sides  in  1888. 

1872  is  57^50.    Total  vote  in  1872,  96,928 ;  in  1888,  Maine.- The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  1872 

153.978.    The  Bepublican  party  carried  the  State  by  is  37,741.    Total  vote  in  1872,  90,509 ;  in  1888, 128,- 

a  plurality  of  4,348  in  1872,  and  2,656  in  1880 ;  the  250.  The  Bepublican  party  carried  the  State  at  eveir 

Democratic  party  by  a  plurality  of  1,712  in  1876 ;  1,284  election,  the  pluralities  being— in  1872,  32,335 ;  1870, 

in  1884,  and  336  m  1888.  .Two  counties  changed  sides  15,814;    1880,  8,868;    1884,   20,060:    1888,  23,253. 

in  1888.  Every  county  has  recorded  a  Bepuolican  plurality 

Dalawara. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  since  1872. 
1872  is 
29,787. 
plurality 

cratic  pluralities  have  been— 1876,  2,629;.  1880, 1,033;  every  election,  the  pluralities  being— in  1872,  908; 

1884,  8,923;  1888,  3,441.    One  county  chlanged  sides  1876, 19,756;  1880, 15,191 ;  1884, 11,118;  1888,  6.182. 

in  1888.  One  new  county  his  been  formed  since  1872.    Tnree 

Florida. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  1872  oounties  changed  sides  in  1888. 

is88vl51.    Total  vote  in  1872,  33,190;  in  1888,  66,641.  HsMaehoMtli.— The  increase  in  the  popular  vote 


3,738;  1888,12.904.  Six  new  counties  have  been  formed  212;  1876.  40,423;  1880,  53,215;  1884,  24,872;  1888, 

since  1872.    Eight  counties  changed  i<ides  in  1 888.  82,087.     With  one  exception  (Suffolk  County,  187&- 

Qeagia.— A  notable  increase  in  the  popular  vote  has  '88),  ^very  county  has  recorded  a  Republican  plurality 

been  recorded  twice  since  1872,  i.  e.,  m  1876,  when  since  1872. 

the  total  vote  was  180,534  (increase  over  that  of  1872,  Miohigaw. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  sinoe 

87,628),  and  in  1880,  when  the  total  was  155,651  (in-  1872  is  254,371.    Total  vote  in  1872,  220.942;  in  1888, 

crease  over  that  of  1872, 12,745).    The  record  for  1884  475,318.    The  Republican  party  carried  the  State  at 

gives  143,543  (decrease  sinoe  1880,  12,108),  and  the  every  election,  the  pluralities  beings— in  1872,  55,968; 

figures  given  for  1888  show  142,989  (decrease  since  1876, 15,542;  1880,  53,890;  1884,  3,308;  1888,  22,911. 

1884,  604).    The  Democratic  party  carried  the  State  Fourteen  counties  have  been  formed  since  1872.   Nine- 

at  every  election,  the  plurality  being— in  1872,  9,806 ;  teen  counties  changed  sides  in  1888. 

1876,  79,642 ;  1880. 49,874 ;  1884,  46,961 ;  1888,  60,003.  Miimeiota.— The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since 

One  new  county  has  been  tbrmed  since  1872.     Six  1872  is  173,766.     Total  vote  in  1872,  89.540 ;  in  1888, 

counties  changed  sides  in  1888.  263,306.    The  Republican  party  carried  the  State  at 


828 


UNITED  STATES,  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS  IN.     (Sumiulry.) 


every  election,  the  ploralities  being^in  1872,  20,694 ; 
1876,  21,780;  1880,  40,688;  1884,  41.620;  1888,  88,- 
106.  iSeventeen  new  counties  have  been  formed  in 
Minnesota  since  1872.    Three  counties  changed  sides 

in  1888. 

MiMiiiipfL— The  decrease  in  the  popular  vote  since 
1872  is  18,656.  There  was  a  conspicuous  increase  in 
1876,  when  the  total  vote  was  164,778  (increase  over 
1872,  86,815).  The  vote  in  1880  (117,078)  and  in  1884 
(1^,019),  compared  with  that  of  1888  015,807),  shows 
a  considerable  decrease.  The  Republican  party  car- 
ried the  State  by  a  plurality  of  84^887  in  1872.  Since 
that  time  the  Democratic  plurahties  have  been — in 
1876,  59,568 ;  1880,  40,896 ;  1834,  83,001 ;  1888,  56,376. 
Five  new  counties  have  been  formed  since  1872.  1*1  ve 
counties  chan(?ed  sides  in  1888. 

IQiioiiii. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since 
1872  is  250,148.  Total  vote  in  1872,  278.050 ;  in  1888, 
523,198.  The  Democratic  party  carriea  the  State  at 
every  election,  the  pluralities  being — in  1872,  29,809 ; 
1876, 54,889 ;  1880,  55,042 :  1884,  88.059 ;  1888,  25,717. 
Four  new  counties  have  been  formea  since  1872.  Ten 
counties  changed  sides  in  1888. 

Vetawka.— The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since 
1872  is  176.481.  Totol  vote  in  1872,  26,141 ;  in  1888, 
202,622.  The  Republican  party  carried  the  State  at 
every  election,  the  pluralities  being— in  1872,  10,517 ; 
1876, 10,826 ;  1880,  26,456 ;  1884,  22,512 ;  1888,  27,878. 
Thirty-two  counties  have  been  formed  since  1872. 
Six  counties  chan<^  sides  in  1888. 

Veradft.— The  decrease  in  the  popular  vote  since 
1872  is  2,017.  Total  vote  in  1872, 14,649.  There  was 
an  increase  in  1876,  when  the  total  vote  was  19,691 ; 
hut  the  total  fell  to  18,843  in  1880,  agun,  to  12,797  in 
1884,  and  affain  to  12,632  in  1888.    The  Republican 

?flrty  carried  the  State  at  every  election  except  that  of 
880,  its  pluralities  being— in  1872,  2,177 ;  1876, 1,075 ; 
1884,  1,615 ;  1888,  1,867.  The  Democratic  plurality 
was  879  in  1880.  One  county  h&s  been  formed  since 
1872.    One  county  ohanf^ed  sides  in  1888. 

Hew  EMmaMn, — The  mcrease  in  the  popular  vote 
since  1872  is  21,941.  Total  vote  in  1872,  68,892;  in 
1838,  90,833.  The  Republican  party  carried  the  State 
at  every  election,  the  pluralities  oeing— in  1872, 5,444 ; 
1876,  2,954^  1880,  4,058;  1884,  4,068;  1888,  2,272. 
Three  counties  changed  sides  in  1888. 

Hew  Joney. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since 
1872  is  184,999.  Total  vote  in  1872, 168,742 ;  in  1888, 
803,741.  The  Republican  party  carried  the  State  by 
a  plurality  of  14,570  in  1872.  Since  that  time  the 
Democratic  pluralities  have  been — in  1876,  11,690; 
1880,  2,010;  1884,  4,412;  1888,  7,149. 

Hew  Totk. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since 
1872  U  490,437.  Total  vote  in  1872,  829.672;  in  1888, 
1,320,109.  The  Republican  party  carried  the  State  by 
a  plurality  of  51,800  in  1872^  21,033  in  1880,  and  18,- 
002  in  1888.  The  Democratic  party  carried  the  State 
by  a  plurality  of  26,568  in  1876,  and  1,047  in  1884. 
Seven  counties  chan^^ed  sides  in  1888. 

Vorth  OaioUiuu — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote 
since  1872  is  120,610.  Total  vote  in  1872, 164,868 ;  in 
1888,  285,478.  The  Republican  par^  carried  the 
State  by  a  plurality  of  24,675  in  1872.  Since  that  time 
the  Democratic  pluralities  have  been— in  1876, 17,010 ; 
1880,  8,326;  1884,  17,884;  1888,  13,118.  Four  new 
counties  have  been  formed  since  1872.  Sixteen  coun- 
ties chan<;ed  sides  in  1888. 

Ohio. — ^The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  1872 
is  812,505.  Total  vote  in  1872,  529,436;  in  1888, 
841,941.  The  Republican  party  carried  the  State  at 
every  election,  the  pluralities  being— in  1872,  84,268 ; 
1876,2,747;  1880,84,227:  1884,81,796;  1888,19,599. 
Four  counties  changed  sides  in  1888. 

Oregon. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  1872 
is  41,790.  Total  vote  in  1872,  20,121 ;  in  1888,  61,911. 
The  Republican  party  carried  the  State  at  everv  elec- 
tion, the  pluralities  being— in  1872,  8,517 ;  1876,  547  ; 
1880,  671;  1884,  2,256;  1883,  6,769.  Seven  new 
counties  have  been  formed  since  1872.  Four  counties 
changed  sides  in  1888. 


Ftmiylfuia.  —  The  increase  in  the  popular  vote 
since  1872  is  484,808.  Total  vote  in  1872,  563,260;  in 
1888,  997,568.  The  Republican  party  carried  the 
State  at  everv  election,  the  ploralides  bein<? — in  1872, 
185,918;  1876,17,964;  1880,87,276;  1884,81,011; 
1888,  79,452.  One  new  county  has  been  formed  anoe 
1872.    Seven  counties  changed  aides  in  1888. 

Shode  Iilaiid. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote 
since  1872  is  21,772.  Total  vote  in  1872,  18.994;  in 
1888,  40,766.  The  Republican  party  carried  the  State 
nt  every  election,  the  pluralities  oeing — in  1872, 8,S3<6; 
1876,  6,075 ;  1880,  7.410 :  1884,  6,489  ;  1888,  4^ 

Bonih  <V«J<"f- — The  oecrcaae  in  the  popular  vote 
since  1872  is  15,619.  In  1876  the  total  vote  was  182,- 
776  (increase  over  that  of  1872,  87,596).  This  total 
was  reduced  to  91,578  in  1884,  and  a  ercat  tklhng  off 
was  again  apparent  in  1888,  the  total  for  that  jear 
being  only  79,561  (decrease,  compared  with  the  vote 
of  1^  12,017).  The  Republican  party  carried  the 
State  bv  a  plurality  of  49,400  in  1872,  and  964  in  1876. 
Since  that  time,  the  Democratic  pluralities  have  be»i 
—in  1880,  54,241 ;  1884,  48.081 ;  1888,  52,089.  Two 
new  counties  have  been  formed  since  1872.  Two 
counties  changed  sides  in  1888. 

Teniwuw  The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  nnee 
1872  is  128  690.  Total  vote  in  1872, 180.046;  in  1888, 
808,786.  The  Democratic  party  carriea  the  State  at 
everv  election,  the  pluralities  being — in  1872,  8,71^; 
1876',  48,600;  1880,  20,514;  1884,  9,180;  1888, 19,791. 
Four  new  counties  have  been  formed  since  1871 
Four  counties  changed  sides  in  1888. 

Texas. — Ihe  increase  in  the  popular  vote  since  l^T^ 
is  241,108.  Total  vote  in  1872,  116,405;  in  1888, 
857,518.  The  Democratic  party  carried  the  State  it 
every  election,  the  pluralities  being — in  1872.  16.5d5; 
1876,59,955;  1880,98,888;  1884,181,978:  1888,146,- 
461.  Tnirty-tiiroe  counties  have  been  fanned  siwe 
1872.    Nine  counties  changed  sides  in  1888. 

Vsimooi. — ^The  in<»%ase  in  the  popu^r  vote  since 
1872  is  10.489.  Total  vote  in  1872,  53,001 ;  in  168&, 
68,440.  The  RepubUcan  party  carried  the  State  it 
every  election,  the  pluralities  being — in  1872,  29,961; 
1876,  28,888 ;  1880,  26,909 ;  1884,  22,188 ;  1888, 28,40i 

'\nnhiia. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  nnoe 
1872  u  118jS29.  Total  vote  in  1872, 185,164 :  in  1888, 
804,098.  The  Republican  party  carried  the  Sute  bj 
a  plurality  of  1,772  in  1872.  Since  that  time  the 
Democratic  pluralities  have  been — in  1876,  44,113; 
1880,  48.956;  1884,  6,141;  1888,  1,539.  Six  new 
counties  nave  been  formed  since  1872.  fifteen  coon* 
ties  changed  sides  in  1888. 

Wwt  Vlighiia.— The  increase  in  the  popuUr  Tote 
since  1872  is  96,822.  Total  vote  in  1872,  62,366;  is 
1888,  159,188.  The  Republican  partv  carried  tb« 
State  by  a  plurality  of  2,264  in  1 672.  Since  that  time 
the  Democratic  pluralities  have  been — in  1876, 11S$4; 
1880,  11,148;  1884,  4,221:  1888,  1,878.  Two  ne* 
counties  have  been  formed  since  1872.  Seven  oooo- 
ties  changed  sides  in  1888. 

Wiaoonfln. — The  increase  in  the  popular  vote  aoft 
1872  is  162,306.  Total  vote  in  1872, 192,808 ;  in  18S8, 
854,614.  The  Republican  party  carried  the  State  at 
every  election,  the  pluralitien  being — ^in  1872, 17.6S<I 
1876,5,206;  1880,  29,768;  1884,  14^698;  1888,  21,Sfl. 
Ten  coimties  have  been  form^  smoe  1872.  Seva 
counties  changed  sides  in  1888. 

CNIVEBSALlfirrS.  The  *' UDiversalist  R^gif- 
ter  "  for  1889  gives  statistics  of  this  denomi- 
nation of  which  the  following  is  a  samroarr: 
Number  of  parishes,  971 ;  of  families,  41,474; 
of  preachers,  711 :  of  churches,  721 ;  of  mem- 
bers, 38,780;  of  Sunday-schools,  657,  with5.V 
205  members;  of  church  edifices,  816;raia^ 
of  church  property,  $7,915,756.  The  fignr« 
show  an  apparent  loss  from  the  pre vioosjetf 
of  17  parishes,  9  church  organizations,  sn^ 
1,431  members  of  Sunday-schools.    The  lo* 


UNIVERSAUSTS.  URUGUAY.                     829 

accounted  for  bj  the  dropping  from  .  VBIJGIJiT,  a  republic  in  South  America. 
by  order  of  one  of  the  State  conven-  Area,  69,835  square  miles.  In  1886  the  popu- 
28  parishes  which  had  long  been  in-  lation  was  596,468 ;  that  of  the  citj  of  Monte- 
Gains  appear  of  2,186  families,  978  video  was  115,462  in  1885. 
cants,  20  church  edifices,  and  $824,206  G^Temmit — The  President  is  Gen.  M&ximo 
ion  of  church  property.  The  twelve  Tajes.  The  Cabinet  is  composed  of  the  foUow- 
four  colleges  and  universities,  three  ing  ministers:  Prime  Minister  and  Interior, 
al  schools  and  departments,  and  five  Dr.  Herrera  y  Obes;  Foreign  Afiairs,  Dr.  J. 
al  institutions — returned  114  teachers  Garcia  Lagos;  Finance,  Dr.  N.  M.  Marquez; 
(ssors,  1,284  students,  and  $2,716,500  Justice,  Public  Worship,  and  Instruction,  Dr. 
ty.  The  Universalist  Publishing-House  M.  Berinduague;  War  and  Navy,  Col.  P.  de 
et  assets  of  about  $70,000,  and  pub-  Leon.  The  American  Consul  at  Montevideo  is 
d  owns  the  copyrights  of  150  vol-  Edward  J.  Hill.  The  Uruguayan  Consul-Gen- 
[  six  periodicals.  eral  at  New  York  is  Don  Enrique  Estr&zulas. 
mds  of  the  General  Convention,  as  Army  aid  NtTy* — The  standing  army  was  in* 
upon  at  its  meeting  in  October,  1888,  creased  in  188740  about  4,000  men.  There  is 
n  all  to  $193,559,  distributed  as  fol-  also  a  police  force  of  3,200  men,  and  a  National 
array  Centenary  fund  (in  aid  of  theo*  Guard  of  20,000.  The  navy  is  composed  of 
udents,  the  distribution  of  Univer-  five  small  steamers  and  three  gun-boats, 
drature,  Church  extension,  and  mis-  FtnaMces. — On  Dec.  1,  1887,  the  national  in- 
29,549 ;  Theological  Scholarship  fund  debtedness  amounted  to  $71,000,000,  of  which 
8  to  theological  students),  $29,925;  $17,000,000  constituted  the  home  debt  and 
Extension  fund,  $4,149 ;  Gunn  Min*  $54,000,000  the  foreign  debt,  the  latter  being 
belief  fund,  $11,213;  Ada  Tibbetts  represented  by  £10,865,300  five-per-cent.  bonds 
I  fund  (valuable  property  over  and  and  £4,255,860  six-per-cent.  bonds.  The  con- 
e  liens),  $9,500;  three  other  special  version  of  the  latter  amount  into  four-percent. 
13,223.  The  aggregate  increase  of  bonds  was  eflfected  by  issuing  in  London  $20,- 
ids  during  the  convention  year  1887-  000,000  at  82^  per  cent.,  in  August,  1888. 
U5,833.  SoDtli  inerkiB  Coigress.— On  July  18,  1888,  at 
lapin  Home,  New  York,  has  an  en-  the  invitation  of  the  Argentine  Republic  and 
;  of  $145,000,  and  returns  56  inmates.  Uruguay,  a  congress  of  delegates  from  South 
Toman's  Centenary  Association  re-  American  nations  assembled  at  Montevideo  for 
>  the  General  Convention  that  its  re-  the  purpose  of  formiug  a  treaty  to  determine 
r  the  year  had  been  $3,147,  and  its  questions  of  international  rights  pending  be- 
ires  $2,240 ;  and  that  it  had  a  perma-  tween  South  American  nations.  This  con- 
l  of  $7,647.  gress  is  the  first  of  its  kind  that  ever  assembled 
liversalist  General  Convention  met  in  in  South  America. 

111.,   October  24.    The  Hon.  Hosea  RaUraads.— On  July  1,  1888,  there  were  553 

resided.    The  resolution  adopted  by  kilometres  of  railway  in  operation.    Early  in 

ral  Convention  of  1887  providing  for  1888  a  Government  decree  announced  the  in- 

he  meetings  of  the   body  biennially  tention  of  building  a  railway  embracing  the 

if  annually,  was   ratified  as  required  following  lines:   1.  From  Montevideo  to  Ri- 

rovisions  of  the  Constitution,  to  be-  vera,  with  branch  lines  to  Paysandti  and  Salto. 

trative  from  and  after  1889.    In  con-  2.   From   Montevideo  to   Colonia.     8.   From 

with  this  action  a  proposition   was  Agosto  to  Carmelo  and  Nueva  Palmira.    4. 

^d  for  authorizing  the  trustees  to  call  From  Montevideo  to  the  northern  frontier  and 

talist  Church  Conference  to  be  held  Baz6.    5.  From  Montevideo  eastward  to  La- 

ars  intervening  between  the  sessions  guna  and  Merino.     6.  From   Salto  to  Santa 

meral  Convention,  for  the  discussion  Rosa,  with  a  branch  line  from  Peballo  to  San 

ons  relating  to  religion,  morals,  and  Eugenio.    The  Government  offers  to  guarantee 

I.    The  discussion  of  the  creed  which  seven  per  cent,  interest  for  forty  years  on  a 

posed  for  adoption    at  the  General  capital  of  £5,000  per  kilometre, 

on  held  in  New  York  in  1887  was  In  October  the  Central  Uruguayan  Exten- 

1,  and  the  subject  was  referred  to  a  sion  Railway  Company  (limited)  was  formed, 

mittee  which  is  expected  to  report  with  a  capital  of  £1,000,000,  to  build  a  line  of 

;a  subsequent  session  of  the  General  railway  from   Paso  de  los  Toros  to  Rivera 

on.     The  publishers  of  the  Sunday-  (Santa  Una)  on   the   Brazihan   frontier,  288 

json  papers  were  requested  to  furnish,  kilometres,  the  Government  guaranteeing  seven 

tction   with   the    ordinary  papers,    a  per  cent,  interest  for  forty  years  on  a  capital  of 

[position  of  the  leading  features   of  £5,000  per  kilometre. 

doctrine  as  held  by  the  UniversaHst  Telegraphs. — The  length  of  lines  in  operation 

A  resolution  providing  for  calling  an  in  1888  was  2,789  kilometres.     The  first  snb- 

onal  Conference  of    Sunday-school  marine  cable  for  telephone  use  was  laid  be- 

was  referred  to  a  committee  to  report  tween  Montevideo  and  Buenos  Ayres  in  the 

;he  next  meeting  of  the  General  Con-  autumn,  and  it  does  better  service  than  the 

overland  lines. 


830 


UTAH. 


dereloped 
dollan: 

w — ^UrogoAjaD  fordgn  eorameree  has 
IS  foUows,  reduced  to  mlDioiiB  of 

'   «-f-^   i    ««p-^ 

19^ 

SM 

fij 

19)4     

«4.« 

943 

l^Ct   

«5u» 

s^ 

1^9i         

ai4 

Sli.9 

' 

The  fonowing  Umj^ayan  prodacto  were  ex- 
ports: Cattle,  $800,000;  jerked  beef,  $2,858,- 
000;  preserved  beef  in  tins,  $37,000;  extract 
of  beef;  $894,000;  bides,  $4,842,000;  ridns, 
$816,000;  tsllow,  $1,237,000;  wool,  $4,998,- 
000;  iiorae-hair,  $185,000;  bones  and  bone- 
ashe9,  $110,000;  fertilizers,  $^6,000;  ostricb- 
feathers,  $54,000;  grain,  $712,000. 

Tbe  American  trade  exbibits  the  following 
figores: 


FISCAL  TCAB. 

UVr^mf. 

188* 

•4,»3fi.d48 
tTll<&21 

•UllOvMS 

1687 

L898,T25 

1898 

l,^>n,4W 

Tntf  ChngHi — Tbe  revised  customs-tariff  be- 
came operative  on  April  1,  1888,  tbe  modifica- 
tions being  slight,  ad  valorem  duties  being 
raised  from  30^  per  cent,  to  81  per  cent. ;  goods 
under  schedule  No.  2,  from  47  per  cent,  to  48 
per  cent. ;  and  No.  8,  from  48  to  44.  On  tbe 
other  hand,  the  6^  per  mille  was  abolished,  and 
the  number  of  articles  entering  duty  free  nota- 
bly increased. 

¥ltleiltne« — Under  the  provision  of  an  act  of 
the  Uruguayan  Congress  of  1889,  gold  m^als 
were  awarded  to  Pa«cal  Uarriague,  a  Frencb- 
man,  and  F.  Vidiella,  a  Uruguayan,  as  tbe 
first  and  most  successful  viticulturists  in  the 
republic.  The  growing  of  vines  has  been  ex- 
tending rapidly  during  late  years  in  Uruguay, 
and  is  giving  the  best  results.  Tbe  Viticullural 
Society,  founded  in  1887,  with  a  capital  of 
$100,000,  has  acquired  lands  along  the  Central 
Railway;  vineyards  have  been  laid  out,  and 
100,000  vines  were  planted  in  1888. 

Earthqiake. — During  the  night  of  July  4-5, 
1888,  there  were,  for  the  first  time  in  forty 
years,  two  violent  shocks  of  earthquake  at 
Montevideo,  the  direction  being  from  north- 
west to  southeast,  the  shocks  extending  over 
fifty  seconds.  The  shocks  were  felt  at  sea,  the 
phenomenon  coinciding  with  great  cold  and  a 
terrific  snow-storm  in  the  Cordillera,  at  Uzpa- 
lata,  and  at  Bahia  Hlanca  in  tbe  province  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  Argentine  Repn\)lic,  39**  south 
latitude,  where  for  the  first  time  a  heavy  snow- 
storm occurred. 

UTAH.  Territorial  GoTenaeiit— The  follow- 
ing were  the  Territorial  oflBcers  during  the 
year;  Governor,  Caleb  W,  West;  Secretary, 
William  C.  Hall ;  Treasurer  de  facto,  James 
Jack ;  Auditor  de  facto,  Nephi  W.  Clayton. 
(In  January  the  Governor  sent  to  the  Council 
of  the  Legislature  the  nomination  of  Bolivar 


Boberts  to  be  Tcrritorul  Tressorer,  and  Artkor 
Pratt  to  be  Territorial  Auditor;  but  tbst  body 
refoaed  eooiinnatioii,  oo  the  ground  that  tbe 
Govemor^s  right  of  appointmeot  was  in  dis- 
pute In  a  case  peodiiig  before  tbe  United  Stttes 
Supreme  Court.  Late  in  March,  after  the  ad- 
joomment  of  the  Legifllatnre,  the  Governor 
again  made  the  aame  nominationa,  be  then 
having  foD  power  of  appointment  till  tbe  jutsi 
meeting  of  the  Legislature  In  1890.  The  Gor- 
emor  had  prerio«aly«  in  March,  1886,  i^ 
pointed  the  aame  ptfBons  to  the  same  poa- 
tions ;  but  Treasurer  Jack  and  Auditor  Clsjton, 
holding  by  election  of  the  people,  had  refused 
to  yield  up  thdr  offices,  and  the  litigatkn, 
wbldi  has  not  yet  readied  its  end  in  tbe  Ss- 
preme  Coort  c^  the  United  States,  resulted. 
The  appointees  of  March,  1888,  were  agiin 
refused  their  offices  by  the  ds  facto  officiils  as 
before.  Aboot  the  same  time  they  broojdit 
suit  against  the  latter,  demanding  payment  of 
salary  from  March,  l^Sd,  out  of  Uie  appropria- 
tion made  by  the  Legidatnre  in  Janoary  for 
the  aalaries  of  the  TreaBorer  and  Auditor.  Tbe 
determination  of  tbb  suit  will  dq>end  apoo 
the  decision  of  the  United  States  Sapreoe 
Court  case.)  Commissioner  of  Scboob,  P.  L 
Williams ;  ChiefJusdoe  of  tbe  Supreme  Cooil, 
Charles  S.  Zane,  succeeded  by  Elliott  Saad- 
ford ;  Associate  Justices,  Jacob  S.  Boreman,  and 
H.  P.  Henderson.  During  the  year  the  Terri- 
tory was  aUowed,  by  act  of  Congress,  an  ad- 
ditional judge,  and  John  W.  Judd  was  ap- 
pointed to  that  position. 

UgWallTe  fkMm,  The  Twenty-eighth  Terri- 
torial Legislature  assembled  on  January  9,  and 
remained  in  session  two  months.  One  of  the 
earliest  measures  passed  was  a  deficiency  ap- 
propriation bill,  to  meet  expenses  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, for  several  years  unpaid,  owing  to 
tbe  veto  of  appropriation  bills  pa»ed  by  tbe 
previous  Legislature.  Several  new  institatioiis 
were  provided  for — a  Territorial  Reform  School 
in  Weber  County  at  a  cost  of  $75,000,  ao 
Agricultural  College,  and  an  agricultural  ex- 
periment station  in  connection  therewith,  in 
Cache  County,  to  cost  $25,000,  and  an  Institn- 
tion  for  Deaf-Mutes,  in  connection  with  the 
University  of  Deseret,  to  cost  $20,000.  Tbe 
sum  of  $85,451  was  appropriated  for  the  com- 
pletion of  buildings  at  the  University  of  Des- 
eret and  to  pay  debts  of  the  institution  pre- 
viously incurred.  For  the  purpose  of  meetinjr 
these  extraordinary  expenditures  a  board  of 
commissioners  was  established  and  directed  to 
negotiate  a  loan  not  exceeding  $150,000.  Tbe 
bonds  for  this  loan  were  all  taken  by  a  Denver 
bank  at  a  small  premium. 

A  gift  of  land  from  Salt  Lake  City  as  a  site 
for  Capitol  buildings  was  accepted  at  this  ses- 
sion, and  a  commission  appointed  to  submit  to 
the  next  Legislature  plans  and  estimates  for  a 
new  Capitol  building. 

The  general  election  for  members  of  the 
Legislature  was  fixed  in  August,  1889,  and  bi- 
ennially thereafter,  the  fin^  meeting  of  tbe 


UTAH.  881 

Leflslatore  to  be  on  the  second  Monday  of  the  for  1887  is  summarized  as  follows:  Copper* 

foUowlDg  January.  $124,566;    refined  lead,  $111,750;   unrefined 

An  act  to  prevent  crimes  against  the  elective  lead,  $1,196  J88. 77 ;  fine  silver,  $5,976,884.89 ; 

franchise  provides  penalties  for  fraudulent  reg-  fine  gold,  $227,740 ;  total  export  value,  $7,637,- 

istration,  fraudulent  voting  or  attempts  to  vote,  729.66. 

tampering  with  ballot-boxes,  forgery  or  altera-  Prison.  —  The  report  of  the  United  States 

tion  of  election  returns,  or  oUier  means  used  Penitentiary  at  Salt  Lake  City,  for  the  year 

*  to  defeat  the  purpose  of  the  voter.  ending  June  80,  is  as  follows:   Number  in 

Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow :  prison  July  1,  1887,  197;    number  received 

Providing  for  a  compUation  of  the  laws  of  the  Ter-  tTom  July  1,  1887,  to  June  80, 1888,  299 ;  total 

ritory.  number  m  prison  dunng  the  year,  496  ;  num- 

Rauainff  the  age  of  consent  to  thirteen  years.  her  discharged  from  July  1,  1887,  to  June  80, 

Provi<rmg  that  a  married  womwi  mav  join  in  a  1886,  316  ;  number  remaining  in  prison  July  1, 

deed  by  her  husband,  and  releaso  her  nght  ot  dower  iqqq   i  qi       ti.^  Vr^,^-»^  ^i^A^^u  n^r%/»»Ao<.  a*^^..^ 

in  the  property  thereili  conveyed  or  encumbered.  1®?^'  l^i'     J}^  Forty-eighth  Congress  appro- 

Desi^^tin^  May  81  as  the  time  at  which  new  laws  pnated  $50,000  for  the  construction  of  a  new 

shall  go  into  effect,  unless  otberwUe  provided  in  such  prison  building,  which  was  completed  early  in 

'•  «*•       .     -             .     i     .  the  year,  and  will  accommodate  240  prisoners, 

Exempting  from  taxation  for  six  years  the  property,  b-  placing  two  in  a  cell. 

capitalstock,  and  bonds  or  mortgages  of  any  company         «L^«.^2^ ^#  #.u  «-u  -^  t     au         •*. 

in  the  Territory  engaged  in  the  p^uction  and  m^-  CwHscttlfl  9i  Chuch  Prtperty.— In  the  suits 

tactare  of  sugar  from  products  raised  in  the  Terri-  begun  in  1887,  under  the  provisions  of  the  £d- 

torv.                                                                    .  munds-Tucker  act,  to  secnre  the  forfeiture  of 

To  prevent  the  sale  or  saving  away  of  intoxicating  the  property  held  by  the  Mormon  Church  cor- 

'^'^'^^ttZl^J.'otme.nnr.r^.  P»"i'"n"    ""^   ^^  the  Perpetual  Emigrating 

Regulating  marriage  in  the  Territory,  prohibiting,  '^^^^  Company,  in  which  suits  a  receiver  had 

among  other  thinfl8,  marriage  between  a  noCTo  and  a  been  appointed  to  collect  and  take  possession 

white  person,  or  between  a  Mongolian  and  a  white  of  such  property  pending  the  suit,  an  appeal 

1*^°*. ,.      ^.  .            .       ,  .       ^   V  11      ^  t_  from  the  oroer  of  the  court  making  sucn  ap- 

e^^'b^-fr^^^^TlfthrhrwSUdthl  rntn'ont  was  prayed  for  by  the  |efendan?s 

fill!  value  of  improvements  made  by  them,  or  imless  l^te  in  that  year,  but  refused  by  the  Territorial 

the^  retiise  to  pay  upon  demand  to  the  successful  Supreme  Court  in  January,  on  the  ground  that 

claimant  tlie  full  value  of  his  share  or  daim  in  the  the  order  was  merely  interlocutory  and   not 

P'SPf'R:  , .             .f           *.        /•        *  final.     The  receiver  durini;  the  year  instituted 

E9tab1ishmg  a  uniform  system  of  county  ffovem-  """'•      *    ^,  »«^«y^*  ^«»»"e  »^  Z       ^      -^ 

meuts.  numerous  investigations  and  heard  witnesses 

Aoceptinff  from  Salt  Lake  City  a  gift  of  lands  for  with  the  view  of  ascertaining  property  of  the 

Agricultural  Fair  Grounds,  and  appropriating  |20,000  Church  and  company,  took  possession  of  such 

for  the  erection  ofsuitable  fair  bondings.  personal  and  real  property  as  he  could  find, 

RallrtaAs. — The  railroad  system  of  the  Terri-  and  began  suits  for  the  rest.  The  real  estate 
tory  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  was  as  fol-  received  by  him  during  the  year  included  the 
lows:  Union  Pacific  Railroad  and  branches.  Temple  Block  in  Salt  Lake  City,  the  Gardo 
581  miles;  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Western  House  and  grounds,  the  Tithing  -  OflSce  and 
and  branches,  868  miles;  Central  Pacific,  154  grounds,  the  Historian^s  Office  and  grounds, 
miles;  and  San  Pete  Valley,  84  miles;  total,  the  Church  farm  of  1,108  acres,  and  one  undi- 
1,140  miles.  Two  new  roads  were  in  course  vided  half  of  the  Church  coal-mines  in  Sum- 
of  construction  during  the  year — the  Salt  Lake  mit  County.  For  the  escheat  and  forfeiture  of 
and  Fort  Douglas  and  the  Salt  Lake  and  East-  this  property,  except  the  Temple  Block,  a  pro- 
em. The  former  of  these,  24  miles  in  length,  ceeding  was  begun  during  the  year  by  informa- 
was  practically  completed  at  the  end  of  the  tion  in  the  Third  District  Court  of  the  Terri- 
year;  on  the  latter,  construction  was  not  far  tory.  Before  October  the  receiver  had  also 
advanced.  secured  possession  of  money  of  the  defendants, 

Igrlcvltaret— The  wheat-crop  of  the  Territory  amounting  to  $237,666.15  ;  about  80,000  head 

for  1888  is  estimated  at  3,000,000  bushels;  of  sheep,  4,732  shares  of  the  Deseret  Telegraph 

oata,  1,600,000  bushels ;  barley,  750,000  bush-  Company,  800  shares  of  the  Salt  Lake  City  Gas 

els;  rye,  50,000  bushels;  corn,  750,000  bushels.  Company,  and  a  few  other  securities.     As  to 

There  were  also  produced  about  200.000  bush-  this  personalty,  and  on  the  legal  standing  of 

ela  of  apples,  150,000  bushels  of  peaches,  and  the  defendants  generally  since  the  Edmunds- 

75,000  bushels  of  pears.    The  hay-crop  is  esti-  Tucker  act,  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Territory 

mated  at  500,000  tons.  rendered  a  final  decree  on  October  9,  a  part  of 

Mfay^g* — Mining  for  the  previous  metals  be-  which  is  as  follows : 

gan  about  twenty- five  years  ago,  but  was  car-  -,.  ^       *v    «j  j       *  i^^     u  ^ooh  *u 

Z:.v^    *^«   ^«i«.  ;»   «   «,««ii   ™.««  „U4.:i  «r*^-  4.1  ^  That  on  the  8d  day  of  March,  1887,  the  corpora- 

ned  on  only  in  a  small  way  until  after  the  ^j^^  ^^  ^he  Church  o7  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter^Day 

completion  of  the  first  Pacific  Railroad.     This  Saints  became  and  the  same  was  dissolved ;  and  that 

gave  a  market,  and  from  1871  to  1887,  both  since  said  date  it  has  had  no  le^al  corporate  existence. 

inclusive,  the  value  of  the  output  was  as  fol-  And  it  is  furthermore  adjud^d  that  all  and  entire 

lows:    Gold,   $3,065,692.72;    silver,  $73,201,-  the  perwnal  property  set  out  in  this  decree  as  havinfir 

txna  K1      1^  J  Joo  ^Tt\t\  KAA  ttr                    An  f\fxn  belonged  to  said  corporation  has,  by  reason  of  the 

966.51 ;  lead,  $33,799  599. 17 ;  copper,  $3,003,-  dissolution  of  said  coipr>ration  as  stored,  on  account 

889.21 ;  total,  $113,071,147.61.      The  product  ot  the  laUur«  op  illegaUty  of  the  trusts  to  which  U 


1 


I] 


f , 


t 


832  VENEZUELA. 

was  dedicated  at  its  acquisition,  and  for  which  it  has  con  slit  ntionalitj  of  the  act  nnder  which  the  de- 
been  used  by  said  late  corporation  and  by  operation  cision  was  rendered.  No  decree  had  beeo 
of  Jaw,  become  escheated  to  and  the  property  ot  the  ^.^j^.  ^j.  ^u^  ^i^^  ^r  fv.^  ^^„_  »._  *u^  DiatriM 
United  States  of  America,  subject  to  the  costs  and  njaa®  «  tne  close  ot  tne  year  Dv  tue  District 
expenses  of  thU  proceeding,  and  of  the  receivership  Oourt  as  to  the  escheat  of  the  other  really, 
by  this  court  instituted  and  ordered.  It  is  further-  PvlltlcaL — Late  in  September  a  call  was  is- 
more  ordered  and  acyudged  that  there  is  not  now,  and  gned  by  the  Utah  Democratic  Club  for  a  meet- 
has  not  been,  since  the  8d  chiy  of  March,  1887,  any  j        ^f  representatives  at  Salt   Lake  City,  on 

Lr^el'S^^rntT^e  ?^i^rl&r4*f  p"ro^^  OcUer  6%  form  an  independent  Democ^tic 

hereinbefore  set  out,  except  the  receiver  appointed  by  Territorial  orgaDization,   the   object  being  to 

this  court ;  and  it  is  therefore  ordered  that  the  reoeiv-  include  in  the  organization  all    anti-Monnoa 

ership  hereinbetbre  established  by  thU  court  is  con-  Democrats  of  the  Territorv.     This  convention 

tinued  m  lull  force  and  effect,  and  that  the  said  re-  -npomnliahAH  thp  nhif^f  fnr  whir>h  it  wna  ^Ilfei 

ceiver  shall  continue  to  exercise  all  and  entire  the  accorapiisnea  tHe  oDject  lor  which  U  was  caJ  ed, 

powers  and  authority  oonfcri-ed  upon  him  by  the  de-  a^d  nominated  ».  K.  1  harman  as  its  candidate 

cree  appointing  him.  for  delegate  to  Congress.     The  People's  party 

(Mormon)  held  its  Territorial  Convention  at 

The  Temple  Block  was  excepted  from  this  Salt  Lake  City  on  October  8,  and  renominatal 

decree,  and  the  receiver  was  ordered  to  sur-  Delegate  John   T.  Caine.     The   Repablieans, 

render  possession  of  it  to  trustees  already  ap-  Lahor  men,  and  other  opponents  of  Mornion- 

pointed  for  the  use  of  the  Mormon  Church  as  ism,  joined  in  supporting  Mr.  Baskin  for  dele- 

a  house  of  worship.     An  appeal  from  this  de-  gate.     At  the  November  election  Caine  re- 

cree  was  taken  to  the  United  States  Supreme  ceived  10,127  votes,  Baskin  8,484,  and  Ibur- 

Court,  the  principal  ground  therefor  heing  the  man  511. 


V 

TEIVEZIJELA,  a  repuhlic  in  South  America.  Pwtal  Serrlcc — There  are  162  post  offices. 
Area,  1,539,398  square  kilometres ;  population  which  forwarded  2,734,576  items  of  mail- 
in  1886,  2,198,320.  matter  during  the  fiscal  jear  1885-'86. 

G^TeniHeat — The  President,  elected  on  July  RatlrMds. — There  were  in  operation,  on  Jan. 
5,  1888,  is  Don  Pablo  Rojas  Paul.  His  term  1,  1888,  286  kilometres  of  railway;  in  coone 
will  expire  on  Feb.  20,  1890.  The  Vice-Presi-  of  construction,  863 ;  authorized,  1,982.  Since 
dent  is  Dr.  S.  Pacheco.  The  Cabinet  was  that  time  several  other  lines  have  been  char- 
formed  of  the  following  ministers:  Interior,  tered.  The  railway  between  Puerto  Cabello 
Dr.  Nicanor  Borges ;  Treasury,  Don  Vicente  and  Valencia  was  opened  in  February,  1888. 
Coronado  ;  Public  Credit,  Don  Bermudes  Telegraphs.— The  length  of  telegraph  lines  in 
Grau ;  Public  Instruction,  Don  Santiago  Gon-  Venezuela  is  4,462  kilometres,  with  80  offices, 
zalez  Guinan ;  Public  Improvements,  Don  Communication  was  opened  in  1888  between 
Nicolas  Gil ;  Public  Works,  Seflor  Mufioz  Le-  Caracas,  La  Guayra,  and  Colombia,  and  simol- 
bar ;  and  Foreign  Affairs,  Don  Agnstin  Tetu-  taneously  by  cable  with  Uayti. 
riz.  The  United  States  Minister  Resident  at  Steavsliip  line. — In  May,  1888,  a  new  hne  of 
Caracas  is  Charles  L.  Scott;  the  American  steamers  was  established,  the  Royal  Dotch 
Consul  at  Ciudad  Bolivar  is  George  F,  Under-  West  Indian  Mail  Steamship  Company,  whose 
hill.  The  Venezuelan  charge  d'affaires  at  steamers  ply  between  New  York,  Port-ao- 
Washington  is  Don  Francisco  Antonio  Silva.  Prince,  Cura^oa,  Puerto  Cabello,  La  Guayn, 
The  Consul- General  at  New  York  is  Dr.  Pedro  Trinidad,  Demerara,  and  other  West  lodiin 
Vicente  Mijares.  ports.     Three  steamers  were   placed  on  the 

Fbmccs. — By  virtue  of  a  convention  con-  line  to  begin  with, 

eluded  on  Nov.  24, 1888,  between  the  financial  CwMieree. — Venezuela  imported  in  1887fi^Rn 

agent  of  the  republic  in  Europe  and  the  council  England  $2,194,237   worth  of  merchandise: 

of  foreign  bondholders,  the  debt  of  the  repub-  from  France,  $678,441 ;  from  Spain,  $148,267. 

lie  was  consolidated,  making  £3,753,420,  for  She  exported  to  those  countries  in  the  same 

which  amount  4-per-cent.  bonds  were  issued,  year  goods  to  the  amount  of  $705,044,  $3,6iK),- 

bearing  interest  from  Jan.  1,  1889.     Part  of  421,  and  $707,016,  respectively.     The  Aracri- 

the  customs  receipts  is  to  be  regularly  set  aside  can  trade  was  as  follows: 
in  pledge  for  payment  of  both  the  principal 


and  the  interest.     Aside  from  this  conversion,  fiscal  tkar. 

the  Government  floated  an  additional  loan  for     

£457,000,  to  which  a  similar  pledge  of  duties    1886 

for  payment  attaches.  J^ 

Army  tod  Nt?y. — The  effective  strength  of 


8,M1.2S6 
10,051,350 


ioV« 


2,827.010 


the  permanent  army  is  2,000  men.  The  navy  The  AagUhVeneneltB  ■■hrogllt. — Early  in  1888 
is  composed  of  3  steamers,  1  schooner,  and  1  there  was  excitement  once  more  about  the 
school-ship.  frontier  dispute  between  Venezuela  and  Britisb 


VERMONT.  833 

Guiana,  and  the  United  States  was  appealed  to  Treasurer  was  authorized  to  borrow  $500,000 
not  to  allow  Great  Britain  and  her  colony  to  in  addition,  if  necessary.  The  construction  of 
retain  Barinnas  Point,  together  with  the  dis-  a  State  Insane  Asylum  was  authorized,  and 
pated  territory  in  the  gold-mines.  The  Vene-  $100,000  was  appropriated  for  that  purpose, 
znelans  insisted  that  the  Monroe  doctrine  was  Liberal  provision  was  also  made  for  toe  Bur- 
opposed  to  such  encroachments.  The  matter  lington  and  Middlebury  Colleges,  and  for  the 
was  rather  coolly  received  in  the  United  Soldiers^  Home.  In  consequence  of  these  ap- 
States,  both  in  and  out  of  Congress,  in  view  propriations,  it  became  necessary  to  levy  a 
of  the  long-pending  claim  against  Venezuela  State  tax  for  1889  of  twenty  cents  on  each 
for  the  seizure  of  the  Venezuelan  Steam  Trans-  $100  of  taxable  property  in  the  State, 
portation  Company's  steamers  in  1871,  when  Amendments  to  the  proiiibitory  acts  were 
there  chanced  to  be  a  revolution  in  that  conn-  made,  in  order  to  secure  better  enforcement  of 
try.  Meanwhile  this  dispute  about  the  Guiana  prohibition,  and  an  act  making  the  payment  of 
border  remains  in  abeyance,  England  declining  a  United  States  special  tax  as  a  liauor-seller 
to  submit  to  international  arbitration.  prima  fctcie  evidence  of  liquor- selling  was 
YEUONT*  State  G^TcruiMt.— The  following  passed.  The  existing  status  of  the  Normal 
were  the  State  officers  during  the  year:  Gov-  Schools  was  continued  till  1900.  Other  acts  of 
ernor,  Ebenezer  J.  Ormsbee  (Republican),  sue-  the  session  were  as  follow : 
ceeded  by  William  P.  Dillingham  (Republican) ;  Providing  for  the  sale  of  leased  property  for  taxes. 
Lieutenant-Governor,  Levi  K.  Fuller,  succeeded  Empowenn^  the  Kailroad  Commissioners  to  author- 
by  Urban  A.  Woodbury;   Secretary  of  State,  ize  the  running  of  through  trains  on  Sunday. 

Charles  W.  Porter;  Treasurer,  Wflliam  H.  Du-  ^'T1U5  Jt®      ♦l'^  poitimissioners  the  JRower  to 

r^  .      \    ,.*        -c*  t\       ^r>       \^    '^**""  .1     J  prescribe  the  method  of  heatmg  cars,  provided  that 

bois ;  Auditor,  l!..  Henry  Powell ;  Superintend-  they  shall  not  prohibit  the  heating  by  steam  from  the 

ent  of  Education,  Justus  Dartt;  Inspector  of  en^e. 

Finance,  Savings-Banks,  and  Trust  Companies,  Keqairing  all  railroads  to  is^uo  mnforra  mileaze- 

CarroU  S.  Page,  succeeded  by  L.  O.Greene;  tick^  in  b<wk8contaiuingcoupons  for  not  more  than 

Chief  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Homer  '"''pro^Zgthitnorereonal  property  shall  be  exempt 

Hi.  Koyce ;  Assistant  Judges,  Jonathan  Koss,  from  attachment  on  a  suit  brought  to  recover  the  pur- 

Wheelock  G.  Veazey,  H.  Henry  Powers,  John  chase-money  for  the  same. 

W.   Rowell,  Russell   S.  Taft,   and   James   M.  Creating  a  Board  of  Supervisors  of  the  Insane. 

Tyler,  appointed  in  September,  1887,  to  sue-  ..^/^.'^^'^^^^  fe*"  ^il^'*'^*'{,^f  1$^^.^^^ 

J  xir'ii'         IT   TIT  n    *^          •    *   J      rri.     a  stitutions  in  the  State  estabhshed  tor  their  treatment. 

ceed  WiUiam  H.  Walker,  resigned.     The  Sec-  To  prevent  the  adulteration  of  milk  and  the  false 

retary  of  State  and  Treasurer  are,  ex  officio^  In-  branding  of  butter  and  cheese, 

surance  Commissioners.  I^viding  for  the  appointment  of  a  commissioner  to 

Ugl9blti?e  SesBlfi.— The  Legislature  met  at  injestigate  the  agricultural  and  manufacturing  inter- 

Montpelier  on  October  8,  and  remained  in  ses-  ^^^^^  ^^"^^  ^^  ^  ^'^*^  ""*"'  ^^^  developing 

sion  till  November  28.     One  of  the  most  im-  To  prohibit  discrimination  in  life  or  endowment 

portant  acts  of  the  session  was  the  passage  of  insurance  policies. 

a  new  law  for  the  government  of  the  public  Fixing  the  standard  weight  for  a  bushel  of  salt  at 

schools.    It  provides  for  a  State  Superintend-  ®®YSIi7i!l?."°^^A       ,          uv    ^  ♦  i^       . 

.     t  ^A      K'       *    u      u           u     xtT   T      •  1  Prohibiting  the  sale  or  gift  of  tobacco  to  persons 

ent  of  Education,  to  be  chosen  by  the  Legisla-  ^^er  sixteen  years  of  age. 

ture;  for  a  County  Board  of  Education,  com-  Providing  that  even-  person  who  shall  make,  alter, 

posed  of  one  member  from  each  town,  chosen  or  repair  any  article  of  personal  property,  shall  have 

at  its  annual  meeting ;  and  for  a  County  Super-  »  Hen  thereon  fop  hU  just  and  reasonable  charges 

visor  of  Schools,  to  be  chosen  every  two  years,  !!{?7i?''  ^"^  ""^^  '^^^-^  poswssion  of  such  property 

.  ^V        t     ^     r^   "^/'"ir^"  J      /t«j     j^*^i  ^iji  ^Q  charges  are  paid,  and  may  sell  the  same  at 

m  May,  by  the  County  board  of  Mncation.  public  auction  after  three  months,  il*  the  value  of  the 

These  county  boards  have  cognizance  of  all  article  is  not  over  |loo. 

matters  of  education  in  their  respective  coun-  To  suppress  **  bucket-shops "  and  gambling  in 
ties,  including  the  selection  of  text-books.  The  ^^^^^  honds,  petroleum,  cotton,  grain,  and  pro- 
Supervisor  IS  a  salaried  administrative  officer,  "^p^uhing,  by  a  fine,  persons  who  bet  on  the  result 
who    exammes    teachers,   grants    certificates,  of  any  election. 

visits  the  schools,  advises  school-district  offi-  Changing  the  fiscal  year  so  that  it  shall  end  on 

cers,  gives  instruction  to  teachers,  and  other-  ^^^^  30. 

wise  stimulates  the  interests  of  education.  The  Flnaicfls.-— For  the  year  ending  July  81,  the 
school-district  system  is  still  maintained,  and  State  Treasurer  reports  receipts  amounting  to 
the  Prudential  Committee  of  the  district  has  $710,052.20;  cash  on  hand  at  the  beginning  of 
still  the  financial  management  of  the  schools  in  the  year,  $21,476.77 ;  total,  $781,528.97.  The 
his  district,  and  the  selection  or  dismissal  of  expenditures  during  the  same  period  were 
teachers  therefor.  Women  have  the  same  right  $648,466.67,  leaving  a  balance  of  $88,062.80 
to  vote  as  men  in  school-district  meetings,  on  July  81.  The  assessment  of  a  special  prop- 
Numerous  changes  in  the  details  of  school  erty-tax  of  twelve  cents  on  each  $100  increased 
management  were  made.  the  revenue  for  the  year  by  $210,017.84,  and 
The  Legislature  was  more  liberal  than  many  enabled  the  Treasurer  to  pay  ofi*  a  floating  debt 
of  its  pr^ecessors  in  the  matter  of  appropria-  of  $225,165.  The  tax  on  corporations  yielded 
tions.  The  sura  of  $1,126,000  was  appropriated  a  revenue  of  $239,003.61.  From  convict-labor 
for  1889  and  1890,  for  State  expenses,  and  the  the  sum  of  $18,037.50  was  derived,  and  $61,- 
TOL.  xxvin. — 53  A 


\ 


834  VERMONT. 

027.83  from  the  courts  and  Jadges  of  Probate,  railroad  earnings  for  the  year  ending  June  90, 

Regarding  expenditures  the  Auditor  says  in  1888:    Gross  income,   $4,884,372;    operatiDg 

his  report:  '^  A  comparison  of  the  figures  for  expenses,  $3,319  964;  net  income,  $1,564,408. 

some  years  back  will  show  a  steady  increase  in  PillticaL — A  Democratio   State  ConTeotion 

State  expenses,  and  that,  as  a  whole,  they  ex-  met  at  Montpelier  on  May  10,  and  Dominated 

ceed  for  the  last  biennial  term  the  expenses  of  the  following  candidates  for  State  offices:  For 

any  two  years    preceding.      This   change   is  Governor,  Stephen  C.  ShortleflT;   Lieuteniiit- 

wrought  principally  bj  more  liberal  legislation  Governor,  Thomas  0.  O'Snllivan;  Treasurer, 

of  late  years  in  the  matter  of  special  appro-  William  E.  Peck;  Secretary  of  State,  William 

priations,  increase  of  salaries  and  fees,  and  the  B.  Majo;  Auditor.  George  M.  Dearborn.    The 

transfer  to  the  State  of  expenses  heretofore  platform  contained  the  following : 

borne  by  the  counties  and  towns."    The  funded  ^g  reassert  our  belief  that  property  should  be  the 

debt  of  the  State  remains  unchanged,  consist-  priDcipal  subject  of  taxation,  and  t£at  this  bunko 

ing  of  $135,500  of  6-per-cent.  bonds,  held  by  should  &11  proportionately  upon  the  propeitr  taxed, 

the  State  Agricultural  College  fund.  ^^  ^J  demand  such  legislation  as  will  make  the  lat 

vA»mmt%^^      TU^  #/>nrv«T:»»   o4-«4^;a»t»a    ^«>i.:ku  of  each  taxable  poll  one  dollar  inwt^PMd  of  tvroaolian, 

Ed«eallf«.-The  foUowing  statistics  exhibit  ^„^j  ^jji  ^^^  {^xes  upon  mortgagwl  piopertj-  eq^ 

the  condition  of  the  public  schools   for   the  blvbetween  mortj?agor and  mort^gee.    *^    -"  ^ 

school  year  ending  March  81,1888:  Districts,  We  recognize  the  necessity  of  oontroUizurbj  law tfce 

2,144;  schools,  2,647;  pupils  enrolled,  68,458;  traffic  in  intoxicating  liquors,  and  are  in  foror  of  tht 

average  daily  attendance,  46,061 ;  male  teach-  1'^^"*,^*'*  ^<^  ^^^V'V*'^*  emw^  for  Uiai  pnjp« 

j^n     ri*.       1.         oct>ri.i.i  while  they  remain  in  force.     But  we  believe  a  arm- 

ers,  479 ;  female  teachers,  3,5 17 ;  total  revenue  gent  licen^  law  with  local  option  would  produce  better 

for   school    purposes,    $628,157.47 ;    total    ex-  results  than  the  present  law,  and  would  increaa  thi 

penditure,  not  including  supervision,  $640,274.-  revenue  rather  than  burden  taxation. 

07.     The  enrollment  of  pupils  shows  a  decrease  Tjie  Republican  party  in  the  State  hw  repcijedlj 

of  nearly  3,000  from  the  figures  of  the  previous  P^^^^^^f^  '^11^  ^.^  ^^^^^  f  R^****'??'^  ^  ^ 

V*.  Mw»»i,   t^,vvv  *»Y,       "^  "6"i«o  v»  i.«w  p«wi/uo  enacted  prohibitory  laws;  but,  although  m  power,  u 

year,  and  is  smaller  than  Has  been  reported  has  neglected  to  enforce  those  kws  and  haa  left  thai 

for  ten  years.     The  percentage  of  attendance,  mainly  to  such  enforcement  as  has  been  prompted  bf 

based  upon  the  number  enrolled,  is  smaller  in  g»"oed  of  gain,  revenge,  or  malice. 

Vermont    than  in  any  other  New  England  Candidates  of  the  Prohibition  party  were 

State.     **  Another  two  years  of  experience  in  nominated  at  a  convention  held  at  Montpelier 

the  common  schools  of  the  State, **  says  the  on  June  12.  They  were :  For  Governor,  Henrr 

State  Superintendent,   "has  stiU  more  fully  m.  Seeley;   Lieutenant-Governor,  George  E. 

convinced  me  of  the  utter  inefficiency  of  our  Crowell ;     Secretary  of  State,    Archibald  0. 

plan  of  district  management."  Ferguson;    Treasurer,   Armentus  B.  Bixbey; 

At  the  State  Normal  School,  in  Gastleton,  Auditor  Charles  8.  Parker, 

there  were  185  students  in  attendance  during  The  Republicans  held  a  Stat«  Convention  od 

the  school  year,  against  217  for  the  year  1886-  April  4  for  the  choice  of  delegates  to  the  Cbi- 

'87;  attheRandolphNormalSchool  there  were  oago  Convention,  and  a  second  convention  on 

115 ;  and  at  the  Johnson  School  about  the  same  June  27,  at  which  William  P.  Dillingham  wis 

number.  nominated  for  Governor  and  Urban  A.  Wood- 

Safings-lbuiks.— The  whole  number  of  deposi-  bury  for  Lieutenant-Governor.     The  Secrttarr 

tors  in  all  the  savings  banks  and  trust  compa-  of    State,   Treasurer,    and    Auditor  were  re 

nies  in  the  State,  June  30,  1888,  was  67,520,  nominated.    The  following  are  the  more  im- 

an  increase  during  the  year  of  3,710.    There  portant  resolutions  adopted: 

was  to  the  credit  of  such  depositors  $16,602,-  ,„t^     .^       .,      ^     ^  ^                       .          ,     , 

067.76,  showing  an  increase  during  the  year  of  T^*!?'^^'^^?^-  ""^  Vermont  wer«  chartered  i^ 

Ai  Aie\rifl  oo   '^/Ir  i-il    rr  ,^"**"6  ;    *  J  endowed  with  certain  powers  and  pnvileffe*.  pniua- 

$1,015,016.83.     Of  the  total  amount  of  depos-  ^ly  for  the  benefit  of  all  the  people,  and  tl*t  tbeir 

its  in   the  different  savings-banks  and  trust  services  should  be  open  to  all  upon  the  fwne  relstiT« 

companies,  $13,888,186.65  belong  to  depositors  terms  and  conditions,  without  discriminatioQs  or  h- 

living  in  the  State,  being  an  increase  of  $885,-  voritism  in  any  form  or  degree ;  that,  in  justice  t» 

nAaaa   «o  ^^.»r..»I^  »Uk   iqqt      t\.^  «™««a  the. r  owners  and  paying  patrons,  the  practice  of  i«a- 

642.96  as  compared  with  1887.     The  average  j^j^  f^ee  passes  tTperS)^  other  thai  their  officers 

amount  of  each  deposit  is  $288.63,  a  decrease  employes,  and  officers  and  employes  of  other  nil- 

of  $1.04  as  compared  with  1887.  roads,  ought  to  be  promptly  discontinued.    VPeespe 

RallTiads.— There  are  now  932  miles  of  rail-  ciaUy  deprecate  the  issuing  to  and  acceptance  for « 

road  in  the  state.    During  the  year  there  were  t^,  ^ni'li^.t^'^o^^':^1^J^ 

constructed  and  put  in  operation  12-8  miles  of  the  rights  and  interests  of  the  railroads  as  <fem«3nla- 

new  road — viz.,  by  the  Central  Vermont  Rail-  ing  in  intent  and  tendency,  and  demand  that  art 

road,  from  Barre  to  Williamstown,  7'8  miles;  practices  be  prohibited  by  law.    We  believe  that  ^ 

by  the  Clarendon  and  Pittsford  Railroad  Com-  J>^  ^*T.^  °*2?  ^^  "^'  fJ'f^l^  ^^"^  ""^T*^ 

piny  in  Rutland,  West  Rutland  and  Proctor,  ^^  t  wLf^'k^oT  a^'j^e'^^^n;^  A^ 

5  miles.    The  Montpelier  and  Wells  River  Rail-  haul"  provisions  of  the  intor^ttote  commerce  It^tod 

road  Company  has  begun  the  construction  of  a  the  laws  of  several  of  our  sii$ter  States  should  toil  * 

road  from  Montpelier  to  Barre,  which  will  be  V}^  »'>  the  Statutes  of  Vermont,  and  that  our  Sti» 

completed  earlv  in  1889.    Returns  made  to  the  ^^l^^^HK^'^.n^"^^ 

T»  .,'      ,  ^        • .    .                 J  al    /-I          •    •  power  to  exact  ooedience  to  such  laws  and  to  wb 

Railroad  Commissioners  and  the  Commissioner  own  judgments  and  decrees. 

of  State  Taxes  for  1888  show  the  following  This  convention  reaffirms  the  devotion  of  the  Ee- 


VIRGINIA.     .  835 

Stxblican  party  to  the  tempeimnoe  legislation  of  the  assist  the  State  in  paying  its  debt.     Other  acts 

tate  as  enacted  by  the  Kepublican  party,  and  its  de-  Qf  i^q  session  were : 
termination  that  no  retrograde  steps  snail  be  taken, 

but  that  the  lines  shall  be  advanced  until  the  saloon  To  provide  for  the  removal  of  obstructions  fh>m 

shall  oease  to  be  a  power  in  the  land.  Chickahomin^  river. 

Appropriatmg  money  for  furnishing  the  new  addi- 

Tlie  election  occurred  early  in  September,  tion  to  the  Central  Lunatic  Asylum,  and  for  the  sup- 

aod  resulted  in  an  unusually  large  majority  lor  port  of  more  inmates.            „  .  .  , . 

the   Republican  ticket      For  Governor    Dil-  ?°  f-J-'^t  ^ "Ci^'fi&CS  of  the 

linghain  received  46,522  votes  ;  Shurtleff,  19,-  Southern  Baptist  Convention. 

527  ;  Seeley,  1,372.     Of  the  Legislature  chosen  Authorizing  the  Governor  to  hire  convicts  to  the 

at  the  same  time,  the  Republicans  elected  the  Abingdon  Coal  and  Iron  Railroad  Company. 

entire  30  members  of  the  Senate,  and  219  mem-  ^.Irtfflt/r'^e^oT^^rThe^Sjri^orC^^^^^^ 

bers  of  the  House ;  of  the  remammg  21  mem-  ^^  to  make  appropriaUon  therefor. 

bers  of  the  House,  19  were  Democrats  and  2  Togpve  the  assent  of  the  State  of  Virjnnia  to  the 

Independents.      At  the   national    election   in  provisions  of  an  act  of  Confess  approved  March  2, 

November,    Republican    presidential    electors  l®87,  in  relation  to  an  agncultural  experiment  sta- 

were  chosen  and  two  Republican  Congressmen  ^^Ti  authorize  clerks  of  ciixmit  courts  to  take  acknowl- 

eldctea.  edgments  to  deeds  and  other  writings  and  to  certify 

TIRGIIVIA*  State  G^TcruNBt— The  following  the  same, 
were  the  State  officers  during  the  year :  Gov-  Amending  the  oyster  laws  and  further  protecting 
ernor,  Fitzhugh  Lee,  Democrat;  Lieutenant-  the  oyster  interest  of  the  State. 
Governor,  John  £.  Massey ;  Secretary  of  State,  The  State  Debt — ^No  settlement  of  the  contro- 
H.  W.  Flournoy ;  Treasurer,  A.  W.  Harmon ;  versy  between  the  State  and  it»»  foreign  bond- 
Auditor,  Morton  Marye ;  Second  Auditor,  holders  regarding  the  State  debt  was  reached 
Frank  G.Ruffin;  Attorney-General,  Rufus  A.  during  the  year.  When  the  conference  of  1887, 
Ayers ;  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  between  representatives  of  the  Legislature  and 
James  L.  Buchanan ;  Commissioner  of  Agri-  of  the  bondholders,  failed  to  agree  upon  a  corn- 
culture,  Thomas  Whitehead;  Railroad  Com-  promise  adjustment  of  the  liability  of  the  State, 
missioner,  James  C.  Hill ;  President  of  the  Su-  the  contest  reverted  again  to  the  courts  where 
preme  Court,  Lunsford  L.  Lewis ;  Judges,  T.  the  question  regarding  the  riglit  of  the  State  to 
T.  Fauntleroy,  Robert  A.  Richardson,  Bei\ja-  refuse  debt-coupons  in  payment  of  taxes  was 
min  T.  Lacy,  and  Drury  A.  Hinton.  at  issue.    The  act  requiring  persons  offering 

LeglslattTe  Sesdoi. — The  Legislature,  which  coupons  for  taxes  to  surrender  them,  file  a  pe- 
was  in  session  at  the  beginning  of  the  year,  ad-  tition  to  prove  their  genuineness,  and  produce 
journed  on  March  5.  Among  the  important  in  court  the  original  bond  from  which  they 
bills  that  became  laws  were  those  providing  were  taken  as  proof,  before  such  coupons  would 
for  the  establishment  of  a  board  of  agriculture  be  received,  had  been  made  practically  non- 
and  further  defining  and  enlarging  the  duties  enforceable  by  the  decision  of  the  United  States 
of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture ;  abolish-  Supreme  Court  declaring  the  tender  of  genu- 
ing  the  compulsory  inspection  of  fiour  and  fish ;  ine  coupons  for  taxes  to  be  payment,  without 
and  inaugurating  a  system  of  pensions  for  Con-  further  proceedings  by  the  tax-payer.  The 
federate  soldiers  and  appropriating  therefor  Legislature  of  1887  then  passed  the  ^^  coupon- 
$65,000  per  annum.  The  pension  act  is  a  sub-  crusher  "  act,  by  which,  on  tender  of  the  con- 
stitute for  a  law  that  has  been  in  force  for  sev-  pons,  the  State  was  to  take  the  initiative  by 
eral  years,  appropriating  $70,000  annually  ^^  for  bringing  suit  against  the  tax-payer  to  compel 
the  relief  of  Confederate  soldiers,'^  and  estab-  him  to  prove  his  coupons,  requiring  as  proof 
lishes  a  better  method  of  distributing  the  ap-  the  proauction  of  the  original  bond.  In  all 
propriation  than  that  therein  provided.  About  these-  cases  the  production  of  the  original 
February  1  a  fire  at  the  State  Penitentiary  in  bond,  which  was  held  by  the  owner  in  Europe, 
Richmond  destroyed  the  shoe-shops,  involving  was  of  course  impossible.  The  action  of  the 
a  loss  of  $20,000  to  the  State.  To  restore  this  bondholders  in  obtaining  from  the  Federal  Cir- 
building  an  appropriation  of  $30,000  was  made,  cuit  Court  an  injunction  against  the  State  offi- 
The  appropriation  for  the  State  University  was  cers  from  enforcing  this  act  proved  abortive, 
reducea  from  $40,000  to  $85,000,  and  that  of  as  the  United  Stntes  Supreme  Court,  late  in 
the  Virginia  Military  Institute  from  $35,000  to  1887,  declared  such  a  proceeding  to  be  con- 
$30,000.  On  the  question  of  selling  the  Staters  trary  to  that  clause  of  the  Constitution  which 
interest  in  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad,  forbids  suits  against  a  State  by  foreign  citizens, 
amounting  to  about  17,621  shares,  of  the  par  The  constitutionality  of  the  ^^coupon-crueher" 
value  of  $100  a  share,  it  was  decided  to  author-  act  itself  was  not  in  issue  in  this  case ;  but  the 
ize  the  sale,  although  the  present  value  of  shares  counsel  of  the  bondholders  at  once  took  meas- 
was  but  $2.50  or  $3.  An  act  was  also  passed  ures  to  bring  that  question  before  the  State 
providing  for  submitting  to  the  voters,  at  the  courts,  to  secure  a  decision,  and  to  obtain  an 
November  election,  the  question  whether  a  con-  appeal  therefrom  to  the  United  States  Supreme 
vention  should  be  called  to  revise  the  State  Court.  Early  in  December,  1888,  this  prelimi- 
Oonstitution.  A  memorial  to  Congress  was  nary  procedure  had  been  completed  and  writs 
adopted,  asking  the  Federal  Government  to  of  error  were  obtained  from  the  State  Supreme 


r?     1 


hi 


836  WAITE^  MORRISON  REMICK. 


Ooart  in  foar  cases,  invoMng  all  the  mooted  holding  puh]ic  meetings  in  the  six  cities  lad 
questions.     Later,  the  United  States  Supreme  seven  counties  from  which  the  tender  of  ooq- 
Court  fixed  the  second  Monday  of  October,  pons  exclusively  came,  urged  the  cicizens  ast 
1889,  for  a  hearing  of  the  cases.  matter  of  patriotic  dutj,   to  sign  resolutioot 
The  bondholders  adopted  another  method  of  pledging  themselves  to  pay  all  their  taxes  b^e- 
forcing  coupons  upon  the  State,  believing  that  after  in  money,  in  order  to   save  the  State 
if  they  overwhelmed  the  treasury  with  these,  from  bankruptcy.    Many  signatures  to  soch 
the  State,  in  order  to  escape  bankruptcy,  would  resolutions  were  obtained, 
be  compelled  to  meet  the  terms  offered  by  them  PMIttcaL — There  was   no  election  for  State 
for  settling  the  debt.    They  decided  to  take  as  officers  during  the  year.     State  conventions  of 
much  advantage  as  possible  of  the  existing  leg-  the  various  political  parties  were  held,  to  select 
islation  of  the  State,  and  established  a  central  delegates  to  the  national  nominating  cooTen- 
agency  at  Richmond,  with  subagencies  through-  tions  and  to  nominate  presidential  electors. 
[                      out  the  State,  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  and  The  Democratic  Convention  met  at  Norfolk  oo 
stimulating  the  use  of  coupons  in  paying  taxes.  May  16,  and  the  Republicans  at  Petersburg  on 
Bondholders  were  urged  to  send  over  their  the  following  day.    The  Petersburg  Conven- 
bonds  to  these  agencies,  that  they  might  be  tion  witnessed  a  fictional  contest  between  re- 
produced in  court  under  the  requirements  of  lowers  of  ex-Senator  William  Mahone  and  John 
the    *'  verification  "    and    "  coupon-crusher  "  S.  Wise,  which  resulted  in  the  withdrawal  of 
acts.    Tax-payers  were  urged   voluntarily  to  the  latter  and  the  holding  of  a  second  coorai- 
file  petitions  under  the  former  act  for  verifica-  tion  by  his  followers.     Each  faction  selected 
tion  of  their  coupons,  although  it  had  been  de-  delegates  to  the  Chicago  Convention.    A  reM>- 
oided  that  the  State  could  not  compel  them  to  Intion  was  passed  by  the  Mahone  Conventioo, 
do  so ;  the  bonds  were  produced  in  court  by  opposing  the  proposed  constitutional  cooTeih 
the  agents  of  the  bondholders,  and  in  this  way  tion.     At  the  November  election  the  Demo- 
a  large  and  constantly  increasing  number  of  cratic  presidential  electors  were  chosen.    Re- 
coupons  were  forced  upon  the  State.    In  Rich-  publican  congressmen  were  elected  in  the  FirsI 
mond  alone,  the  number  of  tax-payers  filing  and  Second  Congressional  Districts,  and  Demo- 
petitions  for  verification  increased  from  231  in  crats  in  the  remaining  eight  districts. 
1887  to  720  in  1888.    So  numerous  had  these  On  the  question  whether  a  convention  should 
petitions  become,  that  early  in  1889  Oov.  Lee  l>e  called  to  revise  the  Constitution,  the  roU 
and  others  organized  a  movement  to  rouse  was  overwhelmingly  in  the  negative— 3,   ' 
popular  sentiment  upon  the  matter  and,  by  yeas  to  63,125  nays. 


i,  W 

WilTE,  MORRISOH  REHICIL,  jurist,  born  in  1871  he  was  appointed  by  President  Grant  m 

Lynn,  Conn.,  Nov.  29,  1816 ;  died  in  Washing-  of  the  three  counsel  of  the  United  States  before 

ton,  D.  C,  March  23,  1888.    He  was  the  eldest  the  Geneva  Court  of  Arbitration  which  passed 

-  of  eight  children  of  Henry  Matson  Waite,  Chief-  upon  the  ^*  Alabama**  claims,  his  aasodfltes 

Justice  of  Connecticut,  was  graduated  at  Yale  being  his  old  classmate,  William  M.  EFarta,aiHl 

College  in  1837,  in  the  class  that  also  includ-  Caleb  Cashing.    Besides  his  general  argameots 

'^  ed  William  M.  Evarts,  Edwards  Pierrepont,  before  that  court,  he  made  a  special  oDe,oo 

j  Daniel  B.  Coe,  and  Benjamin  Silliman,  Jr.,  and  the  liability  of  the  British  Government  fo^pe^ 

immediately  began  studying  law  with  his  fa-  mitting  the  Confederate  steamers  to  take  ia 

,  ther.    Soon  afterward  he  removed  to  Maumee  supplies  of  coal  in  Britisti   port^  which  ft- 

■  City,  Ohio,  where  he  finished  his  studies,  wms  tracted  much  attention  in  legal  and  diplomat 

I  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1839  and  began  practic-  circles.    He  returned  to  Toledo  in  November, 

ing  in  partnership  with   Samuel  Young.      In  1872,  and  resumed  his  practice.    In  1873  hi 

h  1850  the  firm  removed  to  Toledo,  and  in  1854  was  unanimously  elected  by  both  parties  ssi 

li  a  new  partnership  was  formed  by  Mr.  Waite  member  of  the  Ohio  Constitutional  Conreotiao, 

■.  and  his  brother  Robert.    Though  a  Whig  till  and  at  its  organization  was  chosen  president 

'il  1856  and  a  Republican  thereafter,  and   pos-  On  Jan.  19,  1874,  he  was  nominated  bj  Pres- 

f  sessing  wide  repute  for  his  legal  acumen  and  dent  Grant  to  be  the  seventh  Chief -Justice  of 

success  at  the  bar,  he  was  loath  to  accept  pub-  the  United  States,  to  succeed  Salmon  Portlsod 
lie  office  based  on  politics.  In  1849  he  was  Chase,  after  the  United  States  Senate  had  re- 
elected a  member  of  the  State  Legislature,  and  jected  the  nominations  of  George  H.  Williim^ 
in  1862  was  an  unwilling  and  defeated  candi-  and  Caleb  Cnshing.  After  a  discussion  ofoo« 
date  for  Congress.  He  was  frequently  tend-  hour  the  Senate  indorsed  the  nomination,  and 
ered  but  always  declined  a  seat  on  the  bench  two  days  afterward  confirmed  it,  every  Sew- 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio,  preferring  to  tor  present,  62,  voting  in  his  favor.  For  h» 
remain  at  the  bar.  The  office  of  member  of  share  of  circuit  labor  he  took  the  States  of  Ma- 
the  Legislature  was  the  only  one  to  which  he  ryland.  West  Virginia,  Virginia,  North  Csf"'- 
was  ever  elected  as  a  political  preferment.    In  lina,  and  South  Carolina.     In  1876  be  vtf 


i 


WASHINGTON  TERRITORY.  837 

ged  by  many  friends  to  permit  the  ase  of  bis  bave  sole  power  to  grant  licenses  and  to  ^t 

ime  as  a  candidate  for  tbe  presidency,  bat  de-  the  amount  of  the  fee.     The  appropriations 

ined  in  a  characteristic  letter,  in  which  he  include  $178,490  for  a  new  building  at  the 

eclared  that  no  man  ought   to   accept  the  Penitentiary  and  for  the  purchase  of  machin- 

bief-ju8ticeship  unless  he  took  a  vow  to  leave  ery  to  manufacture  grain-sacks  therein;  $30,- 

;  as  honorable  as  he  found  it,  and  expressed  000  for  bnildings  at  the  School  for  Defective 

be  opinion  that  in  the  interest  of  impartial  Youth  at  Vancouver;  $60,000  for  erecting  a 

istice  the  Constitution  might  wisely  have  pro-  new  hospital  for  the  insane  at  Medical  Lake ; 

ibited  the  election  of  a  Chief-Justice  to  the  $10,600  for  the  Territorial  University;    and 

residency.     He  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  $75,000  for  the  support  of  the  Insane  Asylum 

om  Yale  in  1872.    (For  a  portrait  of  Chief-  for  two  years.    Congress  was  memorialized  to 

istice  Waite,  see  "Annual  Cyclopiedia"  for  admit  the  Territory  into  the  Union  with  North 

^2,  page  126.)  Idaho  annexed.    Other  acts  of  the  session  were 

WASHlir«TON  TERRITORT.    Territttrial  G«Teni-  as  follow: 

•t.— The  following  were  the  Territorial  of-        Changing  the  time  of  meeting?  of  the  Le^fialature, 

ers  during  the  year:  Governor,  Eugene  Sem-  so  that  the  next  session  shall  begin  on  tbe  second 

a;  Secretary,  N.  H.  O  wings;  Treasurer,  T.  Monday  of  January,  1889. 

.  Ford,  succeeded  by  Frank  I.  Blodgett ;  An-        Providing  for  the  commutation  of  the  sentence  of 

,       rr   \r   t>     J       "^      ij  iT   *l*\tP\y »  -^^  pnsoners  as  a  reward  for  crood  behavior. 
tor,  T.  M.  Reed,  succeeded  by  J.  M.  Murphy ;        Directing  the  Governor  to  appoint  four  lawyeiB, 

ipenntendent  of   Public   Instruction,  J.  C.  two  tVom  each  of  the  great  political  parties,  as  com- 

iwrence,  succeeded  by  J.  H.  Morgan ;  Chief-  missioners  to  oodiiy  the  laws, 
istice   of  the   Supreme   Court,  Richard   A.        Authorizin/f  organized  counties  to  issue  bonds  to 

•nes,  who  died  on  August  19,  and  was  sue-  rotund  their  indebtedness.        ^        ,     .  .. 

^  [.  V     /^i-     1       -r*    Ti     1     -^  •   X       \        An  elaborate  act  in  relation  to  coal-mines,  provid- 

eded  by  Charles  E.  Boyle,  by  appomtment  in^  for  their  inspection,  reguktion,  and  ventilation, 

the  President.    Chief-Justice  Boyle  entered  and  for  escapement-shafts  and  other  appliances  for 

K)n  bis  duties  in  November,  but  died  on  De-  *he  safety  and  health  of  miners, 
mber  15,  after  scarcely  a  month's  service.       Regulating  the  location  and  recording  of  quartz- 

^omas    Burke   was    then    appointed   Chief-  SJILTtL^^o"''  ^         ""^        assessment- work 

istice,  entering  upon  bis  duties  in  the  last        Providing  a  mode  of  igramishment  in  civil  actions. 
eek  of  the  year.     Associate  Justices,  Frank       Regulating  the  practice  of  dentistry  by  requiring 

llyn,    William    G.    Langford,    and    George  ^^^7  pnictitioner  to  obtain  a  diploma  from  some 

amer,  succeeded  by  Lucius  B.  Nash.     The  rogularly  chartered  dental  collep,  or  a  ^^^^^ 

M«»,   oMv,v^v.%?^v-*   ^    A^M^«uo   A^.   i.^ciou.      xiiw  the  Temtonal  Board  of  Dentistry  created  by  this  act. 
nee   of   Attorney-General,    created    by   the        Declaring  Sundays,  New-Year's  Day,  Fourth  of 

Bgislatnre  in  January,  was  filled  by  the  ap-  July,  Twenty-second  of  February,  Christmas,  Thanks- 

>intment  of  J.  B.  Metcalfe.  giving*  Memorial  Day,  and  days  on  whicli  general  or 

Legfadatlre  "SwsloB^The  Legislature,  which  »Pf^^/  ®\^oli?a  s'"''  ^^^^  ""^  ^^^^^^^  °®''®"  "® 
as  in  session  at  the  beginning  of  the  year,       A^oliShing  the^  of  seals  upon  deeds,  and  pro- 

Ijonmed    on    February    2.      An    important  viding  that  the  word  "  heire,'*^  or  other  technical 

ttnre  of  its  work  was  the  passage  of  an  act  terms,  shall  not  be  necessary  to  convey  an  estate  in 

anting  to  women  over  twenty-one  years  old,  fe«  simple.  ^    ^    ^^ 

berwise  qualified  by  residence,  etc.,  the  right       S!?J*4««f »  Penalty  for  the  careless  use  of  firearms, 
lo^  ^  «  .  «^  Y''  *  ^»«^"^"»  ^»^'»  "  V  AH5"«        Prescnbmg  a  short  form  of  mortgage  and  acknowl- 

Buffrage  in  all  elections  for  Terntorial  or  edgment 

^l  offices.     It  is  substantially  the  same  act        Authorizing  telemph  and  telephone  companies  to 

^t  was  passed  in  1886  and  declared  nncon-  exercise  tbe  nght  of  eminent  domain  in  constructing 

totional  by  the  Territorial  Supreme  Court,  their  lines. 

A  1       .  v  /  .  .  -  iT  A  new  fish  and  ffame  law. 

e  law  that  imposes  a  tax  on  the  gross  earn-       rp^     ^ish  the  giving  of  false  pedijrreee  of  animals. 

rs  of  railroads  was  repealed,  and  an  act  taxing       Revising  the  procedure  in  civil  actions. 

^f  oad  property  was  substituted  therefor.    A        Making  it  larceny  for  a  bailee  to  appropriate  goods 

^  organization  and  new  rules  for  the  militia  of  another  in  his  possession. 

re  adopted.     An  annual  tax  of  one  fifth  of  ,.^°  P'®^®''*  the  introduction  or  spread  of  contagious 

r*«ii  •  V^  u    1     •  J  »""»^«»  •^^  vi  v««  iiii/iu  vx  ^geag<5g  among  sheep,  and  providing  for  the  appoint- 

aill  IS  to  be  levied  for  its  support^  to  be  kept  ment  of  a  county  inspector  of  sheep? 
a  separate  fund  for  militia  purposes  ex-        Prohibiting  corporations  from  paying  their  em- 

^^vely.     At  each  general  election  a  briga-  ploy^s  otherwise  than  in  lawful  money  of  the  Unitad 

^t'-general  and  adjutant-general   are   to  be  ^^^®^;    .  .  .  ,  ^    j    j  _.    j. 

>cted.    In  time  ofWe  the  National  Guard  J^^^'^l^lZTi^^i^t^^A^f'- 
all  consist  of  not  more  than  twelve  compa-       Creating  the  county  of  Okanagan  out  of  the  west- 

68  of  infantry  and  one  company  of  cavalry,  em  half  of  Stevens  County. 

C  infantry  cofnpanies  to  consist  of  not  fewer        Authorizing  county  commissioners  to  levy  a  tax  not 

lan   twenty-four  or  more  than   sixty  men.  J jceedinff  three  tenths  of  a  mill  to  create  a  fund  for 

•  y     -^     ",         ,       *  1.  -^    «      J  the  relief  of  mdigent  soldiers  and  sailors  and  tlieir 

icense-fees  for  the  sale  of  liquors  were  fixed  families,  to  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  the 

>  not  less  than    $300   and   not  more  than  Qrand  Army  postM. 

1,000,  10  per  cent,  of  the  fee  to  be  paid  into        Declaring  it  arson  for  the  owner  to  set  fire  to  an  un- 

e  Territorial  treasury,  the  remainder  to  be  occupied  building. 

>plied   for  school  and  local  purposes.    The       DeTdopHent — Estimates  made  by  the  Gov- 

unty  commissioners  in  counties  outside  of  ernor  place  the  population  of  the  Territory,  on 

ies,  and  the  governing  authorities  in  cities,  Sept.  80,  18S8,  at  167,982  persons,  an  increase 


838 


WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 


of  24,213  over  the  census  returns  of  1887.  The 
assessed  valuation  of  the  Territory  for  1888  ex- 
hibits an  increase  of  $23,058,443  over  1887,  the 
total  valuation  being  $84,621,182.  This  large 
increase  is  partially  due  to  the  assessment  of 
railroad  property  for  ad-valorem  taxation  for 
the  first  time.  During  the  year  137  miles  of 
new^  railroad  have  been  constructed,  the  total 
mileage  in  October  being  1,197  miles. 

Coal. — For  the  year  ending  Sept.  30,  the  to- 
tal coal-product  of  the  Territory  is  estimated 
at  1,133,801  tons,  against  525,705  tons  for  the 
year  preceding.  The  mines  having  the  largest 
yield  are  as  follow :  Roslyn,  234,201  tons ;  Car- 
bon Hill,  203,702  tons:  Black  Diamond,  186,- 
522  tons;  Franklin,  182,921  tons;  Newcastle, 
158,134  tons. 

Charities. — A  small  appropriation  was  made 
by  the  liCgislature  of  1885-'86  for  the  main- 
tenance of  a  school  for  defective  youth,  and  a 
small  class  of  unfortunates  that  had  been  as- 
sembled at  Tacoma  were  removed  to  Vancou- 
ver and  adopted  as  wards  of  the  Territory. 
Through  the  liberality  of  citizens  of  Vancou- 
ver, a  farm  was  purchased  and  some  buildings 
erected  thereon  for  the  accommodation  of  this 
school,  and  the  small  appropriation  was  made 
to  serve.  By  a  bill  approved  Jan.  26,  1888,  an 
appropriation  of  $30,000  was  made  for  a  build- 
ing for  this  school,  and  an  act  approved  Jan. 
28, 1888,  appropriated  $12,000  for  maintenance. 
The  building  was  in  process  of  construction  dur- 
ing the  year. 

niUtla* — By  the  militia  act  of  this  year,  above 
referred  to,  the  National  Guard  of  the  Territo- 
ry was  placed  upon  a  secure  basis.  The  troops 
have  been  provided  with  uniforms  and  armo- 
ries, and  the  regiments  with  colors,  and  the 
service  thus  being  made  more  attractive,  the 
companies  were  immediately  recruited  up  to 
the  maximum.  The  force  now  consists  of  two 
regiments  of  infantry  and  a  troop  of  cavalry, 
in  all  750  officers  and  men. 

The  Chinese. — How  strong  a  feeling  exists  in 
the  Territory  against  Chinese  labor  was  shown 
by  an  incident  in  Pierce  County.  The  hop- 
fields  in  this  county  are  extensive,  and  when 
the  season  for  gathering  the  crop  came,  it  was 
found  that  the  labor  of  Indians  and  others 
heretofore  employed  in  this  work  could  not  be 
obtained.  It  was  proposed  by  some  of  the 
hop-growers  to  import  Chinese  laborers  from 
Portland,  Oregon.  Rumors  of  the  fact  at  once 
created  excitement,  especially  in  the  city  of  Ta- 
coma, where  a  large  public  meeting  was  held  to 
consider  the  situation.  Among  the  resolutions 
adopted  by  this  meeting  were  the  following: 

That  the  public-school  board  is  most  respectfully 
requested  to  grant  applicant  children  leave  or  absence 
to  enable  them  to  go  to  the  hop-fieldis. 

That  a  committee  of  five  members  be  appointed  in 
each  ward  and  precinct  to  take  applications,  ooth  from 
employers  and  employes,  to  facilitate  exchange  be- 
twcenboth  parties. 

That  under  no  consideration  nor  in  any  emergency 
will  we  consent  to  the  reintroduction  of  Chinese  into 
Pierce  County,  and  that  we  will  use  every  legal  means 
to  prevent  the  same. 


The  immediate  result  was  that  white  people, 
who  had  hitherto  considered  hop-picking  as 
fit  only  for  Indians  and  'foreigners,  readily  of- 
fered their  services  to  the  growers^  and  the 
crop  was  gathered  withont  the  aid  of  Chinese. 

Local  Opttoa.— The  Supreme  Conrt  of  the 
Territory  rendered  a  decision  io  January,  de- 
claring that  the  local-option  law  passed  in  1886 
was  unconstitutional  and  void.  Two  of  the 
judges  based  their  opinion  on  the  ground  that 
it  delegated  legislative  power  to  local  bodies, 
while  a  third,  rejecting  this  reason,  decided 
that  the  authority  given  by  the  act  had  by  its 
terms  been  granted  to  no  legally  constituted 
local  officials  or  bodies.  The  fourth  judge  dis- 
sented from  these  views. 

Weouui  Saflkvge. — In  Au^nst  the  Territorial 
Supreme  Court  unanimously  decided  that  the 
woman-suffrage  law  of  1888  was  unconstitu- 
tional, as  it  had  two  years  before  decided  re- 
garding a  similar  law  of  the  Legislatare  of 
1886  The  decision  recites  that  the  Legislature 
of  the  Territory  has  only  such  power  as  is 
given  it  by  the  organic  act  and  other  acts  of 
Congress,  and  the  que^ftion,  therefore,  tarns 
upon  the  construction  of  the  word  "citizen" 
in  that  act.  The  court  finds  that  the  use  of 
that  term  was  to  indicate  males  only.  Section 
1,859  refers  to  ^^male  citizens*^  and  theooart 
reasons  that  in  all  places  where  the  mere  word 
citizen  is  used  it  means  ^^male  citizen."  Tbej 
find  that  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
and  all  laws  of  Congress  were  made  with  the 
purpose  and  intention  of  males  alone  exercisiDg 
the  right  of  franchise. 

PMItical.— On  Sept.  4  a  Democratic  Territorial 
Convention  met  at  Spokane  FcJls,  and  rt- 
nominated  Delegate  Charles  S.  Voorhees  for 
Congress.  J.  J.  Hunt  was  nominated  for  Briga- 
dier-General of  the  Territorial  militia,  and  Hil- 
lory  Butler  for  Adjutant-General.  The  plat- 
form adopted  contains  the  following: 

That  we  are  opposed  to  the  un- American  policy  ^ 
interfering  with  or  destroying  any  now  legallT  exii^ 
ing  private  or  public  business  interests,  by  soinptDiiy 
laws  or  otherwise,  without  just  com|)enaation  and  dM 
process  of  law. 

The  Republican  Territorial  Convention  mei 
at  Ellensburg  on  Sept.  11,  and  nominated 
John  B.  Allen  for  Delegate,  A.  P.  Curry  for 
Brigadier-General,  and  R.  G.  OBrien  for  Ad- 
I'utflnt-General.  Its  platform  contains  the  fol- 
lowing : 

We  arraign  the  Democratic  Administration  forils. 
failure  to  place  an  adequate  force  on  the  frooticfoi 
Washington  Territory  to  prevent  the  ankwfal  eofir 
of  Chinese. 

We  heartily  advocate  the  forfeiture  of  all  unctrwd 
land  f^rants  within  our  Territory,  and  their  portriction 
to  the  use  of  actual  settlers,  and  we  demand  th«  im- 
mediate passage  of  the  Dolpn  Bill  declaring  forfeiton 
of  that  portion  of  the  grant  to  the  Northern  TuoAc 
Railway  Company  between  Wallula  and  Portland. 

We  are  in  favor  of  legislation  establishing  the  eidit- 
hour  system  for  the  working  of  mines,  a^  prohiMt- 
inar  the  employment  of  child  labor  Uierein,  and  vt 
disapprove  of  the  introduction  of  armed  men  fortte 
purpose  of  intimidating  and  humiliating  laboren  ia 
mines,  mills,  etc 


WEST  INDIES.  839 

ve  that  the  charj^  of  transportation,  ware-  Brituh  Gitiana, — This  ooloDy  is  on  the  South 

elevator  companies  are  subjects  to  be  regu-  American  Continent,  extending  from  east  to 

w,  and  we  favor  the  enwtment  of  such  laws  ^  ^  ^  gOO  mUes.     It  includes  the  settle- 

ssunnflf  to  capital  a  fair  return  for  its  use,  .^r^                   i?         .'i^         a    t>     v 

protect  the  pebple  trom  unjust  or  dibcrimi-  ments  of  Demerara,  Essequibo,  and  Berbice. 

rgee  or  tari&.  Its  area  is  aboat  109,000  sqnare  miles.    About 

le  Territory  of  Washinclwn  is  admitted  into  ISQ  square  miles  are  under  cultivation.     The 

we  ask  that  the  boundaries  be  extended  to  Governor  is  Charles  Bruce.     The  capital   is 

>rth  Idaho.  Georgetown,   with    52,000  inhabitants.     The 

hibition  ticket  was  also  in  the  field,  chief  product  is  sugar,  there  being,  in  1886,  in 

November  election    the    Republican  active  operation,  105  sugar-estates,  cultivating 

»s  were  successful,  changing  a  Demo-  76,203  acres.    The  population  of  the  colony  in 

iralitj  of  2,200  in  1886  to  a  Republican  iggg  ^^s  274,811,  of  whom  74,026  were  abo- 

of  over  7,800.    For  Delegates,  Allen  rigines;  94,782  East  Indians;  8,846  Chinese; 

26,291  votes;  Voorhees,  18,920;  and  1 1,847  Portuguese;  and  4,231   negroes.    The 

Green©  (Prohibition),  1,137.     At  the  public  debt,  on  Dec.  81,  1886,  was  £446,700. 

tion,  members  of  the  Territorial  Legis-  The  revenue  in  1886  was  £446,025  and  the 

•1889  were  chosen.    The  Republicans  expenditure  £476,964.    The  imports  in  1886 

1  of  the  12  members  of  the  Council,  were  valued  at  £1,486,297;  exports,  £1,842,- 

!  the  24  members  of  the  Lower  House.  585,    The  tonnage  of  shipping  entered  and 

INDIES.    Brltteh.    Bahamas.— The  Ba-  cleared  in  1886  was  627,846. 

re  a  chain  of  islands  lying  between  Jamaica^  an  island  in  the  Caribbean  Sea, 

od  27**  34'  north  latitude,  and  72°  40'  southward  of  the  eastern  extremity  of  Cuba. 

5'  west  longitude,  composed  of  about  The  Cayman  Islands  are  dependencies  of  Ja- 

ihabited  islands  and  an  immense  num-  maica,  and  have  an  area  of  89  miles.    The 

lets  and  rocks,  comprising  altogether  population  of  Jamaica  in  1886  was  620,000, 

aare  miles.    The  principal  island  is  the  number  of  whites  not  exceeding  15,000. 

tvidence.    The  population  in  1886  was  The  population   of  Kingston,   the  capital,  is 

The  town  of  Nassau  has  about  5,000  88,566.     The  Governor   is  Gen.   Sir  H.  W. 

its.    The  Governor  is   H.  A.  Blake.  Norman.     The  chief  crops  are  sugar,  coffee, 

imercial  relations  of  the  colony  are  ginger,  and  pimento ;  and  the  exports  com- 

dth  the  United  States.     Considerable  prise,  in  addition  to  those  products,  rum,  dye- 

s  of  pineapples,  oranges,  and  bananas  woods,  and  fruit.    There  are  150  acres  of  Gov- 

>rted.    The  public   debt  amounts  to  ernment  cinchona  -  plantations.     The  number 

The  revenue  in  1886  was  £43,920 ;  of  sugar-estates  in  operation  is  198.    The  pub- 

iditure,  £44,629.  The  imports  in  1886  lie  debt  amounts  to  £1,552,543.     The  revenue 

ued  at  £189,410,  and  the  exports  at  in  1886  was  £564,875;  the  expenditure,  £582,- 

I.     The  total    tonnage  entered    and  785.    The  imports  in  1886   were  valued  at 

tt  the  same  year  was  209,996.  £1,325,608  ;  the  export*  at  £1,280,118.    The 

ioM  is  in  latitude  18°  4' north,  longitude  amount  of  shipping  entered  and  cleared  in 

^st,  and  is  the  most  windward  of  the  1886  was  881,516  tons. 

Islands.   It  is  nearly  21  English  miles  Trinidad, — This  island  is  about  sixteen  miles 

14  in  breadth.    The  population  of  the  eastward  of  Venezuela,  and  is  separated  from 

180,000.  The  Governor  is  Sir  Charles  C.  the  continent  by  the  Gulf  of  Paria,  into  which 

most  the  sole  productions  are  sugar  and  fall  the  northern  mouths  of  the  Orinoco.    The 

In  1886  the  island  exported  45,768  colony  will  henceforth  include  Tobago.    The 

Is  of  the  former  and  83,218  puncheons  population  in  1886  was  178,270;  that  of  Port 

iter.    The  public  debt  does  not  exceed  of  Spain,  the  capital,  being  81,858 ;  of  San  Fer- 

The  revenue  in  1886  was  £136,286,  nando,  6,835.  The  total  length  of  railroads 
expenditure  £186,628.  The  total  im-  in  operation,  all  Government  property,  is  51} 
ched  £868,491 ;  the  exports,  £789,911.  miles.  There  are  68  miles  of  telegraph.  The 
*egate  tonnage  of  vessels  entered  and  public  debt  amounts  to  £571,880.  The  revenue 
n  1886  was  916,242.  in  1886  was  £458,407;  the  expenditure,  £448,- 
{da. — ^The  "  Bermudas  "  form  a  group  503.  The  imports  in  the  same  year  were  val- 
;  800  small  islands  in  the  western  At-  ued  at  £2,508,514 ;  the  exports  at  £2,509,140. 
!ean,  in  latitude  32**  15'  north  and  Ion-  The  amount  of  shipping  entered  and  cleared  in 
1°  51'  west.  The  Governor  is  Lieut.-  1886  was  1,196,076  tons. 
3mas  Lionel  John  Gallwey.  The  popu-  British  Honduras^  a  colony  on  the  eastern 
I  1886  was  15,177;  that  of  Hamilton,  coast  of  Central  America,  bounded  north  by 
al,  2,100.  The  public  debt  in  1886  was  Yucatan,  west  by  a  straight  line  drawn  from 
the  revenue,  £30,518  ;  and  the  ex-  the  rapids  of  Gracias-d-Dios  on  the  river  Sars- 
e  £28,432.  The  chief  products  are  toon  to  Garbutt's  Falls  on  the  river  Belize, 
•tatoes,  onions,  tomatoes,  and  beets,  and  thence  due  north  to  the  Mexican  frontier, 
•e  sent  to  New  York.  The  imports  in  The  area  is  7,562  square  miles.  The  popula- 
te valued  at  £279,190 ;  the  exports,  tion  does  not  exceed  80,000 ;  that  of  the  chief 
The  total  tonnajre  entered  and  cleared  port,  Belize,  being  5,767.  The  Governor  is 
.me  year  was  281,528.  K.  T.  Goldsworthy.    The  public  debt  amounts 


1 


840 


WEST  INDIES. 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


to  $268,760.  The  revenue  in  1886  was  $271,- 
810;  the  expenditure,  $302,775.  In  the  for- 
ests and  wilds  are  found  the  oedar,  rose-wood, 
bullet -tree,  faustic,  lignum  -  vitee,  sapodilla, 
Santa  Maria,  iron-wood,  red  and  white  pine, 
India-rubber,  and  gutta-percha  trees.  The  co- 
coanut  flourishes,  as  do  also  the  cahoon-plant 
and  the  ground-nut.  The  cultivation  of  fruit 
(bananas  aud  plantains)  and  its  shipment  to 
New  Orleans,  are  extending  and  proving  re- 
munerative. Arrangements  are  being  made  to 
ship  ft'uit  to  the  European  markets,  in  steamers 
fitted  with  refrigerating  apparatus.  The  chief 
industry  is  wood-cutting,  now  200  years  old ; 
8,000,000  feet  of  mahogany  and  17,000  tons  of 
logwood  are  on  an  average  exported  annually. 
There  are  61  sugar-mills  and  large  fruit-planta- 
tions. The  chief  exports  are  logwood,  mahog- 
any, sugar,  fruit,  India-rubber,  tortoise-shell, 
and  sarsaparilla.  The  imports  in  1886  were 
valued  at  $1,179,818 ;  the  exporte  at  $1,400,- 
234.  The  shipping  entered  and  cleared  in  1886 
was  237,254  tons. 

French. — Guadeloupe  and  its  dependencies 
have  an  area  of  1,870  square  kilometres;  the 
population  numbering  182,610.  The  Governor 
13  M.  Le  Boucher.  The  public  indebtedness  is 
1,001,000  francs;  the  budget  for  1886  esti- 
mated the  income  at  4,158,000  francs,  and  the 
outlay  at  the  same  sum.  The  home  Govern- 
ment spent  on  the  colony,  in  the  same  year, 
2,118,000  francs.  The  imports  of  merchandise 
in  1886  amounted  to  17,500,000  francs;  the 
exports  to  16,300,000.  There  entered  the  har- 
bors 417  sea-going  vessels.  During  the  fiscal 
year  1887  the  colony  exported  45,646  tons  of 
sugar  in  crystals,  and  2,269  tons  of  brown 
sugar;  during  1888  the  amounts  were  respect- 
ively 40,878  and  1,690  tons.  The  rum  expor- 
tation was  2,904,166  litres  in  1887,  declining 
to  2,686,822  in  1888.  The  molasses  importa- 
tion declined  from  832,280  litres  in  1887  to 
184,926  in  1888.  In  January,  1889,  the  Gen- 
eral Council  of  Guadeloupe  passed  a  law  favor- 
ing importation  into  the  colony  of  certain 
manufactures  of  the  mother-country,  by  fixing 
higher  duties  on  articles  made  outside  of 
France.  Thus  the  duty  on  foreign  cotton 
goods  is  doubled,  the  duties  on  shoe-leather 
and  boots  and  shoes  are  materially  raised,  as 
are  also  those  on  butter,  wines,  and  codfish. 
By  way  of  reciprocity,  the  home  Government 
is  urged  to  reduce  the  duties  now  levied  in 
France  on  coffee,  cocoa,  vanilla- beans,  and  pi- 
mento, of  colonial  growth. 

Martinique  covers  988  square  kilometres, 
and  the  population  is  175,755.  The  Governor 
is  Albert  Grodet.  The  island  chiefiy  produces 
sugar,  the  yield  of  which  in  1888  was  50,000 
tons.  The  public  debt  does  not  exceed  435,000 
francs;  the  budget  for  1886  showed  expendi- 
tures to  the  amount  of  4,584,000  francs.  The 
home  Government,  in  1886,  spent  on  the  colony 
2,187,000  francs.  The  import  of  merchandise 
reached  23,700,000  francs  in  1886,  while  the 
export  amounted  to  20,400,000  francs.     The 


number  of  sea-going  vessels  entering  in  the 
same  year  was  897. 

French  Guiana  is  still  a  penal  colony.  The 
climate  being  considered  unbealthful,  it  attracts 
but  little  immigration,  in  spite  of  its  exuber- 
antly fertile  soil  and  manifold  resources,  among 
which  placer  and  quartz  gold  are  promineDt 
The  population  (exclusive  of  the  wild  Indians) 
is  only  26,905.  The  Governor  is  M.  Gerrille- 
R6ach6.  The  colony  has  no  public  debt  The 
budget  for  1886  showed  an  outlay  of  2,123,000 
francs,  the  home  Government  at  the  same  time 
spending  on  the  colony  3,266,000  francs.  The 
import  of  merchandise  was  7,200,000  francs; 
the  export,  4,700,000  francs.  •  There  entered, 
in  the  same  year,  the  port  of  Cayenne,  86  sea- 
going vessels. 

S|NIiIbIi.  —  Porto  Rico  is  the  lesser  of  the 
Spanish  Antilles.  (For  area  and  population, 
see  "Annual  Oyclopsedia"  for  1885.)  The 
Governor  and  Captain-General  is  L.  Tab^. 
The  American  Consul  at  St.  Johns  is  Edward 
Conroy.  The  island  is  in  a  remarkably  pros- 
perous condition,  and  continuallj  attracts  im- 
migration from  Spain,  the  Canary  Islands,  and 
the  other  West  Indies.  The  population  of 
the  leading  cities  is  as  follows:  Ponce,  37,- 
545;  San  German,  30,146;  Mayaf^aez,  26,446; 
Arecibo,  25,457 ;  Naguabo,  24,912;  St.  Johns 
(the  capital),  23,414.  A  railroad  is  to  be  built 
to  connect  the  above-named  ports  and  thai 
encircle  the  entire  island.  It  will  measure  546 
kilometres.  The  cost  is  estimated  at  50,000,- 
000  francs,  on  which  the  Government  guaran- 
tees an  annual  interest  of  8  per  cent.  In  1888 
there  were  in  operation  838  kilometres  of  tde- 
graph,  the  number  of  ofiSces  being  35.  The 
colonial  budget  for  18SS-^89  fixes  the  expendi- 
ture at  $3,973,491,  and  the  revenue  at  $8,863,- 
100.  The  peninsula  and  foreign  trade  move- 
ment in  1886  was:  Imports,  $11,116,543;  ex- 
ports, $10,293,544.  The  chief  articles  exported 
were:  Sugar,  59,333  tons;  cofiee,  16,761  tons; 
molasses,  20,086  tons;  tobacco,  2,053  tons. 
In  1887  the  export  of  sugar  increased  to  81,- 
365  tons.  The  number  of  vessels  entered  Por- 
torican  ports  in  1886  was  1,874,  with  a  ton- 
nage of  96,855.  The  American  trade  with 
Porto  Rico  has  been  as  follows : 


nSCAL  YEAR. 


1886 

18S7, 
1888 


Importo  falo  tik* 
UDltodSuim. 


4,Ml,eM 


th«  CalM 


tl.67«Lfa» 
1,701^ 


The  Spanish  Transatlantic  Steamship  Om- 
pany  began  on  Oct.  30,  1888,  a  new  steamship 
service  between  New  York  and  Porto  Rica 

WIST  TIR6INIA.  State  ««Tenaart^  The  fol- 
lowing were  the  State  ofiScers  during  the 
year:  Governor,  E.  Willis  Wilson,  Democrat; 
Secretary  of  State,  Henry  S.  Walker;  Trets- 
urer,  William  T.  Thompson ;  Auditor,  Patrick 
F.  Duffey;  Attorney-General,  Alfred  Cald- 
well ;  Superintendent  of  Free  Schools,  Benja- 
min S.  Morgan;    President  of  the  Suprenie 


WEST  VIRGINIA.   ,  841 

Conrt  of   Appeals,    Okey  Johnson ;    Jad^es,  $88.    The  same  salary  was  paid  males  and  fe- 

Thomas  0.  Green,  Adam  0.  Snyder,  and  Sam-  males  for  the  same  grade  of  work.     Tlie  State 

nel  Woods.  also  supports  six  normal  schools  and  a  State 

Ftnaiices. — The   following  statement   shows  University, 

the  operations  of  the  State  treasury  for  the  hi-  lBHlgnitl«k — The  first  organized  movement 

ennial  period  ending  Sept.  80,  1888 ;  Receipts  to  promote  immigration  to  the  State  was  he- 

for  the  fiscal  year  ended  Sept.  80,  1887,  $1,-  gun  during  the  year.    On  Fehruary  29,  at  the 

316,020.58 ;  halance  at  the  end  of  the  preced-  invitation  of  the  Ohamher  of  Commerce  of 

ing  year,  $368,001.80 ;  making  a  total  of  $1,-  Wheeling,  ahout  1,000  business  men  of  the 

684,022.38 ;    disbursements  during  the  same  State  met  in  that  city  and  organized  the  West 

period,    $1,324,116.55;    balance    at   the   end  Virginia  Immigration  and  Development  Asso- 

of  1887,   $359,905.83.     Receipts    during  the  ciation,  said  association  to  have  in  each  county 

year  ended  Sept.  30, 1888,  $1,205,119.71 ;  bal-  a  county  auxiliary,  to  be  organized  as  soon  as 

ance  at  the  end  of  preceding  year,  $359,905.88 ;  practicable    by  the    representatives    of   each 

making  a  total  of   $1,565,025.54 ;    disburse-  county  in  this  convention,  the  necessary  steps 

ments  during  the  same  period,  $1,227,288.98;  to  be  taken  to  organize  the  counties  not  here 

balance  at  the  end  of  1888,  $337,736.56.  represented. 

The  balance  in  the  State  fund  on  Sept.  80,  Etocdan  Fmids. — The  Governor  says,  in  his 

1888,  was  $52,974,80 ;    in  the  general  school  biennial  message  to  the  Legislature,  in  1889  : 

fund,  $279,811.16  ;  and  in  the  school  fund,  $4,-  Reproach  has  been  cast  upon  our  State  as  never 

950.60.  before  by  illegal,  fhiudulent,  and  corrupt  votinjj^  in  al- 

Dnring  the  two  years  1887  and  1888  it  be-  most  every  county  within  its  borders.    This  is  so 

came  necessary,  in  order  to  meet  nnusuaUy  E*^P*^^^  f^?i  "  ^"^  "^i^?  !S2"  ""y.^^"^''!-  The^^PU*" 

1^ ^  «..^»^«»:«*:^««     ♦«  K^-«..«r  Aiyio  AAA    ^4?  tions  of  1884  were  183.522,  and  the  entire  vote,  after 

la^e  appropriations,  to  borrow  $143,000,  of  the  most  active  nolitical  caiopaign  ever  made  in  the 
which  sum  $125,000  was  borrowed  from  banks  state,  187,527.  The  capitations  of  1888  were  147,408, 
and  $18,000  from  the  board  of  the  school  and  the  vote  159,440.  The  difference  in  the  capita- 
fund,  all  of  which  amounts  have  since  been  tio°»  and  the  vote  in  1884  was  4,065,  in  1888  it  was 

paid,  and  in  addition  thereto  the  sum  of  $67,-  ^^'^^^V  o? «!?«  ""^wi  ^SiH'^^t  ""^  ""m®?  !i^  ^''"'' 

iTt  jfl                       r     *   ^  \*^  "  ^  °**        l.'^  .ii  yearsof  21,858,  which,  if  leflntimate,  would  mdicate  a 

545.46,  on  account  of  claims  tiled  by  shenffs  population  of  900,000,  and  an  increase  in  four  yeare  of 

prior  to  1885.     There  has  also  been  paid  $7,000  much  more  than  100,000.    It  is  certain  that  no  such 

on  account  of  the  $59,000,  which  was  borrowed  increase  has  taken  place. 

from  the  board  of  the  school  fund  during  1885  xhe  Governor  advises,  among  other  reme- 

*°^J®®^-                                        i.    i!     .    .    1  ^i®8»  ^^®  passage  of  a  registration  act,  although 

There  was  expend^  on  account  of  criminal  its  operation  would  seem  to  be  limited,  if  not 

charges  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  in  Sep-  destroyed,  by  the  following  provisions  of  the 

tember,  1887,  $117,632.46,  and  for  the  year  State  Constitution : 

ending  in  September  1888,  $65,882  87.  ^^  ^^^^  ^^U  ,^,,  ^  d,„.,^  ^,  ^^^  ,^, 

The  assessment  of  property  m  the  State  for  ^^^t  or  privilege  of  voting  at  an  election,  because  his 

1887,  was  as  follows :  Real  property,  $118,181,-  name  is  not,  or  has  not  been  registered  or  listed  as  a 
936;  personal  propertv,  $43,978,803;  railroaid  qualified  voter. 

property,  $15,185,650'    For   1888  the  assess-  The  Leirislature  shall  never  authorize  or  establish 

ment  was:  Real  property,  $119,414,434;  per-  any  boanf  or  court  of  registraUon  of  voters, 

sonal  property,  $44,469,225;  railroad  property,  FitsbetSt — On  July  11  and  12,  in  conseanence 

$15,501,670.    The  past  six  years  have  shown  of  heavy  rains,  an  unusual  rise  and  overnow  of 

an  increase  in  the  wealth  of  the  State,  espe-  many  of  the  rivers  of  the  State  occurred,  inun- 

cially  in  railroad  property,  which  has  grown  dating  a  large  territory  and  sweeping  away 

in  value  from  $8,458,904  to  $15,501,670.    Real  bridges,  buildings,  crops,  and  other  property, 

property  has  increased  from  $106,958,137,  and  The  rise  of  the  waters  was  in  many  streams 

personal  property  from  $39,637,735.  greater  than  ever  before  known.    Scarcely  a 

Etecali«B« — The  number  of  youth  in  the  State  week  later,  on  July  19,  the  city  of  Wheeling 

between  six  and  twenty-one  years,  according  to  and  vicinity  was  visited  by  a  storm  of  great  fury, 

theennmerationof  1887,  wns 249, 178;  according  though  scarcely  of  an  hours  duration,  which 

to  that  of  1888,  256,860.     The  number  enrolled  destroyed  bridges  in  the  city  limits,  eight  peo- 

in  the  free  schools  for  1887  was  179,507;  for  pie  thereon  being  drowned,  and  caused  great 

1888,  189,251.  For  1887  the  average  daily  at-  loss  of  property.  On  August  21,  another  de- 
tendance  was  108,293,  and  for  1888  122,020.  structive  storm  swelled  the  rivers  and  swept 
There  were  4,603  schools  of  all  grndes  in  1887,  away  bridges  and  property  in  the  northern 
and  4,816  in  1888,  an  increase  of  216 ;  5,089  portion  of  the  State.  The  homes  and  entire 
teachers  were  employed  in  1887,  and  5,288  in  property  of  many  were  swept  away,  and  whole 
1888.  The  number  of  school- houses  in  1887  villagea  were  for  a  time  dependent  on  the 
was  4,465  ;  in  1888,  4,567.    The  average  length  charity  of  their  neighbors. 

of  the  school  year  increased  from  four  months  P^llticaL — ^The  earliest  nominations  for  State 

and  nineteen  days  in  1887  to  five  months  and  oflScers  were  made  by  the  Union  Labor  party, 

two  days  in  1888.    The  average  salary  per  which  met  in  convention  at  Charleston  on  May 

month  paid  teachers  holding  number  one  cer-  3,  and  selected  as  candidates,  S.  H.  Piersol  for 

tificates  for  1887  was  $31.52;  for  1888  it  was  Governor;  J.  H.  Burtt  for  Auditor,  who  later 


842 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


WILHELM  I. 


withdrew  from  the  ticket  and  gave  his  sapport 
to  the  RepablicaDs;  S.  P.  Hawverfor  Treasurer; 
D.  D.  T.  Farnsworth  for  Attorney-Greneral;  and 
O.  D.  Hill  for  Saperintendent  of  Free  Schools. 
The  platform  included  the  following : 

We  favor  the  enactmeDt  of  such  laws  as  will  cause 
the  operator  to  pay  the  minor  for  all  merchantable  coal. 

In  releasing  the  revenues  necessary  to  carry  on  the 
State  Government  the  property  of  corporations  shall 
have  no  advantage  over  property  owned  by  individu- 
als. 

We  favor  the  enactment  of  such  laws  in  general  as 
shall  so  change  our  laws  as  to  place  them  abreast  of 
those  of  the  most  populous  and  prosperous  States  of 
the  Union ;  that  shall  remove  the  last  vestige  of  anti- 
quated mossback  laws  that  hamper  commerce,  retard 
development,  depreciate  capital^  stand  as  a  menace  to 
immigration,  ana  chain  West  Virginia  and  her  destiny 
to  the  post,  not  the  future. 

The  passage  of  the  miners*  bill  at  the  last  session  of 
the  Legislature,  containing  the  conspirac>r  feature,  is 
a  blow  to  organized  labor,  and  passed  designedly  tor 
the  purpose  of  overawing  those  who  are  connected 
therewitn. 

On  July  81,  the  Prohibitionists  met  at  Park- 
ersburg  and  nominated  a  State  ticket  headed 
hy  Thomas  R.  Carskadon  for  Governor. 

The  Democratic  State  ConventioD  was  held 
at  Huntington  on  August  16.  Its  nominees 
were :  A.  B.  Fleming  for  Governor,  Patrick  F. 
Duffy  for  Auditor,  W.  T.  Thompson  for  Treas- 
urer, Alfred  Caldwell  for  Attorney -General, 
B.  S.  Morgan  for  Superintendent  of  Free 
Schools,  and  Henry  Brannon  and  J.  T.  English 
for  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Appeals. 

The  platform  approved  President  Cleveland's 
message,  and  the  Mills  Bill,  the  present  State 
Administratifm,  and  that  of  the  United  States; 
denied  that  the  Democratic  party  was  for  free 
trade,  and  declared  for  the  St.  Louis  platform. 
On  August  22,  the  Republicans  held  their 
State  Convention  at  Charleston,  and  nominated 
Gen.  Nathan  Goff  for  Governor  by  acclama- 
tion. Other  candidates  upon  the  ticket  were: 
For  Auditor,  George  M.  Bowers ;  for  Treasurer, 
Hiram  Lewis;  for  Attorney -General,  William 
P.  Hubbard ;  for  Superintendent  of  Schools, 
F.  B.  McLure;  for  Judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Appeals,  John  W.  Mason  and  H.  0. 
McWharter.  The  resolutions  approve  the  Chi- 
cago platform,  demand  protection  not  only  for 
manufactures  but  for  raw  materials  and  for  all 
farm  prod  nets,  demand  a  tax  of  $200  or  more 
on  immigrants  for  the  protection  of  American 
labor,  and  oppose  the  importation  of  contract 
or  pauper  labor. 

The  following  were  also  a  part  of  the  plat- 
form: 

Wherecis,  The  passage  of  the  miners'  bill  by  the 
Democratic  Legislature  of  1887,  containing  the  con- 
spiracy feature,  was  a  direct  blow  at  organized  labor, 
and  was  passed  with  the  design  and  purpose  of  over- 
awing those  who  are  connect^  therewith ;  There/are, 
be  it  TMolved,  We  pledcre  our  party  to  repeal  so  much 
of  Chapter  50  of  the  Acts  of  1887  as  refers  to  con- 
spiracy, and  also  provide  that  the  ins[>octor  shall  be  a 
practical  miner  instead  of  a  civil  engineer,  as  is  now 
required  by  law. 

On  September  12  a  convention  of  about  fifty 
delegates,  calling  themselves  the  **  Colored  In- 


dependents,^^ met  at  Charleston  and  placed  in 
nomination  presidential  electors  and  a  State 
ticket  containing  the  following  names:  For 
Governor,  W.  H.  Davis;  Auditor,  E.  A. Turner: 
Treasurer,  Alfred  Whiting.  The  resolotioni 
adopted  denounce  the  Republican  party,  ask  the 
Legislature  to  prevent  discriminating  branches 
of  study  in  the  public  schools;  oppose  monopo- 
lies, corporations,  trusts;  oppose  taking  the 
revenue  off  whisky  and  tobacco,  and  ask  that 
all  necessaries  be  placed  upon  the  free  list  and 
that  the  tariff  be  reduced  to  prevent  a  sarplus. 

An  address  was  L«tsued  to  the  colored  voters, 
urging  them  to  desert  the  Republican  partj 
and  to  stand  together. 

At  the  November  election  the  contest  was 
close,  and  the  result  remained  in  doubt  until 
returns  were  received  from  the  last  election 
district.  It  then  appeared  that,  while  the 
Democrats  had  elected  their  candidates  for 
presidential  electors  and  nearly  all  their  State 
ticket,  the  Republican  candidate  for  Governor 
had  a  plurality  of  106  votes  on  the  face  of  the 
returns.  As  certified  by  the  local  officials,  the 
vote  stood:  GoflT,  78,904;  Fleming,  78,798; 
Carskadon,  about  1,000;  and  Piersol,  aboat 
1,400.  The  official  vote  for  Treasurer  was: 
Thompson,  78,969;  Lewis,  78,127;  Hi^wver, 
1,399;  and  Bodley,  1,085.  For  Auditor:  Daf- 
fey,  78,855;  Bowers,  78,201;  Sayre,  1,488; 
Bains,  1,027.  For  Attorney-General:  Cald- 
well, 78,687;  Hubbard,  78,620;  Farnsworth, 
1,579;  Myers,  935.  The  Democratic  candi- 
dates for  Superintendent  of  Free  Schools  and 
for  Supreme  Judges  were  also  elected.  The 
Legislature  chosen  at  the  same  time  will  con- 
tain in  the  Senate,  12  Democrats,  18  Republi- 
cans, and  1  Union  Labor  man,  and  in  the 
House,  84  Democrats  and  31  Republicans,  giv- 
ing the  Democrats  on  joint  ballot  a  migority 
of  one  vote.  On  the  face  of  the  returns.  Dem- 
ocratic Congressmen  were  elected  in  the  Tirfi 
and  Second  districts,  and  Republicans  in  the 
Third  and  Fourth,  in  each  c^ise  by  narrow  plo- 
ralities.  The  Democratic  candidate  in  the  First 
District  was  elected  by  16  votes,  while  in  the 
Third  the  Republicans  claimed  only  13  more 
votes  than  their  opponents.  On  Daoember  26, 
Gov.  Wilson  issued  certificates  of  election  to 
the  Democratic  candidates  in  the  First  and 
Second  districts,  but  refused  to  issue  any  for 
the  other  districts,  alleging  that,  as  there  was 
a  contest  over  the  returns  in  those  districts,  he 
could  not  legally  do  so. 

At  the  same  election,  three  constitutional 
amendments  were  submitted  to  the  people, 
and  all  of  them  were  rejected.  The  most  im- 
portant one,  prohibiting  the  manufacture  and 
sale  of  liquor,  failed  of  adoption  by  about  35,- 
000  votes. 

WILHELM  I,  Emperor  of  Germany,  born  in 
Potsdam,  Prussia,  March  22,  1797;  died  in 
Berlin,  March  9,  1888.  He  was  the  second 
son  of  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  Crown-Prince  of 
Prussia,  and  his  wife  Princess  Luise,  dflaghter 
of  the  Grand  Duke  of  Mecklenburg- StreUtx. 


WILHELM  I.  843 

Prince  Wilhelm,  as  he  was  called  (his  full  name  against  his  inclination.    In  1840  Friedrich  Wil- 

being  Friedrich   Wilhelra  Lad  wig)  was  pro-  helm  IV  came  to  the  throne,  and  his  soldierly 

Doanced  a  weakly  child  by  the  physicians,  and  brother,  who  was  popular  only  among  military 

until  he  grew  to  manhood  his  health  was  a  men,  was  acknowledged  as  his  heir, 

subject  of  solicitude.    His  father  ascended  the  As  Prince  of  Prussia  Wilhelm  was  accorded 

Prussian  throne  as  Friedrich  Wilhelm  III  when  an  important  influence  on  the  decisions  of  Gov- 

the  prince  was  six  months  old.   In  his  parents*  ernment.    He  strengthened  the  Conservative 

retreat,  at  Paretz,  Wilhelm  was  accustomed  to  resolutions  of  the  King,  but  could  not  withhold 

simple  living,  and  from  the  teachings  of  his  him  from    granting  a   constitution  in   1847. 

Ehilosophical  father  and  the  Rev.   Dr.   Del-  The  irresolute  monarch  was  induced  by  his 

rtlck,  his  tutor,  he  imbibed  high  notions  of  brother  and  other  Absolutist  advisers  to  nul- 

dnty.     In  Berlin  he  was  made  familiar  with  lify  the  charter  that  he  had  signed,  and  to  de- 

another  life,  that  of  a  luxurious  and  profligate  clare  at  the  opening  of  the  Diet  that  na  sheet 

aristocracy,  inflated  with  pride  and  arrogance,  of  paper  should  stand  between  him  and  his 

After  the  defeat  at  Jena,  on  Oct.  14,  1806,  the  subjects.     The  revolution   of  1848  followed, 

King  and  his  family  became  exiles  from  Prus-  and  the  ruthless  action  of  the  military  under 

sia.      The  two  princes  were  taken  to  their  Prince  Wilhelm's  orders  could  not  avert  the 

mother  at  Schwedt,  in  Pomerania,  and  with  enactment  of  a  genuine  constitution.   He  would 

her  took  their  flight  in  an  open  carriage  along  have   **  riddled  Berlin   with    bullets  *^  before 

the  sea-shore  in  mid-winter  to  Stettin,  Kdnigs-  yielding  had  he  been  king.    The  *^  cartridge 

berg,  and   Memel.     Wilhelm   and  the  Queen  prince,^'  as  he  was  nicknamed  for  that  expres- 

both  sickened  with  typhus  fever  before  reach-  sion,  was  the  special  object  of  popular  hatred 

ing  Memel,   whence  they   were  obliged,    six  and  fury.     **The  Prince  of  Prussia  was  his 

months  later,  to  emigrate  to  Tilsit,  where  the  murderer,^*  cried  a  woman  whose  son  had  fallen 

unfortunate  Queen,  when  forced  to  receive  Na-  at  the  barricades,  walking  through  the  streets 

poleon,  replied  to  his  taunts  that  it  was  a  par-  beside  the  litter  on  which  the  corpse  was  borne 

donable  error  in  the  descendants  of  Frederick  to  the  burial-ground.    "  I  will  remember  that," 

the  Great  to  overrate  their  strength.    From  threatened  the  prince,  when  a  stone  aimed  at 

the  day  when  the  Prussian  and  Austrian  ar-  his  head  crashed  through  his  palace- window, 

mies  were  defeated  by  the  *^  upstart "  till  she  The  King  left  Berlin,    against  the  strenuous 

died  of  a  broken  heart  in  1810,  when  the  foe  protests  of  his  brother,  and  the  troops  were 

was  still  unexpelled,  the  proud  and  patriotic  then  withdrawn.     ^^  No  music  while  our  sons 

Luise  never  ceased  to  admonish  her  sons  to  are  dying  1 "  shouted  the  populace,  when  the 

revenge  the  humiliation  of  Jena  when  the  op-  band  of  the  guards  struck  up  a  martial  strain, 

portunity  came,  and  redeem  the  glory  of  Prus-  The  mob  hunted  the  prince  in  his  palace,  and 

sian  arms.    Friedrich  Wilhelm  III  was  restored  hung  from  the  balcony  the  black,  red,  and  gold 

by  the  grace  of  the  victor  to  his  reconstructed  flag,  emblematic  of  German  unity  and  liberty, 

and  diminished  kingdom  in  1809.  while    Prince  Wilhelm    and    his  wife  slunk 

Wilhelm  from  his  earliest  childhood  was  in-  through  the  back  streets  of  Berlin,  cold  and 

terested  in  military  forms  and  trappings.    Hav-  hungry,  until  they  could  reach  the  house  of  a 

ing  no  outlook  for  the  succession,  he  aspired  friend.      Disguised  in  the  dirty  clothes  of  a 

to  be  a  distinguished  general.     He  was  made  a  laborer,  the  prince  made  his  way  on  foot  to 

lieutenant  in  1807,  and  Capt.  Reiepe,  his  miii-  Hamburg,  and  escaped  to  England.    The  King 

tary  instructor,  praised  his  rapid  acquisition  of  cloaked  his  ignominous  flight  with  the  pretense 

technical   details.      In  the  war  of  the   allies  of  an  important  political  mission.     Soon  after- 

against  Napoleon  his  father  took  him  to  the  ward  the  reaction  set  in,  and  the  prince,  under 

field  for  six  weeks,  saying  that  he  was  too  weak  the  protection  of  a  mandate  for  the  National 

in  health  for  a  longer  campaign,  and  at  Bar-sur-  Parliament  at  Frankfort,  went  back  to  Ger- 

Aube,  Feb.  27,  1814,  sent  him  to  the  front  to  many,  and  appeared  in  the  Assembly  in  his 

learn  the  name  of  a  Russian  regiment  that  was  generals  uniform.     When  he  returned  to  Ber- 

gallantly   advancing.      The    princess  coolness  lin  the  Prince  of  Prussia  professed  a  conver- 

under  fire  won  for  him  the  coveted  Iron  Cross  sion  to  constitutional  principles,  and  promised 

and  the  Russian  order  of  St.  George.  to  support  his  brother  in  the  course  in  which 

Friedrich  Wilhelm,  the  elder  brother,  was  a  the  spirit  and  the  necessities  of  the  time  had 

philosopher  and  philanthropist,  like  his  father,  compelled  him  to  embark.     The  royal  pledges 

and  a  gay,  companionable,  and  witty  man.   Wil-  were  violated,  and  the  National  Assembly  was 

helm  was  not  liked.    He  was  narrow-minded  broken  up  by  the  military  when  it  insisted  on 

and  morosely  set  in  his  opinions,  regarding  poli-  parliamentary  government.     The  King    then 

tics  and  the  state  with  the  instincts  of  a  **  drill  proclaimed  a  constitution  devised  by  the  up- 

sergeant ''  from  the  standpoint  of  absolatisra.  holders  of  divine  right,  giving  Parliament  only 

On  June  11,   1829,  Prince  Wilhelm   married  advisory  powers  in  legislation  and  supervision 

Augusta,  daughter  of  the  Grand  Duke  of  Saxe-  of  the  finances,  while  it  restricted  individual 

Weimar     The  marriage  wal  unhappy,  because  liberty  and  extended  the  powers  of  the  police, 

theprince  was  deeply  attached  to  another  worn-  Prince  Wilhelm  openly  sided  with  the  King 

an,  the  Princess  Radziwill,  and  was  compelled  against  the  National  Assembly,  applauded  the 

by  his  father  to  marry  the  Weimar  princess  refusal  of  a  parliamentary  system,  objected  to 


41 1 


844 


WILHELM  I. 


the  conferriDg  of  any  share  in  legislation  on  an 
assembly  elected  by  nniversal  male  suffrage, 
and  finally  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the 
Prussian  array  that  was  sent  to  disperse  the 
Frankfort  Parliament  and  put  an  end  to  popu- 
lar government  by  defeating  the  national  army 
in  Baden.  But  the  police  regime  under  the 
Manteuffel,  Westphalen,  and  Hinckeldey  minis- 
tries found  no  favor  in  the  eyes  of  the  upright 
prince,  and  the  abasement  of  Prussia  before 
Russia  and  Austria  so  incensed  him  that  be 
would  have  gone  to  war  with  Russia,  though 
the  Emperor  Nicholas  was  his  brother-in-law 
and  the  guardian  of  monarchical  principles  in 
Europe,  rather  than  renounce  Prussian  suprem- 
acy in  Germany  and  accede  to  the  resuscita- 
tion of  the  old  Bund,  as  was  done  in  the  treaty 
of  Olratltz.  When  the  Crimean  War  broke  out, 
in  1854,  he  dissuaded  his  brother  from  making 
an  alliance  with  the  power  that  had  so  humili- 
ated Prussia. 

After  the  peace  of  Paris  was  signed  in  1856, 
King  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  who  began  to  show 
symptoms  of  insanity,  resigned  the  direction 
of  public  business  into  the  hands  of  the  Prince 
of  Prussia.  The  decree  was  twice  renewed, 
and  when  the  King^s  condition  grew  worse, 
Prince  Wilhelm  was  appointed  Regent  on  Oct 
9,  1858.  Disgusted  with  the  "  white  terror/' 
the  Prince  Regent  determined  to  create  a  Lib- 
eral administration,  to  the  head  of  which  he 
called  Prince  Hohenzollern  -  Sigmaringen,  by 
whom,  with  the  aid  of  his  colleague  Rudolf 
von  Auerswald  and  others  of  like  opinions, 
police  espionage  and  repression  were  abolished. 
When  Napoleon  III  made  war  on  Austria  in 
1859  the  Emperor  Franz  Josef  gave  up  the 
Italian  provinces  and  hastened  to  conclude 
peace  as  soon  as  he  heard  of  the  proposal  of 
Prussia  in  the  Diet  to  mobilize  the  German 
armies  and  send  them  to  the  Rhine,  preferring 
to  suffer  the  diminution  of  his  own  territory 
rather  than  aid  in  the  aggrandizement  of  his 
rival  for  military  supremacy  in  Germany.  On 
the  death  of  Friedrich  Wilhelm  the  Prince- 
Regent  succeeded  to  the  throne  as  William  J, 
Jan.  2,  1861.  He  had  already  begun  to  pre- 
pare for  the  struggle  with  Austria,  being  aided 
m  the  development  of  his  policy  by  the  genius 
of  Otto  von  Bismarck.  The  German  people 
had  no  predilection  for  a  military  state,  and  in 
the  Prussian  and  German  Parliaments  it  was 
proposed  to  convert  the  armies  into  a  militia 
with  elective  officers  following  civil  occupa- 
tions in  time  of  peace,  a  scheme  which  the 
Prince  of  Prussia  had  opposed  in  an  anony- 
mous pamphlet.  In  1860  Bismarck  brought  in 
a  budget  authorizing  the  doubling  of  the  army. 
The  minister  had  incurred  great  unpopularity 
by  aiding  Russia  to  suppress  the  Polish  insur- 
rection, and  the  Assembly  rejected  the  military 
bill  by  a  large  majority,  whereupon  Bismarck 
declared  that,  as  the  House  of  Lords  had  ac- 
cepted the  budget  rejected  by  the  Chamber, 
there  was  no  properly  authorized  budget,  and 
the  Government  must  therefore  frame  one  to 


suit  the  exigencies  of  the  case.  This  singnlar 
interpretation  of  the  Constitution  was  sus- 
tained by  the  supreme  tribunal,  packed  for  tbe 
purpose,  and  for  ftmr  years  the  admlnistratioo 
was  carried  on  without  a  properly  voted  budg- 
et. The  people  protested  against  the  collection 
of  taxes,  but  did  not  openly  resist  the  despot- 
ism of  the  Hohenzollern  and  his  Prime  Minis- 
ter. The  terror  and  dismay  that  hung  over 
the  country  in  this  period  was  not  dbpelled  by 
the  successes  of  the  Danish  war  and  the  acqui- 
sition of  Schleswig-Holstein  in  1864,  and  when 
Prussia  went  to  war  with  Austria  in  1866  for 
the  retention  of  the  duchies,  the  Prussian 
people  mistrusted  their  rulers  and  feared  a 
bargain  with  Napoleon  for  the  cession  of  the 
Riiine  frontier.  The  sudden  and  complete 
victory  of  the  North  German  armies,  paving 
the  way  to  German  unity,  dissipated  all  doubts, 
and  nearly  reconciled  the  people  to  the  usur- 
pation of  their  liberties,  since  it  bad  led  to  the 
triumph  of  their  national  ambition.  Parliament 
at  onc«  voted  an  indemnity  for  all  military  ex- 

Eenditure.    King  Wilhelm  and  his  counselors 
egan  forthwith  to  prepare  for  the  greater 
war  that  must  ensue  from  the  refusal  of  the 
Emperor  Napoleon^s  demand  for  the  cession  of 
Mayence  and  the  Rhine  frontier  of  1814,  as 
compensation  for  German  unity  and  the  baffling 
of  his  subsequent  designs  on  Belgium  and  Lux- 
emburg.   King  Wilhelm  concluded  secret  of- 
fensive and  defensive  alliances  with  each  of  the 
South  German  states  alter  the  campaign  of 
1866,  and  therefore  acceded  without  demur  to 
the  article  placed  in  the  Treaty  of  Prague  to 
appease  French  susceptibilities,  to  the  effect 
that  those  states  should  maintain  ''  an  interna- 
tional and  independent  poaition.^^  The  Franco- 
Prussian  War  of  1870  was  planned   by  King 
Wilhelm,  under  the  guidance  of  Count  Bis- 
marck,  as  the  means    of   consolidating  the 
power  of  Prussia  and  completing  the  political 
unification  of  Germany.      Connt  Moltke,  as 
early  as  the  winter  of  1 868,  elaborated  a  com- 
plete scheme  for  the  invasion  of  France.    Na- 
poleon III  more  confidently  and  more  hastilj 
rushed  into  the  war  in   the  expectatioo  of 
crushing  the  military  power  of  Prusna  and 
retrieving  hln  political  position  at  home.  Both 
governments   were    eager    to    seize   on   the 
dispute  about  the  candidacy  of  Prince  Leopold 
of  Hohenzollern  for  the  Spanish  throne,  as  a 
device  for  kindling  popular  enthusiasm  in  the 
war.     King  Wilhelm,    accustomed    from  bis 
youth  to  a  soldier^s  fare,  marched  across  the 
frontier  with  his  armies  at  the  age  of  7S,  fre- 
quently exposed  himself  to  the  enemy *s  fire  in 
the  hottest  battles,  and   by  his  presence  in- 
spired his  troops  with  irresistible  courage. 

On  Jan.  18,  1871,  the  170th  anniversary  of 
the  coronation  of  the  first  King  of  Prussia,  the 
victorious  monarch  was  acclaimed  Genoan 
Emperor  by  the  pAnces  of  the  German  states 
and  the  commanders  of  the  army,  in  the  Hall 
of  Mirrors  at  Versailles.  As  soon  as  the  war 
was  over,  and  the  German  Elmpire  establisbed 


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WILHELM  n.  WISCONSIN.                   845 

m  a  firm  foandation.  Prince  Bismarck  engaged  president  of  the  province  of  Brandenburg,  to 

lis  master  in  a  conflict  with  the  Catholic  learn  the  practical  details  and  the  administra- 

/borch,   considering  the  lately  promulgated  tive  routine  of  the  civil  service.     He  also  had 

octrine  of  papal  infallibility  a  menace  to  the  instruction  from  Prince  Bismarck,  whom  he 

tate,  and  the  attitude  of  the  clericals  in  the  visited  once  a  fortnight.    In  military  matters 

Reichstag  an  obstacle  to  the  amalgamation  of  he  became  as  proficient  as  his  grandfather. 

be  various  elements  composing  the  Empire.  Prince  Wilhelm  (whose  full  name  is  Friedrich 

^hen  the  era  of  the  Kulturkampf  was  ended,  Wilhelm  Victor  Albrecht),  married  the  Prin- 

nd  the  force  of  Separatist  resistance  had  spent  cess  Augusta  Victoria,  daughter  of  Friedrich, 

«elf^  the  republican  and  socialistic  ideas  that  Duke  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  on  Feb.  27,  1881. 

rere  an  important  element  in  the  revolution*  The  family  consists  of  five  sons,  of  whom  the 

ry  movement  of  1848  asserted  themselves  in  eldest,  the  Crown-Prince   Friedrich  Wilhelm 

le  Social- Democratic  agitation.    A  desperado  Victor  August  Ernst,  was  bom  on  May  6, 

amed  ilddel,  inflamed  with  revolutionary  pas-  1882.    For  portraits  of  the  Emperor  Wilhelm 

on  and  desire  for  notoriety,  fired  at  the  Em-  II  and  the  Crown-Prince,  see  the  "Annual 

eror  as  he  was  passing  along  the  avenue  Un-  Cyclopiedia  ^'  for  1887,  page  821. 

sr  den  Linden,  on  May  11,  1878.    The  minis-  W1S€0NSI]|«    State  GoTcnmeDt— The  follow- 

rj  presented  a  bill  to  suppress  the  Socialist  ing  were  the  State  ofiicers  during  the  year : 

lovement,  which  the  Reichstag  rejected  by  a  Governor,  Jeremiiah    M.   Rusk,   Republican ; 

lajority  of  nearly  200  votes.    Dr.  Nobiling,  Lieutenant-Governor,  George  W.  Ryland ;  Sec- 

n  educated  Socialist,  moved  by  the  same  im-  retary  of  State,  Ernst  G.  Timme;   Treasurer, 

vises  that  actuated   HOdePs  attempt,   fired  Henry  B.  Harshaw;  Attorney-General,  Charles 

rith  buckshot  at  the  Emperor  in  his  carriage  E.  Estabrook;  SuperintendentofPublicSchools, 

n  June  2,  and  wounded  him  severely.    The  Jesse    B.  Thayer  ;    Insurance  Commissioner, 

leichstag  was  at  once  dissolved,  and  a  new  Philip  Cheek ;  Railroad  Commissioner,  Atley 

ne  passed  Prince  Bismarck's    anti-Socialist  Peterson  ;  Chief-Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 

»ill.    The  law  expired  in  1881,  and  has  been  Orsamus  Cole;  Associate  Justices,  William  P. 

epeatedly  renewed  and  strengthened.     The  Lyon,  David  Taylor,  John  B.  Cassoday,  and 

k>cial- Democratic  party,  by  the  unsparing  use  Harlow  S.  Orton. 

ft  repressive  powers,  was  diso^anized,  but  FLuiMS. — On  Oct  1,  1886,  the  balance  in 

Lot  destroyed.    At  length  the  Emperor  and  the  treasury  aggregated  $786,720.24 ;  the  total 

^is  Chancellor  turned  to  constructive  legisla-  receipts  for  the  succeeding  biennial  period  were 

ion,  in  order  to  promote  contentment  and  $5,469,996.10,  and  the  disbursements  $5,447,- 

k^ert  the  danger  of    revolution,   devising  a  072.82,  leaving  a  balance  in  the  treasury  on 

cheme  of  social  reform  that  is  intended  to  Sept.  80,  1888,  of  $750,702.44.     Of  this  bal- 

nake  the  lot  of  the  laboring-man  easier  and  ance,  there  was  in  the  general  fund  $804,189.- 

o  secure  him  against  want.    The  military  sys-  09  and  in  the  school  fund  $151,241.85.    The 

«m  has  been  developed  and  extended  on  the  receipts  of  the  general  fund  for  the  fiscal  year 

bes  approved  by  Wilhelm  I.    The  creation  of  1886-'87  were  $1,805,122.76 ;  and  thedisburse- 

lie  Prussian  army  he  considered  the  chief  task  ments  $2,171,201.79;    for  the  year  1887-^88 

»f  his  life.     His  foreign  policy  was  shaped  so  the  receipts  were  $2,284,513.26,  and  the  dis- 

is  to  retain  the  acquisitions  of  the  French  war,  bursements  $2,099,984.99.     The  receipts  from 

Jid,  to  guard  against  a  combined  attack  from  the  State  tax  for  the  former  year  were  $902,- 

^rance  and  Russia,  a  military  alliance  was  en-  484.88;  for  the  latter  year,  $996,504.41.    The 

ered  into  with  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy.  tax  on  railroads  yielded  in  the  former  year 

The  Emperor  Wilhelm  was  a  soldier  in  all  $763,994.56;  in  the  latter,  $1,068,632.96.     The 

is  habits.     He  slept  on  a  hard   couch,  ate  State  debt    on  September   30   amounted   to 

imple  food,  drank  sparingly  of  wine,  and  used  $2,251,000,  all  of  which  is  held  by  State  funds. 

o  tobacco.     He  was  pious  and  orthodox  in  Statistics. — The  assessed  valuation  for  1888  is 

is  religious  faith.  as  follows :  Personal  property,  $125,922,683 ; 

WlliHKIili  II,  Emperor  of  Germany,  bom  in  cityand  village  lots,  $152,345,964;  other  real  es- 

erlin,  Jan.  27,  1859.     He  is  the  eldest  son  of  tate,  $302,996,102 ;  total,  $581,264,749.    There 

rederich  III  of  Prussia,  the  second  Emperor  were  assessed  404,036  horses,  1.236,452  cattle, 

f  Germany,   and  of  his  wife  Victoria,  the  723,689  sheep  and  lambs,  and  540,231  swine, 

rincess  Royal  of  England.     He  early  devel-  EdicatlM* — The  whole  number  of  persons  en- 

[>ed  a  liking  for  military  affairs,  and  was  en-  rolled  between  the  ages  of  four  and  twenty 

>nraged  in  such  tastes  by  his  grandfather,  years,  June  30,  1888,  was  567,702,  and  of  this 

isming  many  details  of  tactics,  drill,  and  dis-  number  only  265,477  were  reported  as  attend- 

pline  before  he  could  read.     He  imbibed  also  ing  the  public  schools.    The  following  amounts 

le  old  Emperor's  monarchical  ideas  of  gov-  were  paid  by  the  State  for  educational  pnr- 

rnment  and  his  dislike  for  popular  represen-  poses  in  1888:  Support  of  university,  $2 18, 856- 

ttive  government.     His  earliest  teacher  was  .71 ;  nonual  schools,  $99,229.58 ;  common  and 

El  English  governess.     He  was  sent  to  Bonn  high  schools,  $3,509,786.75. 

}  study  political  science,  jurisprudence,  and  In  1885  the  Legislature  passed  an  act  giving 

lathematics,  and  in  1882,  by  his  grandfather's  ing  to  women  the  right  of  suffrage  in  munici- 

irections,  was  placed  with  Dr.  Aschenbusch,  pal  elections,  on  all  matters  relating  to  schools. 


846  WISCONSIN. 

The  State  Supreme  Ooart,  la  January,  inter-  as  reported  on  June  80,  1888,  was  $208,867,- 

preted  this  to  allow  women  to  vote  for  school-  606.27.    The  capital  stock  at  the  same  date  wu 

officers,  but  not  for  such  other  municipal  otiS-  $97,398,515.86.    The  amount  of  debt,  fanded 

cers,  like  the  mayor,  as  only  indirectly  con-  or  unfunded,  was  $117,547,909.85,  or  a  total 

trolled  educational  matters.  of  capital  stock  and  debt  of  $214,941,425.21. 

Charldes*— Wisconsin  has  a  peculiar  system  There  was  earned  on  Wisconsin  railroads  for 

for  the  maintenance  and  care  of  its  insane,  the  year  ending  June  80,  1888,  $24,891,619.06, 

This  system  includes  two  exclusively  State  in-  of  which  $6,266,259.85  was  for  transportatioD 

stitutions  and  the  Milwaukee  County  Asylum,  of  passengers,  and  $17,165,959.24  for  freigtit, 

which  is  both  governed  and  maintained  in  part  and  $1,459,400.47  for  mails,  express,  etc  There 

by  the  State.    These  institutions  have  a  normal  has  been  a  decrease  in  tiie  cost  of  freight  cxr- 

capacity  for  the  care  of  1,870  patients,  and  at  riage  in  ten  years  of  over  50  per  cent, 

the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  had  1,425  inmates.  Fisheries. — The  value  of  the  catch  of  Wiscon- 

In  addition  to  these  hospitals  proper  there  sin  fishermen  on  the  Great  Lakes  in  1888  w» 

are  now  16  county  asylums  for  the  care  of  the  $270,595.06;    value    of   property,   $837,706; 

chronic  insane,  with  two  others  in  process  of  number  of  persons  employed,  628.     Fishing  is 

erection.   The  combined  capacity  of  these  asy-  assuming  an  important  place  among  the  State 

lums  will  be  sufficient  to  accommodate  1,505  industries. 

inmates.    These  asylums,  while  they  are  main-  Militia* — The  National  Guard  consists  of  three 

tained  and  managed  by  the  counties  exclusively  regiments,  one  battalion  of  infantry,  one  troop 

in   which  they  are  situated,  yet   when  con-  of  cavalry,  and  one  light  battery,  aggregating 

ducted  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  the  State  2,282  ofiScers  and  enlisted  men.    The  expenses 

Board  of  Charities  and  Reform,  become  enti-  for  1887  were  $54,990.14,  and  for  1888,  $56,* 

tied  to  assistance  from  the  State  at  the  rate  of  927.87. 

$1.50  a  week  for  each  inmate.  P«tttfcal« — Democratic  and  Republican  State 

The  School  for  the  Deaf  cost   the    State  Conventions  for  the  choice  of  delegates  to  tbe 

$35,515.80  for  1887,  and  $37,609.29  for  1888.  National  Conventions  were  held  on  May  1  and 

The  number  of  pupils  in  attendance  in  1887  9  respectively.    On  May  23  the  Prohibitiooista, 

was  198;  in  1888,  206.    The  School  for  the  in  State  Convention  at  Madison,  selected  dde- 

Blind  maintained  73  pupils  in  1887  at  a  cost  of  gates  to  the  Indianapolis  Convention  and  nomi- 

$19,630.52,  and  84  pupils  in  1888  at  a  cost  of  nated  the  following  candidates  for  State  offices : 

$20,865.41.  for  Governor,  E.  G.  Durant;  Lientenant-Gov- 

The  last  two  Legislatures  made  provision  ernor,  Christopher  Carlson ;  Secretary  of  State, 

for  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  a  Nelson  La  Due;  Treasurer,  L.  W.  Hoyt;  At- 

State  public  school  at  Sparta.    There  has  been  torney-General,  Charles  £.  Pike ;  Superintend* 

expended  for  that  institution  $95,000  for  lands  ent  of  Public  Schools,  J.  H.  Gould :  Railroad 

and  buildings— $80,000  in  1885,  and  $65,000  Commissioner,  E.  W.  Drake;  Insnranoe  Com- 

in   1887.    Five  substantial  cottages  and  one  missioner,  S.  M.  Bixby. 

large  main  building  have  been  erected,  and  On  July  24  a  State  Convention  of  the  UnioD 

surrounding  these  is  a  farm  of  165  acres,  nearly  Labor  party  met  at  Oshkosh  and  nominated 

all  under  cultivation.    The  cost  for  current  the  following  ticket :  For  Governor,  D.  Frank 

expenses  in  1888  was  $20,128.48.    The  school  Powell ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  Nelson  £.  Al* 

was  opened  Nov.  18,  1886,  and  from  that  time  len;    Secretary  of  State,    William  M.  Lo<^- 

to  Sept.  80,  1888,  801  children  were  received,  wood;  Treasurer,  Alfred  Manheimer;  Attor- 

At  the  close  of  the  present  year  there  were  ney-General,  T.  E.  Ryan ;  Superintendent  of 

184  remaining  in  the  school.  Public  Schools,  E.  W.  Krackowitzer ;  Railroad 

Priseiis. — The  average  number  of  prisoners  Commissioner,  John  E.  Thomas;    Insarance 

confined  in  the  State  prison  in  1887  was  448 ;  Commissioner,  Rittner  Stephens.    This  ticket 

in  1888,  441.    The  total  expense  for  the  sup-  was  changed  before  the  election  by  the  sobsti- 

port  of  the  prison  for  the  past  two  years  was  tution  of  KereUio  Shawoan  for  Attomey-Geo- 

$59,825.53  for  1887,  and  $61,073.87  for  the  eral,  Joseph  W.  Stewart  for  Superintendoit  of 

fiscal  year  ending  Sept.  80,  1888.     Total  for  Public  Schools,  and  Frank  J.  Heines  for  Raii- 

the  two  years,  $120,399.40.     Of  this  amount  road  Commissioner.   Resolutions  were  adopted, 

$99,187.96  was  received  from  the  prison-labor  demanding: 

contractor.     This  leaves  the  net  cost  of  the  taxation  of  all  notes  and  mort^niges. 

prison  to  the  State  for  the  two  years,  $21,-  A 11  laws  should  be  simplified  so  that  there  is  but  o« 

211 .44.  law  on  one  subject,  and  tnat  worded  in  plain  l«Df?Q>^' 

The  Industrial  School  for  Boys  cost  the  State  which  will  enable  the  people  to  understand  tbe  is» 

for  1887,  $45,583.12;  and  for  1888,  $49,104.25.  without  paying  enormous  fees  to  lawyers. 

rru          '^     »             *                         u     1   •     loo^r  The  one-man  power  has  no  place  m  a  republic. 

The  average  population  of  the  school  m  1887  hence  all  public  officials,  &s  far  a^  practicable,  shooM 

was  334,  and  m  1888,  859.  be  elected  by  a  direct  vote  of  the  people,  and  the  TOt- 

RallNNldB* — At  the  close  of  1 888  tlie  entire  ers  be  allowed  to  recall  all  unfaithful,  ineffioieDt,  sou 

mileage  of  the  State  was  5,178  miles,  an  in-  dishonest  officials, 

crease  in  two  years  of  400  miles.     Of  this,  840  ^  revision  of  the  patent  lawTj  pving  ipventnrBt 

.,                 /^  iZ  .     Vo^      J  J^      M      •  ^ooo  premium  for  their  inventions  and  then  givnurthetrw 

miles  were  built  m  1887  and  60  miles  m  1888.  S^e  of  such  inventions  to  all  the  people,  which  viH 

The  entire  cost  of  the  railroads  of  Wisconsin,  prevent  the  system  of  monopoly  now  existing,  ml 


WYOMING  TERRITORY.  847 

obbery  of  both  inyenton  and  the  people  by  erwise  to  carry  ODt  the  provisions  of  the  law, 
and  greedy  capitaliats.  and  has  control  of  the  funds  derived  from  such 
Republican  Convention  for  the  nomina-  sales.  A  law  providing  for  a  more  strict  ob- 
viate officers  met  at  Milwaukee  on  Aug.  servance  of  the  Sabbath  was  passed.  Three 
>n  the  first  formal  ballot  chose  William  new  counties  were  created — Converse  from  por- 
d  as  candidate  for  Governor.  All  the  tions  of  Laramie  and  Albany  Counties,  Sheri- 
ate  officers  were  renominated.  Avery  dan  from  a  portion  of  Johnson  County,  and 
itform  was  adopted,  including  the  fol-  Natrona  out  of  a  portion  of  Carbon  County. 

The  two  former  were  organized  during  the 

agard  to  the  affairs  of  the  State,  they  [the  Re-  year.     A  law  for  the  promotion  of  immigra- 

of  Wisconain]  offer  as  the  best  guarantee  of  tion  makes  the  Secretary  of  the  Territory  a 

e  Mid  the  strongest  claim  to  the  continued  commissioner  of  immigration,  and  provides  a 

e  ot  the  people,  the  record  of  the  present  Re-  ^^„ii  «^^«^^«;„4^^«  *^»  k;„  ««^  ;«  »,oi,:»r.  i,»^„,» 

Administration  and  its  predecessSrs.    It  Is  a  smaU  appropnationfor  hisuse  in  makmg  known 

the  honest,  economical,  impartial  and  judi-  the  advantages  of  the  Territory.   A  rearrange- 

>lication  of  sound  business  methods  to  the  ment  of  legislative  districts  and  a  reapportion- 

»f  the  various  departments  of  the  State  Gov-  ment  of  members  of  the  Legislature  was  made 

necessary  by  the  creation  of  new   counties, 

democratic  State  Convention  met  at  Congress  was  memorialized  to  provide  for  the 

cee  Sept.  6,  and  nominated  James  Mor-  early  admission  of  the  Territory  as  a  State, 

jrovemor,  Andrew  Kull  for  Lieutenant-  The  bounty  laws  were  repealed.    Other  acts  of 

)r,  August  C.  Larson  for  Secretary  of  the  session  were  as  follow  : 

heodore  Kersten  for  Treasurer,  Timo-  Authorizing  the  Governor  to  designate  Arbor  Day, 

Ryan   for   Attorney  -  General,   Amos  and  to  encourage  tree- planting, 
or  Superintendent  of  Schools,  Herman  Regulating  tHe  business  of  foreign  mutual  life-in- 
br  Railroad  Commissioner,  and  Evan  surence  companies  in  the  Territory.   ,.     ,   .^^_. 
»o  #v^»  i^c.^^^^^^  r«^,«,«;«^:^«««  Reqmnng  all  banks  (except  national  banks)  to  pub- 
is for  Insurance  Commissioner.  ij^^  ?wom  statements  once  each  quarter,  regarding 
e  November  election,  Hoard  received  their  financial  condition,  and  providing  penalties  for 
emor  175,690  votes;  Morgan,  155,423  receiving  deposits  when  the  bank  is  in  an  insolvent 
Durant,  14,878;   Powell,  9,196.     The  condition.                          .    .v   rr      ♦           a 
ndidates  on  the  Republican  ticket  were  ,iS^?oW^-%rn  ^l^pr^vS^ 0?^;^ 
cted.     The  Legislature  chosen  at  the  are  violated: 

ae  will  be  composed  as  follows :  Sen-  Making  it  a  felony  to  sign  any  false  certificate  of 

publicans  24,  Democrats  6,  Union  La-  acknowledgment  or  jurat, 

n    2,    Independent    1;    House  — Re-  Authorizing  the  semi-annual  payment  of  interest 

IS   70,  Democrats   18,  Independent  1.  ^^Prohibiting  the  unauthorized  wearing  of  the  Grand 

atio  Congressmen  were  chosen  m  the  Army  badge  and  using  the  letters  "  G.  A.  R."  for 

and  Fifth  Districts,  and  Republicans  in  business  purposes, 

aining  seven  districts.  Requiring  owners  and  operators  of  oil-lands  to  plug 

►posed  amendment  to  the  Constitution,  fti®^.  '^^^^ ^  ^,?  ^^"i^ "f  *f ^  water  from  the  oil- 

|/v«^    a  u^uuiucui.  vsj  i;uo  vyvuabibubiuu,  1,^^^^^^  rock,  and  to  exclude  the  oil  and  gas  from  the 

be  Legislature  power  to  prescnbe  the  water  before  abandonment. 

duties,  and  compensation  of  the  State  Providing  for  the  exercise  of  the  right  of  eminent 

tendent  of  Schools,  was  defeated,  12,-  domain  by  railroad  companies. 

5S  in  favor  of  it  and  18,842  against  it.  boST^J'^Sbulf  insffionl  ^®"^*^"*^          "  ^^ 

mQ    TERUTORT.      Tenrittrial    CUlfcra-  Providing  forThe^org^ization,  management,  and 

lie  toll  owing  were  the  Territorial  offi-  control  of  banks,  banking  institutions,  savings-banks, 

ing  the  year :  Governor,  Thomas  Moon-  and  trust  and  loan  companie?. 

ecretary  of  Territory,  Samuel  D  Shan-  To  protect  grazing  lands  of  Wyoming  from  live- 

uditor,  Mortimer  N.  Grant ;  Treasurer,  »^^  Ji'^^^liTriSJ,'L  ""^  *      Territory  from 

Pr%          a,j.               J  J  u     T    1     TT  other  states  and  lemtones. 

.  Gannett,  succeeded  by  Luke  Voor-  Creating  the  office  of  Territorial  Engineer,  and  oon- 

ittorney  -  General,   Hugo   Donzelman  ;  ceming  appropriation  of  water, 

tendent  of  Education,  John  Slaughter  ;  Regulating  the  practice  of  pharmacy, 

istice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  William  Providing  for  the  release  of  dower   by  married 

nnis;  Associates,  Samuel  T  Corn  and  "^T^^^ake  the  mechanics'  lien   laws  of  Laramie 

.  Blair,  succeeded  by  M.  C.  Saufley.  County  applicable  to  all  parts  of  the  Territory. 

ttlfe  SmbIm. — The  tenth  Territorial  Leg-  Providing  a  method  tor  the  taxation  of  live-stock 

was  in  session  from  Jan.  10  to  March  on  tiie  open  range.                  ,    ^    ,  ,.  .  .  . 

most  important  legislation  relative  to  Providing  for  the  bondmg  of  school  distncts. 

nstitutions  and  the  Territorial  finances  FlimcM* — The  Territorial  debt  at  the  begin- 

ised  below.  The  so-called  "  maverick  "  ning  of  the  year  was  $230,  in  the  form  of  6- 

w  was  repealed  at  this  session,  and  in  per-cent  bonds,  issued  to  raise  funds  for  the 

[  an  act  was  passed  creating  a  board  of  construction  of  necessary  public  buildings.    It 

»ck    commissioners,   consisting  of  one  was  increased  to  $320,000  by  the  Legislature 

from  each  county,  appointed  by  the  of  this  year,  which  authorized  the  issue  of 

)r  for  two  years.    This  board  has  the  $90,000  in  6-per-cent  bonds  payable  in  forty 

nent  of  local  stock-inspectors,  who  are  years.    These  bonds  were  sold  at  an  average 

up  and  sell  estrays,  mavericks,  and  oth-  premium  of  12  per  cent. 


848 


The  asMSBed  Tsluation  of  the  Territorj  is 
about  $31,000,000,  or  over  $1,000,000  less  than 
in  1S87.  As  the  LeKisktare  increaaed  the 
bonded  debt  up  to  the  preaeribed  limit  of  one 
per  cent.  oF  the  valuatioa  on  the  basis  of  the 
assessment  for  I88T,  whiob  was  tbe  lateat  then 
available,  it  follows  that  the  Territorial  in- 
debtedness of  $320,000  now  exceeds  the  one 
per  cenL  limit.  The  valuation  of  railroad  prop- 
erty, included  in  the  above  total,  was  $6,908,- 
9S4,  an  increase  of  over  $150,000  above  18S7. 
The  tax-lev;  for  Territorial  pnrpoeeB  waa  in 
creased  this  year  from  slightly  over  8  milld  ii 
168T  to  1)^^  mills,  apportioned  as  follows 
General  fund,  H  mills ;  Oapitol-boilding  food, 


$80,000  this  year  fur  its  completion  and  eo* 
largement.  For  finishing  and  enlar^ng  tb« 
new  University  building  $25,000  was  appro- 
priated. A  Penitentiary  building  at  Rawlios 
was  also  provided  for  by  the  Legislaturo  of  ibis 
year,  $80,000  being  appropriated.  The  snm  of 
$6,000  was  appropriated  for  a  Poor  Asrinm 
hailding  at  I.ander,  which  shall  cost,  when 
completed,  not  more  than  $25,000.  A  baild- 
iug  tor  tbe  Deaf,  Durab,  and  Blind  Asylam  iI 
Cheyenne  has  been  erected,  with  the  appro- 
priation of  $8,000  made  by  the  L^alatan  of 
1686  for  that  purpose,  but  no  provision  baa  jet 
been  made  for  the  snpport  or  management  et 
the  institution,  and  tbe  building  is  unused. 


21  mills:  nniversity  income-tax,  ^  mill;  Ter- 
ntorial  bond-tax,  -fi,  of  a  mill ;  insane  aaylura 
bond-tax,  -,V  o''^  '>''"  i  stock  indemnity  fond, 
T^  of  a  mill. 

POUe  Balldlap.— Prior  to  1886  the  Territory 
was  almost  without  public  buildings,  but  the 
Legislatures  of  that  and  the  present  year  have 
provided  liberally  therefor.  The  Capilol-build- 
mg,  begun  in  1S86,  was  so  far  completed  in 
January  as  to  he  occupied  by  the  Legislature 
during  the  session,  the  sum  of  $1GO,000  being 
expended  in  its  erection.  A  further  appropria- 
tion of  $126,000  waa  made  this  year  for  eu' 
lai^ng  the  building  by  the  addition  of  wines. 
and  an  extra  tax  of  2^  mills  was  imposed  for 
1888  and  1889  to  raise  this  som.  The  building 
already  completed  is  a  snhstnntial  structure  of 
cut  and  dressed  stone,  provided  with  the  latest 
modern  conveniences. 

The  Insane  Asylum  building,  for  which  $80,- 
000  waa  appropriated  in  1886,  received  another 


le  latest  report  of  the  Teni- 
torial  Superintendent,  for  the  year  ending  wilh 
October,  188T.  presents  the  following  statistics: 
Number  of  school -houses,  124 ;  schoola,  197: 
male  pupils,  2.BS0 ;  female  pupils,  2,73i: 
teachers,  231.  The  average  monthlv  salarj;  of 
teachers  was  $BB.90.  The  first  year  of  the 
University  of  Wyoming,  which  beiran  on  S*pt 
1,  1887.  was  considered  successful.  An  idji- 
tional  appropriation  of  $25,000  for  the  conlpl^ 
tion  of  the  University  building  at  LaramieCiiy 
was  made  by  the  Legislature  this  year,  and  the 
annual  levy  for  lis  support  was  increased  Aon 
one  fourth  to  one  hsif  of  a  mill,  providing  an 
income  for  1888-'89  of  about  $15,500.  The 
school  and  university  public  lands  given  bv  ibe 
Federal  Government  to  the  rariona  States  toil 
Territories  for  ednoational  pnrpoaea,  do  not  K' 
law  become  availahle  until  Statehood  is  •>- 
tained,  but,  by  a  special  law  passed  by  ConerHi 
in  August,  the  Territory  of  Wyoming  is  sniiM^ 


YOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION. 


849 


ized  to  lease  these  laDd:»  for  a  term  not  exceed- 
ing five  years,  and  a  considerable  increased 
revenue  to  both  the  school  and  nniversitj 
fands  is  expected  from  these  leases. 

Settteneiit. — The  total  number  of  acres  of  the 
public  domain  taken  up  in  Wyoming,  up  to  and 
inclusive  of  June  30, 1887,  was  2,041,730 ;  dur- 
ing the  year  ending  June  80,  1888,  817,356 ; 
total,  2,359,086.  This  is  scarcely  one  thirtieth 
of  the  area  of  the  Territory. 

BaBfiadfli — The  report  of  the  Governor,  dated 
in  September,  shows  that  139  miles  of  new  road 
were  constructed  during  the  preceding  twelve 
months,  making  the  total  length  of  railroads 
891  miles.  Tbe  Wyoming  Central  has  extended 
lU  road  as  far  west  as  Fort  Casper,  or  the  old 
Platte  Bridge,  a  distance  of  about  132  miles  in 
tbe  Territory,  and  for  the  present  seems  to  rest 
there.  The  Cheyenne  and  Northern  has  com- 
pleted the  road  to  the  Platte  river  in  a  north- 
westerly direction  from  Cheyenne,  125  miles. 
Tiie  Burlington  and  Missouri  Railroad  has  in 
operation  a  line  to  Cheyenne  from  Sterling,  on 
the  South  Platte  river,  29  miles. 

CmL — Every  county  in  the  Territory  has  its 
deposits  of  coal,  which  are  nowhere  at  such 
depth  as  to  make  mining  expensive.  No  an- 
thracite coal  has  been  discovered.  The  largest 
mines  are  those  operated  by  the  Union  Pacific 
Railroad  Company.  Returns  from  all  the  large 
companies  show  that  the  total  product  for  1887 
was  about  1,170,818  tons.  / 

PMItictL— The  Democratic  Territorial  Con- 
vention met  at  Cheyenne,  on  October  6,  and 
nominated  Caleb  Perry  Organ  for  delegate  to 
Congress.  The  resolutions  include  the  follow- 
ing: 


T)ie  Democrats  heartily  favor  the  aopointment  of 
residents  of  the  Territory  to  the  Federal  offices. 

We  desire  io  place  ourselves  on  record  as  being 
emphatically^  opposed  to  the  lavish  use  of  money  in 
our  Territorial  and  local  elections. 

We  believe  the  people  of  this  Territory  are  law- 
abiding,  and  their  sense  of  justice  is  sufficiently 
strong,  with  the  ^d  of  their  local  government,  not 
onlv  to  maintain  the  public  peace  but  to  protect  public 
ana  private  property,  and  are  therefore  opposed  to  the 
importation  of  roreign  police  meroenaries. 

On  October  10  the  Republican  Territorial 
Convention  met  at  Cheyenne,  and  renomi- 
nated Delegate  Joseph  M.  Carey.  The  platform 
contains  the  following : 

The  Republloans  of  Wyoming  favor  home  rulCf  and 
will  hail  with  delight  the  era  of  self-government. 
We  now  have  the  taxable  wealth  and  the  population 
necessary  to  support  a  State  government,  and,  being 
therefore  entitled  to  admission  into  tbe  Union,  we  ear- 
nestly favor  such  Congressional  legislation  as  will  en- 
able us  to  adopt  a  Constitution  and  secure  the  rights 
of  Statehood. 

We  favor  the  adoption  and  enforcement  of  a  liberal 
and  honest  policy  relating  to  the  deposition  of  the 
public  lands,  and  we  farther  urge  the  importanoe  of 
securing  Government  aid  in  the  construction  of  reser- 
voirs in  which  the  waters  of  Wyoming  may  be  stored 
for  the  use  of  the  people. 

The  Republican  party  is  strenuously  opposed  to  the 
use  of  money  for  the  purpose  of  influencing  votes,  and 
heartily  condemns  tuis  outrageous  practice,  which 
was  so  early  introduced  into  our  Terntorial  elections 
by  the  Democracy. 

Both  parties  declare  their  strong  opposition 
to  Chinese  immigration.  At  the  November 
election,  Carey  received  10,451  votes,  and  Or- 
gan, 7,557.  Members  of  the  next  Territorial 
Legislature  were  chosen  as  follow  :  Senate,  Re- 
publicans, 5 ;  Democrats,  7 ;  House,  Republi- 
cansy  17;  Democrats,  7. 


Y 


TOVMC}  Hiara  CHRIOTIAH  ASSOCIATIOM.    The 

"  Tear-Book "  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  for  1888  gives  lists  of  1,250  asso- 
ciations in  America,  and  3,840  in  the  world. 
Of  the  American  associations,  77  are  engaged 
specially  in  work  among  railroad  men,  10 
among  German-speaking  young  men,  273  in 
colleges,  29  among  colored  men,  and  18  among 
Indians ;  226  make  mention  in  their  reports  of 
classes  in  from  one  to  fifteen  branches  of  study, 
287  of  special  attention  to  physical  culture 
through  gymnasiums  and  other  sports,  63  of 
special  work  among  commercial  travelers,  158 
of  organized  boys'  departments,  and  435  of 
woman^s  auxiliaries.  Among  other  special 
^rvices  spoken  of  are  898  Bible-classes,  867 
Bible  training  classes,  and  661  weekly  prayer- 
meetings.  The  associations  employ  752  men 
for  their  entire  time  as  secretaries  and  assistant 
secretaries.  The  whole  number  of  members 
in  the  American  associations  is  175,000,  the 
buildings  owned  by  them  are  valued  at  $5,609,- 
265,  and  their  entire  property  at  $7,261,658. 
The  expenditure  in  1887  was  $1,181,338  in 

VOL.  ZZTIIL — 64  A 


local  work,  and  $104,949  in  general  work. 
From  other  countries  there  were  reported  to 
the  International  Conference  at  Stockholm : 


COUNTRIES. 


Orest  Britain  and  Ireland  . . 

Oermany 

Holland  

Switzerland .  

France 

Sweden 

Belfiriuni 

Denmark 

Spain 

Italy 

Turkey 

Austria-Hungary . 

Russia 

Norway 

Asia 

Africa. 

Australia  and  New  Zealand 


Manbuv. 


fil,518 

8^7M 

7,40» 

fi,000 

8fiO 

800 

41ft 

1,66T 

160 

480 

85 

95 

850 

090 

450 

580 

5,500 


The  associations  of  the  world  are  represented 
in  an  International  Union,  which  has  a  Central 
Executive  Committee  composed  of  delegates 
from  each  nationality,  with  a  president,  secre- 
tary, and  offices  at  Geneva.  Through  this  com- 
mittee are  arranged  the  triennial  World's  Con- 


I 


INDEX    TO   THIS   VOLUME. 


omplete  index  to  the  preceding  twelve  volumes  is  issued  separately. 


D,  the,  752. 

Tunah  S.,  sketchf  621. 

on,  constant  of,  56. 

'»  1 

ia,  2. 

s  at   Athens,  disooveriee 

!6. 

ohn  Johnston,  sketch,  621. 

sts,  Seventh-Day,  5. 

(tan,  6,  489. 

loathem,  map  of,  123. 

[Cornelius  £ea,  sketch,  621. 

,1- 

ire,  United  States  Depart- 
t  of,  established,  234. 

imos  Bronson,  sketch  and 
rait,  10. 

Louisa   May,  sketch  and 
rait,  11. 

or,      Edmund       Brooks, 
ch,  621. 
353. 

>hn  B.,  nominated,  838. 
►27. 

m,  524. 
Charles  U.,  nominated, 

tics,  752. 

I,  A.  F.,  nominated,  241. 
Churches,  12. 
»ff,  Gen.,  7. 
1, 158. 

rerty  Society,  20. 
ics,  752. 

ialist  law,  370 ;  the  move- 
^758. 
tion,  556. 
IS,  chemical,  148. 
on,  international,  284 ;  be- 
n  Costa  Rica  and  Nicara- 
618. 
iy,  509. 

>gy,  21. 

op,  powers  of,  14. 
e  Republic,  34. 
37. 


Arkansas,  39. 

Armenian  agitation,  the,  769. 

Amason,  Jon,  sketch,  659. 

Arnold,  Matthew,  sketch  and  per- 
tra'c,  41. 

Arsenic,  144 

Arthur  Kill  Bridge,  298. 

Art.    See  Fine  Arts. 

Arts,  chemistry  of  the,  143. 

Asia,  Central,  railway  in,  7. 

Associations  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science,  42. 

Asteroids,  50. 

Astronomical  prog^ress  and  discov- 
ery, 46. 

Atlantic  Ocean,  hydrography,  58. 

Atomic  weights,  146. 

Australia,  60. 

Austria-Hungary,  67. 

Ayres,  Romeyn  Beck,  sketch,  621. 

Babylonian  documents,  30. 
Babylonian  Exploration  fund,  88. 
Bacon,  John  William,  sketch,  621. 
Bacteriology,  752. 
Baden,  Prince  Ludwig  Wilhelm, 

sketch,  659. 
Bagally,  Sir  Richard,  sketch,  660. 
Bahama  Islands,  889. 
Baker,  William  E.,  sketch,  621. 
Balance  of  power,  72. 
Baldissera,  Gen.,  3. 
Bald-Knobbers,  the,  565. 
Baldwin,  Charles  H.,  sketch,  622. 
Ballet,  the,  581. 
Baltic  provinces,  the,  727. 
Banks,  national,  785. 
Baptists,  74. 
Barbadoes,  889. 
Barcelona  exhibition,  748. 
Bargash,  Ben  Said,  sketch,  660. 
Barnard,  Daniel  P.,  sketch,  622. 
Barnes,  Alfred  Smith,  sketch,  622. 
Barnes,  Demas,  sketch,  622. 
Barron,  Samuel,  sketch,  622. 
Bartsch,  Karl  F  ,  sketch,  660. 
Barttelot,  M^jor,  295  et  $eq. 


Battye,  Col.  Richmond,  killed,  486. 

Bazaine,  Francois  Achille,  sketch 
and  portrait,  80. 

Beard,  Charles,  sketch,  660. 

Beds,  folding,  81. 

Beech,  Major,  2. 

Beggars,  184. 

Belden,  David,  sketch,  622. 

Belgium,  84. 

Bellew,  Francis  H.  T.,  sketch,  623. 

Bellova  Railroad,  seizure  of,  116. 

Benares,  bridge  at,  299. 

Benedictine  monks,  288. 

Beni  Zemour,  rebellion  of,  574. 

Berber  tribes,  revolt  of,  576. 

BeiYniigne,  Abel,  sketch,  660. 

Bergh,  Henry,  sketch,  623. 

Bermuda,  839. 

Bessels,  Emil,  sketch,  623. 

Bethesda,  Pool  of,  31. 

Betting,  87. 

Bevier  troubles,  566. 

B^zique,  89. 

Bible  Christian  Connection,  546. 

Bible  societies,  92. 

Bierly,  W.  R.,  nominated,  263. 

Bigelow,  G.  E.,  nominated,  587. 

Birdwood,  Sir  George,  7. 

Birge,  Henry  Warner,  sketch,  628. 

Birmingham,  159. 

Black-death,  811. 

Black  mountain  expedition,  486. 

Blfdr  educational  bill,  tlie,  284. 

Blizzard  of  March,  1888,  with  illus- 
tration, 602. 

Boats,  house,  416,  et  »eq.;  collaps- 
able, 93 ;  submarine,  798. 

Bobbott,  Albert,  sketch,  628. 

Bodlcy,  Rachel  L.,  sketch,  624. 

Bogart,  William  Henry,  sketch,  624. 

BoggM,  Charles  Stuart,  sketch,  624. 

BoUn^,  96. 

Book  of  the  Dead,  31. 

Books.    See  Litbraturb. 

Booth,  James  Curtis,  sketch,  624. 

Borneo,  97. 

Botkin,  J.  D.,  nominated,  461. 


} 


i.^ 


854 

Boulangbm,  847. 

Boundary,  of  tlie  Notherlanditf  87. 

Bounties,  472. 

Bourn  amendment,  the,  715. 

Bovee,  Marvin  U.,  sketch,  624. 

Bowling  Green,  159. 

Boxing,  98. 

Boyce,  JameB  Petigru,  sketch,  625. 

Brace,  Benjamin  F.,  sketch,  625. 

Brain  and  nervous  system,  the,  753. 

BramwelU  Sir  F.  J.,  his  address,  46. 

Brand,  Sir  J.  H.,  sketch,  660. 

Brazil,  108. 

Bremen,  incorporation  of,  872. 

Brenner,  Carl,  sketch,  625. 

Brethren  in  ChrL$t,  United,  770. 

Brewster,  Benjamin  H., sketch,  625. 

Brickwork,  106. 

Bridges.    See  Enginskrino. 

Brigandage,  115. 

Brigham,  David,  sketch,  625. 

Brightly, Frederick C,  sketch,  625. 

Brinton,  Daniel  G.,  his  address, 

44. 
Brown,  John  H.  H.,  sketch,  625. 
Bubastis,  monuments  at,  28. 
Buddhism,  109. 

Buddington,  Sidney  O.,  sketch,  625. 
Building  and  loan  associations,  245. 
Bulgaria,  111. 

Bulkley,  John  W.,  sketch,  626. 
Bullard,  Asii,  sketch,  626. 
Bureau.  Achillc,  sketch,  626. 
Burial,  law  of,  116. 
Burleigh,  E.  C,  nominated,  510. 
Burmah,  487. 

Bptler,  David,  nominated,  587. 
Butter,  analy.<4is  of,  144. 
Buttinger,  William,  sketch,  628. 

Cable,  submarine,  574. 
(<ables.    See  Cordaob. 
Caine,  John  T.,  nominated,  882. 
Calgary,  160. 
California,  117. 
California.  Lower,  547. 
Calvinistic  Methodist  Church,  705. 
Cameron,  Sir  D.  A.,  sketch,  660. 
Campbell,  Bartley,  sketch,  62G. 
CAmpbell,  Jacob  M.,  sketch,  626. 
Camps  for  boys,  120. 
Canada,  Dominion  of,  275. 
Canals,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio,  51 G ; 

Erie,    606 ;    Nicaragua,    614 ; 

Panama,  854;    St.  Lawrence, 

284 ;  Suez,  289 ;  hydraulic  lltt 

in,  800. 
Canterbury,  Convocation  of,  15. 
Canton,  160. 
Cape  Colony,  122. 
Car-building,  128. 
Carey,  J.  M.,  renominated,  849. 
Carll,  David,  sketch,  626. 
Camot,  Lazare  H.,  sketch,  660. 
Carney,  Thomas,  sketch,  626. 
Carr,  Edi^ar  L.,  nominated,  594. 


INDEX. 

Corskadon,  T.  R.,  nominated,  842. 

Carter,  T.  H.,  nominated,  569. 

Cass,  George  W.,  sketch,  626. 

Catacazy,  M.,  269. 

Catalogues  of  stars,  56. 

Cathsart,  Charles  W.,  sketch,  627. 

Cattle  diseases,  586. 

Caves  of  the  troglodytes,  83. 

Celtic  earthworks,  24. 

Centennial  celebrations,  670. 

Central  American  Union  move- 
ment, 255. 

CephissuB,  discoveries  at,  26. 

Cerigo,  temple  at,  27. 

Charity  organization,  184. 

Charkhi,  Gen.,  6. 

Chattanooga,  160. 

Choever,  Byron  W.,  sketch,  626. 

Chemistry,  187  ;  analytical,  144. 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  516. 

Cheyenne,  161;  St«te- House  at, 
illustration,  848. 

Chili,  151. 

China,  158. 

Chine:<^e.  labor  and  immigration,  62, 
119,  156,  226,  888. 

Cholera,  151,  817. 

Chouteau,  Berenice,  sketch,  626. 

Christman,  Joseph  A.,  sketch,  627. 

Christianity,  Introduction  of,  com- 
memorated, 728;  Society  for 
Promoting,  709. 

Church  Congress,  19. 

Church  of  God,  the,  77. 

Church  property  confiscated,  881. 

Cinchona-bark,  97. 

Circulation  of  the  blood,  691. 

Cities,  American,  recent  growth 
of,  158. 

Civil-Service  Commission,  United 
States,  880,  772. 

Civilization,  archaic,  25. 

Clarke,  James  Freeman,  sketch, 
627. 

Clarke,  W.  A.,  nominated,  669. 

Clouds,  582. 

Cocoa,  287. 

Coffee-planting,  254. 

Coffin,  Koland  Folger,  sketch,  627. 

Coinage,  United  States,  78G. 

Coir,  247. 

Collins,  Richard  H.,  sketch,  628. 

Colombia,  175. 

Colonization,  255  ;  German,  127. 

Colorado,  179. 

Colyer,  Vincent,  sketch,  628. 

Comets,  50. 

Commercial  travelen,  decision  con- 
cerning, 766. 

Communion  service,  water  in,  14. 

Concord  School  of  Philosophy,  11. 

Condor's  "  Basis  of  Faith,"  quot- 
ed, 7. 

Confederate  monument,  568. 

Confederate  soldiers,  861. 

Congo  Free  State,  182. 


Congregationalists,  188. 

Congress,  National,  in  India,  431 

Congress  of  the  United  States,  188: 
contested  elections  in,  235. 

Conkling,  Bosooe,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, 237. 

Connecticut,  2S8. 

Contested  elections  in  the  CoDgrw 
of  the  United  States,  235. 

Conventions,    national     politiciL 
See  article  United  States. 

Convict  system,  in  Alabama,  8. 

Co-operation,  241. 

Copper,  525. 

Copyright  bill,  international,  234. 

Corcoran,  William  W.,  sketch,  688. 

Cordage,  247. 

Corea,  252. 

Corliss.  George  Henry,  sketch,  621 

Com  Island,  annexation  of,  61S. 

Comacchia,  Capt,  4. 

Correnti,  Cesare,  sketch,  660. 

Corti,  Luigi,  sketch,  660. 

CosU  Rica,  253. 

Council  Bluffii,  162. 

Craig,  James,  sketcli,  629. 

Crammer,  S.  H.,  nominated,  2Si. 

Crampton,  John  F.,  269. 

Crampton,  Thomas  H.,  sketch,  Ml. 

Cremation,  Progress  of,  255. 

Crispi,  Signor,  4. 

Crocker,  Charles,  sketch,  629. 

Crottera,  the,  892. 

Crosby,  George  Avery,  sketch,  89. 

Cruisers,  New.  See  UvrnDSrATis 
Navy. 

Cuba,  256. 

Currency  circulation,  785. 

Curtis,  Samuel  J.,  sketch,  639. 

Cyprus  Exploration  Amd,  37. 


Dahlgreu,  Charles  O.,  sketch,  fS9. 
Dakota,  269. 
Dancing  mania,  812. 
Danube,  Commission  of  the,  719. 
Darley,  Felix  Octayius  Cair,  skctei 

and  portrait,  629. 
Davidge,  William  P.,  sketch,  fiSO. 
Davis,  Edwin  H.,  sketch,  690. 
Davis,  €reoige    Trumbull  Uooit, 

sketch,  680. 
Davis,  John  W.,  renominated,  71& 
Dawkins,  William,  his  address,  4i 
Dawson,      Benjamin     Frederick, 

sketch,  680. 
Deaconess  Institution,  605. 
Debray,  Jules  H.,  sketch,  661. 
Debt,  United  States  national,  78i 
Decatur,  162. 
Deep- Water   Harbor  Conveiiti«>t 

180. 
Delaware,  263. 
Delius,  NikohiuB,  sketch,  661. 
Denmark,  265. 
Denny,  Mr.,  in  Corea,  25S. 
Denver,  Capitol-building  st*  IT'* 


INDEX. 


855 


mts,  United  States  Gov- 
lent,  875. 

riUiAm  B.  C,  sketch,  601. 
I  system,  the,  698. 
im,  William  P.,  nominat- 
34. 

,  discoveries  at,  26. 
es,  dismission  of,  268. 
K-bill,  the,  229. 
in  1888,  269. 
of  Christ,  272. 
n,  272. 

DHver,  sketch   and  por- 
680. 

Oliver  H.,nominated,619. 
Havre,  801. 
attle  of,  2. 
1  of  Canada,  276. 
,  Ignatius,  nominated,  659. 
ler,  William,  sketch,  681. 
url  Daniel  Adolf,  sketch, 

IT  Francis  H.,  sketch,  661. 
:  in  New  York  harbor, 
S04. 

lomas,  sketch,  681. 
)me,  illu?$tration,  606. 
o^ph  W.,  sketch,  631. 
le,  John  C,  sketch,  632. 
Charles  T.  E.,  sketch,  661. 
George,  sketch,  682. 
Francis,  sketch,  661. 
Aaron  Kline,  sketch,  682. 
Gteorge  Kelly,  sketch,  682. 
Edward  Swift,8ketch,682. 
Fj.  G.,  nominated,  846. 
168. 

William,  sketch,  632. 
listletoc,  bis  address,  46. 
B-gun,  796. 
a  plot,  897. 

illiam  H.,  242. 
kes,  158,  288,  550,  880. 
Tilliam,  sketch,  661. 
"e,  168. 

)elane  B.,  sketch,  688. 
60. 
286. 

1,  Bepjamin,  sketch,  638. 
^. 

cploration  fund,  28. 
wer,  the,  809,  810. 

P.,  nominated,  462. 
frauds,  440,  841. 

contested  in  the  Congre.'^s 
e  United  States,  235. 
,  presidential  in  the  Unit- 
;ates,  799. 
y,  536. 

zekiel  Brown,  sketch,  688. 
ashington  L.,  sketch,  688. 

ition  in  Brazil,  105. 
iha,  sketch,  295. 
ing,  297. 


Epidemics,  811. 

Episcopal   Church  in  the  United 

States,  708. 
Equatorial  provinces,  294. 
Erie  Canal,  606. 
£tez,  Antoine,  sketch,  661. 
Evangelical  Association,  818. 
Eventaof  1838,  818. 
Everslcy,  Charles   Shaw-Lefevre, 

sketch,  662. 
Exchange,  foreign,  825. 
Exploration,  86,  97, 106,  256. 
Eye,  the,  754. 

Fairbanks,  Horace,  sketch,  688. 
Falkland  Inlands,  87. 
Farmers'  Conventions,  460,  618. 
Fassiller,  discovery  at,  88. 
Ferrer,  Martha  W.,  sketch,  688. 
Ferry-boat,  double  -  ender  -  screw, 

801. 
Feycn-Perrin,    Francois,    sketch, 

662. 
Fyi,  67. 

Finances  of  the  United  States,  782. 
Financial  review  of  1888,  821. 
Fine  arts  in  1883,  882. 
Fisher,  Charles  Henry,  sketch,  683. 
Fisheries,  510, 706, 846 ;  treaty,  217. 
Fitzgerald,  Prof.,  his  address,  45. 
Fleischer,     Heinrich      Leberecht, 

sketch,  662. 
Fleming,  A.  B.,  nominated,  842. 
Fleming,  Francis  P.,  nominated, 

841. 
Floquet  Cabinet,  846. 
Florida,  839. 
Fort  Wayne,  164. 
Foster,  Joshua,  sketch,  684. 
Foster,  Melvin,  sketch,  684. 
Fouratt,  Enoe,  sketch,  634. 
Fowlc,  Daniel  G.,  nominated,  619. 
France,  342. 

Francis,  David  B.,  nominated,  566. 
Free  and  Open  Church  Association, 

18. 
Free  Church  of  Scotland,  704. 
Freezing-mixture,  147. 
Freshets,  841. 
Friedrich  Wilhelin  Nicolaus  Karl, 

sketch,  854 ;  his  diary,  868. 
Friends,  858. 

Froudo,  James  A.,  quoted,  7. 
Fruitlands,  11. 
Fuller,  Melville  Weston,  sketch  and 

portrait,  359. 
Fullerton,  William,  Jr.,  sketch,  684. 

Galliere,  Duchess  of,  sketch,  662. 
Galton,  Francis,  experiments,  421. 
Gambling,  bucket-shop,  283. 
Garabit  viaduct,  310. 
Gardner,  William  S.,  sketch,  684. 
Garfield,  Eliza  Ballou,  sketch,  634. 
Gamett,  Alexander  Yelverton  Pey- 
ton, sketch,  684. 


Gas-holder,  large,  808. 

Gkis,  natural,  440. 

Gay,  Sydney  Howard,  sketch  and 
portrait,.  634. 

Gkneral,  bill  reviving  grade  of,  284. 

Genet,  Citizen,  268. 

Georgia,  360. 

Gknuany,  862. 

Gibson,  George,  sketch,  685. 

Gibson,  Walter  M.,  sketch,  685. 

Gilbert,  Addison,  sketch,  635. 

Gilchrist,  Bobert,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, 875. 

Gillespie,  Col.  G.  L.,  802. 

Gillmore,  Quincy  Adams,  sketch 
and  portrait,  635. 

Gleiar,  George  Bobert,  sketch,  662. 

Glenwood  Springs,  164. 

Godin,  St.  Jean  B.  A.,  sketch,  662. 

Godwin,  George,  sketch,  668. 

Goff,  Nathan,  nominated,  842. 

Gold,  526. 

Golden  rose,  the,  716. 

Gold-mining  in  Wales,  892. 

Goldsmith,  Oliver  B.,  sketch,  686. 

Gondinet,  Edmond,  sketch,  668. 

Goodell,  David  H.,  nominated,  594. 

Good,  John,  his  inventions,  250. 

Gosse,  Philip  Henry,  sketch,  668. 

Gould,  George  W.,  nominated,  715. 

Government  departments  at  Wash- 
ington, 875. 

Gray,  Asa,  sketch  and  portrait,  880. 

Gray,  David,  sketch,  636. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  United 
Kingdom  of,  382. 

Greaves,  James  P.,  11. 

Greece,  403. 

Green,  Seth,  sketch  and  portnut, 
404. 

Greey,  Edward,  sketch,  636. 

Grefln.  Henriette  A.,  sketch,  686. 

Gregory,  F.  T.,  sketch,  668. 

Guadeloupe,  840. 

Guatemala,  405. 

Guiana,  British,  889 :  French,  840. 

Gunning,  William  D.,  sketch,  636. 

Guns,  new,  792. 

Hager,  Albert  David,  sketch,  686. 
Hall,  Edward,  nominated,  609. 
Hamburg,  incorporation  of,  872. 
Hamilton,  Peter,  sketch,  637. 
Hamilton,  William  J.,  sketch,  637. 
Harden,  J.  W.,  nominated,  263. 
Harkncss,   William,   his    address, 
42 ;  astronomical  work,  47,  49. 
Harlem  river  bridge,  297. 
Harris,  Samuel  Smith,  sketch,  637. 
Harrison,  Benjamin,  sketch,  407. 
Harrison,  Hugh,  nominated,  669. 
Hassard,  John  B.  G.,  sketch,  687. 
Hastings,  165. 

Hastings,  Alice,  sketch,  687. 
Hatfield  and  McCoy  feud,  the,  463. 
Hawaii,  412. 


856 


INDEX. 


i! 

Ill 


» i 


Hawkes,  S.  J.,  14. 

Hawkins,  Samuel  W.,  nomioated, 

76«. 
Hawley,  James  H.,  nominated,  421. 
Hawsers.    Sec  Cobdaob. 
Hays,  James  B.,  sketch,  687. 
Hayti,  413. 

Hazard,  Rowland  G.,  sketch,  687. 
Hecker,  Isaac  Thomas,  sketch  and 

portrait,  688. 
Heilprin,  Michael,  sketch,  638. 
Hellenic  Society,  the,  26. 
Heller,  Stephen,  sketch,  668. 
Herreshoff,  Charles  F.,  sketch,  638. 
Hesse,  Friedrioh  Wilhelm,  sketch, 

663. 
Hesse,  Prince  Alexander,  sketch, 

668. 
Hickok,  Laurens  P.,  sketch,  688. 
Hill,  David  B..  renominated,  609. 
Hinckley,  Isaac,  sketch,  688. 
Hitchcock,  Robert  B.,  sketch,  688. 
HitUte  inscriptions,  82. 
Hoadley,  Silas,  11. 
Hoard,    William   D.,    nominated, 

847. 
Hoflfman,  John  T.,  sketch,  689. 
Hoisting-shears,  806. 
Holder,  Joseph  B,  sketch,  689. 
HoU,  Frank,  sketch,  668. 
Holland.    See  Netherlands,  415. 
Homestead  law,  the,  469. 
Honduras,  415 ;  British,  889. 
Homellsville,  incorporated,  608. 
Hotel  at  Brighton  Beach  moved, 

802,  303. 
House-boats,  416. 

Houzeau,  Jean  Charles,  sketch,  663. 
Hovey,  Alrin  P.,  nominated,  442. 
Howitt,  Mary,  sketch,  664. 
Howland,  Edward  P.,  his  address, 

44. 
Hughes,  J.  S.,  nominated,  441. 
Humphrey,  Lyman  U.,  nominated, 

461. 
Hungary.    See  Austbia-Huhtoabt. 
Hunn,  David  Lathrop,  sketch,  689. 
Hutchinson,  165. 
Hatton,  Richard  Holt,  quoted,  7. 
Huxley,  Thomas  H.,  quoted,  7. 
Hydraulic  canal-li(t,  800. 
Hydrography  of  the  Atlantic,  58. 
Hyksos  monuments,  28. 

Ibach,  Lawrence  J.,  sketch,  689. 
Icaria,  discoveries  at,  26. 
Iceland,  268. 
Idaho,  419. 

Identification  and  description,  per- 
sonal, 421. 
Illinois,  428. 

Immigration,  pauper,  424. 
IndU,427. 
Indiana,  439. 
Indian  reservation,  569. 
Indians,  261,  420,  509,  606,  772. 


Insurance  dedsion,  607. 

Insurance  of  workingmen,  871. 

International  Congress,  87. 

International  Law,  Institute  of,  759. 

Inundation  in  Honan,  157. 

Iowa,  443. 

Ireland.    See  Great  Brttain,  882. 

Irrigation,  88,  291,  601. 

Irving,  Roland  Duer,  sketch,  689. 

Ishak  Khan,  in  Afghanistan,  6. 

Italy,  447. 

Ithaca  incorporated,  608. 

Ivory-nuts,  287. 

IztaccihuatI,  ascent  of,  550. 

Jacksonville,  165. 

Jamaica,  889. 

Jameson,  Migor,  296. 

Japan,  452. 

Jarves,  James  J.,  sketch,  640. 

Java,  589. 

JcUett,  John  H.,  sketch,  664. 

Jcnks,  Frands  H.,  sketch,  640. 

Jennings,  Russell,  sketch,  640. 

Jerome,  Lawrence  R.,  sketch,  640. 

Jerusalem,  walls  of,  81. 

Jesuits*  estates  settlement,  710. 

Jews,  455. 

Johnson,  J.  C,  nominated,  764. 

Johonnot,  James,  sketch,  640. 

Jones,  Evan,  nominated,  766. 

Jones,  W.  Martin,  nominated,  609. 

Judd,  David  Wright,  sketch,  641. 

Jupiter,  54. 

Juste,  Theodore,  sketch,  664. 

Kansas,  457. 

Kelly,  W'dliam,  sketch,  641. 

Kelso,  James  J.,  sketch,  641. 

Kennaway,  Sir  John,  18. 

Kennedy,  Hugh,  sketch,  641. 

Kentucky,  462. 

Key,  Sir  Astley  C,  sketch,  664. 

Kimball,  £.  E.,  nominated,  566. 

King,  John  H.,  sketch,  642. 

King,  John  Pendleton,  8ketch,  642. 

King's  Daughters,  464. 

King's  sons,  the,  464. 

KLssam,  Agnes  Allen,  sketch,  642. 

Kitchener,  Col.,  293. 

Krekel,  Arnold,  sketch,  642. 

Labicho,  Eugdne  M.,  sketch,  664. 

Labor  Day,  509. 

Labor  riots,  747. 

Labor  statistics,  509. 

Labor,  United  States  Department 

of,  established,  284. 
Labrador,  464 ;  map  of,  465. 
Lambeth  Conference,  16. 
Lamy,  John  Baptist,  sketch,  642. 
Land-purchase  act,  898. 
Lands,  public,  466. 
Lane,  Charles,  11. 
Lane,  Harvey  B.,  sketch,  642. 
Lane,  James  C,  sketch,  642. 


Langley,  Samuel  P.,  hit  ad 
44. 

Language  question,  the,  86. 

Lanza,  G«n.,  8. 

Lassalle,  Charles,  sketch,  642. 

Latham,  Robert  G.,  sketch.  664 

Lebceuf,  Edmond,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, 472. 

Lecompte,  Samuel  D.,  sketch,  Hi 

Lee,  Henry,  sketch,  664. 

Lewis,  Henry  Carvil,  sketch,  MS. 

Le  Roy,  William  £.,  sketch,  641. 

Levees,  500. 

Levi,  Leone,  sketch,  664. 

Levy,  Joseph  M.,  sketch,  664. 

Lewis.  Joseph  L.,  will  ease,  875k 

Lick  Observatory,  47,  48,  5L 

Lincoln,  166. 

Lincoln,  Thomas  B.,  sketch,  643. 

Linen,  Groorge,  sketch,  643. 

Lippe,  Adolpb,  sketch,  643. 

Literature,  American,  in  1888, 473. 

Literature,  British,  in  18S8,  m. 

Literature,    Continental,  in  iS^ 
490. 

Loan  associations,  245. 

Local-government  act,  389. 

Local  option,  261,  888. 

Locke,  David  Ross,  sketch,  641 

Locomotive  engineers,  lioeoaeis  9. 

Loring,  Edwazxi  G.,  sketch,  644. 

Lot-vases,  26. 

Louisiana,  499. 

Lozier,  Clemence  Sophia,  501. 

Lucan,  George  C.  B.,  sketch,  6Ci 

Lupton  Bey,  death  of,  293;  sketch, 
665. 

Luthemna,  508. 

McAllister,   William    K.,  sketcb, 

644. 
McCarter,  Ludlow,  sketch,  644. 
McCosh,  James,  quoted,  7. 
McCoy  and  Hatfield  feud,  tbe,4<S. 
Macedonian  question,  the,  4(4, 7€& 
McElrath,  Thomas,  sketch,  644. 
McGlynn,  Edward,  20. 
Mcintosh,  John  B.,  sketch,  644. 
Maclay,  Mikuloho,  sketch,  6^ 
McShane,    John    A.,   nominated. 

587. 
Madura,  589. 
Maine,  507. 

Maine,  Sir  Henry  J.  S.,  665. 
Mancini,  Pasquale  S.,  ^etch,  663. 
Mandeville,  John,  death  of,  897. 
Manitoba,  511. 
Mantineia,  excavations  at,  87. 
Markland,  Absalom  H., Bkekh,64&. 
Marriage  reform,  488. 
Mars,  58. 

Mors,  map  of,  512. 
Mars,  recent  studies  of,  511. 
Martinelli,  Tommaso  M.,  aketi^ 

665. 
Martinique,  840. 


'  \ 


INDEX. 


867 


' 


,  John,  nominated^  460. 

,  Marion,  Dominated,  766. 

ted,  515. 

>husetts,  517. 

irah,  Italians  at,  8,  4. 

rs,  George  A.,  nominated, 

S. 

vm,  James  N.,  sketch,  545. 

U,  Louis,  sketch,  665. 

I,  Courtland  C,  nominated, 
1. 

a,  James  Eddy,  sketch,  645. 

ick,  Augustus,  sketch,  645. 

kbby  Williams,  sketch,  645. 

,  Stephen  Joseph,  645. 

},  astronomical,  58. 

»ff,  Count  Louis,  521. 

Patrick  Hues,  sketch,  646. 

biB  colossi,  80. 

m,  William  R.,  nominated, 

0. 

k,  Priscilla  Braislin,  sketch, 

6. 

^,  President's,  190. 

urgy,  522. 

ic  showers,  54. 

ites,  54. 

ites,  constitution  of,  150. 

ology,  681. 

lists,  589. 

»,    547;   church    work    in, 

J. 

an,  550. 

ion,  John  C,  sketch,  646. 

itown  incorporated,  608. 

King,  divorced,  789. 

Warner,  nominated,  609. 
Till,  the,  206. 
EU>bert,  sketch,  ^6. 
,  John  B.,  nominated,  448. 
il-land  convention,  569. 
;  law,  562. 
K>t&,  557. 

38.    See  the  articles  on  the 
igious  denominations. 
38,  Protestant,  International 
•nferenco  of,  560. 
dppi,  561. 
.ri,  564. 

II,  Lucy  Myers,  sketch,  646. 
,  St.  George,  quoted,  7. 
,167. 

Lake,  monuments  at,  29. 
imcdans,  567. 

;h.  Christian  K.  F.,  sketch, 
S. 

market,  the,  828. 
sdien,  Augustus,  sketch,  665. 
ths,  perforated,  28. 
et,  Charles,  sketch,  666. 
la,  568. 
legro,  569. 
)mery,  167. 
slier,  168. 

lents,  preservation  of,  24. 
lans,  570. 


Morford,  James  C,  sketch,  646. 
Morgau,  James,  nominated,  847. 
Morgan,  William  F.,  sketch.  646. 
Morison,  James  C,  sketch,  666. 
Morocco,  571. 

Morris,  Lu2on  B.,  nominated,  240. 
Morton,  Levi  Parsons,  sketch  and 

portrait,  576. 
Moulton,  Charles  W.,  sketch,  646. 
Mound-builders'  works,  22,  28. 
Mount-Temple,    William    FranciB 

Cowper-Temple,  sketch,  666. 
Mulford,  Joseph  L.,  sketch,  647. 
Muncie,  168. 

Murchison  letter,  the,  269. 
Muscular  system,  the,  694. 
Musgrave,   Sir    Anthony,  sketch, 

666. 
Music,  progress  of,  in  1888,  578. 
MyoensB,  tombe  at,  27. 

I^atal.  122. 

Navy  of  the  United  States,  787. 

Nazarenes,  584. 

Nebraska,  585. 

Nebraska  City,  bridge  at,  298. 

Neilson,  Joseph,  sketch,  647. 

Nervous  system,  the,  689. 

Netherlands,  587. 

Nevada,  590. 

New  Brunswick,  592. 

New  Hampshire,  598. 

New  Hebrides,  the,  62. 

Now  Jersey,  595. 

New  Jerusalem  Church,  599. 

New  Mexico,  600. 

New  Orleans,  168. 

New  York  city,  610. 

New  York  State,  601. 

Nicaragua,  618 ;  canal,  614. 

Nicholls,  Francis  T.,  nominated, 

501. 
Nichols,  James  S.,  sketch,  647. 
Noble,  Samuel,  sketch,  647. 
Norris,  A.  Wilson,  sketch,  647. 
North  Carolina,  617. 
Norway,  756. 
Nova  Scotia,  619. 
Nubar  Pasha,  291. 
Nutrition,  694. 

Oakley,  Lewis  W.,  sketch,  647. 
Obituaries,  American,  621 ;  foreign, 

C59. 
Observatories,  new,  48. 
Ogden,  169. 
Ohio,  669. 

Oliphant.  Laurence,  sketch,  666. 
Ontario,  Province  of,  671. 
Orakzai,  Gen.,  6. 
Oregon,  672. 

Organ,  Caleb  P.,  nominated,  849. 
Operas,  578,  579. 
Operettas,  580. 

Otero,  M.  S.,  nominated,  601. 
Oyster-survey,  618. 


Pacific  Islanders,  arming  of,  64. 
Painting.    See  Fiim  Airrs. 
Palestine  Exploration  fund,  81. 
Paley,  Frederick  A.,  sketch,  667. 
Palgrave,  William  6.,  sketch,  667. 
Palizzi,  Joseph,  sketch,  667. 
Palmer,  Courtlandt,  sketch,  648. 
Panama  Canal,  the,  177,  854. 
Papal  rescript,  the,  894. 
Paphos,  temple  at,  27. 
Paraguay,  678. 
Parker,  Joel,  sketch,  648. 
Parker,  Peter,  sketch,  648. 
Patents,  674. 

Patrick,  Marsena  B.,  sketch,  648. 
Patrons  of  Husbandry,  242. 
Patton,  Alfred  S.,  sketch,  648. 
Paul,  J.  H.,  nominated,  559. 
Pauper  immigration,  424. 
Peabody,  Elizabeth  P.,  11. 
Pearson,  John  James,  sketch,  648. 
Peasant  insurrection,  721. 
Peculiar  People,  676. 
P^e,  Henri  de,  sketch,  667. 
Pennsylvania,  676. 
Pensions,  618,  748,  772,  284. 
Perkins,  George  L.,  sketch,  648. 
Persia,  678. 
Peru,  679. 
Petroleum,  680. 
Pharmacy,  687. 

Phelps,  George  May,  sketch,  648. 
Phormium  hemp,  248. 
Photography,  astronomical,  49. 
Physiology,  689. 
Pickering,    Charles   W.,    sketch, 

649. 
Picture-galleries.    See  Fnnc  Arts. 
Pierrepont,  Henry  E.,  sketch,  649. 
Piersol,  S.  H.,  nominated,  841. 
Pike-county  disorders,  468. 
Pilot-chart,  59. 

Pinkney,  Howard,  sketch,  649. 
Pishin,  annexation  of,  7. 
Planchon,    Jules   Amile,    sketch, 

667. 
Plants,  chemistry  of,  146. 
Plumfield,  11. 
Poisons,  695. 
Polaris,  57. 

Poliakoff,  Samuel,  sketch,  667. 
Political     conventions,     national. 

See  article  Unitid  States. 
Poppy-oil,  146. 
Portal,  Mr.,  his  mission,  2,  8. 
Port  Arthur,  170. 
Porter,  Elbert  S.,  sketch,  649. 
Porter,  James,  sketch,  649. 
Porto  Rico,  840. 
Portraits,  ancient,  29. 
Ports,  new,  257. 
Portugal,  696. 

Potts,  Frederick  A.,  sketch,  649. 
Poussin,  Nicholas,  269. 
Powell,  D.  Frank,  nominated,  846. 
Powell,  John  W.,  his  address,  44. 


J 


858 


INDEX. 


Ml 


\n 


Precioiis  metals,  production  of,  i& 
the  United  States,  529. 

Preece,  Mr.,  his  address,  46. 

Presbyterians,  697. 

Presidential  canvass,  the,  781. 

Presidential  elections,  799,  €t  uq. 

Price,  Bonamy,  sketch,  667. 

Prince  Edward  Island,  Province 
of,  706. 

Printing-office,  United  States  Gov- 
ernment, 880. 

Pijevalsky,  Nicholas  M.,  sketch, 
667. 

Proctor,  Richard  Anthony,  sketch 
and  portrait,  707. 

Projectiles,  795. 

Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the 
United  States,  708. 

Providence,  170. 

Public  Lands,  466. 

Pulsifer,  Royal  M.,  sketch,  649. 

Putnam  statue,  the,  240. 

Putnam,  William  L.,  nominated, 
510. 

Quebec,  Province  of,  710. 
Questel,  Charles  A.,  sketch,  668. 
Quincy,  170. 

Rabbit  pest,  the,  61. 
Rafferty,  Thomas,  sketch,  650. 
Raft,  lumber,  805. 
Ragoza,  Dr.,  his  mission,  8. 
Railroads   financially    considered, 

826. 
Railroads,  taxation  of,  261. 
Rainfall,  585. 
Raleigh,  171. 
Ray,  John,  sketch,  650. 
Raymond,  Robert  R.,  sketch,  650. 
Reciprocity,  discussed,  278. 
Redfield,  Justus  Starr,  sketch,  650. 
Reformed  Churches,  711. 
Register,  Charles  £.,  nominated, 

265. 
Repsold^s    method    of    recording 

transits,  47. 
Reservations  of  public  lands,  471. 
Resisting  medium,  56. 
Respiration,  692. 
Respiratory  organs,  758. 
Revenue  reform,  194. 
Rhode  Island,  718. 
Richardson,  John  P.,  renominated, 

742. 
Riohthofen,  Baron  Ferdinand  von, 

sketch,  668. 
Riley,  Charles  V.,  his  address,  44. 
Riley,  Henry  Hiram,  sketch,  650. 
Riots,  labor,  747. 
Robinson,  John,  sketch,  650. 
Rock-cut  tombs,  27,  81. 
Rockwell,  Julius,  sketch,  650. 
Roe,  Edward  Payson,  sketch  and 

portrait,  651. 
Rollins,  James  Sidney,  sketch,  651. 


Roman  baths,  24. 

Roman  Catholic  Church,  716. 

Roman  wall,  24. 

Rope.    See  Cordaox. 

Rope-walks,  248  el  9eq. 

Rose,  Sir  John,  sketch,  668. 

Ross,  Lawrence  S.,  renominated, 
767. 

Roumania,  718. 

Rousseau,  ^mile,  sketch,  668. 

Routledge,  George,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, 722. 

Rowan-county  disorders,  468. 

Russell,  William  £.,  nominated, 
520. 

Russia,  738. 

Russo- Afghan  boundary,  7. 

Rutland,  Charles  C.  J.  M.,  sketch, 
668. 

Sackville-West,  269. 

Saganeiti,  battle  nt,  4. 

St.  Lawrence  canals,  284. 

Saletta,  Gen.,  8. 

Salmon-fishery,  672. 

Salomon,  Louis  E.  F.,  sketch,  668. 

Salvador,  729. 

Samoa,  780. 

Samoa,  with  map,  780. 

San  Marzano,  Gen.,  at  Maasowah, 

8 ;  relieved,  4. 
Sands,  Henry  Berton,  sketch  and 

portrait,  785. 
Santa  F4, 171. 
Santo  Domingo,  786. 
Saratoga  Springs,  172. 
Sarmiento,  D.  F.,  sketch,  668. 
Saturn,  58. 
Savage,  John,  sketch  and  portrait, 

736. 
Schleyer,  Father,  sketch,  669. 
Schmucker,  Beale  M.,  sketch,  651. 
Schofleld,  John  McAllister,  sketch 

and  portrait,  787. 
School-books.    See  Teaohebs*  As- 

800IATION8. 

Scotland,  Church  of,  708. 
Scrip,  land,  472. 
Sculptures,  early  Christian,  81. 
Scythian  king,  tomb  of,  84. 
Seawcll,   Washington,  sketch    of, 

651. 
Seay,  Gov.  Thomas,  8. 
Seay,  William  A.,  sketch,  652. 
Secley,  Henry  M.,  nominated,  884. 
Senses,  special,  690. 
Seoul,  outbreak  in,  258. 
Servia,  788. 

Servian  frontier,  the,  114. 
Settle,  Thomas,  sketch,  652. 
Seventh-Day  Baptist  Church,  741. 
Scwall,  Samuel  E.,  sketch,  652. 
Sheridan,  Mary  M.,  sketch,  652. 
Sheridan,    Philip    H.,    death    of, 

652. 
Ship-building,  510. 


Ship-channel  in  Lake  St  Peter,28S. 
Shipman,  V.  J.,  nominated,  8il. 
Shurtleff,  Stephen  C,  nominated, 

834. 
Sibi,  annexation  of,  7. 
Sibley,  Hiram,  sketch,  652. 
Sicyon,  excavations  in,  26. 
Sikkim,  war  in,  484. 
Silver,  527  ;  coinage,  590 ;  chloride, 

150. 
Simpson.  Edward,  sketch,  651 
Siout,  tombs  at,  31. 
Sippara,  temple  at,  38. 
Sisal  hemp,  248. 
Sliver,  William  A.,  sketch,  653. 
Small-pox,  817. 
Solar  physics,  55. 
Soldiers*  homes,  558,  586. 
Soldiers*  orphans'  schools,  677. 
Soudan,  fighting  in  the,  298. 
South  American  Congress,  829. 
South  Carolina,  742. 
Sovereigns  of  Industry,  242. 
Spain,  744. 
Spectroscopy,  56. 
SpofTonl,  Richard  S.,  aketdi,  653. 
Squier,   Ephraim   G.,  sketdi  and 

portnut,  663. 
Stanley,  of  Preston,  Lord,  sket^ 

and  portrait,  275. 
Stars,  double  and  binary,  53. 
Steamer  lines,  new,  ?t5,  105,  17i 

255,  415,  549,  832. 
Steamships,  new,  807 ;  dimeo^iott 

of  celebrated  ones,  307. 
Steams,  Silas,  sketch,  653. 
Stela  of  Fassiiler,  38. 
Stevenson,  James,  sketch,  653. 
Stock  market,  328. 
Stone,  James  A.  B.,  sketch,  65i 
Storm,  Theodor,  sketch,  669. 
Storms,  533. 

Stoughton,  W.  L.,  sketch,  654. 
Strikes  in  France,  349. 
Strother,    David    Hunter,  sketch 

and  portrait,  654. 
Substances,  new,  189. 
Subways  for  wires,  811. 
Suez  Canal,  289. 
Sugar,  500 ;  bounties  on,  398. 
Sulu  Archipelago,  the,  748. 
Sun,  the,  53. 
Sunday  legislation,  748. 
Sunn  hemp,  248. 
Sultry,  752. 

Surveys  of  public  lands,  467. 
Sverdrup,  John,  757. 
Swamp-land  decision,  499. 
Sweating-8i<^n»s,  313. 
Sweating-system,  the,  391. 
Sweden  and  Norway,  754. 
Swedenborgians.    See  NewJiw?* 

SALEM   ChUBCH. 

Swedish  quarto-millennial,  501 
Sweitzer,  J.  Bowman,  sketch,  6K 
Switzerland,  757. 


INDEX. 


859 


I  C.f  nominated,  715. 

LiBooveries  at,  27. 

crease  N.,  sketch,  654. 

67. 

ard,  hiR  defalcation,  462. 

obert  L.,   renominated, 

Association,  760. 

ec  Sbip-Bailway,  549. 

»   Sodety,    Church    of 

id,  14. 

re,  681. 

,763. 

Jiam,  sketch,  655. 

• 

3r,  new,  258. 
Napoleon  L.,  sketch,  655. 
,  Cephas  6.,  sketch,  655. 
torms,  584. 

8.  S.,  nominated,  882. 
C,  nominated,  601. 
of.,  hiH  address,  45. 
m  R.,  sketch,  655. 

ilum  found  in  Peru,  24. 
istry,  fall  of,  845. 
ition,  892. 

8alvatore,  sketch,  669. 
le,  the,  187. 
3at8,  798. 
796. 

an  Railway,  809. 
larles    U.,    nominated, 

ew,  259,  287,  547,  674, 

9. 

laao  R.,  sketch,  655. 

»9. 

;noe,  the,  69. 

8,  caves  of,  8S, 

yrge  W.,  sketch,  655. 

rincipal,  quoted,  7. 

• 

7. 

hard  Vine,  sketch,  669. 

Ty  808. 

>rs,  178. 


Underwood,  Adin  B.,  sketch,  655. 

Underwood,  John  VV.  H.,  sketch, 
656. 

Unitarians,  769. 

United  Brethren  in  Christ,  770. 

United  States,  771. 

United  States,  iinances  of  the,  782. 

United  States  Navy,  787. 

United  States,  presidential  elec- 
tions in,  799. 

Universalists,  828. 

Urmston,  Capt.,  killed,  486. 

Uruguay,  829. 

Utah,  880. 

Utes,  the,  180. 

Vancouver,  174. 
VaniUa,  548. 

Van  Wickle,  Simon,  sketch,  656. 
Vassar,  John  G.,  sketch,  656. 
Venezuela,  882. 
Vermont,  888. 
Victoria,  174. 
Vigono,  Col.,  8. 
Virginia,  885. 
Viticulture,  87,  105,  880. 
Voorhees,  Charles  S.,  nominated, 
888. 

Wadleigh,  Lydia  F.,  sketch,  656. 

Wages  in  Japan,  458. 

Waite,  Morrison  Rcmick,  sketch, 

886. 
Wales.    See  Great  BarrAiN. 
Walker,  George,  sketch,  666. 
Walker,   William  T.,  nominated, 

619. 
Wallack,  John  Lester,  sketch  and 

portrait,  656. 
Walsh,  John  Henry,  sketch,  669. 
Warmoth,  Henry   C,  nominated, 

501. 
WarPbn,  Sir  Charles,  resigns,  891. 
Warren,  William,  sketch,  667. 
Washington  Territory,  887. 
Water,  synthesis  of,  146. 
Weber,  Georg,  sketch,  669. 
Weisse,  John  A.,  sketch,  657. 
Welles,  £dward  R.,  sketch,  668. 


WeUs,  Clarke  H.,  sketch,  657. 
Wentworth,  John,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, 658. 
Westcott,  Thompson,  sketch,  668. 
West  Indies,  889. 
West  Virginia,  840. 
Wethcrspoon,  William  W.,  sketch, 

069. 
White  Caps,  441,  670. 
Wight,  Orlando  W.,  sketch,  658. 
Wilhelm  I,  Emperor  of  Germany, 

sketch,  842. 
Wilhelm  II,  Emperor  of  Germany, 

sketch  and  portrait,  845. 
Willson,  Da\is,  nominated,  669. 
Wilmington,  election  in,  264. 
Wilson,  Col.,  his  address,  46. 
Wilson,  Allen  Bei^jamin,  sketch, 

668. 
Wilson,  Daniel,  case  of,  860. 
Wilson,  Eugene  M.,  nominated,559. 
Winch,  rope-maker's,  249. 
Winds,  587. 
Winnipeg,  174. 
Wisconsin,  845. 
Wister,  Casper,  sketch,  668. 
WolflF,  Sir  Henry  Drummond,  679. 
Woman  sufEVage,  620,  888. 
Worthen,  Amos   H.,  sketch   and 

portrait,  658. 
Wright,  H.  G.,  11. 
Wroblewski,    Sigismund,   sketch, 

669. 
Wyckoff,  William  C,  sketcli,  669. 
Wyoming  Territory,  847. 

Yangtse,  navigation  of  the,  155. 
Yellow  fever,  9,  814,  840,  663. 
Young    Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion, 849. 
Young,  Thomas  L.,  sketch,  669. 
Yruga,  Carlos  de,  269. 

Zanzibar,  850. 

Zercga,  Augustus,  sketch,  659. 
Zuckertort,  J.  H.,  sketch,  669. 
ZuUa,  Italian   protectorate  of,  5, 

462. 
Zululand,  125. 


END  OF  VOLUME  XIII. 


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